pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
To understand the rare decay Bs→π+π−ℓ+ℓ−

Motivated by the LHCb measurement, we analyze the Bs→π+π−ℓ+ℓ− decay in the kinematics region where the pion pairs have invariant masses in the range 0.5–1.3 GeV and muon pairs do not originate from a resonance. The scalar π+π− form factor induced by the strange s¯s current is predicted by the unitarized approach rooted in the chiral perturbation theory. Using the two-hadron light-cone distribution amplitude, we then can derive the Bs→π+π− transition form factor in the light-cone sum rules approach. Merging these quantities, we present our results for differential decay width which can generally agree with the experimental data. More accurate measurements at the LHC and KEKB in future are helpful to validate our formalism and determine the inputs in this approach
Solution of string equations for asymmetric potentials

We consider the large N expansion of the partition function for the Hermitian one-matrix model. It is well known that the coefficients of this expansion are generating functions F(g) for a certain kind of graph embedded in a Riemann surface. Other authors have made a simplifying assumption that the potential V is an even function. We present a method for computing F(g) in the case that V is not an even function. Our method is based on the string equations, and yields “valence independent” formulas which do not depend explicitly on the potential. We introduce a family of differential operators, the “string polynomials”, which make clear the valence independent nature of the string equations
Exact results for corner contributions to the entanglement entropy and Rényi entropies of free bosons and fermions in 3d

In the presence of a sharp corner in the boundary of the entanglement region, the entanglement entropy (EE) and Rényi entropies for 3d CFTs have a logarithmic term whose coefficient, the corner function, is scheme-independent. In the limit where the corner becomes smooth, the corner function vanishes quadratically with coefficient σ for the EE and σn for the Rényi entropies. For a free real scalar and a free Dirac fermion, we evaluate analytically the integral expressions of Casini, Huerta, and Leitao to derive exact results for σ and σn for all n=2,3,…  . The results for σ agree with a recent universality conjecture of Bueno, Myers, and Witczak-Krempa that σ/CT=π2/24 in all 3d CFTs, where CT is the central charge. For the Rényi entropies, the ratios σn/CT do not indicate similar universality. However, in the limit n→∞ , the asymptotic values satisfy a simple relationship and equal 1/(4π2) times the asymptotic values of the free energy of free scalars/fermions on the n -covered 3-sphere
Alternating current magnetic susceptibility of a molecular magnet submonolayer directly patterned onto a micro superconducting quantum interference device

3 páginas, 3 figuras.-- et al.We report the controlled integration, via dip pen nanolithography, of monolayer dots of ferritin-based CoO nanoparticles (12 μB) into the most sensitive areas of a microSQUID sensor. The nearly optimum flux coupling between these nanomagnets and the microSQUID improves the achievable sensitivity by a factor 102, enabling us to measure the linear susceptibility of the molecular array down to very low temperatures (13 mK). This method opens the possibility of applying ac susceptibility experiments to characterize two-dimensional arrays of single molecule magnets within a wide range of temperatures and frequencies.This work was partly funded by Grant No. MAT2009-\ud
13977-C03 of the Spanish MICINN and the Consolider-\ud
Ingenio project on Molecular Nanoscience. M.J.M.-P. thanks\ud
CSIC for a JAE predoctoral fellowship. E.B. and R.dM.\ud
thank the MICINN for FPI and FPU predoctoral grants. A.L.\ud
thanks ARAID for financial support.Peer reviewe
Functional phage display of leech-derived tryptase inhibitor (LDTI): construction of a library and selection of thrombin inhibitors

