pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Re–Os geochronology and Os isotope fingerprinting of petroleum sourced from a Type I lacustrine kerogen: Insights from the natural Green River petroleum system in the Uinta Basin and hydrous pyrolysis experiments

AbstractRhenium–osmium (Re–Os) geochronology of marine petroleum systems has allowed the determination of the depositional age of source rocks as well as the timing of petroleum generation. In addition, Os isotopes have been applied as a fingerprinting tool to correlate oil to its source unit. To date, only classic marine petroleum systems have been studied. Here we present Re–Os geochronology and Os isotope fingerprinting of different petroleum phases (oils, tar sands and gilsonite) derived from the lacustrine Green River petroleum system in the Uinta Basin, USA. In addition we use an experimental approach, hydrous pyrolysis experiments, to compare to the Re–Os data of naturally generated petroleum in order to further understand the mechanisms of Re and Os transfer to petroleum.The Re–Os geochronology of petroleum from the lacustrine Green River petroleum system (19±14Ma – all petroleum phases) broadly agrees with previous petroleum generation basin models (∼25Ma) suggesting that Re–Os geochronology of variable petroleum phases derived from lacustrine Type I kerogen has similar systematics to Type II kerogen (e.g., Selby and Creaser, 2005a,b; Finlay et al., 2010). However, the large uncertainties (over 100% in some cases) produced for the petroleum Re–Os geochronology are a result of multiple generation events occurring through a ∼3000-m thick source unit that creates a mixture of initial Os isotope compositions in the produced petroleum phases. The 187Os/188Os values for the petroleum and source rocks at the time of oil generation vary from 1.4 to 1.9, with the mode at ∼1.6. Oil-to-source correlation using Os isotopes is consistent with previous correlation studies in the Green River petroleum system, and illustrates the potential utility of Os isotopes to characterize the spatial variations within a petroleum system.Hydrous pyrolysis experiments on the Green River Formation source rocks show that Re and Os transfer are mimicking the natural system. This transfer from source to bitumen to oil does not affect source rock Re–Os systematics or Os isotopic compositions. This confirms that Os isotope compositions are transferred intact from source to petroleum during petroleum generation and can be used as a powerful correlation tool. These experiments further confirm that Re–Os systematics in source rocks are not adversely affected by petroleum maturation. Overall this study illustrates that the Re–Os petroleum geochronometer and Os isotope fingerprinting tools can be used on a wide range of petroleum types sourced from variable kerogen types
Euler–Bernoulli beams from a symmetry standpoint-characterization of equivalent equations

AbstractWe completely solve the equivalence problem for Euler–Bernoulli equation using Lie symmetry analysis. We show that the quotient of the symmetry Lie algebra of the Bernoulli equation by the infinite-dimensional Lie algebra spanned by solution symmetries is a representation of one of the following Lie algebras: 2A1, A1⊕A2, 3A1, or A3,3⊕A1. Each quotient symmetry Lie algebra determines an equivalence class of Euler–Bernoulli equations. Save for the generic case corresponding to arbitrary lineal mass density and flexural rigidity, we characterize the elements of each class by giving a determined set of differential equations satisfied by physical parameters (lineal mass density and flexural rigidity). For each class, we provide a simple representative and we explicitly construct transformations that maps a class member to its representative. The maximally symmetric class described by the four-dimensional quotient symmetry Lie algebra A3,3⊕A1 corresponds to Euler–Bernoulli equations homeomorphic to the uniform one (constant lineal mass density and flexural rigidity). We rigorously derive some non-trivial and non-uniform Euler–Bernoulli equations reducible to the uniform unit beam. Our models extend and emphasize the symmetry flavor of Gottlieb's iso-spectral beams [H.P.W. Gottlieb, Isospectral Euler–Bernoulli beam with continuous density and rigidity functions, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 413 (1987) 235–250]
Spatio-temporal soil moisture patterns – A meta-analysis using plot to catchment scale data

