pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Overview of the JET results in support to ITER

The 2014 - 2016 JET results are reviewed in the light of their significance for optimising the ITER research plan for the active and non-active operation. More than 60 h of plasma operation with ITER first wall materials successfully took place since its installation in 2011. New multi-machine scaling of the type I-ELM divertor energy flux density to ITER is supported by first principle modelling. ITER relevant disruption experiments and first principle modelling are reported with a set of three disruption mitigation valves mimicking the ITER setup. Insights of the L - H power threshold in Deuterium and Hydrogen are given, stressing the importance of the magnetic configurations and the recent measurements of fine-scale structures in the edge radial electric. Dimensionless scans of the core and pedestal confinement provide new information to elucidate the importance of the first wall material on the fusion performance. H-mode plasmas at ITER triangularity ( H = 1 at β N ~ 1.8 and n / n GW ~ 0.6) have been sustained at 2 MA during 5 s. The ITER neutronics codes have been validated on high performance experiments. Prospects for the coming D - T campaign and 14 MeV neutron calibration strategy are reviewed
Ecosystem limits to food web fluxes and fisheries yields in the North Sea simulated with an end-to-end food web model

Equilibrium yields from an exploited fish stock represent the surplus production remaining after accounting for losses due to predation. However, most estimates of maximum sustainable yield, upon which fisheries management targets are partly based, assume that productivity and predation rates are constant in time or at least stationary. This means that there is no recognition of the potential for interaction between different fishing sectors. Here, an end-to-end ecosystem model is developed to explore the possible scale and mechanisms of interactions between pelagic and demersal fishing in the North Sea. The model simulates fluxes of nitrogen between detritus, inorganic nutrient and guilds of taxa spanning phytoplankton to mammals. The structure strikes a balance between graininess in space, taxonomy and demography, and the need to constrain the parameter-count sufficiently to enable automatic parameter optimization. Simulated annealing is used to locate the maximum likelihood parameter set, given the model structure and a suite of observations of annual rates of production and fluxes between guilds. Simulations of the impact of fishery harvesting rates showed that equilibrium yields of pelagic and demersal fish were strongly interrelated due to a variety of top-down and bottom-up food web interactions. The results clearly show that management goals based on simultaneously achieving maximum sustainable biomass yields from all commercial fish stocks is simply unattainable. Trade-offs between, for example, pelagic and demersal fishery sectors and other properties of the ecosystem have to be considered in devising an overall harvesting strategy
Diffraction dissociation contributions to two-nucleon knockout reactions and the suppression of shell-model strength

<p>The contributions to the cross sections of intermediate energy two-nucleon knockout reactions from events in which one nucleon is removed by the stripping (inelastic breakup) mechanism and a second by the diffraction (elastic breakup) mechanism are discussed. The small additional contributions from two-nucleon diffraction events are also estimated. The approach used combines the eikonal reaction and shell model structure theory frameworks. For reactions involving the removal of two well-bound like nucleons, at incident energies of order 100 MeV per nucleon, the additional cross sections are shown to be of approximately the same size as those from events in which both nucleons are stripped in inelastic interactions. These more complete dynamical calculations now permit a quantitative comparison of the theoretical cross sections with recent partial cross-section measurements of the two-neutron (two-proton) removal reactions from neutron-deficient (neutron-rich) nuclei. As has been observed in both nuclear- and electron-induced single-nucleon knockout reaction analyses, the theoretical two-nucleon knockout cross sections overestimate the measured values, requiring a suppression of the two nucleon shell-model transition strengths. The deduced two-nucleon suppression factors, <I>R<sub>s</sub></I>(2<i>N</i>), are consistent with a value of 0.5 for each of the five reactions considered.</p
Biglobal linear stability analysis for the flow in eccentric annular channels and a related geometry

Recently, it has been observed that simple geometry characterized by a low level of symmetry present interesting peculiarities in the process of transition from laminar Poiseuille flow to turbulent flow. Examples of this type of geometry are eccentric channels and, more generally, parallel channels containing a narrow gap. In the present work, a global linear stability analysis for the flow in this class of geometry has been performed. The problem is discretized through spectral collocation and the eigenvalue problem has been solved with the Arnoldi-method based algorithms and the QZ algorithm. Since no numerical studies of this type have yet been performed to address the issue of transition in this geometry, the codes have been validated toward results obtained in simplified geometries _e.g., concentric annular channel and square channel_. The eigenvalue spectra of the Poiseuille flow in eccentric channels and a U-shaped channel have then been computed and analyzed for a wide range of geometric parameters. After comparison with spectra typical of channel flow and pipe flow it is shown that an additional linear mechanism of instability is present, related to the spanwise variation of the laminar velocity profile
Microcalcifications Detection using PFCM and ANN