The recombinant phage antibody system pCANTAB 5E has been used to display functionally active leech-derived tryptase inhibitor (LDTI) on the tip of the filamentous M13 phage, A limited combinatorial library of 5.2 x 10(4) mutants was created with a synthetic LDTI gene, using a degenerated oligonucleotide and the pCANTAB 5E phagemid. the mutations were restricted to the P1-P4' positions of the reactive site. Fusion phages and appropriate host strains containing the phagemids were selected after binding to thrombin and DNA sequencing. the variants LDTI-2T (K8R, I9V, S10, K11W, P12A), LDTI-5T (K8R, I9V, S10, K11S, P12L) and LDTI-10T (K8R, I9L, S10, K11D, P12I) were produced with a Saccharomyces cerevisiae expression system. the new inhibitors, LDTI-2T and -5T, prolong the blood clotting time, inhibit thrombin (Ki 302 nM and 28 nM) and trypsin (K-i 6.4 nM and 2.1 nM) but not factor Xa, plasma kallikrein or neutrophil elastase, the variant LDTI-10T binds to thrombin but does not inhibit it, the relevant reactive site sequences of the thrombin inhibiting variants showed a strong preference for arginine in position P1 (K8R) and for valine in P1' (I9V), the data indicate further that LDTI-5T might be a model candidate for generation of active-site directed thrombin inhibitors and that LDTI in general may be useful to generate specific inhibitors suitable for a better understanding of enzyme-inhibitor interactions. (C) 1999 Federation of European Biochemical Societies.UNIFESP, Dept Bioquim, EPM, BR-04044020 São Paulo, BrazilUniv Munich, Klinikum Innenstadt, Chirurg Klin & Poliklin, Klin Chem & Klin Biochem Abt, D-8000 Munich, GermanyUNIFESP, Dept Med, Disciplina Hematol, EPM, BR-04044020 São Paulo, BrazilUNIFESP, Dept Bioquim, EPM, BR-04044020 São Paulo, BrazilUNIFESP, Dept Med, Disciplina Hematol, EPM, BR-04044020 São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc
Cognitive styles and future depressed mood in early adulthood:the importance of global attributions

BACKGROUND: Cognitive theories of depression suggest that beliefs of low self-worth and the tendency to attribute negative events to causes that are global (widespread rather than specific) and stable (will persist rather than change in the future) are associated with the development of depressed mood. Such theories are supported by evidence from prospective studies and have guided the development of successful treatment and prevention strategies such as CBT. However, the relative importance of different psychological constructs within cognitive theories is unknown. This is important to refine cognitive theories and develop more efficient prevention strategies. METHOD: We used prospective data from over 3500 young adults from the Avon Longitudinal Study for Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort in the UK to investigate the association between cognitive style, measured by short forms of the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS) and Cognitive Styles Questionnaire-Short Form (CSQ-SF) at age 18, and future depressed mood at age 19. Structural equation modelling techniques were used to separate cognitive style constructs. RESULTS: Cognitive styles were associated with future depressed mood, independently of baseline mood, both as measured by the DAS-SF and the CSQ-SF. Of the different CSQ-SF constructs, only global attributions were associated with both baseline and future mood independently of other constructs. LIMITATIONS: The study was subject to attrition and the follow-up was relatively short (10 months). CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that the tendency to attribute negative events specifically to global causes could be particularly important for depression. Reducing global attributions is potentially important in the prevention and treatment of depression
Dermal Vγ4(+) γδ T cells possess a migratory potency to the draining lymph nodes and modulate CD8(+) T-cell activity through TNF-α production.

A large number of gamma delta T cells (γδ T cells) are located within epithelial tissues including the skin. In mice, epidermal and dermal γδ T cells consist of distinct subsets and have specific roles in cutaneous immune responses. A recent study demonstrated that γδ T cells and cutaneous dendritic cells migrate from the skin to the draining lymph nodes (LNs). However, it remains unclear whether they regulate the antigen-specific immune response within the LNs. Herein, we investigated their properties and role in the LNs using the Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) infection model. In vivo cell labeling analysis revealed that most of the migratory subset comprised dermal Vγ4(+) cells. This population transmigrated from the skin to the LNs in a Gi-coupled chemokine receptor-independent manner. By depleting Vγ4(+) cells, the intranodal expansion of CD8(+) T cell against BCG was significantly attenuated. In addition, in vitro analysis revealed that Vγ4(+) cells produced TNF-α and enhanced IL-12 production by dendritic cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that dermal Vγ4(+) cells are a unique subset that possesses a migratory potency to the skin-draining LNs and enhances the dendritic cell function therein
Evolution of temperature, O3, CO, and N2O profiles during the exceptional 2009 Arctic major stratospheric warming as observed by lidar and mm-wave spectroscopy at Thule (76.5°N, 68.8°W), Greenland.

