pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Fossil group origins IV. Characterization of the sample and observational properties of fossil systems

This work was partially funded by the Spanish MICINN (grant AYA2010-21887-C04-04), and the local Canarian Government (grant ProID20100140). E.D. gratefully acknowledges support from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. M.G. acknowledges financial support from the MIUR PRIN/2010−2011 (J91J12000450001). E.M.C. is supported by Padua University (grants 60A02-1283/10,5052/11, 4807/12). J.I.P. and J.V.M. acknowledge financial support from the Spanish MINECO under grant AYA2010-21887-C04-01, and from Junta de Andalucía Excellence Project PEX2011-FQM7058. J.M.A. acknowledges support from the European Research Council Starting Grant (SEDmorph; P.I. V. Wild).Context. Virialized halos grow by the accretion of smaller ones in the cold dark matter scenario. The rate of accretion depends on the different properties of the host halo. Those halos for which this accretion rate was very fast and efficient resulted in systems dominated by a central galaxy surrounded by smaller galaxies that were at least two magnitudes fainter. These galaxy systems are called fossil systems, and they can be the fossil relics of ancient galaxy structures. Aims. We started an extensive observational program to characterize a sample of 34 fossil group candidates spanning a broad range of physical properties. Methods. Deep r-band images were obtained with the 2.5-m Isaac Newton Telescope and Nordic Optic Telescope. Optical spectroscopic observations were performed at the 3.5-m Telescopio Nazionale Galileo for ~1200 galaxies. This new dataset was completed with Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7 archival data to obtain robust cluster membership and global properties of each fossil group candidate. For each system, we recomputed the magnitude gaps between the two brightest galaxies (Δm12) and the first and fourth ranked galaxies (Δm14) within 0.5 R200. We consider fossil systems to be those with Δm12 ≥ 2 mag14 or Δm ≥ 2.5 mag within the errors. Results. We find that 15 candidates turned out to be fossil systems. Their observational properties agree with those of non-fossil systems. Both follow the same correlations, but the fossil systems are always extreme cases. In particular, they host the brightest central galaxies, and the fraction of total galaxy light enclosed in the brightest group galaxy is larger in fossil than in non-fossil systems. Finally, we confirm the existence of genuine fossil clusters. Conclusions. Combining our results with others in the literature, we favor the merging scenario in which fossil systems formed from mergers of L* galaxies. The large magnitude gap is a consequence of the extreme merger ratio within fossil systems and therefore it is an evolutionary effect. Moreover, we suggest that at least one fossil group candidate in our sample could represent a transitional fossil stage. This system could have been a fossil in the past, but not now owing to the recent accretion of another group of galaxies.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
Stellar population gradients in galaxy discs from the CALIFA survey : the influence of bars

We acknowledge financial support from the research projects under grants AYA2010-21887-C04-03, AYA2010-21322-C03-03 and AYA2010-15081 by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación.While studies of gas-phase metallicity gradients in disc galaxies are common, very little has been done towards the acquisition of stellar abundance gradients in the same regions. We present here a comparative study of the stellar metallicity and age distributions in a sample of 62 nearly face-on, spiral galaxies with and without bars, using data from the CALIFA survey. We measure the slopes of the gradients and study their relation with other properties of the galaxies. We find that the mean stellar age and metallicity gradients in the disc are shallow and negative. Furthermore, when normalized to the effective radius of the disc, the slope of the stellar population gradients does not correlate with the mass or with the morphological type of the galaxies. In contrast to this, the values of both age and metallicity at ~2.5 scale lengths correlate with the central velocity dispersion in a similar manner to the central values of the bulges, although bulges show, on average, older ages and higher metallicities than the discs. One of the goals of the present paper is to test the theoretical prediction that non-linear coupling between the bar and the spiral arms is an efficient mechanism for producing radial migrations across significant distances within discs. The process of radial migration should flatten the stellar metallicity gradient with time and, therefore, we would expect flatter stellar metallicity gradients in barred galaxies. However, we do not find any difference in the metallicity or age gradients between galaxies with and without bars. We discuss possible scenarios that can lead to this lack of difference.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
The sloan digital sky survey reverberation mapping project : ensemble spectroscopic variability of quasar broad emission lines

