pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Measurement of the total cross section from elastic scattering in $pp$
  collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV with the ATLAS detector

A measurement of the total $pp$ cross section at the LHC at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV
is presented. In a special run with high-$\beta^{\star}$ beam optics, an
integrated luminosity of 80 $\mu$b$^{-1}$ was accumulated in order to measure
the differential elastic cross section as a function of the Mandelstam momentum
transfer variable $t$. The measurement is performed with the ALFA sub-detector
of ATLAS. Using a fit to the differential elastic cross section in the $|t|$
range from 0.01 GeV$^2$ to 0.1 GeV$^2$ to extrapolate to $|t|\rightarrow 0$,
the total cross section, $\sigma_{\mathrm{tot}}(pp\rightarrow X)$, is measured
via the optical theorem to be: $$\sigma_{\mathrm{tot}}(pp\rightarrow X) = 95.35
\; \pm 0.38 \; ({\mbox{stat.}}) \pm 1.25 \; ({\mbox{exp.}}) \pm 0.37 \;
(\mbox{extr.}) \; \mbox{mb},$$ where the first error is statistical, the second
accounts for all experimental systematic uncertainties and the last is related
to uncertainties in the extrapolation to $|t|\rightarrow 0$. In addition, the
slope of the elastic cross section at small $|t|$ is determined to be $B =
19.73 \pm 0.14 \; ({\mbox{stat.}}) \pm 0.26 \; ({\mbox{syst.}}) \;
\mbox{GeV}^{-2}$.Comment: 38 pages plus author list + cover pages (54 pages total), 21 figures,
  11 tables, submitted to Nuclear Physics B, All figures including auxiliary
  figures are available at
  http://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/PAPERS/STDM-2013-10
Two-Loop Superstrings I, Main Formulas

An unambiguous and slice-independent formula for the two-loop superstring
measure on moduli space for even spin structure is constructed from first
principles. The construction uses the super-period matrix as moduli invariant
under worldsheet supersymmetry. This produces new subtle contributions to the
gauge-fixing process, which eliminate all the ambiguities plaguing earlier
gauge-fixed formulas.
  The superstring measure can be computed explicitly and a simple expression in
terms of modular forms is obtained. For fixed spin structure, the measure
exhibits the expected behavior under degenerations of the surface. The measure
allows for a unique modular covariant GSO projection. Under this GSO
projection, the cosmological constant, the 1-, 2- and 3- point functions of
massless supergravitons all vanish pointwise on moduli space without the
appearance of boundary terms. A certain disconnected part of the 4-point
function is shown to be given by a convergent, finite integral on moduli space.
A general slice-independent formula is given for the two-loop cosmological
constant in compactifications with central charge c=15 and N=1 worldsheet
supersymmetry in terms of the data of the compactification conformal field
theory.
  In this paper, a summary of the above results is presented with detailed
constructions, derivations and proofs to be provided in a series of subsequent
publications.Comment: 21 pages, no figures, references added, minor typos correcte
Genuine Correlations of Like-Sign Particles in Hadronic $Z^0$ Decays

Correlations among hadrons with the same electric charge produced in Z0 decays are studied using the high statistics data collected from 1991 through 1995 with the OPAL detector at LEP. Normalized factorial cumulants up to fourth order are used to measure genuine particle correlations as a function of the size of phase space domains in rapidity, azimuthal angle and transverse momentum. Both all-charge and like-sign particle combinations show strong positive genuine correlations. One-dimensional cumulants initially increase rapidly with decreasing size of the phase space cells but saturate quickly. In contrast, cumulants in two- and three-dimensional domains continue to increase. The strong rise of the cumulants for all-charge multiplets is increasingly driven by that of like-sign multiplets. This points to the likely influence of Bose-Einstein correlations. Some of the recently proposed algorithms to simulate Bose-Einstein effects, implemented in the Monte Carlo model PYTHIA, are found to reproduce reasonably well the measured second- and higher-order correlations between particles with the same charge as well as those in all-charge particle multiplets
Central charges, black-hole entropy and geometrical structure of
  N-extended supergravities in D=4

