pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Ionization equilibrium and equation of state of hydrogen plasmas in
  strong magnetic fields

We study hydrogen plasmas at magnetic fields B ~ 10^{12}-10^{13} Gauss,
densities ~ 10^{-3}-10^3 g/cc and temperatures T ~ 10^{5.5}-10^{6.5} K, typical
of photospheres of middle-aged cooling neutron stars. We construct an
analytical free energy model of the partially ionized plasma, including into
consideration the decentred atomic states, which arise due to the thermal
motion across the strong field. We show that these states, neglected in
previous studies, may contribute appreciably into thermodynamics of the outer
atmospheric layers at density below 1 g/cc and typical B and T. We take into
account Coulomb non-ideality of the ionized component of the plasma affected by
intense magnetic field. Ionization degree, occupancies and equation of state
are calculated, and their dependences on the temperature, density and magnetic
field are studied.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure, LaTeX using cpp.sty (included) and epsf.sty. Proc.
  of the Workshop on Nonideal Plasmas PNP-9, Rostock, Germany, 7-11 Sept. 1998.
  To be published in Contrib. Plasma Phy
A Semi-relativistic Equation of State for Stellar Interiors

Using the technique of Pade Approximants for the correlation contributions of
charged particles we are able to reproduce complex mathematical expressions by
simple algebraic formulas. The Pade formulas are analytical expressions, which
interpolate between certain density-temperature regions and are characterized
by exact asymptotics. We present a semi-relativistic description of the
thermodynamics applicable for stellar interiors. Comparisons with
equation-of-state data obtained by other calculational schemes are presented.Comment: 4 pages including 2 PostScript figures, also available from
  http://www.speckle.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/publications.html, accepted for
  publication in Contributions to Plasma Physic
Semiclassical dynamics and time correlations in two-component plasmas

The semiclassical dynamics of a charged particle moving in a two-component
plasma is considered using a corrected Kelbg pseudopotential. We employ the
classical Nevanlinna-type theory of frequency moments to determine the velocity
and force autocorrelation functions. The constructed expressions preserve the
exact short and long-time behavior of the autocorrelators. The short-time
behavior is characterized by two parameters which are expressable through the
plasma static correlation functions. The long-time behavior is determined by
the self-diffusion coefficient. The theoretical predictions are compared with
the results of semiclassical molecular dynamics simulation.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figure
Quantum Kinetic Theory for Laser Plasmas. Dynamical Screening in Strong
  Fields

A quantum kinetic theory for correlated charged-particle systems in strong
time-dependent electromagnetic fields is developed. Our approach is based on a
systematic gauge-invariant nonequilibrium Green's functions formulation.
Extending our previous analysis (Kremp et al., Phys. Rev. E vol. 60, p. 4725
(1999) we concentrate on the selfconsistent treatment of dynamical screening
and electromagnetic fields which is applicable to arbitrary nonequilibrium
situations. The resulting kinetic equation generalizes previous results to
quantum plasmas with full dynamical screening and includes many-body effects.
It is, in particular, applicable to the interaction of dense plasmas with
strong electromagnetic fields, including laser fields and x-rays. Furthermore,
results for the modification of the plasma screening and the longitudinal field
fluctuations due to the electromagnetic field are presented.Comment: 18 pages, uses cpp.sty (included
From carbon nanostructures to new photoluminescence sources: an overview of new perspectives and emerging applications of low pressure PECVD

