pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Search for anomalous single top quark production in association with a photon in pp collisions at √s = 8 TeV

The result of a search for flavor changing neutral currents (FCNC) through single top quark production in association with a photon is presented. The study is based on proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV using data collected with the CMS detector at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.8 fb−1. The search for tγ events where t → Wb and W → μν is conducted in final states with a muon, a photon, at least one hadronic jet with at most one being consistent with originating from a bottom quark, and missing transverse momentum. No evidence of single top quark production in association with a photon through a FCNC is observed. Upper limits at the 95% confidence level are set on the tuγ and tcγ anomalous couplings and translated into upper limits on the branching fraction of the FCNC top quark decays: ℬ(t → uγ) < 1.3 × 10− 4 and ℬ(t → cγ) < 1.7 × 10− 3. Upper limits are also set on the cross section of associated tγ production in a restricted phase-space region. These are the most stringent limits currently available.The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey, and Turkish Atomic Energy Authorit
Tests for the existence of horizons through gravitational wave echoes

The existence of black holes and of spacetime singularities is a fundamental
issue in science. Despite this, observations supporting their existence are
scarce, and their interpretation unclear. We overview how strong a case for
black holes has been made in the last few decades, and how well observations
adjust to this paradigm. Unsurprisingly, we conclude that observational proof
for black holes is impossible to come by. However, just like Popper's black
swan, alternatives can be ruled out or confirmed to exist with a single
observation. These observations are within reach. In the next few years and
decades, we will enter the era of precision gravitational-wave physics with
more sensitive detectors. Just as accelerators require larger and larger
energies to probe smaller and smaller scales, more sensitive gravitational-wave
detectors will be probing regions closer and closer to the horizon, potentially
reaching Planck scales and beyond. What may be there, lurking?Comment: Published in Nature Astronomy, expanded version with further details
  available at arXiv:1707.0302
A replacement policy for a repairable system with its repairman having multiple vacations

This paper considers a replacement policy for a repairable system with a repairman, who can have multiple vacations. If the system fails and the repairman is on vacation, it will wait for repair until the repairman is available. Assuming that the system can not be repaired "as good as new" and a repair upon failure can be performed immediately with a probability of p, we optimise replacement policy using geometric processes. The explicit expression of the expected cost rate is derived, and the corresponding optimal policy can be determined analytically or numerically. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the theoretical results of the model. Â© 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Neutrino dimuon production and the dynamical determination of strange parton distributions

Utilizing recent neutrino dimuon production measurement from NuTeV the assumptions on the determination of the strangeness content of the nucleon within the dynamical approach to parton distributions are investigated. The data are found to be in good agreement with the predictions derived from our (GJR08) dynamical parton distributions, which have been generated entirely radiatively starting from vanishing strange input distributions at an optimally chosen low resolution scale. Further, the data induce an asymmetry in the strange sea which is found to be small and positive in agreement with previous results
The cost of ownership in microfinance organization

This article analyses the cost of ownership in microfinance organizations. We specifically compare the ownership-cost of Shareholders Firms (SHFs), Non Profit Organizations (NPOs) and Cooperatives (COOPs). A paradoxical situation motivates us: Most providers of microfinance, both historically and today, are NPOs or COOPs, while several policy papers advocate SHFs. Based on an extension of Hansmann’s (1996) economic theory of ownership we propose that cost variables related to market contracting of microfinance services favor NPOs and COOPs, whereas most cost variables related to the practice of ownership favor SHFs. We conclude that in severe imperfect markets, where most microfinance organizations operate,  NPOs and COOPs are still needed.
Dynamic nonpoint-source pollution control policy: ambient transfers and uncertainty

When a regulator cannot observe or infer individual emissions, corrective policy must rely on ambient pollution data.  Assuming this kind of environment, we study a class of differential games of pollution control with profit functions that are polynomial in the global pollution stock.  Given an open-loop emissions strategy satisfying mild regularity conditions, an ambient transfer scheme is exhibited that induces it in Markov-perfect equilibrium (MPE).  Proposed transfers are a polynomial function of the difference between actual and desired pollution levels; moreover, they are designed so that in MPE no tax or subsidy is ever levied. Their applicability under stochastic pollution dynamics is studied for a symmetric game of polluting oligopolists with linear demand. We discuss a quadratic scheme that induces agents to adopt Markovian emissions strategies that are stationary and linearly decreasing in total pollution. Total expected ambient transfers are non-positive and their magnitude is linearly increasing in physical volatility, the size of the economy, and the absolute value of the slope of the inverse demand function. However, if the regulator is interested in inducing a constant emissions strategy then, in expectation, transfers vanish.  The total expected ambient transfer is compared to its point-source equivalent.
Diffuse LEED intensities of disordered crystal surfaces : II. Multiple scattering on disordered overlayers

