pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Social welfare matters : a realist review of when, how, and why\ud
unemployment insurance impacts poverty and health.

The recent global recession and concurrent rise in job loss makes unemployment insurance (UI) increasingly important to smooth patterns of consumption and keep households from experiencing extreme material poverty. In this paper, we undertake a realist review to produce a critical understanding of how and why UI policies impact on poverty and health in different welfare state contexts between 2000 and 2013. We relied on literature and expert interviews to generate an initial theory and set of propositions about how UI might alleviate poverty and mental distress. We then systematically located and synthesized peer-review studies to glean supportive or contradictory evidence for our initial propositions. Poverty and psychological distress, among unemployed and even the employed, are impacted by generosity of UI in terms of eligibility, duration and wage replacement levels. Though unemployment benefits are not intended to compensate fully for a loss of earnings, generous UI programs can moderate harmful consequences of unemployment
Students' preferences in undergraduate mathematics assessment.

Existing research into students' preferences for assessment methods has been developed from a restricted sample: in particular, the voice of students in the ‘hard-pure sciences’ has rarely been heard. We conducted a mixed method study to explore mathematics students' preferences of assessment methods. In contrast to the message from the general assessment literature, we found that mathematics students differentially prefer traditional assessment methods such as closed book examination; they perceive them to be fairer than innovative methods and they perceive traditional methods to be the best discriminators of mathematical ability. We also found that although students prefer to be assessed by traditional methods they are also concerned by the mix of methods they encounter during their degree, suggesting that more account needs to be taken about the students' views of this mix. We discuss the impact of the results on the way general findings about assessment preference should be interpreted
Multiwavelength study of twenty jets emanating from the periphery of
  active regions

We present a multiwavelength analysis of 20 EUV jets which occurred at the
periphery of active regions close to sunspots. We discuss the physical
parameters of the jets and their relation with other phenomena such as H alpha
surges, nonthermal type III radio bursts and hard X-ray emission. Using AIA
wavelength channels sensitive to coronal temperatures, we studied the
temperature distribution in the jets using the line-of-sight Differential
Emission Measure technique. We also investigated the role of the photospheric
magnetic field using the LOS magnetogram data from the HMI. The lifetime of
jets range from 5 to 39 minutes with an average of 18 minutes and their
velocities range from 87 to 532 km/s with an average of 271 km/s. Most of the
jets are co-temporal with nonthermal type III radio bursts observed by the
Wind/WAVES spacecraft. We confirm the source region of these bursts using the
Potential Field Source Surface technique. 10 out of 20 events showed that the
jets originated in a region of flux cancellation and 6 jets in a region of flux
emergence. 4 events showed flux emergence and then cancellation during the jet
evolution. DEM analyses showed that for most of the spires of the jets, the DEM
peaked at around log T [K] = 6.2/6.3. In addition, we derived an emission
measure and a lower limit of electron density at the location of the spire and
the footpoint. These results are in agreement with those obtained earlier by
studying individual active region jets. The observation of flux cancellation,
the association with HXR emission and emission of nonthermal type III radio
bursts, suggest that the initiation and therefore, heating is taking place at
the base of the jet. This is also supported by the high temperature plasma
revealed by the DEM analysis in the jet footpoint. Our results provide
substantial constraints for theoretical modeling of the jets and their
thermodynamic nature.Comment: 17 pages, accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysic
Bayesian Nonparametric System Reliability using Sets of Priors

An imprecise Bayesian nonparametric approach to system reliability with
multiple types of components is developed. This allows modelling partial or
imperfect prior knowledge on component failure distributions in a flexible way
through bounds on the functioning probability. Given component level test data
these bounds are propagated to bounds on the posterior predictive distribution
for the functioning probability of a new system containing components
exchangeable with those used in testing. The method further enables
identification of prior-data conflict at the system level based on component
level test data. New results on first-order stochastic dominance for the
Beta-Binomial distribution make the technique computationally tractable. Our
methodological contributions can be immediately used in applications by
reliability practitioners as we provide easy to use software tools
Effects of ursolic acid on the structural and morphological behaviours of dipalmitoyl lecithin vesicles.

