pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
High yielding biomass ideotypes of willow (Salix spp.) show differences in below ground biomass allocation.

Willows (Salix spp.) grown as short rotation coppice (SRC) are viewed as a sustainable source of biomass with a positive greenhouse gas (GHG) balance due to their potential to fix and accumulate carbon (C) into below ground biomass and soil. However, exploiting this potential has been limited by the paucity of data available on below ground biomass allocation and the extent to which it varies between genotypes. Furthermore, it is likely that allocation can be altered considerably by environment. To investigate the role of genotype and environment on allocation, four high yielding willow genotypes were grown at two replicated field sites in southeast England and west Wales, UK. Above and below ground biomass was intensively measured over two two-year rotations (2010-2014). Significant genotypic differences in biomass allocation were identified, with below ground allocation differing by up to 10% between genotypes. Importantly, the genotype with the highest below ground biomass also had the highest above ground yield. Furthermore, leaf area was found to be a good predictor of root biomass which offers the opportunity of an easier and non-destructive method for estimating root biomass Growth environment was found to significantly impact allocation; the willow genotypes grown at the west Wales site had up to 94% more biomass below ground by the end of the second rotation, A single investigation into fine roots (July 2013) showed the same pattern with double the volume of fine roots present. This greater below ground allocation may be attributed primarily to higher wind speeds experienced at this site, plus differences in humidity and soil characteristics. These results demonstrate that the capacity exists to breed plants with both high yields and high potential for C accumulationpublishersversionPeer reviewe
Specification-based verification and testing of open distributed systems

The motivation for this dissertation is to increase the usefulness of  Creol as a modeling language for  open distributed systems and through this contribute to the overall  goal of verification and testing  of open distributed systems. We develop methods for tool-based testing  and verification of Creol  models, by introducing two different formal languages for specification  of Creol components using  behavioral interfaces. The formalisms lead to two different ways to use  these specifications to build  frameworks and tools for automatic testing of Creol models.
Creol is a modeling language that is specifically designed for modeling  open distributed systems  with asynchronous communication. The basic programming paradigm of  Creol is object orientation.
The syntax of Creol is quite similar to a programming language, but  Creol abstracts certain  properties; thus some aspects of the system may remain undetermined in  the model. In this way  we get models that are more abstract than the full system, but that may  be structurally quite similar  to the systems and also quite complex. This again makes it necessary to  ensure that also the model  conform to the intended behavior of the system.
By exploiting capabilities of the rewriting logic execution platform  Maude—such as metalevel  rewriting, efficient state exploration, and rewriting modulo equational  attributes (associativity and  commutativity)—we achieve efficient methods for assume-guarantee style  specification-based testing  and model checking of Creol components. The methods we have developed  address the additional  challenges for verification and testing that arise from the  non-determinism of the model.
We have implemented the methods as testing frameworks in rewriting  logic together with examples.
We have experimented with the frameworks to evaluate the testing  methods. The experiments show  that both methods are useful for building frameworks for automatic  testing of Creol model components.
Thus the main result of the dissertation is tool-supported methods for  verification of Creol  models of open distributed systems, and consequently methods for  specification-based verification  and testing of open distributed systems
Search for squarks and gluinos with the ATLAS detector in final states with jets and missing transverse momentum using √s=8 TeV proton-proton collision data

A search for squarks and gluinos in final states containing high-p T jets, missing transverse momentum and no electrons or muons is presented. The data were recorded in 2012 by the ATLAS experiment in s√=8 TeV proton-proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider, with a total integrated luminosity of 20.3 fb−1. Results are interpreted in a variety of simplified and specific supersymmetry-breaking models assuming that R-parity is conserved and that the lightest neutralino is the lightest supersymmetric particle. An exclusion limit at the 95% confidence level on the mass of the gluino is set at 1330 GeV for a simplified model incorporating only a gluino and the lightest neutralino. For a simplified model involving the strong production of first- and second-generation squarks, squark masses below 850 GeV (440 GeV) are excluded for a massless lightest neutralino, assuming mass degenerate (single light-flavour) squarks. In mSUGRA/CMSSM models with tan β = 30, A 0 = −2m 0 and μ > 0, squarks and gluinos of equal mass are excluded for masses below 1700 GeV. Additional limits are set for non-universal Higgs mass models with gaugino mediation and for simplified models involving the pair production of gluinos, each decaying to a top squark and a top quark, with the top squark decaying to a charm quark and a neutralino. These limits extend the region of supersymmetric parameter space excluded by previous searches with the ATLAS detector
Investing in nature: developing ecosystem service markets\ud
for peatland restoration

