pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Space weather impacts on satellites and forecasting the Earth's electron radiation belts with SPACECAST

Satellites can be damaged by high energy charged particles in the Earth's radiation belts and during solar energetic particle (SEP) events. Here we review the growing reliance on satellite services, new vulnerabilities to space weather, and previous events that have led to loss of service. We describe a new European system to forecast the radiation belts up to 3 h ahead, which has three unique features: first, it uses physics-based models, which include wave-particle interactions; second, it provides a forecast for the whole outer radiation belt including geostationary, medium, and slot region orbits; third, it is a truly international effort including Europe, United States, and Japan. During the 8–9 March 2012 storm and SEP event, the models were able to forecast the >800 keV electron flux to within a factor of 2 initially, and later to within a factor of 10 of the GOES data. Although ACE and GOES data became unreliable during the SEP event, the system continued forecasting without interruption using ground-based magnetometers. A forecast of the 24 h electron fluence >2 MeV is used to provide a risk index for satellite operators. We show that including wave-particle interactions for L* > 6.5 improves the agreement with GOES data substantially and that a fast inward motion of the magnetopause to L* < 8 is related to rapid loss of relativistic electrons at geostationary orbit. Thus, we suggest that better wave-particle models and better coupling between the solar wind and the models of the magnetopause and radiation belts should lead to better forecasting
Imaging space weather over Europe

[1] We describe the introduction of the first all-sky imaging system for low-light-level optical observations of the disturbed ionosphere over mid-latitude Europe. Using 6300 angstrom auroral emissions that come from the 200-400 km altitude range, we demonstrate that sub-visual optical patterns spanning the European continent can be obtained from a single site in Italy. Pilot observations during the 26-27 September 2011 geomagnetic storm show that the diffuse aurora's low latitude boundary can be used to find where the poleward wall of the ionospheric trough is located. This relates directly to regions of radiowave disruptions caused by the precipitation of energetic particles from the magnetospheric plasma sheet that move to lower latitudes during space weather events. Images of stable auroral red (SAR) arcs can be used to track the magnetospheric ring current and plasmapause location, a second region of radiowave interference. Comparisons with ground-based and satellite observations of the ionosphere during the same storm demonstrate how ASI images reveal the lowest energy components of magnetospheric input to the ionosphere-thermosphere system. Such observations can be used, potentially, for both now-casting of storm effects spanning Europe, and for retrospective validation of existing models of space weather impacts at sub-auroral locations. Citation: Baumgardner, J., et al. (2013), Imaging space weather over Europe, Space Weather, 11, 69-78, doi:10.1002/swe.20027
Prediction of Extreme Geomagnetically Induced Currents in the UK high-voltage network

Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GIC) can be damaging to high-voltage power transmission systems. GIC are driven by rapid changes in the strength of the magnetic field external to the Earth's surface. Electric fields are produced in the ground by the interaction between this changing magnetic field, the sea and the conductivity structure of the Earth. Using a technique known as the “thin-sheet approximation,” we can determine the electric field at the Earth's surface, which in turn allows the calculation of GIC in the earthing connections of high-voltage transformers within a power grid. We describe two new developments in the modeling of GIC in the UK, though the results are applicable to GIC-related research in other regions. Firstly, we have created an updated model of the UK surface conductivity by combining a spatial database of the UK geological properties (i.e., rock type) with an estimate of the conductivity for specific formations. Secondly, we have developed and implemented a sophisticated and up-to-date model for the 400 kV and 275 kV electrical networks across the whole of Great Britain and, in addition, the 132 kV network in Scotland. We can thus deduce the expected GIC at each transformer node in the system based on the network topology from an input surface electric field. We apply these developments to study the theoretical response of the UK high-voltage power grid to modeled extreme 100 year and 200 year space weather scenarios and to a scaled version of the October 2003 geomagnetic storm, approximating a 1 in 200 year event
The Future of Spacecraft Radiation Design : Workshop at Aberystwyth University, UK, 28?30 November 2012

Grande, M., & Knight, T. M. C. (2013). The Future of Spacecraft Radiation Design: Workshop at Aberystwyth University, UK, 28?30 November 2012. Space Weather, 11(10), 843-844. Accepted for publication. This is a report on the roadmap generated by a workshop organised by M.Grande to review the future of spacecraft radiation designIn November 2012, a workshop on the topic of designing spacecraft for operations in harsh radiation environments was held at Aberystwyth University. The immediate motivation was the European Space Agency (ESA) JUICE mission to Jupiter?s icy moons, for which the radiation to be encountered is a limiting factor in design of instruments. The workshop was organised as part of the Europlanet technology foresight program, and included a day of hands on tuition in radiation design tools by members of the ESA radiation design team. After this, and more conventional presentations, the meeting concluded with a discussion intended to establish a roadmap of the directions and technologies needed in the medium term. Discussions focused on the anticipated and desired developments in radiation modelling for spacecraft missions. They The discussions considered the potential developments in two phases. Changes in the immediate future, particularly in relation to JUICE, and the opportunities for long-term development over approximately the next twenty years.publishersversionPeer reviewe
Models for Character Animation

