pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
The use of supplements and performance and image enhancing drugs in fitness settings: a cross???sectional investigation in the United Kingdom

This is the peer-reviewed version of the following article: Roisin Mooney, Pierluigi Simonato, Risha Ruparelia, Andres Roman-Urrestarazu, Giovanni Martinotti, and Ornella Corazza, ???The use of supplements and performance and image enhancing drugs in fitness settings: A exploratory cross-sectional investigation in the United Kingdom???, Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical & Experimental, Vol. 32 (3), e2619, May 2017, which has been published in final form at: https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2619. This manuscript may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving. Copyright ?? 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Objective: The strive for perfection is prevalent in the fitness industry. This study aimed to explore the use of products to enhance performance alongside exposure to exercise addiction (EA), appearance anxiety and self-esteem in fitness settings. ?? Method: An online survey was prepared and piloted before wider dissemination in fitness clubs via snowballing and selected mailing lists. A list of commonly used products, including Performance and Image Enhancing Drugs (PIEDs) was provided. Exercise addiction (Exercise Addiction Inventory; EAI), anxiety levels (Appearance Anxiety Inventory; AAI) and their self-esteem (Rosenberg???s Self-Esteem Scale; RSE) were also measured. ?? Results: 377 questionnaires were completed. A significant number of participants declared the use products either to lose weight (16%) or to reach their fitness goals (41%). The Internet played a major role in both the supply of information and the provision of the enhancement products (33.7%) and side effects were reported (10.5%). Only a limited number of participants sought a medical opinion about taking products (5.1%). EAI scores were high (m=20.02??4.1), AAI (m=15.98??4.8) showed an intermediate level of anxiety, while self-esteem was low (RSE m=12.59??2.2). ?? Conclusion: This pilot study identified the emergence of a new drug trend in fitness settings and showed a potential relationship to exercise addiction, anxiety disorders and low self-esteem. The Internet played a crucial role in disseminating often untested products, including PIEDs without medical supervision and unwanted side-effects were reported. More studies in the field are required in order to safeguard public health and inform policy making
Diurnal Actigraphy and Stimulant Efficacy in Narcolepsy

The aim of this study was to determine whether wrist actigraphy could be used to assess the daytime effects of stimulant medication treatment in narcolepsy. Nine subjects with narcolepsy/cataplexy (medicated and unmedicated) were compared with matched control subjects. Data was collected over four days in the subjects' home. It was found that the actigraph variable of Immobility (mean duration of periods of no activity) could be used to successfully differentiate\ud
medicated and unmedicated phases, correctly classifying 89% of cases. Narcolepsy subjects differed from controls on Immobility both when medicated and unmedicated. During the\ud
unmedicated phase self-reported nap duration was longer and more naps (3.94 naps) were taken. However, the frequency of naps was still high when medicated (2.43 naps). During the unmedicated phase narcolepsy subjects reported more negative mood states (Profile of Mood States, POMS) than\ud
control subjects. However, with the exception of Vigor, scores on the individual mood factors were within the normal range. Total POMS scores were highly correlated with the actigraphic measure of Movement for both narcolepsy conditions as well as controls, with negative mood associated with less movement. It was concluded that the actigraphy variable of Immobility is sensitive enough to\ud
detect treatment effects. The relationship between mood and motor activity warrants further investigation in both clinical and non-clinical populations
Using response surfaces to estimate impacts of climate change on flood peaks: assessment of uncertainty

The potential impacts of climate change are an increasing focus of research and ever-larger climate projection ensembles are available, making standard impact assessments more onerous. An alternative way of estimating impacts involves response surfaces, which present the change in a given indicator for a large number of plausible climatic changes defined on a regular sensitivity domain. Sets of climate change projections can then be overlaid on the response surface and impacts estimated from the nearest corresponding points of the sensitivity domain, providing a powerful method for fast impact estimation for multiple projections and locations. However, the effect of assumptions necessary for initial response surface development must be assessed. This paper assesses the uncertainty introduced by use of a sensitivity framework for estimating changes in 20-year return period flood peaks in Britain. This sensitivity domain involves mean annual and seasonal precipitation changes, and a number of simplifications were necessary for consistency and to reduce dimensionality. The effect of these is investigated for nine catchments across Britain, representing nine typical response surfaces (response types), using three sets of climate projections. The results show that catchments can have different causes of uncertainty, and some catchments have an overall higher level of uncertainty than others. These differences are compatible with the underlying climatological and hydrological differences between the response types, giving confidence in generalisation of the results. This enables the development of uncertainty allowances by response type, to be used alongside the response surfaces to provide more robust impact estimates
How hydrological factors initiate instability in a model sandy slope

Knowledge of the mechanisms of rain-induced shallow landslides can improve the prediction of their occurrence and mitigate subsequent sediment disasters. Here, we examine an artificial slope's subsurface hydrology and propose a new slope stability analysis that includes seepage force and the down-slope transfer of excess shear forces. We measured pore water pressure and volumetric water content immediately prior to a shallow landslide on an artificial sandy slope of 32°: The direction of the subsurface flow shifted from downward to parallel to the slope in the deepest part of the landslide mass, and this shift coincided with the start of soil displacement. A slope stability analysis that was restricted to individual segments of the landslide mass could not explain the initiation of the landslide; however, inclusion of the transfer of excess shear forces from up-slope to down-slope segments improved drastically the predictability. The improved stability analysis revealed that an unstable zone expanded down-slope with an increase in soil water content, showing that the down-slope soil initially supported the unstable up-slope soil; destabilization of this down-slope soil was the eventual trigger of total slope collapse. Initially, the effect of apparent soil cohesion was the most important factor promoting slope stability, but seepage force became the most important factor promoting slope instability closer to the landslide occurrence. These findings indicate that seepage forces, controlled by changes in direction and magnitude of saturated and unsaturated subsurface flows, may be the main cause of shallow landslides in sandy slopes
Catchment water quality: the inconvenient but necessary truth of fractal functioning

This commentary concerns catchment water quality functioning in relation to environmental impact assessment, with a view to proposing that much more emphasis be placed on issues of within-catchment complexity and its manifestation within stream water chemistry: fractal dynamics. The commentary is based, with closure, on my long-term research. Encouragement is given for new avenues to be pursued, including dealing with the complexities of within-stream biological functioning, and their integration into environmental legislation
Analysis of surface roughness in relation to soil loss and runoff at high
rainfall intensities.

The decay of roughness is an important factor governing surface processes such
as infiltration and soil erosion. Thus the decay of surface roughness under
different surface conditions was investigated and related to quantitative
amounts of soil loss, runoff and sediment concentration in a laboratory
experiment. Rainfall with an intensity of 128 mm/h was applied to a bare or
mulched surfaces of a sandy loam soil with known surface roughness at specified
time intervals. The decay of roughness as expressed by roughness ratio, in this
experiment, was better predicted when related to an exponential function of the
square root of cumulative kinetic energy of rainfall rather than with the
cumulative rainfall. The roughness decay equations in literature did not predict
breakdown under mulched surfaces accurately. Thus the exponent parameters of the
roughness decay equations were adjusted to reflect the reduced decay occurring
under mulched surfaces. In a bare soil, regression equations expressing the
dependent variables as a function of initial roughness index were significant,
but with low coefficients of determination, being 0.39 for soil loss, 0.12 for
runoff and 0.36 for sediment concentration. In addition to initial roughness
index, cumulative kinetic energy of rainfall was further included in the
regressions. This led to an increase in coefficients of determination, which was
0.81 for soil loss, 0.74 for runoff and 0.49 for sediment concentration. The
coefficients of determination (0.87 for soil loss, 0.85 for runoff and 0.51 for
sediment concentration) were further increased when the final roughness index
was included in addition to initial roughness index and cumulative kinetic
energy in the regressions. This work shows that soil loss and runoff could be
predicted from bare soil surface provided the initial roughness and the energy
of rainfall is known. However, field verifications of these relationships are
needed under different tillage tools and under natural rainfall. Copyright (C)
2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd
Investigation of hydraulics transport time scales within the Arvand River estuary, Iran

Transport time scales are key parameters for understanding the hydrodynamic and biochemical processes within estuaries. In this study, the flushing and residence times within the Arvand River estuary have been estimated using a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model called CE-QUAL-W2. The model has been calibrated and verified by two different sets of field data and using the k-e vertical eddy diffusivity scheme. Flushing time has been estimated using different methods such as the tidal prism and fraction of freshwater methods. Moreover, residence times have been investigated using pulse residence time, estuarine residence time and remnant function approaches. The results have shown that different methods yield different time scales, and freshwater inflow has the greatest impact upon estimation of residence time, whereas tidal circulation hardly contributes to residence time at all. It has also been shown that the neap-spring circulation and start phase of simulations have negligible effects on the Arvand's time scales. The investigation of bathymetry showed that two sills of the estuary tend to significantly increase residence time. Understanding the applicability of these time scales and their estimation approaches helps us to evaluate the water quality management of estuaries.Griffith Sciences, Griffith School of EngineeringFull Tex
Time series analysis of the world's longest fluvial nitrate record : evidence for changing states of catchment saturation.

Processes that drive the occurrence of nitrate concentrations in surface waters are known to operate over many decades longer than the available observations. This study considers the world's longest water quality record of nitrate concentrations in the River Thames (1868–2009) in order to understand whether the nature of the time series has changed with time and such external drivers as climate change and land use of hydrology. The study considers the linear trend, the seasonality, the memory and the impulsivity relative to river flow of the time series for moving windows of 6 years in length. The study can show that:\ud
\ud
Time series analysis proved effective at discriminating controls upon the nitrate concentration in the long term as different components of the record respond to different drivers in different ways.\ud
There was decoupling of the annual minimum, annual maximum and the amplitude of the seasonal cycle.\ud
The nature of the time series is dominantly controlled by changes in source of nitrate and not by climate change.\ud
That even similar increases in nitrate concentration in surface waters can have distinct character that illustrates that they are the result of different sources of nitrate.\ud
Changes in the impulsivity of the record show that the study catchment has recovered from a state of saturation, but the memory effect shows that there is an increased contribution from a shallow groundwater
Shifts in discharge-concentration relationships as a small catchment recover from severe drought.

This paper provides evidence of the recovery of a small, moorland catchment to a severe drought, the most extreme on record in the UK. We present a detailed water quality time series for the post-drought recovery period, from the first significant storm event at the end of the drought through three very wet months during which time the catchment fully wetted up. High-frequency observations were obtained using pump water samplers, at 15-min intervals for storm events and 2 hourly at other times. There are significant shifts in discharge-concentration response as the catchment wets up; initial behaviour is very different to later storms. Extreme drought may become more common in a warmer world, so it is increasingly important to understand water quality response during and after such episodes, if their impact on water resources and in-stream ecology is to be better anticipated
Modeling soil water dynamics considering measurement uncertainty

In shallow water table controlled environments, surface water management impacts groundwater table levels and soil water dynamics. The study goal was to simulate soil water dynamics in response to canal stage raises considering uncertainty in measured soil water content. WAVE (Water and Agrochemicals in the soil, crop and Vadose Environment) was applied to simulate unsaturated flow above a shallow aquifer. Global sensitivity analysis was performed to identify model input factors with greatest influence on predicted soil water content. Nash-Sutcliffe increased and Root Mean Square Error reduced when uncertainties in measured data were considered in goodness-of-fit calculations using measurement probability distributions and probable asymmetric error boundaries; implying that appropriate model performance evaluation should be done using uncertainty ranges instead of single values. Although uncertainty in the experimental measured data limited evaluation of the absolute predictions by the model, WAVE was found a useful exploratory tool for estimating temporal variation in soil water content. Visual analysis of soil water content time series under proposed changes in canal stage management indicated that sites with land surface elevation of less than 2.0 m NGVD29 were predicted to periodically experience saturated conditions in the root zone and shortening of the growing season if canal stage is raised more than 9 cm and maintained at this level. The models developed could be combined with high resolution digital elevation models in future studies to identify areas with the greatest risk of experiencing saturated root zone. The study also highlighted the need to incorporate measurement uncertainty when evaluating performance of unsaturated flow models
Conditioning temperature-index model parameters on synoptic weather types for glacier melt simulations

This is the peer reviewed version of the  article, which has been published in final form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10217. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.Temperature-index models are widely favoured as a pragmatic means of simulating glacier melt because of their generally good performance, computational simplicity and limited demands for in situ data. However, their coefficients are normally treated as temporally stationary, unrealistically assuming a constancy of the prevailing weather. We address this simplification by prescribing model coefficients as a function of synoptic weather type, in a procedure that utilizes reanalysis data and preserves the minimal data requirements of temperature-index models. Using a cross-validation procedure at Vestari Hagafellsjökull, Iceland, and Storglaciären, Sweden, we demonstrate that applying transient model coefficients, for three temperature-index models, results in statistically significant increases in the skill with which melt is modelled: Median simulation improvements in the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient of 7.3 and 23.6% are achieved when hourly and daily melt totals are evaluated respectively. Our weather-type modelling approach also yields insight to processes driving parameter variability, revealing dependence that is consistent with a priori considerations of the surface energy balance. We conclude that incorporating weather types into temperature-index models holds promise for improving their performance, as well as enhancing understanding variability in coefficient values. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Understanding the Ecohydrology of Shallow, Drained and Marginal Blanket Peatlands

