pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Moisture monitoring in clay embankments using electrical resistivity tomography

Systems and methods are described for monitoring temporal and spatial moisture content changes in clay embankments using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) imaging. The methodology is based upon development of a robust relationship between fill resistivity and moisture content and its use in the transformation of resistivity image differences in terms of relative moisture content changes. Moisture level and moisture content movement applications are exemplified using two case histories from the UK. The first is the BIONICS embankment, near Newcastle (NE England), which was constructed in 2005 using varying degrees of compaction of a medium plasticity sandy, silty clay derived from the Durham Till. The second is a Victorian embankment south of Nottingham (Central England), constructed in 1897 using end tipping of Late Triassic siltstone and mudstone taken from local cuttings. Climate change forecasts for the UK suggest that transportation earthworks will be subjected to more sustained, higher temperatures and increased intensity of rainfall. Within the context of preventative geotechnical asset maintenance, ERT imaging can provide a monitoring framework to manage moisture movement and identify failure trigger conditions within embankments, thus supporting on demand inspection scheduling and low cost early interventions
Search for resonant pair production of Higgs bosons decaying to two bottom quark–antiquark pairs in proton–proton collisions at 8 TeV

A model-independent search for a narrow resonance produced in proton–proton collisions at View the MathML sources=8 TeV and decaying to a pair of 125 GeV Higgs bosons that in turn each decays into a bottom quark–antiquark pair is performed by the CMS experiment at the LHC. The analyzed data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 17.9 fb−1. No evidence for a signal is observed. Upper limits at a 95% confidence level on the production cross section for such a resonance, in the mass range from 270 to 1100 GeV, are reported. Using these results, a radion with decay constant of 1 TeV and mass from 300 to 1100 GeV, and a Kaluza–Klein graviton with mass from 380 to 830 GeV are excluded at a 95% confidence level
Holographic probes of collapsing black holes

We continue the programme of exploring the means of holographically decoding the geometry of spacetime inside a black hole using the gauge/gravity correspondence. To this end, we study the behaviour of certain extremal surfaces (focusing on those relevant for equal-time correlators and entanglement entropy in the dual CFT) in a dynamically evolving asymptotically AdS spacetime, specifically examining how deep such probes reach. To highlight the novel effects of putting the system far out of equilibrium and at finite volume, we consider spherically symmetric Vaidya-AdS, describing black hole formation by gravitational collapse of a null shell, which provides a convenient toy model of a quantum quench in the field theory. Extremal surfaces anchored on the boundary exhibit rather rich behaviour, whose features depend on dimension of both the spacetime and the surface, as well as on the anchoring region. The main common feature is that they reach inside the horizon even in the post-collapse part of the geometry. In 3-dimensional spacetime, we find that for sub-AdS-sized black holes, the entire spacetime is accessible by the restricted class of geodesics whereas in larger black holes a small region near the imploding shell cannot be reached by any boundary-anchored geodesic. In higher dimensions, the deepest reach is attained by geodesics which (despite being asymmetric) connect equal time and antipodal boundary points soon after the collapse; these can attain spacetime regions of arbitrarily high curvature and simultaneously have smallest length. Higher-dimensional surfaces can penetrate the horizon while anchored on the boundary at arbitrarily late times, but are bounded away from the singularity. We also study the details of length or area growth during thermalization. While the area of extremal surfaces increases monotonically, geodesic length is neither monotonic nor continuous
Two nucleon (B − L)-conserving reactions involving tau leptons

Tau lepton emission in two-nucleon disappearance reactions from within nuclei which conserve baryon number minus lepton number (B − L) is considered. It is shown that some existing limits on proton decay channels and two-nucleon disappearance reactions resulting in electrons and muons can be applied to <math altimg="si1.gif" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mi>B</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mi>L</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn></math> decays involving τ leptons. For the two-nucleon disappearance channel <math altimg="si2.gif" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>n</mi><mi>p</mi><mo stretchy="false">→</mo><msup><mrow><mi>τ</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><msub><mrow><mover accent="true"><mi>ν</mi><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow><mrow><mi>τ</mi></mrow></msub></math> the estimated limit for the partial mean life is <math altimg="si3.gif" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mi>τ</mi><mrow><mi>B</mi><mi>r</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>30</mn></mrow></msup><mtext> yrs</mtext></math> based on results from the IMB3 experiment. Re-analysis of existing data and future experiments could result in higher sensitivity for two-nucleon disappearance modes involving τ lepton final states
Electroweak corrections to Z -boson hadroproduction at finite transverse momentum

