pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Galactic Cosmic Rays measured by UVS on Voyager 1 and the end of the
  modulation: Is the upwind heliopause a collapsed charge-exchange layer?

The detectors of the UltraViolet Spectrographs (UVS) on Voyager 1/2 are
recording a background that was earlier assigned to disintegrations in the RTG.
We show that it arises instead from Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs). We show the
1992-2013 GCR flux measured by UVS on V1 and, by comparing with data from the
GCR dedicated detectors, we estimate the energy range responsible for this UVS
signal, around 300 MeV, and the response of UVS to the GCR anisotropy. After
the abrupt jumps of May and August 2012 the count rate has been fluctuating
only slightly around a constant value, but comparing with data from the LECP
and the CRS instruments shows that those small variations are only responses to
a varying anisotropy and not to a flux change. Taking advantage of the
similarity in energy range to one of the products of the CRS instrument suite,
we use the ratio between the two independent signals as a proxy for the
temporal evolution of the GCR spectral slope around the 300 MeV range. We show
that this slope has remained unchanged since Aug 2012 and find strong evidence
that it will no longer vary, implying the end of the modulation at those
energies and that V1 at this date is near or past the heliopause. The origin of
this narrow and stagnating inner heliosheath is still unclear, and we discuss
the potential effects of low solar wind speed episodes and subsequent
self-amplified charge-exchange with interstellar neutrals, as a source of
deceleration and collapse. We suggest that the quasi-static region encountered
by V1 may be related to such effects, triggered by the strong post
solar-maximum variability. This did not happen for V2 due to its trajectory at
an angle further from the heliosphere axis and a later termination shock
crossing. The existence on the upwind side of a mixing layer formed by charge
transfer instead of a pure plasma contact discontinuity could explain various
observations.Comment: 12 ages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy &
  Astrophysic
Measurement of the production of a W boson in association with a charm
  quark in pp collisions at sqrt(s)=7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

The production of a W boson in association with a single charm quark is
studied using 4.6 fb^-1 of pp collision data at sqrt(s)=7 TeV collected with
the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. In events in which a W boson
decays to an electron or muon, the charm quark is tagged either by its
semileptonic decay to a muon or by the presence of a charmed meson. The
integrated and differential cross sections as a function of the pseudorapidity
of the lepton from the W-boson decay are measured. Results are compared to the
predictions of next-to-leading-order QCD calculations obtained from various
parton distribution function parameterisations. The ratio of the
strange-to-down sea-quark distributions is determined to be 0.96 +0.26 -0.30 at
Q^2=1.9 GeV^2, which supports the hypothesis of an SU(3)-symmetric composition
of the light-quark sea. Additionally, the cross-section ratio sigma(W^+ +
bar{c})/sigma(W^- + c) is compared to the predictions obtained using parton
distribution function parameterisations with different assumptions about the
s-bar{s} quark asymmetry.Comment: 52 pages plus author list (74 pages total), 16 figures, 11 tables,
  submitted to JHEP, All figures including auxiliary figures are available at
  https://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/PAPERS/STDM-2012-14
Cosmological Constraints on Ghost Dark Energy in the Brans-Dicke Theory
  by Using MCMC Approach

By using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation, we investigate cosmological
constraints on the ghost dark energy (GDE) model in the framework of the
Brans-Dicke (BD) theory. A combination of the latest observational data of the
cosmic microwave background radiation data from seven-year WMAP, the baryon
acoustic oscillation data form the SDSS, the supernovae type Ia data from the
Union2 and the X-ray gas mass fraction data from the Chandra X-ray observations
of the largest relaxed galaxy clusters are used to perform constraints on GDE
in the BD cosmology. In this paper, we consider both flat and non-flat
universes together with interaction between dark matter and dark energy. The
main cosmological parameters are obtained as: $\Omega_{\rm b}h^2=
0.0223^{+0.0016}_{-0.0013}$, $\Omega_{\rm c}h^2=0.1149^{+0.0088}_{-0.0104}$ and
$\Omega_{\rm k}=0.0005^{+0.0025}_{-0.0073}$. In addition, the Brans-Dicke
parameter $\omega$ is estimated as $1/\omega\simeq 0.002$.Comment: 13 pages, 3 figures, 1 table, Accepted in Phys. Lett.
Comments on Entanglement Negativity in Holographic Field Theories

