pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Understanding why, knowing why, and cognitive achievements

Duncan Pritchard argues that a feature that sets understanding-why apart from knowledge-why is that whereas (I) understanding-why is a kind of cognitive achievement in a strong sense, (II) knowledge-why is not such a kind. I argue that (I) is false and that (II) is true. (I) is false because understanding-why featuring rudimentary explanations and understanding-why concerning very simple causal connections are not cognitive achievements in a strong sense. Knowledge-why is not a kind of cognitive achievement in a strong sense for the same reason knowledge-that is not. The latter thesis requires showing that having (p because q) information is not equivalent to having information about facts or principles that establish the explanatory connections between the phenomena in question. I make a positive case for this claim and defend it against objections. Based on this argument, I identify an alternative feature that sets understanding-why apart from knowledge-why: The minimal condition for understanding-why and knowledge-why with respect to their contents is not identical. Knowing why p merely requires information that some explanatorily relevant dependency obtains. Understanding why p additionally requires information about facts or principles that establish the explanatory connections between the phenomena in question
Biocompatibility of two model elastin‐like recombinamer‐based hydrogels formed through physical or chemical cross‐linking for various applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine

Producción CientíficaBiocompatibility studies, especially innate immunity induction, in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity, and fibrosis, are often lacking for many novel biomaterials including recombinant protein‐based ones, such as elastin‐like recombinamers (ELRs), and has not been extensively explored in the scientific literature, in contrast to traditional biomaterials. Herein, we present the results from a set of experiments designed to elucidate the preliminary biocompatibility of 2 types of ELRs that are able to form extracellular matrix‐like hydrogels through either physical or chemical cross‐linking both of which are intended for different applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Initially, we present in vitro cytocompatibility results obtained upon culturing human umbilical vein endothelial cells on ELR substrates, showing optimal proliferation up to 9 days. Regarding in vivo cytocompatibility, luciferase‐expressing hMSCs were viable for at least 4 weeks in terms of bioluminescence emission when embedded in ELR hydrogels and injected subcutaneously into immunosuppressed mice. Furthermore, both types of ELR‐based hydrogels were injected subcutaneously in immunocompetent mice and serum TNFα, IL‐1β, IL‐4, IL‐6, and IL‐10 concentrations were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, confirming the lack of inflammatory response, as also observed upon macroscopic and histological evaluation. All these findings suggest that both types of ELRs possess broad biocompatibility, thus making them very promising for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine‐related applications.European Commission (NMP-2014-646075, HEALTH-F4-2011-278557, PITN-GA-2012-317306 and MSCA-ITN-2014-642687)Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (Projects MAT2016-78903-R, MAT2016-79435-R, MAT2013-42473-R, MAT2013-41723-R and MAT2012-38043)Junta de Castilla y León (programa de apoyo a proyectos de investigación – Ref.VA244U13 and VA313U14)Centro en Red de Medicina Regenerativa y Terapia Celular de Castilla y LeónInstituto de Salud Carlos III (grant RD12/0019/0017 )Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (SFRH/BD/86451/ 2012
Visualizing Phonotactic Behavior of Female Frogs in Darkness

Many animals use sounds produced by conspecifics for mate identification. Female insects and anuran amphibians, for instance, use acoustic cues to localize, orient toward and approach conspecific males prior to mating. Here we present a novel technique that utilizes multiple, distributed sound-indication devices and a miniature LED backpack to visualize and record the nocturnal phonotactic approach of females of the Australian orange-eyed tree frog (Litoria chloris) both in a laboratory arena and in the animal’s natural habitat. Continuous high-definition digital recording of the LED coordinates provides automatic tracking of the female’s position, and the illumination patterns of the sound-indication devices allow us to discriminate multiple sound sources including loudspeakers broadcasting calls as well as calls emitted by individual male frogs. This innovative methodology is widely applicable for the study of phonotaxis and spatial structures of acoustically communicating nocturnal animals
Geometric stochastic resonance

This article was published in the journal, Physical Review Letters [© American Physical Society].A Brownian particle moving across a porous membrane subject to an oscillating force exhibits stochastic resonance with properties which strongly depend on the geometry of the confining cavities on the two sides of the membrane. Such a manifestation of stochastic resonance requires neither energetic nor entropic barriers, and can thus be regarded as a purely geometric effect. The magnitude of this effect is sensitive to the geometry of both the cavities and the pores, thus leading to distinctive optimal synchronization conditions
Towards a lightweight mobile semantic-based approach for enhancing interaction with smart objects