We calculate the full one-loop electroweak radiative corrections, of O(α2αs) , to the cross section of single Z -boson inclusive hadroproduction at finite transverse momentum ( pT ). This includes the O(α) corrections to Z+j production, the O(αs) corrections to Z+γ production, and certain QCD-electroweak interference contributions involving a single quark trace. We recover the QCD and purely weak corrections and study the QED corrections and the QCD-electroweak interference contributions for the first time. We also consider direct and resolved photoproduction in elastic and inelastic scattering. We present pT and rapidity distributions for the experimental conditions at the Fermilab Tevatron and the CERN LHC and assess the significance of the various contributions
Covariant hamiltonian spin dynamics in curved space–time

The dynamics of spinning particles in curved space–time is discussed, emphasizing the hamiltonian formulation. Different choices of hamiltonians allow for the description of different gravitating systems. We give full results for the simplest case with minimal hamiltonian, constructing constants of motion including spin. The analysis is illustrated by the example of motion in Schwarzschild space–time. We also discuss a non-minimal extension of the hamiltonian giving rise to a gravitational equivalent of the Stern–Gerlach force. We show that this extension respects a large class of known constants of motion for the minimal case
Basis invariant measure of CP -violation and renormalization

We analyze, in the context of a simple toy model, for which renormalization schemes the CP -properties of bare Lagrangian and its finite part coincide. We show that this is the case for the minimal subtraction and on-shell schemes. The CP -properties of the theory can then be characterized by CP -odd basis invariants expressed in terms of renormalized masses and couplings. For the minimal subtraction scheme we furthermore show that in CP -conserving theories the CP -odd basis invariants are zero at any scale but are not renormalization group invariant in CP -violating ones
Thirty-year changes (1970 to 2000) in bathymetry and sediment texture recorded in the Lagoon of Venice sub-basins, Italy.

A detailed comparison was made of two bathymetric charts of the Lagoon of Venice (LV) from 1970 and 2000, in tandem with a comparison of sediment grain size data. Analysis of the data revealed marked changes in both morphology and sedimentation, with more than 50% of the 400 km2 assessed in this study 15-20 cm shallower in 1970 than in 2000. The four sub-basins into which the LV is subdivided saw different patterns of change. \ud
The Northern basin A was identified as “pristine”, i.e. still in quasi-natural condition, with slight clay enrichment and a small degree of deepening (4-5 cm), essentially due to sea level rise (SLR). \ud
The bathymetry and sedimentology of the northern-central sub-basin B (identified as “urban”) and the southern-central basin C (identified as “open”) were affected by infill activities and excavation of industrial navigation channels in the 1970s, causing the loss of ~ 60 km2 of mudflats, and creating an “open” lagoon.\ud
The southernmost basin D (identified as “exploited-subsiding”) of the LV was found to be relatively unchanged and still in semi-natural condition. \ud
Comparison of sediment types showed depletion of fine-grained fractions (< 22 µm) in all sub-basins except the northernmost one. Consequent enrichment in sand (> 63 µm) was recorded, except in the southern-central sub-basin C where medium and coarse sand fractions declined.\ud
The results suggest that climate-related SLR accounts for a small fraction of bathymetric change, whilst variations in hydrodynamics (currents and wind patterns) and sediment supply are likely causal factors for the different evolution of the four sub-basins.\ud
Definition of the attributes of each sub-basin provided data that was essential not only for the LV but also for predicting the fate of transitional environments facing both anthropic (fishing, navigation, land use changes) as well natural (SLR, eustatism) forcing factors
The failed eruption of Mt. Etna in December 2005: evidence from volcanic tremor analyses

Strong changes in seismic radiation, comparable to those preceding and/or accompanying eruptive activity in recent years, were recorded at Mt. Etna volcano, Italy, from November 2005 to January 2006. The amplitude of volcanic tremor peaked in mid-December 2005 after a continuous, slow increase from August 2005 onwards, during which neither effusive nor paroxysmal activity was observed by volcanologists and alpine guides. During this time span, the centroid locations of volcanic tremor moved towards the surface, more and more clustered below the summit craters. The application of pattern classification analysis based on Self-Organizing Maps and fuzzy clustering to volcanic tremor data highlighted variations in the frequency domain as well. These changes were temporally associated with ground deformation variations, as indicative of a mild inflation of the summit of the volcano, and with a conspicuous increase in the SO2 plume-flux emission. Overall, we interpret this evidence as the result of recharging of the volcanic feeder at depth (> 3 km below sea level) during which magma did not reach the shallow plumbing system
Integration of copy number and transcriptomics provides risk stratification in prostate cancer:A discovery and validation cohort study