Effects of ursolic acid on the structural and morphological characteristics of dipalmitoyl lecithin(DPPC)-water system was studied by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SWAXS), freeze-fracture method combined with transmission electron-microscopy (FF-TEM) and infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The surface of the uncorrelated lipid system is rippled or grained and a huge number of small, presumably unilamellar vesicles are present if the UA/DPPC molar ratio is 0.1mol/mol or higher. Besides the destroyed layer packing of regular multilamellar vesicles, non-bilayer (e.g. cubic or hexagonal) local structures are evidenced by SAXS and FF-TEM methods. The ability of UA to induce non-bilayer structures in hydrated DPPC system originates from the actual geometry form of associated lipid and UA molecules as concluded from the FT-IR measurements and theoretical calculations. Beside numerous beneficial e.g. chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effect of ursolic acid against cancer, their impact to modify the lipid bilayers can be utilized in liposomal formulations
Activity and magnetic field structure of the Sun-like planet-hosting star HD 1237

Journal Article© ESO, 2015. Reproduced with permission from Astronomy & Astrophysics, © ESO. This is the final published version of the work, which was originally published at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201525771We analyse the magnetic activity characteristics of the planet-hosting Sun-like star, HD 1237, using HARPS spectro-polarimetric time-series data. We find evidence of rotational modulation of the magnetic longitudinal field measurements that is consistent with our ZDI analysis with a period of 7 days. We investigate the effect of customising the LSD mask to the line depths of the observed spectrum and find that it has a minimal effect on the shape of the extracted Stokes V profile but does result in a small increase in the S/N (~7%). We find that using a Milne-Eddington solution to describe the local line profile provides a better fit to the LSD profiles in this slowly rotating star, which also affects the recovered ZDI field distribution. We also introduce a fit-stopping criterion based on the information content (entropy) of the ZDI map solution set. The recovered magnetic field maps show a strong (+90 G) ring-like azimuthal field distribution and a complex radial field dominating at mid latitudes (~45 degrees). Similar magnetic field maps are recovered from data acquired five months apart. Future work will investigate how this surface magnetic field distribution affeccts the coronal magnetic field and extended environment around this planet-hosting star
Staying in the 'sweet spot': A resilience-based analysis of the lived experience of low-risk drinking and abstention among British youth.

PublishedJournal ArticleResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tOBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to understand how and why young people drink less or not at all when with their peers. Understanding the subjective experiences of moderate or non-drinkers may help identify protective processes facilitating resilience to cultural norm and influences that encourage excessive alcohol consumption among young people. DESIGN: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 moderate- or non-drinkers aged 17-25 years (13 young women) living in South East England. Interviews explored recent experiences of social situations and encounters that did or did not involve alcohol. Transcripts were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. RESULTS: Analysis identified six conceptually coherent themes clustering within a superordinate theme of a healthy experience of moderate alcohol use or abstention: 'the sweet spot'. These themes were: feeling good in the body, feeling like you can be who you are, feeling like you belong, making a free choice, enjoying the moment, and feeling safe and secure. CONCLUSIONS: This resilience-based analysis showed how non-drinking and moderate-drinking may be experienced as a positive and proactive choice. Understanding the subjective experiences of young people may aid development of specific, realistic interventions to promote moderate drinking and abstention among young people in drinking cultures.This work was supported by the European Foundation for Alcohol Research under Grant 11 11
What are pregnant women told about models of maternity care in Australia? A retrospective study of women’s reports

Objective: To describe women\u27s reports of the model of care options General Practitioners (GPs) discussed with them at the first pregnancy consultation and women\u27s self-reported role in decision-making about model of care. Methods: Women who had recently given birth responded to survey items about the models of care GPs discussed, their role in final decision-making, and socio-demographic, obstetric history, and early pregnancy characteristics. Results: The proportion of women with whom each model of care was discussed varied between 8.2% (for private midwifery care with home birth) and 64.4% (GP shared care). Only 7.7% of women reported that all seven models were discussed. Exclusive discussion about private obstetric care and about all public models was common, and women\u27s health insurance status was the strongest predictor of the presence of discussions about each model. Most women (82.6%) reported active involvement in final decision-making about model of care. Conclusion: Although most women report involvement in maternity model of care decisions, they remain largely uninformed about the breadth of available model of care options. Practical implications: Strategies that facilitate women\u27s access to information on the differentiating features and outcomes for all models of care should be prioritized to better ensure equitable and quality decisions
Measurement of the differential and double-differential Drell-Yan cross sections in proton-proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements of the differential and double-differential Drell-Yan cross sections are presented using an integrated luminosity of 4.5 (4.8) fb−1 in the dimuon (dielectron) channel of proton-proton collision data recorded with the CMS detector at the LHC at s√ = 7 TeV. The measured inclusive cross section in the Z-peak region (60–120 GeV) is σ(ℓℓ) = 986.4 ± 0.6 (stat.) ± 5.9 (exp. syst.) ±  21.7 (th. syst.) ± 21.7 (lum.) pb for the combination of the dimuon and dielectron channels. Differential cross sections dσ/dm for the dimuon, dielectron, and combined channels are measured in the mass range 15 to 1500 GeV and corrected to the full phase space. Results are also presented for the measurement of the double- differential cross section d2σ/dm d|y| in the dimuon channel over the mass range 20 to 1500 GeV and absolute dimuon rapidity from 0 to 2.4. These measurements are compared to the predictions of perturbative QCD calculations at next-to-leading and next-to- next-to-leading orders using various sets of parton distribution functions
Modelling cross-dependencies between Spain’s regional tourism markets with an extension of the Gaussian process regression model