This work presents a method to detect Microcalcifications in Regions of Interest from digitized mammograms. The method is based mainly on the combination of Image Processing, Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence. The Top-Hat transform is a technique based on mathematical morphology operations that, in this work is used to perform contrast enhancement of microcalcifications in the region of interest. In order to find more or less homogeneous regions in the image, we apply a novel image sub-segmentation technique based on Possibilistic Fuzzy c-Means clustering algorithm. From the original region of interest we extract two window-based features, Mean and Deviation Standard, which will be used in a classifier based on a Artificial Neural Network in order to identify microcalcifications. Our results show that the proposed method is a good alternative in the stage of microcalcifications detection, because this stage is an important part of the early Breast Cancer detectio
Translating HbA1c measurements into estimated average glucose values in pregnant women with diabetes

Aims/hypothesis\ud
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This study aimed to examine the relationship between average glucose levels, assessed by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), and HbA1c levels in pregnant women with diabetes to determine whether calculations of standard estimated average glucose (eAG) levels from HbA1c measurements are applicable to pregnant women with diabetes.\ud
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Methods\ud
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CGM data from 117 pregnant women (89 women with type 1 diabetes; 28 women with type 2 diabetes) were analysed. Average glucose levels were calculated from 5–7 day CGM profiles (mean 1275 glucose values per profile) and paired with a corresponding (±1 week) HbA1c measure. In total, 688 average glucose–HbA1c pairs were obtained across pregnancy (mean six pairs per participant). Average glucose level was used as the dependent variable in a regression model. Covariates were gestational week, study centre and HbA1c.\ud
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Results\ud
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There was a strong association between HbA1c and average glucose values in pregnancy (coefficient 0.67 [95% CI 0.57, 0.78]), i.e. a 1% (11 mmol/mol) difference in HbA1c corresponded to a 0.67 mmol/l difference in average glucose. The random effects model that included gestational week as a curvilinear (quadratic) covariate fitted best, allowing calculation of a pregnancy-specific eAG (PeAG). This showed that an HbA1c of 8.0% (64 mmol/mol) gave a PeAG of 7.4–7.7 mmol/l (depending on gestational week), compared with a standard eAG of 10.2 mmol/l. The PeAG associated with maintaining an HbA1c level of 6.0% (42 mmol/mol) during pregnancy was between 6.4 and 6.7 mmol/l, depending on gestational week.\ud
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Conclusions/interpretation\ud
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The HbA1c–average glucose relationship is altered by pregnancy. Routinely generated standard eAG values do not account for this difference between pregnant and non-pregnant individuals and, thus, should not be used during pregnancy. Instead, the PeAG values deduced in the current study are recommended for antenatal clinical care
Separation of oxidatively damaged DNA Nucleobases and Nucleosides on Packed and Monolith C18 Columns by HPLC-UV-EC

This study involves the incorporation of a commercially available Phenomenex Onyx C18 monolith column into the separation and detection of oxidative DNA damage. It includes thorough investigation of monolith performance and a comparison of the performance of monolith columns with a commercially available packed Restek reverse phase Ultra C18 column for the separation of DNA bases and nucleosides. The performance of the monolith was examined using efficiency, resolution, plate height, asymmetry and retention times, and in each case showed improved or at least comparable results in the separation of a mix of DNA bases and nucleosides. A 90% reduction, from just under 40 min. to just under 4 min., was obtained in the elution time of this separation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a fast monolith column separation successfully coupled to both a UV-vis and EC detector, which is especially useful for analysis of oxidative DNA damage. The determination of 8-oxoG and 8-OH-dG, oxidation products of guanine and 2’-deoxyguanosine, respectively, may be compromised by their ease of oxidation and therefore the fast separation, selective and sensitive detection, with no artifactual oxidation, detailed in this report, is ideal
Projective rectification from the fundamental matrix

This paper describes a direct, self-contained method for planar image rectification of stereo pairs. The method is based solely on an examination of the Fundamental matrix, where an improved method is given for the derivation of two projective transformations that horizontally align all the epipolar projections. A novel approach is proposed to uniquely optimise each transform in order to minimise perspective distortions. This ensures the rectified images resemble the original images as closely as possible. Detailed results show that the rectification precision exactly matches the estimation error of the Fundamental matrix. In tests the remaining perspective distortion offers on average less than one percent viewpoint distortion. Both these factors offer superior robustness and performance compared with existing techniques
Assessing the usability of raw machine translation output: A user-centered study using eye tracking

