pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Initiating activities of daily living contributes to well-being in people with dementia and their carers

Objective: Problems with everyday functioning are linked to reduced well-being in people with dementia (PwD) and their carers. However, previous research has almost solely investigated the performance of everyday activities, and global functioning without analysing individual activities. This study explored how deficits in initiating and performing individual activities were associated with carer burden and poorer quality of life of carers and PwD. Methods: Carers of people with mild dementia were recruited via 10 National Health Service Trusts, as well as through attending six carer support groups. Carers were asked to complete the revised Interview for Deteriorations in Daily Living Activities in Dementia 2 (R-IDDD2), and measures on carer burden, well-being, and person with dementia well-being. Data were analysed using correlation analysis. Results: Two hundred and seventy-two carers completed the R-IDDD2. Carers were grouped into those with low or high ratings of well-being based on the mean scores. All but three activities on the initiative and/or performance scale were significantly associated with carer burden and carer and PwD quality of life. Engaging in hobbies and maintaining an active social life were most strongly associated with carer and PwD well-being. Initiating computer use, driving, and medication management were not related to carer burden. Conclusions: Findings from this study can have direct implications for improving care management early in the disease. Post-diagnostic support needs to provide more opportunities for PwD, and their carers, to engage in social groups, whilst interventions targeted at living well with dementia need to particularly improve the initiative of engaging in individual hobbies. © 2017 The Authors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Psychometric evaluation of the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory in an acute general hospital setting

YesObjectives
The Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI; (Cohen-Mansfield and Kerin, 1986)) is a well-known tool for assessing agitated behaviours in people with dementia who reside in long-term care. No studies have evaluated the psychometric qualities and factor structure of the CMAI in acute general hospitals, a setting where people with demand may become agitated.

Method
Longitudinal study investigating pain, agitation and behavioural problems in 230 people with dementia admitted to acute general hospitals in 2011–2012. Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory was completed as part of a battery of assessments including PAINAD to measure pain.

Results
A nine-item two-factor model of aggressive and nonaggressive behaviours proved to be the best-fitting measurement model in this sample, (χ2 = 96.3, df = 26, p<0.001; BIC [Bayesian Information Criterion] = 4593.06, CFI [Comparative Fit Index] = 0.884, TLI [Tucker Lewis Index] = 0.839, RMSEA [Root Mean Square Error of the Approximation] = 0.108). Although similar to the original factor structure, the new model resulted in the elimination of item 13 (screaming). Validity was confirmed with the shortened CMAI showing similar associations with pain as the original version of the CMAI, in particular the link between aggressive behaviours and pain.

Conclusion
The factor structure of the CMAI was broadly consistent with the original solution although a large number of items were removed. Scales reflecting physical and verbal aggression were combined to form an Aggressive factor, and physical and verbal nonaggressive behaviours were combined to form the Nonaggressive factor. A shorter, more concise version of the CMAI was developed for use in acute general hospital settings. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Alzheimer's Society and the BUPA Foundation. Grant Number: 13
Evaluation of a carers’ information programme culturally adapted for South Asian families

YesObjectives: The Alzheimer's Society has culturally adapted an Information Programme for South Asian families (IPSAF) who support an individual living with dementia. The objectives of this evaluation were to establish whether IPSAF had an immediate and medium‐term impact on those who attended and how it impacted on the wider family and the person with dementia.Methods: An inclusive, pluralistic approach was adopted. Seven focus groups were conducted with 42 participants, and 37 participated in a pre‐post knowledge quiz. Seven family interviews were conducted with 17 participants, and 3 families were followed up after 6 months. Thematic analysis was conducted on the data.Findings: The IPSAF was found to improve participants' knowledge of dementia leading to increased understanding of the person with dementia. Participants became more aware of available services and accessed services to make use of practical support. IPSAF was reported to have an impact for people living with dementia, with carers' newfound understanding resulting in some changes in care practice that promoted empowerment and independence for people living with dementia. There was also some evidence to suggest that IPSAF had an impact on the wider family, with participants sharing information about dementia with family members who had not attended the programme. Families were continuing to make changes to improve the lives of people living with dementia 6 months later, suggesting IPSAF had a sustained impact.Conclusion: This culturally adapted programme was found to have a significant impact on carers, the person with dementia, and the wider family.Alzheimer's Societ
A roadmap to advance dementia research in prevention, diagnosis, intervention, and care by 2025

