pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Transform continental margins – Part 1: Concepts and models

International audienceThis paper reviews the geodynamic concepts and models related to transform continental margins, and their implications on the structure of these margins. Simple kinematic models of transform faulting associated with continental rifting and oceanic accretion allow to define three successive stages of evolution, including intra-continental transform faulting, active transform margin, and passive transform margin. Each part of the transform margin experiences these three stages, but the evolution is diachronous along the margin. Both the duration of each stage and the cumulated strike-slip deformation increase from one extremity of the margin (inner corner) to the other (outer corner). Initiation of transform faulting is related to the obliquity between the trend of the lithospheric deformed zone and the relative displacement of the lithospheric plates involved in divergence. In this oblique setting, alternating transform and divergent plate boundaries correspond to spatial partitioning of the deformation. Both obliquity and the timing of partitioning influence the shape of transform margins. Oblique margin can be defined when oblique rifting is followed by oblique oceanic accretion. In this case, no transform margin should exist in the prolongation of the oceanic fracture zones. Vertical displacements along transform margins were mainly studied to explain the formation of marginal ridges. Numerous models were proposed, one of the most used is being based on thermal exchanges between the oceanic and the continental lithospheres across the transform fault. But this model is compatible neither with numerical computation including flexural behavior of the lithosphere nor with timing of vertical displacements and the lack of heating related to the passing of the oceanic accretion axis as recorded by the Côte d'Ivoire-Ghana marginal ridge. Enhanced models are still needed. They should better take into account the erosion on the continental slope, and the level of coupling of the transform continental margin with the adjacent oceanic lithosphere
Precipitation, soil moisture and runoff variability in a small river catchment (Ardèche, France) during HyMeX Special Observation Period 1

Flash flooding is a potentially destructive natural hazard known to occur in the Cévennes-Vivarais region in southern France. HyMeX (Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment) is an international program focused on understanding the hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean basin. Soil moisture is known to be a useful indicator of catchment response, however, establishing a meaningful estimation of soil moisture at the catchment level can be difficult due to its high variability in space and time. In a small gauged catchment in the Cévennes-Vivarais region in southern France, a series of manual soil moisture measurements was taken from September to December 2012 at both the field and catchment scale during the Special Observation Period 1 (SOP1) as part of the HyMeX program. Six plots were selected along a trajectory of a microwave link installed in the catchment and were chosen to represent different elevations in the catchment. Within each field plot, surface soil moisture was measured along a 50 m transect at 2 m intervals. This allowed the study of changes in within-field variability as well as between-field variability in response to precipitation events and during the drying out phase. Several precipitation events occurred over this autumn 2012 period which caused a significant wetting-up of the catchment, allowing the study of soil moisture processes over a wide range of wetness conditions. The influence of antecedent catchment conditions (soil moisture) on rainfall–runoff dynamics is demonstrated through the comparison of storm hydrographs for the various events. Dry catchment conditions result in minimal response in event flow, whereas large precipitation events occurring during wetter conditions produce much stronger responses in event flow. This further confirms the importance of quantifying catchment initial conditions to enhance the prediction of flash flood occurrences
Energy Decay Laws in Strongly Anisotropic Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence

4 pagesInternational audienceWe investigate the influence of a uniform magnetic field B0 B0ek on energy decay laws in incompressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence. The nonlinear transfer reduction along B0 is included in a model that distinguishes parallel and perpendicular directions, following a phenomenology of Kraichnan. We predict a slowing down of the energy decay due to anisotropy in the limit of strong B0, with distinct power laws for energy decay of shear- and pseudo-Alfve'n waves. Numerical results from the kinetic equations of Alfve'n wave turbulence recover these predictions, and MHD numerical results clearly tend to follow them in the lowest perpendicular planes
Timing of massive 'Fleuve Manche' discharges over the last 350 kyr: insights into the European ice-sheet oscillations and the European drainage network from MIS 10 to 2

