pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Lodovico Settala’s Aristotelian Problemata Commentary and Late-Renaissance Hippocratic Medicine

Renaissance physicians, influenced by humanism and spurred by their increased knowledge of Hippocratic and Galenic writings, attempted to assimilate these medical works with Aristotelian thought. The similarities between the Aristotelian Problemata and the Hippocratic Airs, Waters, Places allowed Girolamo Cardano and Lodovico Settala, among others, to blur the distinctions between natural philosophical and medical authorities. Philological and historical considerations of these texts as well as judgments about authenticity were colored by the belief that these works were useful for humoral physiology and offered insights into the unity of ancient and modern knowledge
Climate change and agriculture worldwide

In recent years, especially with the approach of the 21st Session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Paris in late 2015, the number of publications, conferences and meetings on climate change has been growing exponentially. Yet uncertainties remain concerning rural tropical areas where models are forecasting the onset of multiple disorders and trends are unclear. Meanwhile, the impact of climate change on the poorest communities is regularly documented, often prompting alarmist reactions. How can food security be achieved while adapting to and mitigating climate change? What are the main threats to agriculture in developing countries? How do farmers in these countries cope with the threats? What does agricultural research propose? What options have yet to be investigated? A broad scope of scientific research is underway to address these challenges. Diverse solutions are available, including new agricultural practices, water management, agricultural waste recycling, diagnosis of emerging diseases, payment for ecosystem services, etc. Gaining insight into the financial and political mechanisms that underlie international climate negotiations is also essential to design practical ways to deal with climate issues and meet sustainable development requirements in collaboration with farmers. This book pools the wealth of experience of dozens of researchers and development officers from a range of disciplines. We have focused on making it detailed, accurate and hopefully easy to read for researchers, students and all other informed readers. (Résumé d'auteur
Phonon-assisted radiofrequency absorption by gold nanoparticles
  resulting in hyperthermia

It is suggested that in gold nanoparticles (GNPs) of about 5 nm sizes used in
the radiofrequency (RF) hyperthermia, an absorption of the RF photon by the
Fermi electron occurs with involvement of the longitudinal acoustic vibrational
mode (LAVM), the dominating one in the distribution of vibrational density of
states (VDOS). This physical mechanism helps to explain two observed phenomena:
the size dependence of the heating rate (HR) in GNPs and reduced heat
production in aggregated GNPs. The argumentation proceeds within the
one-electron approximation, taking into account the discretenesses of energies
and momenta of both electrons and LAVMs. The heating of GNPs is thought to
consist of two consecutive processes: first, the Fermi electron absorbs
simultaneously the RF photon and the LAVM available in the GNP; hereafter the
excited electron gets relaxed within the GNP's boundary, exciting a LAVM with
the energy higher than that of the previously absorbed LAVM. GNPs containing
the Ta and/or Fe impurities are proposed for the RF hyperthermia as promising
heaters with enhanced HRs, and GNPs with rare-earth impurity atoms are also
brought into consideration. It is shown why the maximum HR values should be
expected in GNPs with about 5-7 nm size.Comment: proceedings at the NATO Advanced Research workshop FANEM-2015 (Minsk,
  May 25-27, 2015). To be published in the final form in: "Fundamental and
  Applied NanoElectroMagnetics" (Springer Science + Business Media B.V.
Very Sensitive Nanocalorimetry of Small Mass Systems and Glassy Materials

International audienceNanocalorimetry is a technique that deals with any thermal measurement methods in which either the samples to be studied have a size in the range of the nanometer scale or the measured energies involved are of the order of the nanojoule or below [1]. In this paper, we show the results of two nanocalorimetric experiments. The first one is related to the measurement of specific heat on ultra-thin small systems (thin films) at low temperature. It is shown that such measurement can be sensitive to less than one monolayer of materials. The second one illustrates the efficiency of calorimetric studies sensitive at the nanoJoule on complex system (polymeric glass) at room temperature. We then discuss the potentiality of these experimental methods in the field of security: the measurement of either a very small mass or very small quantity of energy for the detection of tiny thermal events
Conceptualising Lifelong Learning in Contemporary Times