To meet the challenge of proactive ecosystem-based climate mitigation and adaptation, new sources of funding are needed. Peatlands provide the most efficient global store of terrestrial carbon. Degraded peatlands, however, contribute disproportionally to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with approximately 25% of all CO2 emissions from the land use sector, while restoration can be cost-effective. Peatland restoration therefore provides a newopportunity for investing in ecosystem-based mitigation through the development of carbon markets. Set in the international policy and carbon market context, this paper demonstrates the necessary scientific evidence and policy frameworks needed to develop ecosystem service markets for peatland restoration. Using the UK and NE Germany as case studies, we outline the climate change mitigation potential of peatlands and how changes in GHG emissions after restoration may be measured. We report on market demand research in carbon market investments that provide sponsors with quantification and officially certified recognition of the climate and other co-benefits. Building on this, we develop the necessary requirements for developing regional carbon markets to fund peatland restoration. While this paper focuses on the UK and German context, it draws on international experience, and is likely to be directly applicable across peatlands in Europe and North America
Measurement of the underlying event activity using charged-particle jets in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 2.76 TeV

A measurement of the underlying event (UE) activity in proton-proton collisions is performed using events with charged-particle jets produced in the central pseudorapidity region (|η jet| < 2) and with transverse momentum 1 ≤ p T jet < 100 GeV. The analysis uses a data sample collected at a centre-of-mass energy of 2.76 TeV with the CMS experiment at the LHC. The UE activity is measured as a function of p T jet in terms of the average multiplicity and scalar sum of transverse momenta (p T) of charged particles, with |η| < 2 and p T > 0.5 GeV, in the azimuthal region transverse to the highest p T jet direction. By further dividing the transverse region into two regions of smaller and larger activity, various components of the UE activity are separated. The measurements are compared to previous results at 0.9 and 7 TeV, and to predictions of several Monte Carlo event generators, providing constraints on the modelling of the UE dynamics
Observations of the Blazar 3C 66A with the MAGIC Telescopes in Stereoscopic Mode

We report new observations of the intermediate-frequency peaked BL Lacertae object 3C 66A with the MAGIC telescopes. The data sample we use were taken in 2009 December and 2010 January, and comprises 2.3 hr of good quality data in stereoscopic mode. In this period, we find a significant signal from the direction of the blazar 3C 66A. The new MAGIC stereoscopic system is shown to play an essential role for the separation between 3C 66A and the nearby radio galaxy 3C 66B, which is at a distance of only 6'. The derived integral flux above 100 GeV is 8.3% of the Crab Nebula flux and the energy spectrum is reproduced by a power law of photon index 3.64 ± 0.39stat ± 0.25sys. Within errors, this is compatible with the one derived by VERITAS in 2009. From the spectra corrected for absorption by the extragalactic background light, we only find small differences between the four models that we applied, and constrain the redshift of the blazar to z &lt; 0.68
The electrically detected magnetic resonance microscope: Combining conductive atomic force microscopy with electrically detected magnetic resonance

We present the design and implementation of a scanning probe microscope, which combines electrically detected magnetic resonance (EDMR) and (photo-)conductive atomic force microscopy ((p)cAFM). The integration of a 3-loop 2-gap X-band microwave resonator into an AFM allows the use of conductive AFM tips as a movable contact for EDMR experiments. The optical readout of the AFM cantilever is based on an infrared laser to avoid disturbances of current measurements by absorption of straylight of the detection laser. Using amorphous silicon thin film samples with varying defect densities, the capability to detect a spatial EDMR contrast is demonstrated. Resonant current changes as low as 20 fA can be detected, allowing the method to realize a spin sensitivity of 8×106spins/Hz−−−√ at room temperature
SU(5) tops with multiple U(1) s in F-theory