International audienceContinuous high-resolution mass accumulation rates (MAR) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) measurements from marine sediment records in the Bay of Biscay (NE Atlantic) have allowed the determination of the timing and the amplitude of the 'Fleuve Manche' (Channel River) discharges during glacial stages MIS 10, MIS 8, MIS 6 and MIS 4-2. These results have yielded detailed insight into the Middle and Late Pleistocene glaciations in Europe and the drainage network of the western and central European rivers over the last 350 kyr. This study provides clear evidence that the 'Fleuve Manche' connected the southern North Sea basin with the Bay of Biscay during each glacial period and reveals that 'Fleuve Manche' activity during the glaciations MIS 10 and MIS 8 was significantly less than during MIS 6 and MIS 2. We correlate the significant 'Fleuve Manche' activity, detected during MIS 6 and MIS 2, with the extensive Saalian (Drenthe Substage) and the Weichselian glaciations, respectively, confirming that the major Elsterian glaciation precedes the glacial MIS 10. In detail, massive 'Fleuve Manche' discharges occurred at ca 155 ka (mid-MIS 6) and during Termination I, while no significant discharges are found during Termination II. It is assumed that a substantial retreat of the European ice sheet at ca 155 kyr, followed by the formation of ice-free conditions between the British Isles and Scandinavia until Termination II, allowed meltwater to flow northwards through the North Sea basin during the second part of the MIS 6. We assume that this glacial pattern corresponds to the Warthe Substage glacial maximum, therefore indicating that the data presented here equates to the Drenthe and the Warthe glacial advances at ca 175-160 ka and ca 150-140 ka, respectively. Finally, the correlation of our records with ODP site 980 reveals that massive 'Fleuve Manche' discharges, related to partial or complete melting of the European ice masses, were synchronous with strong decreases in both the rate of deep-water formation and the strength of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation. 'Fleuve Manche' discharges over the last 350 kyr probably participated, with other meltwater sources, in the collapse of the thermohaline circulation by freshening the northern Atlantic surface water
Trends in concentrations of selected metalloid and metals in two bivalves from the coral reefs in the SW lagoon of New Caledonia

International audienceThe concentrations of 9 elements (Ag, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn) were measured in the oyster Isognomon isognomon and the edible clam Gafrarium tumidum from different sites along the SW New Caledonian coast which is subjected to important chemical inputs due to intense land-based mining activities (New Caledonia is the third world producer of nickel). Results indicate that concentrations in the two organisms mirrored the geographical differences in contamination levels as established through element analyses in sediment. On the basis of organism analyses, two out of the seven investigated stations can be considered as relative “reference” sites, except for As, for which very high levels were detected in clam and oyster tissues (up to 441 μg g-1 dry wt for clams). Overall, our results indicate that both tropical organisms investigated could be used as valuable bioindicator species for surveying metal contamination in the coastal waters of New Caledonia with reasonable perspectives of wider application to other coral reef environments
Homogeneous fractional embeddings

14 pagesFractional equations appear in the description of the dynamics of various physical systems. For Lagrangian systems, the embedding theory developped by Cresson [``Fractional embedding of differential operators and Lagrangian systems'', J. Math. Phys. 48, 033504 (2007)] provides a univocal way to obtain such equations, stemming from a least action principle. However, no matter how equations are obtained, the dimension of the fractional derivative differs from the classical one and may induce problems of temporal homogeneity in fractional objects. In this paper, we show that it is necessary to introduce an extrinsic constant of time. Then, we use it to construct two equivalent fractional embeddings which retain homogeneity. The notion of fractional constant is also discussed through this formalism. Finally, an illustration is given with natural Lagrangian systems, and the case of the harmonic oscillator is entirely treated
Mafic dykes as monitors of hp granulite facies metamorphism in the Grenville front tectonic zone (western Quebec)