We explore entanglement negativity, a measure of the distillable entanglement
contained in a quantum state, in relativistic field theories in various
dimensions. We first give a general overview of negativity and its properties
and then explain a well known result relating (logarithmic) negativity of pure
quantum states to the Renyi entropy (at index $1/2$), by exploiting the simple
features of entanglement in thermal states. In particular, we show that the
negativity of the thermofield double state is given by the free energy
difference of the system at temperature $T$ and $2\,T$ respectively. We then
use this result to compute the negativity in the vacuum state of conformal
field theories in various dimensions, utilizing results that have been derived
for free and holographic CFTs in the literature. We also comment upon general
lessons to be learnt about negativity in holographic field theories.Comment: 24 pages. v2: comments on quasi-topological theories. published
  versio
Turbulent Two Dimensional Magnetohydrodynamics and Conformal Field
  Theory.

We show that an infinite number of non-unitary minimal models may describe
two dimensional turbulent magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), both in the presence and
absence of the Alf'ven effect.
  We argue that the existence of a critical dynamical index results in the
Alf'ven effect or equivelently the equipartition of energy. We show that there
are an infinite number of conserved quantities in $2D-MHD$ turbulent systems
both in the limit of vanishing the viscocities and in force free case. In the
force free case, using the non-unitary minimal model $ M_{2,7} $ we derive the
correlation functions for the velocity stream function and magnetic flux
function. Generalising this simple model we find the exponents of the energy
spectrum in the inertial range for a class of conformal field theories.Comment: 21 pages, Latex , no Figures, 2 Tables
Supersymmetrization of generalized Freedman-Townsend models

We review briefly generalized Freedman-Townsend models found recently by
Henneaux and Knaepen, and provide supersymmetric versions of such models in
four dimensions which couple 2-form gauge potentials and ordinary gauge fields
in a gauge invariant and supersymmetric manner. The latter models have the
unusual feature that, in a WZ gauge, the supersymmetry transformations do not
commute with all the gauge transformations.Comment: 4 pages. Talk given at the 32nd International Ahrenshoop Symposium on
  the Theory of Elementary Particles in Buckow, Germany, Sep 1-5, 1998. To
  appear in the Proceeding
Characterization and enumeration of toroidal K_{3,3}-subdivision-free
  graphs

We describe the structure of 2-connected non-planar toroidal graphs with no
K_{3,3}-subdivisions, using an appropriate substitution of planar networks into
the edges of certain graphs called toroidal cores. The structural result is
based on a refinement of the algorithmic results for graphs containing a fixed
K_5-subdivision in [A. Gagarin and W. Kocay, "Embedding graphs containing
K_5-subdivisions'', Ars Combin. 64 (2002), 33-49]. It allows to recognize these
graphs in linear-time and makes possible to enumerate labelled 2-connected
toroidal graphs containing no K_{3,3}-subdivisions and having minimum vertex
degree two or three by using an approach similar to [A. Gagarin, G. Labelle,
and P. Leroux, "Counting labelled projective-planar graphs without a
K_{3,3}-subdivision", submitted, arXiv:math.CO/0406140, (2004)].Comment: 18 pages, 7 figures and 4 table
Long-term planning versus short-term planning in the asymptotical
  location problem

Given the probability measure $\nu$ over the given region $\Omega\subset
\R^n$, we consider the optimal location of a set $\Sigma$ composed by $n$
points $\Om$ in order to minimize the average distance $\Sigma\mapsto \int_\Om
\dist(x,\Sigma) d\nu$ (the classical optimal facility location problem). The
paper compares two strategies to find optimal configurations: the long-term one
which consists in placing all $n$ points at once in an optimal position, and
the short-term one which consists in placing the points one by one adding at
each step at most one point and preserving the configuration built at previous
steps. We show that the respective optimization problems exhibit qualitatively
different asymptotic behavior as $n\to\infty$, although the optimization costs
in both cases have the same asymptotic orders of vanishing.Comment: for more pictures and some movies as well, see
  http://www.sissa.it/~brancoli
Electromagnetic strength of neutron and proton single-particle halo
  nuclei