SummarySoil moisture is a key variable in hydrology, meteorology and agriculture. It is influenced by many factors, such as topography, soil properties, vegetation type, management, and meteorological conditions. The role of these factors in controlling the spatial patterns and temporal dynamics is often not well known. The aim of the current study is to analyze spatio-temporal soil moisture patterns acquired across a variety of land use types, on different spatial scales (plot to meso-scale catchment) and with different methods (point measurements, remote sensing, and modeling). We apply a uniform set of tools to determine method specific effects, as well as site and scale specific controlling factors. Spatial patterns of soil moisture and their temporal development were analyzed using nine different datasets from the Rur catchment in Western Germany. For all datasets we found negative linear relationships between the coefficient of variation and the mean soil moisture, indicating lower spatial variability at higher mean soil moisture. For a forest sub-catchment compared to cropped areas, the offset of this relationship was larger, with generally larger variability at similar mean soil moisture values. Using a geostatistical analysis of the soil moisture patterns we identified three groups of datasets with similar values for sill and range of the theoretical variogram: (i) modeled and measured datasets from the forest sub-catchment (patterns mainly influenced by soil properties and topography), (ii) remotely sensed datasets from the cropped part of the Rur catchment (patterns mainly influenced by the land-use structure of the cropped area), and (iii) modeled datasets from the cropped part of the Rur catchment (patterns mainly influenced by large scale variability of soil properties). A fractal analysis revealed that all analyzed soil moisture patterns showed a multifractal behavior, with at least one scale break and generally high fractal dimensions. Corresponding scale breaks were found between different datasets. The factors causing these scale breaks are consistent with the findings of the geostatistical analysis. Furthermore, the joined analysis of the different datasets showed that small differences in soil moisture dynamics, especially at the upper and lower bounds of soil moisture (at maximum porosity and wilting point of the soils) can have a large influence on the soil moisture patterns and their autocorrelation structure. Depending on the prevalent type of land use and the time of year, vegetation causes a decrease or an increase of spatial variability in the soil moisture pattern
A new concept affecting restoration of inflammation-reactive astrocytes

AbstractLong-lasting pain may partly be a consequence of ongoing neuroinflammation, in which astrocytes play a significant role. Following noxious stimuli, increased inflammatory receptor activity, influences in Na+/K+-ATPase activity and actin filament organization occur within the central nervous system. In astrocytes, the Ca2+ signaling system, Na+ transporters, cytoskeleton, and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines change during inflammation. The aim of this study was to restore these cell parameters in inflammation-reactive astrocytes. We found that the combination of (1) endomorphin-1, an opioid agonist that stimulates the Gi/o protein of the μ-opioid receptor; (2) naloxone, an opioid antagonist that inhibits the Gs protein of the μ-opioid receptor at ultralow concentrations; and (3) levetiracetam, an anti-epileptic agent that counteracts the release of IL-1β, managed to activate the Gi/o protein and Na+/K+-ATPase activity, inhibit the Gs protein, and decrease the release of IL-1β. The cell functions of astrocytes in an inflammatory state were virtually restored to their normal non-inflammatory state and it could be of clinical significance and may be useful for the treatment of long-term pain
Systems Biology and Systems Chemistry: New Directions for Drug Discovery

Improvements in drug design have historically been centered around structure-based optimization of molecule specificity for a targeted protein, in an effort to reduce unintentional binding to other proteins and off-target effects. Although the “one-to-one” drug design strategy has been successful in impairing function of targets associated with a number of diseases, recent reports of drug promiscuity, which are a potential source of adverse reactions in patients, make a case to refine the drug design strategy such that it includes an awareness of multiple interactions from both ligand and protein perspectives. Polypharmacology and chemical biology studies are amassing interaction data at rapid rates, and the integration of such data into an interpretable model requires zooming our perspective out from the single ligand-target level to the larger network-wide level. We review some of the recent developments in systems-level research for drug design and discovery, and discuss the directions that some drug design efforts are heading toward
Search for narrow resonances in dilepton mass spectra in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 13 TeV and combination with 8 TeV data

