pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Multi-fluid Eulerian model of an electrospray in a host gas.

An Eulerian multifluid model is used to describe the evolution of an electrospray plume and the flow induced in the surrounding gas by the drag of the electrically\ud
charged spray droplets in the space between an injection electrode containing the electrospray source and a collector electrode. The spray is driven by the voltage\ud
applied between the two electrodes. Numerical computations and order-of-magnitude estimates for a quiescent gas show that the droplets begin to fly back toward the injection electrode at a certain critical value of the flux of droplets in the spray, which depends very much on the electrical conditions at the injection electrode. As the flux is increased toward its critical value, the electric field induced by the charge of the droplets partially balances the field due to the applied voltage in the vicinity of the injection electrode, leading to a spray that rapidly broadens at a distance from its origin of the order of the stopping distance at which the droplets lose their initial momentum and the effect of their inertia becomes negligible. The axial component of the electric field first changes sign in this region, causing the fly back. The flow induced in the gas significantly changes this picture in the conditions of typical experiments. A gas plume is induced by the drag of the droplets whose entrainment makes the radius of the spray away from the injection electrode smaller than in a quiescent gas, and convects the droplets across the region of negative axial electric field that appears around the origin of the spray when the flux of droplets is increased.\ud
This suppresses fly back and allows much higher fluxes to be reached than are possible in a quiescent gas. The limit of large droplet-to-gas mass ratio is discussed. Migration\ud
of satellite droplets to the shroud of the spray is reproduced by the Eulerian model, but this process is also affected by the motion of the gas. The gas flow preferentially pushes satellite droplets from the shroud to the core of the spray when the effect of the inertia of the droplets becomes negligible, and thus opposes the well-established electrostatic/inertial mechanism of segregation and may end up concentrating satellite\ud
droplets in an intermediate radial region of the spray
Direct and indirect causal effects of heterozygosity on fitness-related traits in Alpine ibex

Heterozygosity–fitness correlations (HFCs) are a useful tool to investigate the effects of inbreeding in wild populations, but are not informative in distinguishing between direct and indirect effects of heterozygosity on fitness-related traits. We tested HFCs in male Alpine ibex (Capra ibex)in a free-ranging population (which suffered a severe bottleneck at the end of the eighteenth century) and used confirmatory path analysis to disentangle the causal relationships between heterozygosity and fitness-related traits. We tested HFCs in 149 male individuals born between 1985 and 2009. We found that standardized multi-locus heterozygosity (MLH), calculated from 37 microsatellite loci, was related to body mass and horn growth, which are known to be important fitness-related traits, and to faecal egg counts (FECs) of nematode eggs, a proxy of parasite resistance. Then, using confirmatory path analysis, we were able to show that the effect of MLH on horn growth was not direct but mediated by body mass and FEC. HFCs do not necessarily imply direct genetic effects on fitness-related traits, which instead can be mediated by other traits in complex and unexpected ways
Dealing with uncertainty in GHG inventories: How to go about it?

The assessment of greenhouse gases emitted to and removed from the atmosphere is high on both political and scientific agendas. Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Parties to the Convention publish annual or periodic national inventories of greenhouse gas emissions and removals. Policymakers use these inventories to develop strategies and policies for emission reductions and to track the progress of these policies. However, greenhouse gas inventories (whether at the global, national, corporate, or other level) contain uncertainty for a variety of reasons, and these uncertainties have important scientific and policy implications. For scientific, political, and economic reasons it is important to deal with the uncertainty of emissions estimates proactively. Proper treatment of uncertainty affects everything from our understanding of the physical system to the economics of mitigation strategies and the politics of mitigation agreements. A comprehensive and consistent understanding of, and a framework for dealing with, the uncertainty of emissions estimates should have a large impact on the functioning and effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol and its successor. This chapter attempts to pull together relevant fragments of knowledge, allowing us to get a better picture of how to go about dealing with the uncertainty in greenhouse gas inventories
Renormalization group constraints on new top interactions from electroweak precision data

