pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
QCD corrections to vector boson pair production in gluon fusion
  including interference effects with off-shell Higgs at the LHC

We compute next-to-leading order (NLO) QCD corrections to the production of
two massive electroweak bosons in gluon fusion. We consider both the prompt
production process $gg \to VV$ and the production mediated by an exchange of an
s-channel Higgs boson, $gg \to H^* \to V V$. We include final states with both
on- and off-shell vector bosons with leptonic decays. The gluonic production of
vector bosons is a loop-induced process, including both massless and massive
quarks in the loop. For $gg \to ZZ$ production, we obtain the NLO QCD
corrections to the massive loops through an expansion around the heavy top
limit. This approximation is valid below the top production threshold, giving a
broad range of invariant masses between the Higgs production and the top
production thresholds in which our results are valid. We explore the NLO QCD
effects in $gg \to ZZ$ focusing, in particular, on the interference between
prompt and Higgs-mediated processes. We find that the QCD corrections to the
interference are large and similar in size to the corrections to both the
signal and the background processes. At the same time, we observe that
corrections to the interference change rapidly with the four-lepton invariant
mass in the region around the ZZ production threshold. We also study the
interference effects in $gg \to WW$ production where, due to technical
limitations, we only consider contributions of massless loops. We find that the
QCD corrections to the interference in this case are somewhat larger than those
for either the signal or the background.Comment: 23 pages, 10 figure
Convergence of the solutions of the discounted equation: the discrete
  case

We derive a discrete version of the results of our previous work. If $M$ is a
compact metric space, $c : M\times M \to \mathbb R$ a continuous cost function
and $\lambda \in (0,1)$, the unique solution to the discrete
$\lambda$-discounted equation is the only function $u_\lambda : M\to \mathbb R$
such that $$\forall x\in M, \quad u_\lambda(x) = \min_{y\in M} \lambda
u_\lambda (y) + c(y,x).$$ We prove that there exists a unique constant
$\alpha\in \mathbb R$ such that the family of $u_\lambda+\alpha/(1-\lambda)$ is
bounded as $\lambda \to 1$ and that for this $\alpha$, the family uniformly
converges to a function $u_0 : M\to \mathbb R$ which then verifies $$\forall
x\in X, \quad u_0(x) = \min_{y\in X}u_0(y) + c(y,x)+\alpha.$$ The proofs make
use of Discrete Weak KAM theory. We also characterize $u_0$ in terms of Peierls
barrier and projected Mather measures.Comment: 15 page
Behavioural difficulties that co-occur with specific word reading difficulties: A UK population-based cohort study

Open access articleThis is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Russell, G., Ryder, D., Norwich, B., and Ford, T. (2015), Behavioural Difficulties That Co-occur With Specific Word Reading Difficulties: A UK Population- Based Cohort Study. Dyslexia, 21, 123–141, which has been published in final form at 10.1002/dys.1496This study aimed to examine the association between specific word reading difficulties (SWRD) identified at age 7-years using a discrepancy approach and subsequent dimensional measures of behavioural difficulties reported by teachers and parents at age 11-years. Behavioural problems were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Secondary analysis of a UK representative population-based sample of children (n-=-12-631) was conducted using linear regression models. There were 284 children (2.2%) identified with SWRD at age 7-years. Children with SWRD had significantly higher scores on all measures of behavioural difficulties in unadjusted analysis. SWRD was associated with elevated behavioural difficulties at age 11-years according to parent report, and with greater emotional problems, hyperactivity and conduct issues according to teachers, even after having controlled for baseline difficulties. These results were replicated for children with low reading attainment, but no cognitive ability discrepancy. Categories of special educational need into which children with SWRD were classed at school were varied. Given high rates of co-occurring behavioural difficulties, assessment that identifies each individual child's specific functional, rather than categorical, difficulties is likely to be the most effective way of providing classroom support.Economic & Social Research Council (ESRC
ESTRO-HERO survey: Radiotherapy staffing in the European countries: Final results from the ESTRO-HERO survey