Learning across adult life and particularly for and through working life has become a key area of concern for most countries with advanced industrial economies. Therefore, given its significance in the contemporary educational discourse and to educational provisions, it is important to have a precise conception of what actually constitutes lifelong learning. In particular, it is necessary to have a clear and unequivocal distinction between what constitutes lifelong learning and what comprises lifelong education, as they are frequently and erroneously presented as being synonymous. The former is a personal fact (i.e. change within an individual - learning), whereas the latter is an institutional or social fact (i.e. the provision of educational experiences). Yet, often the two are presented as being synonymous thereby leading to confusion about their conceptions, purposes, expectations and the achievement of important goals for both lifelong learning and lifelong education. Consequently, this chapter commences by discussing the distinctions between these two concepts and how they have come to be used in ways that are confusing, contradictory and unhelpful. Then, an account of what constitutes lifelong learning and how this differentiates from lifelong education is progressed through this chapter leading to a set of propositions about how lifelong education might be considered and promoted across working lives.Arts, Education & Law Group, School of Education and Professional StudiesFull Tex
Agrimonde. Scénarios and challenges for feeding the world in 2050

Présentation de l'éditeur : How will the world be able to feed close to 9 billion people in 2050 and still maintain the ecosystems? The 21st century has three challenges to meet concerning food and agriculture: food security in terms of both quantity and quality; protection of the environment and natural resources; and the increasing scarcity of fossil energies. In this perspective, INRA and CIRAD launched the initiative, in 2006, to develop a foresight project for analysing issues pertaining to the world's food and agricultural systems on the 2050 timeline. The main objective was to anticipate the key issues with which tomorrow¿s agricultural research will have to grapple. This book provides a synthetic presentation and illustrations of the main conclusions that this foresight project has yielded. First, it recapitulates the main statistical references for the period 1961 to 2003, before going on to describe the Agribiom simulation tool used to calculate food biomass resource-use balances. Two scenarios on the 2050 timeline are then considered: Agrimonde GO is a trend-based scenario that bets on economic growth to feed the world, in a context where environmental protection is not a priority. In contrast, the idea in Agrimonde 1 is to feed the world while preserving its ecosystems. This scenario explores assumptions that depart from current trends, and foresees a world in 2050 that has been able to implement sustainable agricultural and food systems. The aim is to afford a better understanding of the meaning of such development, with the dilemmas and the main challenges that it entails. This rigorous synthetic book will be of interest to decision-makers, professionals in the agricultural, environmental and food sectors, and anyone involved in research. Contents: 1. Agrimonde: a platform for facilitating collective scenario-building (Sébastien Treyer, Sandrine Paillard, Bruno Dorin). 2. Agribiom: a tool for scenario-building and hybrid modelling (Bruno Dorin, Tristan Le Cotty). 3. The world food economy: a retrospective overview (Bruno Dorin). 4. Scenario-building choices and principles (Sandrine Paillard, Tévécia Ronzon, Sébastien Treyer). 5. Food consumption in 2050 (Jean-Marc Chaumet, Gérard Ghersi, Jean-Louis Rastoin). 6. Land use in 2050 (Tévécia Ronzon). 7. Food crop yields in 2050 (Tévécia Ronzon). 8. Resource-use balances in the Agrimonde scenarios (Tristan Le Cotty, Jean-Marc Chaumet). 9. Agrimonde 1 and Agrimonde GO: comparison, coherence, drivers of change (Tévécia Ronzon, Jean-Marc Chaumet, Sandrine Paillard). 10. Qualitative dimensions and Agrimonde scenario storylines (Sandrine Paillard, Sébastien Treyer). 11. Scenario-based insight into food behaviours, technological options and trade (Jean-Marc Chaumet, Francis Delpeuch, Gérard Ghersi, Jean-Louis Rastoin, Bernard Hubert, Tévécia Ronzon, Michel Petit). 12. Conclusion (Bernard Hubert, Patrick Caron, Hervé Guyomard). Appendix. Reference
Density of Insect Galls in the Forest Understorey and Canopy: Neotropical, Gondwana or Global Patterns?

