pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Rootless cone eruption processes informed by dissected tephra deposits and conduits.

Rootless cones result from the explosive interaction between lava flows and underlying water-saturated sediment or volcaniclastic deposits. Rootless explosions can represent a significant far-field hazard during basaltic eruptions, but there are few detailed studies of their deposits. A rootless cone field in the 8.5 Ma Ice Harbor flow field of the Columbia River Basalt Province, NW USA, is revealed by sections through rootless conduit and cone structures. The Ice Harbor lava flow hosting the rootless cones was emplaced across a floodplain or lacustrine environment that had recently been mantled by a layer of silicic volcanic ash from a major explosive eruption. Our observations indicate a two-stage growth model for the rootless cones: (1) initial explosions generated sediment-rich tephra emplaced by fallout and pyroclastic density currents and (2) later weaker explosions that generated spatter-rich fountains. Variable explosive activity resulted in a wide range of pyroclast morphologies and vesicularities. Cross-sections through funnel-shaped conduits also show how the conduits were constructed and stabilised. The growth model is consistent with decreasing water availability with time, as inferred for rootless cones described in Iceland. The Ice Harbor rootless cones provide further lithological data to help distinguish between rootless cone-derived tephra and tephra generated above an erupting dyke
Jet-vetoed Higgs cross section in gluon fusion at N3LO+NNLL with small-R
  resummation

We present new results for the jet-veto efficiency and zero-jet cross section
in Higgs production through gluon fusion. We incorporate the N$^3$LO
corrections to the total cross section, the NNLO corrections to the 1-jet rate,
NNLL resummation for the jet $p_t$ and LL resummation for the jet radius
dependence. Our results include known finite-mass corrections and are obtained
using the jet-veto efficiency method, updated relative to earlier work to take
into account what has been learnt from the new precision calculations that we
include. For 13 TeV collisions and using our default choice for the
renormalisation and factorisation scales, $\mu_0=m_H/2$, the matched prediction
for the jet-veto efficiency increases the pure NNNLO prediction by about 2% and
the two have comparable uncertainties. Relative to NNLO+NNLL results, the new
prediction is 2% smaller and the uncertainty reduces from more than 10% to less
than 5%. Results are also presented for the central scale $\mu_0=m_H$.Comment: 30 pages, 16 figure
Generalization of the Randall-Sundrum solution

The generalization of the Randall-Sundrum solution for the warp factor
exp[sigma(y)] in the scenario with one extra coordinate y, non-factorizable
space-time geometry and two branes isobtained. It is shown that the function
obtained sigma(y) is symmetric with respect to an interchange of two branes. It
also obeys the orbifold symmetry y -> - y and explicitly reproduces jumps of
its derivative on both branes. This solution is defined by the
Einstein-Hilbert's equations up to a constant C. It is demonstrated that
different values of C results in theories with quite different spectra of the
Kaluza-Klein gravitons.Comment: 10 equations and 8 references are added; 16 pagers, 1 figure. arXiv
  admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1403.223
Ding-Iohara-Miki symmetry of network matrix models

Ward identities in the most general "network matrix model" can be described
in terms of the Ding-Iohara-Miki algebras (DIM). This confirms an expectation
that such algebras and their various limits/reductions are the relevant
substitutes/deformations of the Virasoro/W-algebra for (q, t) and (q_1, q_2,
q_3) deformed network matrix models. Exhaustive for these purposes should be
the Pagoda triple-affine elliptic DIM, which corresponds to networks associated
with 6d gauge theories with adjoint matter (double elliptic systems). We
provide some details on elliptic qq-characters.Comment: 20 pages, 2 figure
Boundaries, Mirror Symmetry, and Symplectic Duality in 3d
  $\mathcal{N}=4$ Gauge Theory

