pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
FibLSS: A scalable label storage scheme for dynamic XML updates

Dynamic labeling schemes for XML updates have been the focus of significant research activity in recent years. However the label storage schemes underpinning the dynamic labeling schemes have not received as much attention.  Label storage schemes specify how labels are physically encoded and stored on disk. The size of the labels and their logical representation directly influence the computational costs of processing the labels and can limit the functionality provided by the dynamic labeling scheme to an XML update service.  This has significant practical implications when merging XML repositories such as clinical studies. In this paper, we provide an overview of the existing label storage schemes.  We present a novel label storage scheme based on the Fibonacci sequence that can completely avoid relabeling existing nodes under dynamic insertions.  Theoretical analysis and experimental results confirm the scalability and performance of the Fibonacci label storage scheme in comparison to existing approaches
Optical lattices with micromechanical mirrors

We investigate a setup where a cloud of atoms is trapped in an optical lattice potential of a standing wave laser field which is created by retro-reflection on a micro-membrane. The membrane vibrations itself realize a quantum mechanical degree of freedom. We show that the center of mass mode of atoms can be coupled to the vibrational mode of the membrane in free space, and predict a significant sympathetic cooling effect of the membrane when atoms are laser cooled. The controllability of the dissipation rate of the atomic motion gives a considerable advantage over typical optomechanical systems enclosed in optical cavities, in that it allows a segregation between the cooling and coherent dynamics regimes. The membrane can thereby be kept in a cryogenic environment, and the atoms at a distance in a vacuum chamber
Nonlinear optimal perturbations in a Couette  flow: bursting and transition

This paper provides the analysis of bursting and transition to turbulence in a Couette flow, based on the growth of nonlinear optimal disturbances. We use a global variational procedure to identify such optimal disturbances, defined as those initial perturbations yielding the largest energy growth at a given target time, for given Reynolds number and initial energy. The nonlinear optimal disturbances are found to be characterized by a basic structure, composed of inclined streamwise vortices along localized regions of low and high momentum. This basic structure closely recalls that found in boundary-layer flow (Cherubini et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 689, 2011,  pp. 221–253), indicating that this structure may be considered the most ‘energetic’ one at short target times. However, small differences in the shape of these optimal perturbations, due to different levels of the initial energy or target time assigned in the optimization process, may produce remarkable differences in their evolution
towards turbulence. In particular, direct numerical simulations have shown that optimal disturbances obtained for large initial energies and target times induce bursting events, whereas for lower values of these parameters the flow is directly attracted towards the turbulent state. For this reason, the optimal disturbances have been classified into two classes, the highly dissipative and the short-path perturbations. Both classes lead the flow to turbulence, skipping the phases of streak formation and secondary instability which are typical of the classical transition scenario for shear flows. The dynamics of this transition scenario exploits three main features of the nonlinear optimal disturbances: (i) the large initial value of the streamwise velocity component; (ii) the streamwise dependence of the disturbance; (iii) the presence of initial inclined
streamwise vortices. The short-path perturbations are found to spend a considerable amount of time in the vicinity of the edge state (Schneider et al., Phys. Rev. E, vol. 78, 2008, 037301), whereas the highly dissipative optimal disturbances pass closer to the edge, but they are rapidly repelled away from it, leading the flow to high values of the dissipation rate. After this dissipation peak, the trajectories do not lead towards the turbulent attractor, but they spend some time in the vicinity of an unstable periodic orbit (UPO). This behaviour led us to conjecture that bursting events can be obtained not only as homoclinic orbits approaching the UPO, as recently found by van Veen &
Kawahara (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 107, 2011, p. 114501), but also as heteroclinic orbits between the equilibrium solution on the edge and the UPO
Pathogenesis of apical periodontal cysts: guidelines for diagnosis in palaeopathology

Apical periodontal cysts are benign lesions developing in relation to the apices of non-vital teeth due to inflammatory response from the infective pulp. These are epithelium-lined bony cavities containing fluid. Despite being widely reported in medical/dental literature, this common condition is poorly diagnosed and documented in the archaeological literature. We aim to clarify the correct terminology, demonstrate bony manifestations at different stages of pathogenesis of chronic periapical dental lesions into granuloma and apical periodontal cysts, and to describe diagnostic criteria which would provide practical guidelines for the diagnosis of these conditions.Three identified skulls from the International Exchange Collection, housed in the Anthropological Museum at the University of Coimbra, are used to identify the progression of this condition from a small periapical granuloma to a large apical periodontal cyst with expansion of alveolar and facial bones. The pathogenesis of this condition is described, together with its surgical management in the early 20th century in Portugal, which is the period in which these individuals lived. Confusion resulting from the different terminologies can be avoided if the term periapical granuloma is used to define apical bony lesions smaller than 3 mm at their maximum intra-bony diameter, and the term apical periodontal cysts for the larger lesions. We recommend that these terminologies and parameters be used as a standard in future studies. This will make inter-observer and inter-population comparisons more accurate. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oa.90
Design and performance of a vacuum-UV simulator for material testing
  under space conditions