This paper reports on the results of a project that aimed to investigate the usability of raw machine translated technical support documentation for a commercial online file storage service. Adopting a user-centred approach, we utilize the ISO/TR 16982 definition of usability - goal completion, satisfaction, effectiveness, and efficiency – and apply eye-tracking measures shown to be reliable indicators of cognitive effort, along with a post-task questionnaire. We investigated these measures for the original user documentation written in English and in four target languages: Spanish, French, German and Japanese, all of which were translated using a freely available online statistical machine translation engine. Using native speakers for each language, we found several significant differences between the source and MT output, a finding that indicates a difference in usability between well-formed content and raw\ud
machine translated content. One target language in particular, Japanese, was found to have a considerably lower usability level when compared with the original English
Requirements for a Method of Software Accessibility Conformity Assessment

Given the current trend of public procurement of accessible products and services, including software, there is a need for the suppliers to demonstrate that a software product conforms to accessibility requirements. This is called software accessibility conformity assessment. Today, the evaluation process, and the techniques and tools required to do this, is not as well defined as it is in other contexts, such as web accessibility. Based on our experience in evaluating accessibility, this paper outlines a set of requirements for a method of software accessibility conformity assessment. These requirements will apply across the four conformity assessment functions: selection, determination, review and attestation, and, finally, surveillance
Non-Maxwellian electron distributions in time-dependent simulations of low-Z materials illuminated by a high-intensity X-ray laser

The interaction of high intensity X-ray lasers with matter is modeled. A collisional-radiative timedependent module is implemented to study radiation transport in matter from ultrashort and ultraintense X-ray bursts. Inverse bremsstrahlung absorption by free electrons, electron conduction or hydrodynamic effects are not considered. The collisional-radiative system is coupled with the electron distribution evolution treated with a Fokker-Planck approach with additional inelastic terms. The model includes spontaneous emission, resonant photoabsorption, collisional excitation and de-excitation, radiative recombination, photoionization, collisional ionization, three-body recombination, autoionization and dielectronic capture. It is found that for high densities, but still below solid, collisions play an important role and thermalization times are not short enough to ensure a thermal electron distribution. At these densities Maxwellian and non-Maxwellian electron distribution models yield substantial differences in collisional rates, modifying the atomic population dynamics
Optimized design of the prestress in continuous bridge decks

In this paper a method for automatic design of the prestress in continuous bridge decks is\ud
presented. In a first step of the procedure the optimal prestressed force for a completely geometrically defined and feasible prestress layout is obtained by means of linear programming techniques. Further on, in a second step the prestress geometry and minimum force are automatically found by steepest descent optimization techniques. Finally this methodology is applied to two-span continuous bridge decks and from the obtained results some preliminary design rules can be drawn
KIAA1109 Variants Are Associated with a Severe Disorder of Brain Development and Arthrogryposis.

Whole-exome and targeted sequencing of 13 individuals from 10 unrelated families with overlapping clinical manifestations identified loss-of-function and missense variants in KIAA1109 allowing delineation of an autosomal-recessive multi-system syndrome, which we suggest to name Alkuraya-Kučinskas syndrome (MIM 617822). Shared phenotypic features representing the cardinal characteristics of this syndrome combine brain atrophy with clubfoot and arthrogryposis. Affected individuals present with cerebral parenchymal underdevelopment, ranging from major cerebral parenchymal thinning with lissencephalic aspect to moderate parenchymal rarefaction, severe to mild ventriculomegaly, cerebellar hypoplasia with brainstem dysgenesis, and cardiac and ophthalmologic anomalies, such as microphthalmia and cataract. Severe loss-of-function cases were incompatible with life, whereas those individuals with milder missense variants presented with severe global developmental delay, syndactyly of 2nd and 3rd toes, and severe muscle hypotonia resulting in incapacity to stand without support. Consistent with a causative role for KIAA1109 loss-of-function/hypomorphic variants in this syndrome, knockdowns of the zebrafish orthologous gene resulted in embryos with hydrocephaly and abnormally curved notochords and overall body shape, whereas published knockouts of the fruit fly and mouse orthologous genes resulted in lethality or severe neurological defects reminiscent of the probands' features
Origin of the 3.331 eV emission in ZnO nanorods: comparison of vapour phase transport and pulsed laser deposition grown nanorods

In this work, we report the growth of vertically aligned ZnO nanorods with excellent optical quality by both catalyst free vapor phase transport (VPT) and catalyst free pulsed laser deposition (PLD). We compare the near band edge emission of such deposits, with a focus on the identification of the origin of the 3.331 eV emission feature. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and low-temperature (13 K) photoluminescence (PL) were used to characterise these nanorod deposits. XRD and SEM data reveal that both techniques lead to highly textured ZnO nanorod arrays with uniform c-axis orientation normal to the substrate surface. The VPT-grown nanorods are well separated and show smooth, facetted surfaces whereas the PLD-grown nanorods are more closely packed and display comparatively rougher surfaces. The optical quality of the samples obtained by both growth methods was very good and low-temperature PL spectra were dominated in both cases by a strong I6 bound exciton (BX) emission (3.36 eV), and also showed emission from the surface exciton and the free exciton. A comparatively weak visible emission was also observed in samples deposited by both techniques. The main difference between the PLD- and VPT-grown nanorod samples is the presence of the 3.331 eV emission in the former, and its complete absence in the latter (as well as in continuous PLD-grown seed layers) which is discussed in light of the differing surface morphologies mentioned above and which provides strong support for our previous assignment of the origin of this defect to structural defects in the inhomogeneous sub-surface region close to the rough nanorod surface
Engineering of next generation cyber-physical automation system architectures