M.Y.S. acknowledges support from the China Scholarship Council (No. [2013]3009). J.R.T. and Y.S. acknowledge support from NASA through Hubble Fellowship grants #51330 and #51314, respectively, awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA under contract NAS 5-26555. W.N.B. acknowledges support from NSF grant AST-1108604 and the V. M. Willaman Endowment. KDD is supported by an NSF AAPF fellowship awarded under NSF grant AST-1302093.We explore the variability of quasars in the Mg ii and Hβ broad emission lines and ultraviolet/optical continuum emission using the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Reverberation Mapping project (SDSS-RM). This is the largest spectroscopic study of quasar variability to date: our study includes 29 spectroscopic epochs from SDSS-RM over 6 months, containing 357 quasars with Mg ii and 41 quasars with Hβ . On longer timescales, the study is also supplemented with two-epoch data from SDSS-I/II. The SDSS-I/II data include an additional 2854 quasars with Mg ii and 572 quasars with Hβ . The Mg ii emission line is significantly variable (Δƒ/ƒ ~ 10% on ~100-day timescales), a necessary prerequisite for its use for reverberation mapping studies. The data also confirm that continuum variability increases with timescale and decreases with luminosity, and the continuum light curves are consistent with a damped random-walk model on rest-frame timescales of ≳5 days. We compare the emission-line and continuum variability to investigate the structure of the broad-line region. Broad-line variability shows a shallower increase with timescale compared to the continuum emission, demonstrating that the broad-line transfer function is not a δ-function. Hβ is more variable than Mg ii (roughly by a factor of ~1.5), suggesting different excitation mechanisms, optical depths and/or geometrical configuration for each emission line. The ensemble spectroscopic variability measurements enabled by the SDSS-RM project have important consequences for future studies of reverberation mapping and black hole mass estimation of 1<픃<2 quasars.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
Unified functional network and nonlinear time series analysis for complex systems science : The pyunicorn package

28 pages, 16 figures ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work has been financially supported by the Leibniz association (project ECONS), the German National Academic Foundation, the Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) via the Potsdam Research Cluster for Georisk Analysis, Environmental Change and Sustainability (PROGRESS), the BMBF Young Investigators Group CoSy-CC2 (grant no. 01LN1306A), BMBF project GLUES, the Stordalen Foundation, IRTG 1740 (DFG) and Marie-Curie ITN LINC (P7-PEOPLE-2011-ITN, grant No. 289447). We thank Kira Rehfeld and Nora Molkenthin for helpful discussions. Hanna C.H. Schultz, Alraune Zech, Jan H. Feldhoff, Aljoscha Rheinwalt, Hannes Kutza, Alexander Radebach, Alexej Gluschkow, Paul Schultz, and Stefan Schinkel are acknowledged for contributing to the development of pyunicorn at different stages. We thank all those people who have helped improving the software by testing, using, and commenting on it. pyunicorn is available at https://github.com/pik-copan/pyunicorn as a part of PIK’s TOCSY toolbox. The distribution includes an extensive online documentation system with the detailed API documentation also being available in the PDF format (Supplementary Material). The software description in this article as well as in the Supplementary Material are based on the pyunicorn release version 0.5.0.Peer reviewedPublisher PD
Interfacing concepts: Why declaration style shouldn't matter

