pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Does density influence relative growth performance of farm, wild and F1 hybrid Atlantic salmon in semi-natural and hatchery common garden conditions?

-The conditions encountered by Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in aquaculture are markedly different from the natural environment. Typically, farmed salmon experience much higher densities than wild individuals, and may therefore have adapted to living in high densities. Previous studies have demonstrated that farmed salmon typically outgrow wild salmon by large ratios in the hatchery, but these differences are much less pronounced in the wild. Such divergence in growth may be explained partly by the offspring of wild salmon experiencing higher stress and thus lower growth when compared under high-density farming conditions. Here, growth of farmed, wild and F1 hybrid salmon was studied at contrasting densities within a hatchery and semi-natural environment. Farmed salmon significantly outgrew hybrid and wild salmon in all treatments. Importantly, however, the reaction norms were similar across treatments for all groups. Thus, this study was unable to find evidence that the offspring of farmed salmon have adapted more readily to higher fish densities than wild salmon as a result of domestication. It is suggested that the substantially higher growth rate of farmed salmon observed in the hatchery compared with wild individuals may not solely be caused by differences in their ability to grow in high-density hatchery scenarios
Electronic passivation of silicon surfaces by thin films of atomic layer deposited gallium oxide

This paper proposes the application of gallium oxide (Ga₂O₃) thin films to crystalline silicon solar cells. Effective passivation of n- and p-type crystalline silicon surfaces has been achieved by the application of very thin Ga₂O₃ films prepared by atomic layer deposition using trimethylgallium (TMGa) and ozone (O₃) as the reactants. Surface recombination velocities as low as 6.1 cm/s have been recorded with films less than 4.5 nm thick. A range of deposition parameters has been explored, with growth rates of approximately 0.2 Å/cycle providing optimum passivation. The thermal activation energy for passivation of the Si-Ga₂O₃ interface has been found to be approximately 0.5 eV. Depassivation of the interface was observed for prolonged annealing at increased temperatures. The activation energy for depassivation was measured to be 1.9 eV.This work has been supported by the Australian government through the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA)
Influence of statistical uncertainty of component reliability estimations on offshore wind farm availability

Offshore wind turbine reliability, one of the industry's biggest sources of uncertainty, is the focus of the present paper. Specifically the impact of uncertain component failure distributions at constant failure rates has been investigated with respect to its implications for wind farm availability. A fully probabilistic offshore wind simulation model has been applied to quantify results; effects shown in this paper underline the significant impact that failure probability distributions have on asset performance evaluation. It was found that wind farm availability numbers may vary in the range up to 20 % just by changing the distributions of failure to a different pattern; in particular those scenarios in which extensive failure accumulation occurred led to significant losses in production. Results are interpreted and discussed mainly from the viewpoint of an offshore wind farm developer, owner and operator, with implications underlined for application in state-of-the-art offshore wind O&M (Operations and Maintenance) models and simulation tools
Market structure and competition in the healthcare industry. Results from a transition economy

The present paper provides first empirical evidence on the relationship between market size and the number of firms in the \ud
healthcare industry for a transition economy. We estimate market-size thresholds required to support different numbers of \ud
suppliers (firms) for three occupations in the healthcare industry in a large number of distinct geographic markets in Slovakia, \ud
taking into account the spatial interaction between local markets. The empirical analysis is carried out for three time periods \ud
(1995, 2001 and 2010) which characterise different stages of the transition process. Our results suggest that the relationship \ud
between market size and the number of firms differs both across industries and across periods. In particular, we find that \ud
pharmacies, as the only completely liberalised market in our dataset, experience the largest change in competitive behaviour \ud
during the transition process. Furthermore, we find evidence for correlation in entry decisions across administrative borders, \ud
suggesting that future market analysis should aim to capture these regional effects
Cortical Brain Abnormalities in 4474 Individuals With Schizophrenia and 5098 Control Subjects via the Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics Through Meta Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium

Background: The profile of cortical neuroanatomical abnormalities in schizophrenia is not fully understood, despite hundreds of published structural brain imaging studies. This study presents the first meta-analysis of cortical thickness and surface area abnormalities in schizophrenia conducted by the ENIGMA (Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta Analysis) Schizophrenia Working Group. Methods: The study included data from 4474 individuals with schizophrenia (mean age, 32.3 years; range, 11–78 years; 66% male) and 5098 healthy volunteers (mean age, 32.8 years; range, 10–87 years; 53% male) assessed with standardized methods at 39 centers worldwide. Results: Compared with healthy volunteers, individuals with schizophrenia have widespread thinner cortex (left/right hemisphere: Cohen's d = −0.530/−0.516) and smaller surface area (left/right hemisphere: Cohen's d = −0.251/−0.254), with the largest effect sizes for both in frontal and temporal lobe regions. Regional group differences in cortical thickness remained significant when statistically controlling for global cortical thickness, suggesting regional specificity. In contrast, effects for cortical surface area appear global. Case-control, negative, cortical thickness effect sizes were two to three times larger in individuals receiving antipsychotic medication relative to unmedicated individuals. Negative correlations between age and bilateral temporal pole thickness were stronger in individuals with schizophrenia than in healthy volunteers. Regional cortical thickness showed significant negative correlations with normalized medication dose, symptom severity, and duration of illness and positive correlations with age at onset. Conclusions: The findings indicate that the ENIGMA meta-analysis approach can achieve robust findings in clinical neuroscience studies; also, medication effects should be taken into account in future genetic association studies of cortical thickness in schizophrenia
Genome-Wide Analysis of the Response of Dickeya dadantii 3937 to Plant Antimicrobial Peptides

