pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Dark energy: investigation and modeling

Constantly accumulating observational data continue to confirm that about 70%
of the energy density today consists of dark energy responsible for the
accelerated expansion of the Universe. We present recent observational bounds
on dark energy constrained by the type Ia supernovae, cosmic microwave
background, and baryon acoustic oscillations. We review a number of theoretical
approaches that have been adopted so far to explain the origin of dark energy.
This includes the cosmological constant, modified matter models (such as
quintessence, k-essence, coupled dark energy, unified models of dark energy and
dark matter), modified gravity models (such as f(R) gravity, scalar-tensor
theories, braneworlds), and inhomogeneous models. We also discuss observational
and experimental constraints on those models and clarify which models are
favored or ruled out in current observations.Comment: 49 pages, 6 figures, invited review chapter on dark energy for a book
  "Dark Matter and Dark Energy: a Challenge for the 21st Century
Planetary Dynamics and Habitable Planet Formation In Binary Star Systems

Whether binaries can harbor potentially habitable planets depends on several
factors including the physical properties and the orbital characteristics of
the binary system. While the former determines the location of the habitable
zone (HZ), the latter affects the dynamics of the material from which
terrestrial planets are formed (i.e., planetesimals and planetary embryos), and
drives the final architecture of the planets assembly. In order for a habitable
planet to form in a binary star system, these two factors have to work in
harmony. That is, the orbital dynamics of the two stars and their interactions
with the planet-forming material have to allow terrestrial planet formation in
the habitable zone, and ensure that the orbit of a potentially habitable planet
will be stable for long times. We have organized this chapter with the same
order in mind. We begin by presenting a general discussion on the motion of
planets in binary stars and their stability. We then discuss the stability of
terrestrial planets, and the formation of potentially habitable planets in a
binary-planetary system.Comment: 56 pages, 29 figures, chapter to appear in the book: Planets in
  Binary Star Systems (Ed. N. Haghighipour, Springer publishing company
Geomagnetic field, global pattern

The geomagnetic field is generated in the fluid outer core region of the Earth by electrical currents flowing in the slowly\ud
moving molten iron. In addition to sources in the Earth’s core, the geomagnetic field observable on the Earth’s surface has\ud
sources in the crust and in the ionosphere and magnetosphere. The signal from the core dominates, accounting for over 95%\ud
of the field at the Earth’s surface. The geomagnetic field varies on a range of scales, both temporal and spatial; the\ud
description of the variations made here concentrates on the recent spatial and temporal variations of the field with origins in\ud
the Earth’s core that can be surmised from observations made over the last four centuries
Environmental issues in the geological disposal of carbon dioxide and radioactive waste

A comparative assessment of the post-closure environmental issues for the geological disposal of carbon dioxide (CO2) and radioactive waste is made in this chapter. Several criteria are used: the characteristics of radioactive waste and CO2; their potential environmental impacts; an assessment of the hazards arising from radioactive waste and CO2; and monitoring of their environmental impacts. There are several differences in the way that the long term safety of the disposal of radioactive waste and CO2 is regulated and evaluated. While the regulatory procedures relating to the development of a facility for the disposal of radioactive waste in many countries with nuclear power programmes are well defined having evolved over several decades, those relating to CO2 disposal are less well developed. The results of this assessment show that, despite key differences, many of the approaches addressing environmental issues are similar. Additionally, much can be learnt from the radioactive waste disposal experience which will be particularly relevant to the assessments of site performance for CO2 within a regulatory framework, particularly in the methods and approaches to long term site performance assessment
Exoplanet Detection Methods

This chapter reviews various methods of detecting planetary companions to
stars from an observational perspective, focusing on radial velocities,
astrometry, direct imaging, transits, and gravitational microlensing. For each
method, this chapter first derives or summarizes the basic observable phenomena
that are used to infer the ex- istence of planetary companions, as well as the
physical properties of the planets and host stars that can be derived from the
measurement of these signals. This chapter then outlines the general
experimental requirements to robustly detect the signals us- ing each method,
by comparing their magnitude to the typical sources of measurement uncertainty.
This chapter goes on to compare the various methods to each other by outlining
the regions of planet and host star parameter space where each method is most
sensitive, stressing the complementarity of the ensemble of the methods at our
disposal. Finally, there is a brief review of the history of the young
exoplanet field, from the first detections to current state-of-the-art surveys
for rocky worlds.Comment: 60 pp, 12 figures. To appear as Chapter 59 of "Planets, Stars, and
  Stellar Systems" Editor-in-chief Terry Oswalt, volume editor Paul Kalas. v.2
  corrects typo, adds citatio
Fairness in international trade : the case of economic partnership agreements.