Cyber-Physical-Systems (CPS) enable flexible and reconfigurable realization
of automation system architectures, utilizing distributed control architectures
with non-hierarchical modules linked together through different communication
systems. Several control system architectures have been developed and validated in
the past years by research groups. However, there is still a lack of implementation
in industry. The intention of this work is to provide a summary of current alternative
control system architectures that could be applied in industrial automation domain
as well as a review of their commonalities. The aim is to point out the differences
between the traditional centralized and hierarchical architectures to discussed ones,
which rely on decentralized decision-making and control. Challenges and impacts
that industries and engineers face in the process of adopting decentralized control
architectures are discussed, analysing the obstacles for industrial acceptance and the
new necessary interdisciplinary engineering skills. Finally, an outlook of possible
mitigation and migration actions required to implement the decentralized control
architectures is addressed.The authors would like to thank the European Commission for the support,
and the partners of the EU Horizon 2020 project PERFoRM (2016b) for the fruitful discussions.
The PERFoRM project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research
and innovation programme under grant agreement No 680435.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Grasping trapezoidal objects

When grasping rectangular or circular objects with a precision grip the digits close in on the object in opposite directions.  In doing so the digits move perpendicular to the local surface orientation as they approach opposite sides of the object.  This perpendicular approach is advantageous for accurately placing the digits. Trapezoidal objects have non-parallel surfaces  so that moving the digits in opposite directions would make the digits approach the contact surfaces at an angle that is not  90. In this study we examined whether this happens, or whether subjects tend to approach trapezoidal objects’ surfaces perpendicularly.  We used objects of different sizes and with different surface slants. Subjects tended to approach the object’s surfaces orthogonally,  suggesting that they aim for an optimal precision of digit placement rather than simply closing their hand as it reaches the  object
"But One Must not Legalize the Mentioned Sin". Phenomenological vs. Dynamical Treatment of Rods and Clocks in Einstein's Thought

The paper offers a historical overview of Einstein's oscillating attitude towards a "phenomenological" and "dynamical" treatment of rods and clocks in relativity theory. Contrary to what it has been usually claimed in recent literature, it is argued that this distinction should not be understood in the framework of opposition between principle and constructive theories. In particular Einstein does not seem to have plead for a "dynamical" explanation for the phenomenon rods contraction and clock dilation which was initially described only "kinematically". On the contrary textual evidence shows that, according to Einstein, a realistic microscopic model of rods and clocks was needed to account for the very existence of measuring devices of "identical construction" which always measure the same unit of time and the same unit of length. In fact, it will be shown that the empirical meaningfulness of both relativity theories depends on what, following Max Born, one might call the "principle of the physical identity of the units of measure". In the attempt to justify the validity of such principle, Einstein was forced by different interlocutors, in particular Hermann Weyl and Wolfgang Pauli, to deal with the genuine epistemological, rather then physical question whether a theory should be able or not to described the material devices that serve to its own verificatio
Counting Experiments

In this paper, I show how one might resist two influential arguments for the Likelihood Principle by appealing to the ontological significance of creative intentions. The first argument for the Likelihood Principle that I consider is the argument from intentions. After clarifying the argument, I show how the key premiss in the argument may be resisted by maintaining that creative intentions sometimes independently matter to what experiments exist. The second argument that I consider is Gandenberger’s (2015) rehabilitation of Birnbaum’s (1962) proof of the Likelihood Principle from the (supposedly) more intuitively obvious principles of conditionality and sufficiency. As with the argument from intentions, I show how Gandenberger’s argument for his Experimental Conditionality Principle may be resisted by maintaining that creative intentions sometimes independently matter to what experiments exist
Failure analysis of prestressed anchor bars

Three broken steel bars from a sewed crack in a dam are reported. The inspection of the fracture surfaces of the prestressed bars suggests that fractures were triggered by small cracks and by the inherent brittleness of the bars, as fracture toughness was about 40 MPa m1/2. The analysis of the failures shows that the usual design requirements for prestressing bars fail to warn against brittle failures if some damage exists. Some recommendations, based on the concept of damage tolerance, are suggested to avoid similar unfortunate incidents