pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
MHD waves in sunspots

The review addresses the spatial frequency morphology of sources of sunspot
oscillations and waves, including their localization, size, oscillation
periods, height localization with the mechanism of cut-off frequency that forms
the observed emission variability. Dynamic of sunspot wave processes, provides
the information about the structure of wave fronts and their time variations,
investigates the oscillation frequency transformation depending on the wave
energy is shown. The initializing solar flares caused by trigger agents like
magnetoacoustic waves, accelerated particle beams, and shocks are discussed.
Special attention is paid to the relation between the flare reconnection
periodic initialization and the dynamics of sunspot slow magnetoacoustic waves.
A short review of theoretical models of sunspot oscillations is provided.Comment: 20 pages, 6 figures, Chapter in AGU Monograph (in press), Review
  articl
Low-frequency waves in HF heating of the ionosphere

Ionospheric heating experiments have enabled an exploration of the ionosphere as a large-scale natural laboratory for the study of many plasma processes. These experiments inject high-frequency (HF) radio waves using high-power transmitters and an array of ground- and space-based diagnostics. This chapter discusses the excitation and propagation of low-frequency waves in HF heating of the ionosphere. The theoretical aspects and the associated models and simulations, and the results from experiments, mostly from the HAARP facility, are presented together to provide a comprehensive interpretation of the relevant plasma processes. The chapter presents the plasma model of the ionosphere for describing the physical processes during HF heating, the numerical code, and the simulations of the excitation of low-frequency waves by HF heating. It then gives the simulations of the high-latitude ionosphere and mid-latitude ionosphere. The chapter also briefly discusses the role of kinetic processes associated with wave generation
Measuring systemic risk: structural approaches

The financial crisis of 2007-2008 has demonstrated that factors for financial distress of large parts of the economy depend to a large extent on the interrelations between the financial institutions. Risks threatening the financial sector can be decomposed into risks based in the  individual factors for single institutions and risks which can be attributed to the financial system as a whole. This part of the risks is called  systemic risk. We review several approaches for quantifying systemic risk, most of them based on structural credit modeling. In particular, we  present an approach that is inspired by the fact that the joint probability distributions can be represented by their individual marginals and the  copula function, which represents the interrelations
Identification of Model Parameter for the Simulation of SMA Structures Using Full Field Measurements

With the design of new devices with complex geometry and to take advantage of their
large recoverable strains, shape memory alloys components (SMA) are increasingly subjected to multiaxial loadings. The development process of SMA devices requires the
prediction of their thermomechanical response, where the calibration of the material parameters for the numerical model is an important step. In this work, the parameters
of a phenomenological model are extracted from multiaxial and heterogeneous tests carried out on specimens with the same thermomechanical loading history. Finite element analysis enables the computation of numerical strain fields using a thermodynamical constitutive model for shape memory alloys previously implemented in a finite element code.
The strain fields computed numerically are compared with experimental ones obtained
by DIC to find the model parameters which best matches experimental measurements using a newly developed parallelized mixed genetic/gradient-based optimization algorithm.
These numerical simulations are carried out in parallel in a supercomputer to reduce the time necessary to identify the set of identified parameters. The major features of this
new algorithm is its ability to identify material parameters of the thermomechanical
behavior of shape memory alloys from full-field measurements for various loading conditions (different temperatures, multiaxial behavior, heterogeneous test configurations).
It is demonstrated that model parameters for the simulation of SMA structures are thus
obtained based on a reduced number of heterogeneous tests at different temperatures.NSF International Institute of Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion (IIMEC), award #084108
Phenomenological model for phase transformation characteristics of textured shape memory alloys

In the present study, a new transformation criterion that includes the effect of tension-
compression asymmetry and texture-induced anisotropy is proposed and combined with a thermodynamical model to describe the thermomechanical behavior of polycrystalline shape memory alloys. An altered Prager criterion has been developed, introducing a general transformation of the axes in the stress space. A convexity analysis of such criterion is included along with an identification strategy aimed at extracting the model parameters related to tension-compression asymmetry and anisotropy. These are identified from a numerical simulation of a SMA polycrystal, using a self-consistent micromechanical model previously developed by Patoor et al. (Patoor, E., Eberhardt, A., Berveiller, M., 1996. Micromechanical Modelling of Superelasticity in Shape Memory Alloys. Journal de Physique IV 6, C1 277) for several loading cases on isotropic, rolled and drawn textures. Transformation surfaces in the stress and transformation strain spaces are obtained and compared with those predicted by the micromechanical model. The good agreement obtained between the macroscopic and the microscopic polycrystalline simulations states that the proposed criterion and transformation strain evolution equation can capture phenomenologically the effects of texture on anisotropy and asymmetry in SMAs.NSF International Institute of Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion (IIMEC), award #084108
Fatigue assessment of friction stir welded DH36 steel