Background: Understanding the heterogeneous genotypes and phenotypes of prostate cancer is fundamental to improving the way we treat this disease. As yet, there are no validated descriptions of prostate cancer subgroups derived from integrated genomics linked with clinical outcome. Methods: In a study of 482 tumour, benign and germline samples from 259 men with primary prostate cancer, we used integrative analysis of copy number alterations (CNA) and array transcriptomics to identify genomic loci that affect expression levels of mRNA in an expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) approach, to stratify patients into subgroups that we then associated with future clinical behaviour, and compared with either CNA or transcriptomics alone. Findings: We identified five separate patient subgroups with distinct genomic alterations and expression profiles based on 100 discriminating genes in our separate discovery and validation sets of 125 and 103 men. These subgroups were able to consistently predict biochemical relapse (p = 0.0017 and p = 0.016 respectively) and were further validated in a third cohort with long-term follow-up (p = 0.027). We show the relative contributions of gene expression and copy number data on phenotype, and demonstrate the improved power gained from integrative analyses. We confirm alterations in six genes previously associated with prostate cancer (MAP3K7, MELK, RCBTB2, ELAC2, TPD52, ZBTB4), and also identify 94 genes not previously linked to prostate cancer progression that would not have been detected using either transcript or copy number data alone. We confirm a number of previously published molecular changes associated with high risk disease, including MYC amplification, and NKX3-1, RB1 and PTEN deletions, as well as over-expression of PCA3 and AMACR, and loss of MSMB in tumour tissue. A subset of the 100 genes outperforms established clinical predictors of poor prognosis (PSA, Gleason score), as well as previously published gene signatures (p = 0.0001). We further show how our molecular profiles can be used for the early detection of aggressive cases in a clinical setting, and inform treatment decisions. Interpretation: For the first time in prostate cancer this study demonstrates the importance of integrated genomic analyses incorporating both benign and tumour tissue data in identifying molecular alterations leading to the generation of robust gene sets that are predictive of clinical outcome in independent patient cohorts
The genetic legacy of religious diversity and intolerance: paternal lineages of Christians, Jews and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula.

Most studies of European genetic diversity have focused on large-scale variation and\ud
interpretations based on events in prehistory, but migrations and invasions in historical times may also have had profound effects on the genetic landscape. The Iberian peninsula provides a suitable\ud
region to examine the demographic impact of such recent events, since its complex recent history has involved the long-term residence of two very different populations with distinct geographical origins, and their own particular cultural and religious characteristics – North African Muslims, and\ud
Sephardic Jews. To address this question we analysed Y chromosome haplotypes, which provide the necessary phylogeographic resolution, in 1140 males from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands. Admixture analysis based on binary and Y-STR haplotypes indicates a high mean proportion of ancestry from North African (10.6%) and Sephardic Jewish (19.8%) sources. Despite alternative possible sources for lineages ascribed a Sephardic Jewish origin, these proportions attest to a high level of religious conversion (whether voluntary or enforced), driven by historical episodes of social and religious intolerance, that ultimately led to the integration of descendants. In agreement with the\ud
historical record, analysis of haplotype sharing and diversity within specific haplogroups suggests that the Sephardic Jewish component is the more ancient. The geographical distribution of North African ancestry in the peninsula does not reflect the initial colonization and subsequent withdrawal, and is likely to result from later enforced population movement - more marked in some regions that others – plus the effects of genetic drift
7-(Pyrazol-4-yl)-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine-based derivatives for kinase inhibition: Co-crystallisation studies with Aurora-A reveal distinct differences in the orientation of the pyrazole N1-substituent

Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, in\ud
the online version, at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.08.\ud
003.Introduction of a 1-benzyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl moiety at C7 of the imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine scaffold provided 7a which inhibited a range of kinases including Aurora-A. Modification of the benzyl group in 7a, and subsequent co-crystallisation of the resulting analogues with Aurora-A indicated distinct differences in binding mode dependent upon the pyrazole N-substituent. Compounds 7a and 14d interact with the P-loop whereas 14a and 14b engage with Thr217 in the post-hinge region. These crystallographic insights provide options for the design of compounds interacting with the DFG motif or with Thr217.This work was supported by CRUK Grant numbers C309/A8274 and C309/A11566. S.L. is also supported by Breakthrough Breast Cancer. R.B. acknowledges the support of a Royal Society Research Fellowship, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Project Grant AURA 05/06 and MRC CASE studentship MR/K016903/1. We acknowledge NHS funding to the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at The Institute of Cancer Research and the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust. Open Access funded by Cancer Research UKPeer-reviewedPublisher Versio
Covariant residual entropy.