International audienceMetamorphosed mafic dykes and pods in the Grenville Front Tectonic Zone (GFTZ) are correlated, on the bases of map patterns and geochemical trends, with Paleo- and Mesoproterozoic dykes that cross-cut Archean rocks of the foreland, NW of the Grenville Front. The GFTZ consists of a SE-dipping 30 km thick slab of quartzo-feldspathic granulites and biotite–garnet (±opx) gneisses overriding, along the McLaurin thrust, a 4 km thick zone of muscovite–sillimanite micaschists that abuts on the Grenville Front. The granulite slab in turn dips under amphibolite-grade migmatites of the Réservoir Dozois terrane along the Dorval detachment. According to published U–Pb and new U–Th–Pb ages on monazite, the granulites, the gneisses and the schists of the GFTZ were metamorphosed at ca. 2.7–2.8 Ga and reworked at ca. 1.0 Ga (Grenvillian). Proterozoic mafic dykes and pods cross-cutting the GFTZ are thus monocyclic, i.e. they went through the Grenvillian metamorphic event only. Several of these metamorphosed mafic dykes and pods have preserved evidence of emplacement in a brittle regime such as intersection of the gneissic foliation, chilled margins, magmatic layering, this in spite of a strong metamorphic overprint attested by coronitic fabrics. In particular, metamorphosed mafic dykes of the granulite slab, contain large pyroxenes rimmed by garnet coronas with minute quartz inclusions, suggesting the reaction pl + opx = grt + qtz. These garnet coronas, in turn, are locally replaced by symplectites of opx, hbl, pl and qtz, probably formed through back-reactions grt + cpx + qtz = pl + opx and grt + cpx = hbl + qtz. Thermobarometric calculations using the above assemblages indicate peak equilibration at about 1.2–1.5 GPa at temperatures of about 800 °C followed by a quasi-isothermal decompression down to 0.9 GPa at temperatures around 700 °C. Proterozoic mafic dykes thus record a Grenvillian HP granulite metamorphism resulting from burial of upper crustal levels down to sub-Moho depths with concomitant heating. This event was followed by rapid exhumation of the GFTZ zone probably controlled by normal displacement along the Dorval detachment
In situ characterization of flows in a fractured unstable slope

International audienceIn the case of large unstable mountain slopes, the spatial repartition of the saturated zones influence the pressure repartitions in the massif and the slope stability. This contribution proposes an evaluation of water origin and pressure transit time of groundwater flows from hydrochemical and isotopic measurements. The objective is to propose a conceptual model of the groundwater flows and a location of the saturated zones in the slope. The interpretation of time measurements of water pressure in the collapsed zone highlights (i) an evolution of flows with deformation that induces a damaging of the rock properties and (ii) the necessity to connect hydrogeological conditions and geological background in a dynamical system to analyse the pore pressure in the fractured collapsed zon
Fuzzy Measures and Integrals: Recent Developments

International audienceThis paper surveys the basic notions and most important results around fuzzy measures and integrals, as proposed independently by Choquet and Sugeno, as well as recent developments. The latter includes bases and transforms on set functions, fuzzy measures on set systems, the notion of horizontal additivity, basic Choquet calculus on the nonnegative real line introduced by Sugeno, the extension of the Choquet integral for nonmeasurable functions, and the notion of universal integral
A benchmark for cooperative coevolution

International audienceCooperative co-evolution algorithms (CCEA) are a thriving sub-field of evolutionary computation. This class of algorithms makes it possible to exploit more efficiently the artificial Darwinist scheme, as soon as an optimisation problem can be turned into a co-evolution of interdependent sub-parts of the searched solution. Testing the efficiency of new CCEA concepts, however, it is not straightforward: while there is a rich literature of benchmarks for more traditional evolutionary techniques, the same does not hold true for this relatively new paradigm. We present a benchmark problem designed to study the behavior and performance of CCEAs, modeling a search for the optimal placement of a set of lamps inside a room. The relative complexity of the problem can be adjusted by operating on a single parameter. The fitness function is a trade-off between conflicting objectives, so the performance of an algorithm can be examined by making use of different metrics. We show how three different cooperative strategies, Parisian Evolution, Group Evolution and AllopatricGroup Evolution, can be applied to the problem. Using a Classical Evolution approach as comparison, we analyse the behavior of each algorithm in detail, with respect to the size of the problem
A Behavioral Congruence for Concurrent Constraint Programming with Non-deterministic Choice