A fatigue performance assessment of 6mm thick friction stir welded DH36 steel has been undertaken, filling a significant knowledge gap in the process for steel. A comprehensive set of experimental procedures has been proposed; the consequent study extensively examined the weld microstructure, hardness, geometry and misalignments of the samples in support of the tensile and fatigue testing. The effect of varying weld parameters was also investigated. The typical fatigue performance of friction stir welded DH36 steel plates has been established, exhibiting considerably extended fatigue lives, well above 105 cycles at a stress range of 90% of yield strength, irrespective of minor instances of small surface breaking flaws which have been identified. An understanding of the way in which these flaws impact on the fatigue performance has been developed, concluding that surface breaking defects emanating from the friction stir tool’s shoulder marks on the weld top surface can act as the dominant factor for crack initiation under fatigue loading
Comparative Environmental Benefits of Lightweight Design in the Automotive Sector: The Case Study of Recycled Magnesium Against Cfrp and Steel

A LCA feasibility study was undertaken to determine the environmental impact of an Eco-magnesium process route by recycled chips to manufacture panel for the automotive sector to be compared with comparative scenarios, a non-recycled carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and a baseline steel-made component scenario. The objective of this LCA study was to assess the actual benefits of a lightweight solution considering the whole life cycle, including the dirty-phase (i.e. the “cradle-to-exit gate” stage) that impacts differently for the different materials.\ud
For this reason the analysis has regarded the net “cradle-to-grave” scenario. Different automotive floor pans were then compared considering the rate of fuel consumption during vehicle operation - i.e. the fuel-mass correlation factor - and the different material substitution factors allowed by the different materials selected
In vitro biological testing in the development of new devices

The culture of cells in a three-dimensional (3D) scaffold has been reported as a key issue influencing the newly formed tissue organization, either in vitro or in vivo. Scaffolds can present different material chemistry, geometry, structure, physical properties and degradation, as it has been explored in several chapters of this book.
Herein, we intend to give the reader an overview of the most used tests for evaluation of cells cytotoxicity and their response to natural materials in vitro.(undefined)info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Testing natural biomaterials in animal models

Animal models have been extensively developed in the last decades in biomedical field. Their use has shown particular relevance in fields such as cell biology, genetics, anatomy and development, biochemistry, infection and immunity, cancer research, drugs and vaccine development, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The induced host tissue trauma and the inflammatory process resulting from the implantation of a medical device are of utmost importance for a successful outcome. Features of a chronic inflammation are usually attributed to the host response towards the implant, while an early acute inflammatory response is mainly endorsed by the implantation procedure. Animal testing comprises a midway step between in vitro studies and human clinical trials, which precede real clinical application. As every animal model has its advantages and disadvantages, a comprehensive analysis of each available species needs to be conducted when planning an animal study.(undefined)info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Delivery systems made of natural-origin polymers for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications

There is an emergent need in the development of more specific and effective therapeutic agent carriers to help on the regeneration of a plethora of tissues. The ultimate aim of bioactive factors delivery systems development is to improve the human health with the fewest possible adverse reactions. While there have been many polymeric scaffolds and matrices with different forms and compositions developed to load and deliver bioactive factors, the delivery strategy should be established based on the type of molecules to deliver and mechanisms to control their release. As most bioactive factors such as proteins and genes are water-soluble, natural polymers are more favored than synthetic ones for this purpose. A core-shell structuring of biomaterials (in the cases of particles or fibers) where water-based polymers being placed in the inner core part may be the most common design principal to secure bioactive factors during the processing of synthetic drug delivery scaffolds.(undefined)info:eu-repo/semantics/submittedVersio
Five years of density matrix embedding theory

Density matrix embedding theory (DMET) describes finite fragments in the
presence of a surrounding environment. In contrast to most embedding methods,
DMET explicitly allows for quantum entanglement between both. In this chapter,
we discuss both the ground-state and response theory formulations of DMET, and
review several applications. In addition, a proof is given that the local
density of states can be obtained by working with a Fock space of bath
orbitals.Comment: Invited chapter in 'Fragmentation: Toward Accurate Calculations on
  Complex Molecular Systems' edited by Mark Gordon. Preprint PDF rendered with
  chapter number 1, published chapter number will diffe
Trust and Trustworthiness

