pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone and estradiol-17β modify baseline and stress-induced interrenal and corticotropic activity in trout

Estradiol-17β (E), 11-ketotestosterone (KT), and testosterone (T) were administered to immature rainbow and brown trout by implantation of steroid-containing cocoa-butter pellets. This procedure elevated the levels of these hormones in the blood of the treated fish and had significant effects on plasma ACTH and cortisol levels in both unstressed and stressed rainbow trout and in stressed brown trout. E treatment significantly elevated resting levels of ACTH and cortisol and KT significantly suppressed resting ACTH levels in rainbow trout, although no effect of KT was noted on baseline cortisol levels. One hour of confinement stress increased ACTH levels in rainbow trout, but less so in T- and KT-implanted fish than in sham-implanted fish. A similar pattern was observed in stress-induced plasma cortisol levels where T and KT treatment of rainbow trout resulted in a more than 50% attenuation of plasma cortisol levels while E-implantation significantly increased stress-induced plasma cortisol levels. In brown trout subjected to confinement stress for 96h, within 1h of the onset of confinement the stress-induced increase in plasma ACTH and plasma cortisol was significantly lower in T- and KT-implanted fish than in sham-implanted controls. However, these differences were not sustained at subsequent sample points during the 96h period of continuous confinement. Nonetheless, overall mean ACTH levels for the entire confinement period were significantly enhanced in E-implanted brown trout and significantly reduced in KT-implanted fish. Overall mean cortisol levels were significantly lower in T- and KT-implanted fish. The enhancement of stress responsiveness observed in E-treated immature fish was not observed during confinement stress in untreated mature female trout, with naturally high plasma E levels. However, untreated mature male trout displayed a significantly reduced cortisol response to confinement. It is suggested that gonadal steroids are involved in the regulation of both baseline and stress-induced activity of the pituitary-interrenal axis in salmonid fish. \u
Modification of the plasma cortisol response to stress in rainbow trout by selective breeding

Male and female rainbow trout were segregated into high- and low-responding individuals (HR, LR) on the basis of their plasma cortisol response to a 3 h period of confinement imposed at five, monthly, intervals. Consistent divergence was obtained in the responsiveness of the two groups, although the difference between LR and HR groups was greater in female fish (56 c.f. 116 ng ml-1) than in males (45 c.f. 69 ng ml-1). Progeny groups (full-sib families) were obtained from the pairing of HR males and females and LR males and females. A third progeny group (US) was obtained by random pairing of parents which were not selected as HR or LR. Post-stress plasma cortisol levels in the progeny were first tested at 6 months after hatch and were significantly correlated with the response of the corresponding parental groups, HR>US>LR (178, 126, 81 ng ml-1 respectively). The difference in responsiveness between LR and HR groups was demonstrated in all four subsequent tests over a 12 month period. There were no significant differences in baseline plasma cortisol levels in LR and HR groups prior to confinement. During a 4h period of confinement, the differences in plasma cortisol levels between LR and HR fish were sustained throughout, indicating that the trait upon which the fish were selected was related to absolute maximum levels of circulating cortisol, not the rate of change of cortisol levels during exposure to a stressor. A moderately high heritability (h2) for confinement-induced plasma cortisol of 0.41 was obtained by a parent-progeny regression. Manipulation of stress-responsiveness in fish by selective breeding offers scope for optimising performance under intensive rearing conditions but also provides a useful research tool for investigating the operation of the endocrine stress response
High blood cortisol levels and low cortisol receptor affinity: is the chub, Leuciscus cephalus, a cortisol-resistant teleost?