Anomalous interactions involving the top quark contribute to some of the most difficult observables to directly access experimentally. They can give however a sizeable correction to very precisely measured observables at the loop level. Using a model-independent effective Lagrangian approach, we present the leading indirect constraints on dimension-six effective operators involving the top quark from electroweak precision data. They represent the most stringent constraints on these interactions, some of which may be directly testable in future colliders
Further holographic investigations of big bang singularities

We further explore the quantum dynamics near past cosmological singularities in anisotropic Kasner-AdS solutions using gauge/gravity duality. The dual description of the bulk evolution involves N = 4 $$ \mathcal{N}=4 $$ super Yang-Mills on the contracting branch of an anisotropic de Sitter space and is well defined. We compute two-point correlators of Yang-Mills operators of large dimensions using spacelike geodesics anchored on the boundary. The correlator between two points separated in a direction with negative Kasner exponent p always exhibits a pole at horizon scales, in any dimension, which we interpret as a dual signature of the classical bulk singularity. This indicates that the geodesic approximation selects a non-normalizable Yang-Mills state
Flavor ratios of extragalactic neutrinos and neutrino shortcuts in extra dimensions

The recent measurement of high energy extragalactic neutrinos by the IceCube Collaboration has opened a new window to probe non-standard neutrino properties. Among other effects, sterile neutrino altered dispersion relations (ADRs) due to shortcuts in an extra dimension can significantly affect astrophysical flavor ratios. We discuss two limiting cases of this effect, first active-sterile neutrino oscillations with a constant  ADR potential and second an MSW-like resonant conversion arising from geodesics oscillating around the brane in an asymmetrically warped extra dimension. We demonstrate that the second case has the potential to suppress significantly the flux of specific flavors such as νμ or ντ at high energies
The Casimir energy in curved space and its supersymmetric counterpart

We study d -dimensional Conformal Field Theories (CFTs) on the cylinder, S d − 1 × ℝ $$ {S}^{d-1}\times \mathrm{\mathbb{R}} $$ , and its deformations. In d = 2 the Casimir energy (i.e. the vacuum energy) is universal and is related to the central charge c . In d = 4 the vacuum energy depends on the regularization scheme and has no intrinsic value. We show that this property extends to infinitesimally deformed cylinders and support this conclusion with a holographic check. However, for N = 1 $$ \mathcal{N}=1 $$ supersymmetric CFTs, a natural analog of the Casimir energy turns out to be scheme independent and thus intrinsic. We give two proofs of this result. We compute the Casimir energy for such theories by reducing to a problem in supersymmetric quantum mechanics. For the round cylinder the vacuum energy is proportional to a + 3 c . We also compute the dependence of the Casimir energy on the squashing parameter of the cylinder. Finally, we revisit the problem of supersymmetric regularization of the path integral on Hopf surfaces
Towards a holographic Bose-Hubbard model

We present a holographic construction of the large- N Bose-Hubbard model. The model is based on Maxwell fields coupled to charged scalar fields on the AdS 2 hard wall. We realize the lobe-shaped phase structure of the Bose-Hubbard model and find that the model admits Mott insulator ground states in the limit of large Coulomb repulsion. In the Mott insulator phases, the bosons are localized on each site. At zero hopping we find that the transitions between Mott insulating phases with different fillings correspond to first order level-crossing phase transitions. At finite hopping we find a holographic phase transition between the Mott phase and a non-homogeneous phase. We then analyze the perturbations of fields around both the Mott insulator phase and inhomogeneous phase. We find almost zero modes in the non-homogeneous phase
A taste of dark matter: flavour constraints on pseudoscalar mediators