In this chapter, we discuss when, how, and why trust and trustworthiness arise to support cooperation within and across organizations. To do so, we first define trust and trustworthiness, discuss how they can be quantified, and determine key components of trusting and trustworthy behavior. In addition, we identify building blocks of trust and trustworthiness and offer tangible insights about how to establish trusting and cooperative business/interorganizational relationships, based on both academic research and case studies from across industries
Impacts of natural disasters on a dynamic economy

This paper presents a modeling framework for macroeconomic growth dynamics; it is motivated by recent attempts to formulate and study \integrated models" of the coupling between natural and socio-economic phenomena. The challenge is to describe the interfaces between human activities and the functioning of the earth system. We examine the way that this interface works in the presence of endogenous business cycle dynamics, based on a non-equilibrium dynamic model. Recent findings about the macroeconomic response to natural disasters in such a non-equilibrium setting have shown a more severe response to natural disasters during expansions than during recessions. These findings raise questions about the assessment of climate change damages or natural disaster losses that are based purely on long-term growth models. In order to compare the theoretical findings with observational data, we analyze cyclic behavior in the U.S. economy, based on multivariate singular spectrum analysis. We analyze a total of nine aggregate indicators in a 52-year interval (1954{2005) and demonstrate that the behavior of the U.S. economy changes significantly between intervals of growth and recession, with higher volatility during expansions
International journal of primatology.

The International Journal of Primatology is an official publication of the International Primatological Society, published by Springer. It is devoted to fundamental research on primates and aims to promote the survival of the primate populations of the world. The International Journal of Primatology publishes high-quality original articles, reviews, commentaries, and book reviews. It reflects the broad theoretical foundations of our field and publishes laboratory and field studies from a diversity of disciplines, including anthropology, anatomy, ethology, paleontology, psychology, sociology, and zoology. It regularly publishes guest-edited special issues on particular themes
Palaeoenvironmental and sea-level change.

Ancient environmental and sea-level changes are very likely to have played key roles in primate speciation, extinction, adaptation, and dispersal. Most modern primates are ecologically dependent on trees and inhabit tropical environments, and the same was true for many extinct primates. In the warm Paleocene and Eocene when the tropical broadleaf forest biome extended to high latitudes, primates inhabited North America and northern Eurasia. Ranges then contracted into lower latitudes in the Eocene and Oligocene when global cooling caused a commensurate reduction in suitable tree cover, only to expand again in the Miocene, when most primates across Africa, Eurasia, and South America exploited diverse forest and woodland environments, which may have been very different to those observed in similar regions today. By the end of the Miocene through to the Pleistocene, grassland expansion allowed more terrestrial and open habitat primates to radiate, although most retained some ecological dependence on trees. Sea-level changes occurring since the origin of primates, causing events such as the closure of the eastern Tethys Sea, appearance of the Isthmus of Panama, and shifts in Southeast Asian archipelagos, influenced primate dispersal and diversification. Changes to ocean circulation caused by sea-level change may have impacted global climate, which in turn would have altered primate environments
Paleobiology and behavior.

Paleobiology, the study of ancient life, gives us a window onto the habits, biology, and behavior of individuals and species that are now extinct. Although extinct species cannot be observed directly, their paleobiology and behavior can be inferred from study of the fossil and geological records in combination with knowledge about modern organisms and processes. Paleobiological reconstructions thus help to shed light on many aspects of ancient lives, including ecology, diet, locomotion, life history, mating systems, biogeography, speciation, extinction, and abundance
Polymer Glass-Formation in Variable Dimension

We explore the nature of glass-formation in variable spatial dimensionality
($d$) based on the generalized entropy theory, a synthesis of the Adam-Gibbs
model with direct computation of the configurational entropy of polymer fluids
using an established statistical mechanical model. We find that structural
relaxation in the fluid state asymptotically becomes Arrhenius in the
$d\rightarrow\infty$ limit and that the fluid transforms upon sufficient
cooling above a critical dimension near $d=8$ into a dense amorphous state with
a finite positive residual configurational entropy. Direct computations of the
isothermal compressibility and thermal expansion coefficient, taken to be
physical measures of packing frustration, demonstrate that these fluid
properties strongly correlate with the fragility of glass-formation.Comment: A significantly extended version of the paper has appeared in
  Advances in Chemical Physic
The determination of residual stress in extruded Ti-6Al-4V by contour method and finite element analysis