<p>A concept (or signature) describes the interface of a set of abstract types by listing the operations that should be supported for those types. When implementing a generic operation, such as sorting, we may then specify requirements such as &ldquo;elements must be comparable&rdquo; by requiring that the element type models the Comparable concept. We may also use axioms to describe behaviour that should be common to all models of a concept.</p>
<p>However, the operations specified by the concept are not always the ones that are best suited for the implementation. For example, numbers and matrices may both be addable, but adding two numbers is conveniently done by using a return value, whereas adding a sparse and a dense matrix is probably best achieved by modifying the dense matrix. In both cases, though, we may want to pretend we&#39;re using a simple function with a return value, as this most closely matches the notation we know from mathematics. This paper presents two simple concepts to break the notational tie between implementation and use of an operation: functionalisation, which derives a set of canonical pure functions from a procedure; and mutification, which translates calls using the functionalised declarations into calls to the implemented procedure.</p
Thermodynamic properties of asymptotically anti-de Sitter black holes in d=4 Einstein-Yang-Mills theory

We investigate the thermodynamics of spherically symmetric black hole solutions in a four-dimensional Einstein-Yang-Mills-SU(2) theory with a negative cosmological constant. Special attention is paid to configurations with a unit magnetic charge. We find that a set of Reissner-Nordstrom-Anti-de Sitter black holes can become unstable to forming non-Abelian hair. However, the hairy black holes are never thermodynamically favoured over the full set of abelian monopole solutions. The thermodynamics of the generic configurations possessing a noninteger magnetic charge is also discussed. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
Enhanced time response of 1-in. LaBr_3(Ce) crystals by leading edge and constant fraction techniques

We have characterized in depth the time response of three detectors equipped with cylindrical LaBr_3(Ce) crystals with dimensions of 1-in. in height and 1-in. in diameter, and having nominal Ce doping concentration of 5%, 8% and 10%. Measurements were performed at Co-60 and Na-22 gamma-ray energies against a fast BaF2 reference detector. The time resolution was optimized by the choice of the photomultiplier bias voltage and the fine tuning of the parameters of the constant fraction discriminator, namely the zero-crossing and the external delay. We report here on the optimal time resolution of the three crystals. It is observed that timing properties are influence('by the amount of Ce doping and the crystal homogeneity. For the crystal with 8% of Ce doping the use of the ORTEC 935 CFD at very shorts delays in addition to the Hamamatsu R9779 PMT has made it possible to improve the LaBr3(Ce) time resolution from the best literature value at Co-60 photon energies to below 100 ps. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Abyssal hills - hidden source of increased habitat heterogeneity, benthic megafaunal biomass and diversity in the deep sea

Abyssal hills are the most abundant landform on Earth, yet the ecological impact of the resulting habitat heterogeneity on the wider abyss is largely unexplored. Topographic features are known to influence food availability and the sedimentary environment in other deep-sea habitats, in turn affecting the species assemblage and biomass. To assess this spatial variation, benthic assemblages and environmental conditions were compared at four hill and four plain sites at the Porcupine Abyssal Plain. Here we show that differences in megabenthic communities on abyssal hills and the adjacent plain are related to environmental conditions, which may be caused by local topography and hydrodynamics. Although these hills may receive similar particulate organic carbon flux (food supply from the surface ocean) to the adjacent plain, they differ significantly in depth, slope, and sediment particle size distribution. We found that megafaunal biomass was significantly greater on the hills (mean 13.45 g m−2, 95% confidence interval 9.25–19.36 g m−2) than the plain (4.34 g m−2, 95% CI 2.08–8.27 g m−2; ANOVA F(1, 6) = 23.8, p < 0.01). Assemblage and trophic compositions by both density and biomass measures were significantly different between the hill and plain, and correlated with sediment particle size distributions. Hydrodynamic conditions responsible for the local sedimentary environment may be the mechanism driving these assemblage differences. Since the ecological heterogeneity provided by hills in the abyss has been underappreciated, regional assessments of abyssal biological heterogeneity and diversity may be considerably higher than previously thought
What are pregnant women told about models of maternity care in Australia? A retrospective study of women's reports

