pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Fundamental Constants at High Energy

The progress of Particle Physics is closely linked to the progress in the understanding of the fundamental constants, like the finestructure constant, the mass of the electron or nucleon, or the electroweak mixing angle. The relation between the 18 fundamental constants of the Standard Model and the elementary units used in other fields like quantum optics or solid state physics is far from trivial and will be discussed. Relations between the various constants might exist, providing signals for the physics beyond the Standard Model. Recent observations in astrophysics indicate a slight time variation of the finestructure constant. If true, it has profound implications for many particle and nuclear physics phenomena. In particular the nuclear mass scale should change in time, a phenomenon which could be observed in the laboratory using advanced methods of quantum optics
Decoupling of the UV and IR divergences within Dimensional Regularization in Non-Commutative theories and some Phenomenological Implications

Using Dimensional Regularization (DR) for some two-point functions of a prototype Non-Comutative (NC) phi^4 scalar theory, we explictly show that, to one-loop, the IR and UV divergences of non-planar diagrams having quadratic divergences decouple, contrary to the case of the Pauli-Villars cut-off regularization (PVR) often used in existing literatures. We also note that the IR structure 1/p circ p obtained from DR is reproduced by PVR in the limit where the UV cut-off Lambda is set to infinity. We study the phenomenological implications of this result by rederiving bounds from low-energy data on the violation of Lorentz invariance based on the existence of the quadratic divergence. The most stringent (and regularization independent) bound on Lorentz violation in NC-QCD from low-energy data is 1/sqrt(theta) approximately nu >= 10^{15} GeV, which comes from the absence of sidereal variations between the Cs and Hg atomic clocks
A model of stable chromomagnetic vacuum in higher-dimensional Yang-Mills
  theory

We study the effective action in Euclidean Yang-Mills theory with a compact
simple gauge group in one-loop approximation assuming a covariantly constant
gauge field strength as a background. For groups of higher rank and spacetimes
of higher dimensions such field configurations have many independent color
components taking values in Cartan subalgebra and many ``magnetic fields'' in
each color component. In our previous investigation it was shown that such
background is stable in dimensions higher than four provided the amplitudes of
``magnetic fields'' do not differ much from each other. In present paper we
calculate exactly the relevant zeta-functions in the case of equal amplitudes
of ``magnetic fields''. For the case of two ``magnetic fields'' with equal
amplitudes the behavior of the effective action is studied in detail. It is
shown that in dimensions $d=4,5,6,7$ $({\rm mod}\, 8)$, the perturbative vacuum
is metastable, i.e., it is stable in perturbation theory but the effective
action is not bounded from below, whereas in dimensions $d=9,10,11$ $({\rm
mod}\, 8)$ the perturbative vacuum is absolutely stable. In dimensions $d=8$
$({\rm mod}\, 8)$ the perturbative vacuum is stable for small values of
coupling constant but becomes unstable for large coupling constant leading to
the formation of a non-perturbative stable vacuum with nonvanishing ``magnetic
fields''. The critical value of the coupling constant and the amplitudes of the
vacuum ``magnetic fields'' are evaluated exactly.Comment: 33 pages, LaTeX, 58 KB, 3 figures (bezier style
Trends in serotypes and sequence types among cases of invasive pneumococcal disease in Scotland, 1999-2010