In contrast to the relatively minor intra- and inter-species differences in blood cortisol levels reported for salmonid species, there is a more pronounced distinction between cortisol levels among the Salmonidae and Cyprinidae, with both basal and stress-induced cortisol levels markedly higher in the latter. This study shows that in the chub, Leuciscus cephalus, a widely distributed European cyprinid, mean blood cortisol levels during stress (1500 ng ml-1) exceeded those reported for most other species of fish and even in unstressed chub, cortisol levels (50 – 100 ng ml-1) were within the range known to cause immunosuppression, growth retardation and reproductive dysfunction in salmonid fish. The chub appears to be atypical only with respect to plasma cortisol levels; the levels of plasma glucose and plasma lactate in unstressed and stressed chub are similar to those reported for other species. Plasma levels of 11-ketotestosterone in males and 17beta-estradiol in females are lower than reported for salmonids but similar to other cyprinid species and display clear stress-induced reduction. Comparative analysis of the binding characteristics of the trout and chub gill cortisol receptor revealed that the total number of binding sites in gill tissue for each species was similar (Bmax; approx 50 – 100 fmol mg-1 protein). However, the affinity of the binding site for cortisol displayed an 8-fold difference between the species (rainbow trout: Kd approx. 6 nM; chub: Kd approx. 50 nM). Therefore, the potentially adverse effects of high circulating levels of cortisol found both at rest and under conditions of stress in chub may be offset by the lower affinity of the cortisol receptor, rather than the abundance of target-tissue receptor sites. This strategy is similar to that reported for some glucocorticoid-resistant rodent species and New World primates
Changes in Plasma Progesterone, Estrogen, and Testosterone Concentrations throughout the Reproductive Cycle in Female Viviparous Blue-Tongued Skinks, Tiliqua nigrolutea (Scincidae), in Tasmania

Changes in mean plasma concentrations of progesterone (P4), estrogen (E) and testosterone (T) in a captive population of female viviparous skinks, Tiliqua nigrolutea were examined. Reproductively active and quiescent individuals were present in the population concurrently, allowing a comparison between these two conditions. Mean plasma progesterone concentrations were basal (1-2 ng ml-1) until the start of gestation and peaked in the second trimester (12.7 +/- 1.27 ng ml-1), before falling significantly prior to parturition. An increase in mean plasma estrogen concentrations occurred coincident with the vitellogenic period; mean plasma estrogen concentration peaked at 715.1 +/- 106.68 pg ml-1 shortly before ovulation. Mean plasma testosterone concentrations in reproductively active females peaked in the periovulatory period (6.3 +/- 0.63 ng ml-1) and had returned to basal concentrations (< 1 ng ml-1) two weeks later. Changes in mean plasma steroid concentrations were correlated with reproductive condition, and are discussed in terms of potential in vivo steroid interactions and the multihormone control of reproduction
Gene Structure, cDNA Sequence, and mRNA Distribution

The rat HNF-3 (hepatocyte nuclear factor 3) gene family encodes three transcription factors known to be important in the regulation of gene expression in liver and lung. We have cloned and characterized the mouse genes and cDNAs for HNF-3α, β, and γ and analyzed their expression patterns in various adult tissues and mouse embryonic stages. The HNF-3 proteins are highly conserved between mouse and rat, with the exception of the amino terminus of HNF-3γ, which in mouse is more similar to those of HNF-3α and β than to the amino termini of the rat HNF-3γ protein. The mouse HNF-3 genes are small and contain only two or three (HNF-3β) exons with conserved intron-exon boundaries. The proximal promoter of the mouse HNF3β gene is remarkably similar to that of the previously cloned rat HNF-3β gene, but is different from the promoters of the HNF-3α and γ genes. The mRNA distribution of the mouse HNF-3 genes was analyzed by quantitative RNase protection with gene-specific probes. While HNF-3α and β are restricted mainly to endoderm-derived tissues (lung, liver, stomach, and small intestine), HNF-3γ is more extensively expressed, being present additionally in ovary, testis, heart, and adipose tissue, but missing from lung. Transcripts for HNF-3β and α are detected most abundantly in midgestation embryos (Day 9.5), while HNF-3γ expression peaks around Day 15.5 of gestation.
Cloning, tissue expression, and mapping of a human photolyase homolog with similarity to plant blue-light receptors