Objective\ud
\ud
To describe women’s reports of the model of care options General Practitioners (GPs)\ud
discussed with them at the first pregnancy consultation and women’s self-reported role in decisionmaking\ud
about model of care.\ud
\ud
Methods\ud
\ud
Women who had recently given birth responded to survey items about the models of care GPs\ud
discussed, their role in final decision-making, and socio-demographic, obstetric history, and early\ud
pregnancy characteristics.\ud
\ud
Results\ud
\ud
The proportion of women with whom each model of care was discussed varied between 8.2% (for private midwifery care with home birth) and 64.4% (GP shared care). Only 7.7% of women reported that all seven models were discussed. Exclusive discussion about private obstetric care and about all public models was common, and women’s health insurance status was the strongest predictor of the presence of discussions about each model. Most women (82.6%) reported active involvement in final decision-making about model of care.\ud
\ud
Conclusion\ud
\ud
Although most women report involvement in maternity model of care decisions, they remain largely uninformed about the breadth of available model of care options.\ud
\ud
Practical implications\ud
\ud
Strategies that facilitate women’s access to information on the differentiating features and outcomes for all models of care should be prioritized to better ensure equitable and quality decisions
A twin study on humor appreciation: The importance of separating structure and content

The present study focused on genetic and environmental influences on appreciation of structure and content of humor. Monozygotic (n = 135) and dizygotic (n = 60) adult twin pairs rated their trait-like humor appreciation using the 3 WD humor test (Ruch, 1992) which assesses three basic humor stimuli (incongruity-resolution humor; nonsense humor; sexual humor), and two basic components of responses to humor (funniness; aversiveness). Additionally, two indices were derived from these scales, namely structure preference and liking of sexual content (i.e., controlled for humor structure). Intraclass correlations and behavior genetic model-fitting analyses indicated a moderate genetic effect for funniness ratings of liking the sexual content. The remaining funniness scales seemed entirely influenced by environmental effects. Aversiveness scales mainly showed environmental effects represented in reduced CE models, although twin similarity coefficients showed hints of genetic influences as well, which needs to be unraveled in future research. The results demonstrated clearly that funniness ratings should be separated for structure and content, to obtain detailed information about heritability of humor appreciation. Future research should validate these promising initial findings by utilizing larger samples
Observation of $Z$ production in proton-lead collisions at LHCb

The first observation of $Z$ boson production in proton-lead collisions at a centre-of-mass energy per proton-nucleon pair of $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5~\text{TeV}$ is presented. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of $1.6~\text{nb}^{-1}$ collected with the LHCb detector. The $Z$ candidates are reconstructed from pairs of oppositely charged muons with pseudorapidities between 2.0 and 4.5 and transverse momenta above $20~\text{GeV}/c$. The invariant dimuon mass is restricted to the range $60-120~\text{GeV}/c^2$. The $Z$ production cross-section is measured to be \begin{eqnarray*} \sigma_{Z\to\mu^+\mu^-}(\text{fwd}) = 13.5^{+5.4}_{-4.0}\text{(stat.)}\pm1.2\text{(syst.)}~\text{nb}\ud
\end{eqnarray*} in the direction of the proton beam and \begin{eqnarray*} \sigma_{Z\to\mu^+\mu^-}(\text{bwd}) = 10.7^{+8.4}_{-5.1}\text{(stat.)}\pm1.0\text{(syst.)}~\text{nb}\end{eqnarray*} in the direction of the lead beam, where the first\ud
uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic
Advanced MRI unravels the nature of tissue alterations in early multiple sclerosis