We introduce several families of $\mathcal{N}=(2,2)$ UV boundary conditions
in 3d $\mathcal N=4$ gauge theories and study their IR images in sigma-models
to the Higgs and Coulomb branches. In the presence of Omega deformations, a UV
boundary condition defines a pair of modules for quantized algebras of chiral
Higgs- and Coulomb-branch operators, respectively, whose structure we derive.
In the case of abelian theories, we use the formalism of hyperplane
arrangements to make our constructions very explicit, and construct a half-BPS
interface that implements the action of 3d mirror symmetry on gauge theories
and boundary conditions. Finally, by studying two-dimensional compactifications
of 3d $\mathcal{N}=4$ gauge theories and their boundary conditions, we propose
a physical origin for symplectic duality - an equivalence of categories of
modules associated to families of Higgs and Coulomb branches that has recently
appeared in the mathematics literature, and generalizes classic results on
Koszul duality in geometric representation theory. We make several predictions
about the structure of symplectic duality, and identify Koszul duality as a
special case of wall crossing.Comment: 222 pages, 36 figures; v2: reference added; v3: JHEP versio
Measurement of the leptonic decay width of $J/\psi$ using initial state
  radiation

Using a data set of 2.93 fb$^{-1}$ taken at a center-of-mass energy of
$\sqrt{s}$ = 3.773 GeV with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider, we
measure the process $e^+e^-\rightarrow J/\psi\gamma\rightarrow
\mu^+\mu^-\gamma$ and determine the product of the branching fraction and the
electronic width $\mathcal B_{\mu\mu}\cdot \Gamma_{ee} = (333.4 \pm 2.5_{\rm
stat} \pm 4.4_{\rm sys})$~eV. Using the earlier-published BESIII result for
$\mathcal B_{\mu\mu}$ = (5.973 $\pm$ 0.007$_{\rm stat}$ $\pm$ 0.037$_{\rm
sys}$)\%, we derive the $J/\psi$ electronic width $\Gamma_{ee}$~= (5.58 $\pm$
0.05$_{\rm stat}$ $\pm$ 0.08$_{\rm sys}$) keV.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figure
Dynamical symmetry enhancement near N=2, D=4 gauged supergravity
  horizons

We show that all smooth Killing horizons with compact horizon sections of
4-dimensional gauged N=2 supergravity coupled to any number of vector
multiplets preserve $2 c_1({\cal K})+4 \ell$ supersymmetries, where ${\cal K}$
is a pull-back of the Hodge bundle of the special K\"ahler manifold on the
horizon spatial section. We also demonstrate that all such horizons with
$c_1({\cal K})=0$ exhibit an SL(2,R) symmetry and preserve either 4 or 8
supersymmetries. If the orbits of the SL(2,R) symmetry are 2-dimensional, the
horizons are warped products of AdS2 with the horizon spatial section.
Otherwise, the horizon section admits an isometry which preserves all the
fields. The proof of these results is centered on the use of index theorem in
conjunction with an appropriate generalization of the Lichnerowicz theorem for
horizons that preserve at least one supersymmetry. In all $c_1({\cal K})=0$
cases, we specify the local geometry of spatial horizon sections and
demonstrate that the solutions are determined by first order non-linear
ordinary differential equations on some of the fields.Comment: 60 pages, late
Central Cholinergic Neurons Are Rapidly Recruited by Reinforcement Feedback.

Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons constitute a major neuromodulatory system implicated in normal cognition and neurodegenerative dementias. Cholinergic projections densely innervate neocortex, releasing acetylcholine to regulate arousal, attention, and learning. However, their precise behavioral function is poorly understood because identified cholinergic neurons have never been recorded during behavior. To determine which aspects of cognition their activity might support, we recorded cholinergic neurons using optogenetic identification in mice performing an auditory detection task requiring sustained attention. We found that a non-cholinergic basal forebrain population-but not cholinergic neurons-were correlated with trial-to-trial measures of attention. Surprisingly,  cholinergic neurons responded to reward and punishment with unusual speed and precision (18 +/- 3 ms). Cholinergic responses were scaled by the unexpectedness  of reinforcement and were highly similar across neurons and two nuclei innervating distinct cortical areas. These results reveal that the cholinergic system broadcasts a rapid and precisely timed reinforcement signal, supporting fast cortical activation and plasticity
A "minimal disruption" skeleton experiment: seamless map & reduce embedding in OCaml