Dark matter interacting via the exchange of a light pseudoscalar can induce observable signals in indirect detection experiments and experience large self-interactions while evading the strong bounds from direct dark matter searches. The pseudoscalar mediator will however induce flavour-changing interactions in the Standard Model, providing a promising alternative way to test these models. We investigate in detail the constraints arising from rare meson decays and fixed target experiments for different coupling structures between the pseudoscalar and Standard Model fermions. The resulting bounds are highly complementary to the information inferred from the dark matter relic density and the constraints from primordial nucleosynthesis. We discuss the implications of our findings for the dark matter self-interaction cross section and the prospects of probing dark matter coupled to a light pseudoscalar with direct or indirect detection experiments. In particular, we find that a pseudoscalar mediator can only explain the Galactic Centre excess if its mass is above that of the B mesons, and that it is impossible to obtain a sufficiently large direct detection cross section to account for the DAMA modulation
Hyper-Kähler with torsion, T-duality, and defect ( p, q ) five-branes

We investigate a five-branes interpretation of hyper-Kähler geometry with torsion (HKT). This geometry is obtained by conformal transformation of the Taub-NUT space which represents a Kaluza-Klein five-brane. This HKT would represent an NS5-brane on the Taub-NUT space. In order to explore the HKT further, we compactify one transverse direction, and study the O 2 2 ℤ = S L 2 ℤ × S L 2 ℤ $$ \mathrm{O}\left(2,2;\mathrm{\mathbb{Z}}\right)=\mathrm{S}\mathrm{L}\left(2,\mathrm{\mathbb{Z}}\right)\times \mathrm{S}\mathrm{L}\left(2,\mathrm{\mathbb{Z}}\right) $$ monodromy structure associated with two-torus. Performing the conjugate transformation, we obtain a new solution whose physical interpretation is a defect ( p , q ) five-brane on the ALG space. Throughout this analysis, we understand that the HKT represents a coexistent state of two kinds of five-branes. This situation is different from composite states such as ( p, q ) five-branes or ( p, q ) seven-branes in type IIB theory. We also study the T-dualized system of the HKT. We again find a new solution which also indicates another defect ( p, q ) five-brane on the ALG space
Critical point in the QCD phase diagram for extremely strong background magnetic fields

Lattice simulations have demonstrated that a background (electro)magnetic field reduces the chiral/deconfinement transition temperature of quantum chromodynamics for eB < 1 GeV 2 . On the level of observables, this reduction manifests itself in an enhancement of the Polyakov loop and in a suppression of the light quark condensates (inverse magnetic catalysis) in the transition region. In this paper, we report on lattice simulations of 1 + 1 + 1-flavor QCD at an unprecedentedly high value of the magnetic field eB = 3 . 25 GeV 2 . Based on the behavior of various observables, it is shown that even at this extremely strong field, inverse magnetic catalysis prevails and the transition, albeit becoming sharper, remains an analytic crossover. In addition, we develop an algorithm to directly simulate the asymptotically strong magnetic field limit of QCD. We find strong evidence for a first-order deconfinement phase transition in this limiting theory, implying the presence of a critical point in the QCD phase diagram. Based on the available lattice data, we estimate the location of the critical point
n-Alkanes, PAHs and surfactants in the sea surface microlayer and sea water samples of the Gerlache Inlet sea (Antarctica)

Sea surface microlayer (SML) and sea water samples (SSW) collected in the Gerlache Inlet Sea (Antarctica)\ud
were analysed for n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The SML is a potential enrichment\ud
site of hydrophobic organic compounds compared to the underlying water column. Total concentration\ud
ranges of n-alkanes and PAHs (dissolved and particulate) in subsurface water (−0.5 m depth) were 272–\ud
553 ng l−1 (mean: 448 ng l−1) and 5.27–9.43 ng l−1 (mean: 7.06 ng l−1), respectively. In the SML, the\ud
concentration ranges of n-alkanes and PAHs were 353–968 ng l−1 (mean: 611 ng l−1) and 7.32–23.94 ng l−1\ud
(mean: 13.22 ng l−1), respectively. To evaluate possible PAH contamination sources, specific PAH ratios were\ud
calculated. The ratios reflected a predominant petrogenic input. A characterisation of surface active\ud
substances was also performed on SML and SSW samples, both by gas bubble extraction, and by dynamic\ud
surface tension measurements. Results showed a good correlation between n-alkanes, PAHs and refractory\ud
organic matter
On the use of mercury-coated tips in scanning electrochemical microscopyto investigate galvanic corrosion processes involving zinc and iron