This paper describes the construction and performance of a VUV-simulator that
has been designed to study degradation of materials under space conditions. It
is part of the Complex Irradiation Facility at DLR in Bremen, Germany, that has
been built for testing of material under irradiation in the complete UV-range
as well as under proton and electron irradiation. Presently available
UV-sources used for material tests do not allow the irradiation with
wavelengths smaller than about $115$ nm where common Deuterium lamps show an
intensity cut-off. The VUV-simulator generates radiation by excitation of a
gas-flow with an electron beam. The intensity of the radiation can be varied by
manipulating the gas-flow and/or the electron beam.
  The VUV simulator has been calibrated at three different gas-flow settings in
the range from $40$ nm to $410$ nm. The calibration has been made by the
Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) in Berlin. The measured spectra
show total irradiance intensities from $24$ to $58$ mW$\rm{m^{-2}}$ (see Table
4.2) in the VUV-range, i.e. for wavelengths smaller than $200$ nm. They exhibit
a large number of spectral lines generated either by the gas-flow constituents
or by metal atoms in the residual gas which come from metals used in the source
construction. In the range from $40$ nm to $120$ nm where Deuterium lamps are
not usable, acceleration factors of $3$ to $26.3$ Solar Constants are reached
depending on the gas-flow setting. The VUV-simulator allows studies of general
degradation effects caused by photoionization and photodissociation as well as
accelerated degradation tests by use of intensities that are significantly
higher compared to that of the Sun at $1$ AU
Deformation statistics of sub-Kolmogorov-scale ellipsoidal neutrally
  buoyant drops in isotropic turbulence

Small droplets in turbulent flows can undergo highly variable deformations
and orientational dynamics. For neutrally buoyant droplets smaller than the
Kolmogorov scale, the dominant effects from the surrounding turbulent flow
arise through Lagrangian time histories of the velocity gradient tensor. Here
we study the evolution of representative droplets using a model that includes
rotation and stretching effects from the surrounding fluid, and restoration
effects from surface tension including a constant droplet volume constraint,
while assuming that the droplets maintain an ellipsoidal shape. The model is
combined with Lagrangian time histories of the velocity gradient tensor
extracted from DNS of turbulence to obtain simulated droplet evolutions. These
are used to characterize the size, shape and orientation statistics of small
droplets in turbulence. A critical capillary number, $Ca_c$ is identified
associated with unbounded growth of one or two of the droplet's semi-axes.
Exploiting analogies with dynamics of polymers in turbulence, the $Ca_c$ number
can be predicted based on the large deviation theory for the largest Finite
Time Lyapunov exponent. Also, for sub-critical $Ca$ the theory enables
predictions of the slope of the power-law tails of droplet size distributions
in turbulence. For cases when the viscosities of droplet and outer fluid differ
in a way that enables vorticity to decorrelate the shape from the straining
directions, the large deviation formalism based on the stretching properties of
the velocity gradient tensor loses validity and its predictions fail. Even
considering the limitations of the assumed ellipsoidal droplet shape, the
results highlight the complex coupling between droplet deformation, orientation
and the local fluid velocity gradient tensor to be expected when small viscous
drops interact with turbulent flows
RR-dilaton interaction in a type IIB superstring

We analyze the interaction between the massless RR states with a dilaton in a type IIB superstring. By constructing vertex operators for massless and massive RR states and computing their correlation functions with a dilaton we find the Ramond-Ramond part of the superstring low-energy effective action. The RR terms appearing in the action do not contain the standard dilatonic factor (string coupling constant). The geometrical interpretation of this fact is presented. Namely we argue that the spin operators in the RR vertices effectively decrease the Euler character of the worldsheet by 1 unit. As a result, the additional dilatonic term proportional to string coupling constant appears in the worldsheet string action
Time-resolved optical fluorescence spectroscopy of heterogeneous turbid media with special emphasis on brain tissue structures including diseased regions: A sensitivity analysis