Introduction The 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Prevenar®, Wyeth; PCV7) was introduced to the UK paediatric immunisation schedule in 2006. This study investigates trends in serotypes and multi locus sequence types (STs) among cases of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in Scotland prior to, and following, the introduction of PCV7. Methods Scottish Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Enhanced Surveillance has records of all cases of invasive pneumococcal disease in Scotland since 1999. Cases diagnosed from blood or cerebrospinal fluid isolates until 2010 were analysed. Logistic and poisson regression modelling was used to assess trends prior to and following the introduction of PCV7. Results Prior to PCV7 use, on average 650 cases of IPD were reported each year; 12% occurred in those aged <5 years and 35% affected those aged over 65 years. Serotypes in PCV7 represented 47% of cases (68% in <5 year olds). The serotype and ST distribution was relatively stable with only serotype 1 and associated ST 306 showing an increasing trend. PCV7 introduction was associated with a 69% (95% CI: 50%, 80%) reduction in the incidence of IPD among those aged <5 years, a 57% (95% CI: 47%, 66%) reduction among those aged 5-64 years but no significant change among those aged 65 years and over where increases in non-PCV7 serotypes were observed. Serotypes which became more prevalent post-PCV7 are those which were associated with STs related to the PCV7 serotypes. Conclusions Routine serotyping and sequence typing in Scotland allowed the assessment of the relationship between the capsule and the clones in the post vaccination era. Changes in the distribution of serotypes post PCV7 introduction appear to be driven by associations between serotypes and STs prior to PCV7 introduction. This has implications for the possible effects of the introduction of higher valency vaccines and could aid in predicting replacement serotypes in IP
Satellite content and quenching of star formation in galaxy groups at
  z~1.8

We study the properties of satellites in the environment of massive
star-forming galaxies at z~1.8 in the COSMOS field, using a sample of 215
galaxies on the main sequence of star formation with an average mass of 10^11
Msun. At z>1.5, these galaxies typically trace halos of mass >10^13 Msun. We
use optical-near-infrared photometry to estimate stellar masses and star
formation rates (SFR) of centrals and satellites down to ~6*10^9 Msun. We stack
data around 215 central galaxies to statistically detect their satellite halos,
finding an average of ~3 galaxies in excess of the background density. We fit
the radial profiles of satellites with simple beta-models, and compare their
integrated properties to model predictions. We find that the total stellar mass
of satellites amounts to 68% of the central galaxy, while SED modeling and
far-infrared photometry consistently show their total SFR to be 25-35% of the
central's rate. We also see significant variation in the specific SFR of
satellites within the halo with, in particular, a sharp decrease at <100 kpc.
After considering different potential explanations, we conclude that this is
likely an environmental signature of the hot inner halo. This effect can be
explained in the first order by a simple free-fall scenario, suggesting that
these low-mass environments can shut down star formation in satellites on
relatively short timescales of ~0.3 Gyr.Comment: 12 pages, 12 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy &
  Astrophysic
Measurement of inclusive jet charged-particle fragmentation functions in Pb+Pb collisions at â\u88\u9asNN=2.76TeV with the ATLAS detector

Â© 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/license/by/3.0/). Funded by SCOAP3.Â© 2014 The Authors.Measurements of charged-particle fragmentation functions of jets produced in ultra-relativistic nuclear collisions can provide insight into the modification of parton showers in the hot, dense medium created in the collisions. ATLAS has measured jets in sNN=2.76TeV Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC using a data set recorded in 2011 with an integrated luminosity of 0.14 nb-1. Jets were reconstructed using the anti-kt algorithm with distance parameter values R=0.2, 0.3, and 0.4. Distributions of charged-particle transverse momentum and longitudinal momentum fraction are reported for seven bins in collision centrality for R=0.4 jets with pTjet>100GeV. Commensurate minimum pT values are used for the other radii. Ratios of fragment distributions in each centrality bin to those measured in the most peripheral bin are presented. These ratios show a reduction of fragment yield in central collisions relative to peripheral collisions at intermediate z values, 0.04â\u89²zâ\u89²0.2, and an enhancement in fragment yield for zâ\u89²0.04. A smaller, less significant enhancement is observed at large z and large pT in central collisions
Predicting microbial water quality with models: Over-arching questions for managing risk in agricultural catchments

The application of models to predict concentrations of faecal indicator organisms (FIOs) in environmental systems plays an important role for guiding decision-making associated with the management of microbial water quality. In recent years there has been an increasing demand by policy-makers for models to help inform FIO dynamics in order to prioritise efforts for environmental and human-health protection. However, given the limited evidence-base on which FIO models are built relative to other agricultural pollutants (e.g. nutrients) it is imperative that the end-user expectations of FIO models are appropriately managed. In response, this commentary highlights four over-arching questions associated with: (i) model purpose; (ii) modelling approach; (iii) data availability; and (iv) model application, that must be considered as part of good practice prior to the deployment of any modelling approach to predict FIO behaviour in catchment systems. A series of short and longer-term research priorities are proposed in response to these questions in order to promote better model deployment in the field of catchment microbial dynamicspublishersversionPeer reviewe
Psychometric Validation of the Revised Family Affluence Scale: a Latent Variable Approach