Introduction In patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides only limited insights into the nature of brain damage with modest clinic-radiological correlation. In this study, we applied recent advances in MRI techniques to study brain microstructural alterations in early relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients with minor deficits. Further, we investigated the potential use of advanced MRI to predict functional performances in these patients. Methods Brain relaxometry (T1, T2, T2*) and magnetization transfer MRI were performed at 3T in 36 RRMS patients and 18 healthy controls (HC). Multicontrast analysis was used to assess for microstructural alterations in normal-appearing (NA) tissue and lesions. A generalized linear model was computed to predict clinical performance in patients using multicontrast MRI data, conventional MRI measures as well as demographic and behavioral data as covariates. Results Quantitative T2 and T2* relaxometry were significantly increased in temporal normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) of patients compared to HC, indicating subtle microedema (P = 0.03 and 0.004). Furthermore, significant T1 and magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) variations in lesions (mean T1 z-score: 4.42 and mean MTR z-score: −4.09) suggested substantial tissue loss. Combinations of multicontrast and conventional MRI data significantly predicted cognitive fatigue (P = 0.01, Adj-R2 = 0.4), attention (P = 0.0005, Adj-R2 = 0.6), and disability (P = 0.03, Adj-R2 = 0.4). Conclusion Advanced MRI techniques at 3T, unraveled the nature of brain tissue damage in early MS and substantially improved clinical–radiological correlations in patients with minor deficits, as compared to conventional measures of disease
Ethnic enclaves and the dynamics of social identity on the college campus: The good, the bad and the ugly

The effects of membership in ethnic organizations and fraternities and sororities on intergroup attitudes were examined using a 5-wave panel study at a major, multiethnic university. The results showed that these effects were similar for both minority and White students. Membership in ethnic student organizations for minorities and Greek organizations for Whites was anteceded by the degree of one’s ethnic identity, and the effects of membership in these groups were similar, although not identical, for both White and minority students. These effects included an increased sense of ethnic victimization and a decreased sense of common identity and social inclusiveness. Consistent with social identity theory, at least a portion of these effects were mediated by social identity among both White and minority students.status: publishe
A UA(1) symmetry restoration scenario supported by the generalized Witten–Veneziano relation and its analytic solution

The Witten–Veneziano relation, or, alternatively, its generalization proposed by Shore, facilitates understanding and describing the complex of η and η′ mesons. We present an analytic, closed-form solution to Shore's equations which gives results on the η – η′ complex in full agreement with results previously obtained numerically. Although the Witten–Veneziano relation and Shore's equations are related, the ways they were previously used in the context of dynamical models to calculate η and η′ properties, were rather different. However, with the analytic solution, the calculation can be formulated similarly to the approach through the Witten–Veneziano relation, and with some conceptual improvements. In the process, one strengthens the arguments in favor of a possible relation between the UA(1) and SUA(3) chiral symmetry breaking and restoration. To test this scenario, the experiments such as those at RHIC, NICA and FAIR, which extend the RHIC (and LHC) high-temperature scans also to the finite-density parts of the QCD phase diagram, should pay particular attention to the signatures from the η′ – η complex indicating the symmetry restoration
Towards a fitting procedure to deeply virtual meson production – the next-to-leading order case

Based on the collinear factorization approach, we present a comprehensive perturbative next-to-leading (NLO) analysis of deeply virtual meson production (DVMP). Our representation in conformal Mellin space can serve as basis for a global fitting procedure to access generalized parton distributions from experimental measurements of DVMP and deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS). We introduce a rather general formalism for the evaluation of conformal moments that can be developed further beyond the considered order. We also confirm previous diagrammatical findings in the pure singlet quark channel. Finally, we use the analytic properties of the hard scattering amplitudes to estimate qualitatively the size of radiative corrections and illustrate these considerations with some numerical examples. The results suggest that global NLO GPD fits, including both DVMP and DVCS data, could be more stable than often feared
Parameter counting for singular monopoles on ℝ 3

We compute the dimension of the moduli space of gauge-inequivalent solutions to the Bogomolny equation on ℝ 3 with prescribed singularities corresponding to the insertion of a finite number of ’t Hooft defects. We do this by generalizing the methods of C. Callias and E. Weinberg to the case of ℝ 3 with a finite set of points removed. For a special class of Cartan-valued backgrounds we go further and construct an explicit basis of ℒ 2 -normalizable zero-modes. Finally we exhibit and study a two-parameter family of spherically symmetric singular monopoles, using the dimension formula to provide a physical interpretation of these configurations. This paper is the first in a series of three on singular monopoles, where we also explore the role they play in the contexts of intersecting D-brane systems and four-dimensional N $$ \mathcal{N} $$ =2 super Yang-Mills theories