The derivation of absolute (moduli-independent) U-invariants for all N>2
extended supergravities at D=4 in terms of (moduli-dependent) central and
matter charges is reported. These invariants give a general definition of the
``topological'' Bekenstein-Hawking entropy formula for extremal black-holes and
reduce to the square of the black-hole ADM mass for ``fixed scalars'' which
extremize the black-hole ``potential'' energy.Comment: 6 pages, uses neuchatel.sty (included), contribution to proceedings
  of "Quantum Aspects of Gauge Theories, Supersymmetry and Unification",
  Neuchatel, September 18-23, 199
Standard isotrivial fibrations with p_g=q=1

A smooth, projective surface $S$ of general type is said to be a
\emph{standard isotrivial fibration} if there exist a finite group $G$ which
acts faithfully on two smooth projective curves $C$ and $F$ so that $S$ is
isomorphic to the minimal desingularization of $T:=(C \times F)/G$. If $T$ is
smooth then $S=T$ is called a $\emph{quasi-bundle}$. In this paper we classify
the standard isotrivial fibrations with $p_g=q=1$ which are not quasi-bundles,
assuming that all the singularities of $T$ are rational double points. As a
by-product, we provide several new examples of minimal surfaces of general type
with $p_g=q=1$ and $K_S^2=4,6$.Comment: 31 pages. Final version, to appear in J. Algebr
Analytical E1 strength functions of two-neutron halo nuclei: the 6-He
  example

An analytical model is developed to study the spectra of electromagnetic
dissociation of two-neutron halo nuclei without precise knowledge about initial
and final states. Phenomenological three-cluster bound state wave functions,
reproducing the most relevant features of these nuclei, are used along with no
interaction final states. The 6-He nucleus is considered as a test case, and a
good agreement with experimental data concerning the shape of the spectrum and
the magnitude of the strength function is found.Comment: 19 pages, 4 figures Accepted for publishing in Nuclear Physics
Computing solutions for matching games.

A matching game is a cooperative game (N, v) defined on a graph G = (N, E) with an edge weighting w: E® \mathbb R+w:ER+. The player set is N and the value of a coalition S Í NSN is defined as the maximum weight of a matching in the subgraph induced by S. First we present an O(nm + n 2 log n) algorithm that tests if the core of a matching game defined on a weighted graph with n vertices and m edges is nonempty and that computes a core member if the core is nonempty. This algorithm improves previous work based on the ellipsoid method and can also be used to compute stable solutions for instances of the stable roommates problem with payments. Second we show that the nucleolus of an n-player matching game with a nonempty core can be computed in O(n 4) time. This generalizes the corresponding result of Solymosi and Raghavan for assignment games. Third we prove that is NP-hard to determine an imputation with minimum number of blocking pairs, even for matching games with unit edge weights, whereas the problem of determining an imputation with minimum total blocking value is shown to be polynomial-time solvable for general matching games
Common folate gene variant, MTHFR C677T, is associated with brain structure in two independent cohorts of people with mild cognitive impairment☆

A commonly carried C677T polymorphism in a folate-related gene, MTHFR, is associated with higher plasma homocysteine, a well-known mediator of neuronal damage and brain atrophy. As homocysteine promotes brain atrophy, we set out to discover whether people carrying the C677T MTHFR polymorphism which increases homocysteine, might also show systematic differences in brain structure. Using tensor-based morphometry, we tested this association in 359 elderly Caucasian subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (mean age: 75 ± 7.1 years) scanned with brain MRI and genotyped as part of Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. We carried out a replication study in an independent, non-overlapping sample of 51 elderly Caucasian subjects with MCI (mean age: 76 ± 5.5 years), scanned with brain MRI and genotyped for MTHFR, as part of the Cardiovascular Health Study. At each voxel in the brain, we tested to see where regional volume differences were associated with carrying one or more MTHFR ‘T’ alleles. In ADNI subjects, carriers of the MTHFR risk allele had detectable brain volume deficits, in the white matter, of up to 2–8% per risk T allele locally at baseline and showed accelerated brain atrophy of 0.5–1.5% per T allele at 1 year follow-up, after adjusting for age and sex. We replicated these brain volume deficits of up to 5–12% per MTHFR T allele in the independent cohort of CHS subjects. As expected, the associations weakened after controlling for homocysteine levels, which the risk gene affects. The MTHFR risk variant may thus promote brain atrophy by elevating homocysteine levels. This study aims to investigate the spatially detailed effects of this MTHFR polymorphism on brain structure in 3D, pointing to a causal pathway that may promote homocysteine-mediated brain atrophy in elderly people with MCI
Schr\"odinger geometries arising from Yang-Baxter deformations