International audienceWe discuss the implementation of a minimalist parallel library in OCaml. The library provides parallel map and fold (reduce) higher order functions and targets standard cache coherent shared memory multi-cores. Our Parmap.parmap and Parmap.parfold functions may be used to seamlessly replace OCaml List map and fold standard functions preserving their full functional semantics while achieving nearly optimal speedup on standard multi-core architectures. We discuss the design of the Parmap module, the main implementation features and we present some experimental results assessing the effciency of the Parmap parallel functions. Overall, Parmap represents a perfect incarnation of the "propagate the concept with minimal disruption" principle introduced in Cole's algorithmic skeleton manifesto
Solar Powered Heat Storage for Injera Baking

Ethiopia with a population of about 85 million meets 96% of its energy needs with bio-mass, charcoal, wood, animal dung and plant residues. More than 50% of this energy goes entirely on baking Injera. Injera the national food of the country demands 180-220 °C to be well cooked. In this article; Injera baking with solar energy on off-focus system, status of electric powered stove and the potential for solar powered stoves is discussed. The research and development of solar thermal for household energy consumption has not been well developed and adopted. One reason for this is that the system can only be used outdoor and at time of sun shine. In addition to the off-focus solar thermal application this paper discussed the integration of solar thermal with heat storage for a sustainable future use. The prototype for direct steam based baking was developed and tested in Mekelle University (Ethiopia) and Phase change material based heat storage prototype was developed and tested at NTNU. Both experiments showed the possibility of solar energy for Injera baking and its sustainability by including latent heat storage. This research gave hope to break the bottleneck related with on- focus solar cooker
The mass-loss return from evolved stars to the Large Magellanic Cloud. III. Dust properties for carbon-rich asymptotic giant branch stars

DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201014991We present a radiative transfer model for the circumstellar dust shell around a Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) long-period variable (LPV) previously studied as part of the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) survey of the LMC. OGLE LMC LPV 28579 (SAGE J051306.40-690946.3) is a carbon-rich asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star for which we have Spitzer broadband photometry and spectra from the SAGE and SAGE-Spec programs along with broadband UBVIJHKs photometry. By modeling this source, we obtain a baseline set of dust properties to be used in the construction of a grid of models for carbon stars. We reproduce the spectral energy distribution of the source using a mixture of amorphous carbon and silicon carbide with 15% SiC by mass. The grain sizes are distributed according to the KMH model, with γ = 3.5, amin = 0.01 μm and a0 = 1.0 μm. The best-fit model produces an optical depth of 0.28 for the dust shell at the peak of the SiC feature (11.3 μm), with an inner radius of about 1430  or 4.4 times the stellar radius. The temperature at this inner radius is 1310 K. Assuming an expansion velocity of 10 km s-1, we obtain a dust mass-loss rate of 2.5 × 10-9  yr-1. We calculate a 15% variation in this mass-loss rate by testing the sensitivity of the fit to variation in the input parameters. We also present a simple model for the molecular gas in the extended atmosphere that could give rise to the 13.7 μm feature seen in the spectrum. We find that a combination of CO and C2H2 gas at an excitation temperature of about 1000 K and column densities of 3 × 1021 cm-2 and 1019 cm-2 respectively are able to reproduce the observations. Given that the excitation temperature is close to the temperature of the dust at the inner radius, most of the molecular contribution probably arises from this region. The luminosity corresponding to the first epoch of SAGE observations is 6580 . For an effective temperature of about 3000 K, this implies a stellar mass of 1.5-2  and an age of 1-2.5 Gyr for OGLE LMC LPV 28579. We calculate a gas mass-loss rate of 5.0 × 10-7  yr-1 assuming a gas:dust ratio of 200. This number is comparable to the gas mass-loss rates estimated from the period, color and 8 μm flux of the source.This work is based on observations made with the Spitzer Space Telescope, which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under NASA contract 1407. The research in this paper has been funded by Spitzer grant 1310534 and NASA grant NAG5-12595. The authors have made use of the SIMBAD astronomical database and would like to thank those responsible for its upkeep. The authors also thank Bernie Shiao at STScI for his hard work on the SAGE database and his kind assistance
A new approach for modelling chromospheric evaporation in response to
  enhanced coronal heating: I The method

