pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
"Propertyzing" the Electromagnetic Spectrum: Why It's Important, and How to Begin

The Radio Act of 1927 began a long reign -- 73 years so far -- of all-encompassing federal regulation of the electromagnetic spectrum -- "the airwaves". The Act declared that the spectrum was the property of the entire American people and that it should be managed by the Federal Government "in the public interest". 
The reality of that regulation has been a process in which, all too often, the Federal
Communications Commission has discouraged competition, favored incumbents over entrants and innovators, delayed the development of new technologies, and generally mismanaged a scarce resource.
There is a better way. That way would involve converting the use of the spectrum to a
system of property and property rights, which would function much like the system of property that applies to real estate. The rights, limitations, and boundaries of spectrum ownership could be specified. All spectrum could then be bought and sold, divided or aggregated, put to any legitimate
use, much like real estate, subject only to restrictions on interference (with other's use of their property) and to the application of general business laws, such as the antitrust laws. Property owners could use normal legal channels and procedures to protect their property against interference "trespass", just as is true for real estate.
There would still be a role for the Federal Government in this system -- as the registrar of spectrum holdings (similar to land registries), as an owner of some of this property (parallel to the ownership by government of some real estate), and as the administrative agency that would deal
with those instances of widespread interference that are not adequately handled through private enforcement (much as the Environmental Protection Agency is designed to deal with widespread "pollution" problems that involve real estate); but the principle of property would be at the center, as is true for real estate.
Though one could design a perfect "starting from scratch" property system, such a startingover proposal would be unrealistic. But a good start could be made by immediately establishing property rights with respect to current spectrum allocations and then encouraging property owners to rationalize their holdings.
The FCC should continue its current program of auctioning spectrum and easing restrictions on auctioned spectrum and should move aggressively to establish property rights. But Congressional action is ultimately necessary for the "propertyzing" of the spectrum
Monetary Expansion and Converging Speed in a Growing Economy

This paper explores the effect of monetary policy on the speed of convergence. Using a neoclassical monetary growth model with a cash-in-advance constraint, we conduct numerical evaluation of the effect of changes in the growth rate of money supply on the converging speed of the economy. We find that, in contrast to fiscal actions, a change in monetary policy may produce little impact on the converging speed. This result indicates that the growth effect of inflation established in the theoretical models of money and growth would be extremely small, if we evaluated it quantitatively.
Equity Trading Practices and Market Structure: Assessing Asset Managers'
Demand for Immediacy

This paper summarizes the responses to a questionnaire sent to equity
traders through TraderForum of the Institutional Investor. The
respondents manage in total a very significant percentage of equity
assets under management in the United States. The focus of the questions
was the extent of the demand for immediate execution of orders. We found
that the majority of traders are willing to trade patiently if this
reduces execution costs. Many traders indicate that they frequently
delay trades to obtain better prices. Most respondents indicate that
they are typically given more than a day to implement a large order,
that they typically break up more than 20% of their large orders for
execution over time, and that they regularly take more than a day for a
large order that has been broken into lots to be executed completely.
There is a generally positive view of alternative electronic trading
systems, such as Instinet and Investment Technology Group&rsquo;s POSIT.
The key motives for trading on these systems are reduced market impact,
lower spreads, better liquidity, and anonymity. The respondents indicate
that the key changes that would make alternative electronic systems more
attractive are an increase in execution rates and more convenient times
of trading. The responses to the survey also show that alternative
electronic systems would be used more if the traders did not have soft
dollar arrangements
Two-Proton Correlations from Pb + Pb Central Collisions

The two-proton correlation function at midrapidity from Pb+Pb central collisions at 158 AGeV has been measured by the NA49 experiment. The preliminary results are compared to model predictions from proton source distributions of static thermal Gaussian sources and the transport models of RQMD and VENUS. We obtain an effective proton source size 4.0 +-0.15(stat.) +0.06-0.18(syst.) fm. The RQMD model underpredicts the correlation function (source size 4.41 fm), while the VENUS model overpredicts the correlation function (source size 3.55 fm)
One-Way Networks, Two-Way Networks, Compatibility, and Antitrust

This paper develops some important concepts with respect to networks and compatibility. We note that the familiar concept of complementarity lies at the heart of the concept of compatibility. We further note the distinction between two-way networks (e.g., telephones, railroads, the Internet) and one-way networks (e.g., ATMs, television, distribution and service networks). In
the former, additional customers usually yield direct externalities to other customers; in the latter the externalities are indirect, through increases in the number of varieties (and lower prices) of components. Most industries involve vertically related components and thus are conceptually similar to one-way networks. Accordingly, our analysis of networks has broad applicability to many industrial frameworks. We proceed by exploring the implications of networks and compatibility for antitrust and regulatory policy in three areas: mergers, joint ventures, and
vertical restraints
Limiting Factors in Ecosystems