GORDON COLLINS and ADRIAN HILTON present a review of methods for the construction and deformation of character models. They consider both state of the art research and common practice. In particular they review applications, data capture methods, manual model construction, polygonal, parametric and implicit surface representations, basic geometric deformations, free form deformations, subdivision surfaces, displacement map schemes and physical deformation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Space Weather Action Center

This is a revised "Tracking a Solar Storm-Student Observation Network" with a new format and Web site. The Space Weather Action Center (SWAC) allows students to use near real time data and track a solar storm. By following the basic steps in the Instructional Guide students can access, analyze and record NASA satellite and observatory data. There is a downloadable 'step-by-step' Educator's Setup Guide where you will find a variety of recommendations and diagrams detailing how to construct a fully functional SWAC while keeping potential limitations on space and technology in mind. Flip charts provide the step by step data use and there are also instructions for using green screen technology. Educational levels: Intermediate elementary, Middle school, High school, Undergraduate lower division, Undergraduate upper division, Graduate or professional
“It's Only Sport”—The Symbolic Neutralization of “Violence”

Within the commodified world of professional ice hockey, athletes sell their bodily performances in return for a salary. A central feature of this transaction is the very real risk of physical injury – a risk inherent within most contact sports, but particularly so within those that feature seemingly ‘violent’ confrontations between competitors, as ice hockey is widely reputed to do. Yet within the spectacle of sport, where physicality can be constructed as playful and unserious, it is possible for the consequences of such action to be concealed behind a symbolic, ludic veneer. Within this paper we explore this process with a particular focus on ice hockey spectators, for whom notions of sport violence as in some important way ‘mimetic’ of the ‘real’ enabled their propensity to both enjoy, and find moral validation through, potentially deleterious behaviours among athletes
Differential distribution of PDE4B splice variant mRNAs in rat brain and the effects of systemic administration of LPS in their expression

El pdf del artículo es la versión pre-print.Phosphodiesterases (PDE) control intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels, which appear to play an important role in the regulation of inflammation. PDE4B is especially important in this process. Using in situ hybridization histochemistry we first mapped the expression sites of the four PDE4B splicing forms in rat brain. Using the systemic administration of the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as an inflammation model in rats, we found an increase in PDEB2 mRNA expression in choroid plexus. The differential expression of PDE4B spliced forms and the differential regulation of PDE4B2 in an inflammatory model further supports an involvement of this splicing variant in the inflammatory response.Supported by grants awarded by Fundació La Marató de TV3; Contract gran number 1017/97, Contract grand sponsor: CICYT; Contract gran number SAF2003\ud
-02083, SAF2006-10243). S.P.-T. and X.M. have received a fellowship from CIRIT (Generalitat de Catalunya)
In vivo relationship between thalamic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor occupancy rates and antiallodynic effects in a rat model of neuropathic pain: persistent agonist binding inhibits the expression of antiallodynic effects.

We have recently clarified that nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) expressed in the thalamus play an important role in antiallodynic effects produced by the nAChR agonist, 5-iodo-3-(2(S)-azetidinylmethoxy)pyridine (5IA). This study aimed to reveal the in vivo relationship between thalamic nAChR occupancy rates and antiallodynic effects using 5IA and [¹²⁵I]5IA. We partially ligated the sciatic nerve of a rat to induce neuropathic pain. Antiallodynic effects were evaluated at 15, 30, 60, and 90 min after intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of multiple doses (1-100 nmol) of 5IA by the von Frey filament test. Receptor occupancy rates were measured by autoradiography at 15 and 90 min after administration. Antiallodynic effects of repetitive treatment of 5IA (5 and 50 nmol) were also examined. A significant and dose-dependent antiallodynic effect was observed 15 min after administration. It showed a good correlation with receptor occupancy rates (r = 0.97), indicating the binding of 5IA to nAChRs expressed in the thalamus involved in the antiallodynic effect. Five, 50, and 100 nmol of 5IA occupied the thalamic nAChRs until 90 min after administration, while the antiallodynic effect diminished. Five nanomoles of 5IA (which occupied 40% of thalamic nAChRs) showed a significant antiallodynic effect (percentage of the maximal possible effect (%MPE): 35 ± 7) after the second administration, while 50 nmol of 5IA (which occupied 80% of thalamic nAChRs) did not (%MPE: 7 ± 1). These findings suggest that not clearance of 5IA but desensitization of nAChRs caused by persistent binding of 5IA is responsible for the disappearance of antiallodynic effects
Different correlations among physiological and morphological properties at single glutamatergic synapses in the rat hippocampus and the cerebellum.