This work describes a semantic extension for a user-smart object interaction model based on the ECA paradigm (Event-Condition-Action). In this approach, smart objects publish their sensing (event) and action capabilities in the cloud and mobile devices are prepared to retrieve them and act as mediators to configure personalized behaviours for the objects. In this paper, the information handled by this interaction system has been shaped according several semantic models that, together with the integration of an embedded ontological and rule-based reasoner, are exploited in order to (i) automatically detect incompatible ECA rules configurations and to (ii) support complex ECA rules definitions and execution. This semantic extension may significantly improve the management of smart spaces populated with numerous smart objects from mobile personal devices, as it facilitates the configuration of coherent ECA rules
The anisotropic fatigue behavior of forged steel

This work deals with the anisotropic fatigue behaviour of the Bainitic

Steel Metasco®MC and aims at improving the fatigue criteria used for the

design of forged components (suspension arm). This material contains elongated

manganese sulphide (MnS) inclusions oriented parallel to the rolling or forging

direction. Specimens with different orientations relative to the rolling direction

have been tested in fatigue under push-pull uniaxial loads. The influence of

“inclusion clusters” is clearly demonstrated via the observation of the fracture

surfaces. A fracture mechanics approach together with a statistical approach is

proposed to account for the anisotropic fatigue behaviour
Voltammetric Behavior of Antileukemia Drug Glivec. Part I - Electrochemical Study of Glivec

The electrochemical behavior of the antileukemia drug glivec was investigated at a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The oxidation is a complex, pH-dependent, irreversible electrode process involving the transfer of 2 electrons and 2 protons and the formation of an electroactive product, Pglivec, which strongly adsorbs on the GCE surface and undergoes reversible oxidation. The adsorption of Pglivec at the GCE surface yields a compact monolayer that inhibits further oxidation of glivec. The electrochemical reduction is a simple pH dependent irreversible process involving the transfer of 2 electrons and 2 protons and occurs with the formation of a nonelectroactive product. The diffusion coefficient of glivec was calculated to be DO=7.35×10-6 cm2 s-1 in pH 4.5 0.1 M acetate buffer.http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.20060359
Ketotifen controlled release from cellulose acetate propionate and cellulose acetate butyrate membranes

Abstract  Ketotifen was immobilised in cellulose acetate propionate (CAP) membranes and in cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) membranes. The characteristics of each system were evaluated under a range of experimental conditions. The topography and uniformity of the membranes was assessed using scanning electron microscopy. The release characteristics associated with Ketotifen were monitored spectrophotometrically. The swelling capacity of the membranes was evaluated and attributed to the combined effects of diffusion and of complex dissociation, during swelling. The materials produced were able to provide controlled release of Ketotifen due to their controlled swelling behaviour and adequate release properties. The results showed that the release of Ketotifen from the CAB membranes is higher but the release from the CAP membranes is more uniform.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10856-007-0168-
Truth table invariant cylindrical algebraic decomposition by regular chains

A new algorithm to compute cylindrical algebraic decompositions (CADs) is presented, building on two recent advances. Firstly, the output is truth table invariant (a TTICAD) meaning given formulae have constant truth value on each cell of the decomposition. Secondly, the computation uses regular chains theory to first build a cylindrical decomposition of complex space (CCD) incrementally by polynomial. Significant modification of the regular chains technology was used to achieve the more sophisticated invariance criteria. Experimental results on an implementation in the RegularChains Library for Maple verify that combining these advances gives an algorithm superior to its individual components and competitive with the state of the art
Muonium Spectroscopy

The electromagnetic interactions of electrons and muons can be described to very high accuracy within the framework of standard theory, in particular within the hydrogen-like muonium atom. Therefore precision measurements allow to test basic interactions in physics and to search for yet unknown forces. Accurate values for fundamental constants can be obtained. Results from experiments on the ground state hyperfine structure and the 1s-2s intervals in muonium are described together with their relations to a new measurement of the muon magnetic anomaly
The effect of quenching and defects size on the HCF behaviour of Boron steel

This work investigates the effect of natural and artificial surface defects and quenching on the fatigue strength of a Boron steel (22MnB5). A vast experimental campaign has been undertaken to study the high cycle fatigue behaviour and more specifically the fatigue damage mechanisms observed in quenched and untreated materials, under different loading conditions and with differents artificial defects sizes (from 25 μm to 370 μm radius). In order to test the sheet metal in shear an original test apparatus is used. The critical defect size is determined to be 100 ± 50 μm. This critical size does not appear to depend on the loading type or the microstructure of the material (i.e. ferritic–perlitic or martensitic). However, for large defects, the quenched material is more sensitive to the defect size than the untreated material. For a defect size range of 100–300 μm the slope of the Kitagawa–Takahashi diagram is approximately −1/3 and −1/6 for the quenched and untreated materials respectively. A probabilistic approach that leads naturally to a probabilistic Kitagawa type diagram is developed. This methodology can be used to explain the relationship between the influence of the heat treatment and the defect size on the fatigue behaviour of this steel
A model comparison to predict heat transfer during spot GTA welding