Enzymatic photoreactivation is a DNA repair mechanism that removes UV- induced pyrimidine dimer lesions by action of a single enzyme, photolyase, and visible light. Its presence has been demonstrated in a wide variety of organisms, ranging from simple prokaryotes to higher eukaryotes. We have isolated a human gene encoding a 66-kDa protein that shows clear overall homology to known bacterial photolyase genes. The human gene product is more similar to plant blue-light receptors within class I photolyases than to higher eukaryote class II photolyases. Northern blot analysis showed two transcripts with constitutive expression in all tissues examined and an elevated expression in testis. In situ hybridization with a cDNA-derived probe localized this human gene to chromosome 12q23-q24.1. Southern analysis of the cloned human gene suggests a wide distribution of the gene family in various species
Characterization of the gene encoding human sarcolipin (SLN), a proteolipid associated with SERCA1: Absence of structural mutations in five patients with brody disease

Sarcolipin (SLN) is a low-molecular-weight protein that copurifies with the fast-twitch skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA1). Genomic DNA and cDNA encoding human sarcolipin (SLN) were isolated and characterized and the SLN gene was mapped to chromosome 11q22-q23. Human, rabbit, and mouse cDNAs encode a protein of 31 amino acids. Homology of SLN with phospholamban (PLN) suggests that the first 7 hydrophilic amino acids are cytoplasmic, the next 19 hydrophobic amino acids form a single transmembrane helix, and the last 5 hydrophilic amino acids are lumenal. The cytoplasmic and transmembrane sequences are not well conserved among the three species, but the lumenal sequence is highly conserved. Like SERCA1, SLN is highly expressed in rabbit fast-twitch skeletal muscle, but it is expressed to a lower extent in slow-twitch muscle and to an even lower extent in cardiac muscle, where SERCA2a and PLN are highly expressed. It is expressed in only trace amounts in pancreas and prostate. SLN and PLN genes resemble each other in having two small exons, with their entire coding sequences lying in exon 2 and a large intron separating the two segments. Brody disease is an inherited disorder of skeletal muscle function, characterized by exercise-induced impairment of muscle relaxation. Mutations in the ATP2A1 gene encoding SERCA1 have been associated with the autosomal recessive inheritance of Brody disease in three families, but not with autosomal dominant inheritance of the disease. A search for mutations in the SLN gene in five Brody families, four of which were not linked to ATP2A1, did not reveal any alterations in coding, splice junction or promoter sequences. The homozygous deletion of C438 in the coding sequence of ATP2A1 in Brody disease family 3, leading to a frameshift and truncation following Pro147 in SERCA1, is the fourth ATP2A1 mutation to be associated with autosomal recessive Brody disease
Topology Preservation Within Digital Surfaces

International audienceGiven two connected subsets Y X of the set of the surfels of a connected digital surface, we propose three equivalent ways to express that Y is homotopic to X. The rst characterization is based on sequential deletion of simple surfels. This characterization enables us to deene thinning algorithms within a digital Jordan surface. The second characterization is based on the Euler characteristics of sets of surfels. This characterization enables us, given two connected sets Y X of surfels, to decide whether Y is nhomotopic to X. The third characterization is based on the (digital) fundamental group
Mesh Optimization Using Global Error with Application to  Geometry Simplification