13 pages, 9 figures.Low-pressure, plasma-enhanced (PE)CVD is a powerful and versatile technique that has been used for thin-film deposition and surface treatment since the early 1960s. However, it is only recently that it has been used in applications other than the\ud
different stages of microelectronic circuit fabrication. Now, PECVD is being used in emerging applications due to new materials\ud
and process requirements in a wide variety of areas, such as biomedical applications, solar cells, fuel cell development, fusion research, or the synthesis of silicon nanocrystals showing efficient photoluminescence, useful for future solid-state light sources. These new scenarios have stimulated further development of novel PECVD diagnostic techniques, together with fundamental experimental and theoretical studies aimed at a better understanding of some of the basic processes underlying the plasma/surface interaction. This paper gives an overview of some new research areas where PECVD is finding promising applications.FJGV acknowledges partial financial support from CSIC-CAM (Project No. 200550M016 and 200650M016) and MEC (Projects No. MAT2006-13006-C02-01 and ENE2006-14577-C04-03), VJH and IT acknowledge funding from MEC (Projects No. FTN-2003-08228-C03-03, FIS2004-00456 and ENE2006-14577-C04-03).Peer reviewe
CVD elaboration of nanostructured TiO2-Ag thin films with efficient antibacterial properties

Nanostructured TiO2-Ag composite coatings are deposited by direct liquid injection metal-organic (DLI-MO) CVD at 683K in a one-step process. Silver pivalate (AgPiv) and titanium tetra-iso-propoxide (TTIP) are used as Ag and Ti molecular precursors, respectively. Metallic silver nanoparticles are co-deposited with anatase TiO2 on stainless steel, glass, and silicon wafers. The silver particles are uniformly embedded in the oxide matrix through the entire film thickness. The influence of the growth conditions, including injection parameters, is investigated on the chemical, physical, and structural characteristics of the coatings as well as on their anti-bacterial activities. The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is employed for anti-bacterial tests. The films are bactericidal, according to the JIS Z 2801 standard test performed in the dark, when they contain less than 1 at.-% of silver.\ud
UnderUVirradiation they exhibit a photocatalytic activity which decays by increasing the silver content. As a result of this dual functionality, the TiO2-Ag nanocomposite coatings show promising potentialities as long-term anti-bacterial surfaces since selfcleaning can be achieved periodically under UV light in order to maintain an efficient anti-bacterial activity in the dark or in visible light
The Role of the Gas Phase in Graphene Formation by CVD on Copper

Graphene synthesis on copper foils is experimentally studied at 1000°C under various methane partial pressures. A decrease in the carbon supply permits the formation of larger graphene flakes with fewer layers and crystalline defects. An influence of the copper foil confinement on graphene nucleation and growth is shown. Then, methane pyrolysis is simulated using the Fluent Ansys® code. The model shows that, at 1000°C, CH4 is decomposed to form gaseous saturated and unsaturated species. This means that two types of unsaturated species can co‐exist during graphene synthesis, the first one arising in the reactor volume from methane pyrolysis, and the second one only forming in the vicinity of copper, thanks to its catalytic activity
Aerosol-assisted CVD of bismuth vanadate thin films and their photoelectrochemical properties

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative\ud
 Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and\ud
 reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Full details of the CC BY licence are available at: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Thin film bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) photoelectrodes are prepared by aerosol-assisted (AA)CVD for the first time on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrates. The BiVO4 photoelectrodes are characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy (RS), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and are found to consist of phase-pure monoclinic BiVO4. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis shows that the thin film is uniform with a porous structure, and consists of particles approximately 75-125nm in diameter. The photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties of the BiVO4 photoelectrodes are studied in aqueous 1M Na2SO4 and show photocurrent densities of 0.4mAcm-2, and a maximum incident-photon-to-electron conversion efficiency (IPCE) of 19% at 1.23V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). BiVO4 photoelectrodes prepared by this method are thus highly promising for use in PEC water-splitting cells. Thin film bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) photoelectrodes are prepared by AACVD for the first time on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrates. The photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties of the BiVO4 photoelectrodes are studied in aqueous 1M Na2SO4 and show photocurrent densities of 0.4mAcm-2 and a maximum incident-photon-to-electron conversion efficiency (IPCE) of 19% at 1.23V vs. RHE. BiVO4 photoelectrodes prepared by this method are highly promising for use in PEC water-splitting cells
Induction of chromosome damage by ultraviolet light and caffeine: Correlation of cytogenetic evaluation and flow karyotype