This book arises out of papers delivered at the World Congress of the International Society of Business, Economics and Ethics (ISBEE) held in Cape Town in 2008. There are two sections. First, a number of key papers provide an insight into global business, wealth creation and welfare issues with particular reference to the African continent - appropriate for a Congress that was based in South Africa and drew wide participation from African scholars. Second, it provides the output from a global research project on "Fairness in International Trade" which ran over the two years prior to the Congress. This project drew together the work of scholars in five regions across the globe and is the first time that such a global perspective has been attempted.\ud
\ud
This book is aimed at academics working in the area of international trade or development economics particularly those who have an interest in the ethical dimensions of trade. It will also be of interest to students of development economics and business ethics particularly at Masters and Doctoral level
DIGISOIL: An Integrated System of Data Collection Technologies for Mapping Soil Properties

The multidisciplinary DIGISOIL consortium intends to integrate and improve in situ proximal measurement technologies for assessing soil properties and soil degradation indicators, moving from the sensing technologies themselves to their integration and application in (digital) soil mapping (DSM). The core objective of the project is to explore and exploit new capabilities of advanced geophysical technologies for answering this societal demand. To this aim, DIGISOIL addresses four issues covering technological, soil science, and economic aspects: (i) development and validation of hydrogeophysical technologies and integrated pedo-geophysical inversion techniques; (ii) the relation between geophysical parameters and soil properties; (iii) the integration of derived soil properties for mapping soil functions and soil threats; and (iv) the evaluation, standardisation, and industrialisation of the proposed methodologies, including technical and economic studies
A guide to findings on happiness of children in the World Database of Happiness

Intro  \ud
The World Database of Happiness (Veenhoven 2012) is findings archive, that is, a collection \ud
of observations that result from scientific empirical research. The database focuses on \ud
research findings on happiness in the sense of subjective enjoyment of life. Its goal is to \ud
facilitate accumulation of knowledge on this subject. \ud
 The database consists of several collections. It builds on a collection of all scientific \ud
publications about happiness, called the ‘Bibliography of Happiness’ (Veenhoven 2012a). To \ud
date this collection includes some 7000 books and articles, of which half report an empirical \ud
investigation that used an acceptable measure of happiness, listed in the collection ‘Measures \ud
of Happiness’ (Veenhoven 2012b). The findings yielded by some 3500 studies that past this \ud
test for adequate measurement of happiness are described on separate ‘finding pages’, using a \ud
standard format and a standard terminology. Two kinds of findings are discerned: \ud
distributional findings on how happy people are at a particular time and place and \ud
correlational findings about the things that go together with more of less happiness in these \ud
populations
School Effects on the Wellbeing of Children and Adolescents

Well-being is a multidimensional construct, with psychological, physical and social components. As theoretical basis to help understand this concept and how it relates to school, we propose the Self-Determination Theory, which contends that self-determined motivation and personality integration, growth and well-being are dependent on a healthy balance of three innate psychological needs of autonomy, relatedness and competence. Thus, current indicators involve school effects on children’s well-being, in many diverse modalities which have been explored. Some are described in this chapter, mainly: the importance of peer relationships; the benefits of friendship; the effects of schools in conjunction with some forms of family influence; the school climate in terms of safety and physical ecology; the relevance of the teacher input; the school goal structure and the implementation of cooperative learning. All these parameters have an influence in promoting optimal functioning among children and increasing their well-being by meeting the above mentioned needs. The empirical support for the importance of schools indicates significant small effects, which often translate into important real-life effects as it is admitted at present. The conclusion is that schools do make a difference in children’s peer relationships and well-being
V-Belt Winding along Archimedean Spirals During the Variator Speed Ratio Shift

Starting from a previous model for the shift mechanics of rubber belt variators, this lecture elaborates practical design formulas for the torque and the axial thrust making use of the very close resemblance of the belt path to a linear spiral of Archimedes along a large part of the arc of contact. In addition, as an alternative to the modern calculus tools, it is shown how the drive variables can be equally calculated applying some propositions of Archimedes' classical treatise περι ‘ελικων (On Spirals)
Learning vocational practice in relative social isolation: The epistemological and pedagogic practices of small-business operators