This unit, designed to span two class periods, helps students understand that physical factors, particularly temperature and precipitation, limit the growth of plant ecosystems. The activity begins with a discussion in which students develop their own ideas about the role of temperature, precipitation, and environment on plant growth. They will then examine X-Y graphs of vegetation growth, temperature, and precipitation versus month for four diverse ecosystems to determine which climatic factor is limiting growth. A worksheet and scoring rubric are provided. Educational levels: Middle school, High school
The Environment of the Malnourished Child

capítulo de libro -- Universidad de Costa Rica, 1976The study of the relation of man to his environment in developing countries
emphasizes the inevitable need for societies to recognize the true causes of
infection, malnutrition, and poverty. The need is for improvement in the quality
of human life in less developed nations, a recommendation easy to prescribe but
difficult to accomplish. Although our pool of knowledge is incomplete, it is
adequate to suggest ways to diminish infection, increase food production, utilize
food more efficiently, improve education, and provide systems of justice to
protect the classes most in need.
The physical environment in tropical and subtropical regions, and the
socioeconomic characteristics of the population inhabiting such regions, favor
maintenance and transmission of a variety of viruses, bacteria, and parasites that
make agricultural progress and social development difficult, and that contribute
to poor fetal growth, nutrient wastage, and deficient postnatal physical growth.
accounting for most of the childhood morbidity and mortality. In this regard.
infections contribute indirectly to the overall food problem in a similar fashion
as pests do in terms of food losses and spoilage. The overall effect could be
comparable or greater than that resulting from an inadequate capacity to
produce or to purchase the food needed.
Thus, my objective has been to stress, within the whole environment, the
importance of infection and the need to diminish it. Waysto control and prevent
infection are readily known. They have to do with education of the population to improve personal and environmental hygiene. Economic investment is necessary
to improve housing and water supply sYstems, waste disposal, and such
preventive measures as immunization programs. Although such measures may
appear expensive when first implemented, they have long-lasting effects and
many require minimal expenditure once they are established. Large segments of
the population stand to benefit, and other development interventions can then
be introduced. However, these measures should not be implemented singly. They
should be accompanied by community development, family planning, social
legislation-in other words, the holistic approach to health and welfare. To do
otherwise may aggravate the problem by stimulating demographic growth, perpetuating
malnutrition and infection, and maintaining underdevelopmentUniversidad de Costa RicaUCR::Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud (INISA
Nondeterminism in algebraic specifications and algebraic programs

"Nondeterminism in Algebraic Specifications and Algebraic Programs" presents a mathematical theory for the integration of three concepts: non-determinism, axiomatic specification and term rewriting. For non-deterministic programs, an algebraic specification language is provided which admits the application of automated tools based on term rewriting techniques. This general framework is used to explore connections between logic programming and algebraic programming. Examples from various areas of computer science are given, including results of computer experiments with a prototypical implementation. This book should be of interest to readers working within several fields of theoretical computer science, from algebraic specification theory to formal descriptions of distributed systems.
On the bias of structural estimation methods in a polynomial regression with measurement error when the distribution of the latent covariate is a mixture of normals

The structural variant of a regression model with measurement error is characterized by the assumption of an underlying known distribution of the latent covariate. Several estimation methods, like regression calibration or structural quasi score estimation, take this distribution into account. In the case of a polynomial regression, which is studied here, structural quasi score takes the form of structural least squares (SLS). Usually the underlying latent distribution is assumed to be the normal distribution because then the estimation methods take a particularly simple form. SLS is consistent as long as this assumption is true. The purpose of the paper is to investigate the amount of bias that results from violations of the normality assumption for the covariate distribution. Deviations from normality are introduced by switching to a mixture of normal distributions. It turns out that the bias reacts only mildly to slight deviations from normality.
The combinatorics of resource sharing

We discuss general models of resource-sharing computations, with emphasis on
the combinatorial structures and concepts that underlie the various deadlock
models that have been proposed, the design of algorithms and deadlock-handling
policies, and concurrency issues. These structures are mostly graph-theoretic
in nature, or partially ordered sets for the establishment of priorities among
processes and acquisition orders on resources. We also discuss graph-coloring
concepts as they relate to resource sharing.Comment: R. Correa et alii (eds.), Models for Parallel and Distributed
  Computation, pp. 27-52. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The
  Netherlands, 200
Realization of Measurement and the Standard Quantum Limit