Background: The ESTRO Health Economics in Radiation Oncology (HERO) project has the overall aim to develop a knowledge base of the provision of radiotherapy in Europe and build a model for health economic evaluation of radiation treatments at the European level. The first milestone was to assess the availability of radiotherapy resources within Europe. This paper presents the personnel data collected in the ESTRO HERO database. Materials and methods: An 84-item questionnaire was sent out to European countries, through their national scientific and professional radiotherapy societies. The current report includes a detailed analysis of radiotherapy staffing (questionnaire items 47<br>60), analysed in relation to the annual number of treatment courses and the socio-economic status of the countries. The analysis was conducted between February and July 2014, and is based on validated responses from 24 of the 40 European countries defined by the European Cancer Observatory (ECO). Results: A large variation between countries was found for most parameters studied. Averages and ranges for personnel numbers per million inhabitants are 12.8 (2.5<br>30.9) for radiation oncologists, 7.6 (0<br>19.7) for medical physicists, 3.5 (0<br>12.6) for dosimetrists, 26.6 (1.9<br>78) for RTTs and 14.8 (0.4<br>61.0) for radiotherapy nurses. The combined average for physicists and dosimetrists is 9.8 per million inhabitants and 36.9 for RTT and nurses. Radiation oncologists on average treat 208.9 courses per year (range: 99.9<br>348.8), physicists and dosimetrists conjointly treat 303.3 courses (range: 85<br>757.7) and RTT and nurses 76.8 (range: 25.7<br>156.8). In countries with higher GNI per capita, all personnel categories treat fewer courses per annum than in less affluent countries. This relationship is most evident for RTTs and nurses. Different clusters of countries can be distinguished on the basis of available personnel resources and socio-economic status. Conclusions: The average personnel figures in Europe are now consistent with, or even more favourable than the QUARTS recommendations, probably reflecting a combination of better availability as such, in parallel with the current use of more complex treatments than a decade ago. A considerable variation in available personnel and delivered courses per year however persists among the highest and lowest staffing levels. This not only reflects the variation in cancer incidence and socio-economic determinants, but also the stage in technology adoption along with treatment complexity and the different professional roles and responsibilities within each country. Our data underpin the need for accurate prediction models and long-term education and training programme
Blob sizes and velocities in the Alcator C-Mod scrape-off layer

This article is part of Ralph Kube's doctoral thesis, which is available in Munin at <a href=http://hdl.handle.net/10037/7088>http://hdl.handle.net/10037/7088</a>Gas-puff imaging data is used to investigate the dynamics of blob-like structures in the scrape-off layer of Alcator C-Mod. A blob-tracking algorithm is developed and used to compute blob propagation velocities and cross-field sizes for a series of discharges where the line-averaged particle density View the MathML source is varied. We find that the mean radial blob velocity increases from View the MathML source for View the MathML source to View the MathML source for View the MathML source, where is the nG the Greenwald density. The cross-field size of the blobs is independent of the line-averaged particle densities. With increasing View the MathML source the observed blob velocities become larger than predicted by simple blob models for sheath-connected plasma filaments
Air pollution and diabetes association : modification by type 2 diabetes genetic risk score

Exposure to ambient air pollution (AP) exposure has been linked to type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk. Evidence on the impact of T2D genetic variants on AP susceptibility is lacking. Compared to single variants, joint genetic variants contribute substantially to disease risk. We investigated the modification of AP and diabetes association by a genetic risk score (GRS) covering 63 T2D genes in 1524 first follow-up participants of the Swiss cohort study on air pollution and lung and heart diseases in adults. Genome-wide data and covariates were available from a nested asthma case-control study design. AP was estimated as 10-year mean residential particulate matter &lt;10μm (PM10). We computed count-GRS and weighted-GRS, and applied PM10 interaction terms in mixed logistic regressions, on odds of diabetes. Analyses were stratified by pathways of diabetes pathology and by asthma status. Diabetes prevalence was 4.6% and mean exposure to PM10 was 22μg/m(3). Odds of diabetes increased by 8% (95% confidence interval: 2, 14%) per T2D risk allele and by 35% (-8, 97%) per 10μg/m(3) exposure to PM10. We observed a positive interaction between PM10 and count-GRS on diabetes [ORinteraction=1.10 (1.01, 1.20)], associations being strongest among participants at the highest quartile of count-GRS [OR: 1.97 (1.00, 3.87)]. Stronger interactions were observed with variants of the GRS involved in insulin resistance [(ORinteraction=1.22 (1.00, 1.50)] than with variants related to beta-cell function. Interactions with count-GRS were stronger among asthma cases. We observed similar results with weighted-GRS. Five single variants near GRB14, UBE2E2, PTPRD, VPS26A and KCNQ1 showed nominally significant interactions with PM10 (P&lt;0.05). Our results suggest that genetic risk for T2D may modify susceptibility to air pollution through alterations in insulin sensitivity. These results need confirmation in diabetes cohort consortia
Evolutionary and paleobiological implications of Coleoptera (Insecta) from Tethyan-influenced Cretaceous ambers