We study F-theory compactifications with up to two Abelian gauge group factors that are based on elliptically fibred Calabi–Yau 4-folds describable as generic hypersurfaces. Special emphasis is put on elliptic fibrations based on generic Bl2ℙ2[3] -fibrations. These exhibit a Mordell–Weil group of rank two corresponding to two extra rational sections which give rise to two Abelian gauge group factors. We show that an alternative description of the same geometry as a complete intersection makes the existence of a holomorphic zero-section manifest, on the basis of which we compute the U(1) generators and a class of gauge fluxes. We analyse the fibre degenerations responsible for the appearance of localised charged matter states, whose charges, interactions and chiral index we compute geometrically. We implement an additional SU(5) gauge group by constructing the four inequivalent toric tops giving rise to SU(5)×U(1)×U(1) gauge symmetry and analyse the matter content. We demonstrate that notorious non-flat points can be avoided in well-defined Calabi–Yau 4-folds. These methods are applied to the remaining possible hypersurface fibrations with one generic Abelian gauge factor. We analyse the local limit of our SU(5)×U(1)×U(1) models and show that one of our models is not embeddable into E8 due to recombination of matter curves that cannot be described as a Higgsing of E8 . We argue that such recombination forms a general mechanism that opens up new model building possibilities in F-theory
Kaluza–Klein theory for teleparallel gravity

We study teleparallel gravity in the original Kaluza–Klein (KK) scenario. Our calculation of the KK reduction of teleparallel gravity indicates that the 5-dimensional torsion scalar T(5) generates the non-Brans–Dicke type effective Lagrangian in 4-dimension due to an additional coupling between the derivative of the scalar field and torsion, but the result is equivalent to that in general relativity. We also discuss the cosmological behavior in the FLRW universe based on the effective teleparallel gravity
5D partition functions, q -Virasoro systems and integrable spin-chains

We analyze N = 1 $$ \mathcal{N} = 1 $$ theories on S 5 and S 4 × S 1 , showing how their partition functions can be written in terms of a set of fundamental 5d holomorphic blocks. We demonstrate that, when the 5d mass parameters are analytically continued to suitable values, the S 5 and S 4 × S 1 partition functions degenerate to those for S 3 and S 2 × S 1 . We explain this mechanism via the recently proposed correspondence between 5d partition functions and correlators with underlying q -Virasoro symmetry. From the q -Virasoro 3-point functions, we axiomatically derive a set of associated reflection coefficients, and show that they can be geometrically interpreted in terms of Harish-Chandra c -functions for quantum symmetric spaces. We link these particular c -functions to the types appearing in the Jost functions encoding the asymptotics of the scattering in integrable spin-chains, obtained taking different limits of the XYZ model to XXZ-type
Muon g − 2 in anomaly mediated SUSY breaking

Motivated by two experimental facts, the muon g − 2 anomaly and the observed Higgs boson mass around 125 GeV, we propose a simple model of anomaly mediation, which can be seen as a generalization of mixed modulus-anomaly mediation. In our model, the discrepancy of the muon g − 2 and the Higgs boson mass around 125 GeV are easily accommodated. The required mass splitting between the strongly and weakly interacting SUSY particles are naturally achieved by the contribution from anomaly mediation. This model is easily consistent with SU(5) or SO(10) grand unified theory
Contributions of flavor violating couplings of a Higgs boson to pp → W W

We study contributions to pp → W + W − → ℓ ν ℓ ℓ ′ ν ℓ ′ $$ pp\to {W}^{+}{W}^{-}\to \ell {\nu}_{\ell }{\ell}^{\prime }{\nu}_{\ell^{\prime }} $$ in models with a new Higgs boson, H , and a neutral lepton, ν 4 , with couplings H − ν 4 − ν μ and W − ν 4 − μ $$ \mu $$ through the process pp  →  H  →  ν 4 ν μ  →  Wμν μ  →  ℓν ℓ μν μ . Contrary to naive expectations, we find that contributions to pp → W W can be very large while satisfying constraints from standard H → W W and H → γγ searches. Even the excess observed by ATLAS in pp → W W , if taken at face value, can be easily accommodated. The various kinematic distributions fit nicely the experimentally determined ones. This scenario can arise for example in a two Higgs doublet model with vectorlike leptons
Recalescence affer solidification in Ge films melted by picosecond laser pulses