The 2009 Arctic sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) was the most intense event of this kind ever observed. Unique ground-based measurements of middle atmospheric profiles for temperature, O3, CO, and N2O obtained at Thule (76.5°N, 68.8°W), Greenland, in the period January – early March are used to show the evolution of the 2009 SSW in the region of its maximum intensity. The first sign of the SSW was detected at θ~2000 K on January 19, when a rapid decrease in CO mixing ratio took place. The first evidence of a temperature increase was observed at the same level on 22 January, the earliest date on which lidar measurements reached above ~50 km. The warming propagated from the upper to the lower stratosphere in 7 days and the record maximum temperature of 289 K was observed between 1300 and 1500 K potential temperature on 22 January. A strong vortex splitting was associated with the SSW. Stratospheric backward trajectories indicate that airmasses arriving to Thule during the warming peak underwent a rapid compression and an intense adiabatic warming of up to 50 K. The rapid advection of air from the extra-tropics was also occasionally observed to produce elevated values of N2O mixing ratio. Starting from mid-February the temperature profile and the N2O mixing ratio returned to the pre-warming values in the mid and upper stratosphere, indicating the reformation of the vortex at these levels. In late winter, vertical descent from starting altitudes of ~60 km is estimated from CO profiles to be 0.25±0.05 km/day
Fracture energy of stabilised rammed earth.

Unstabilised rammed earth (RE) is the name given to both a construction method and a material that has been used by Man for thousands of years. Recently, it has received renewed interest as the desire for sustainable construction methods has increased, as it commonly uses subsoil from the construction site, hence reducing waste and transport costs. It has been established that the addition of stabilisers, such as cement or lime, increases the ultimate compressive strength (UCS) of RE, while the addition of fibrous material, such as straw or wool, has been shown to improve flexural strength. This paper describes experimental work investigating the fracture properties of RE, an area in which little research has been conducted to date, despite the brittleness of most variants of these materials. The effect of both stabilisation and fibre reinforcement are reported here from samples with 0-12% by mass of cement and different amounts (0%, 1%, 2% by mass) of waste fibres. Fracture energies were determined using a modified wedge splitting test (WST) and results are presented that demonstrate the clear effect of fibrous reinforcement on specific fracture energy
Impact of processing conditions on inter‐tablet coating thickness variations measured by terahertz in-line sensing

A novel in-line technique utilising pulsed terahertz radiation for direct measurement of the film coating thickness of individual tablets during the coating process was previously developed and demonstrated on a production-scale coater. Here, we use this technique to monitor the evolution of tablet film coating thickness and its inter-tablet variability during the coating process under a number of different process conditions that have been purposefully induced in the production-scale coating process. The changes that were introduced to the coating process include removing the baffles from the coater, adding uncoated tablets to the running process, halting the drum, blockage of spray guns and changes to the spray rate. The terahertz sensor was able to pick up the resulting changes in average coating thickness in the coating drum and we report the impact of these process changes on the resulting coating quality
A new type of half-quantum circulation in a macroscopic polariton spinor ring condensate

We report the observation of coherent circulation in a macroscopic Bose-Einstein condensate of polaritons in a ring geometry. Because they are spinor condensates, half-quanta are allowed in where there is a phase rotation of Π in connection with a polarization vector rotation of Π around a closed path. This half-quantum behavior is clearly seen in the experimental observations of the polarization rotation around the ring. In our ring geometry, the half-quantum state that we see is one in which the handedness of the spin flips from one side of the ring to the other side in addition to the rotation of the linear polarization component; such a state is allowed in a ring geometry but will not occur in a simply connected geometry. This state is lower in energy than a half-quantum state with no change of the spin direction and corresponds to a superposition of two different elementary half-quantum states. The direction of circulation of the flow around the ring fluctuates randomly between clockwise and counterclockwise from one shot to the next; this fluctuation corresponds to spontaneous breaking of time-reversal symmetry in the system. This type of macroscopic polariton ring condensate allows for the possibility of direct control of the circulation to excite higher quantized states and the creation of Josephson junction tunneling barriers
Three-dimensional super Yang-Mills with compressible quark matter