The aim was to develop and test a brief revised version of the family affluence scale. A total of 7120 students from Denmark, Greenland, Italy, Norway, Poland, Romania, Scotland and Slovakia reported on a list of 16 potential indicators of affluence. Responses were subject to item screening and test of dimensionality. Bifactor analysis revealed a strong general factor of affluence in all countries, but with additional specific factors in all countries. The specific factors mainly reflected overlapping item content. Item screening was conducted to eliminate items with low discrimination and local dependence, reducing the number of items from sixteen to six: Number of computers, number of cars, own bedroom, holidays abroad, dishwasher, and bathroom. The six-item version was estimated with Samejima’s graded response model, and tested for differential item functioning by country. Three of the six items were invariant across countries, thus anchoring the scale to a common metric across countries. The six-item scale correlated with parental reported income groups in six out of eight countries. Findings support a revision to six items in the family affluence scale
Measurement of the production cross section of prompt J/ψ mesons in association with a W± boson in pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

The process pp → W ± J/ψ provides a powerful probe of the production mechanism of charmonium in hadronic collisions, and is also sensitive to multiple parton interactions in the colliding protons. Using the 2011 ATLAS dataset of 4.5 fb−1 of s√ = 7 TeV pp collisions at the LHC, the first observation is made of the production of W ± + prompt J/ψ events in hadronic collisions, using W ± → μν μ and J/ψ → μ + μ −. A yield of 27.4+7.5−6.5 W ± + prompt J/ψ events is observed, with a statistical significance of 5.1σ. The production rate as a ratio to the inclusive W ± boson production rate is measured, and the double parton scattering contribution to the cross section is estimated
Charged-particle multiplicities in $pp$ interactions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 900 GeV measured with the ATLAS detector at the LHC

The first measurements from proton-proton collisions recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC are presented. Data were collected in December 2009 using a minimum-bias trigger during collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 900 GeV. The charged-particle multiplicity, its dependence on transverse momentum and pseudorapidity, and the relationship between mean transverse momentum and charged-particle multiplicity are measured for events with at least one charged particle in the kinematic range |eta|<2.5 and pT>500 MeV. The measurements are compared to Monte Carlo models of proton-proton collisions and to results from other experiments at the same centre-of-mass energy. The charged-particle multiplicity per event and unit of pseudorapidity at eta = 0 is measured to be 1.333 +/- 0.003 (stat.) +/- 0.040 (syst.), which is 5-15% higher than the Monte Carlo models predict
Assessing brain structural associations with working-memory related brain patterns in schizophrenia and healthy controls using linked independent component analysis

Schizophrenia (SZ) is a psychotic disorder with significant cognitive dysfunction. Abnormal brain activation during cognitive processing has been reported, both in task-positive and task-negative networks. Further, structural cortical and subcortical brain abnormalities have been documented, but little is known about how task-related brain activation is associated with brain anatomy in SZ compared to healthy controls (HC). Utilizing linked independent component analysis (LICA), a data-driven multimodal analysis approach, we investigated structure–function associations in a large sample of SZ (n = 96) and HC (n = 142). We tested for associations between task-positive (fronto-parietal) and task-negative (default-mode) brain networks derived from fMRI activation during an n-back working memory task, and brain structural measures of surface area, cortical thickness, and gray matter volume, and to what extent these associations differed in SZ compared to HC. A significant association (p < .05, corrected for multiple comparisons) was found between a component reflecting the task-positive fronto-parietal network and another component reflecting cortical thickness in fronto-temporal brain regions in SZ, indicating increased activation with increased thickness. Other structure–function associations across, between and within groups were generally moderate and significant at a nominal p-level only, with more numerous and stronger associations in SZ compared to HC. These results indicate a complex pattern of moderate associations between brain activation during cognitive processing and brain morphometry, and extend previous findings of fronto-temporal brain abnormalities in SZ by suggesting a coupling between cortical thickness of these brain regions and working memory-related brain activation
Search for displaced muonic lepton jets from light Higgs boson decay in proton-proton collisions at sqrts TeV with the ATLAS detector