This paper, following [M. Ozawa, Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 385 (1988)], reports a
refutation of the claim that for monitoring the position of a free mass such as
gravitational-wave interferometers the sensitivity is limited by the so called
standard quantum limit (SQL) due to the uncertainty principle. The latest proof
of the SQL is analyzed to revleal an unsupported assumption on quantum
measurements. Quantum measurement theory is introduced to give a general
criterion for physically realizable measurements in quantum mechanics. A theory
of approximate position measurements is developed to obtain a rigorous
condition for the SQL and also to show that a precise position measurement can
leave the object in an arbitrary family of states independent of the input
state. This concludes that Yuen's proposal of breaking the SQL by a contractive
state measurement, a measurement of the position leaving the free mass in a
state with the position uncertainty decreasing in time, is physically
realizable in principle. To enforce this conclusion, a model for error-free
position measurement that leaves the object in a contractive state is
constructed with a solvable Hamiltonian for measuring interaction. Finally,
this model is shown to break the SQL with arbitrary accuracy.Comment: 24 pages, based on the author's invited address at a NATO Advanced
  Research Workshop on Squeezed and Non-Classical Light, held January 25-29,
  1988, in Cortina d' Ampezzo, Italy. in Squeezed and Nonclassical Light
  (edited by P. Tombesi and R. Pike), NATO ASI Series Volume 190 (Plenum, New
  York, 1989), pp. 263-28
DEA models with production trade-offs and weight restrictions

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7553-9There is a large literature on the use of weight restrictions in multiplier DEA models. In this chapter we provide an alternative view of this subject from the perspective of dual envelopment DEA models in which weight restrictions can be interpreted as production trade-offs. The notion of production trade-offs allows us to state assumptions that certain simultaneous changes to the inputs and outputs are technologically possible in the production process. The incorporation of production trade-offs in the envelopment DEA model, or the corresponding weight restrictions in the multiplier model, leads to a meaningful expansion of the model of production technology. The efficiency measures in DEA models with production trade-offs retain their traditional meaning as the ultimate and technologically realistic improvement factors. This overcomes one of the known drawbacks of weight restrictions assessed using other methods. In this chapter we discuss the assessment of production trade-offs, provide the corresponding theoretical developments and suggest computational methods suitable for the solution of the resulting DEA models
Cross-domain recommender systems

The proliferation of e-commerce sites and online social media has allowed users to provide preference feedback and maintain profiles in multiple systems, reflecting a variety of their tastes and interests. Leveraging all the user preferences available in several systems or domains may be beneficial for generating more encompassing user models and better recommendations, e.g., through mitigating the cold-start and sparsity problems in a target domain, or enabling personalized cross-selling recommendations for items from multiple domains. Cross-domain recommender systems, thus, aim to generate or enhance recommendations in a target domain by exploiting knowledge from source domains. In this chapter, we formalize the cross-domain recommendation problem, unify the perspectives from which it has been addressed, analytically categorize, describe and compare prior work, and identify open issues for future research
Panorama of Recommender Systems to Support Learning

This chapter presents an analysis of recommender systems in TechnologyEnhanced
Learning along their 15 years existence (2000-2014). All recommender
systems considered for the review aim to support educational stakeholders by personalising the learning process. In this meta-review 82 recommender systems from
35 different countries have been investigated and categorised according to a given
classification framework. The reviewed systems have been classified into 7 clusters
according to their characteristics and analysed for their contribution to the evolution
of the RecSysTEL research field. Current challenges have been identified to lead the work of the forthcoming years.Hendrik Drachsler has been partly supported by the FP7 EU Project LACE (619424).
Katrien Verbert is a post-doctoral fellow of the Research Foundation Flanders
(FWO). Olga C. Santos would like to acknowledge that her contributions to this
work have been carried out within the project Multimodal approaches for Affective
Modelling in Inclusive Personalized Educational scenarios in intelligent Contexts
(MAMIPEC -TIN2011-29221-C03-01). Nikos Manouselis has been partially supported
with funding CIP-PSP Open Discovery Space (297229
Understanding and addressing cultural variation in costly antisocial punishment