Thin amorphous Ge films on glass substrates are irradiated by single picosecond (ps) laser pulses and the induced melting and solidification process is followed by means of real-time reflectivity measurements with ps resolution using a setup based on a streak camera. Due to the excellent time resolution achieved in single exposure, the recalescence process occurring upon solidification can be completely resolved by means of an all-optical technique. The results are consistent with the bulk nucleation of the amorphous phase in the supercooled liquid at an extremely large nucleation rate. The massive release of solidification heat causes the reheating and partial remelting of the film after its complete solidification. The occurrence of recalescence after solidification is responsible for the formation of the crystalline phase finally obtained. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.This work has been partially supported by CICYT ~Spain! under Project No. TIC93-0125. One of the authors ~J.S.! acknowledges with pleasure the funding of the European Community through a Marie Curie Fellowship ~ERB40001GT954352! within the TMR Program.Peer Reviewe
Influência dos corticosteroides no prognóstico auditivo da perda auditiva neurossensorial súbita idiopática

INTRODUCTION:Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss (ISSHL) is defined when a loss of at least 30 dB occurs in over 3 continuous frequencies, in up to 72 hours, of which etiology is not established, despite adequate investigation. Different types of treatment regimens have been proposed, but only glucocorticoids have shown some evidence of benefit in the literature.OBJECTIVE:To analyze whether the type of treatment or time of treatment with glucocorticoids have any influence on hearing recovery in ISSHL.METHODS:Observational retrospective cohort study. One hundred twenty-seven patients with ISSHL, treated at outpatient clinics between the years 2000 and 2010, were studied. We evaluated the prognostic correlation of the type of treatment and time to treatment with glucocorticoids and ISSHL.RESULTS:The absolute hearing gain and the relative hearing gain was as follows: 23.6 dB and 37.2%. Complete recovery was observed in 15.7% of patients, significant recovery in 27.6% and recovery in 57.5%.CONCLUSION:In this study, there was no difference between the use and nonuse of glucocorticoids in hearing improvement. However, when started within seven days after onset, the use of glucocorticoids was a factor of better prognosis.INTRODUÇÃO:A perda auditiva neurossensorial súbita idiopática (PANSSI) é definida pela queda dos limiares auditivos tonais de, pelo menos, 30 dB em três frequências contíguas em até 72 horas e apesar de uma investigação apropriada, a etiologia da lesão não é encontrada. Diversos tipos de tratamentos já foram idealizados para a PANSSI, no entanto, os corticosteroides são os que encontram as melhores evidências de efetividade na literatura.OBJETIVO:Avaliar se o tipo de tratamento e o tempo de demora em iniciar o tratamento com corticosteroides têm correlação com a melhora dos limiares auditivos na PANSSI.MÉTODOS:Estudo de coorte retrospectivo observacional. Foram avaliados 127 pacientes com PANSSI provenientes do ambulatório entre os anos de 2000 e 2010. Foi avaliada a correlação prognóstica do tipo de tratamento e tempo de demora para o início de tratamento e a PANSSI.RESULTADOS:As taxas de recuperação absoluta e relativa foram 23,6 dB e 37,2% respectivamente. Apresentaram melhora completa 15,7% dos pacientes, 27,6% apresentaram melhora significativa e 57,5% melhora.CONCLUSÃO:Neste estudo, não houve diferença entre o uso ou não de corticosteroide na melhora auditiva. Contudo, quando iniciado até sete dias, o uso de corticosteroide foi fator de melhor prognóstico.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de Medicina Department of OtorhinolaryngologyUNIFESP, EPM, Department of OtorhinolaryngologySciEL
Novo modelo de estadiamento para indicação de cirurgia faríngea em pacientes com apneia obstrutiva do sono,