Meshes with (recursive) subdivision connectivity, such as  subdivision surfaces, are increasingly popular in computer  graphics. They present several advantages over their  Delaunay-type based counterparts, e.g., Triangulated  Irregular Networks (TINs), such as efficient processing,  compact storage and numerical robustness. A mesh having  subdivision connectivity can be described using a tree  structure and recent work exploits this inherent hierarchy  in applications such as progressive terrain visualization,  surface compression and transmission. We propose a  hierarchical, fine to coarse (i.e., using vertex  decimation) algorithm to reduce the number of vertices in  meshes whose connectivity is based on quadrilateral  quadrisection (e.g., subdivision surfaces obtained from  Catmull–Clark or 4-8 subdivision rules). Our method is  derived from optimal tree pruning algorithms used in  modeling of adaptive quantizers for compression. The main  advantage of our method is that it allows control of the  global error of the approximation, whereas previous methods  are based on local error heuristics only. We present a set  of operations allowing the use of global error and use them  to build an O(nlogn) simplification algorithm transforming  an input mesh of n vertices into a multiresolution  hierarchy. Note that a single approximation having k<n  vertices is obtained in linear running time. We show that,  without using these operations, mesh simplification using  global error has O(n2) computational complexity in the RAM  model. Our approach uses a generalized vertex decimation  method which allows for choosing the optimal vertex in the  rate-distortion sense. Additionally, our algorithm can also  be applied to other types of subdivision connectivity such  as triangular quadrisection, e.g., obtained from Loop  subdivision
Stress responsiveness affects dominant-subordinate relationships in rainbow trout

The magnitude by which plasma cortisol levels increase following exposure to a stressor is a heritable trait in rainbow trout. The relative growth in co-culture of F1 lines selected for high-responsiveness (HR) and low-responsiveness (LR) to a confinement stressor suggested that behavioral characteristics related to food acquisition, aggression or competitive ability might differ between the two lines. This hypothesis was tested using the F2 generation of the selected lines. The F2 lines clearly exhibited the characteristics of the F1 parents, displaying significantly divergent plasma cortisol responses to a 1h confinement stressor and a high heritability for the trait. Behavioral differences between the lines were assessed by observing the outcome of staged fights for dominance in size-matched pairs of HR and LR fish. The identification of dominant and subordinate fish within each pair on the basis of their behavior was supported by the levels of blood cortisol in the fish attributed to each group (dominant << subordinate). Fish from the LR line were identified as dominant in significantly more trials than were HR individuals. The results suggest that behavioral attributes that affect the outcome of rank-order fights are closely linked to the magnitude of the plasma cortisol response to stress in rainbow trout. Whether the link is causal or circumstantial is not yet evident
The Early History of the Moment Problem

In the present study it is discussed how the moment problem naturally arose within Stieltjes' creation of the analytical theory of continued fractions. Further it is shown how the moment problem in the work of Hamburger came to be regarded as an important problem in its own right. From then on it moved away from its origin into other fields of mathematics—complex function theory and functional analysis—in the work of Nevanlinna and M. Riesz respectively. In the end it was made completely independent from continued fractions
Chuprov, Slutsky, and Chetverikov: Some comments

I present material related to the early history of the strong law of large numbers (SLLN) studied by Seneta (Historia Mathematica19, 24–39 (1992)). To be specific, I describe the thoughts of Chuprov and Slutsky on the insufficiency of the ordinary law of large numbers (LLN) and put on record the support that Chetverikov gave to his one-time teacher, Chuprov. Finally, I discuss why Chuprov, at the end of his life, did not return to Russia (to the USSR) and note that the correspondence between Markov and Chuprov (as edited by Ondar) is incomplete and corrupted by mistakes
On Plato's “fairest triangles” (Timaeus 54a)

In his Timaeus, Plato constructs the regular polyhedra in a curious way. He composes the square face of the cube from four isosceles right triangles (half squares) and the equilateral triangular face of the tetrahedron, etc., from six right triangles with sides a, a√3, and 2a (half equilateral triangles). This procedure has, as far as we can see, found no satisfactory explanation by the commentators of the Timaeus. We propose to understand it as constructions for the duplication of the square and the triplication of the equilateral triangle. The same constructions provide us with what Plato calls the fairest bonds between segments a and 2a for the square and a and 3a for the triangle. This explains Plato's description of the original right triangles as the fairest ones. With respect to the triangles, Plato leaves open the possibility of finding fairer ones. In contrast to this, he declares the regular polyhedra to be beautiful in an absolute sense. In fact the regular polyhedra provide Plato with a significant example for his dialectics, and thus put themselves in a central position in his philosophy
Algebraic analysis in Germany, 1780–1840: Some Mathematical and Philosophical Issues