A search is performed for collimated muon pairs displaced from the primary vertex produced in the decay of long-lived neutral particles in proton-proton collisions at root s = 7 TeV centre-of-mass energy, with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. In a 1.9 fb(-1) event sample collected during 2011, the observed data are consistent with the Standard Model background expectations. Limits on the product of the production cross section and the branching ratio of a Higgs boson decaying to hidden-sector neutral long-lived particles are derived as a function of the particles' mean lifetime
Nonlinear resonant-tunneling through double-barrier structures

We study resonant tunnelling through double-barrier structures under an applied bias voltage, in which nonlinearities due to self-interaction of electrons in the barrier regions are included. As an approximation, we concern ourselves with thin barriers simulated by delta-function potentials. This approximation allows for an analytical expression of the transmission probability through the structure. We show that the typical peaks due to resonant tunneling decrease and broaden as nonlinearity increases. The main conclusion is that nonlinear effects degrade the peak-to-valley ratio but improve the maximum operation frequency of the resonant tunnelling devices
Membrane-perturbing properties of three peptides corresponding to the ectodomain of hepatitis C virus E2\ud
envelope protein

Based on the predicted capacity to interact with membranes at the interface, we have found three regions in the ectodomain of the hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein E2 (430-449, 543-560 and 603-624) with the ability to destabilize membranes. Three peptides corresponding to the sequence of these regions have been synthesized and their interaction with liposomes have been characterized. The three peptides were able to insert deeply into the hydrophobic core of negatively charged phospholipids as stated by fluorescence depolarization of the probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5- hexatriene. Peptides E2430-449 and E2603-624 were able to induce aggregation of phosphatidylglycerol vesicles in a concentration-dependent manner both at neutral and acidic pH while peptide E2543-560 did not induce any increase of optical density at 360 nm in the concentration range studied. The three peptides induced lipid mixing and the release of the internal contents in a dose-dependent manner when acidic phospholipids were used. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy indicated that the peptides adopted mainly a β-sheet conformation which is not modified by the presence of acidic phospholipids. Taken together, our results point out to the involvement of these three regions in the fusion mechanism of HCV at the plasma membrane level
Low-Dose Vascular Photodynamic Therapy Decreases Tumor Interstitial Fluid Pressure, which Promotes Liposomal Doxorubicin Distribution in a Murine Sarcoma Metastasis Model.

INTRODUCTION: Solid tumors are known to have an abnormal vasculature that limits the distribution of chemotherapy. We have recently shown that tumor vessel modulation by low-dose photodynamic therapy (L-PDT) could improve the uptake of macromolecular chemotherapeutic agents such as liposomal doxorubicin (Liporubicin) administered subsequently. However, how this occurs is unknown. Convection, the main mechanism for drug transport between the intravascular and extravascular spaces, is mostly related to interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) and tumor blood flow (TBF). Here, we determined the changes of tumor and surrounding lung IFP and TBF before, during, and after vascular L-PDT. We also evaluated the effect of these changes on the distribution of Liporubicin administered intravenously (IV) in a lung sarcoma metastasis model.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A syngeneic methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma cell line was implanted subpleurally in the lung of Fischer rats. Tumor/surrounding lung IFP and TBF changes induced by L-PDT were determined using the wick-in-needle technique and laser Doppler flowmetry, respectively. The spatial distribution of Liporubicin in tumor and lung tissues following IV drug administration was then assessed in L-PDT-pretreated animals and controls (no L-PDT) by epifluorescence microscopy.
RESULTS: L-PDT significantly decreased tumor but not lung IFP compared to controls (no L-PDT) without affecting TBF. These conditions were associated with a significant improvement in Liporubicin distribution in tumor tissues compared to controls (P &lt; .05).
DISCUSSION: L-PDT specifically enhanced convection in blood vessels of tumor but not of normal lung tissue, which was associated with a significant improvement of Liporubicin distribution in tumors compared to controls
Determining electric vehicle charging point locations considering drivers' daily activities

