pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Discontinuous Galerkin methods for computational aerodynamics - 3D adaptive flow simulation with the DLR PADGE code

Over the last years, the discontinuous Galerkin method (DGM) has demonstrated its excellence in accurate, high-order numerical simulations for a wide range of applications in computational physics. However, the development of practical, computationally efficient flow solvers for industrial applications is still in the focus of active research. This paper deals with solving the Navier-Stokes equations describing the motion of three-dimensional, viscous compressible fluids. We present details of the PADGE code under development at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) that is aimed at large-scale applications in aerospace engineering. The discussion covers several advanced aspects like the solution of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes and k-ω turbulence model equations, a curved boundary representation, anisotropic mesh adaptation for reducing output error and techniques for solving the nonlinear algebraic equations. The performance of the solver is assessed for a set of test cases
The Impact of Investor Protection Law on Corporate Policy: Evidence from the Blue Sky Laws

Recent studies have debated the impact of investor protection laws on firms’ corporate policies.  I exploit the passage of state investor protection statutes (“blue sky laws”) in the U.S. in the early 20th century to estimate the effects of investor protection law on firm financing decisions and investment activity.  Regression estimates indicate that the passage of investor protection statutes causes firms to pay out greater dividends, issue more equity, and grow in size.  The introduction of investor protection law is also associated with improvements in operating performance and market valuations.  Additional analysis suggests that alternative hypotheses for the measured changes in corporate policy and performance have limited explanatory power.  Overall, the evidence is strongly supportive of theoretical models which predict that investor protection laws have a significant impact on firm financing and investment policy.
Long-run performance of IPOs and the role of financial analysts: some French evidence

This paper examines the long-run performance of French initial public offerings (IPOs) carried out between
1991 and 2005. Using various methodologies, we found that IPOs in our sample performed poorly relative to the comparison portfolios over the 1991–2005 horizon in contrast to that reported by prior studies of the French market. This abnormal long-run performance is more severe for orphan IPOs (those without financial analysts’ recommendations) than for non-orphan IPOs the first year following the offerings (a statistically significant difference). In contrast to the widely held belief, this evidence suggests that analyst coverage is indeed not important to the issuing firm. Investors pay more attention to non-orphan IPOs when they are not book built, venture capital backed, underwritten by a large syndicate and less underpriced.
Over the 1991–2005 period, an analyst’s affiliation does not appear to matter. This result is inconsistent with the conflict of interest hypothesis. During the first year of issuance, analysts’ recommendations are associated with the success of a newly public firm. However, once we extend the horizon to 3 or 5 years after the issuance, we can find that analysts’ recommendations are not significantly related to the long-run performance of IPOs.
Protein sorting to mitochondria

According to the endosymbiont hypothesis, mitochondria have lost the autonomy of their prokaryotic ancestors. They have to import most of their proteins from the cytosol because the mitochondrial genome codes for only a small percentage of the polypeptides that reside in the organelle. Recent findings show that the sorting of proteins into the mitochondrial subcompartments and their folding and assembly follow principles already developed in prokaryotes. The components involved may have structural and functional equivalents in bacteria.
Surface wave resonances supported on a square array of square metallic pillars

Copyright © 2012 American Institute of Physics. This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and the American Institute of Physics. The following article appeared in Applied Physics Letters 100 (2012) and may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3691949A family of transverse-magnetic surface waves is shown to be supported at microwave frequencies by a square array of subwavelength square cross-section metal pillars on a conducting ground plane. These surface waves are experimentally characterised with a collimated microwave beam apparatus that utilises a pair of two-dimensional parabolic mirrors positioned on the sample surface. The dispersion of the modes, each associated with a quantisation of the electromagnetic field in the depth of the slits, is fully characterised and compared with the predictions of finite element modelling
Searches for W′ bosons decaying to a top quark and a bottom quark in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV

Searches are presented for heavy gauge bosons decaying into a top and a bottom quark in data collected by the CMS experiment at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV that correspond to an integrated luminosity of 2.2 and 2.6 inverse femtobarns in the leptonic and hadronic analyses, respectively. Two final states are analyzed, one containing a single electron, or muon, and missing transverse momentum, and the other containing multiple jets and no electrons or muons. No evidence is found for a right-handed W' boson ($W'_R$) and the combined analyses exclude at 95% confidence level W'R with masses below 2.4 TeV if $M_{W'_R} >> M_{v_R}$ (mass of the right-handed neutrino), and below 2.6 TeV if $M_{W'_R} < M_{v_R}$. The results provide the most stringent limits for right-handed W' bosons in the top and bottom quark decay channel
Multilevel determinants of breast cancer survival:  association with geographic remoteness and area-level socioeconomic disadvantage

A major priority for cancer control agencies is to reduce geographical inequalities in cancer outcomes. While the poorer breast cancer survival among socioeconomically disadvantaged women is well established, few studies have looked at the independent contribution that area- and individual-level factors make to breast cancer survival. Here, we examine relationships between geographic remoteness, area-level socioeconomic disadvantage and breast cancer survival after adjustment for patients' socio-demographic characteristics and stage at diagnosis. Multilevel logistic regression and Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation were used to analyze 18,568 breast cancer cases extracted from the Queensland Cancer Registry for women aged 30-70 years diagnosed between 1997 and 2006 from 478 Statistical Local Areas in Queensland, Australia. Independent of individual-level factors, area-level disadvantage was associated with breast cancer survival (P = 0.032). Compared to women in the least disadvantaged quintile (quintile 5), women diagnosed while resident in one of the remaining four quintiles had significantly worse survival (OR 1.23, 1.27, 1.30, 1.37 for quintiles 4, 3, 2, and 1, respectively). Geographic remoteness was not related to lower survival after multivariable adjustment. There was no evidence that the impact of area-level disadvantage varied by geographic remoteness. At the individual-level, Indigenous status, blue collar occupations and advanced disease were important predictors of poorer survival. A woman's survival after a diagnosis of breast cancer depends on the socio-economic characteristics of the area where she lives, independently of her individual-level characteristics. It is crucial that the underlying reasons for these inequalities be identified to appropriately target policies, resources and effective intervention strategies.Full Tex
Optimization of protein samples for NMR using thermal shift assays.

Maintaining a stable fold for recombinant proteins is challenging, especially when working with highly purified and concentrated samples at temperatures >20 °C. Therefore, it is worthwhile to screen for different buffer components that can stabilize protein samples. Thermal shift assays or ThermoFluor(®) provide a high-throughput screening method to assess the thermal stability of a sample under several conditions simultaneously. Here, we describe a thermal shift assay that is designed to optimize conditions for nuclear magnetic resonance studies, which typically require stable samples at high concentration and ambient (or higher) temperature. We demonstrate that for two challenging proteins, the multicomponent screen helped to identify ingredients that increased protein stability, leading to clear improvements in the quality of the spectra. Thermal shift assays provide an economic and time-efficient method to find optimal conditions for NMR structural studies
The Development of Technical English Multimedia Interactive Module to Enhance Student Centred Learning (SCL)

Based from the definition found in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (Second Impression; 2006), technique can be defined as a special way of doing something whereas technology is referring to new machines, equipment and ways of doing things that are based on modern knowledge about science and computers. Therefore, in teaching and learning processes, technique and technology cannot be apart from each other as both complete the circle of education.\ud
In discussing about the usage of technology in delivering the knowledge and information, we can never run from the reality of integrating it into the traditional method, from textbooks and teachers to a more diverse type especially in the learning materials as in recent case, educators are keen on using the latest invention and innovation in their classroom. This is maybe because it will make their tasks easier or they wanted to be in the wave of technologies era or even they believe that such things benefits the students in terms of gaining their understanding in the subject taught. \ud
	This is the reason why such research is to be conducted in order to make sure that the focus of the teaching and learning processes is now on students whereby the traditional method of using module or book will be replaced by courseware so that it can be more attractive in the sense of students’ acceptance. Besides that, by producing our own courseware, it is hoped that we have answered the call of preserving our nature by using material that is not made from tree and such apart from entering the new phase of integrating technologies in teaching and learning. \u
Distinct conformations of Ly49 natural killer cell receptors mediate MHC class I recognition in trans and cis.