The diffraction of low energy electrons from disordered overlayers adsorbed on ordered substrates is treated theoretically by an extension of Beeby's multiple scattering method. A lattice gas model is assumed for the disordered adsorbate layer. Multiple scattering within a certain area around each atom — each atom of the overlayer and within the ordered substrate — is treated self-consistently, the remaining contributions to the total scattering amplitude being averaged. The theory can be used in the limiting cases of random distribution and of long range order within the adsorbate layer.
Search for R-parity-violating supersymmetry in events with four or more leptons in root s=7 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

ATLAS Contributors: Paul Douglas Jackson and Nitesh Soni of School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. Extent: 36p.A search for new phenomena in final states with four or more leptons (electrons or muons) is presented. The analysis is based on 4.7 fb⁻¹ of √s=7TeV proton-proton collisions delivered by the Large Hadron Collider and recorded with the ATLAS detector. Observations are consistent with Standard Model expectations in two signal regions: one that requires moderate values of missing transverse momentum and another that requires large effective mass. The results are interpreted in a simplified model of R-parity-violating supersymmetry in which a 95% CL exclusion region is set for charged wino masses up to 540 GeV. In an R-parity-violating MSUGRA/CMSSM model, values of m₁₍₂ up to 820 GeV are excluded for 10 < tan β < 40.The ATLAS collaboratio
Sprint-based exercise and cognitive function in adolescents.

Moderate intensity exercise has been shown to enhance cognition in an adolescent population, yet the effect of high-intensity sprint-based exercise remains unknown and was therefore examined in the present study. Following ethical approval and familiarisation, 44 adolescents (12.6 ± 0.6 y) completed an exercise (E) and resting (R) trial in a counter-balanced, randomised crossover design. The exercise trial comprised of 10 × 10 s running sprints, interspersed by 50 s active recovery (walking). A battery of cognitive function tests (Stroop, Digit Symbol Substitution (DSST) and Corsi blocks tests) were completed 30 min pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise and 45 min post-exercise. Data were analysed using mixed effect models with repeated measures. Response times on the simple level of the Stroop test were significantly quicker 45 min following sprint-based exercise (R: 818 ± 33 ms, E: 772 ± 26 ms; p = 0.027) and response times on the complex level of the Stroop test were quicker immediately following the sprint-based exercise (R: 1095 ± 36 ms, E: 1043 ± 37 ms; p = 0.038), while accuracy was maintained. Sprint-based exercise had no immediate or delayed effects on the number of items recalled on the Corsi blocks test (p = 0.289) or substitutions made during the DSST (p = 0.689). The effect of high intensity sprint-based exercise on adolescents' cognitive function was dependant on the component of cognitive function examined. Executive function was enhanced following exercise, demonstrated by improved response times on the Stroop test, whilst visuo-spatial memory and general psycho-motor speed were unaffected. These data support the inclusion of high-intensity sprint-based exercise for adolescents during the school day to enhance cognition
Is there a female protective effect against ADHD? Evidence from two representative twin samples

OBJECTIVE: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is more frequent in males than females. The ‘female protective effect’ posits that females undergo greater exposure to etiological factors than males in order to develop ADHD, leading to the prediction that relatives of females with ADHD will display more ADHD behaviors.  We thus tested whether co-twins of females displaying extreme ADHD traits would display more ADHD traits than co-twins of males displaying extreme ADHD traits.  \ud
\ud
METHOD: Parents of approximately 7,000 pairs of non-identical twins in Sweden, and around 4,000 pairs of twins in England and Wales, completed dimensional assessments of ADHD traits. Probands were selected on the basis of scoring within the highest 10% of the distribution in each sample. Dimensional scores of co-twins of probands, as well as the categorical recurrence rate, were investigated by proband sex.  \ud
\ud
RESULTS: Co-twins of female probands displayed higher mean ADHD trait scores (x ̅=0.62-0.79) than co-twins of male probands (x ̅=0.38-0.55) in both samples. This trend was significant in the Swedish sample (p<.01) and when the two samples were merged into a single, larger sample (p<.001). When the samples were merged, there was also a significant association between proband sex and co-twin’s categorical status, with more co-twins of female probands also being probands than co-twins of male probands. \ud
\ud
CONCLUSIONS: These findings support a female protective effect against ADHD behaviors, suggesting that females require greater exposure to genetic and environmental factors associated with ADHD in order to develop the condition
Open Source Drug Discovery: Highly Potent Antimalarial Compounds Derived from the Tres Cantos Arylpyrroles