Gall-forming insects reach highest diversity, abundance and survivorship on sclerophyllous vegetation. This pattern was recently reviewed and shown as a habitat rather than ecosystem effect. We tested the hypothesis that upper forest canopies are probably the best suitable habitat for gall-forming insects in any tropical vegetation, comparing the wet rainforest of Panama (Neotropical), and the subtropical forest of Australia (Australian). We further tested whether foliage/plant community traits could influence this gall distribution pattern, and we investigated the effect of host family size and evolutionary age. Foliage traits, leaf chewing herbivory, and gall abundance and survivorship were measured using vertical cylindric transects from the understorey to the canopy. In both Panama and Australia, leaf sclerophylly increased significantly with sampling height, while free-feeding herbivory decreased inversely. Gall distribution and survivorship responded significantly to sclerophylly, but distribution between understorey and canopy varied between study sites. The probability of gall survivorship increased with increasing leaf sclerophylly as death by fungi, parasitoids or accidental chewing were greater in the non-sclerophyllous vegetation in the understorey of both study sites. However, number of galls, proportion of infected sampled plants, and proportion of host species against total sampled species were all greater in Panamá than in Australia. On the other hand, the Australian forest had a fauna much more concentrated on fewer hosts, with 80 % of galls infesting six host species. The present study supports the existence of a global positive effect of sclerophylly on gall establishment and survivorship in the upper canopy of tropical and subtropical forests.Full Tex
Estuarine Circulation

Estuaries are unique aquatic environments that share terrestrial and marine contributions, creating a set of interesting physical characteristics including bimodal circulation patterns (fresh water flowing along the surface and saline water entering along the bottom) and mixing processes induced by tides. To a lesser extent, continental shelf processes such as storm surges and wind-driven circulation can also influence circulation in estuaries. At first glance, most estuaries are governed by tidal oscillation and influenced by river discharges, so mixing processes account for most of the hydrodynamic characterization of estuaries. The resulting velocity and salinity fields have strong time variability, and the non-steady-state current patterns may be altered by sediment erosion, transport, and sedimentation, which contribute to bathymetric and margin changes.Full Tex
A CFD study of a pMDI plume spray

Uncorrected proofAsthma is an inflammatory chronic disease characterized by airway obstructions disorders. The treatment is usually done by inhalation therapy, in which pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) are preferred devices. The objective of this paper is to characterize and simulate a pMDI spray plume by introducing realistic factors through a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study. Numerical simulations were performed with Fluent® software, by using a three-dimensional “testbox” for room environment representation. A salbutamol/HFA-134a formulation was used for characterization, whose properties taken as input for the CFD simulations. Spray droplets were considered to be composed by ethanol, salbutamol and HFA-134a. Propellant evaporation was taken into consideration, as well as, drag coefficient correction. Results showed an air temperature drop of 3.3 °C near the nozzle. Also, an increase in air velocity of 3.27 m/s was noticed. The CFD results seem to be in good agreement with Dunbar (1997) data on particle average velocity along the axial distance from the nozzle.National  Funds-Portuguese  Foundation  for Science and Technology, under Strategic Project PEst-C/EME/UI4077/2011 and PEst-OE/EME/299UI0252/201
An experimental study of ZigBee for body sensor networks

We present an experimental performance evaluation of ZigBee networks in the context of data-intensive body sensor networks (BSNs). IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee devices were mainly developed for use in wireless sensors network (WSN) applications; however, due to characteristics such as low power and small form factor, they are also being widely used in BSN applications, making it necessary to evaluate their suitability in this context. The delivery ratio and end-to-end delay were evaluated, under contention, for both star and tree topologies. The reliability of the ZigBee network in a star topology without hidden nodes was very good (delivery ratio close to 100%), provided the acknowledgement mechanism was enabled. On the other hand, the performance in a tree topology was degraded due to router overload and the activation of the route maintenance protocol triggered by periods of high traffic load. The effect of the devices’ clock drift and hidden nodes on the reliability of the star network was modeled and validated through experimental tests. In these tests, the worst-case delivery ratio when the acknowledgment is used decreased to 90% with two sensor nodes, while for the non-acknowledged mode the result was of 13%. These results show that a mechanism for distributing the nodes’ traffic over the time is required to avoid BSN performance degradation caused by router overload, clock drift and hidden node issues.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologi
Energy current and energy fluctuations in driven quantum wires