The corrosion processes related to zinc dissolution that take place in an iron–zinc galvanic pair exposed to a chloride solution were investigated by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) using a mercury-coated platinum microelectrode as SECM tip. Both the release of zinc ions and the consumption of dissolved oxygen that occur in separate sites at the iron–zinc galvanic pair were monitored. Zinc ion quantification could be performed by stripping the zinc metal collected at the Hg-coated tip using linear sweep voltammetry
Functionalized ensembles of nanoelectrodes as affinity biosensors for DNA hybridization detection

A novel electrochemical biosensor for DNA hybridization detection based on nanoelectrode ensembles (NEEs) is presented. NEEs are prepared by electroless deposition of gold into the pores of a templating track-etched polycarbonate (PC) membrane. The wide surface of the templating membrane surrounding the nanoelectrodes is exploited to bind the capture DNA probes via amide coupling with the carboxylic groups present on the PC surface. The probes are then hybridized with the complementary target labelled with glucose oxidase (GO). The occurrence of the hybridization event is detected by adding, to the supporting electrolyte, excess glucose as the substrate and the (ferrocenylmethyl) trimethylammonium cation (FA) as suitable redox mediator. In the case of positive hybridization, an electrocatalytic current is detected. In the proposed sensor, the biorecognition event and signal transduction occur in different but neighbouring sites, i.e., the PC surface and the nanoelectrodes, respectively; these sites are separated albeit in close proximity on a nanometer scale. Finally, the possibility to activate the PC surface by treatment with permanganate is demonstrated and the analytical performances of biosensors prepared with KMnO4-treated NEEs and native NEEs are compared and critically evaluated. The proposed biosensor displays high selectivity and sensitivity, with the capability to detect few picomoles of target DNA
BET_EF: a probabilistic tool for long- and short-term eruption forecasting

The main purpose of this paper is to introduce a Bayesian event tree model for eruption forecasting (BET_EF). The model represents a flexible tool to provide probabilities of any specific event at which we are interested in, by merging all the relevant available information, such as theoretical models, a priori beliefs, monitoring measures, and any kind of past data. BET_EF is based on a Bayesian procedure and it relies on the fuzzy approach to manage monitoring data. The method deals with short- and long-term forecasting, therefore it can be useful in many practical aspects, as land use planning, and during volcanic emergencies. Finally, we provide the description of a free software package that provides a graphically supported computation of short- to long-term eruption forecasting, and a tutorial application to the recent MESIMEX exercise at Vesuvius
Dealing with substance use disorders in general practice

Substance use disorders are highly prevalent in South Africa. General practitioners are often the first point of contact and play an essential role in correctly identifying the substance use problem. This article provides an overview of the importance of screening for and assessing substance use disorders and identifying the severity of the substance use disorder, so that the right level of management can be ensured. It also examines associated co-morbidities and provides a general overview of the management of substance use disorders
The Multithreaded version of FORM

We present TFORM, the version of the symbolic manipulation system FORM that can make simultaneous use of several processors in a shared memory architecture. The implementation uses Posix threads, also called pthreads, and is therefore easily portable between various operating systems. Most existing FORM programs will be able to take advantage of the increased processing power, without the need for modifications. In some cases some minor additions may be needed. For a computer with two processors a typical improvement factor in the running time is 1.7 when compared to the traditional version of FORM. In the case of computers with 4 processors a typical improvement factor in the execution time is slightly above 3
STUDIES OF NEW RADIOACTIVE NUCLEI AT GANIL ENERGIES