Objective\ud
National and global dementia plans have focused on the research ambition to develop a cure or disease‐modifying therapy by 2025, with the initial focus on investment in drug discovery approaches. We set out to develop complementary research ambitions in the areas of prevention, diagnosis, intervention, and care and strategies for achieving them.\ud
\ud
Methods\ud
Alzheimer's Society facilitated a taskforce of leading UK clinicians and researchers in dementia, UK funders of dementia research, people with dementia, and carer representatives to develop, using iterative consensus methodology, goals and recommendations to advance dementia research.\ud
\ud
Results\ud
The taskforce developed 5 goals and 30 recommendations. The goals focused on preventing future cases of dementia through risk reduction, maximising the benefit of a dementia diagnosis, improving quality of life, enabling the dementia workforce to improve practice, and optimising the quality and inclusivity of health and social care systems. Recommendations addressed gaps in knowledge and limitations in research methodology or infrastructure that would facilitate research in prioritised areas. A 10‐point action plan provides strategies for delivering the proposed research agenda.\ud
\ud
Conclusions\ud
By creating complementary goals for research that mirror the need to find effective treatments, we provide a framework that enables a focus for new investment and initiatives. This will support a broader and more holistic approach to research on dementia, addressing prevention, surveillance of population changes in risk and expression of dementia, the diagnostic process, diagnosis itself, interventions, social support, and care for people with dementia and their families
Individual goal-oriented cognitive rehabilitation to improve everyday functioning for people with early-stage dementia: A multicentre randomised controlled trial (the GREAT trial)

Objectives: To determine whether individual goal-oriented cognitive rehabilitation (CR) improves everyday functioning for people with mild-to-moderate dementia. Design and methods: Parallel group multicentre single-blind randomised controlled trial (RCT) comparing CR added to usual treatment (CR) with usual treatment alone (TAU) for people with an ICD-10 diagnosis of Alzheimer, vascular or mixed dementia, and mild-to-moderate cognitive impairment (Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE] score ≥ 18), and with a family member willing to contribute. Participants allocated to CR received 10 weekly sessions over 3 months and four maintenance sessions over 6 months. Participants were followed up 3 and 9 months post randomisation by blinded researchers. The primary outcome was self-reported goal attainment at 3 months. Secondary outcomes at 3 and 9 months included informant-reported goal attainment, quality of life, mood, self-efficacy, and cognition and study partner stress and quality of life. Results: We randomised (1:1) 475 people with dementia; 445 (CR = 281) were included in the intention to treat analysis at 3 months and 426 (CR = 208) at 9 months. At 3 months, there were statistically significant large positive effects for participant-rated goal attainment (d = 0.97; 95% CI, 0.75-1.19), corroborated by informant ratings (d = 1.11; 95% CI, 0.89-1.34). These effects were maintained at 9 months for both participant (d = 0.94; 95% CI, 0.71-1.17) and informant (d = 0.96; 95% CI, 0.73-1.2) ratings. The observed gains related to goals directly targeted in the therapy. There were no significant differences in secondary outcomes. Conclusions: CR enables people with early-stage dementia to improve their everyday functioning in relation to individual goals targeted in the therapy
Decreased cutaneous vasodilatation to isometric handgrip exercise in Alzheimer's disease

Background Cutaneous active vasodilatation is a cholinergic nerve mediated function of the sympathetic nervous system and the disturbed function of cholinergic neurotransmission is known as a prominent feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Methods To assess this relationship, skin blood flow (SkBF) and other haemodynamic parameters were determined by a simple vasodilatory test, isometric handgrip exercise (IHG), in 22 late-onset sporadic type AD and 20 aged control persons (AC).

Results Significantly higher cutaneous vascular resistance and decreased SkBF were found after the stimulus in the AD group. A smaller reduction (p < 0.03) of R wave intervals on the electrocardiogram was observed in the AD group compared to the AC one. After IHG, change in systolic blood pressure was less in the AD (p < 0.01) than in the AC group.

Conclusion Our results suggest that autonomic dysfunction affecting active vasodilator sympathetic, as well as parasympathetic functions is present in AD
Delamination vs. break-off : the fate of continental collision.

The fate of a convergent continental margin is investigated. We perform a set of 2D numerical models to study how and why continental collision can evolve in different scenarios. Since the rheology of continental lithosphere has a major control on the dynamics of subduction, we explore a range of different lithosphere and lower crust viscosity values to understand their sensitivity on the possible scenarios. We find that with a rheologically layered crust both delamination and break-off are feasible. We identify three modes: (1) slab detachment, in which the lithospheric mantle and the crust are strongly coupled, subduction slows down and the slab eventually breaks; (2) delamination of the lithospheric mantle that separates from the crust and continue to subduct and (3) an intermediate mode where the lithospheric mantle and the crust remain partially coupled, resulting in an initial stage of delamination followed by the slow down and cessation of subduction
Io's volcanism controls Jupiter's radio emissions