Certain cell-surface receptors engage ligands expressed on juxtaposed cells and ligands on the same cell. The structural basis for trans versus cis binding is not known. Here, we showed that Ly49 natural killer (NK) cell receptors bound two MHC class I (MHC-I) molecules in trans when the two ligand-binding domains were backfolded onto the long stalk region. In contrast, dissociation of the ligand-binding domains from the stalk and their reorientation relative to the NK cell membrane allowed monovalent binding of MHC-I in cis. The distinct conformations (backfolded and extended) define the structural basis for cis-trans binding by Ly49 receptors and explain the divergent functional consequences of cis versus trans interactions. Further analyses identified specific stalk segments that were not required for MHC-I binding in trans but were essential for inhibitory receptor function. These data identify multiple distinct roles of stalk regions for receptor function
The Sakai-Sugimoto soliton.

The Sakai-Sugimoto model is the preeminent example of a string theory de-\ud
scription of holographic QCD, in which baryons correspond to topological solitons in the\ud
bulk. Here we investigate the validity of various approximations of the Sakai-Sugimoto\ud
soliton that are used widely to study the properties of holographic baryons. These ap-\ud
proximations include the flat space self-dual instanton, a linear expansion in terms of\ud
eigenfunctions in the holographic direction and an asymptotic power series at large radius.\ud
These different approaches have produced contradictory results in the literature regarding\ud
properties of the baryon, such as relations for the electromagnetic form factors. Here we\ud
determine the regions of validity of these various approximations and show how to relate\ud
different approximations in contiguous regions of applicability. This analysis clarifies the\ud
source of the contradictory results in the literature and resolves some outstanding issues,\ud
including the use of the flat space self-dual instanton, the detailed properties of the asymp-\ud
totic soliton tail, and the role of the UV cutoff introduced in previous investigations. A\ud
consequence of our analysis is the discovery of a new large scale, that grows logarithmically\ud
with the ’t Hooft coupling, at which the soliton fields enter a nonlinear regime. Finally,\ud
we provide the first numerical computation of the Sakai-Sugimoto soliton and demonstrate\ud
that the numerical results support our analysis
Extremal equilibria for reaction-diffusion equations in bounded domains and applications

We show the existence of two special equilibria, the extremal ones, for a wide class of reaction–diffusion equations in bounded domains with several boundary conditions, including non-linear ones. They give bounds for the asymptotic dynamics and so for the attractor. Some results on the existence and/or uniqueness of positive solutions are also obtained. As a consequence, several well-known results on the existence and/or uniqueness of solutions for elliptic equations are revisited in a unified way obtaining, in addition, information on the dynamics of the associated parabolic problem. Finally, we ilustrate the use of the general results by applying them to the case of logistic equations. In fact, we obtain a detailed picture of the positive dynamics depending on the parameters appearing in the equatio
The minor role of gas-rich major mergers in the rise of
  intermediate-mass early types at z <~ 1