Radioactive studies of light neutron rich exotic nuclei from 17C to 40S have been performed on the LISE line at GANIL. These isotopes were produced via projectile fragmentation of 60 MeV/nucleon 40Ar on Be. The adjunction of an energy degrader with appropriate shape is shown to allow the use of the LISE spectrometer for a projectile fragment isotopic separation. At least 9 nuclei were observed for the first time through β-γ coincidence measurements. The predictive power of different models for β decay properties is examined
Heat flux measurement from thermal infrared imagery in low-flux fumarolic zones: Example of the Ty fault (La Soufrière de Guadeloupe)

International audienceMonitoring the geothermal flux of a dormant volcano is necessary both for hazard assessment and for studying hydrothermal systems. Heat from a magma body located at depth is transported by steam to the surface, where it is expelled in fumaroles if the heat flow exceeds 500 W/m2. If the heat flow is lower than 500 W/m2, steam mainly condensates in the soil close to surface and produces a thermal anomaly detectable at the surface. In this study, we propose a method to quantify low heat fluxes from temperature anomalies measured at the surface by a thermal infrared camera. Once corrected from the atmospheric and surface effects, thermal infrared images are used to compute (1) the excess of radiative flux, (2) the excess of sensible flux and (3) the steam flux from the soil to the atmosphere. These calculations require measurements of atmospheric parameters (temperature, wind velocity and humidity) and estimations of surface parameters (roughness and emissivity). This method has been tested on a low-flux fumarolic zone of the Soufrière volcano (Guadeloupe Island -- Lesser Antilles), and compared to a flux estimation realized from the thermal gradient measurements into the soil. The two methods show a good agreement and a similar precision (267 ± 46 W/m2 for the thermal infrared method, and 275 ± 50 W/m2 for the vertical temperature gradient method), if surface roughness is well calibrated
Wave drag on a submerged sphere

International audienceWe measure the wave drag acting on fully submerged spheres as a function of their depth and velocity, with an apparatus that measures only the component of the drag due to the proximity of the free surface. We observe that close to the surface the wave drag is of the order of the hydrodynamic drag. In our range of study, the measured force is more than one order smaller than predictions based on linear response. In order to investigate this discrepancy, we measure the amplitude of the waves at the origin of the wave drag, comparing the measurement with a theoretical model. The model captures the measurements at "large depth" but the wave's amplitude saturates at "small depth," an effect that partially accounts for the difference between the predicted and measured wave drag. (C) 2015 AIP Publishing LLC
Here Today, Here Tomorrow: Considering Options Theory in Digital Platform Development

Part 3: Creating Value through ApplicationsInternational audiencePast decades have seen business platforms proliferate not only as a means to collaborate, but also decrease time-to-market and promote innovation. However, extant literature tends to dichotomise platforms, perceiving them as either strategic resources or technical systems. Applied to digital platforms, we argue that options theory offers a potential means to reconcile the operand and operant perspectives of platform artefacts. We illustrate our point via a case study of a firm that has gradually developed a product that enables mobile communication into a digital platform that provides a wide range of customers with services from several different suppliers. This study contributes to our understanding of digital platforms as it describes how design choices by a provider can affect flexibility and continued development of new services
A multivariate analysis approach for the Imaging atmospheric Cerenkov Telescopes System H.E.S.S.

International audienceWe present a multivariate classification approach applied to the analysis of data from the H.E.S.S. Very High Energy (VHE) gamma-ray IACT stereoscopic system. This approach combines three complementary analysis methods already successfully applied in the H.E.S.S. data analysis. The proposed approach, with the combined effective estimator Xeff, is conceived to improve the signal-to-background ratio and therefore particularly relevant to the morphological studies of faint extended sources
Communication Roles in Public Events

Part 5: Social MediaInternational audienceWhilst many studies have looked at the characteristics of effective communications via social media platforms, their use during public events for people to communicate and organize is still relatively uncharted. We have even less understanding of the roles that public event participants play in their use of social media, and this study seeks to address this gap in our knowledge. We analyse the Twitter data related to the 1st May 2014 event (Labour Day) in Germany to identify participant roles in this event, and the impact their tweets had on other participants. From this analysis we draw some tentative conclusions about participant roles in public events and their impact and highlight areas for further investigation