A search for narrow resonances in dielectron and dimuon invariant mass spectra has been performed using data obtained from proton–proton collisions at View the MathML sources=13 TeV collected with the CMS detector. The integrated luminosity for the dielectron sample is 2.7 fb−1 and for the dimuon sample 2.9 fb−1. The sensitivity of the search is increased by combining these data with a previously analyzed set of data obtained at View the MathML sources=8 TeV and corresponding to a luminosity of 20 fb−1. No evidence for non-standard-model physics is found, either in the 13 TeV data set alone, or in the combined data set. Upper limits on the product of production cross section and branching fraction have also been calculated in a model-independent manner to enable interpretation in models predicting a narrow dielectron or dimuon resonance structure. Limits are set on the masses of hypothetical particles that could appear in new-physics scenarios. For the View the MathML sourceZSSM′ particle, which arises in the sequential standard model, and for the superstring inspired View the MathML sourceZψ′ particle, 95% confidence level lower mass limits for the combined data sets and combined channels are found to be 3.37 and 2.82 TeV, respectively. The corresponding limits for the lightest Kaluza–Klein graviton arising in the Randall–Sundrum model of extra dimensions with coupling parameters 0.01 and 0.10 are 1.46 and 3.11 TeV, respectively. These results significantly exceed the limits based on the 8 TeV LHC data
Phenomenological MSSM interpretation of CMS searches in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 and 8 TeV

Searches for new physics by the CMS collaboration are interpreted in the framework of the phenomenological minimal supersymmetric standard model (pMSSM). The data samples used in this study were collected at sqrt(s) = 7 and 8 TeV and have integrated luminosities of 5.0 and 19.5 inverse-femtobarns, respectively. A global Bayesian analysis is performed, incorporating results from a broad range of CMS supersymmetry searches, as well as constraints from other experiments. Because the pMSSM incorporates several well-motivated assumptions that reduce the 120 parameters of the MSSM to just 19 parameters defined at the electroweak scale, it is possible to assess the results of the study in a relatively straightforward way. Approximately half of the model points in a potentially accessible subspace of the pMSSM are excluded, including all pMSSM model points with a gluino mass below 500 GeV, as well as models with a squark mass less than 300 GeV. Models with chargino and neutralino masses below 200 GeV are disfavored, but no mass range of model points can be ruled out based on the analyses considered. The nonexcluded regions in the pMSSM parameter space are characterized in terms of physical processes and key observables, and implications for future searches are discussed
Hedgehog controls limb development by regulating the activities of distinct transcriptional activator and repressor forms of Cubitus interruptus.

Hedgehog (Hh) proteins play diverse organizing roles in development by regulating gene expression in responding cells. The Gli homolog Cubitus interruptus (Ci) is involved in controlling the transcription of Hh target genes. A repressor form of Ci arises in the absence of Hh signaling by proteolytic cleavage of intact Ci. We show that this cleavage is essential for limb patterning and is regulated by Hh in vivo. We provide evidence for the existence of a distinct activator form of Ci, which does not arise by mere prevention of Ci proteolysis, but rather depends on a separate regulatory step subject to Hh control. These different activities of Ci regulate overlapping but distinct subsets of Hh target genes. Thus, limb development is organized by the integration of different transcriptional outputs of Hh signaling
Search for physics beyond the standard model in events with a Z boson, jets, and missing transverse energy in pp collisions at \sqrt{s} = 7 TeV

A search is presented for physics beyond the standard model (BSM) in events with a Z boson, jets, and missing transverse energy (MET). This signature is motivated by BSM physics scenarios, including supersymmetry. The study is performed using a sample of proton-proton collision data collected at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV with the CMS experiment at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.98 inverse femtobarns. The contributions from the dominant standard model backgrounds are estimated from data using two complementary strategies, the jet-Z balance technique and a method based on modeling MET with data control samples. In the absence of evidence for BSM physics, we set limits on the non-standard-model contributions to event yields in the signal regions and interpret the results in the context of simplified model spectra. Additional information is provided to facilitate tests of other BSM physics models
Real-Time Data Revisions and the PCE Measure of Inflation