International audienceConcurrent constraint programming (CCP) is a well-established model of concurrency for reasoning about systems of multiple agents that interact with each other by posting and querying partial information on a shared space. (Weak) bisimilarity is one of the most representative notions of behavioral equivalence for models of concurrency. A notion of weak bisimilarity, called weak saturated bisimilarity (WSB), was recently proposed for CCP. This equivalence improves on previous bisimilarity notions for CCP that were too discriminating and it is a congruence for the choice-free fragment of CCP. In this paper, however, we show that WSB is not a congruence for CCP with nondeterministic choice. We then introduce a new notion of bisimilarity, called weak full bisimilarity (FB), and show that it is a congruence for the full language of ccp. We also show the adequacy of FB by establishing that it coincides with the congruence induced by closing WSB under all contexts. The advantage of the new definition is that, unlike the congruence induced by WSB, it does not require quantifying over infinitely many contexts
SiC substrate effects on electron transport in the epitaxial graphene layer

Cataloged from PDF version of article.Hall effect measurements on epitaxial graphene (EG) on SiC substrate have been carried out as a function of temperature. The mobility and concentration of electrons within the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) at the EG layers and within the underlying SiC substrate are readily separated and characterized by the simple parallel conduction extraction method (SPCEM). Two electron carriers are identified in the EG/SiC sample: one high-mobility carrier (3493 cm(2)/Vs at 300 K) and one low-mobility carrier (1115 cm(2)/Vs at 300 K). The high mobility carrier can be assigned to the graphene layers. The second carrier has been assigned to the SiC substrate
Large shocks in U.S. macroeconomic time series: 1860-1988

In this paper, we examine the large shocks due to major economic or financial events that affected U.S. macroeconomic time series on the period 1860-1988, using outlier methodology. We show that most of these shocks have a temporary effect, showing that the U.S. macroeconomic time series experienced only few large permanent shifts in the long term. Most of these large shocks can be explained by major recessions and World War II as well as by monetary policy for the interest rate data. We also find that some economic events seem to have the same effect (immediate, transitory or permanent) on a number of macroeconomic series. Finally, we show that most macroeconomic time series do not seem inconsistent with a stochastic trend once we adjusted the data for these shocks
Ecosystem exploitation and trophodynamic indicators: a comparison between the Northern Adriatic Sea and Southern New England

In an ecosystem-based resource management context, it is crucial to assess the relationships between
community structure and ecosystem function and how those relationships change with resource extraction.
To elucidate how changes in resource use can affect community structure and ecosystem function,
we executed a comparative analysis of two different ecosystems subjected to notable fishing pressure.
We contrasted the Northern Adriatic Sea (NAS) and Southern New England (SNE) ecosystems by examining
outputs from comparable steady-state models. Both ecosystems have relatively high fishing pressure
and a high biomass of benthic invertebrates. The basic structure of the food webs shows
differences both in the number and definition of the functional groups, as described in the models. Fisheries,
on the contrary, show similarities both in terms of catches and discards. Almost all statistics summarizing
the structure and flows showed values three times higher in the SNE than in the NAS ecosystem,
but despite this difference the two ecosystems exhibited similar, overall properties. Biomass ratios and
the Mixed Trophic Impact (MTI) analysis showed that both ecosystems are dominated by the benthic
compartment. Removing the biomass effect, however, shows a clear top-down effect, with a high rank
achieved by fishing activities. In general terms, the low mean trophic level of catches and the high primary
production required (PPR) values result in a high overexploitation level of the ecosystem, as highlighted
by the L index. We conclude by exploring how comparative studies will continue to be valuable as
ecosystem-based management is further implemented
Probing mechanical quantum coherence with an ultracold-atom meter

We propose a scheme to probe quantum coherence in the state of a nanocantilever based on its magnetic coupling (mediated by a magnetic tip) with a spinor Bose Einstein condensate (BEC). By mapping the BEC into a rotor, its coupling with the cantilever results in a gyroscopic motion whose properties depend on the state of the cantilever: the dynamics of one of the components of the rotor angular momentum turns out to be strictly related to the presence of quantum coherence in the state of the cantilever. We also suggest a detection scheme relying on Faraday rotation, which produces only a very small back-action on the BEC and is thus suitable for a continuous detection of the cantilever's dynamics
Environmental and climatic changes in the Jura mountains (eastern France) during the Lateglacial-Holocene transition: a multi-proxy record from Lake Lautrey.