Introduction: The success of pharyngeal surgery in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome depends on the appropriate selection of patients. Objective: To propose a new staging for indication of pharyngeal surgery in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Methods: A total of 54 patients undergoing extended tonsillectomy were retrospectively included, divided into six stages. Stage I: patients with palatine tonsils grade 3/4 and modified Mallampati index 1/2; stage II: palatine tonsils 3/4 and modified Mallampati index 3/4; stage III: palatine tonsils 1/2 and modified Mallampati index 1/2; stage IV: palatine tonsils 1/2 and modified Mallampati index 3/4; stage V: body mass index ≥40 kg/m2 with palatine tonsils 3/4 and modified Mallampati index 1, 2, 3, or 4. Stage VI: body mass index ≥40 with palatine tonsils 1/2 and modified Mallampati index 1, 2, 3, or 4. Results: The surgical success rates were 88.9%, 75.0%, 35.7%, 38.5%, and 100.0% in stages I–V. Conclusion: The presence of hypertrophic palatine tonsils was the anatomical factor in common in the most successful stages (I, II, and V), regardless of body mass index. Although the modified Mallampati index classes 3 and 4 reduced the success rate of surgery in patients with hypertrophic tonsils (stage II), the presence of modified Mallampati index classes 1 and 2 did not favor surgical success in patients with normal tonsils (stage III).Introdução: O sucesso da cirurgia faríngea no tratamento da síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS) depende da adequada seleção de pacientes. Objetivo: Propor um novo estadiamento para indicação de cirurgia faríngea na SAOS. Método: Estudo retrospectivo, onde foram inclusos, 54 pacientes submetidos a amigdalectomia ampliada, divididos em 6 estádios. Estádio I: pacientes com tonsilas palatinas graus 3/4 e índice de Mallampati modificado (IMM) 1/2; Estádio II: tonsilas palatinas 3/4 e IMM 3/4; Estádio III: tonsilas palatinas 1/2 e IMM 1/2; Estádio IV: tonsilas palatinas 1/2 e IMM 3/4; Estádio V: IMC (índice de massa corpórea) ≥ com tonsilas palatinas 3/4 e IMM 1, 2, 3 ou 4. Estádio VI: IMC ≥ kg/m2 com tonsilas palatinas 1 ou 2 e IMM 1, 2, 3, ou 4. Resultados: As taxas de sucesso cirúrgico foram de 88,9%; 75,0%; 35,7%; 38,5% e 100,0% nos estádios I a V. Conclusão: A presença de tonsilas palatinas hipertróficas foi o fator anatômico em comum nos estádios de maior sucesso (I, II e V), independente do IMC. Apesar do IMM classe III e IV diminuir a taxa de sucesso da cirurgia em pacientes com tonsilas hipertróficas (estádio II), a presença de IMM classe I e II não favoreceu o sucesso cirúrgico em pacientes com tonsilas normotróficas (estádio III).Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Department of OtorhinolaryngologyUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Department of PsychobiologyInstituto do Ronco e Apneia de MaringáSão José dos Campos Clínica OpusUNIFESP, Department of OtorhinolaryngologyUNIFESP, Department of PsychobiologySciEL
Crystal structure of X-prolyl aminopeptidase from Caenorhabditis elegans:a cytosolic enzyme with a di-nuclear active site

Eukaryotic aminopeptidase P1 (APP1), also known as X-prolyl aminopeptidase (XPNPEP1) in human tissues, is a cytosolic exopeptidase that preferentially removes amino acids from the N-terminus of peptides possessing a penultimate N-terminal proline residue. The enzyme has an important role in the catabolism of proline containing peptides since peptide bonds adjacent to the imino acid proline are resistant to cleavage by most peptidases. We show that recombinant and catalytically active Caenorhabditis elegans APP-1 is a dimer that uses dinuclear zinc at the active site and, for the first time, we provide structural information for a eukaryotic APP-1 in complex with the inhibitor, apstatin. Our analysis reveals that C. elegans APP-1 shares similar mode of substrate binding and a common catalytic mechanism with other known X-prolyl aminopeptidases
Policy-Carrying Data:A Step Towards Transparent Data Sharing

The emerging research and application domains of the Internet-of-Things and Big Data, together with socio-technical phenomena such as social networking, as well as mobile phones (equipped with sensors, GPS, etc.) make us – companies, research centres, people in general – all (sometimes unwittingly, possibly unwillingly) producers and consumers of data. A sensitive issue for data providers concerns control over access, sharing, dissemination and use of data. By control, we mean placing limitations on who can access the data, when data can be accessed, how data can be accessed, and so on. We propose means to capture the expression of controls over data and to associate that indivisibly with the data via what we call “policy-carrying data” (PCD). The PCD establishes permissions for what the consumer may do to the data, but also – in a novel addition for such policies – establish what the consumer can/must do subsequently with the data. We formalise PCD and illustrate how it can meet potential stakeholder requirements