Asynchrononously growing cells of a M3-1 Chinese hamster line were ultraviolet (UV) irradiated ( = 254 nm) with UV fluences up to 7.5 J/m2. After irradiation, cells were incubated with or without 2 mM caffeine for 20 hr, then mitotic cells were selected by mechanical shaking. Their chromosomes were isolated, stained with Hoechst 33258 and chromomycin A3, and measured flow cytometrically. While the fluorescence distributions of chromosomes (flow karyotypes) from cells treated with UV alone or with caffeine alone were very similar to those of untreated controls, the flow karyo-types of UV + caffeine-treated cells showed a debris continuum that increased with increasing UV fluence suggesting an increased number of chromosome fragments. Visual evaluation of metaphase plates revealed that the percentage of cells with chromosome damage also increased steadily with increasing UV fluence. A high degree of correlation was observed between the relative magnitude of the debris level from flow karyotypes and the percentage of cells with chromosome damage and with generalized chromosome shattering, respectively, as determined from metaphase spreads.
Rapid metaphase and interphase detection of radiation-induced chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes by chromosomal suppression in situ hybridization

Chromosomal in situ suppression (CISS)-hybridization of biotinylated phage DNA-library inserts from sorted human chromosomes was used to decorate chromosomes 1 and 7 specifically from pter to qter and to detect structural aberrations of these chromosomes in irradiated human peripheral lymphocytes. In addition, probe pUC1.77 was used to mark the Iq12 subregion in normal and aberrant chromosomes 1. Low LET radiation (60Co--rays; 1.17 and 1.33 MeV) of lymphocyte cultures was performed with various doses (D = 0, 2, 4, 8 Gy) 5 h after stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin. Irradiated cells were cultivated for an additional 67 h before Colcemid arrested metaphase spreads were obtained. Aberrations of the specifically stained chromosomes, such as deletions, dicentrics, and rings, were readily scored after in situ hybridization with either the 1q12 specific probe or DNA-library inserts. By the latter approach, translocations of the specifically stained chromosomes could also be reliably assessed. A linear increase of the percentage of specifically stained aberrant chromosomes was observed when plotted as a function of the square of the dose D. A particular advantage of this new approach is provided by the possibility to delineate numerical and structural chromosome aberrations directly in interphase nuclei. These results indicate that cytogenetic monitoring of ionizing radiation may be considerably facilitated by CISS-hybridization.
Malignant pleural effusion: from bench to bedside

Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is a common but serious condition that is related with
poor quality of life, morbidity and mortality. Its incidence and associated healthcare costs are rising and its
management remains palliative, with median survival ranging from 3 to 12 months. During the last decade
there has been significant progress in unravelling the pathophysiology of MPE, as well as its diagnostics,
imaging, and management. Nowadays, formerly bed-ridden patients are genotyped, phenotyped, and
treated on an ambulatory basis. This article attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of current
advances in MPE from bench to bedside. In addition, it highlights unanswered questions in current
clinical practice and suggests future directions for basic and clinical research in the field
Chromosome specific DNA hybridization in suspension for flow cytometric detection of chimerism in bone marrow transplantation and leukemia

Flow cytometry was used to measure the fluorescence intensity of nuclei that were subjected to fluorescent in situ hybridization in suspension with chromosome specific DNA probes. Paraformaldehyde-fixed nuclei were protein digested with trypsin and hybridized simultaneously with a biotin-and DIG labeled chromosome specific centromere probe. A number of probes were tested in the suspension hybridizations. The method yielded fluorescent hybridization signals that allow discrimination between Y chromosome positive and negative nuclei when analyzed by flow cytometry. The method is especially suited for analysis of bone marrow cells derived from patients who have received a sex-mismatched allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Male leukemia cells with a trisomy for chromosome 8 were mixed with normal female cells and simultaneously hybridized in suspension with a DIG labeled probe specific for chromosome 8 and the biotin labeled Y chromosome probe. Y chromosome positive or negative nuclei were sorted onto microscope slides and subsequently classified as being leukemic or not by fluorescence microscopy, on the basis of the presence of a trisomy for chromosome 8. A 120-fold enrichment could be achieved when 300 Y positive nuclei were sorted from a mixture originally containing 0.5% leukemia cells. Given the specificity of the flow cytometry and FISH procedure, the combination of the two methods can reach a lower detection level of 1 per 250,000
Design and Validation of a Tool for Neurite Tracing and Analysis in Fluorescence Microscopy Images