International audienceThis paper presents a multi-proxy reconstruction of the climatic and environmental changes during the Last Glacial-Interglacial transition as recorded by a sediment sequence from Lake Lautrey (Jura, eastern France). This reconstruction is based on analysis of pollen, chironomid, organic matter, oxygen-isotope, mineralogical, magnetic susceptibility and inferred lake-level data at a high temporal resolution. The chronology is derived using AMS radiocarbon dates, the position of the Laacher See Tephra (LST), and of correlation between the Lautrey and GRIP oxygen-isotope records. This data set reveals a detailed sequence of environmental changes in the Jura mountains from Greenland Stadial 2a to the early Holocene. Biotic and abiotic indicators allow the recognition of major abrupt changes associated with the GS-2a/GI-1e, GI-1a/GS-1 and GS-1/Preboreal transitions, and other minor fluctuations related to the cold events GI-1d, GI-1b and the Preboreal oscillation (PBO). They also suggest additional cooling spells at ca 14,550 and 14,350 cal yr BP (Intra-Bølling Cold Periods), at ca 13,500 and ca 12,700 cal yr BP just before the GS-1 onset, and at ca 11,350 cal yr BP just before the PBO, as well as an intriguing brief warming episode within GS-1 at ca 12,080 cal yr BP. Summer temperature increased by ca 5 °C at the start of GI-1e, and by 1.5-3 °C at the Holocene onset, while it decreased by ca 3-4 °C at the beginning of GS-1. Major changes in local hydrology and in seasonality appear to be also associated with the GS-2a/GI-1e, GI-1a/GS-1 and GS-1/Preboreal transitions. Pollen and abiotic indicators suggest a greater sensitivity of the vegetation cover to climatic oscillations during the first part of the Lateglacial Interstadial than during the second part (after ca 13,700 cal yr BP), when a closed forest had been restored in this area. By contrast, the restoration of forest cover took less than 300 yr after the end of GS-1. At the beginning of GI-1e and GS-1, no lag occurs (within the sampling resolution of 20-50 yr) in the responses of aquatic (chironomids) and terrestrial (pollen) ecosystems, while, at the onset of the Holocene, the response of the vegetation appears slightly delayed in comparison with that of the chironomid community. Finally, the recognition of two successive tephra layers, which were deposited just before the LST at ca 12,950 cal yr BP and which originated from Le Puy de la Nugère (Massif Central, France), provides an additional tephrochronological tool for correlation between Lateglacial European sequences
Temperature dependence of infrared reflectance spectra of InN

To investigate both the optical and electrical properties of InN, we have measured the infrared reflectance spectra of InN thin
	films and performed the fitting analyses of the infrared spectra to obtain not only phonon frequencies and the damping factors
	but also the carrier concentration of InN. In this paper, we extend the aim of those analyses to the electron mobility and
	demonstrate that the temperature dependence of the electron mobility can be discussed using the infrared reflectance spectra
	analyses
Electrical and optical properties of MOVPE InN doped with Mg using CP2Mg

The first trial of Mg doping in the atmospheric-pressure MOVPE growth of InN has been made using CP_2Mg as a Mg source. Although Mg is incorporated in the InN films and its content is proportional to CP_2Mg/TMI molar ratio, all samples grown here show n-type conduction and the electron concentration is rather increased with increasing CP2Mg/TMI molar ratio. The SIMS analysis reveals that C and H are also incorporated into the grown films. The AFM observation shows that the grain growth of InN is suppressed by the CP_2Mg supply. Both the contamination of C and H and the effect of the CP_2Mg supply to the grain growth are considerably reduced by selecting the substrate position on the susceptor