pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Planck 2015 results: XIV. Dark energy and modified gravity

We study the implications of Planck data for models of dark energy (DE) and modified gravity (MG) beyond the standard cosmological constant scenario. We start with cases where the DE only directly affects the background evolution, considering Taylor expansions of the equation of state w(a), as well as principal component analysis and parameterizations related to the potential of a minimally coupled DE scalar field. When estimating the density of DE at early times, we significantly improve present constraints and find that it has to be below ~2% (at 95% confidence) of the critical density, even when forced to play a role for z < 50 only. We then move to general parameterizations of the DE or MG perturbations that encompass both effective field theories and the phenomenology of gravitational potentials in MG models. Lastly, we test a range of specific models, such as k-essence, f(R) theories, and coupled DE. In addition to the latest Planck data, for our main analyses, we use background constraints from baryonic acoustic oscillations, type-Ia supernovae, and local measurements of the Hubble constant. We further show the impact of measurements of the cosmological perturbations, such as redshift-space distortions and weak gravitational lensing. These additional probes are important tools for testing MG models and for breaking degeneracies that are still present in the combination of Planck and background data sets. All results that include only background parameterizations (expansion of the equation of state, early DE, general potentials in minimally-coupled scalar fields or principal component analysis) are in agreement with ΛCDM. When testing models that also change perturbations (even when the background is fixed to ΛCDM), some tensions appear in a few scenarios: the maximum one found is ~2σ for Planck TT+lowP when parameterizing observables related to the gravitational potentials with a chosen time dependence; the tension increases to, at most, 3σ when external data sets are included. It however disappears when including CMB lensing
Measurement of the forward Z boson production cross-section in pp collisions at √s=13 TeV

A measurement of the production cross-section of Z bosons in pp collisions at s√=13s=13 TeV is presented using dimuon and dielectron final states in LHCb data. The cross-section is measured for leptons with pseudorapidities in the range 2.0 < η < 4.5, transverse momenta p T > 20 GeV and dilepton invariant mass in the range 60 < m(ℓℓ) < 120 GeV. The integrated cross-section from averaging the two final states is σ Z ℓℓ  = 194.3 ± 0.9 ± 3.3 ± 7.6 pb, where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second is due to systematic effects, and the third is due to the luminosity determination. In addition, differential cross-sections are measured as functions of the Z boson rapidity, transverse momentum and the angular variable ϕ η *
Search for pair production of vector-like T and B quarks in single-lepton final states using boosted jet substructure in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 13 TeV

A search for pair production of massive vector-like T and B quarks in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 13 TeV is presented. The data set was collected in 2015 by the CMS experiment at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of up to 2.6 inverse femtobarns. The T and B quarks are assumed to decay through three possible channels into a heavy boson (either a W, Z or Higgs boson) and a third generation quark. This search is performed in final states with one charged lepton and several jets, exploiting techniques to identify W or Higgs bosons decaying hadronically with large transverse momenta. No excess over the predicted standard model background is observed. Upper limits at 95% confidence level on the T quark pair production cross section are set that exclude T quark masses below 860 GeV in the singlet, and below 830 GeV in the doublet branching fraction scenario. For other branching fraction combinations with B(tH) + B(bW) &gt;= 0.4, lower limits on the T quark range from 790 to 940 GeV. Limits are also set on pair production of singlet vector-like B quarks, which can be excluded up to a mass of 730 GeV. These limits are among the most stringent to date for vector-like T quarks. The techniques showcased here for understanding highly-boosted final states are important as the sensitivity to new particles is extended to higher masses
The politics of the Digital Single Market: culture vs. competition vs. copyright

This paper examines the implications for European music culture of the European Union’s (EU) Digital Single Market strategy. It focuses on the regulatory framework being created for the management of copyright policy, and in particular the role played by collective management organisations (CMOs or collecting societies). One of the many new opportunities created by digitalisation has been the music streaming services. These depend on consumers being able to access music wherever they are, but such a system runs counter to the management of rights on a national basis and through collecting organisations which act as monopolies within their own territories. The result has been ‘geo-blocking’. The EU has attempted to resolve this problem in a variety of ways, most recently in a Directive designed to reform the CMOs. In this paper, we document these various efforts, showing them to be motivated by a deep-seated and persisting belief in the capacity of ‘competition’ to resolve problems that, we argue, actually lie elsewhere – in copyright policy itself. The result is that the EU’s intervention fails to address its core concern and threatens the diversity of European music culture by rewarding those who are already commercially successful.This paper examines the implications for European music culture of the European Union’s (EU) Digital Single Market strategy. It focuses on the regulatory framework being created for the management of copyright policy, and in particular the role played by collective management organisations (CMOs or collecting societies). One of the many new opportunities created by digitalisation has been the music streaming services. These depend on consumers being able to access music wherever they are, but such a system runs counter to the management of rights on a national basis and through collecting organisations which act as monopolies within their own territories. The result has been ‘geo-blocking’. The EU has attempted to resolve this problem in a variety of ways, most recently in a Directive designed to reform the CMOs. In this paper, we document these various efforts, showing them to be motivated by a deep-seated and persisting belief in the capacity of ‘competition’ to resolve problems that, we argue, actually lie elsewhere – in copyright policy itself. The result is that the EU’s intervention fails to address its core concern and threatens the diversity of European music culture by rewarding those who are already commercially successful
Highly polarized structures in the near-nuclear regions of Cygnus A: intrinsic anisotropy within the cones

The definitive version is available at www.blackwell-synergy.com. Copyright Blackwell Publishing DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03442.xWe present near-IR imaging polarimetry observations of the nucleus of Cygnus A, taken with the NICMOS camera of the HST at a wavelength of 2.0??m. These maps reveal a highly collimated region of polarized emission straddling the nucleus and extending to a radius of 1.2 arcseconds. Remarkably, this feature coincides with one, but only one, limb of the edge-brightened bicone structure seen in the total intensity image. The high degree (Pk ~25%) and orientation of the extended polarization feature are consistent with a scattering origin. Most plausibly, the detection of polarization along only one limb of the bicone is a consequence of intrinsic anisotropy of the near-IR continuum within the radiation cones, with the direction of maximum intensity of the near-IR radiation field significantly displaced from the direction of the radio axis. The unresolved nuclear core source is also highly polarized (Pk > 28%), with a position angle close to the perpendicular to the radio axis. Given that this high degree of nuclear polarization can only be explained in terms of dichroic extinction if the dichroic mechanism is unusually efficient in Cygnus A, it is more likely that the nuclear polarization is due to the scattering of nuclear light in an unresolved scattering region close to the AGN. In this case, the flux of the core source in the K-band is dominated by scattered rather than transmitted quasar light, and previous extinction estimates based on K-band photometry of the core substantially underestimate the true nuclear extinction
Multiscale Methods for Statistical Inference on Regular Lattice Data

The papers of this thesis are not available in Munin: <br/>1. Thon, K., Rue, H., Skrøvseth, S. O. and Godtliebsen, F.: 'Bayesian multiscale analysis of images modeled as Gaussian Markov random fields', Computational Statistics and Data Analysis (2012), vol. 56:49-61. Available at <a href=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2011.07.009>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2011.07.009</a> <br/>2. Thon, K., Geilhufe, M. and Percival, D. B.: 'A multiscale wavelet-based test for isotropy of random fields on a regular lattice', (manuscript) <br/>3. Thon, K., Percival, D. B., Geilhufe, M. and Skrøvseth, S. O.: 'A scale-based test for equality of Gaussian random fields with application to the
cosmic microwave background radiation' (manuscript)This thesis presents methods for multiscale statistical inference on random fields on a regular two-dimensional lattice. There are two distinct concepts of scale that are used in the thesis. The first one is connected to the computer vision community's understanding of scale-space as a family of smooths of a digital image, with fine structure being revealed at low levels of smoothing and the coarser structures standing out at high levels. The second way scale enters is through use of the two-dimensional wavelet transform, and the different scales can be though of as providing information on the energy content in different frequency bands. 
All the methods that are developed herein are in the form of statistical hypothesis tests. Paper I uses a Bayesian framework, and statistically significant gradient and curvature is determined through thresholding their posterior probabilities. The last two papers use standard frequentist methods, in Paper II for determining if a random field is isotropic, meaning that the second order statistical properties are independent of direction. Paper III addresses the problem of determining if two samples from a random field are realizations from the same underlying random field.
The methods are demonstrated in practical examples, for Paper I on dermascopic images of skin lesions where it is used to detect hairs and dots/globules, potentially important components of a system for evaluating the risk of melanoma. In Paper II the test for isotropy is applied to paper density images of handsheets, useful for determining the quality of the paper. Finally, the methodology from Paper III is applied on small projections of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature map from the Planck mission, and offers an alternative test for the overall isotropy of the CMB
Multiple crustal sources for post-tectonic I-type granites\ud
in the Hercynian Iberian Belt

A post-tectonic plutonic array of felsic I-type\ud
granites crops out in the western Hercynian Iberian Belt.\ud
Isotope (Sr, N d, Pb) data favour the absence of an important\ud
input of juvenile magmas in late- to post- tectonic\ud
Hercynian felsic magmatism in western Iberia, but suggest\ud
a reworking of different crustal protoliths, including\ud
oceanic metabasic rocks accreted to mid-to-Iower crustal\ud
levels during the early stages of the collision. I-type granites\ud
were derived from different meta-igneous protoliths ranging\ud
from metabasic to felsic compositions depending on their\ud
geographical position from the external (e.g. Galicia-N\ud
Portugal, GNP) to the innermost continental areas (Spanish\ud
Central System and Los Pedroches Batholiths). The GNP 1-\ud
type pIu tons related to eo-Hercynian accretional terranes\ud
have lower initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios, lower negative εNd\ud
values, and higher 206PbP04Pb ratios than other I-type granites of the Central Iberian zone. These more isotopically\ud
primitive Hercynian I-type granites are important in\ud
tracking pre-Hercynian accreted oceanic lithosphere\ud
terranes
Optimal barrier zones for stopping the invasion of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes via transgenic or sterile insect techniques

Biological invasions have dramatically altered the natural world by threatening native species and their communities. Moreover, when the invading species is a vector for human disease, there are further substantive public health and economic impacts. The development of transgenic technologies is being explored in relation to new approaches for the biological control of insect pests. We investigate the use of two control strategies, classical sterile insect techniques and transgenic late-acting bisex lethality (Release of Insects carrying a Dominant Lethal), for controlling invasion of the mosquito Aedes aegypti using a spatial stage-structured mathematical model. In particular, we explore the use of a barrier zone of sterile/transgenic insects to prevent or impede the invasion of mosquitoes. We show that the level of control required is not only highly sensitive to the rate at which the sterile/transgenic males are released in the barrier zone but also to the spatial range of release. Our models characterise how the distribution of sterile/transgenic mosquitoes in the barrier zone can be controlled so as to minimise the number of mass-produced insects required for the arrest of species invasion. We predict that, given unknown rates of mosquito dispersal, management strategies should concentrate on larger release areas rather than more intense release rates for optimal control
Decomposition driven interface evolution for layers of binary mixtures: I. Model dirivation and base states

A dynamical model is proposed to describe the coupled decomposition and profile evolution of a free surfacefilm of a binary mixture. An example is a thin film of a polymer blend on a solid substrate undergoing simultaneous phase separation and dewetting. The model is based on model-H describing the coupled transport of the mass of one component (convective Cahn-Hilliard equation) and momentum (Navier-Stokes-Korteweg equations) supplemented by appropriate boundary conditions at the solid substrate and the free surface. General transport equations are derived using phenomenological nonequilibrium thermodynamics for a general nonisothermal setting taking into account Soret and Dufour effects and interfacial viscosity for the internal diffuse interface between the two components. Focusing on an isothermal setting the resulting model is compared to literature results and its base states corresponding to homogeneous or vertically stratified flat layers are analyzed
Evaluating multicenter DTI data in Huntington's disease on site specific effects : an ex post facto approach

Purpose: Assessment of the feasibility to average diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics of MRI data acquired in the course of a multicenter study. Materials and methods: Sixty-one early stage Huntington's disease patients and forty healthy controls were studied using four different MR scanners at four European sites with acquisition protocols as close as possible to a given standard protocol. The potential and feasibility of averaging data acquired at different sites was evaluated quantitatively by region-of-interest (ROI) based statistical comparisons of coefficients of variation (CV) across centers, as well as by testing for significant group-by-center differences on averaged fractional anisotropy (FA) values between patients and controls. In addition, a whole-brain based statistical between-group comparison was performed using FA maps. Results: The ex post facto statistical evaluation of CV and FA-values in a priori defined ROIs showed no differences between sites above chance indicating that data were not systematically biased by center specific factors. Conclusion: Averaging FA-maps from DTI data acquired at different study sites and different MR scanner types does not appear to be systematically biased. A suitable recipe for testing on the possibility to pool multicenter DTI data is provided to permit averaging of DTI-derived metrics to differentiate patients from healthy controls at a larger scale.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
Gauge Higgs Unification in the Left-Right Model

We construct a supersymmetric left-right model in four dimension with
gauge-Higgs unification starting from a SU(3)_c x SU(4)_w x U(1)_{B-L} gauge
symmetry in five dimension. The model has several interesting features, such
as, the CKM mixings in the quark sector are naturally small while for the
neutrino sector it is not, light neutrino masses can be generated via the
seesaw mechanism in the usual way, and the model has a U(1)_R symmetry which
naturally forbid dimension five proton decay operators. We also discuss the
grand unification of our model in SO(12) in five dimensions.Comment: 16 pages, references adde
Azimuthal asymmetry in unpolarized $\pi N$ Drell-Yan process

Taking into account the effect of final state interaction, we calculate the
non-zero (na\"{i}ve) $T$-odd transverse momentum dependent distribution
$h_1^{\perp}(x,\kp^2)$ of the pion in a quark-spectator-antiquark model with
effective pion-quark-antiquark coupling as a dipole form factor. Using the
model result we estimate the $\cos 2\phi$ asymmetries in the unpolarized $\pi^-
N$ Drell-Yan process which can be expressed as
$h_1^{\perp}\times\bar{h}_1^{\perp}$. We find that the resulting
$h_{1\pi}^\p(x,\kp^2)$ has the advantage to reproduce the asymmetry that agrees
with the experimental data measured by NA10 Collaboration. We estimate the
$\cos2\phi$ asymmetries averaged over the kinematics of NA10 experiments for
140, 194 and 286 GeV $\pi^-$ beam and compare them with relevant experimental
data.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures, to appear in PL
Randomization and the Gross-Pitaevskii hierarchy

We study the Gross-Pitaevskii hierarchy on the spatial domain $\mathbb{T}^3$.
By using an appropriate randomization of the Fourier coefficients in the
collision operator, we prove an averaged form of the main estimate which is
used in order to contract the Duhamel terms that occur in the study of the
hierarchy. In the averaged estimate, we do not need to integrate in the time
variable. An averaged spacetime estimate for this range of regularity exponents
then follows as a direct corollary. The range of regularity exponents that we
obtain is $\alpha>\frac{3}{4}$. It was shown in our previous joint work with
Gressman that the range $\alpha>1$ is sharp in the corresponding deterministic
spacetime estimate. This is in contrast to the non-periodic setting, which was
studied by Klainerman and Machedon, in which the spacetime estimate is known to
hold whenever $\alpha \geq 1$. The goal of our paper is to extend the range of
$\alpha$ in this class of estimates in a \emph{probabilistic sense}.
  We use the new estimate and the ideas from its proof in order to study
randomized forms of the Gross-Pitaevskii hierarchy. More precisely, we consider
hierarchies similar to the Gross-Pitaevskii hierarchy, but in which the
collision operator has been randomized. For these hierarchies, we show
convergence to zero in low regularity Sobolev spaces of Duhamel expansions of
fixed deterministic density matrices. We believe that the study of the
randomized collision operators could be the first step in the understanding of
a nonlinear form of randomization.Comment: 51 pages. Revised versio
MadDM v.1.0: Computation of Dark Matter Relic Abundance Using MadGraph5

We present MadDM v.1.0, a numerical tool to compute dark matter relic
abundance in a generic model. The code is based on the existing MadGraph 5
architecture and as such is easily integrable into any MadGraph collider study.
A simple Python interface offers a level of user-friendliness characteristic of
MadGraph 5 without sacrificing functionality. MadDM is able to calculate the
dark matter relic abundance in models which include a multi-component dark
sector, resonance annihilation channels and co-annihilations. We validate the
code in a wide range of dark matter models by comparing the relic density
results from MadDM to the existing tools and literature.Comment: 35 pages, 6 figure
A Super-Jupiter orbiting a late-type star: A refined analysis of
  microlensing event OGLE-2012-BLG-0406

We present a detailed analysis of survey and follow-up observations of
microlensing event OGLE-2012-BLG-0406 based on data obtained from 10 different
observatories. Intensive coverage of the lightcurve, especially the
perturbation part, allowed us to accurately measure the parallax effect and
lens orbital motion. Combining our measurement of the lens parallax with the
angular Einstein radius determined from finite-source effects, we estimate the
physical parameters of the lens system. We find that the event was caused by a
$2.73\pm 0.43\ M_{\rm J}$ planet orbiting a $0.44\pm 0.07\ M_{\odot}$ early
M-type star. The distance to the lens is $4.97\pm 0.29$\ kpc and the projected
separation between the host star and its planet at the time of the event is
$3.45\pm 0.26$ AU. We find that the additional coverage provided by follow-up
observations, especially during the planetary perturbation, leads to a more
accurate determination of the physical parameters of the lens.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures, accepted by Ap
Electric Polarization Induced by Gravity in Fat Branes

In the fat brane model, also known as the split fermion model, it is assumed
that leptons and baryons live in different hypersurfaces of a thick brane in
order to explain the proton stability without invoking any symmetry. It turns
out that, in the presence of a gravity source $M$, particles will see different
four-dimensional (4D) geometries and hence, from the point of view of
4D-observers, the equivalence principle will be violated. As a consequence, we
show that a hydrogen atom in the gravitational field of $M$ will acquire a
radial electric dipole. This effect is regulated by the Hamiltonian
$H_{d}=-\mu\mathbf{A}\cdot\mathbf{\delta r}$, which is the gravitational analog
of the Stark Hamiltonian, where the electric field is replaced by the tidal
acceleration $\mathbf{A}$ due to the split of fermions in the brane and the
atomic reduced mass $\mu$ substitutes the electric charge