We present further examples of the correspondence between solutions of type
IIB supergravity and classical $r$-matrices satisfying the classical
Yang-Baxter equation (CYBE). In the previous works, classical $r$-matrices have
been composed of generators of only one of either $\mathfrak{so}(2,4)$ or
$\mathfrak{so}(6)$. In this paper, we consider some examples of $r$-matrices
with both of them. The $r$-matrices of this kind contain (generalized)
Schr\"odinger spacetimes and gravity duals of dipole theories. It is known that
the generalized Schr\"odinger spacetimes can also be obtained via a certain
class of TsT transformations called null Melvin twists. The metric and NS-NS
two-form are reproduced by following the Yang-Baxter sigma-model description.Comment: 25 pages, LaTeX, no figure, v2: references and minor clarifications
  adde
Zeros of polynomials orthogonal with respect to a signed weight

In this paper we consider the polynomial sequence $(P_{n}^{\alpha,q}(x))$
that is orthogonal on $[-1,1]$ with respect to the weight function
$x^{2q+1}(1-x^{2})^{\alpha}(1-x), \alpha>-1, q\in \mathbb N$; we obtain the
coefficients of the tree-term recurrence relation (TTRR) by using a different
method from the one derived in \cite{kn:atia1}; we prove that the interlacing
property does not hold properly for $(P_n^{\alpha,q}(x))$; and we also prove
that, if $x_{n,n}^{\alpha+i,q+j}$ is the largest zero of
$P_{n}^{\alpha+i,q+j}(x)$, $\displaystyle x_{2n-2j,2n-2j}^{\alpha+j,q+j}<
x_{2n-2i,2n-2i}^{\alpha+i,q+i}, 0\leq i<j\leq n-1$.Comment: 12 pages, 1 figur
Measurement of the underlying event activity using charged-particle jets
  in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 2.76 TeV

A measurement of the underlying event (UE) activity in proton-proton
collisions is performed using events with charged-particle jets produced in the
central pseudorapidity region (abs(eta[jet]) < 2) and with transverse momentum
1<= pt[jet] < 100 GeV. The analysis uses a data sample collected at a
centre-of-mass energy of 2.76 TeV with the CMS experiment at the LHC. The UE
activity is measured as a function of pt[jet] in terms of the average
multiplicity and scalar sum of transverse momenta (pt) of charged particles,
with abs(eta) < 2 and pt > 0.5 GeV, in the azimuthal region transverse to the
highest pt jet direction. By further dividing the transverse region into two
regions of smaller and larger activity, various components of the UE activity
are separated. The measurements are compared to previous results at 0.9 and 7
TeV, and to predictions of several Monte Carlo event generators, providing
constraints on the modelling of the UE dynamics.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO
Design, Synthesis and SAR Exploration of Tri-substituted 1,2,4-Triazoles as Inhibitors of the Annexin A2-S100A10 Protein Interaction

The work described here was supported by Cancer Research UK (Grant reference C21559/A11597 and C21559/A7252). Copyright 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).Recent target validation studies have shown that inhibition of the protein interaction between annexin A2 and the S100A10 protein may have potential therapeutic benefits in cancer. Virtual screening identified certain 3,4,5-trisubstituted 4H-1,2,4-triazoles as moderately potent inhibitors of this interaction. A series of analogues were synthesized based on the 1,2,4-triazole scaffold and were evaluated for inhibition of the annexin A2???S100A10 protein interaction in competitive binding assays. 2-[(5-{[(4,6-Dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl}-4-(furan-2-ylmethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)sulfanyl]-N-[4-(propan-2-yl)phenyl]acetamide (36) showed improved potency and was shown to disrupt the native complex between annexin A2 and S100A1
Thomas-Fermi approach to resonant tunneling in δ-doped diodes