Background: For the investigation of the molecular mechanisms involved in neurite outgrowth and differentiation, accurate and reproducible segmentation and quantification of neuronal processes are a prerequisite. To facilitate this task, we developed a semiautomatic neurite tracing technique. This article describes the design and validation of the technique.   Methods: The technique was compared to fully manual delineation. Four observers repeatedly traced selected neurites in 20 fluorescence microscopy images of cells in culture, using both methods. Accuracy and reproducibility were determined by comparing the tracings to high-resolution reference tracings, using two error measures. Labor intensiveness was measured in numbers of mouse clicks required. The significance of the results was determined by a Student t-test and by analysis of variance. Results: Both methods slightly underestimated the true neurite length, but the differences were not unanimously significant. The average deviation from the true neurite centerline was a factor 2.6 smaller with the developed technique compared to fully manual tracing. Intraobserver variability in the respective measures was reduced by a factor 6.0 and 23.2. Interobserver variability was reduced by a factor 2.4 and 8.8, respectively, and labor intensiveness by a factor 3.3.   Conclusions: Providing similar accuracy in measuring neurite length, significantly improved accuracy in neurite centerline extraction, and significantly improved reproducibility and reduced labor intensiveness, the developed technique may replace fully manual tracing methods
Automatic quantification of histological studies in allergic asthma

The evaluation of new therapies to treat allergic asthma makes frequent use of histological studies. Some of them are based on microscope observation of stained paraffin
lung sections to quantify cellular infiltrate, an effect directly related to allergic processes.
Currently, there is no software tool available for doing this quantification automatically.
This paper presents a methodology and a software tool for the quantification of cellular infiltrate in lung tissue images in an allergic asthma mouse model. The image is divided into regions of equal size, which are then classified by means of a segmentation algo rithm based on texture analysis. The classification uses three discriminant functions, built from parameters derived from the histogram and the co occurrence matrix. These functions were calculated by means of a stepwise discriminant analysis on 79 samples from a training set. Results provided a correct classification of 96.8% on an independ
ent test set of 251 samples labeled manually. Regression analysis showed a good agree ment between automatic and manual methods. A reliable and easy to implement
method has been developed to provide an automatic method for quantifying micros
copy images of lung histological studies. Results showed similar accuracy to that pro
vided by an expert, while allowing analyzing a much larger number of fields in a repea
table wayContract grant sponsor: CD TEAM project, CENIT program, Ministerio de IndustriaPublicad
Studies related to antibody fragment (Fab) production in Escherichia coli W3110 fed-batch fermentation processes using multiparameter flow cytometry