This study presents an extension of the Gaussian process regression model for multiple-input multiple-output forecasting. This approach allows modelling the cross-dependencies between a given set of input variables and generating a vectorial prediction. Making use of the existing correlations in international tourism demand to all seventeen regions of Spain, the performance of the proposed model is assessed in a multiple-step-ahead forecasting comparison. The results of the experiment in a multivariate setting show that the Gaussian process regression model significantly improves the forecasting accuracy of a multi-layer perceptron neural network used as a benchmark. The results reveal that incorporating the connections between different markets in the modelling process may prove very useful to refine predictions at a regional level.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft
Transmission of foot and mouth disease at the wildlife/livestock interface of the Kruger National Park, South Africa: can the risk be mitigated?

In Southern Africa, the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) is the natural reservoir of foot and mouth disease (FMD). Contacts between this species and cattle are responsible for most of the FMD outbreaks in cattle at the edge of protected areas, which generate huge economic losses. During the late 1980's and 90's, the erection of veterinary cordon fences and the regular vaccination of cattle exposed to buffalo contact at the interface of the Kruger National Park (KNP), proved to be efficient to control and prevent FMD outbreaks in South Africa. However, since 2000, the efficiency of those measures has deteriorated, resulting in an increased rate of FMD outbreaks in cattle outside KNP, currently occurring more than once a year. Based on retrospective ecological and epidemiological data, we developed a stochastic quantitative model to assess the annual risk of FMD virus (FMDV) transmission from buffalo to cattle herds present at the KNP interface. The model suggests that good immunization of approximately 75% of the cattle population combined with a reduction of buffalo/cattle contacts is an efficient combination to reduce FMDV transmission to one infective event every 5.5 years, emulating the epidemiological situation observed at the end of the 20th century, before current failure of control measures. The model also indicates that an increasing number of buffalo present in the KNP and crossing its boundaries, combined with a reduction in the vaccination coverage of cattle herds at the interface, increases 3-fold the risk of transmission (one infective event per year).The model proposed makes biological sense and provides a good representation of current knowledge of FMD ecology and epidemiology in Southern Africa which can be used to discuss with stakeholders on different management options to control FMD at the wildlife livestock interface and updated if new information becomes available. It also suggests that the control of FMD at the KNP interface is becoming increasingly challenging and will probably require alternative approaches to control this disease and its economic impact. (Résumé d'auteur
Measurement of the top quark pair cross section with ATLAS in pp collisions at root s=7 TeV using final states with an electron or a muon and a hadronically decaying tau lepton

A measurement of the cross section of top quark pair production in proton-proton collisions recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV is reported. The data sample used corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 2.05 fb(-1). Events with an isolated electron or muon and a tau lePton decaying hadronically are used. In addition, a large missing transverse momentum and two or more energetic jets are required. At least one of the jets must be identified as originating from a b quark. The measured cross section, sigma(t (t) over bar) = 186 +/- 13 (stat.) +/- 20 (syst.) +/- 7 (lumi.) pb, is in good agreement with the Standard Model prediction
The evolution of galaxy star formation activity in massive haloes