We study the evolution of galaxy structure since z ~ 1 to the present. From a
GOODS-S multi-band catalog we define (blue) luminosity- and mass-weighted
samples, limited by M_B <= -20 and M_star >= 10^10 M_Sun, comprising 1122 and
987 galaxies, respectively. We extract early-type (E/S0/Sa) and late-type
(Sb-Irr) subsamples by their position in the concentration-asymmetry plane, in
which galaxies exhibit a clear bimodality.
  We find that the early-type fraction, f_ET, rises with cosmic time, with a
corresponding decrease in the late-type fraction, f_LT, in both luminosity- and
mass-selected samples. However, the evolution of the comoving number density is
very different: the decrease in the total number density of M_B <= -20 galaxies
since z = 1 is due to the decrease in the late-type population, which accounts
for ~75% of the total star-formation rate in the range under study, while the
increase in the total number density of M_star >= 10^10 M_Sun galaxies in the
same redshift range is due to the evolution of early types. This suggests that
we need a structural transformation between late-type galaxies that form stars
actively and early-type galaxies in which the stellar mass is located.
  Comparing the observed evolution with the gas-rich major merger rate in
GOODS-S, we infer that only ~20% of the new early-type galaxies with M_star >=
10^10 M_Sun appeared since z ~ 1 can be explained by this kind of mergers,
suggesting that minor mergers and secular processes may be the driving
mechanisms of the structural evolution of intermediate-mass (M_star ~ 4x10^10
M_Sun) galaxies since z ~ 1.Comment: Matches published version in ApJ. 16 pages, 4 figures, 5 table
Hole core in superconductors and the origin of the Spin Meissner effect

It is proposed that superconductors possess a hidden `hole core' buried deep
in the Fermi sea. The proposed hole core is a small region of the Brillouin
zone (usually at the center of the zone) where the lowest energy states in the
normal state reside. We propose that in the superconducting state these energy
states become {\it singly occupied} with electrons of a definite spin helicity.
In other words, that holes of a definite spin helicity condense from the top to
the bottom of the band in the transition to superconductivity, and electrons of
that spin helicity `float' on top of the hole core, thus becoming highly
mobile. The hole core has radius $q_0=1/2\lambda_L$, with $\lambda_L$ the
London penetration depth, and the electrons expelled from the hole core give an
excess negative charge density within a London penetration depth of the real
space surface of the superconductor. The hole core explains the development of
a spin current in the transition to superconductivity (Spin Meissner effect)
and the associated negative charge expulsion from the interior of metals in the
transition to superconductivity, effects we have proposed in earlier work to
exist in all superconductors and to be at the root of the Meissner effect
The accretion of planets and brown dwarfs by giant stars -- II. solar
  mass stars on the red giant branch

This paper extends our previous study of planet/brown dwarf accretion by
giant stars to solar mass stars located on the red giant branch. The model
assumes that the planet is dissipated at the bottom of the convective envelope
of the giant star. The giant's evolution is then followed in detail. We analyze
the effects of different accretion rates and different initial conditions. The
computations indicate that the accretion process is accompanied by a
substantial expansion of the star, and in the case of high accretion rates, hot
bottom burning can be activated. The possible observational signatures that
accompany the engulfing of a planet are also extensively investigated. They
include : the ejection of a shell and a subsequent phase of IR emission, an
increase in the 7Li surface abundance and a potential stellar metallicity
enrichment, spin-up of the star due to the deposition of orbital angular
momentum, the possible generation of magnetic fields and a related X-ray
activity due to the development of shear at the base of the convective
envelope, and the effects on the morphology of the horizontal branch in
globular clusters. We propose that the IR excess and high Li abundance observed
in 4-8% of the G and K giants originate from the accretion of a giant planet, a
brown dwarf or a very low-mass star.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS, 15 pages, 10 Postscript figures.
  Also available at http://www-laog.obs.ujf-grenoble.fr/~sies
LO-phonon overheating in quantum dots

Longitudinal optical phonons have been used to interpret the electronic
energy relaxation in quantum dots and at the same time they served as a
reservoir, with which the electronic subsystem is in contact. Such a phonon
subsystem is expected to be passive, namely, in a long-time limit the whole
system should be able to achieve such a stationary state, in which statistical
distributions of both subsystems do not change in time. We pay attention to
this property of the LO phonon bath. We show the passivity property of the so
far used approximations to electronic transport in quantum dots. Also we show a
way how to improve the passivity of LO phonon bath using canonical Lang-Firsov
transformation.Comment: 2 figure
Two-loop QCD corrections to the scattering of massless distinct quarks