A recently explored interesting quantity in AdS/CFT, dubbed ‘residual entropy’, characterizes the amount of collective ignorance associated with either boundary observers restricted to finite time duration, or bulk observers who lack access to a certain spacetime region. However, the previously-proposed expression for this quantity involving variation of boundary entanglement entropy (subsequently renamed to ‘differential entropy’) works only in a severely restrictive context. We explain the key limitations, arguing that in general, differential entropy does not correspond to residual entropy. Given that the concept of residual entropy as collective ignorance transcends these limitations, we identify two correspondingly robust, covariantly-defined constructs: a ‘strip-wedge’ associated with boundary observers and a ‘rim wedge’ associated with bulk observers. These causal sets are well-defined in arbitrary time-dependent asymptotically AdS spacetimes in any number of dimensions. We discuss their relation, specifying a criterion for when these two constructs coincide, and prove an inclusion relation for a general case. We also speculate about the implications for residual entropy. Curiously, despite each construct admitting a well-defined finite quantity related to the areas of associated bulk surfaces, these quantities are not in one-to-one correspondence with the defining regions of unknown. This has nontrivial implications about holographic measures of quantum information
The emergence and growth of a submarine volcano : the Kameni islands, Santorini (Greece).

The morphology of a volcanic edifice reflects the integrated eruptive and evolutionary history of that system, and can be used to reconstruct the time-series of prior eruptions. We present a new high-resolution merged LiDAR-bathymetry grid, which has enabled detailed mapping of both onshore and offshore historic lava flows of the Kameni islands, emplaced in the centre of the Santorini caldera since at least AD 46. We identify three new submarine lava flows: two flows, of unknown age, lie to the east of Nea Kameni and a third submarine flow, located north of Nea Kameni appears to predate the 1925–1928 lava flows but was emplaced subsequent to the 1707–1711 lava flows. Yield strength estimates derived from the morphology of the 1570/1573 lobe suggest that submarine lava strengths are approximately two times greater than those derived from the onshore flows. To our knowledge this is the first documented yield strength estimate for submarine flows. This increase in strength is likely related to cooling and thickening of the dacite lava flows as they displace sea water. Improved lava volume estimates derived from the merged LiDAR-Bathymetry grid suggest typical lava extrusion rates of ∼2–3 m3 s−1 during four of the historic eruptions on Nea Kameni (1707–1711, 1866–1870, 1925–1928 and 1939–1941). They also reveal a linear relationship between the pre-eruption interval and the volume of extruded lava. These observations may be used to estimate the size of future dome-building eruptions at Santorini volcano, based on the time interval since the last significant eruption
Strategy development: driving improvisation in Malaysia

This paper was accepted for publication in the journal Journal of World Business and the definitive published version is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2015.07.002Improvisation is vital for strategy development, but there remains a lack of understanding about this phenomenon. This emerges directly from the insufficient investigation of its drivers and context. This paper extends improvisation research to the unexplored competitive settings of an emerging middle-income economy. Drawing on survey data from Malaysian research-intensive firms, we examine managerial and organisational antecedents of improvisation under turbulence. Findings reveal that organisational risk-taking and manager expertise are common antecedents of improvisation, but additional relationships arise under high (flexibility) and low turbulence (learning, manager tenure), developing capacity to inform practice, which is critically lacking in international business and management theory
Microstructures and properties of new Sn-Ag-Cu lead-free solder reinforced with Nicoated graphene nanosheets

This paper was accepted for publication in the journal Journal of Alloys and Compounds and the definitive published version is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.09.178This paper deals with microstructures and properties of SAC305 lead-free solder reinforced with graphene nanosheets (GNS) decorated with Ni nanoparticles (Ni-GNS). These Ni-coated GNS nanosheets were synthesized by an in-situ chemical reduction method. After morphological and chemical characterization, Ni-GNS were successfully integrated into SAC305 lead-free solder alloy with different weight fractions (0, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 wt.%) through a powder metallurgy route. The obtained composite solders were then studied extensively with regard to their microstructures, wettability, thermal, electrical and\ud
mechanical properties. After addition of Ni-GNSs, cauliflower-like (Cu,Ni)6 Sn5 intermetallic compounds (IMCs) were formed at the interface between composite solder joint and copper substrate. Additionally,\ud
blocky NieSneCu IMC/GNS hybrids were also observed homogenously distributed in the composite solder matrices. Composite solder alloys incorporating Ni-decorated GNSs nanosheets showed slightly reduced electrical resistivity compared to the unreinforced SAC305 solder alloy. With an increase in the amount of Ni-GNS, the composite solders showed an improvement in wettability with an insignificant change in their melting temperature. Mechanical tests demonstrated that addition of 0.2 wt.% Ni-GNS\ud
would result in 19.7% and 16.9% improvements in microhardness and shear strength, respectively, in comparison to the unreinforced solders. Finally, the added Ni-GNS reinforcements in the solder matrix\ud
were assessed with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy