pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
The negative effect of machine translation on cross-lingual question answering

This paper presents a study of the negative effect of Machine Translation (MT) on the  precision of Cross–Lingual Question Answering (CL–QA). For this research, a English–Spanish Question Answering (QA) system is used. Also, the sets of 200 official questions from CLEF
2004 and 2006 are used. The CL experimental evaluation using MT reveals that the precision of the system drops around 30% with regard to the monolingual Spanish task. Our main contribution consists on a taxonomy
of the identified errors caused by using MT and how the errors can be overcome by using our proposals. An experimental evaluation proves that our approach performs better than MT tools, at the same time contributing
to this CL–QA system being ranked first at English–Spanish QA CLEF 2006.This research has been partially funded by the Spanish Government under project CICyT number TIC2003-07158-C04-01 and by the European Commission under FP6 project QALL-ME number 033860
Building the Core Architecture of a NASA Multiagent System Product Line

The field of Software Product Lines (SPL) emphasizes build-
ing a family of software products from which concrete products can be
derived rapidly. This helps to reduce time-to-market, costs, etc., and can
result in improved software quality and safety. Current Agent-Oriented
Software Engineering (AOSE) methodologies are concerned with devel-
oping a single Multiagent System. The main contribution of this paper is
a proposal to developing the core architecture of a Multiagent Systems
Product Line (MAS-PL), exemplifying our approach with reference to a
concept NASA mission based on multiagent technology
News@hand: A semantic web approach to recommending news

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70987-9_34Proceedings of 5th International Conference, AH 2008, Hannover, Germany, July 29 - August 1, 2008.We present News@hand, a news recommender system which applies semantic-based technologies to describe and relate news contents and user preferences in order to produce enhanced recommendations. The exploitation of conceptual information describing contents and user profiles, along with the capability of inferring knowledge from the semantic relations defined in the ontologies, enabling different content-based collaborative recommendation models, are the key distinctive aspects of the system. The multi-domain portability, the multi-media source applicability, and addressing of some limitations of current recommender systems are the main benefits of our proposed approach.This research was supported by the European Commission (FP6-027685-MESH) and
the Spanish Ministry of Science and Education (TIN2005-06885). The expressed
content is the view of the authors but not necessarily the view of the MESH project as
a whol
Particle Physics Approach to Dark Matter

We review the main proposals of particle physics for the composition of the
cold dark matter in the universe. Strong axion contribution to cold dark matter
is not favored if the Peccei-Quinn field emerges with non-zero value at the end
of inflation and the inflationary scale is superheavy since, under these
circumstances, it leads to unacceptably large isocurvature perturbations. The
lightest neutralino is the most popular candidate constituent of cold dark
matter. Its relic abundance in the constrained minimal supersymmetric standard
model can be reduced to acceptable values by pole annihilation of neutralinos
or neutralino-stau coannihilation. Axinos can also contribute to cold dark
matter provided that the reheat temperature is adequately low. Gravitinos can
constitute the cold dark matter only in limited regions of the parameter space.
We present a supersymmetric grand unified model leading to violation of Yukawa
unification and, thus, allowing an acceptable b-quark mass within the
constrained minimal supersymmetric standard model with mu>0. The model
possesses a wide range of parameters consistent with the data on the cold dark
matter abundance as well as other phenomenological constraints. Also, it leads
to a new version of shifted hybrid inflation.Comment: 32 pages including 6 figures, uses svmult.cls, some clarifications
  added, lectures given at the Third Aegean Summer School "The Invisible
  Universe: Dark Matter and Dark Energy", 26 September-1 October 2005, Karfas,
  Island of Chios, Greece (to appear in the proceedings
The Physics of Extra Dimensions

Lowering the string scale in the TeV region provides a theoretical framework
for solving the mass hierarchy problem and unifying all interactions. The
apparent weakness of gravity can then be accounted by the existence of large
internal dimensions, in the submillimeter region, and transverse to a
braneworld where our universe must be confined. I review the main properties of
this scenario and its implications for observations at both particle colliders,
and in non-accelerator gravity experiments. Such effects are for instance the
production of Kaluza-Klein resonances, graviton emission in the bulk of extra
dimensions, and a radical change of gravitational forces in the submillimeter
range. I also discuss the warped case and localization of gravity in the
presence of infinite size extra dimensions.Comment: 29 pages, 11 figures. Lectures to appear in the proceedings of the
  Third Aegean Summer School, Karfas, Chios, Greece, 26 September-1 October
  200
The issue of Dark Energy in String Theory

Recent astrophysical observations, pertaining to either high-redshift
supernovae or cosmic microwave background temperature fluctuations, as those
measured recently by the WMAP satellite, provide us with data of unprecedented
accuracy, pointing towards two (related) facts: (i) our Universe is accelerated
at present, and (ii) more than 70 % of its energy content consists of an
unknown substance, termed dark energy, which is believed responsible for its
current acceleration. Both of these facts are a challenge to String theory. In
this review I outline briefly the challenges, the problems and possible avenues
for research towards a resolution of the Dark Energy issue in string theory.Comment: Based on Invited lecture at the ``Third Aegean Summer School on: The
  Invisible Universe: Dark matter and Dark energy'', Karfas, Chios Island
  (Greece) September 26-October 1 200
LSP as a Candidate for Dark Matter

The most recent observations by the WMAP satellite provided us with data of
unprecedented accuracy regarding the parameters describing the Standard
Cosmological Model. The current matter-energy density of the Universe is close
to its critical value of which 73% is attributed to Dark Energy, 23% to Cold
Dark Matter and only 4% is ordinary matter of baryonic nature. The origins of
the Dark Energy (DE) and Dark Matter (DM) constitute the biggest challenge of
Modern Astroparticle Physics. Particle theories, which will be tested in the
next round experiments in large accelerators, such as the LHC, provide
candidates for DM while at the same time can be consistent with the DE
component. We give a pedagogical account on the DM problem and the possibility
that this has supersymmetric origin.Comment: 34 pages, 9 figures, Lectures given at 3rd Aegean Summer School: The
  Invisible Universe: Dark Matter and Dark Energy, Karfas, Island of Chios,
  Greece, 26 Sep - 1 Oct 2005. Typos added, references and comments adde
On The Direct Detection of Dark Matter- Exploring all the signatures of
  the neutralino-nucleus interaction

Various issues related to the direct detection of supersymmetric dark matter
are reviewed. Such are: 1) Construction of supersymmetric models with a number
of parameters, which are constrained from the data at low energies as well as
cosmological observations. 2) A model for the nucleon, in particular the
dependence on the nucleon cross section on quarks other than u and d. 3) A
nuclear model, i.e. the nuclear form factor for the scalar interaction and the
spin response function for the axial current. 4) Information about the density
and the velocity distribution of the neutralino (halo model). Using the present
experimental limits on the rates and proper inputs in 3)-4) we derive
constraints in the nucleon cross section, which involves 1)-2). Since the
expected event rates are extremely low we consider some additional signatures
of the neutralino nucleus interaction, such as the periodic behavior of the
rates due to the motion of Earth (modulation effect), which, unfortunately, is
characterized by a small amplitude. This leads us to examine the possibility of
suggesting directional experiments, which measure not only the energy of the
recoiling nuclei but their direction as well. In these, albeit hard,
experiments one can exploit two very characteristic signatures: a)large
asymmetries and b) interesting modulation patterns. Furthermore we extended our
study to include evaluation of the rates for other than recoil searches such
as: i) Transitions to excited states, ii) Detection of recoiling electrons
produced during the neutralino-nucleus interaction and iii) Observation of hard
X-rays following the de-excitation of the ionized atom.Comment: 31 pages including 12 figures and 3 tables: Lectures given at the
  Third Aegean Summer School "The Invisible Universe: Dark Matter and Dark
  Energy", 26 September-1 October 2005, Karfas, Island of Chios, Greece (to
  appear in the proceedings
How Large is the Intrinsic Flux Noise of a Magnetic Flux Quantum, of
  Half a Flux Quantum and of a Vortex-Free Superconductor?

This article addresses the question whether the magnetic flux of stationary
vortices or of half flux quanta generated by frustrated superconducting rings
is noisy. It is found that the flux noise generated intrinsically by a
superconductor is, in good approximation, not enhanced by stationary vortices.
Half flux quanta generated by $\pi$-rings are characterized by considerably
larger noise.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures. in: A. Bussmann-Holder, H. Keller (Eds.) High Tc
  Superconductors and Related Transition Metal Oxides, Springer, 237-242; also
  to be published in: Journal of Superconductivity (2007
Differential Fault Analysis of Trivium

Trivium is a hardware-oriented stream cipher designed in 2005
by de Canni`ere and Preneel for the European project eStream, and it has
successfully passed the first and the second phase of this project. Its design
has a simple and elegant structure. Although Trivium has attached
a lot of interest, it remains unbroken.
In this paper we present differential fault analysis of Trivium and propose
two attacks on Trivium using fault injection.We suppose that an attacker
can corrupt exactly one random bit of the inner state and that he can
do this many times for the same inner state. This can be achieved e.g.
in the CCA scenario. During experimental simulations, having inserted
43 faults at random positions, we were able to disclose the trivium inner
state and afterwards the private key.
As far as we know, this is the first time differential fault analysis is applied
to a stream cipher based on shift register with non-linear feedback
Cryptanalysis of LASH

We show that the LASH-x hash function is vulnerable to attacks that trade time for memory, including collision attacks as fast as 2(4x/11) and preimage attacks as fast as 2(4x/7). Moreover, we briefly mention heuristic lattice based collision attacks that use small memory but require very long messages that are expected to find collisions much faster than 2 x/2. All of these attacks exploit the designers’ choice of an all zero IV.\ud
\ud
We then consider whether LASH can be patched simply by changing the IV. In this case, we show that LASH is vulnerable to a 2(7x/8) preimage attack. We also show that LASH is trivially not a PRF when any subset of input bytes is used as a secret key. None of our attacks depend upon the particular contents of the LASH matrix – we only assume that the distribution of elements is more or less uniform
Assisting Human Cognition in Visual Data Mining

As discussed in Part 1 of the book in chapter Form-Semantics-Function. A Framework for Designing Visualisation Models for Visual Data Mining the development of consistent visualisation techniques requires systematic approach related to the tasks of the visual data mining process. Chapter Visual discovery of network patterns of interaction between attributes presents a methodology based on viewing visual data mining as a reflection-in-action process. This chapter follows the same perspective and focuses on the subjective bias that may appear in visual data mining. The work is motivated by the fact that visual, though very attractive, means also subjective, and non-experts are often left to utilise visualisation methods (as an understandable alternative to the highly complex statistical approaches) without the ability to understand their applicability and limitations. The chapter presents two strategies addressing the subjective bias: guided cognition and validated cognition, which result in two types of visual data mining techniques: interaction with visual data representations, mediated by statistical techniques, and validation of the hypotheses coming as an output of the visual analysis through another analytics method, respectively
The 3DVDM Approach: A Case Study with Clickstream Data

Clickstreams are among the most popular data sources because Web servers automatically record each action and the Web log entries promise to add up to a comprehensive description of behaviors of users. Clickstreams, however, are large and raise a number of unique challenges with respect to visual data mining. At the technical level the huge amount of data requires scalable solutions and limits the presentation to summary and model data. Equally challenging is the interpretation of the data at the conceptual level. Many analysis tools are able to produce different types of statistical charts. However, the step from statistical charts to comprehensive information about customer behavior is still largely unresolved. We propose a density surface based analysis of 3D data that uses state-of-the-art interaction techniques to explore the data at various granularities
Using Nested Surfaces for Visual Detection of Structures in Databases

We define, compute, and evaluate nested surfaces for the purpose of visual data mining. Nested surfaces enclose the data at various density levels, and make it possible to equalize the more and less pronounced structures in the data. This facilitates the detection of multiple structures, which is important for data mining where the less obvious relationships are often the most interesting ones. The experimental results illustrate that surfaces are fairly robust with respect to the number of observations, easy to perceive, and intuitive to interpret. We give a topology-based definition of nested surfaces and establish a relationship to the density of the data. Several algorithms are given that compute surface grids and surface contours, respectively
Loop Quantum Gravity: An Inside View

This is a (relatively) non -- technical summary of the status of the quantum
dynamics in Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG). We explain in detail the historical
evolution of the subject and why the results obtained so far are non --
trivial. The present text can be viewed in part as a response to an article by
Nicolai, Peeters and Zamaklar [hep-th/0501114]. We also explain why certain no
go conclusions drawn from a mathematically correct calculation in a recent
paper by Helling et al [hep-th/0409182] are physically incorrect.Comment: 58 pages, no figure
Some remarks on the notions of general covariance and background
  independence

In the first part of this paper I review some of the difficulties that seem
to obstruct generally valid definitions of "general covariance" and/or
"background independence" The second and more historical part deals with a
rather strange argument that Einstein put forward in his 1913 "Entwurf paper"
with M. Grossmann to discredit scalar theories of gravity in order to promote
general covariance.Comment: 26 pages, 3 figures. Contribution to ``An assessment of current
  paradigms in the physics of fundamental interactions'', edited by I.O.
  Stamatescu (Springer Verlag, to appear
The History of Galaxy Formation in Groups: An Observational Perspective

We present a pedagogical review on the formation and evolution of galaxies in groups, utilizing observational information from the Local Group to galaxies at z~6. The majority of galaxies in the nearby universe are found in groups, and galaxies at all redshifts up to z~6 tend to cluster on the scale of nearby groups (~1 Mpc). This suggests that the group environment may play a role in the formation of most galaxies. The Local Group, and other nearby groups, display a diversity in star formation and morphological properties that puts limits on how, and when, galaxies in groups formed. Effects that depend on an intragroup medium, such as ram-pressure and strangulation, are likely not major mechanisms driving group galaxy evolution. Simple dynamical friction arguments however show that galaxy mergers should be common, and a dominant process for driving evolution. While mergers between L_* galaxies are observed to be rare at z < 1, they are much more common at earlier times. This is due to the increased density of the universe, and to the fact that high mass galaxies are highly clustered on the scale of groups. We furthermore discus why the local number density environment of galaxies strongly correlates with galaxy properties, and why the group environment may be the preferred method for establishing the relationship between properties of galaxies and their local density
Dwarf galaxies in Hickson Compact Groups

We observed 5 Hickson Compact Groups with the ESO/MPI 2.2m telescope and WFI to investigate the dwarf galaxy content and distribution in these galaxy groups. Our deep imaging and careful selection of the candidate galaxies revealed a rich population of mainly passively evolving dwarf galaxies, which is spatially much more extended than the originally defined Hickson Compact groups. The composite luminosity function of the 5 groups shows a bimodal structure with a very steep rise in the low luminosity regime. The faint end slope is close to the predictions of CDM theory for the slope of the Dark Matter halo mass function
Low Luminosity Activity in Hickson Compact Groups

With the aim of studying the influence of environment on the nuclear activity of galaxies, we have selected a well defined sample of 65 Compact Groups of galaxies with concordant redshift in the Hickson Catalog. In this proceeding, we present the results of the classification of nuclear activity for 42 galaxies, based on newly obtained spectral observations. In this subsample, 71% of the galaxies turned out to have emission lines in their nuclei. 73% of these emission-line galaxies were found to have characteristics consistent with low luminosity AGN (LLAGN), which makes compact groups extremely rich in such objects
The evolution of galaxy groups and of galaxies therein

Properties of groups of galaxies depend sensitively on the algorithm for group selection, and even the most recent catalogs of groups built from redshift-space selection should suffer from projections and infalling galaxies. The cosmo-dynamical evolution of groups from initial Hubble expansion to collapse and virialization leads to a fundamental track (FT) in virial-theorem-M/L vs crossing time. The increased rates of mergers, both direct and after dynamical friction, in groups relative to clusters, explain the higher fraction of elliptical galaxies at given local number density in X-ray selected groups, relative to clusters, even when the hierarchical evolution of groups is considered. Galaxies falling into groups and clusters should later travel outwards to typically 2 virial radii, which is somewhat less than the outermost radius where observed galaxy star formation efficiencies are enhanced relative to field galaxies of same morphological type. An ongoing analysis of the internal kinematics of X-ray selected groups suggests that the radial profiles of line of sight velocity dispersion are consistent with isotropic NFW distributions for the total mass density, with higher (lower) concentrations than LambdaCDM predictions in groups of high (low) mass. The critical mass, at M200 ~ 10^13 M_sun is consistent with possible breaks in the X-ray luminosity-temperature and Fundamental Plane relations. The internal kinematics of groups indicate that the M-T relation of groups should agree with that extrapolated from clusters with no break at the group scale. The analyses of observed velocity dispersion profiles and of the FT both suggest that low velocity dispersion groups (compact and loose, X-ray emitting or undetected) are quite contaminated by chance projections
The optical and near-infrared properties of nearby groups of galaxies

We present a study of the optical (BRI) and near-infrared (JHK) luminosity fuctions (LFs) of the GEMS sample of 60 nearby groups of galaxies between 0<z<0.04, with our optical CCD photometry and near-IR photometry from the 2MASS survey. The LFs in all filters show a depletion of galaxies of intermediate luminosity, two magnitudes fainter than L*, within 0.3 R{500} from the centres of X-ray faint groups. This feature is not as pronounced in X-ray bright gropus, and vanishes when LFs are found out to R{500}, even in the X-ray dim groups. We argue that this feature arises due to the enhanced merging of intermediate-mass galaxies in the dynamically sluggish environment of low velocity-dispersion groups, indicating that merging is important in galaxy evolution even at z~0
An Introduction to Riemann Surfaces, Algebraic Curves and Moduli Spaces

This book gives an introduction to modern geometry. Starting from an elementary level the author develops deep geometrical concepts, playing an important role nowadays in contemporary theoretical physics. He presents various techniques and viewpoints, thereby showing the relations between the alternative approaches. At the end of each chapter suggestions for further reading are given to allow the reader to study the touched topics in greater detail. This second edition of the book contains two additional more advanced geometric techniques: (1) The modern language and modern view of Algebraic Geometry and (2) Mirror Symmetry. The book grew out of lecture courses. The presentation style is therefore similar to a lecture. Graduate students of theoretical and mathematical physics will appreciate this book as textbook. Students of mathematics who are looking for a short introduction to the various aspects of modern geometry and their interplay will also find it useful. Researchers will esteem the book as reliable reference