This is a pre-publication version of an article accepted for the journal, Cytometry Part A, and the definitive version is available from: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121645129/issueBackground: Microbiology is important to industry therefore rapid and statistically\ud
representative measurements of cell physiological state, proliferation and viability are\ud
essential if informed decisions about fermentation bioprocess optimisation or control\ud
are to be made, since process performance will depend largely upon the number of\ud
metabolically active viable cells.\ud
Methods: Samples of recombinant Escherichia coli W3110, containing the gene for\ud
the D1.3 anti-lysozyme Fab fragment under the control of the lac based expression\ud
system, were taken at various stages from fed-batch fermentation processes and\ud
stained with a mixture of bis-(1, 3-dibutylbarbituric acid) trimethine oxonol and\ud
propidium iodide (PI/BOX). Where appropriate, measurements of dissolved oxygen\ud
tension (DOT), OD600nm and Fab concentration were made.\ud
Results: Depending on time of induction the maximum amount of Fab accumulating\ud
in the supernatant varied quite markedly from 1 – 4 μgml-1 as did subsequent cell\ud
physiological state with respect to PI/BOX staining with a concomitant drop in\ud
maximum biomass concentration.\ud
Conclusion: Depending on point of induction a 4 fold increase in Fab production\ud
could be achieved accompanied by a ~50% drop in maximum biomass concentration\ud
but with a higher proportion of viable cells as measured by multi-parameter flow\ud
cytometry
Diabetes reduces bone marrow and circulating porcine endothelial progenitor cells, an effect ameliorated by atorvastatin and independent of cholesterol

Bone marrow derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are early precursors of mature endothelial cells which replenish aging and damaged endothelial cells. The authors studied a diabetic swine model to determine if induction of DM adversely affects either bone marrow or circulating EPCs and whether a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) improves development and recruitment of EPCs in the absence of cholesterol lowering. Streptozotocin was administered to Yorkshire pigs to induce DM. One month after induction, diabetic pigs were treated with atorvastatin (statin, n = 10), ezetimibe (n = 10) or untreated (n = 10) and evaluated for number of bone marrow and circulating EPCs and femoral artery endothelial function. There was no effect of either medication on cholesterol level. One month after induction of DM prior to administration of drugs, the number of bone marrow and circulating EPCs significantly decreased (P < 0.0001) compared to baseline. Three months after DM induction, the mean proportion of circulating EPCs significantly increased in the atorvastatin group, but not in the control or ezetimibe groups. The control group showed progressive reduction in percentage of flow mediated vasodilatation (no dilatation at 3 months) whereas the atorvastatin group and ezetimibe exhibited vasodilatation, 6% and 4% respectively. DM results in significant impairment of bone marrow and circulating EPCs as well as endothelial function. The effect is ameliorated, in part, by atorvastatin independent of its cholesterol lowering effect. These data suggest a model wherein accelerated atherosclerosis seen with DM may, in part, result from reduction in EPCs which may be ameliorated by treatment with a statin
Multi-spot live-image autofocusing for high-throughput microscopy of fluorescently stained bacteria

Screening by automated high-throughput microscopy has become a valuable research tool. An essential component of such systems is the autonomous acquisition of focused images. Here we describe the implementation of a high-precision autofocus routine for imaging of fluorescently stained bacteria on a commercially available microscope. We integrate various concepts and strategies that together substantially enhance the performance of autonomous image acquisition. These are (i) nested focusing in brightfield and fluorescence illumination, (ii) autofocusing by continuous life-image acquisition during movement in z-direction rather than at distinct z-positions, (iii) assessment of the quality and topology of a field of view (FOV) by multi-spot focus measurements and (iv) acquisition of z-stacks and application of an extended depth of field algorithm to compensate for FOV unevenness. The freely provided program and documented source code allow ready adaptation of the here presented approach to various platforms and scientific questions
Automated quality assessment of autonomously acquired microscopic images of fluorescently stained bacteria

Quality assessment of autonomously acquired microscopic images is an important issue in high-throughput imaging systems. For example, the presence of low quality images (≥ 10%) in a dataset significantly influences the counting precision of fluorescently stained bacterial cells. We present an approach based on an artificial neural network (ANN) to assess the quality of such images. Spatially invariant estimators were extracted as ANN input data from subdivided images by low level image processing. Different ANN designs were compared and > 400 ANNs were trained and tested on a set of 25000 manually classified images. The optimal ANN featured a correct identification rate of 94% (3% false positives, 3% false negatives) and could process about 10 images per second. We compared its performance with the image quality assessment by different humans and discuss the difficulties in assigning images to the correct quality class. The computer program and the documented source code (VB.NET) are provided under General Public Licence