We present a new computational approach that addresses the difficulty of
obtaining the correct interaction between the solar corona and the transition
region in response to rapid heating events. In the coupled corona, transition
region and chromosphere system, an enhanced downward conductive flux results in
an upflow (chromospheric evaporation). However, obtaining the correct upflow
generally requires high spatial resolution in order to resolve the transition
region. With an unresolved transition region, artificially low coronal
densities are obtained because the downward heat flux jumps across the
unresolved region to the chromosphere, underestimating the upflows. Here, we
treat the lower transition region as a discontinuity that responds to changing
coronal conditions through the imposition of a jump condition that is derived
from an integrated form of energy conservation. To illustrate and benchmark
this approach against a fully resolved one-dimensional model, we present
field-aligned simulations of coronal loops in response to a range of impulsive
(spatially uniform) heating events. We show that our approach leads to a
significant improvement in the coronal density evolution than just when using
coarse spatial resolutions insufficient to resolve the lower transition region.
Our approach compensates for the jumping of the heat flux by imposing a
velocity correction that ensures that the energy from the heat flux goes into
driving the transition region dynamics, rather than being lost through
radiation. Hence, it is possible to obtain improved coronal densities. The
advantages of using this approach in both one-dimensional hydrodynamic and
three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations are discussed.Comment: 15 pages, 11 figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication in A&
Variations in cognitive abilities across the life course: Cross-sectional evidence from Understanding Society : The UK Household Longitudinal Study

Background: Populations worldwide are aging. Cognitive decline is an important precursor of dementia, illness and death and, even within the normal range, is associated with poorer performance on everyday tasks. However, the impact of age on cognitive function does not always receive the attention it deserves. Methods: We have explored cross-sectional associations of age with five cognitive tests (word recall, verbal fluency, subtraction, number sequence, and numerical problem solving) in a large representative sample of over 40,000 men and women aged 16 to 100 living in the UK. Results: Women performed better on word recall tests and men had higher scores for subtraction, number sequence and numerical problem solving. However, age-cognition associations were generally similar in both genders. Mean word recall and number sequence scores decreased from early adulthood with steeper declines from the mid-60s onwards Verbal fluency, subtraction and numerical problem solving scores remained stable or increased from early to mid-adulthood, followed by approximately linear declines from around age 60. Performance on all tests was progressively lower in respondents with increasingly worse self-rated health and memory. Age-related declines in word recall, verbal fluency and number sequence started earlier in those with the worst self-rated health. There was no compelling evidence for age dedifferentiation (that the general factor of cognitive ability changes in strength with age). Conclusions: We have confirmed previously observed patterns of cognitive aging using a large representative population sample
Extragenic suppressor mutations that restore twitching motility to ﬁmL mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are associated with elevated intracellular cyclic AMP levels

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is a signaling molecule that is involved in the regulation of multiple virulence systems of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The intracellular concentration of cAMP in P. aeruginosa cells is tightly controlled at the levels of cAMP synthesis and degradation through regulation of the activity and/or expression of the adenylate cyclases CyaA and CyaB or the cAMP phosphodiesterase CpdA. Interestingly, mutants of fimL, which usually demonstrate defective twitching motility, frequently revert to a wild-type twitching-motility phenotype presumably via the acquisition of an extragenic suppressor mutation(s). In this study, we have characterized five independent fimL twitching-motility revertants and have determined that all have increased intracellular cAMP levels compared with the parent fimL mutant. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that only one of these fimL revertants has acquired a loss-of-function mutation in cpdA that accounts for the elevated levels of intracellular cAMP. As mutation of cpdA did not account for the restoration of twitching motility observed in the other four fimL revertants, these observations suggest that there is at least another, as yet unidentified, site of extragenic suppressor mutation that can cause phenotypic reversion in fimL mutants and modulation of intracellular cAMP levels of P. aeruginosa
Cosmic ray air showers from sphalerons.