The knowledge required for effective vocational practice arises from historical and cultural sources, with the actual requirements for performance at work being manifested in particular ways in specific workplace settings. In order to construct this knowledge (i.e., learn it), individuals need to engage with social partners, artefacts, and practices that provide access to the procedural, conceptual, and dispositional forms of the knowledge. Much is understood about how this learning progresses in situations that provide direct access to this knowledge through more experienced social partners (e.g., teachers in schools and colleges, experts in workplaces). However, many individuals (e.g., shift workers, home workers) are working and learning in relative social isolation and often in the absence of such expert partners. Moreover, perhaps most learning occurs through experiences in working life in the absence of expert guidance. Consequently, there must be ways of learning socially derived knowledge in the absence of more experienced partners. This chapter discusses learning in relative social isolation to advance a conception of the process of learning in these kinds of situations. It does this by re-engaging with learning theorists whose ideas are informative and by elaborating these processes through explanations of small business operators' epistemological and pedagogic practices as they learnt new work tasks. In combination, both localised contributions and these workers' agency are held to be central to their learning in these circumstances. This account informs the means by which other kinds of socially isolated workers might come to know and learn through their working life. Such considerations are important for those concerned with developing the capacities of workforces, particularly for the many, perhaps the majority, of those individuals who work and learn in relative social isolation.Arts, Education & Law Group, School of Education and Professional StudiesFull Tex
Writer Identification Using Inexpensive Signal Processing Techniques

We propose to use novel and classical audio and text signal-processing and
otherwise techniques for "inexpensive" fast writer identification tasks of
scanned hand-written documents "visually". The "inexpensive" refers to the
efficiency of the identification process in terms of CPU cycles while
preserving decent accuracy for preliminary identification. This is a
comparative study of multiple algorithm combinations in a pattern recognition
pipeline implemented in Java around an open-source Modular Audio Recognition
Framework (MARF) that can do a lot more beyond audio. We present our
preliminary experimental findings in such an identification task. We simulate
"visual" identification by "looking" at the hand-written document as a whole
rather than trying to extract fine-grained features out of it prior
classification.Comment: 9 pages; 1 figure; presented at CISSE'09 at
  http://conference.cisse2009.org/proceedings.aspx ; includes the the
  application source code; based on MARF described in arXiv:0905.123
Adaptive collocation methods for the solution of partial differential equations

An integration algorithm that conjugates a Method of Lines (MOL) strategy based on finite differences space discretizations, with a collocation strategy based on increasing level dyadic grids is presented. It reveals potential either as a grid generation procedure and a Partial Differential Equation(PDE) integration scheme. It copes satisfactorily with a example characterized by a steep travelling wave and a example that presented a forming steep shock, which demonstrates its versatility in dealing with different types of steep moving front problems, exhibiting features like advection-diffusion, widely common in the standard Chemical Processes simulation models
The problem of constrained judgment aggregation

Group decisions must often obey exogenous constraints. While in a preference aggregation problem constraints are modelled by restricting the set of feasible alternatives, this paper discusses the modelling of constraints when aggregating individual yes/no judgments on interconnected propositions. For example, court judgments in breach-of-contract cases should respect the constraint that action and obligation are necessary and sufficient for liability, and judgments on budget items should respect budgetary constraints. In this paper, we make constraints in judgment aggregation explicit by relativizing the rationality conditions of consistency and deductive closure to a constraint set, whose variation yields more or less strong notions of rationality. This approach of modelling constraints explicitly contrasts with that of building constraints as axioms into the logic, which turns compliance with constraints into a matter of logical consistency and thereby conflates requirements of ordinary logical consistency (such as not to affirm both a proposition and its negation) and requirements dictated by the environment (such as budgetary constraints). We present some general impossibility results on constrained judgment aggregation; they are immediate corollaries of known results on (unconstrained) judgment aggregation
Academic middle managers and management in university colleges and universities in Belgium (Flanders)'

This chapter explores facets of managerialism in Flemish policy and institutions of higher education through addressing four questions: (i) What is managerialism and what are its characteristics? (ii) How did the national policymakers make way for managerialism in institutions of higher education? (iii) Are there indicators of managerialism in higher education research of the 1990s? (iv) Do deans, heads of departments and heads of research units perceive the current management of institutions
 of higher education as having characteristics of managerialism? The empirical research reported in this chapter demonstrates that managerialism is not present in Belgium universities in its extreme forms. A relatively large group of middle managers still prefer a collegial attitude, and they criticise some of the less pleasant consequences of managerialism.status: publishe
Formulating representative features with respect to document genre classification