We construct the gravity dual of three-dimensional, $SU(N_{\textrm{c}})$
super Yang-Mills theory with $N_{\textrm{f}}$ flavors of dynamical quarks in
the presence of a non-zero quark density $N_{\textrm{q}}$. The supergravity
solutions include the backreaction of $N_{\textrm{c}}$ color D2-branes and
$N_{\textrm{f}}$ flavor D6-branes with $N_{\textrm{q}}$ units of electric flux
on their worldvolume. For massless quarks, the solutions depend non-trivially
only on the dimensionless combination $\rho=N_{\textrm{c}}^2 N_{\textrm{q}} /
\lambda^2 N_{\textrm{f}}^4$, with $\lambda=g_{\textrm{YM}}^2 N_{\textrm{c}}$
the 't Hooft coupling, and describe renormalization group flows between the
super Yang-Mills theory in the ultraviolet and a non-relativistic theory in the
infrared. The latter is dual to a hyperscaling-violating, Lifshitz-like
geometry with dynamical and hyperscaling-violating exponents $z=5$ and
$\theta=1$, respectively. If $\rho \ll 1$ then at intermediate energies there
is also an approximate AdS$_4$ region, dual to a conformal Chern-Simons-Matter
theory, in which the flow exhibits quasi-conformal dynamics. At zero
temperature we compute the chemical potential and the equation of state and
extract the speed of sound. At low temperature we compute the entropy density
and extract the number of low-energy degrees of freedom. For quarks of non-zero
mass $M_{\textrm{q}}$ the physics depends non-trivially on $\rho$ and
$M_{\textrm{q}} N_{\textrm{c}}/\lambda N_{\textrm{f}}$.Comment: 32 pages plus appendices, 11 figure
The Equatorial Ekman Layer

The steady incompressible viscous flow in the wide gap between spheres
rotating about a common axis at slightly different rates (small Ekman number E)
has a long and celebrated history. The problem is relevant to the dynamics of
geophysical and planetary core flows, for which, in the case of electrically
conducting fluids, the possible operation of a dynamo is of considerable
interest. A comprehensive asymptotic study, in the limit E<<1, was undertaken
by Stewartson (J. Fluid Mech. 1966, vol. 26, pp. 131-144). The mainstream flow,
exterior to the E^{1/2} Ekman layers on the inner/outer boundaries and the
shear layer on the inner sphere tangent cylinder C, is geostrophic. Stewartson
identified a complicated nested layer structure on C, which comprises
relatively thick quasi-geostrophic E^{2/7} (inside C) and E^{1/4} (outside C)
layers. They embed a thinner E^{1/3} ageostrophic shear layer (on C), which
merges with the inner sphere Ekman layer to form the E^{2/5} Equatorial Ekman
layer of axial length E^{1/5}. Under appropriate scaling, this $E^{2/5}$--layer
problem may be formulated, correct to leading order, independent of E.
Accordingly, the Ekman boundary layer and ageostrophic shear layer become
features of the far-field (as identified by the large value of the scaled axial
co-ordinate z) solution. We present a numerical solution, which uses a
non-local integral boundary condition at finite $z$ to account for the
far-field behaviour. Adopting z^{-1} as a small parameter we extend
Stewartson's similarity solution for the ageostrophic shear layer to higher
orders. This far-field solution agrees well with that obtained from our
numerical model.Comment: 36 pages, 9 figure
Recrystallization Diagram for Polar Ice

Ice is the most frequent mineral on the Earth’s surface, however experiences conditions comparable to silicate\ud
minerals at high metamorphic grades. In all natural conditions ice is a hot material with homologous temperatures between 0.9 and 0.7 at least. Under such circumstances recrystallization plays a decisive role in governing the state and thus the behaviour of the material. This has been recognized and interpreted in many ice cores in the last decades (Faria et al. in press a) assigning recrystallization regimes to ice sheet depth ranges. This assignment made use of microstructure observations (mainly grain size) and estimated boundary conditions (temperature and stress/strain amounts) which change systematically with depth. To generalize the use of recrystallization regimes we decouple their occurrence from the ice sheet depth information and connect them directly to the activators and causes: strain rate and temperature (Faria et al. in press b).\ud
References:\ud
Faria, S. H.; Weikusat, I. & Azuma, N. The Microstructure of Polar Ice. Part I: Highlights from ice core research. Journal of Structural Geology , in press a, DOI: 10.1016/j.jsg.2013.09.010\ud
Faria, S. H.; Weikusat, I. & Azuma, N. The Microstructure of Polar Ice. Part II: State of the Art. Journal of\ud
Structural Geology , in press b, DOI: 10.1016/j.jsg.2013.11.00
Magnesium in the atmosphere of the planet HD 209458 b: Observations of the thermosphere-exosphere transition region

