pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Detection of very-high energy γ-ray emission from NGC 1275 by the
  MAGIC telescopes

We report on the detection of very-high energy (VHE, E>100 GeV) gamma-ray
emission from NGC 1275, the central radio galaxy of the Perseus cluster of
galaxies. The source has been detected by the MAGIC telescopes with a
statistical significance of 6.6 sigma above 100 GeV in 46 hr of stereo
observations carried out between August 2010 and February 2011. The measured
differential energy spectrum between 70 GeV and 500 GeV can be described by a
power law with a steep spectral index of \Gamma=-4.1+/-0.7stat+/-0.3syst, and
the average flux above 100 GeV is F_{gamma}=(1.3+/-0.2stat+/-0.3syst) x 10^-11
cm^-2 s^-1. These results, combined with the power-law spectrum measured in the
first two years of observations by the Fermi-LAT above 100 MeV, with a spectral
index of Gamma ~ -2.1, strongly suggest the presence of a break or cut-off
around tens of GeV in the NGC 1275 spectrum. The light curve of the source
above 100 GeV does not show hints of variability on a month time scale.
Finally, we report on the nondetection in the present data of the radio galaxy
IC 310, previously discovered by the Fermi-LAT and MAGIC. The derived flux
upper limit F^{U.L.}_{gamma} (>300 GeV)=1.2 x 10^-12 cm^-2 s^-1 is a factor ~ 3
lower than the mean flux measured by MAGIC between October 2009 and February
2010, thus confirming the year time-scale variability of the source at VHE
Integration of a calcium looping system for CO2 capture in an existing power plant

10th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies[EN] This work analyses a Ca-looping system that uses CaO as regenerable sorbent to capture CO2 from the flue gases generated in an existing supercritical power plant. The CO2 is captured by CaO in a CFB carbonator while coal oxycombustion provides the energy required to regenerate the sorbent. Part of the energy introduced into the calciner can be transferred to a new supercritical steam cycle to generate additional power. Two case studies based on a scenario of low solid circulation rate between reactors have been integrated with the new supercritical steam cycle. Efficiency penalties, mainly associated with the energy consumption of the ASU, CO2 compressor and auxiliaries, can be as low as 7.5 percentage points of net efficiency when working with low CaCO3 make-up flows and integrating the Ca-looping with a cement plant that makes use of the solid purge. 70 % of the CO2 generated in the existing plant is captured under these conditions; with an overall CO2 capture over 86 %.This work is partially supported by the European Commission under the 7th Framework Programme (CaOling project). I. Martínez thanks Diputación General de Aragón for the F.P.I. fellowship.Peer reviewe
Preparation of sol–gel hybrid materials from γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane and tetramethyl orthosilicate: study of the hydrolysis and condensation reactions

Organic–inorganic hybrid materials suitable for\ud
the development of sol–gel coatings for metallic surfaces\ud
were prepared by hydrolysis and condensation of γ-\ud
methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MAPTMS) and tetramethyl\ud
orthosilicate (TMOS). The hydrolysis of MAPTMS/\ud
TMOS was carried out in an ethanol/water solution. The\ud
prehydrolysis stage of MAPTMS/TMOS system was\ud
monitored by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy\ud
(FTIR) and liquid-state 29Si and 13C nuclear magnetic\ud
resonance (29Si and 13C NMR). FTIR analysis indicated\ud
that the hydrolysis of MAPTMS/TMOS was accomplished\ud
as far as the (SiOMe) band corresponding to unhydrolyzed\ud
silane disappeared. The concentration of the alkoxy groups\ud
and the extent of self-condensation of mono-, di-, and\ud
trisubstituted siloxanes (T species) in the sol were estimated\ud
by using liquid-state 29Si NMR spectroscopy. The hydrolysis\ud
of the prepared sol was also evaluated by liquid-state\ud
13C NMR spectroscopy. The results indicated that under the adopted synthesis strategy conditions, the hydrolysis\ud
process requires 4 h to be completed.This work has been supported by the Ministry\ud
of Science and Innovation of Spain (Projects MAT2006-04486 and\ud
MAT2009-13530) and the Regional Community of Madrid (Project\ud
2009/MAT-1585). AA El hadad acknowledges a predoctoral contract\ud
JAE financed by CSIC, and VB acknowledges a Ramon y Cajal\ud
researcher contract financed by CSIC-MICINN.Peer reviewe
Acid/base-triggered switching of circularly polarized luminescence and electronic circular dichroism in organic and organometallic helicenes.\ud