Fluorescence-enhanced optical imaging based on near-infrared light provides a promising tool to differentiate diseased lesions from normal tissue. However, the measurement sensitivity of the fluorescence signals acquired at the output surface of the tissue is greatly influenced by the tissue structure, the optical properties, the location and the size of the target. In this paper, we present a numerical model based on the Monte Carlo method that allows to simulate time-resolved reflectance signals acquired on the surface of the scalp of a human head model bearing a fluorescent diseased region (tumor, glioma). The influence of tumor depth, tumor size and tumor shape evolution on the computed signals are analyzed by taking into account the multi-layered tissue structure. The simulations show that the mean-time-of-flight and the difference between two mean-times acquired at two source–detector distances are both relevant to this problem type. Furthermore, the simulations suggest that the use of the difference between mean-flight-times may be interesting to probe scattering changes that occur in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Physical fitness reference standards in European children: the IDEFICS study

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: A low fitness status during childhood and adolescence is associated with important health-related outcomes, such as increased future risk for obesity and cardiovascular diseases, impaired skeletal health, reduced quality of life and poor mental health. Fitness reference values for adolescents from different countries have been published, but there is a scarcity of reference values for pre-pubertal children in Europe, using harmonised measures of fitness in the literature. The IDEFICS study offers a good opportunity to establish normative values of a large set of fitness components from eight European countries using common and well-standardised methods in a large sample of children. Therefore, the aim of this study is to report sex- and age-specific fitness reference standards in European children. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Children (10,302) aged 6-10.9 years (50.7% girls) were examined. The test battery included: the flamingo balance test, back-saver sit-and-reach test (flexibility), handgrip strength test, standing long jump test (lower-limb explosive strength) and 40-m sprint test (speed). Moreover, cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by a 20-m shuttle run test. Percentile curves for the 1st, 3rd, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, 97th and 99th percentiles were calculated using the General Additive Model for Location Scale and Shape (GAMLSS). RESULTS: Our results show that boys performed better than girls in speed, lower- and upper-limb strength and cardiorespiratory fitness, and girls performed better in balance and flexibility. Older children performed better than younger children, except for cardiorespiratory fitness in boys and flexibility in girls. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide for the first time sex- and age-specific physical fitness reference standards in European children aged 6-10.9 years
On the Use of Matrix-Free Shift-Invert Strategies For Global Flow Instability Analysis

A novel time-stepping shift-invert algorithm for linear stability analysis of laminar flows in complex geometries is presented. This method, based on a Krylov subspace iteration, enables the solution of complex non-symmetric eigenvalue problems in a matrix-free framework. Validations and comparisons to the classical exponential method have been performed in three different cases: (i) stenotic flow, (ii) backward-facing step and (iii) lid-driven swirling flow. Results show that this new approach speeds up the required Krylov subspace iterations and has the capability of converging to specific parts of the global spectrum. It is shown that, although the exponential method remains the method of choice if leading eigenvalues are sought, the performance of the present method could be dramatically improved with the use of a preconditioner. In addition, as opposed to other methods, this strategy can be directly applied to any time-stepper, regardless of the temporal or spatial discretization of the latter
Twelve experiments in restorative justice: the Jerry Lee program of randomized trials of restorative justice conferences

Objectives\ud
\ud
We conducted and measured outcomes from the Jerry Lee Program of 12 randomized trials over two decades in Australia and the United Kingdom (UK), testing an identical method of restorative justice taught by the same trainers to hundreds of police officers and others who delivered it to 2231 offenders and 1179 victims in 1995–2004. The article provides a review of the scientific progress and policy effects of the program, as described in 75 publications and papers arising from it, including previously unpublished results of our ongoing analyses.\ud
Methods\ud
\ud
After random assignment in four Australian tests diverting criminal or juvenile cases from prosecution to restorative justice conferences (RJCs), and eight UK tests of supplementing criminal or juvenile proceedings with RJCs, we followed intention-to-treat group differences between offenders for up to 18 years, and for victims up to 10 years.\ud
Results\ud
\ud
We distil and modify prior research reports into 18 updated evidence-based conclusions about the effects of RJCs on both victims and offenders. Initial reductions in repeat offending among offenders assigned to RJCs (compared to controls) were found in 10 of our 12 tests. Nine of the ten successes were for crimes with personal victims who participated in the RJCs, with clear benefits in both short- and long-term measures, including less prevalence of post-traumatic stress symptoms. Moderator effects across and within experiments showed that RJCs work best for the most frequent and serious offenders for repeat offending outcomes, with other clear moderator effects for poly-drug use and offense seriousness.\ud
Conclusions\ud
\ud
RJ conferences organized and led (most often) by specially-trained police produced substantial short-term, and some long-term, benefits for both crime victims and their offenders, across a range of offense types and stages of the criminal justice processes on two continents, but with important moderator effects. These conclusions are made possible by testing a new kind of justice on a programmatic basis that would allow prospective meta-analysis, rather than doing one experiment at a time. This finding provides evidence that funding agencies could get far more evidence for the same cost from programs of identical, but multiple, RCTs of the identical innovative methods, rather than funding one RCT at a time
On the definition of entanglement entropy in lattice gauge theories