Jupiter's sodium nebula showed an enhancement in late May through beginning of June, 2007. This means Io's volcanic activity and the magnetosphere's plasma content increased during this period. On the other hand, Jupiter's radio emission called HOM became quiet after the sodium nebula enhancement. The HOM emission is considered to be related to activity of aurorae on Jupiter. These observation results therefore suggest that the increase in plasma supply from Io into Jupiter's magnetosphere weakens its field aligned current, which generates the radio emissions and aurorae on Jupiter. By comparing our observation results to recent model and observation results we add supporting evidence to the possibility that Io's volcanism controls Jupiter's magnetospheric activity.Peer reviewe
Bunched black (and grouped grey) swans: Dissipative and non-dissipative models of correlated extreme fluctuations in complex geosystems

I review the hierarchy of approaches to complex systems, focusing particularly on stochastic equations. I discuss how the main models advocated by the late Benoit Mandelbrot fit into this classification, and how they continue to contribute to cross-disciplinary approaches to the increasingly important problems of correlated extreme events and unresolved scales. The ideas have broad importance, with applications ranging across science areas as diverse as the heavy tailed distributions of intense rainfall in hydrology, after which Mandelbrot named the “Noah effect”; the problem of correlated runs of dry summers in climate, after which the “Joseph effect” was named; and the intermittent, bursty, volatility seen in finance and fluid turbulence
The magnetism of mantle xenoliths and potential implications for sub-Moho magnetic sources

Mantle xenoliths provide our clearest look at the magnetic mineral assemblages below the Earth's crust. Previous investigations of mantle xenoliths suggested the absence of magnetite and metals, and proposed that even if such minerals were present, they would be above their Curie temperatures at mantle conditions. Here we use magnetic measurements to examine four exceptionally fresh suites of xenoliths, and show that magnetite occurs systematically, albeit in variable amounts depending on the tectonic setting. Specimens from low geotherm regions hold the largest magnetic remanence. Petrographic evidence shows that this magnetite did not form through serpentinization or other alteration processes. Magnetite, which is generally stable at the P-T-fO2 conditions in the uppermost mantle, had to have formed either in the mantle or, less likely, in the volcanic conduit. In some cases, the source of the xenoliths was at temperatures <600 °C, which may have allowed this portion of the lithospheric mantle to carry a magnetic remanence. Whether such magnetite carries a remanent magnetization or is simply the source of a strong induced magnetization, these new results suggest that the concept of the Moho as a major magnetic boundary needs to be revisited.Peer reviewe
Remote energetic neutral atom imaging of electric potential over a lunar magnetic anomaly

The formation of electric potential over lunar magnetized regions is essential for understanding fundamental lunar science, for understanding the lunar environment, and for planning human exploration on the Moon. A large positive electric potential was predicted and detected from single point measurements. Here, we demonstrate a remote imaging technique of electric potential mapping at the lunar surface, making use of a new concept involving hydrogen neutral atoms derived from solar wind. We apply the technique to a lunar magnetized region using an existing dataset of the neutral atom energy spectrometer SARA/CENA on Chandrayaan-1. Electrostatic potential larger than +135 V inside the Gerasimovic anomaly is confirmed. This structure is found spreading all over the magnetized region. The widely spread electric potential can influence the local plasma and dust environment near the magnetic anomaly
The importance of the diurnal cycle of Aerosol Optical Depth in West Africa

International audienceHigh resolution atmospheric simulations with the AROME model coupled with a dust module over West Africa for the whole of June 2006 were used to calculate aerosol optical thickness (AOT). Simulations showed a significant diurnal cycle of 0.2 in the dust AOT that could not be inferred from the MODIS Deep Blue retrievals due to their timings. Dust sources are mainly driven by the breakdown of the early morning low-level jet and by moist convection in the afternoon, leading to opposite diurnal cycles. Also, simulations show that cloud cover significantly prevents the observation of AOT. The under-sampling of the diurnal cycle by satellites plus the impact of cloud masks on the space-borne AOT retrievals induce an underestimation of 0.28 (~40%) over the convective regions and an overestimation of 0.1 (17%) over morning source areas like Bodélé. A combination of observations and high-resolution models could constrain bias and give a more realistic AOT climatology
Exploring links between Arctic amplification and mid-latitude weather

Copyright © 2013 American Geophysical UnionThis study examines observed changes (1979–2011) in atmospheric planetary-wave amplitude over northern mid-latitudes, which have been proposed as a possible mechanism linking Arctic amplification and mid-latitude weather extremes. We use two distinct but equally-valid definitions of planetary-wave amplitude, termed meridional amplitude, a measure of north-south meandering, and zonal amplitude, a measure of the intensity of atmospheric ridges and troughs at 45°N. Statistically significant changes in either metric are limited to few seasons, wavelengths, and longitudinal sectors. However in summer, we identify significant increases in meridional amplitude over Europe, but significant decreases in zonal amplitude hemispherically, and also individually over Europe and Asia. Therefore, we argue that possible connections between Arctic amplification and planetary waves, and implications of these, are sensitive to how waves are conceptualized. The contrasting meridional and zonal amplitude trends have different and complex possible implications for midlatitude weather, and we encourage further work to better understand these
A TEX 86 lake record suggests simultaneous shifts in temperature in Central Europe and Greenland during the last deglaciation