Electronic circular dichroism and circularly polarized luminescence acid/base switching activity has been demonstrated in helicene-bipyridine proligand 1 a and in its “rollover” cycloplatinated derivative 2 a. Whereas proligand 1 a displays a strong bathochromic shift (>160 nm) of the nonpolarized and circularly polarized luminescence upon protonation, complex 2 a displays slightly stronger emission. This strikingly different behavior between singlet emission in the organic helicene and triplet emission in the organometallic derivative has been rationalized by using quantum-chemical calculations. The very large bathochromic shift of the emission observed upon protonation of azahelicene-bipyridine 1 a has been attributed to the decrease in aromaticity (promoting a charge-transfer-type transition rather than a π–π* transition) as well as an increase in the HOMO–LUMO character of the transition and stabilization of the LUMO level upon protonation
A recombinant fusion protein containing a spider toxin specific for the insect voltage-gated sodium ion channel shows oral toxicity towards insects of different orders.

Recombinant fusion protein technology allows specific insecticidal protein and peptide toxins to display activity in orally-delivered biopesticides. The spider venom peptide δ-amaurobitoxin-PI1a, which targets insect voltage-gated sodium channels, was fused to the “carrier” snowdrop lectin (GNA) to confer oral toxicity.\ud
\ud
The toxin itself (PI1a) and an amaurobitoxin/GNA fusion protein (PI1a/GNA) were produced using the yeast Pichia pastoris as expression host. Although both proteins caused mortality when injected into cabbage moth (Mamestra brassicae) larvae, the PI1a/GNA fusion was approximately 6 times as effective as recombinant PI1a on a molar basis. PI1a alone was not orally active against cabbage moth larvae, but a single 30 μg dose of the PI1a/GNA fusion protein caused 100% larval mortality within 6 days when fed to 3rd instar larvae, and caused significant reductions in survival, growth and feeding in 4th – 6th instar larvae. Transport of fusion protein from gut contents to the haemolymph of cabbage moth larvae, and binding to the nerve chord, was shown by Western blotting. The PI1a/GNA fusion protein also caused mortality when delivered orally to dipteran (Musca domestica; housefly) and hemipteran (Acyrthosiphon pisum; pea aphid) insects, making it a promising candidate for development as a biopesticide
How many principles does it take to change a light bulb ... into a
  laser?

Quantum optics did not, and could not, flourish without the laser. The
present paper is not about the principles of laser construction, still less a
history of how the laser was invented. Rather, it addresses the question: what
are the fundamental features that distinguish laser light from thermal light?
The obvious answer, "laser light is coherent", is, I argue, so vague that it
must be put aside at the start, albeit to revisit later. A more specific,
quantum theoretic, version, "laser light is in a coherent state", is simply
wrong in this context: both laser light and thermal light can equally well be
described by coherent states, with amplitudes that vary stochastically in
space. Instead, my answer to the titular question is that four principles are
needed: high directionality, monochromaticity, high brightness, and stable
intensity. Combining the first three of these principles suffices to show, in a
quantitative way --- involving, indeed, very large dimensionless quantities (up
to $\sim10^{51}$) --- that a laser must be constructed very differently from a
light bulb. This quantitative analysis is quite simple, and is easily relatable
to "coherence", yet is not to be found in any text-books on quantum optics to
my knowledge. The fourth principle is the most subtle and, perhaps
surprisingly, is the only one related to coherent states in the quantum optics
sense: it implies that the description in terms of coherent states is the only
simple description of a laser beam. Interestingly, this leads to the (not, as
it turns out, entirely new) prediction that narrowly filtered laser beams are
indistinguishable from similarly filtered thermal beams. I hope that other
educators find this material useful, it may contain surprises even for
researchers who have been in the field longer than I have.Comment: 20 pages, invited submission to "Focus issue on Quantum Optics in the
  International Year of Light" of Physica Script
Search for R-parity violating decays of a top squark in proton-proton
  collisions at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV

The results of a search for a supersymmetric partner of the top quark (top
squark), pair-produced in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV, are
presented. The search, which focuses on R-parity violating, chargino-mediated
decays of the top squark, is performed in final states with low missing
transverse momentum, two oppositely charged electrons or muons, and at least
five jets. The analysis uses a data sample corresponding to an integrated
luminosity of 19.7 inverse femtobarns collected with the CMS detector at the
LHC in 2012. The data are found to be in agreement with the standard model
expectation, and upper limits are placed on the top squark pair production
cross section at 95% confidence level. Assuming a 100% branching fraction for
the top squark decay chain, top squark to t + chargino, chargino to lepton +
jj, top squark masses less than 890 (1000) GeV for the electron (muon) channel
are excluded for the first time in models with a single nonzero R-parity
violating coupling lambda'[ijk] (i,j,k <= 2), where i,j,k correspond to the
three generations.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added the journal reference and DOI.
  All figures and tables can be found at
  http://cms-results.web.cern.ch/cms-results/public-results/publications/EXO-14-013/index.htm
$T^4$ fibrations over Calabi-Yau two-folds and non-Kahler manifolds in
  string theory

We construct a geometric model of eight-dimensional manifolds and realize
them in the context of type II string theory. These eight-manifolds are
constructed by non-trivial $T^{4}$ fibrations over Calabi-Yau two-folds. These
give rise to eight-dimensional non-Kahler Hermitian manifolds with $SU(4)$
structure. The eight-manifold is also a circle fibration over a
seven-dimensional $G_{2}$ manifold with skew torsion. The eight-manifolds of
this type appear as internal manifolds with $SU(4)$ structure in type IIB
string theory with $F_{3}$ and $F_{7}$ fluxes. These manifolds have generalized
calibrated cycles in the presence of fluxes.Comment: 22 page
Stabilizing membrane domains antagonizes n-alcohol anesthesia

Diverse molecules induce general anesthesia with potency strongly correlated
both with their hydrophobicity and their effects on certain ion channels. We
recently observed that several n-alcohol anesthetics inhibit heterogeneity in
plasma membrane derived vesicles by lowering the critical temperature ($T_c$)
for phase separation. Here we exploit conditions that stabilize membrane
heterogeneity to further test the correlation between the anesthetic potency of
n-alcohols and effects on $T_c$. First we show that hexadecanol acts oppositely
to n-alcohol anesthetics on membrane mixing and antagonizes ethanol induced
anesthesia in a tadpole behavioral assay. Second, we show that two previously
described `intoxication reversers' raise $T_c$ and counter ethanol's effects in
vesicles, mimicking the findings of previous electrophysiological and
behavioral measurements. Third, we find that hydrostatic pressure, long known
to reverse anesthesia, also raises $T_c$ in vesicles with a magnitude that
counters the effect of butanol at relevant concentrations and pressures. Taken
together, these results demonstrate that $\Delta T_c$ predicts anesthetic
potency for n-alcohols better than hydrophobicity in a range of contexts,
supporting a mechanistic role for membrane heterogeneity in general anesthesia.Comment: 20 pages, 6 figure
Loss of solution in the symmetry improved Phi-derivable expansion scheme

We consider the two-loop Phi-derivable approximation for the O(2)-symmetric
scalar model, augmented by the symmetry improvement introduced in [A. Pilaftsis
and D. Teresi, Nucl. Phys. B874, 594 (2013)], which enforces Goldstone's
theorem in the broken phase. Although the corresponding equations admit a
solution in the presence of a large enough infrared (IR) regulating scale, we
argue that, for smooth ultraviolet (UV) regulators, the solution is lost when
the IR scale becomes small enough. Infrared regular solutions exist for certain
non-analytic UV regulators, but we argue that these solutions are artifacts
which should disappear when the sensitivity to the UV regulator is removed by a
renormalization procedure. The loss of solution is observed both at zero and at
finite temperature, although it is simpler to identify in the latter case. We
also comment on possible ways to cure this problem.Comment: 20 pages, 7 figures, uses elsarticle, published versio
On the Bargmann-Michel-Telegdi equations, and spin-orbit coupling: a
  tribute to Raymond Stora

The Bargmann-Michel-Telegdi equations describing the motions of a spinning,
charged, relativistic particle endowed with an anomalous magnetic moment in an
electromagnetic field, are reconsidered. They are shown to duly stem from the
linearization of the characteristic distribution of a pre-symplectic structure
refining the original one of Souriau. In this model, once specialized to the
case of a static electric-like field, the angular momentum and energy given by
the associated moment map now correctly restore the spin-orbit coupling term.
This is the state-of-the-art of unfinished joint work with Raymond Stora.Comment: LaTeX, 14 pages. To be published in Memoriam Raymond Stora, Nuclear
  Physics
Cavity ring-up spectroscopy for dissipative and dispersive sensing in a
  whispering gallery mode resonator

In whispering gallery mode resonator sensing applications, the conventional
way to detect a change in the parameter to be measured is by observing the
steady state transmission spectrum through the coupling waveguide.
Alternatively, cavity ring-up spectroscopy (CRUS) sensing can be achieved
transiently. In this work, we investigate CRUS using coupled mode equations and
find analytical solutions with a large spectral broadening approximation of the
input pulse. The relationships between the frequency detuning, coupling gap and
ring-up peak height are determined and experimentally verified using an
ultrahigh \textit{Q}-factor silica microsphere. This work shows that
distinctive dispersive and dissipative transient sensing can be realised by
simply measuring the peak height of the CRUS signal, which might improve the
data collection rate
Flavon-induced connections between lepton flavour mixing and charged
  lepton flavour violation processes

In leptonic flavour models with discrete flavour symmetries, couplings
between flavons and leptons can result in special flavour structures after they
gain vacuum expectation values. At the same time, they can also contribute to
the other lepton-flavour-violating processes. We study the flavon-induced LFV
3-body charged lepton decays and radiative decays and we take as example the
$A_4$ discrete symmetry. In $A_4$ models, a $Z_3$ residual symmetry roughly
holds in the charged lepton sector for the realisation of tri-bimaximal mixing
at leading order. The only processes allowed by this symmetry are $\tau^-\to
\mu^+ e^- e^-, e^+ \mu^- \mu^-$, and the other 3-body and all radiative decays
are suppressed by small $Z_3$-breaking effects. These processes also depend on
the representation the flavon is in, whether pseudo-real (case i) or complex
(case ii). We calculate the decay rates for all processes for each case and
derive their strong connection with lepton flavour mixing. In case i, sum rules
for the branching ratios of these processes are obtained, with typical examples
$\text{Br}(\tau^-\to \mu^+ e^- e^-) \approx \text{Br}(\tau^-\to e^+ \mu^-
\mu^-)$ and $\text{Br}(\tau^-\to e^- \gamma) \approx \text{Br}(\tau^-\to \mu^-
\gamma)$. In case ii, we observe that the mixing between two $Z_3$-covariant
flavons plays an important role. All processes are suppressed by charged lepton
masses and current experimental constraints allow the electroweak scale and the
flavon masses to be around hundreds of GeV. Our discussion can be generalised
in other flavour models with different flavour symmetries.Comment: 28 pages, 3 figures, references added, published versio
The evolution of decision rules in complex environments.

PublishedResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tReviewThis is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Elsevier via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.12.012Models and experiments on adaptive decision-making typically consider highly simplified environments that bear little resemblance to the complex, heterogeneous world in which animals (including humans) have evolved. These studies reveal an array of so-called cognitive biases and puzzling features of behaviour that seem irrational in the specific situation presented to the decision-maker. Here we review an emerging body of work that highlights spatiotemporal heterogeneity and autocorrelation as key properties of most real-world environments that may help us understand why these biases evolved. Ecologically rational decision rules adapted to such environments can lead to apparently maladaptive behaviour in artificial experimental settings. We encourage researchers to consider environments with greater complexity to understand better how evolution has shaped our cognitive systems.This work was funded by the European Research Council (Advanced Grant 250209 to A.I.H.) and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (grant number EP/I032622/1 to Iain D. Gilchrist)
Larval development of Spodoptera eridania (Cramer) fed on leaves of Bt maize expressing Cry1F and Cry1F + Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab2 proteins and its non-Bt isoline.

This study aimed to evaluate, in controlled laboratory conditions (temperature of 25±2 &#57400;C, relative humidity of 60±10%, and 14/10 h L/D photoperiod), the larval development of Spodoptera eridania (Cramer, 1784) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) fed with leaves of Bt maize expressing Cry1F and Cry1F + Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab2 insecticide proteins and its non-Bt isoline. Maize leaves triggered 100% of mortality on S. eridania larvae independently of being Bt or non-Bt plants. However, it was observed that in overall Bt maize (expressing a single or pyramided protein) slightly affects the larval development of S. eridania, even under reduced leaf consumption. Therefore, these results showed that Cry1F and Cry1F + Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab2 can affect the larval development of S. eridania, although it is not a target pest of this plant; however, more research is needed to better understand this evidence. Finally, this study confirms that non-Bt maize leaves are unsuitable food source to S. eridania larvae, suggesting that they are not a potential pest in maize fields.201
Guaranteed and robust discontinuous Galerkin a posteriori error estimates for convection-diffusion-reaction problems

International audienceWe propose and study a posteriori error estimates for convection-diffusion-reaction problems with inhomogeneous and anisotropic diffusion approximated by weighted interior-penalty discontinuous Galerkin methods. Our twofold objective is to derive estimates without undetermined constants and to analyze carefully the robustness of the estimates in singularly perturbed regimes due to dominant convection or reaction. We first derive locally computable estimates for the error measured in the energy (semi)norm. These estimates are evaluated using H(div)-conforming diffusive and convective flux reconstructions, thereby extending previous work on pure diffusion problems. The resulting estimates are semi-robust in the sense that local lower error bounds can be derived using suitable cutoff functions of the local Peclet and Damkohler numbers. Fully robust estimates are obtained for the error measured in an augmented norm consisting of the energy (semi)norm, a dual norm of the skew-symmetric part of the differential operator, and a suitable contribution of the interelement jumps of the discrete solution. Numerical experiments are presented to illustrate the theoretical results
Explicit computation of the electrostatic energy for an elliptical charged disc.

International audienceThis letter describes a method for obtaining an explicit expression for the electrostatic energy of a charged elliptical infinitely thin disc. The charge distribution is assumed to be polynomial. Such explicit values for this energy are fundamental for assessing the accuracy of boundary element codes. The main tools used are an extension of Copson's method and a diagonalization, given by Leppington and Levine, of the single-layer potential operator associated with the electrostatic potential created by a distribution of charges on the elliptical disc
Stratified medicine for mental disorders.

There is recognition that biomedical research into the causes of mental disorders and their treatment needs to adopt new approaches to research. Novel biomedical techniques have advanced our understanding of how the brain develops and is shaped by behaviour and environment. This has led to the advent of stratified medicine, which translates advances in basic research by targeting aetiological mechanisms underlying mental disorder. The resulting increase in diagnostic precision and targeted treatments may provide a window of opportunity to address  the large public health burden, and individual suffering associated with mental disorders. While mental health and mental disorders have significant representation in the "health, demographic change and wellbeing" challenge identified in Horizon 2020, the framework programme for research and innovation of the European Commission (2014-2020), and in national funding agencies, clear advice on a potential strategy for mental health research investment is needed. The development of such a strategy is supported by the EC-funded "Roadmap for Mental Health Research" (ROAMER) which will provide recommendations for a European mental health research strategy integrating the areas of biomedicine, psychology, public health well being, research integration and structuring, and stakeholder participation. Leading experts on biomedical research on mental disorders have provided an assessment of the state of the art in core psychopathological domains, including arousal and stress regulation, affect, cognition social processes, comorbidity and pharmacotherapy. They have identified major advances and promising methods and pointed out gaps to be addressed in order to achieve the promise of a stratified medicine for mental disorders
Observing heme doming in myoglobin with femtosecond X-ray absorption spectroscopya)

International audienceWe report time-resolved X-ray absorption measurements after photolysis of carbonmonoxy myoglobin performed at the LCLS X-ray free electron laser with nearly 100 fs (FWHM) time resolution. Data at the Fe K-edge reveal that the photoinduced structural changes at the heme occur in two steps, with a faster (∼70 fs) relaxation preceding a slower (∼400 fs) one. We tentatively attribute the first relaxation to a structural rearrangement induced by photolysis involving essentially only the heme chromophore and the second relaxation to a residual Fe motion out of the heme plane that is coupled to the displacement of myoglobin F-heli