International audienceThe intense study of coleopteran inclusions from Spanish (Albian in age) and French (Albian–Santonian in age) Cretaceous ambers, both of Laurasian origin, has revealed that the majority of samples belong to the Polyphaga suborder and, in contrast to the case of the compression fossils, only one family of Archostemata, one of Adephaga, and no Myxophaga suborders are represented. A total of 30 families from Spain and 16 families from France have been identified (with almost twice bioinclusions identified in Spain than in France); 13 of these families have their most ancient representatives within these ambers. A similar study had previously only been performed on Lebanese ambers (Barremian in age and Gondwanan in origin), recording 36 coleopteran families. Few lists of taxa were available for Myanmar (Burmese) amber (early Cenomanian in age and Laurasian in origin). Coleopteran families found in Cretaceous ambers share with their modern relatives mainly saproxylic and detritivorous habits in the larval or adult stages, rather than wood-boring behavior. Fifteen of the coleopteran families occur in both the Lebanese and Spanish ambers; while only five are present in both Spanish and French. Considering the paleogeographic proximity and similarity of age of the Spanish and French ambers, the small number of taxa found in common at both areas is surprising. The ancient origin for the Lebanese and Spanish ambers, the paleogeography (including some barriers for terrestrial biota) and the local paleohabitats are factors that may explain the dissimilarity with the French specimens. Wildfires are believed to be a more likely cause of resin production during the Cretaceous than infestation by beetles. Current knowledge of the beetle species found in the Cretaceous ambers is introduced
The fourth family: A simple explanation for the observed pattern of anomalies in B–CPB–CP asymmetries

We show that a fourth family of quarks with mt′mt′ in the range of (400–600) GeV provides a rather simple explanation for the several indications of new physics that have been observed involving CP asymmetries of the b  -quark. The built-in hierarchy of the 4×44×4 mixing matrix is such that the t′t′ readily provides a needed perturbation   (≈15%≈15%) to sin2βsin2β as measured in B→ψKsB→ψKs and simultaneously is the dominant source of CP   asymmetry in Bs→ψϕBs→ψϕ. The correlation between CP   asymmetries in Bs→ψϕBs→ψϕ and Bd→ϕKsBd→ϕKs suggests mt′≈(400–600) GeVmt′≈(400–600) GeV. Such heavy masses point to the tantalizing possibility that the 4th family plays an important role in the electroweak symmetry breaking.\ud
\ud
The spectacular performance of the two asymmetric B-factories allowed us to reach an important milestone in our understanding of CP-violation phenomena. For the first time it was established that the observed CP-violation in the B and K systems was indeed accountable by the single, CP-odd, Kobayashi–Maskawa phase in the CKM matrix [1] and [2]. In particular, the time dependent CP  -asymmetry in the gold-plated B0→ψKsB0→ψKs can be accounted for by the Standard Model (SM) CKM-paradigm to an accuracy of around 15% [3] and [4]. It has then become clear that the effects of a beyond the standard model (BSM) phase can only be a perturbation. Nevertheless, in the past few years as more data were accumulated and also as the accuracy in some theoretical calculations was improved it has become increasingly apparent that several of the experimental results are difficult to reconcile within the SM with three generations [SM3] [5] and [6]. It is clearly important to follow these indications and to try to identify the possible origin of these discrepancies especially since they may provide experimental signals for the LHC which is set to start quite soon. While at this stage many extensions of the SM could be responsible, in this Letter, we will make the case that an addition of a fourth family of quarks [7], [8], [9], [10] and [11] provides a rather simple explanation for the pattern of deviations that have been observed [12]. In fact we will show that the data suggests that the charge 2/3 quark of this family needs to have a mass in the range of (400–600) GeV [13]
Measurement of dijet cross-sections in pp collisions at 7 TeV centre-of-mass energy using the ATLAS detector

Double-differential dijet cross-sections measured in pp collisions at the LHC with a 7 TeV centre-of-mass energy are presented as functions of dijet mass and half the rapidity separation of the two highest-p(T) jets. These measurements are obtained using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.5 fb(-1), recorded by the ATLAS detector in 2011. The data are corrected for detector effects so that cross-sections are presented at the particle level. Cross-sections are measured up to 5 TeV dijet mass using jets reconstructed with the anti-k(t) algorithm for values of the jet radius parameter of 0.4 and 0.6. The cross-sections are compared with next-to-leading-order perturbative QCD calculations by NLOJet++ corrected to account for non-perturbative effects. Comparisons with POWHEG predictions, using a next-to-leading-order matrix element calculation interfaced to a parton-shower Monte Carlo simulation, are also shown. Electroweak effects are accounted for in both cases. The quantitative comparison of data and theoretical predictions obtained using various parameterizations of the parton distribution functions is performed using a frequentist method. In general, good agreement with data is observed for the NLOJet++ theoretical predictions when using the CT10, NNPDF2.1 and MSTW 2008 PDF sets. Disagreement is observed when using the ABM11 and HERAPDF1.5 PDF sets for some ranges of dijet mass and half the rapidity separation. An example setting a lower limit on the compositeness scale for a model of contact interactions is presented, showing that the unfolded results can be used to constrain contributions to dijet production beyond that predicted by the Standard Model
The dust morphology of the elliptical Galaxy M 86 with SPIRE

We present Herschel-SPIRE observations at 250-500 mu m of the giant elliptical galaxy M 86 and examine the distribution of the resolved cold dust emission and its relation with other galactic tracers. The SPIRE images reveal three dust components: emission from the central region; a dust lane extending north-south; and a bright emission feature 10 kpc to the south-east. We estimate that similar to 10(6) M-circle dot of dust is spatially coincident with atomic and ionized hydrogen, originating from stripped material from the nearby spiral NGC 4438 due to recent tidal interactions with M 86. The gas-to-dust ratio of the cold gas component ranges from similar to 20-80. We discuss the different heating mechanisms for the dust features
Measurement of the W ±Z production cross section and limits on anomalous triple gauge couplings in proton-proton collisions at s=7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, solo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si le hubiere, y los autores pertenecientes a la UAMThis Letter presents a measurement of W± Z production in 1.02 fb−1 of pp collision data at √ s = 7 TeV collected by the ATLAS experiment in 2011. Doubly leptonic decay events are selected with electrons, muons and missing transverse momentum in the final state. In total 71 candidates are observed, with a background expectation of 12.1 ± 1.4(stat.) +4.1 −2.0(syst.) events. The total cross section for W± Z production for Z/γ ∗ masses within the range 66 GeV to 116 GeV is determined to be σtot WZ = 20.5+3.1 −2.8(stat.) +1.4 −1.3(syst.) +0.9 −0.8(lumi.) pb, which is consistent with the Standard Model expectation of 17.3+1.3 0.8 pb. Limits on anomalous triple gauge boson couplings are extractedWe thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, DNSRC and Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark; ARTEMIS, European Union; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNAS, Georgia; BMBF, DFG, HGF, MPG and AvH Foundation, Germany; GSRT, Greece; ISF,MINERVA, GIF, DIP and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, Poland; GRICES and FCT, Portugal; MERYS (MECTS), Romania; MES of Russia and ROSATOM, Russian Federation; JINR; MSTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MVZT, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MICINN, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SER, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; NSC, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STF, the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN and the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA) and in the Tier-2 facilities worldwid
Effective theory calculation of resonant high-energy scattering.

Tests of the Standard Model and its hypothetical extensions require precise theoretical predictions for processes involving massive, unstable particles. It is well-known that ordinary weak-coupling perturbation theory breaks down due to intermediate singular propagators. Various pragmatic approaches have been developed to deal with this difficulty. In this paper we construct an effective field theory for resonant processes utilizing the hierarchy of scales between the mass of the unstable particle, M, and its width, Γ. The effective theory allows calculations to be systematically arranged into a series in g2 and Γ/M, and preserves gauge invariance in every step. We demonstrate the applicability of this method by calculating explicitly the inclusive line shape of a scalar resonance in an Abelian gauge-Yukawa model at next-to-leading order in Γ/M and the weak couplings. We also discuss the extension to next-to-next-to-leading order and compute an interesting subset of these corrections
Deactivation behavior of Pd/C and Pt/C catalysts in the gas-phase hydrodechlorination of chloromethanes: Structure-reactivity relationship

This study analyzes the influence of chemical and physical properties of Pd/C and Pt/C hydrodechlorination (HDC) catalysts in the different evolution of their activity during time on stream. Pt/C showed stable activity in the HDC of dichloromethane (DCM) and chloroform (TCM), while Pd/C was deactivated after 90h of operation, particularly during HDC of DCM. The deactivation of Pd/C catalyst can be attributed to the lower proportion of zero-valent species and larger metal particle size. This appears to hinder the H2 dissociation, enhance the irreversible chemisorption of reactants and reaction products, and favor coupling reactions (leading to the formation of carbonaceous deposits) and/or metal phase change reactions. The more extensive deactivation of Pd/C in the HDC of DCM is attributed to the stronger chemisorption of the reactant on the catalyst, which leads to the formation of a new PdCx phase by the incorporation of carbon atoms into the metal latticeThe authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) through the project CTM2011-2835