The development of new antimalarial compounds remains a pivotal part of the strategy for malaria elimination. Recent large-scale phenotypic screens have provided a wealth of potential starting points for hit-to-lead campaigns. One such public set is explored, employing an open source research mechanism in which all data and ideas were shared in real time, anyone was able to participate, and patents were not sought. One chemical subseries was found to exhibit oral activity but contained a labile ester that could not be replaced without loss of activity, and the original hit exhibited remarkable sensitivity to minor structural change. A second subseries displayed high potency, including activity within gametocyte and liver stage assays, but at the cost of low solubility. As an open source research project, unexplored avenues are clearly identified and may be explored further by the community; new findings may be cumulatively added to the present work.Full Tex
Human mate-choice copying is domain-general social learning

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Springer Nature via the DOI in this recordWomen appear to copy other women’s preferences for men’s faces. This ‘mate-choice copying’ is often taken as evidence of psychological adaptations for processing social information related to mate choice, for which facial information is assumed to be particularly salient. No experiment, however, has directly investigated whether women preferentially copy each other’s face preferences more than other preferences. Further, because prior experimental studies used artificial social information, the effect of real social information on attractiveness preferences is unknown. We collected attractiveness ratings of pictures of men’s faces, men’s hands, and abstract art given by heterosexual women, before and after they saw genuine social information gathered in real time from their peers. Ratings of faces were influenced by social information, but no more or less than were images of hands and abstract art. Our results suggest that evidence for domain-specific social learning mechanisms in humans is weaker than previously suggested.Research supported in part by an ERC Advanced Grant to K.N.L. (EVOCULTURE, ref: 232823). A.T. was supported by a BBSRC David Phillips Fellowship (BB/H021817/1) and a grant from the ESRC (ES/M006042/1)
An axiomatic formulation of the Montevideo interpretation of\ud
quantum mechanics

We make a first attempt to axiomatically formulate the Montevideo interpretation of quantum mechanics. In this interpretation environmental decoherence is supplemented with loss of coherence due to the use of realistic clocks to measure time to solve the measurement problem. The resulting\ud
formulation is framed entirely in terms of quantum objects. Unlike in ordinary quantum mechanics, time only plays the role of an unobservable parameter. The formulation eliminates any privileged role of the measurement process giving an objective definition of when an event occurs in a system
Candidiasis: predisposing factors, prevention, diagnosis and alternative treatment

Candidiasis is the most common opportunistic yeast infection. Candida species and
other microorganisms are involved in this complicated fungal infection, but Candida
albicans continues to be the most prevalent. In the past two decades, it has been
observed an abnormal overgrowth in the gastrointestinal, urinary and respiratory tracts,
not only in immunocompromised patients, but also related to nosocomial infections and
even in healthy individuals. There is a widely variety of causal factors that contribute to
yeast infection which means that candidiasis is a good example of a multifactorial
syndrome. Due to rapid increase in the incidence of these infections, this is the subject
of numerous studies. Recently, the focus of attention is the treatment and, above all, the
prevention of those complications. The diagnosis of candidiasis could become quite
complicated. Prevention is the most effective “treatment”, much more than eradication
of the yeast with antifungal agents. There are several aspects to consider in the daily
routine that can provide a strength protection. However, a therapeutic approach is
necessary when the infection is established and, therefore, other alternatives should be
explored. This review provides an overview on predisposition factors, prevention and
diagnosis of candidiasis, highlighting alternative approaches for candidiasis treatment.Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for
N. Martins grant (SFRH/BD/87658/2012), L. Barros researcher contract under
“Programa Compromisso com Ciência – 2008” and financial support to the research
center CIMO (strategic project PEst-OE/AGR/UI0690/2011)
Leptogenesis in crossing and runaway regimes.

This is an open access article under the CC BY license, originally published in the journal Higher Energy Physics in 2014.We study the impact of effective thermal masses and widths on resonant leptogenesis.  We identify two distinct possibilities which we refer to as ‘crossing’ and ‘runaway’
regimes.  In the runaway regime the mass difference grows monotonously with temperature,  whereas it initially decreases in the crossing regime,  such that the effective masses
become  equal  at  some  temperature.   Following  the  conventional  logic  the  source  of  the
asymmetry would vanish in the latter case.  Using non-equilibrium quantum field theory,
we analytically demonstrate that the vanishing of the difference of the effective masses does
however neither imply a suppression nor a strong enhancement of the source for the lepton
asymmetry.  In the vicinity of the crossing point the asymmetry calculated in an (improved)
Boltzmann limit develops a spurious peak, which signals the breakdown of the quasiparticle
approximation.  In the exact result this spurious enhancement is compensated by coherent transitions between the two mass shells.  Despite the breakdown of the quasiparticle
approximation off-shell contributions remain negligibly small even at the crossing point
Evaluation of agro-industrial wastes, their state and mixing ratio for maximum polygalacturonase and biomass production in submerged fermentation