We study resonant tunneling in B-8-doped diodes grown by Si-molecular beam epitaxy. A
Thomas-Fermi approach is used to obtain the conduction-band modulation. Using a scalar
Hamiltonian within the effective-mass approximation we demonstrate that the occurrence of
negative differential resistance (NDR) only involves conduction-band states, whereas interband tunneling effects seem to be negligible. Our theoretical results are in very good agreement with recent experimental observations of NDR in this type of diode.F. D.-A. acknowledges support from UCM through project PR 161/93-4811. A. S. acknowledges partial support from c.I.c. y T. (Spain) through project PB92-0248 and by the European Union Human Capital and Mobility Programme through contract ERBCHRXCT930413.Publicad
The enactment of socio-technical transition pathways: a reformulated typology and a comparative multi-level analysis of theGerman and UK low-carbon electricity transitions (1990–2014)

tThis paper aims to make two contributions to the sustainability transitions literature, in particular theGeels and Schot (2007. Res. Policy 36(3), 399) transition pathways typology. First, it reformulates anddifferentiates the typology through the lens of endogenous enactment, identifying the main patternsfor actors, formal institutions, and technologies. Second, it suggests that transitions may shift betweenpathways, depending on struggles over technology deployment and institutions. Both contributions aredemonstrated with a comparative analysis of unfolding low-carbon electricity transitions in Germanyand the UK between 1990–2014. The analysis shows that Germany is on a substitution pathway, enactedby new entrants deploying small-scale renewable electricity technologies (RETs), while the UK is on atransformation pathway, enacted by incumbent actors deploying large-scale RETs. Further analysis showsthat the German transition has recently shifted from a ‘stretch-and-transform’ substitution pathway to a‘fit-and-conform’ pathway, because of a fightback from utilities and altered institutions. It also shows thatthe UK transition moved from moderate to substantial incumbent reorientation, as government policiesbecame stronger. Recent policy changes, however, substantially downscaled UK renewables support,which is likely to shift the transition back to weaker reorientation
RNA Interference by Single- and Double-stranded siRNA With a DNA Extension Containing a 3′ Nuclease-resistant Mini-hairpin Structure

Selective gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi) involves double-stranded small interfering RNA (ds siRNA) composed of single-stranded (ss) guide and passenger RNAs. siRNA is recognized and processed by Ago2 and C3PO, endonucleases of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). RISC cleaves passenger RNA, exposing the guide RNA for base-pairing with its homologous mRNA target. Remarkably, the 3' end of passenger RNA can accommodate a DNA extension of 19-nucleotides without loss of RNAi function. This construct is termed passenger-3'-DNA/ds siRNA and includes a 3'-nuclease-resistant mini-hairpin structure. To test this novel modification further, we have now compared the following constructs: (I) guide-3'-DNA/ds siRNA, (II) passenger-3'-DNA/ds siRNA, (III) guide-3'-DNA/ss siRNA, and (IV) passenger-3'-DNA/ss siRNA. The RNAi target was SIRT1, a cancer-specific survival factor. Constructs I-III each induced selective knock-down of SIRT1 mRNA and protein in both noncancer and cancer cells, accompanied by apoptotic cell death in the cancer cells. Construct IV, which lacks the SIRT1 guide strand, had no effect. Importantly, the 3'-DNA mini-hairpin conferred nuclease resistance to constructs I and II. Resistance required the double-stranded RNA structure since single-stranded guide-3'-DNA/ss siRNA (construct III) was susceptible to serum nucleases with associated loss of RNAi activity. The potential applications of 3'-DNA/siRNA constructs are discussed. Molecular Therapy-Nucleic Acids (2014) 2, e141; doi:10.1038/mtna.2013.68; published online 7 January 2014
Pain and pain tolerance in whiplash-associated disorders:A population-based study