Electromagnetic strength functions of halo nuclei exhibit universal features
that can be described in terms of characteristic scale parameters. For a
nucleus with nucleon+core structure the reduced transition probability, as
determined, e.g., by Coulomb dissociation experiments, shows a typical shape
that depends on the nucleon separation energy and the orbital angular momenta
in the initial and final states. The sensitivity to the final-state interaction
(FSI) between the nucleon and the core can be studied systematically by varying
the strength of the interaction in the continuum. In the case of neutron+core
nuclei analytical results for the reduced transition probabilities are obtained
by introducing the effective-range expansion. The scaling with the relevant
parameters is found explicitly. General trends are observed by studying several
examples of neutron+core and proton+core nuclei in a single-particle model
assuming Woods-Saxon potentials. Many important features of the neutron halo
case can be obtained from a square-well model. Rather simple analytical
formulas are found. The nucleon-core interaction in the continuum affects the
determination of astrophysical S factors at zero energy in the method of
asymptotic normalisation coefficients (ANC). It is also relevant for the
extrapolation of radiative capture cross sections to low energies.Comment: 77 pages, 25 figures, 7 tables, accepted for publication in Nucl.
  Phys.
Subspace preserving completely positive maps

A class of quantum channels and completely positive maps (CPMs) are
introduced and investigated. These, which we call subspace preserving (SP) CPMs
has, in the case of trace preserving CPMs, a simple interpretation as those
which preserve probability weights on a given orthogonal sum decomposition of
the Hilbert space of a quantum system. Several equivalent characterizations of
SP CPMs are proved and an explicit construction of all SP CPMs, is provided.
For a subclass of the SP channels a construction in terms of joint unitary
evolution with an ancilla system, is presented.Comment: References adde
Measurement of $y_{CP}$ in $D^0-\overline{D}^0$ oscillation using
  quantum correlations in $e^+e^-\to D^0\overline{D}^0$ at $\sqrt{s}$ =
  3.773\,GeV

We report a measurement of the parameter $y_{CP}$ in
$\ensuremath{D^0}\xspace-\ensuremath{\overline{D}^{0}}\xspace$ oscillations
performed by taking advantage of quantum coherence between pairs of
$\ensuremath{D^0}\xspace \ensuremath{\overline{D}^{0}}\xspace$ mesons produced
in $e^+e^-$ annihilations near threshold. In this work, doubly-tagged
$\ensuremath{D^0}\xspace \ensuremath{\overline{D}^{0}}\xspace$ events, where
one $D$ decays to a $CP$ eigenstate and the other $D$ decays in a semileptonic
mode, are reconstructed using a data sample of 2.92\,fb$^{-1}$ collected with
the BESIII detector at the center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}$ = 3.773\,GeV. We
obtain $y_{CP} = (-2.0\pm1.3\pm0.7)\%$, where the first uncertainty is
statistical and the second is systematic. This result is compatible with the
current world average.Comment: 13 pages, 3 figure
Andreev Current for low temperature thermometry

We demonstrate experimentally that disorder enhanced Andreev current in a
tunnel junction between a normal metal and a superconductor provides a method
to measure electronic temperature, specifically at temperatures below 200 mK
when aluminium is used. This Andreev thermometer has some advantages over
conventional quasiparticle thermometers: for instance, it does not conduct heat
and its reading does not saturate until at lower temperatures. Another merit is
that the responsivity is constant over a wide temperature range
A search for $t\bar{t}$ resonances using lepton-plus-jets events in
  proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 8$ TeV with the ATLAS detector

A search for new particles that decay into top quark pairs is reported. The
search is performed with the ATLAS experiment at the LHC using an integrated
luminosity of 20.3 fb$^{-1}$ of proton-proton collision data collected at a
centre-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=8$ TeV. The lepton-plus-jets final state is
used, where the top pair decays to $W^+bW^-\bar{b}$, with one $W$ boson
decaying leptonically and the other hadronically. The invariant mass spectrum
of top quark pairs is examined for local excesses or deficits that are
inconsistent with the Standard Model predictions. No evidence for a top quark
pair resonance is found, and 95% confidence-level limits on the production rate
are determined for massive states in benchmark models. The upper limits on the
cross-section times branching ratio of a narrow $Z'$ boson decaying to top
pairs range from 4.2 pb to 0.03 pb for resonance masses from 0.4 TeV to 3.0
TeV. A narrow leptophobic topcolour $Z'$ boson with mass below 1.8 TeV is
excluded. Upper limits are set on the cross-section times branching ratio for a
broad colour-octet resonance with $\Gamma/m =$ 15% decaying to $t\bar{t}$.
These range from 2.5 pb to 0.03 pb for masses from 0.4 TeV to 3.0 TeV. A
Kaluza-Klein excitation of the gluon in a Randall-Sundrum model is excluded for
masses below 2.2 TeV.Comment: 37 pages plus author list (53 pages total), 12 figures, 2 tables,
  published version, all figures including auxiliary figures are available at
  https://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/PAPERS/TOPQ-2012-18
Phase field models for thin elastic structures with topological
  constraint