This paper tracks data revisions in the Personal Consumption Expenditure using the exclusions-from-core inflation persistence model.  Keeping the number of observations the same, the regression parameters of earlier vintages of real-time data, beginning with vintage 1996:Q1, are tested for coincidence against the regression parameters of the last vintage of real-time data, used in this paper, which is vintage 2008:Q2 in a parametric and two nonparametric frameworks.   The effects of data revisions are not detectable in the vast majority of cases in the parametric model, but the flexibility of the two nonparametric models is able to utilize the data revisions.
Fate of peptides in peptidase mutants of Lactococcus lactis

The utilization of exogenous peptides was studied in mutants of Lactococcus lactis in which combinations of the peptidase genes pepN, pepC, pepO, pepX and pepT were deleted. Multiple mutants lacking PepN, PepC, PepT plus PepX could not grow on peptides such as Leu–Gly–Gly, Gly–Phe–Leu, Leu–Gly–Pro, Ala–Pro–Leu and Gly–Leu–Gly–Leu, respectively, indicating that no other peptidases are present to release the essential amino acid Leu. In these mutants, peptides accumulate intracellularly, demonstrating that peptides are translocated as whole entities prior to degradation. The mutant lacking all five peptidases could still grow on Gly–Leu and Tyr–Gly–Gly–Phe–Leu, which confirmed the presence of a dipeptidase and led to the identification of an unknown PepO-like endopeptidase. These studies have also shown that the general aminopeptidases PepN, PepC and PepT have overlapping but not identical specificities and differ in their overall activity towards individual peptides. In contrast, PepX has an unique specificity, because it is the only enzyme which can efficiently degrade Ala–Pro–Leu. The concerted action of peptidases in the breakdown of particular peptides revealed how these substrates are utilized as sources of nitrogen.
The impact of semantically congruent and incongruent visual information on auditory object recognition across development

The ability to use different sensory signals in conjunction confers numerous advantages on perception. Multisensory perception in adults is influenced by factors beyond low-level stimulus properties, such as semantic congruency. Sensitivity to semantic relations has been shown to emerge early in development, however less is known about whether implementation of these associations changes with development, or whether development in the representations themselves might modulate their influence. Here we use a Stroop-like paradigm that requires participants to identify an auditory stimulus whilst ignoring a visual stimulus. Prior research shows that in adults, visual distractors have more impact on processing of auditory objects than vice versa, however this pattern appears to be inverted early in development. We found that children from 8 years of age (and adults) gain a speed advantage from semantically congruent visual information, and are disadvantaged by semantically incongruent visual information. At 6 years of age children gain a speed advantage for semantically congruent visual information, but are not disadvantaged by semantically incongruent visual information (as compared to semantically unrelated visual information). Both children and adults were influenced by associations between auditory and visual stimuli, which they had only been exposed to on twelve occasions during the learning phase of the study. Adults showed a significant speed advantage over children for well-established associations but no such advantage for newly acquired pairings. This suggests the influence of semantic associations on multisensory processing does not change with age, but rather these associations become more robust and in turn more influential
Search for new physics with dijet angular distributions in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV

A search is presented for extra spatial dimensions, quantum black holes, and quark contact interactions in measurements of dijet angular distributions in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV. The data were collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 2.6 $fb^{−1}$. The distributions are found to be in agreement with predictions from perturbative quantum chromodynamics that include electroweak corrections. Limits for different contact interaction models are obtained. In a benchmark model, valid to next-to-leading order in QCD and in which only left-handed quarks participate, quark contact interactions are excluded up to a scale of 11.5 and 14.7 TeV for destructive or constructive interference, respectively. The production of quantum black holes is excluded for masses below 7.8 or 5.3 TeV, depending on the model. The lower limits for the scales of virtual graviton exchange in the Arkani-Hamed-Dimopoulos-Dvali model of extra spatial dimensions are in the range 7.9–11.2 TeV, and are the most stringent set of limits available
Cross section of alpha-induced reactions on iridium isotopes obtained from thick target yield measurement for the astrophysical gamma process