The discovery of the Higgs boson marks a key ingredient to establish the electroweak structure of the Standard Model. Its non-abelian gauge structure gives rise to, yet unobserved, non-perturbative baryon and lepton number violating processes. We propose to use cosmic ray air showers, as measured, for example, at the Pierre Auger Observatory, to set a limit on the hadronic production cross section of sphalerons. We identify several observables to discriminate between sphaleron and QCD induced air showers
Screening protein - Single stranded RNA complexes by NMR spectroscopy for structure determination

In the past few years, RNA molecules have been revealed to be at the center of numerous biological processes. Long considered as passive molecules transferring genetic information from DNA to proteins, it is now well established that RNA molecules play important regulatory roles. Associated with that, the number of identified RNA binding proteins (RBPs) has increased considerably and mutations in RNA molecules or RBP have been shown to cause various diseases, such as cancers. It is therefore crucial to understand at the molecular level how these proteins specifically recognise their RNA targets in order to design new generation drug therapies targeting protein-RNA complexes. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a particularly well-suited technique to study such protein-RNA complexes at the atomic level and can provide valuable information for new drug discovery programs. In this article, we describe the NMR strategy that we and other laboratories use for screening optimal conditions necessary for structural studies of protein-single stranded RNA complexes, using two proteins, Sam68 and T-STAR, as examples.This work was supported by a Medical Research Council Career Development Award to C.D. (G1000526) and by a College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, studentship to J.F. Open Access funded by Medical Research CouncilPeer-reviewedPublisher Versio
Dietary modulation of gut microbiota contributes to alleviation of both genetic and simple obesity in children

© 2015 The Authors.Gut microbiota has been implicated as a pivotal contributing factor in diet-related obesity; however, its role in development of disease phenotypes in human genetic obesity such as Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) remains elusive. In this hospitalized intervention trial with PWS (n. = 17) and simple obesity (n. = 21) children, a diet rich in non-digestible carbohydrates induced significant weight loss and concomitant structural changes of the gut microbiota together with reduction of serum antigen load and alleviation of inflammation. Co-abundance network analysis of 161 prevalent bacterial draft genomes assembled directly from metagenomic datasets showed relative increase of functional genome groups for acetate production from carbohydrates fermentation. NMR-based metabolomic profiling of urine showed diet-induced overall changes of host metabotypes and identified significantly reduced trimethylamine N-oxide and indoxyl sulfate, host-bacteria co-metabolites known to induce metabolic deteriorations. Specific bacterial genomes that were correlated with urine levels of these detrimental co-metabolites were found to encode enzyme genes for production of their precursors by fermentation of choline or tryptophan in the gut. When transplanted into germ-free mice, the pre-intervention gut microbiota induced higher inflammation and larger adipocytes compared with the post-intervention microbiota from the same volunteer. Our multi-omics-based systems analysis indicates a significant etiological contribution of dysbiotic gut microbiota to both genetic and simple obesity in children, implicating a potentially effective target for alleviation. Research in context: Poorly managed diet and genetic mutations are the two primary driving forces behind the devastating epidemic of obesity-related diseases. Lack of understanding of the molecular chain of causation between the driving forces and the disease endpoints retards progress in prevention and treatment of the diseases. We found that children genetically obese with Prader-Willi syndrome shared a similar dysbiosis in their gut microbiota with those having diet-related obesity. A diet rich in non-digestible but fermentable carbohydrates significantly promoted beneficial groups of bacteria and reduced toxin-producers, which contributes to the alleviation of metabolic deteriorations in obesity regardless of the primary driving forces