This article is concerned with the problem of minimising the Willmore energy
in the class of \emph{connected} surfaces with prescribed area which are
confined to a small container. We propose a phase field approximation based on
De Giorgi's diffuse Willmore functional to this variational problem. Our main
contribution is a penalisation term which ensures connectedness in the sharp
interface limit. The penalisation of disconnectedness is based on a geodesic
distance chosen to be small between two points that lie on the same connected
component of the transition layer of the phase field.
  We prove that in two dimensions, sequences of phase fields with uniformly
bounded diffuse Willmore energy and diffuse area converge uniformly to the
zeros of a double-well potential away from the support of a limiting measure.
In three dimensions, we show that they converge $\mathcal{H}^1$-almost
everywhere on curves. This enables us to show $\Gamma$-convergence to a sharp
interface problem that only allows for connected structures. The results also
imply Hausdorff convergence of the level sets in two dimensions and a similar
result in three dimensions.
  We furthermore present numerical evidence of the effectiveness of our model.
The implementation relies on a coupling of Dijkstra's algorithm in order to
compute the topological penalty to a finite element approach for the Willmore
term.Comment: appears in Arch Rational Mech Anal (2016
Measurement of inclusive jet charged-particle fragmentation functions in Pb+Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV with the ATLAS detector

Measurements of charged-particle fragmentation functions of jets produced in ultra-relativistic nuclear collisions can provide insight into the modification of parton showers in the hot, dense medium created in the collisions. ATLAS has measured jets in √sNN=2.76 TeV Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC using a data set recorded in 2011 with an integrated luminosity of 0.14 nb−1. Jets were reconstructed using the anti-kt algorithm with distance parameter values R = 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4. Distributions of charged-particle transverse momentum and longitudinal momentum fraction are reported for seven bins in collision centrality for R=0.4 jets with pjetT>100 GeV. Commensurate minimum pT values are used for the other radii. Ratios of fragment distributions in each centrality bin to those measured in the most peripheral bin are presented. These ratios show a reduction of fragment yield in central collisions relative to peripheral collisions at intermediate z values, 0.04≲z≲0.2 and an enhancement in fragment yield for z≲0.04. A smaller, less significant enhancement is observed at large z and large pT in central collisions
Formation of SO galaxies through mergers: antitruncated stellar discs resulting from major mergers

Context. Lenticular galaxies (S0’s) are more likely to host antitruncated (Type-III) stellar discs than galaxies of later Hubble types. Major mergers are popularly considered too violent mechanisms to form these breaks.\ud
Aims. We have investigated whether major mergers can result into S0-like remnants with realistic antitruncated stellar discs or not. \ud
Methods. We have analysed 67 relaxed S0 and E/S0 remnants resulting from dissipative N-body simulations of major mergers from the GalMer database. We have simulated realistic R-band surface brightness profiles of the remnants to identify those with antitruncated stellar discs. Their inner and outer discs and the breaks have been quantitatively characterized to compare with real data.\ud
Results. Nearly 70% of our S0-like remnants are antitruncated, meaning that major mergers that result in S0’s have a high probability of producing Type-III stellar discs. Our remnants lie on top of the extrapolations of the observational trends (towards brighter magnitudes and higher break radii) in several photometric diagrams, due to the higher luminosities and sizes of the simulations compared to observational samples. In scale-free photometric diagrams, simulations and observations overlap and the remnants reproduce the observational trends, so the physical mechanism after antitruncations is highly scalable. We have found novel photometric scaling relations between the characteristic parameters of the antitruncations in real S0’s, which are also reproduced by our simulations. We show that the trends in all the photometric planes can be derived from three basic scaling relations that real and simulated Type-III S0’s fulfill: h_i ∝ R_brkIII, h_o ∝ R_brkIII, and μ_brkIII ∝ R_brkIII, where h_i and h_o are the scalelenghts of the inner and outer discs, and μ_brkIII and R_brkIII are the surface brightness and radius of the breaks. Bars and antitruncations in real S0’s are structurally unrelated phenomena according to the studied photometric planes.\ud
Conclusions. Mayor mergers provide a feasible mechanism to form realistic antitruncated S0 galaxies
Improved unitarized Heavy Baryon Chiral Perturbation Theory for π N scattering