The present work deals with the estimation of the time evolution of the weld fusion boundary. This moving boundary is the result of a spot GTA welding process on a 316L stainless steel disk. The estimation is based on the iterative regularization method. Indeed, the three problems: direct, in variation and adjoint, classically associated with this method, are solved by the finite element method in a two-dimensional axisymmetric domain. The originality of this work is to treat an experimental estimation of a front motion using a model with a geometry including only the solid phase. In this model, the evolution of this solid domain during the fusion is set with the ALE moving mesh method (Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian). The numerical developments are realized with the commercial code Comsol Multiphysics® coupled with the software Matlab®. The estimation method has been validated in a previous work using theoretical data ([1]). The experimental data, used here for this identification are, temperatures measured by thermocouples in the solid phase, the temporal evolution of the melt pool boundary observed at the surface by a fast camera and the maximal dimensions of the melted zone measured on macrographs. These experimental data are also compared with numerical results obtained from a heat and fluid flow model taking into account surface tension effects, Lorentz forces and the deformation of the melt pool surface under arc pressure
Effect of the laminar separation bubble induced transition on the hydrodynamic performance of a hydrofoil

The authors thank the technical staff of IRENav for their contribution to the experimental set up.The present study deals with the effect of the laminar separation bubble (LSB) induced transition on the lift, drag and moment coefficients of a hydrofoil. A 2D numerical study, based on the SST γ –Reθ transition model of ANSYS-CFX⃝R , is conducted on a NACA66 hydrofoil. Angles of attack range from −4° to 14° and the chord-based Reynolds number is Re = 7.5 × 105. An experimental investigation is carried out in the French naval academy research institute’s hydrodynamic tunnel based on the measurements of lift, drag and moment. Experiments on a smooth, mirror finished, hydrofoil enable comparison with RANS calculations using the transition model. Experiments with a roughness added on the leading edge enable comparison with RANS calculations using the SST fully turbulent model. For angles of attack below 6°, the LSB triggered laminar to turbulent transition of the boundary layers of the suction and pressure sides is located near the trailing edge of the smooth NACA66. As the angle of attack reaches 6°, the LSB suddenly moves to the leading edge on the suction side while transition is located at the trailing edge on the pressure side. The smooth hydrofoil shows higher CL and CM and lower CD than the rough leading edge one from −4° to 6°. Both experiments lead to the same coefficients from 6° to 14°. The calculations show that both models are in good agreement with their corresponding experiments. Velocity profiles in the vicinity of the LSB at an angle of attack of 2° and pressure coefficients of the calculations using the transition model are compared with published experimental studies and show very good agreement. The SST γ –Reθ transition model proves to be a relevant, even essential, prediction tool for lifting bodies operating at a moderate Reynolds number
Projection-free approximate balanced truncation of large unstable
  systems

In this article, we show that the projection-free, snapshot-based, balanced
truncation method can be applied directly to unstable systems. We prove that
even for unstable systems, the unmodified balanced proper orthogonal
decomposition algorithm theoretically yields a converged transformation that
balances the Gramians (including the unstable subspace). We then apply the
method to a spatially developing unstable system and show that it results in
reduced-order models of similar quality to the ones obtained with existing
methods. Due to the unbounded growth of unstable modes, a practical restriction
on the final impulse response simulation time appears, which can be adjusted
depending on the desired order of the reduced-order model. Recommendations are
given to further reduce the cost of the method if the system is large and to
improve the performance of the method if it does not yield acceptable results
in its unmodified form. Finally, the method is applied to the linearized flow
around a cylinder at Re = 100 to show that it actually is able to accurately
reproduce impulse responses for more realistic unstable large-scale systems in
practice. The well-established approximate balanced truncation numerical
framework can therefore be safely applied to unstable systems without any
modifications. Additionally, balanced reduced-order models can readily be
obtained even for large systems, where the computational cost of existing
methods is prohibitive
Parametrization of the average ionization and radiative cooling rates of carbon plasmas in a wide range of density and temperature

In this work we present an analysis of the influence of the thermodynamic regime on the monochromatic emissivity, the radiative power loss and the radiative cooling rate for optically thin carbon plasmas over a wide range of electron temperature and density assuming steady state situations. Furthermore, we propose analytical expressions depending on the electron density and temperature for the average ionization and cooling rate based on polynomial fittings which are valid for the whole range of plasma conditions considered in this work
Flammability properties of thermally dried sewage sludge