Altruistic punishment — punishment of those contributing little to the pubic good — has been proposed as an explanation for the extraordinary extent of human culture relative to other species. culture. Altruistic punishment is seen as supporting the high levels of altruism necessary for the cooperation underlying this culture, including information exchange. However, humans will also sometimes punish those who contribute to the public good, even when those contributions directly benefit the punisher. This behaviour — antisocial punishment — is negatively correlated with GDP, and as such may be seen as a hinderance to overall wellbeing. In this chapter, we pursue a better understanding of antisocial punishment in particular and costly punishment in general. We explore existing data showing cultural variation in the propensity to punish, and ask how such sanctioning, whether of those who give much or little, affects the individuals who conduct it. We hypothesise that costly punishment is a mechanism for regulating investment between different levels of society, for example whether an individual’s current focus should be on their nation, village, family or self. We suggest that people are less likely to antisocially punish those they consider to be “in group”, and that the propensity to apply this identity to strangers may vary with socio-economic-political context and resulting individual experience. In particular, an increased propensity to express antisocial punishment should correlate with a lower probability of benefiting from public goods, as may be the case where there is low rule of law. We show both analysis of behavioural economics experiments and evolutionary social simulations to support our hypotheses, and suggest implications for policy makers and other organisations that may wish to intervene to improve general economic wellbeing
Detection and measurement of paracaspase MALT1 activity.

The paracaspase MALT1 is a Cys-dependent, Arg-specific protease that plays an essential role in the activation and proliferation of lymphocytes during the immune response. Oncogenic activation of MALT1 is associated with the development of specific forms of B-cell lymphomas. Through specific cleavage of its substrates, MALT1 controls various aspects of lymphocyte activation, including the activation of transcriptional pathways, the stabilization of mRNAs, and an increase in cellular adhesion. In lymphocytes, the activity of MALT1 is tightly controlled by its inducible monoubiquitination, which promotes the dimerization of MALT1. Here, we describe both in vitro and in vivo assays that have been developed to assess MALT1 activity
Leishmania metacaspase: an arginine-specific peptidase.

The purpose of this chapter is to give insights into metacaspase of Leishmania protozoan parasites as arginine-specific cysteine peptidase. The physiological role of metacaspase in Leishmania is still a matter of debate, whereas its peptidase enzymatic activity has been well characterized. Among the different possible expression systems, metacaspase-deficient yeast cells (Δyca1) have been instrumental in studying the activity of Leishmania major metacaspase (LmjMCA). Here, we describe techniques for purification of LmjMCA and its activity measurement, providing a platform for further identification of LmjMCA substrates
SPOT-Seq-RNA: Predicting protein-RNA complex structure and RNA-binding function by fold recognition and binding affinity prediction

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play key roles in RNA metabolism and post-transcriptional regulation. Computational methods have been developed separately for prediction of RBPs and RNA-binding residues by machine-learning techniques and prediction of protein-RNA complex structures by rigid or semiflexible structure-to-structure docking. Here, we describe a template-based technique called SPOT-Seq-RNA that integrates prediction of RBPs, RNA-binding residues, and protein-RNA complex structures into a single package. This integration is achieved by combining template-based structure-prediction software, SPARKS X, with binding affinity prediction software, DRNA. This tool yields reasonable sensitivity (46 %) and high precision (84 %) for an independent test set of 215 RBPs and 5,766 non-RBPs. SPOT-Seq-RNA is computationally efficient for genome-scale prediction of RBPs and protein-RNA complex structures. Its application to human genome study has revealed a similar sensitivity and ability to uncover hundreds of novel RBPs beyond simple homology. The online server and downloadable version of SPOT-Seq-RNA are available at http://sparks-lab.org/server/SPOT-Seq-RNA/
In Vitro Toxicology Systems

There has been a dramatic increase in the development and use of in vitro systems in all types of biological disciplines but particularly in pharmacology and toxicology. Explant cultures, primary cells and cell lines have been generated for practically many target cell types. There has also been a focus to the development of cells of human origin and techniques such as telomerase over expression have shown great promise. Recently, human pluriopotent stem cells have been the subject of increasing scientific interest as they can potentially differentiate into any desired target cell and can be easily collected from specific individuals. Therefore, stem cells are likely to become an important new tool for developing unique, in vitro model systems for toxicology. In parallel there has been major developments in cell culture techniques and medium development. The use in vitro methods for the drug safety assessment has the potential to radically improve prediction of human toxicity. These biological systems coupled with powerful high content information rich techniques such as transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics is pushing back the boundaries and allowing a true mechanistic understanding of molecular events.  

This book aims to cover the most current advances in in vitro techniques. The first part of the book addresses the biological systems themselves. The intention is to provide the reader with the most up to date information on the status of in vitro systems (models, methods and mechanistic endpoints) specific for the various organs, explain limitations and demonstrate advantages. The second part of the book covers the issues related to the promising new approaches, biomarkers, toxicokinetics, in vitro metabolism, in silico modeling including the aspects relevant for regulatory toxicology. This book will be of equal benefit to toxicologists and pharmacologists, working in basic research or for regulatory purposes.JRC.I.5-Systems Toxicolog