We show how the unitarized description of pion nucleon scattering within Heavy Baryon Chiral Perturbation Theory can be considerably improved, by a suitable reordering of the expansion over the nucleon mass. Within this framework, the ∆ resonance and its associated pole can be recovered from the chiral parameters obtained from low-energy determinations. In addition, we can obtain a good description of the six S and P wave phase shifts in terms of chiral parameters with a natural size and compatible with the Resonance Saturation Hypothesis
Ozone – the persistent menace: interactions with the N cycle and climate change

Tropospheric ozone is involved in a complex web of interactions with other atmospheric gases and particles, and through ecosystem interactions with the N-cycle and climate change. Ozone itself is a greenhouse gas, causing warming, and reductions in biomass and carbon sequestration caused by ozone provide a further indirect warming effect. Ozone also has cooling effects, however, for example, through impacts on aerosols and diffuse radiation.\ud
\ud
Ecosystems are both a source of ozone precursors (especially of hydrocarbons, but also nitrogen oxides), and a sink through deposition processes. The interactions with vegetation, atmospheric chemistry and aerosols are complex, and only partially understood. Levels and patterns of global exposure to ozone may change dramatically over the next 50 years, impacting global warming, air quality, global food production and ecosystem function
Niemann Pick type C cells show cholesterol dependent decrease of APP expression at the cell surface and its increased processing through the β-secretase pathway

The link between cholesterol and Alzheimer’s disease has recently been revealed in Niemann Pick type C disease. We found that NPC1-/- cells show decreased expression of APP at the cell surface and increased processing of APP through the β-secretase pathway resulting in increased C99, sAPPβ and intracellular Aβ40 levels. This effect is dependent on increased cholesterol levels, since cholesterol depletion reversed cell surface APP expression and lowered Aβ/C99 levels in NPC1-/- cells to the levels observed in wt cells. Finding that overexpression of C99, a direct gamma-secretase substrate, does not lead to increased intracellular Aβ levels in NPC1-/- cells vs. CHOwt suggests that the effect on intracellular Aβ upon cholesterol accumulation in NPC1-/- cells is not due to increased APP cleavage by gamma-secretase. Our results indicate that cholesterol may modulate APP processing indirectly by modulating APP expression at the cell surface and, thus, its cleavage by β-secretase
Transverse momentum spectra of charged particles in proton–proton collisions at √s = 900 GeV with ALICE at the LHC

The inclusive charged particle transverse momentum distribution is measured in proton–proton collisions at √s = 900 GeV at the LHC using the ALICE detector. The measurement is performed in the central pseudorapidity region (|η| &lt; 0.8) over the transverse momentum range 0.15 &lt; pT &lt; 10 GeV/c. The correlation between transverse momentum and particle multiplicity is also studied. Results are presented for inelastic (INEL) and non-single-diffractive (NSD) events. The average transverse momentum for |η| &lt; 0.8 is &lt;pT&gt;INEL = 0.483 ± 0.001 (stat.) ± 0.007 (syst.) GeV/c and &lt;pT&gt;NSD = 0.489 ± 0.001 (stat.) ± 0.007 (syst.) GeV/c, respectively. The data exhibit a slightly larger &lt;pT&gt; than measurements in wider pseudorapidity intervals. The results are compared to simulations with the Monte Carlo event generators PYTHIA and PHOJET
Higgs boson production and decay at e+e− colliders as a probe of the Left–Right twin Higgs model

In the framework of the Left–Right twin Higgs (LRTH) model, we consider the constrains from the latest search for high-mass dilepton resonances at the LHC and find that the heavy neutral boson ZH is excluded with mass below 2.76 TeV. Under these constrains, we study the Higgs–Gauge coupling production processes e+e−→ZH , e+e−→νeνe¯H and e+e−→e+e−H , top quark Yukawa coupling production process e+e−→tt¯H , Higgs self-couplings production processes e+e−→ZHH and e+e−→νeνe¯HH at e+e− colliders. Besides, we study the major decay modes of the Higgs boson, namely h→ff¯ ( f=b,c,τ ), VV⁎(V=W,Z) , gg , γγ . We find that the LRTH effects are sizable so that the Higgs boson processes at e+e− collider can be a sensitive probe for the LRTH model