In this paper the daily temporal and spatial behavior of electric vehicles (EVs) is modelled using an activity-based (ActBM) microsimulation model for Flanders region (Belgium). Assuming that all EVs are completely charged at the beginning of the day, this mobility model is used to determine the percentage of Flemish vehicles that cannot cover their programmed daily trips and need to be recharged during the day. Assuming a variable electricity price, an optimization algorithm determines when and where EVs can be recharged at minimum cost for their owners. This optimization takes into account the individual mobility constraint for each vehicle, as they can only be charged when the car is stopped and the owner is performing an activity. From this information, the aggregated electric demand for Flanders is obtained, identifying the most overloaded areas at the critical hours. Finally it is also analyzed what activities EV owners are underway during their recharging period. From this analysis, different actions for public charging point deployment in different areas and for different activities are proposed
Measurement of $C\!P$ asymmetries in the decays $B^0 \rightarrow K^{*0}\mu^+ \mu^-$ and $B^+ \rightarrow K^{+} \mu^+ \mu^-$

The direct $C\!P$ asymmetries of the decays $B^0 \rightarrow K^{*0} \mu^+\mu^-$ and $B^+ \rightarrow K^{+} \mu^+ \mu^-$ are measured using $pp$ collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.0$\mbox{fb}^{-1}$ collected with the LHCb detector. The respective control modes $B^0 \rightarrow J/\psi K^{*0}$ and $B^+ \rightarrow J/\psi K^{+}$ are used to account for detection and production asymmetries. The measurements are made in several intervals of $\mu^+ \mu^-$ invariant mass squared, with the $\phi(1020)$ and charmonium resonance regions excluded. Under the hypothesis of zero $C\!P$ asymmetry in the control modes, the average values of the asymmetries are \begin{align}{\cal A}_{C\!P}(B^0 \rightarrow K^{*0} \mu^+ \mu^-) = -0.035 \pm 0.024 \pm 0.003, \cr{\cal A}_{C\!P}(B^+ \rightarrow K^{+} \mu^+ \mu^-) = \phantom{-}0.012 \pm 0.017 \pm 0.001, \end{align} where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second are due to systematic effects. Both measurements are consistent with the Standard Model prediction of small $C\!P$ asymmetry in these decays
Search for new physics in the multijet and missing transverse momentum final state in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 8 TeV

A search for new physics is performed in multijet events with large missing transverse momentum produced in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 8 TeV using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.5 inverse femtobarns collected with the CMS detector at the LHC. The data sample is divided into three jet multiplicity categories (3-5, 6-7, and 8 or more jets), and studied further in bins of two variables: the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta and the missing transverse momentum. The observed numbers of events in various categories are consistent with backgrounds expected from standard model processes. Exclusion limits are presented for several simplified supersymmetric models of squark or gluino pair production
Probing top-partners in Higgs+jets

Fermionic top-partners arise in models such as Composite Higgs and Little Higgs. They modify Higgs properties, in particular how the Higgs couples to top quarks. Alas, there is a low-energy cancellation acting in the coupling of the Higgs boson to gluons and photons. As a result of this cancellation, no information about the spectrum and couplings of the top-partners can be obtained in gg → h , just the overall new physics scale f . In this paper we show that this is not the case when hard radiation is taken into account. Indeed, differential distributions in Higgs plus jets are sensitive to the top-partner mass and coupling to the Higgs. We exploit the transverse momentum distribution of the hard jet to estimate limits on the top-partners in the 14 TeV LHC run. Relying on h → γγ events alone, we find mixing angles of sin 2 ( θ R ) ≳ 0.2 can be probed after 3000 fb −1 of 14 TeV LHC data. Including other modes, the sensitivity improves, up to sin 2 ( θ R ) ≳ 0.05 after 300 fb −1