We present the two-loop virtual QCD corrections to the scattering of massless
distinct quarks in conventional dimensional regularisation. The structure of
the infrared divergences agrees with that predicted by Catani while expressions
for the finite remainder are given for each of the s-, t- and u-channels in
terms of polylogarithms. The results presented here form a vital part of the
next-to-next-to-leading order contribution to inclusive jet production in
hadron colliders and will play a crucial role in improving the theoretical
prediction for jet cross sections in hadron-hadron collisions.Comment: 25 pages, JHEP.cls, journal version, title changed, typos corrected,
  references adde
Elementary Particles on a Dedicated Parallel Computer

Numerical simulation of lattice QCD is now an indispensable tool for
investigating non-perturbative properties of quarks at low energies. In this
paper, I introduce a recent lattice QCD calculation of light hadron spectrum
and quark masses performed on a dedicated parallel computer, CP-PACS. From a
simulation of QCD with two flavors of dynamical quarks, we find
$m_{ud}^{\bar{\rm MS}}(2{\rm GeV}) = 3.44^{+0.14}_{-0.22}$ MeV for the averaged
mass of $u$ and $d$ quarks to reproduce the experimental masses of $\pi$ and
$\rho$ mesons, and $m_{s}^{\bar{\rm MS}}(2{\rm GeV}) = 88^{+4}_{-6}$ MeV or
$90^{+5}_{-11}$ MeV to reproduce the $K$ or $\phi$ meson mass. These values are
about 20--30% smaller than the previous estimates using the quenched
approximation.Comment: Talk presented at the 18th AvH symposium ``100 Years Werner
  Heisenberg - Works and Impact'', Bamberg, Germany, September 26-30, 2001. 7
  pages, 4 PS figures, buckow.sty neede
Solar neutrinos as probes of neutrino-matter interactions

Data from solar neutrino and KamLAND experiments have led to a discovery of
nonzero neutrino masses. Here we investigate what these data can tell us about
neutrino interactions with matter, including the poorly constrained
flavor-changing nu_e-nu_tau interactions. We give examples of the interaction
parameters that are excluded by the solar/KamLAND data and are beyond the reach
of other experiments. We also demonstrate that flavor-changing interactions, at
the allowed level, may profoundly modify the conversion probability for
neutrinos of energy <~ 6 MeV and the values of the mass parameter inferred from
the data. The implications for future experiments are discussed.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figure
Planck intermediate results. XII: Diffuse Galactic components in the
  Gould Belt System

We perform an analysis of the diffuse low-frequency Galactic components in
the Southern part of the Gould Belt system (130^\circ\leq l\leq 230^\circ and
-50^\circ\leq b\leq -10^\circ). Strong ultra-violet (UV) flux coming from the
Gould Belt super-association is responsible for bright diffuse foregrounds that
we observe from our position inside the system and that can help us improve our
knowledge of the Galactic emission. Free-free emission and anomalous microwave
emission (AME) are the dominant components at low frequencies (\nu < 40 GHz),
while synchrotron emission is very smooth and faint. We separate diffuse
free-free emission and AME from synchrotron emission and thermal dust emission
by using Planck data, complemented by ancillary data, using the "Correlated
Component Analysis" (CCA) component separation method and we compare with the
results of cross-correlation of foreground templates with the frequency maps.
We estimate the electron temperature T_e from H$\alpha$ and free-free emission
using two methods (temperature-temperature plot and cross-correlation) and we
obtain T_e ranging from 3100 to 5200 K, for an effective fraction of absorbing
dust along the line of sight of 30% (f_d=0.3). We estimate the frequency
spectrum of the diffuse AME and we recover a peak frequency (in flux density
units) of 25.5 \pm 1.5 GHz. We verify the reliability of this result with
realistic simulations that include the presence of biases in the spectral model
for the AME and in the free-free template. By combining physical models for
vibrational and rotational dust emission and adding the constraints from the
thermal dust spectrum from Planck and IRAS we are able to get a good
description of the frequency spectrum of the AME for plausible values of the
local density and radiation field.Comment: 20 pages, 14 figures, accepted A&