Genre classification (e.g. whether a document
is a scientific article or magazine article) is closely
bound to the physical and conceptual structure of document
as well as the level of depth involved in the text.
Hence, it provides a means of ranking documents retrieved
by search tools according to metrics other than
topical similarity. Moreover, the structural information
derived from genre classification can be used to locate
target information within the text. In previous studies,
the detection of genre classes has been attempted
by using some normalised frequency of terms or combinations
of terms in the document (here, we are using
term as a reference to words, phrases, syntactic
units, sentences and paragraphs, as well as other patterns
derived from deeper linguistic or semantic analysis).
These approaches largely neglect how the term is
distributed throughout the document. Here, we report
the results of automated experiments based on distributive
statistics of words in order to present evidence that
term distribution pattern is a better indicator of genre
class than term frequency.
A Complete Method for Workspace Boundary Determination

Trabajo presentado al 12th International Symposium on Advances in Robot Kinematics (ARK) celebrado en Eslovenia en 2010.This paper introduces a new method for workspace boundary determination on general\ud
lower-pair multi-body systems. The method uses a branch-and-prune technique to isolate the set\ud
of end effector singularities, and then classifies the points in such set according to whether they\ud
correspond to actual motion impediments in the workspace. The method can deal with open- or\ud
closed-chain systems, and is able to take joint limits into account. Advantages over other methods\ud
of similar applicability include its completeness and a simpler algorithmic structure. Examples are\ud
included that show its performance on benchmark problems documented in the literature.This work was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, under contract DPI2007-60858.Peer reviewe
Singularity-invariant leg rearrangements in Stewart-Gough platforms

Trabajo presentado al 12th International Symposium on Advances in Robot Kinematics (ARK-2010) celebrado en Eslovenia.This work presents a necessary and sufficient condition to define a singularity-invariant\ud
leg rearrangement, based on an affine relation between the squared leg lengths before and after the\ud
rearrangement. This condition is then specified for four rigid components that can occur in Stewart-\ud
Gough platforms, leading to the characterization of singularity-invariant leg rearrangements on all\ud
of them.This work has been partially supported by the SpanishMinistry of Education and Science, under the I+D project DPI2007-60858, and the Generalitat de Catalunya through the VALTEC program, cofinanced by FEDER funds.Peer reviewe
The Application of Variable Chlorophyll Fluorescenceto Microphytobenthic Biofilms

International audienceCommunity assemblages of diatoms, green algae andcyanobacteria comprise the microphytobenthos (MPB),which inhabit benthic sediment ecosystems (Admiraal1984; Underwood and Kromkamp 1999; Consalvey et al. 2004). Particular attention has been paid to theanalysis of intertidal soft sediment systems, e.g. cohesivemudflat and sandy substrata typical of estuarine habitats.Variable chlorophyll fluorescence has been applied tothese systems since the 1990s, in an attempt to investigatethe primary productivity and photophysiology ofthe integrated biofilms, when viewed as a “black boxsystem”, and also at the species level (Sections 5, 6 and7). These transient (i.e. temporary) biofilms are not confinedto such soft sediment habitats however, and morerecently application of fluorescence methodologies hasbeen applied to biofilms inhabiting rocky shores andstromatolite systems (Kromkamp et al. 2007; Perkinset al. 2007). However the large majority of publishedwork has centred upon benthic soft-sediment biofilms,due to their important ecosystem functions of carbonflow and sediment stability (Underwood and Kromkamp1999). In the former their high magnitude of productivityfuels carbon flow through invertebrate and bacterial foodwebs to support important trophic levels of anthropogenicallyexploited taxa, including coastal fish and shellfisheries and coastal avifauna. In the case of sedimentstability, biogenic exopolymers, usually referred to asextracellular polymeric substances (EPS), produced bythe MPB in part to facilitate mobility, may contributesignificantly to sediment stability, hence increasing thesediment resistance to hydrodynamic stresses and thusresistance to coastal erosion (e.g. Underwood andKromkamp 1999 and citations there-in). Finally, thephotosynthetic production of oxygen can be regarded asan important ecosystem function