<p>Background: Pain is a cardinal symptom in individuals with whiplash-associated disorders (WAD). We aimed to compare pain characteristics between individuals with WAD and individuals reporting chronic pain from other causes, and to determine whether potential differences were accounted for by experimental pain tolerance.</p>
<p>Methods: Data from the 6th Troms&oslash; Study (2007&ndash;2008, n = 12,981) were analysed. The number of painful locations was compared between individuals with WAD and individuals reporting chronic pain from other causes using negative binomial regression, pain frequency using multinomial logistic regression and pain intensity using multiple linear regression. Differences in experimental pain tolerance (cold pressor test) were tested using Cox regression; one model compared individuals with WAD to those with chronic pain from other causes, one compared the two groups with chronic pain to individuals without chronic pain. Subsequently, regression models investigating clinical pain characteristics were adjusted for pain tolerance.</p>
<p>Results: Of individuals with WAD, 96% also reported other causes for pain. Individuals with WAD reported a higher number of painful locations [median (inter-quartile range): 5 (3.5&ndash;7) vs. 3 (2&ndash;5), p &lt; 0.001] and higher pain intensity (crude mean difference = 0.78, p &lt; 0.001) than individuals with chronic pain from other causes. Pain tolerance did not differ between these two groups. Compared to individuals without chronic pain, individuals with WAD and individuals with chronic pain from other causes had reduced pain tolerance.</p>
<p>Conclusions: Individuals with WAD report more additional causes of pain, more painful locations and higher pain intensity than individuals with chronic pain from other causes. The increased pain reporting was not accounted for by pain tolerance.</p
Photonic nano-structures on (111)-oriented diamond

We demonstrate the fabrication of single-crystalline diamond nanopillars on a (111)-oriented chemical vapor deposited diamond substrate. This crystal orientation offers optimal coupling of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center emission to the nanopillar mode and is thus advantageous over previous approaches. We characterize single native NV centers in these nanopillars and find one of the highest reported saturated fluorescence count rates in single crystalline diamond in excess of 106 counts per second. We show that our nano-fabrication procedure conserves the preferential alignment as well as the spin coherence of the NVs in our structures. Our results will enable a new generation of highly sensitive probes for NV magnetometry and pave the way toward photonic crystals with optimal orientation of the NV center's emission dipole
Deglaciation of a major palaeo-ice stream in Disko Trough, West Greenland

Recent work has confirmed that grounded ice reached the shelf break in central West Greenland during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Here we use a combination of marine sediment-core data, including glacimarine lithofacies and IRD proxy records, and geomorphological and acoustic facies evidence to examine the nature of and controls on the retreat of a major outlet of the western sector of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) across the shelf. Retreat of this outlet, which contained the ancestral Jakobshavns Isbræ ice stream, from the outer shelf in Disko Trough was rapid and progressed predominantly through iceberg calving, however, minor pauses in retreat (tens of years) occurred on the middle shelf at a trough narrowing forming subtle grounding-zone wedges. By 12.1 cal kyr BP ice had retreated to a basalt escarpment and shallow banks on the inner continental shelf, where it was pinned and stabilised for at least 100 years. During this time the ice margin appears to have formed a calving bay over the trough and melting became an important mechanism of ice-mass loss. Fine-grained sediments (muds) were deposited alternately with IRD-rich sediments (diamictons) forming a characteristic deglacial lithofacies that may be related to seasonal climatic cycles. High influxes of subglacial meltwater, emanating from the nearby ice margins, deposited muddy sediments during the warmer summer months whereas winters were dominated by iceberg calving leading to the deposition of the diamictons. This is the first example of this glacimarine lithofacies from a continental-shelf setting and we suggest that the calving-bay configuration of the ice margin, plus the switching between calving and melting as ablation mechanisms, facilitated its deposition by channelling meltwater and icebergs through the inner trough. The occurrence of a major stillstand on the inner shelf in Disko Trough demonstrates that the ice-dynamical response to local topography was a crucial control on the behaviour of a major outlet in this sector of the GrIS during retreat
Search for the production of dark matter in association with top-quark pairs in the single-lepton final state in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV

A search is presented for particle dark matter produced in association with a pair of top quarks in pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of sqrt(s) = 8 TeV. The data were collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 inverse femtobarns. This search requires the presence of one lepton, multiple jets, and large missing transverse energy. No excess of events is found above the SM expectation, and upper limits are derived on the production cross section. Interpreting the findings in the context of a scalar contact interaction between fermionic dark matter particles and top quarks, lower limits on the interaction scale are set. These limits are also interpreted in terms of the dark matter-nucleon scattering cross sections for the spin-independent scalar operator and they complement direct searches for dark matter particles in the low mass region