Copyright © ESO, 2013The planet HD 209458 b is one of the most well studied hot-Jupiter exoplanets. The upper atmosphere of this planet has been observed through ultraviolet/optical transit observations with H i observation of the exosphere revealing atmospheric escape. At lower altitudes just below the thermosphere, detailed observations of the Na i absorption line has revealed an atmospheric thermal inversion. This thermal structure is rising toward high temperatures at high altitudes, as predicted by models of the thermosphere, and could reach  ~ 10 000 K at the exobase level. Here, we report new near ultraviolet Hubble Space Telescope/Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (HST/STIS) observations of atmospheric absorptions during the planetary transit of HD 209458 b. We report absorption in atomic magnesium (Mg i), while no signal has been detected in the lines of singly ionized magnesium (Mg ii). We measure the Mg i atmospheric absorption to be 6.2    ±    2.9% in the velocity range from  − 62 to  − 19 km s-1. The detection of atomic magnesium in the planetary upper atmosphere at a distance of several planetary radii gives a first view into the transition region between the thermosphere and the exobase, where atmospheric escape takes place. We estimate the electronic densities needed to compensate for the photo-ionization by dielectronic recombination of Mg+ to be in the range of 108−109 cm-3. Our finding is in excellent agreement with model predictions at altitudes of several planetary radii. We observe Mg i atoms escaping the planet, with a maximum radial velocity (in the stellar rest frame) of  −60 km s-1. Because magnesium is much heavier than hydrogen, the escape of this species confirms previous studies that the planet’s atmosphere is undergoing hydrodynamic escape. We compare our observations to a numerical model that takes the stellar radiation pressure on the Mg i atoms into account. We find that the Mg i atoms must be present at up to  ~7.5 planetari radii altitude and estimate an Mg i escape rate of  ~3    ×    107 g s-1. Compared to previous evaluations of the escape rate of H i atoms, this evaluation is compatible with a magnesium abundance roughly solar. A hint of absorption, detected at low level of significance, during the post-transit observations, could be interpreted as a Mg i cometary-like tail. If true, the estimate of the absorption by Mg i would be increased to a higher value of about 8.8    ±    2.1%.Centre National d’Études Spatiales (CNES)French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)NASA Exoplanet Science Institute (NExScI) - Sagan Exoplanet Fellowship programSTFC (Science & Technology Facilities Council)European Commissions Seventh Framework Programme - Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowshi
Non-invasive biomechanical characterization of intervertebral discs by shear wave ultrasound elastography: a feasibility study.

PublishedJournal ArticleThe final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00330-014-3382-8OBJECTIVES: Although magnetic resonance is widely spread to assess qualitatively disc morphology, a simple method to determine reliably intervertebral disc status is still lacking. Shear wave elastography is a novel technique that allows quantitative evaluation of soft-tissues' mechanical properties. The aim of this study was to assess preliminary the feasibility and reliability of mechanical characterization of cervical intervertebral discs by elastography and to provide first reference values for asymptomatic subjects. METHODS: Elastographic measurements were performed to determine shear wave speed (SWS) in C6-C7 or C7-T1 disc of 47 subjects; repeatability and inter-operator reproducibility were assessed. RESULTS: Global average shear wave speed (SWS) was 3.0 ± 0.4 m/s; measurement repeatability and inter-user reproducibility were 7 and 10%, respectively. SWS was correlated with both subject's age (p = 1.3 × 10(-5)) and body mass index (p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Shear wave elastography in intervertebral discs proved reliable and allowed stratification of subjects according to age and BMI. Applications could be relevant, for instance, in early detection of disc degeneration or in follow-up after trauma; these results open the way to larger cohort studies to define the place of this technique in routine intervertebral disc assessment. KEY POINTS: A simple method to obtain objectively intervertebral disc status is still lacking. Shear wave elastography was applied in vivo to assess intervertebral discs. Elastography showed promising results in biomechanical disc evaluation. Elastography could be relevant in clinical routine for intervertebral disc assessment.ParisTech BiomecAM chair programParisTechYves Cotrel FoundationsSociété GénéraleProteorCove