Synapses in the mammalian central nervous system show substantial diversity in their physiological and morphological properties. However, the correlations among them have remained elusive. Here, we tried to clarify the correlations by establishing a method to record excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) at individual synapses and also to observe the morphology at the same time. A pair of pre- and postsynaptic neurons were labeled with different fluorescent dyes, and a presynaptic varicosity was selectively stimulated with a θ-tube glass electrode under conditions in which action potential generation was suppressed. Two representative types of excitatory glutamatergic synapses, one on hippocampal pyramidal neurons and the other on cerebellar Purkinje neurons, were studied. The correlations between the properties of quantal EPSCs (qEPSCs) and those of synaptic morphology were analyzed in rat primary culture preparations. The amplitude and the decay time of qEPSC were correlated with the size of the postsynaptic spine only at hippocampal synapses. In contrast, the size of the presynaptic varicosity was correlated with the size of the postsynaptic spine and the quantal content of evoked EPSCs only at granule neuron-Purkinje neuron synapses in the cerebellum. These results suggest that the interaction between pre- and postsynaptic structures and the coupling of postsynaptic responsiveness and the spine morphology differ between cerebellar and hippocampal glutamatergic synapses
Sucrose-predictive cues evoke greater phasic dopamine release than saccharin-predictive cues

Cues that have been paired with food evoke dopamine in nucleus accumbens (NAc) and drive approach behavior. This cue-evoked dopamine signaling could contribute to overconsumption of food. One manner in which individuals try to restrict caloric intake is through the consumption of foods containing artificial (non-nutritive) sweeteners. We were interested in whether cues paired with a non-nutritive sweetener (saccharin) would evoke similar dopamine release as cues paired with a nutritive sweetener (sucrose). We trained food-restricted rats to associate distinct cues with sucrose or saccharin pellets. In the first group of rats, training sessions with each pellet took place on different days, maximizing the opportunity for rats to detect nutritional differences. After training, voltammetry recordings in NAc core revealed that sucrose cues evoked greater phasic dopamine release than saccharin cues. In a second group of rats, on each training day, sucrose and saccharin pellets were presented in pseudorandom order within the same session, to mask nutritional differences. In this condition, the difference in dopamine between sucrose and saccharin cues was attenuated, but not abolished. These results suggest that sucrose-paired cues will more powerfully motivate behavior than saccharin-paired cues. The differing responses to each cue seem to be driven by overall preference with both the nutritional value that the pellets predict as well as other factors, such as taste, contributing.Peer-reviewedPost-prin
In vivo dopaminergic and behavioural responses to acute cocaine are altered in adenosine A(2A) receptor knockout mice.

Adenosine, acting on A(2A) adenosine receptors, regulates addictive processes induced by drugs of abuse. The present study investigates the role of A(2A) adenosine receptors in neurochemical and behavioural responses to an acute cocaine challenge. Changes in the extracellular levels of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens of mice lacking A(2A) adenosine receptors and wild type littermates after an acute cocaine (20mg/kg) administration were evaluated by in vivo microdialysis studies. Locomotor effects induced by cocaine were measured during the microdialysis procedure. Cocaine-evoked increases in extracellular dopamine were not sustained in mice lacking A(2A) receptors in comparison to wild-type mice (P<0.05). Cocaine administration significantly increased ambulatory activity in both genotypes. However, overall locomotor activity was further increased whilst rest and small local movement measures were significantly attenuated in the A(2A) receptor knockout mice compared to wildtype littermates (P<0.05). Our findings support an important role for adenosine A(2A) receptor in modulating the acute effects of cocaine, as demonstrated by the decrease in cocaine-evoked dopaminergic transmission in the nucleus accumbens. Furthermore, the results support an important antagonistic role of A(2A) R in vivo in regulating psychostimulant-induced hyperlocomotion. Synapse, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc
Subtle alterations of excitatory transmission are linked to presynaptic changes in the hippocampus of PINK1-deficient mice

Homozygous or heterozygous mutations in the PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) gene have been linked to early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD). Several neurophysiological studies have demonstrated alterations in striatal synaptic plasticity along with impaired dopamine release in PINK1-deficient mice. Using electrophysiological methods, here we show that PINK1 loss of function causes a progressive increase of spontaneous glutamate-mediated synaptic events in the hippocampus, without influencing long-term potentiation. Moreover, fluorescence analysis reveals increased neurotrasmitter release although our biochemical results failed to detect which presynaptic proteins might be engaged. This study provides a novel role for PINK1 beyond the physiology of nigrostriatal dopaminergic circuit. Specifically, PINK1 might contribute to preserve synaptic function and glutamatergic homeostasis in the hippocampus, a brain region underlying cognition. The subtle changes in excitatory transmission here observed might be a pathogenic precursor to excitotoxic neurodegeneration and cognitive decline often observed in PD. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Systems Engineering in an Age of Complexity