High-resolution quantitative temperature records from continents covering glacial to interglacial transitions are scarce but important for understanding the climate system. We present the first decadal resolution record of continental temperatures in Central Europe during the last deglaciation (similar to 14,60010,600cal. yrB.P.) based on the organic geochemical palaeothermometer TEX86. The TEX86-inferred temperature record from Lake Lucerne (Vierwaldstattersee, Switzerland) reveals typical oscillations during the Late Glacial Interstadial, followed by an abrupt cooling of 2 degrees C at the onset of Younger Dryas and a rapid warming of 4 degrees C at the onset of the Holocene, within less than 350years. The remarkable resemblance with the Greenland and regional stable oxygen isotope records suggests that temperature changes in continental Europe were dominated by large-scale reorganizations in the northern hemispheric climate system
Hafnium isotope fractionation during continental weathering: Implications for the generation of the seawater Nd-Hf isotope relationships

To investigate the mechanisms of the offset of seawater radiogenic Nd-Hf isotope compositions from those of the upper continental crust rocks, combined Nd-Hf isotope compositions\ud
of desert and loess samples from northern China (which integrate a wide range of lithologies and ages of continental rocks) are presented in this study. The results show significant and systematic fractionation of Hf isotopes between finegrained detritals/leachates (<5 mm) and coarser fractions (<75 mm) of the same samples. A small but systematic difference of Nd isotope compositions between leachates and detrital silicates is also revealed. Overall, the leaching data either plot along or slightly above the Nd-Hf seawater array, providing strong direct support that the seawater Nd-Hf isotope relationship is predominantly generated by weathering of upper continental crust. Our study supports the application of dissolved Hf\ud
isotopes as a proxy for different modes of weathering regimes rather than for continental source provenances
Tropical Atlantic salinity variability: New insights from SMOS

Observations from the SMOS satellite are used to reveal new aspects of Tropical Atlantic sea surface salinity (SSS) variability. Over an annual cycle, the variability is dominated by eastern and western basin SSS “poles,” with seasonal ranges up to 6.5 pss (practical salinity scale), that vary out of phase by 6 months and largely compensate each other. A much smaller SSS range (0.08 pss) is observed for the region as a whole. The dominant processes controlling SSS variability are investigated using GPCPv2.2 precipitation (P), OAFlux evaporation (E), and Dai and Trenberth river flow (R) data sets. For the western pole, SSS varies in phase with P and lags R by 1–2 months; a more complex relationship holds for the eastern pole. The synthesis of novel satellite SSS data with E, P, and R enables a new approach to determining variability in Tropical freshwater fluxes and its potential impacts on the Atlantic ocean circulation
Signature of fault zone deformation in near-surface soil visible in shear wave seismic reflections

Small-throw seismogenic fault segments hidden in the Holocene sediments are crucial but difficult targets in seismic exploration. We report here the detection 
of the deformation pattern and a concealed fault segment in the unconsolidated sediments at Vila Franca Xira, Portugal, through identification in shear wave 
reflection data of multiple signatures of ductile deformation associated with faulting. We find step-like changes in the stacking velocity along a shallow 
subsoil layer boundary, indicating synsedimentary faulting. We also recognize a consistent distortion in the moveout of the reflection events in the raw shear 
wave data. Synthetic modeling of seismic data helps in interpreting these observations and identifying backscattered energy from a steeply dipping shallow 
fault zone. Prior to this finding, there was no evidence for Holocene activity of this fault, although the fault is considered to be the most probable source for 
the disastrous 1531 earthquake
Anthropogenic impact on Agulhas leakage

Recent work suggests that changes of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) winds led to an increase in Agulhas leakage and a corresponding salinification of the Atlantic. Climate model projections for the 21st century predict a progressive southward migration and intensification of the SH westerlies. The potential effects on the ocean circulation of such an anthropogenic trend in wind stress are studied here with a high-resolution ocean model forced by a step-function change in SH wind stress that involves a 7% increase in westerlies strength and a 2° shift in the zero wind stress curl. The model simulation suggests a rapid dynamic adjustment of Agulhas leakage by 4.5 Sv, about a third of its original value, after a few years. The change in leakage is reflected in a concomitant change in the transport of the South Atlantic subtropical gyre, but leads only to a small increase in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) of O(1 Sv) after three decades. A main effect of the increasing inflow of Indian Ocean waters with potential long-term ramifications for the AMOC is the salinification and densification of upper-thermocline waters in the South Atlantic, which extends into the North Atlantic within the first three decades