International audienceContext. There is now a large consensus that the current epoch of the cosmic star formation history (CSFH) is dominated by low mass galaxies while the most active phase, between redshifts 1 and 2, is dominated by more massive galaxies, which evolve more quickly.Aims. Massive galaxies tend to inhabit very massive haloes, such as galaxy groups and clusters. We aim to understand whether the observed “galaxy downsizing” could be interpreted as a “halo downsizing”, whereas the most massive haloes, and their galaxy populations, evolve more rapidly than the haloes with lower mass.Methods. We studied the contribution to the CSFH of galaxies inhabiting group-sized haloes. This is done through the study of the evolution of the infra-red (IR) luminosity function of group galaxies from redshift 0 to redshift ~1.6. We used a sample of 39 X-ray-selected groups in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South (ECDFS), the Chandra Deep Field North (CDFN), and the COSMOS field, where the deepest available mid- and far-IR surveys have been conducted with Spitzer MIPS and with the Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) on board the Herschel satellite.Results. Groups at low redshift lack the brightest, rarest, and most star forming IR-emitting galaxies observed in the field. Their IR-emitting galaxies contribute ≤10% of the comoving volume density of the whole IR galaxy population in the local Universe. At redshift ≳1, the most IR-luminous galaxies (LIRGs and ULIRGs) are mainly located in groups, and this is consistent with a reversal of the star formation rate (SFR) vs. density anti-correlation observed in the nearby Universe. At these redshifts, group galaxies contribute 60–80% of the CSFH, i.e. much more than at lower redshifts. Below z ~ 1, the comoving number and SFR densities of IR-emitting galaxies in groups decline significantly faster than those of all IR-emitting galaxies.Conclusions. Our results are consistent with a “halo downsizing” scenario and highlight the significant role of “environment” quenching in shaping the CSFH
Self-sustained processes in the logarithmic layer of turbulent channel flows

International audienceIt has recently been shown that large-scale and very-large-scale motions can self-sustain in turbulent channel flows even in the absence of input from motions at smaller scales. Here we show that also motions at intermediate scales, mainly located in the logarithmic layer, survive when motions at smaller scales are artificially quenched. These elementary self-sustained motions involve the bursting and regeneration of sinuous streaks. This is a further indication that a full range of autonomous self-sustained processes exists in turbulent channel flows with scales ranging from those of the buffer layer streaks to those of the large scale motions in the outer layer
Influence of the Resin Layer Thickness at the Interface\ud
of Hybrid Metal-composite Co-cured Joints

As discussed in literature, the accurate analysis of the modern co-cured joints between composite materials or between a metal\ud
and a composite material (hybrid joints) is complicated by the influence of the interface resin layer on the interface singular stress\ud
field. In such joints, in fact, there is not a proper adhesive layer and the thickness of the resin layer, that plays the role of the\ud
adhesive, is not constant due to the presence of the reinforcing fibers in the composite adherent. For this reason several authors\ud
assume that a generic co-cured joint can not be studied as a simple bi-material joint, without considering the particular\ud
characteristics of the actual resin layer. This problem is also involved into the development of reliable design methods able to\ud
give accurate predictions of the joint efficiency. In this work, by theoretical analyses performed by using the Lekhnitskii theory,\ud
numerical simulations carried out by means of the boundary element method and experimental investigations based on the\ud
combined use of the generalized Dundurs parameters and digital photoelasticity, the influence of the resin layer on the singular\ud
stress field at the interface of a generic hybrid metal-composite joint, has been investigated.© 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of ICM1
Studies of azimuthal dihadron correlations in ultra-central PbPb collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 2.76 TeV

Azimuthal dihadron correlations of charged particles have been measured in PbPb collisions at sNN−−−−√ = 2.76TeV by the CMS collaboration, using data from the 2011 LHC heavy-ion run. The data set includes a sample of ultra-central (0-0.2% centrality) PbPb events collected using a trigger based on total transverse energy in the hadron forward calorimeters and the total multiplicity of pixel clusters in the silicon pixel tracker. A total of about 1.8 million ultra-central events were recorded, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 120 μb − 1. The observed correlations in ultra-central PbPb events are expected to be particularly sensitive to initial-state fluctuations. The single-particle anisotropy Fourier harmonics, from v 2 to v 6, are extracted as a function of particle transverse momentum. At higher transverse momentum, the v 2 harmonic becomes significantly smaller than the higher-order v n (n ≥ 3). The p T-averaged v 2 and v 3 are found to be equal within 2%, while higher-order v n decrease as n increases. The breakdown of factorization of dihadron correlations into single-particle azimuthal anisotropies is observed. This effect is found to be most prominent in the ultra-central PbPb collisions, where the initial-state fluctuations play a dominant role. A comparison of the factorization data to hydrodynamic predictions with event-by-event fluctuating initial conditions is also presented