Algebraic analysis is the algebraic treatment of functions and of infinitesimal calculus originating from Euler's Introductio in analysin infinitorum. This approach, as developed by the “Combinatorial School,” was influential in Germany at the turn of the 19th century and became the basis for the mathematical syllabus of the Prussian gymnasium in the Humboldt educational reforms. The present paper discusses algebraic analysis under the viewpoint of two problems of legitimation. On the one hand, there was the conceptual and technical problem of calculating with infinite formal (divergent) series. How can equality between terms involving formal series be interpreted, and how is this “formal equality” related to numerical equality? The second problem regards the fact that algebraic analysis was not legitimized by referring to geometry or applications, but as an autonomous theory which is established by its internal coherence and harmony. Regarding this point the paper argues that the hermeneutic view of the sciences, which was widespread in Germany, led to a sometimes anti-Kantian attitude that sought to overcome the link of mathematics to the intuition of space and time
Mario Pieri and his contributions to geometry and foundations of mathematics

Mario Pieri (1860–1913) was an Italian mathematician who made significant contributions to algebraic geometry and the foundations of mathematics. Nevertheless, his research is not as well known today as it might be, in part because it was overshadowed by that of more famous contemporaries, notably David Hilbert and Giuseppe Peano. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of Pieri's principal results in mathematics. After presenting a biographical sketch of his life, it surveys his research, contrasting the reception of his work in algebraic geometry with that in foundations. Possible reasons for the relative obscurity of his work in foundations are explored, and an annotated list of Pieri's publications is included at the end of the article
On the relations between Georg Cantor and Richard Dedekind

This paper gives a detailed analysis of the scientific interaction between Cantor and Dedekind, which was a very important aspect in the history of set theory during the 19th century. A factor that hindered their relationship turns out to be the tension which arose in 1874, due to Cantor's publication of a paper based in part on letters from his colleague. In addition, we review their two most important meetings (1872, 1882) in order to establish the possible exchange of ideas connected with set theory. The one-week meeting in Harzburg (September 1882) was particularly rich in consequences, among other things Dedekind's proof of the Cantor-Bernstein equivalence theorem. But the analysis of this episode will corroborate the lack of collaboration between both mathematicians
Hilda Geiringer-von Mises, Charlier series, ideology, and the human side of the emancipation of applied mathematics at the university of Berlin during the 1920s

The controversy surrounding Hilda Geiringer's application for “Habilitation” (permission to teach) at the University of Berlin (1925-1927) sheds some light on the struggle of “applied mathematics” for cognitive and institutional independence. The controversy as well as Geiringer's unpublished reminiscences reveal the decisive influence of Richard von Mises, Geiringer's husband since 1943, on both her career and the course of applied mathematics at the University of Berlin. Some more speculative remarks reflect on the possible ideological background of this controversy in post-World War I Germany. The debate over Geiringer's theses for Habilitation (“Habilitationsschriften”) opens up a chapter of the history of mathematical statistics, namely, expansions of a discrete distribution with an infinite number of values in a series in successive derivatives of the Poisson distribution with respect to the parameter. These expansions were first proposed by the Swedish astronomer C. L. W. Charlier (1862-1934) in 1905
On the first history of Portuguese mathematics

This paper contains information on the works of the Portuguese mathematician F. de B. Garção Stockler (1759-1829) and discusses some aspects connected with the writing of his book Historical Essay on the Origins and Development of Mathematics in Portugal, the first known history of mathematics of a particular country written in Western Europe. The paper is divided into two parts. In the first part, some information is given on Stockler and his published works in the context of Portuguese social, political, and scientific events in the second half of the 18th century and beginning of the 19th century. In the second part, some aspects of the Essay related to its contents, writing, influences, and dating are discussed