We discuss the energy current and the energy fluctuations in an isolated
quantum wire driven far from equilibrium. The system consists of interacting
spinless fermions and is driven by a time--dependent magnetic flux. The energy
current is defined by the continuity equation for the energy density which is
derived both for homogeneous as well as for inhomogeneous systems. Since the
total energy is not conserved in the driven system, the continuity equation
includes the source terms which are shown to represent the Joule heating
effects. For short times and weak drivings the energy current agrees with the
linear response theory. For stronger fields or longer times of driving the
system enters the quasiequilibrium regime when the energy current gradually
diminishes due to the heating effects. Finally, for even stronger driving the
energy current is shown to undergo a damped Bloch oscillations. The energy
spread also increases upon driving. However, the time--dependence of this
quantity in the low field regime is quite unexpected since it is determined
mostly by the time of driving being quite independent of the instantaneous
energy of the system.Comment: 9 pages, 2 figures, Proc. NATO Adv. Research Workshop Nanotechnology
  in the security systems, Ed. S. Kruchinin, Yalta, Ukraine, 201
Genetic response to climate scenarios in #Dactylis# and #Festuca# of temperate versus Mediterranean origin

Climate change stresses the importance of exploring the genetic adaptation of plants to an increase of both temperature and water deficit. To this end, dense swards of Mediterranean and temperate cultivars of Dactylis and Festuca were seed harvested after 2 years under artificial climate scenarios (range of summer drought) in two environments (Mediterranean and temperate). To assess possible genetic changes, all populations of the next generation were assessed and co m- pared with their parent population having not been subjected to these climate scenarios. The experiment was a spaced plant design in the temperate location. The results showed that a drought escape strategy through earlier heading time and reduced total plant yield was enhanced by scenarios of greater summer drought. However, the direction and the intensity of the response of the main measured traits suggested that the physiological plant adaptation to water stress differs between species. In Dactylis, the phenology appeared to be a very responsive trait in the late heading temperate cultivar and induced a plant size reduction while no genetic variability seems to be still available for selection within the early flowering Mediterranean cultivar. By contrast, the balance between both traits was not found so crucial in Festuca which suggests a possible greater role of the rooting system in drought resistance for this species. (Résumé d'auteur
Overall satisfaction with life

Abstract  \ud
A good society is first of all a livable society and the livability of a society manifests in the life\ud
satisfaction of its members. Therefore improving society requires an understanding of life\ud
satisfaction, in particularly it requires to answer the following seven questions: 1) What is life\ud
satisfaction precisely? 2) Can life satisfaction be measured? 3) How satisfied are people\ud
presently with their life? 4) How do we assess how satisfied we are? 5) What conditions add to\ud
life-satisfaction? 6) Can life satisfaction be raised lastingly? 7) Should life-satisfaction be\ud
 raised? Throughout the ages philosophers have toiled with these questions, and since the 1960's they have been subjected to empirical research. In this chapter we take stock of the progress that has been\ud
made in this fiel
Family farming and the Worlds to come

What is family farming? How can it help meet the challenges confronting the world? How can it contribute to a sustainable and more equitable development? Not only is family farming the predominant form of agriculture around the world, especially so in developing countries, it is also the agriculture of the future. By declaring 2014 the "International Year of Family Farming" the United Nations has placed this form of production at the center of debates on agricultural development. These debates are often reduced to two opposing positions. The first advocates the development of industrial or company agriculture, supposedly efficient because it follows industrial processes for market-oriented mass production. The second promotes the preservation of family farming with its close links between family and farm. The authors of this book wish to enrich the debates by helping overcome stereotypes - which often manifest through the use of terms such as "small-scale farming, subsistence farming, peasant, etc.". Research work has emphatically demonstrated the great adaptability of family farming systems and their ability to meet the major challenges of tomorrow but it has also not overlooked their limitations. The authors explore the choices facing society and possible development trajectories at national and international levels, and the contribution that agriculture will have to make. They call for a recommitment of public policies in favor of family farming in developing countries and stress the importance of planning actions targeted at and tailored to the family character of agricultural models. But, above all, they highlight the need to overcome strictly sectoral rationales, by placing family farming at the core of a broader economic and social project. This book is the result of a collaborative effort led by CIRAD and encapsulates three decades of research on family farming. It will interest researchers, teachers and students, and all those involved in national and international efforts for the development of countries in the South. (Résumé d'auteur
Chapter 15: The Brand as an Economic Value and a Sign: Positioning as an Instrument for Creating Market Distinctions

The chapter is dedicated to the brand subject and particularly to the communication function each brand actually has. After the necessary definition the connection between branding and semiotics is set in order to point out that value and signification (e.g. differentiation and identity making) interact in the contemporary highly competitive markets. A large part of the text concerns the positioning theory and practice accompanied by figures and prominent authors perspectives and comments on the topic