The treatment and disposal of sewage sludge is becoming an urgent need whereby different technologies were developed and integrated into the waste cycle all over the world. One of the most used technologies is the thermal drying of the sludge. Thermally dried sewage sludge has interesting properties that allow its use as an alternative fuel, but also needs some consideration from the point of view of its safe operation. The aim of this study was the research on the flammability properties of sewage sludge, including ignition sensitivity, explosion severity, thermal sensitivity and thermal stability. Furthermore relationships among those properties and composition parameters have been determined, added to the study of their variation depending on their origin or season. Finally, properties related to spontaneous combustion were determined. To study these relationships and characteristics sludge samples were selected from different locations in Spain and taken during different seasons
Potential issues related to emergency core cooling system strainers performance at boiling water reactors: application to Cofrentes NPP (Spain)

From the 60s to the 90s, a great number of events related to the Emergency Core Cooling Systems Strainers have been happened in all kind of reactors all over the world. Thus, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission of the USA emitted some Bulletins to address the concerns about the adequacy of Emergency Core Cooling Systems (ECCS) strainer performance at boiling water reactors (BWR). In Spain the regulatory body (Consejo de Seguridad Nuclear, CSN) adopted the USA regulation and Cofrentes NPP installed new strainers with a considerable bigger size than the old strainers. The nuclear industry conducted significant and extensive research, guidance development, testing, reviews, and hardware and procedure changes during the 90s to resolve the issues related to debris blockage of BWR strainers. In 2001 the NRC and CSN closed the Bulletins. Thereafter, the strainers issues were moved to the PWR reactors. In 2004 the NRC issued a Generic Letter (GL). It requested the resolution of several effects which were not noted in the past. The GL regarded to be resolved by the PWR reactors but the NRC in USA and the CSN in Spain have requested that the BWR reactors investigate differences between the methodologies used by the BWRs and PWRs. The developments and improvements done for Cofrentes NPP are detailed. Studies for this plant show that the head loss due to the considered debris is at most half of the limited head loss for the ECCS strainer and the NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head) required for the ECCS pumps is at least three times lower than the NPSH available
Robust fabrication of electrospun-like polymer mats to direct cell bahaviour

Currently, cell culture systems that include nanoscale topography are widely used in order to provide cells additional cues closer to the in vivo environment, seeking to mimic the natural extracellular matrix. Electrospinning is one of the most common techniques to produce nano\ud
fiber mats. However, since many sensitive parameters play an important role in the process, a lack of reproducibility is a major drawback. Here we present a simple and robust methodology to prepare reproducible electrospun-like samples. It consists of a polydimethylsiloxane mold\ud
reproducing the fiber pattern to solvent-cast a polymer solution and obtain the final sample. To validate this methodology, poly(L-lactic) acid (PLLA) samples were obtained and, after characterisation, bioactivity and ability to direct cell response were assessed. C2C12 myoblasts developed focal adhesions on the electrospun-like\ud
fibers and, when cultured under myogenic differentiation conditions, similar differentiation levels to electrospun PLLA fibers were obtained
Statistical detection of systematic election irregularities

Democratic societies are built around the principle of free and fair elections, and that each citizen's vote should count equally. National elections can be regarded as large-scale social experiments, where people are grouped into usually large numbers of electoral districts and vote according to their references. The large number of samples implies statistical consequences for the polling results, which can be used to identify election irregularities. Using a suitable data representation, we find that vote distributions of elections with alleged fraud show a kurtosis substantially exceeding the kurtosis of normal elections, depending on the level of data aggregation. As an example, we show that reported irregularities in recent Russian elections are, indeed, well-explained by systematic ballot stuffing. We develop a parametric model quantifying the extent to which fraudulent mechanisms are present. We formulate a parametric test detecting these statistical properties in election results. Remarkably, this technique produces robust outcomes with respect to the resolution of the data and therefore, allows for cross-country comparisons
The Full Second-Order Radiation Transfer Function for Large-Scale CMB
  Anisotropies

We calculate the full second-order radiation transfer function for Cosmic
Microwave Background anisotropies on large angular scales in a flat universe
filled with matter and cosmological constant. It includes (i) the second-order
generalization of the Sachs-Wolfe effect, and of (ii) both the early and late
Integrated Sachs-Wolfe effects, (iii) the contribution of the second-order
tensor modes, and is valid for a generic set of initial conditions specifying
the level of primordial non-Gaussianity
Hydrodynamics dual to Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity: all-order gradient resummation

Relativistic hydrodynamics dual to Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity in asymptotic AdS 5 space is under study. To linear order in the amplitude of the fluid velocity and temperature, we derive the fluid’s stress-energy tensor via an all-order resummation of the derivative terms. Each order is accompanied by new transport coefficients, which all together could be compactly absorbed into two functions of momenta, referred to as viscosity functions. Via inverse Fourier transform, these viscosities appear as memory functions in the constitutive relation between components of the stress-energy tensor