The potential of important agro-industrial wastes, apple pomace (AP) and orange peel (OP) as C sources, was investigated in the maximization of polygalacturonase (PG), an industrially significant enzyme, using an industrially important microorganism Aspergillus sojae. Factors such as various hydrolysis forms of the C sources (hydrolysed-AP, non-hydrolysed-AP, hydrolysed-AP + OP, non-hydrolysed-AP + OP) and N sources (ammonium sulphate and urea), and incubation time (4, 6, and 8 days) were screened. It was observed that maximum PG activity was achieved at a combination of non-hydrolysed-AP + OP and ammonium sulphate with eight days of incubation. For the pre-optimization study, ammonium sulphate concentration and the mixing ratios of AP + OP at different total C concentrations (9, 15, 21 g l−1) were evaluated. The optimum conditions for the maximum PG production (144.96 U ml−1) was found as 21 g l−1 total carbohydrate concentration totally coming from OP at 15 g l−1 ammonium sulphate concentration. On the other hand, 3:1 mixing ratio of OP + AP at 11.50 g l−1 ammonium sulphate concentration also resulted in a considerable PG activity (115.73 U ml−1). These results demonstrated that AP can be evaluated as an additional C source to OP for PG production, which in turn both can be alternative solutions for the elimination of the waste accumulation in the food industry with economical returns.Fil: Göğüş, Nihan. Izmir Institute of Technology; TurquíaFil: Evcan, Ezgi. Izmir Institute of Technology; TurquíaFil: Tari, Canan. Izmir Institute of Technology; TurquíaFil: Cavalitto, Sebastian Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - la Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo En Fermentaciones Industriales. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Cs.exactas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo En Fermentaciones Industriales; Argentin
Thallium elemental behavior and stable isotope fractionation during magmatic processes.

Stable thallium (Tl) isotopes are an extremely sensitive tracer for the addition of small amounts of sediments or materials altered at low temperatures to the source(s) of mantle-derived melts. The ability of Tl to trace such materials is due to the large concentration contrast between the mantle (Tl < 2 ng/g) and possible exotic inputs (Tl ~ 100 ng/g to > μg/g), which also often display fractionated Tl isotope compositions. However, the magnitude of Tl isotope fractionation induced by igneous processes alone has not been systematically assessed. Here, two suites of co-genetic magmas, spanning a large range of differentiation, from Hekla, Iceland, and Anatahan, in the Mariana arc, are used to assess the behavior of thallium and its stable isotope variations during magmatic processes. Thallium behaves as a near-perfectly incompatible lithophile element throughout magmatic evolution, mirroring elements such as Rb, Cs, and K. Lavas from Hekla have restricted Cs/Tl ratios and stable Tl isotope compositions, which overlap with mantle estimates. Lavas from subduction-related Anatahan volcano also have a restricted range in Tl isotope composition, which overlaps with Hekla and MORB, demonstrating that fractional crystallisation and partial melting does not fractionate stable Tl isotopes. Subduction environments display variable Cs/Tl, indicating that the subduction process commonly fractionates these two elements. The immunity of thallium stable isotopes to fractionation by magmatic processes coupled with its extreme sensitivity for tracing pelagic sediments, FeMn crusts and low temperature altered oceanic crust highlight its value in elucidating the nature of mantle sources of both oceanic basalts and arc lavas. Critically, meaningful interpretation of thallium isotope compositions need not be restricted to primitive lavas
Detecting induced star-like minors in polynomial time.

The Induced Minor problem is to test whether a graph G contains a graph H as an induced minor, i.e., if G can be modified into H by a sequence of vertex deletions and edge contractions. When H is fixed, i.e., not part of the input, this problem is denoted H-Induced Minor. We provide polynomial-time algorithms for this problem in the case that the fixed target graph has a star-like structure. In particular, we show polynomial-time solvability for all forests H on at most seven vertices except for one such case
Skeletal muscle fiber-type switching, exercise intolerance, and myopathy in PGC-1α muscle-specific knock-out animals

The transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) is a key integrator of neuromuscular activity in skeletal muscle. Ectopic expression of PGC-1α in muscle results in increased mitochondrial number and function as well as an increase in oxidative, fatigue-resistant muscle fibers. Whole body PGC-1α knock-out mice have a very complex phenotype but do not have a marked skeletal muscle phenotype. We thus analyzed skeletal muscle-specific PGC-1α knock-out mice to identify a specific role for PGC-1α in skeletal muscle function. These mice exhibit a shift from oxidative type I and IIa toward type IIx and IIb muscle fibers. Moreover, skeletal muscle-specific PGC-1α knock-out animals have reduced endurance capacity and exhibit fiber damage and elevated markers of inflammation following treadmill running. Our data demonstrate a critical role for PGC-1α in maintenance of normal fiber type composition and of muscle fiber integrity following exertion