The contour method has been used to assess the level of residual stress generated during the post extrusion air cool and water quenching of a Ti-6Al-4V extruded bar. A length of the extrudate was transversally sectioned using electrical discharge machining (EDM), resulting in minimal damage to the cut surface; the stress relieved profile present at the cut surface was then measured using a coordinate measuring machine (CMM). The cut section was recreated in an ABAQUS finite element (FE) model and the inverse of the stress relieved profile recorded by CMM was applied as a boundary condition; by forcing the model’s surface topology to match the measured cut surface, residual stresses normal, i.e. longitudinal stresses, to the cut surface of the extruded profile were then calculated. Results were compared to air cooling and quenching simulations performed in the DEFORM FE package. The distribution of tensile and compressive residual stresses observed via experimental and simulation work were found to be a good match with the distribution correlating with local variations of cooling rate during quenching
Chemistry with Controlled Ions

This chapter focuses on the application of controlled-molecule techniques for precise studies of ion-molecule reactions in the gas phase. It gives an overview of the most important techniques presently used for the control of the translational motion, internal quantum states, and structural properties of molecular ions and neutral molecules in the gas phase. Besides the control of the translational motion, preparation of the internal quantum state of molecular ions is a main prerequisite on the way to controlling chemical reactions. Since the 1980s, (multiphoton) photoionization has been a key method for preparing molecular ions in selected internal states. Various variants of this approach have been implemented. The chapter further gives a brief outline of salient concepts of ion-molecule reaction dynamics which are relevant for the present discussion. Finally, the chapter presents some illustrative examples in which cold- and controlled-molecule techniques have been used to study the mechanisms and dynamics of ionic reactions
DSL Stream Programming on Multicore Architectures

International audienceTo effectively program parallel architectures it is important to combine a simple expression of the parallelism with efficient compiler optimizations. We propose a novel stream programming framework based on two domain specific languages that separate these two issues. A high-level declarative language allows to describe data dependencies between filters while an intermediate language enables powerful optimizations through a set of stream graph transformations. This two level approach offers a clean separation between the issue of programming complexity and the issue of target specific optimization
X-ray scattering studies on multiphasic polymer systems

The scope of the present chapter had to be limited to some recent studies on the application of synchrotron WAXS and SAXS in three particular multicomponent and multiphase polymer systems. The first system comprises materials that became known as microfibrillar reinforced composites (MFC) produced from oriented blends of thermoplastic semicrystalline polymers by conventional processing techniques. These materials belong to fiber-reinforced composites that have many important engineering applications but are notoriously difficult to study.
  As a second material system, the structure development during processing of an immiscible polymer blend of polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) was investigated by X-ray scattering techniques. Structure formation in polymers blends has been widely investigated in the last years, mainly in terms of the development of the size, shape, and orientation of the dispersed component under flow deformation. Further, the structure evolution and damage during stretching in the solid state of polymers blends is much less researched topic.    Complementing, this second study, the structure evolution of the PP/PS blend was investigated by time resolved x-ray scattering in a synchrotron source. 
  Finally, the third case reveals investigations on the structure of polymer nanocomposites developed during processing and also during stretching. Polymer nanocomposites are a recent class of materials, and very few studies have been published on the structure development in them.POCTI/CTM/46940/2002 (MICROTEST) (FCT);POCI/CTM/57358/2004 (NANOFIBCO) - FCTDESY D-II-05-101 EC, DESY-D-II-07-011 EC - HASYLAB, DESY, German
The internet and sexual offending: an international perspective

Although the sexual abuse of children is a long-standing problem that has received considerable scholarly attention, still little is understood about sex offenses that occur by means of, or are facilitated through, the Internet. Increasing awareness of the Internet as a platform for the perpetration of sexual crimes has raised new questions on this aspect of criminal behavior. Of interest, for example, is whether those who engage in Internet-related sex crimes are a distinct type of sexual offender, or whether these offenders “merely” use newer technological methods to facilitate or perpetrate offenses. Moreover, little is known about the patterns, motivations, or typological similarities among types of individuals who use the Internet to commit sexual crimes. Of further concern is the risk posed by this class of sexual offenders, particularly the extent or rate at which those with an Internet-based conviction will escalate to (or have already engaged in) other types of sexual offences, especially “hands on” or contact sexual offenses. In reviewing the current empirical literature and drawing attention to areas of research need, this chapter addresses these and other pertinent questions related to use of the Internet in the commission of sexual offenses This chapter also draws focus to the importance of international cooperation, including policing, industry, (e.g., Internet Service Providers [ISPs], finance companies), and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), in the control and persecution of these offenses. Given the still limited empirical knowledge in this area, coupled with the inherently global nature of the Internet and the pace of technological advancement, the prosecution of Internet-based sexual crimes poses unique challenges that require thoughtful and rigorous scholarly attention