Peatlands are unique and important landscape systems, providing valuable ecosystem services such as water and carbon storage, water supply and flood attenuation. They are known to account for more than 10% of the world’s terrestrial carbon store and represent 50 – 70% of the global wetland resource. The UK government’s decision to support the IUCN, UK Peatland Program Commission of Inquiry on Peatlands, recognises the importance and urgency with which action is needed to understand and restore damaged peatland landscapes, and their associated ecosystem services. To meet this need, it is recognised that peatlands in the South West of the UK are important as bio-climatically and functionally marginal peatlands that are undergoing extensive restoration to reinstate key ecological and hydrological function.  
This thesis aims to improve understanding of the temporal and spatial variability of the ecohydrological structure and function of peatland ecosystems in the South West UK, and will provide the first baseline for the spatially distributed extrapolation of change across larger landscape extents. The research seeks to characterise the structure and function of peatland ecohydrology across multiple spatial and temporal scales. This is accomplished by bringing together remote sensing analyses of ecohydrological structure and function coupled with an integrated and high resolution hydrological monitoring system to characterise the spatial and temporal variability of runoff production and water storage across two headwater catchments. 
Key outcomes of this research are: 1. The development of novel methods to assess the spatial distribution of near surface hydrology in upland ecosystems using airborne thermal imaging data, 2. Improved understanding of how laser altimetry data can be used to measure the ecohydrology of landscapes more appropriately. 3. An empirical understanding of both the spatial and temporal variability of hydrology across representative sites within the moorlands of the South West UK. The high-resolution monitoring data are the first to describe the hydrological processes operating in these peatlands systems effectively, and provide an insight into how these processes are controlled by the anthropogenic drainage networks that are present throughout this shallow marginal peatland system.South West Wate
Identifying subsoil sediment sources with carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios

Increased sediment loads from accelerated catchment erosion significantly degrade waterways worldwide. In the South East Queensland region of Australia, sediment loads are degrading Moreton Bay, a Ramsar listed wetland of international significance. In this region, like most parts of coastal Australia, sediment is predominantly derived from gully and channel bank erosion processes. A novel approach is presented that uses carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios and elemental composition to discriminate between these often indistinguishable subsoil sediment sources. The conservativeness of these sediment properties is first tested by examining the effect of particle size separation (testing for consistency during transport) and the effect of sampling at different times (testing for temporal source consistency). The discrimination potential of these sediment properties is then assessed with the conservative properties, based on the particle size and temporal analyses, modelled to determine sediment provenance in three catchments. Nitrogen sediment properties were found to have significant particle size enrichment and high temporal variance indicative of non-conservative behaviour. Conversely, carbon stable isotopes had very limited particle size and temporal variability highlighting their suitability for sediment tracing. Channel erosion was modelled to be a significant source of sediment (μ 51%, σ 9%) contrasting desktop modelling research that estimated gully erosion is the predominant sediment source. To limit the supply of sediment to Moreton Bay, channel bank and gully erosion must both be targeted by sediment management programs. By distinguishing between subsoil sediment sources, this approach has the potential to enhance the management of sediment loads degrading waterways worldwide.Griffith Sciences, Griffith School of EnvironmentFull Tex
Optimal design of rain gauge network in the Middle Yarra River catchment, Australia

Rainfall data are a fundamental input for effective planning, designing and operating of water resources projects. A well-designed rain gauge network is capable of providing accurate estimates of necessary areal average and/or point rainfall estimates at any desired ungauged location in a catchment. Increasing network density with additional rain gauge stations has been the main underlying criterion in the past to reduce error and uncertainty in rainfall estimates. However, installing and operation of additional stations in a network involves large cost and manpower. Hence, the objective of this study is to design an optimal rain gauge network in the Middle Yarra River catchment in Victoria, Australia. The optimal positioning of additional stations as well as optimally relocating of existing redundant stations using the kriging-based geostatistical approach was undertaken in this study. Reduction of kriging error was considered as an indicator for optimal spatial positioning of the stations. Daily rainfall records of 1997 (an El Niño year) and 2010 (a La Niña year) were used for the analysis. Ordinary kriging was applied for rainfall data interpolation to estimate the kriging error for the network. The results indicate that significant reduction in the kriging error can be achieved by the optimal spatial positioning of the additional as well as redundant stations. Thus, the obtained optimal rain gauge network is expected to be appropriate for providing high quality rainfall estimates over the catchment. The concept proposed in this study for optimal rain gauge network design through combined use of additional and redundant stations together is equally applicable to any other catchment