We focus on the issue of proper definition of entanglement entropy in lattice gauge theories, and examine a naive definition where gauge invariant states are viewed as elements of an extended Hilbert space which contains gauge non-invariant states as well. Working in the extended Hilbert space, we can define entanglement entropy associated with an arbitrary subset of links, not only for abelian but also for non-abelian theories. We then derive the associated replica formula. We also discuss the issue of gauge invariance of the entanglement entropy. In the Z N gauge theories in arbitrary space dimensions, we show that all the standard properties of the entanglement entropy, e.g. the strong subadditivity, hold in our definition. We study the entanglement entropy for special states, including the topological states for the Z N gauge theories in arbitrary dimensions. We discuss relations of our definition to other proposals
Tilting the supply schedule enhances competition in uniform-price auctions

Uniform-price auctions of a divisible good in fixed supply admit underpricing equilibria, where bidders submit high inframarginal bids to prevent competition on prices. The seller can obstruct\ud
this behavior by tilting her supply schedule and making the amount of divisible good on offer change endogenously with its (uniform) price. Precommitting to an increasing supply curve is a strategic instrument to reward aggressive bidding and enhance expected revenue. A fixed supply may not be optimal even when accounting for the cost to the seller of issuing a quantity different from her target supply
Parallel-in-Space-and-Time Simulation of the Three-Dimensional, Unsteady Navier-Stokes Equations for Incompressible Flow

In this paper we combine the Parareal parallel-in-time method together with spatial parallelization and investigate this space-time parallel scheme by means of solving the three-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. Parallelization of time stepping provides a new direction of parallelization and allows to employ additional cores to further speed up simulations after spatial parallelization has saturated. We report on numerical experiments performed on a Cray XE6, simulating a driven cavity flow with and without obstacles. Distributed memory parallelization is used in both space and time, featuring up to 2,048 cores in total. It is confirmed that the space-time-parallel method can provide speedup beyond the saturation of the spatial parallelization
Spitzer identity, Wiener-Hopf factorization and pricing of discretely monitored exotic options

The Wiener-Hopf factorization of a complex function arises in a variety of fields in applied mathematics such as probability, finance, insurance, queuing theory, radio engineering and fluid mechanics. The factorization fully characterizes the distribution of functionals of a random walk or a Lévy process, such as the maximum, the minimum and hitting times. Here we propose a constructive procedure for the computation of the Wiener-Hopf factors, valid for both single and double barriers, based on the combined use of the Hilbert and the z-transform. The numerical implementation can be simply performed via the fast Fourier transform and the Euler summation. Given that the information in the Wiener-Hopf factors is strictly related to the distributions of the first passage times, as a concrete application in mathematical finance we consider the pricing of discretely monitored exotic options, such as lookback and barrier options, when the underlying price evolves according to an exponential Lévy process. We show that the computational cost of our procedure is independent of the number of monitoring dates and the error decays exponentially with the number of grid points
Impact of pairing on thermodynamical properties of stellar matter

International audienceSuperfluidity in the crust is a key ingredient for the cooling properties of proto-neutron stars. Investigations on crust superfluidity carried out so far typically assumed that the cluster component was given by a single representative nucleus and did not consider the fact that at finite temperature a wide distribution of nuclei is expected to be populated at a given crust pressure condition. We want to assess the importance of this distribution on the calculation of the heat capacity in the inner crust, in the framework of an extended NSE model. We additionally show that it is very important to consider the temperature evolution of the proton fraction, imposed by the β-equilibrium condition, for a quantitatively reliable estimation of the heat capacity
The behaviour of constrained caloric curves as ultimate signature of a phase transition for hot nuclei

International audienceSimulations based on experimental data obtained from multifragmenting quasifused nuclei produced in central 129Xe + natSn collisions have been used to deduce event by event freeze-out properties on the thermal excitation energy range 4-12 AMeV. From these properties and temperatures deduced from proton transverse momentum fluctuations constrained caloric curves have been built. At constant average volumes caloric curves exhibit a monotonous behaviour whereas for constrained pressures a backbending is observed. Such results support the existence of a first order phase transition for hot nuclei
Shells and Shapes in the N=28 isotones

International audienceNew experimental results on 43S and 44S reveal that these nuclei are located in a transitional region of shape coexistence between the spherical 48Ca and the oblate 42Si. The origin of the deformation is discussed in terms of the evolution of the single particle energy levels leading to the compression of the energy difference of the orbitals in the sd and pf shells for protons and neutrons, respectively. Therefore, due to quadrupole excitations across the Z = 14 and N = 28 gaps, the intruder configuration in the neutron rich S isotopes became the ground state