The stellar reaction rates of radiative alpha-capture reactions on heavy isotopes are of crucial importance for the gamma process network calculations. These rates are usually derived from statistical model calculations, which need to be validated, but the experimental database is very scarce. This paper presents the results of alpha-induced reaction cross section measurements on iridium isotopes carried out at first close to the astrophysically relevant energy region. Thick target yields of Ir-191(alpha,gamma)Au-195, Ir-191(alpha,n)Au-194, Ir-193(alpha,n)Au-196m, Ir-193(alpha,n)Au-196 reactions have been measured with the activation technique between E-alpha = 13.4 MeV and 17 MeV. For the first time the thick target yield was determined with X-ray counting. This led to a previously unprecedented sensitivity. From the measured thick target yields, reaction cross sections are derived and compared with statistical model calculations. The recently suggested energy-dependent modification of the alpha + nucleus optical potential gives a good description of the experimental data
Lipid binding attenuates channel closure of the outer membrane protein OmpF

Strong interactions between lipids and proteins occur primarily through association of charged headgroups and amino acid side chains, rendering the protonation status of both partners important. Here we use native mass spectrometry to explore lipid binding as a function of charge of the outer membrane porin F (OmpF). We find that binding of anionic phosphatidylglycerol (POPG) or zwitterionic phosphatidylcholine (POPC) to OmpF is sensitive to electrospray polarity while the effects of charge are less pronounced for other proteins in outer or mitochondrial membranes: the ferripyoverdine receptor (FpvA) or the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC). Only marginal charge-induced differences were observed for inner membrane proteins: the ammonia channel (AmtB) or the mechanosensitive channel. To understand these different sensitivities, we performed an extensive bioinformatics analysis of membrane protein structures and found that OmpF, and to a lesser extent FpvA and VDAC, have atypically high local densities of basic and acidic residues in their lipid headgroup-binding regions. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, in mixed lipid bilayers, further implicate changes in charge by demonstrating preferential binding of anionic POPG over zwitterionic POPC to protonated OmpF, an effect not observed to the same extent for AmtB. Moreover, electrophysiology and mass-spectrometry-based ligand-binding experiments, at low pH, show that POPG can maintain OmpF channels in open conformations for extended time periods. Since the outer membrane is composed almost entirely of anionic lipopolysaccharide, with similar headgroup properties to POPG, such anionic lipid binding could prevent closure of OmpF channels, thereby increasing access of antibiotics that use porin-mediated pathways. [Abstract copyright: Copyright © 2018 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.
Social networks and occupational choice : the endogenous formation of attitudes and beliefs about tax compliance. \ud

The paper analyses the emergence of group-specific attitudes and beliefs about tax compliance when individuals interact in a social network. It develops a model in which taxpayers possess a range of individual characteristics – including attitude to risk, potential for success in self-employment, and the weight attached to the social custom for honesty – and make an occupational choice based on these characteristics. Occupations differ in the possibility for evading tax. The social network determines which taxpayers are linked, and information about auditing and compliance is transmitted at meetings between linked taxpayers. Using agent-based simulations, the analysis demonstrates how attitudes and beliefs endogenously emerge that differ across sub-groups of the population. Compliance behaviour is different across occupational groups, and this is reinforced by the development of group-specific attitudes and beliefs. Taxpayers self-select into occupations according to the degree of risk aversion, the subjective probability of audit is sustained above the objective probability, and the weight attached to the social custom differs across occupations. These factors combine to lead to compliance levels that differ across occupations