The article of record as published may be located at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sys.10054This paper considers the creation of Complex Engineered Systems (CESs) and the Systems
Engineering approach by which they are designed. The changing nature of the challenges
facing Systems Engineering is discussed, with particular focus on the increasing complexity
of modern systems. It is argued that modern complexity poses a major challenge to our ability
to achieve successful systems and that this complexity must be understood, predicted and
measured if we are to engineer systems confidently. We acknowledge previous work which
concluded that, in complex systems, failures (“accidents”) may be inevitable and unavoidable.
To further explore potential tools for increasing our confidence in complex systems, we review
research in the field of Complexity Theory to seek potentially useful approaches and measures
and find ourselves particularly interested in the potential usefulness of relationships between the
magnitudes of events and their frequency of occurrence. Complexity Theory is found to have
characterized naturally occurring systems and to potentially be the source of profitable application
to the systems engineering challenge, viz., the creation of complex engineered systems. We are
left with the tentative conclusion that truly complex systems, with our present understanding of
complex behavior, cannot be designed with a degree of confidence that is acceptable given our
current expectations. We recommend that the discipline of systems engineering must investigate
this issue as a matter of priority and urgency and seek to develop approaches to respond to the
challenge
Process Modeling: A Systems Engineering Tool for Analyzing Complex Systems

The article of record as published may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sys.20012This paper presents a method for performing architectural analyses of complex systems-ofsystems
using process modeling. A process is a series of actions undertaken by a system-ofsystems
to produce one or more end results, typically products and services. The method
applies to systems-of systems whose effectiveness and performance depend strongly on
process timelines, such as distributed information systems, logistics systems, and manufacturing
and distribution systems. A fundamental tool in this method is the development of a
unified modeling language (UML) related view of the system-of-system processes of interest
and the subsequent conversion of the UML related view into an end-to-end system-of-systems
executable object-oriented simulation model. This method is illustrated by applying process modeling and simulation to analysis of a military systems-of-systems, an expeditionary
warfare system envisioned for the 2015Ã Â¢  2020 time frame. Expeditionary warfare is the
operation of an armed force in an area far from a supportable home base and supported by
temporarily established means. The U.S. military has conducted expeditionary warfare in the
past by building up forces, equipment, and supplies at a beachhead before moving on to an
objective. There is current interest in the U.S. military to shift from the concept of establishing
a beachhead and then movement to an objective to a concept of sea-based launching and
supporting forces and sea-to-objective maneuver for fighting forces. A fundamental tool in
this analysis is an end-to-end object-oriented simulation model emulating the full implementation
of these force architectures and design factors as well as accounting for the impact of
varying levels of operational intensity, attrition of personnel and transport vehicles, weather,
mining sea lanes, transport vehicle operating and availability constraints, landing spot
constraints, and transit and communications delays. This paper focuses on the framework of
the simulation model and its most significant findings as applied to expeditionary warfare
concepts as an example of the application of process modeling to architectural analyses of
complex systems-of-systems
Monitoring Risk Response Actions for Effective Project Risk Management

The article of record as published may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sys.20154Complex projects typically involve high-consequence, project-specific risks that require detailed analysis
and for which risk response actions (RRAs) need to be developed and implemented. The risk picture is
dynamic. The sources and consequences of risks evolve and change over the project lifecycle; thus, it is
necessary to constantly monitor risk. RRAs that do not keep pace with the changing project situation are
a major cause of risk management failures. This paper extends traditional cost risk analysis from a purely
macroscopic perspective by evaluating and tracking project-specific risks and RRAs at the microscopic
level. The key elements of the method are (i) develop risk scenarios, (ii) model them using generalized
decision trees, and (iii) quantify the risks using Monte Carlo simulation. For each risk the probability and
cost values are conditional on the specific RRA and the preceding outcomes. The use of fractional factorial
design provides a subset of all possible RRA combinations for efficiently determining the preferred total
project RRA solution. Risk curves are generated to provide the necessary information to analyze, track,
and manage the performance of the selected RRAs over time. Project managers and team leaders can use
this information to dynamically manage the RRAs to keep pace with the changing project situation, thereby
increasing the probability of project success in a cost-effective manner. The approach is detailed using a
realistic but simplified case of a project examined first with one and then expanded to three technical
risks.The research presented in this paper was supported in part by the Acquisition Chair of the Graduate School of Business & Public Policy at the Naval Postgraduate School