Antimicrobial peptides constitute an important factor in the defense of plants against pathogens, and bacterial resistance to these peptides have previously been shown to be an important virulence factor in Dickeya dadantii, the causal agent of soft-rot disease of vegetables. In order to understand the bacterial response to antimicrobial pep- tides, a transcriptional microarray analysis was performed upon treatment with sub-lethal concentration of thionins, a widespread plant peptide. In all, 36 genes were found to be overexpressed, and were classified according to their deduced function as i) transcriptional regulators, ii) transport, and iii) modification of the bacterial membrane. One gene encoding a uricase was found to be repressed. The majority of these genes are known to be under the control of the PhoP/PhoQ system. Five genes representing the different functions induced were selected for further analysis. The results obtained indicate that the presence of antimicrobial peptides induces a complex response which includes peptide-specific elements and general stress-response elements contributing differentially to the virulence in different hosts
Host cell P-glycoprotein is essential for cholesterol uptake and replication of Toxoplasma gondii

P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a membrane-bound efflux pump that actively exports a wide range of compounds from the cell and is associated with the phenomenon of multidrug resistance. However, the role of P-gp in normal physiological processes remains elusive. Using P-gp-deficient fibroblasts, we showed that P-gp was critical for the replication of the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii but was not involved in invasion of host cells by the parasite. Importantly, we found that the protein participated in the transport of host-derived cholesterol to the intracellular parasite. T. gondii replication in P-gp-deficient host cells not only resulted in reduced cholesterol content in the parasite but also altered its sphingolipid metabolism. In addition, we found that different levels of P-gp expression modified the cholesterol metabolism in uninfected fibroblasts. Collectively our findings reveal a key and previously undocumented role of P-gp in host-parasite interaction and suggest a physiological role for P-gp in cholesterol trafficking in mammalian cells
Structure and magnetism of ultrathin nickel-iron oxides grown on Ru(0001) by high-temperature oxygen-assisted molecular beam epitaxy

We demonstrate the preparation of ultrathin Fe-rich nickel ferrite (NFO) islands on a metal substrate. Their nucleation and growth are followed in situ by low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM). A comprehensive characterization is performed combining LEEM for structural characterization and PEEM (PhotoEmission Electron Microscopy) with synchrotron radiation for chemical and magnetic analysis via X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism (XAS-PEEM and XMCD-PEEM, respectively). The growth by oxygen-assisted molecular beam epitaxy takes place in two stages. First, islands with the rocksalt structure nucleate and grow until they completely cover the substrate surface. Later three-dimensional islands of spinel phase grow on top of the wetting layer. Only the spinel islands show ferromagnetic contrast, with the same domains being observed in the Fe and Ni XMCD images. The estimated magnetic moments of Fe and Ni close to the islands surface indicate a possible role of the bi-phase reconstruction. A significant out-of-plane magnetization component was detected by means of XMCD-PEEM vector maps
Information channels and biomarkers of disease

Current research in molecular epidemiology uses biomarkers to model the diﬀerent disease phases from environmental exposure, to early clinical changes, to development of disease. The hope is to get a better understanding of the causal impact of a number of pollutants and chemicals on several diseases, including cancer and allergies. In a recent paper Russo and Williamson (2012) address the question of what evidential elements enter the conceptualisation and modelling stages of this type of biomarkers research. Recent research in causality has examined Ned Hall’s distinction between two concepts of causality: production and dependence (Hall, 2004). In another recent paper, Illari (2011b) examined the relatively under-explored production approach to causality, arguing\ud
that at least one job of an account of causal production is to illuminate our inferential practices concerning causal linking. Illari argued that an informational account solves existing problems with traditional accounts. This paper follows up this previous work by investigating the nature of the causal links established in biomarkers research. We argue that traditional accounts of productive causality are unable to provide a sensible\ud
account of the nature of the causal link in biomarkers research, while an informational account is very promising
Photocatalytic hydroxyapatite-titania nanocomposites for\ud
preventive conservation of marble

Soiling of external surfaces is an increasing issue for conservation of architectural\ud
heritage. Providing architectural surfaces with self-cleaning ability is one of the most promising\ud
routes of preventive conservation. To this aim, several methods have been proposed in the\ud
literature, based on the use of photocatalytic TiO2 nanoparticles, either directly applied onto the\ud
surfaces or incorporated in protective coatings. However, when nano-TiO2 is directly applied\ud
onto architectural surfaces, the particles are easily removed by rain. When TiO2 is incorporated\ud
in polymeric coatings, durability issues arise as well, because the photoactivity of TiO2\ud
nanoparticles can promote degradation of the polymer. Here, we present an innovative\ud
alternative method, based on combination of TiO2 nanoparticles and hydroxyapatite (HAP). The\ud
incorporation of nano-TiO2 into an HAP coating protects the nanoparticles from leaching by rain,\ud
thanks to the chemical bonding between TiO2 and HAP, without diminishing their photoactivity.\ud
As a result, marble treated with HAP-TiO2 composites exhibits high self-cleaning ability and\ud
high durability, with results superior to those achieve by direct application of nano-TiO2 onto the\ud
surface, as frequently performed on site
Raman spectra of putrescine, spermidine and spermine polyamines and their N-deuterated and N-ionized derivatives

The experimental and calculated Raman spectra of the N-hydrogenated and N-deuterated biogenic polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine and of their N-hydrogenated and N-deuterated hydrochloride salts in the 2000-3400 cm-1 spectral region (at distinct temperatures) are reported and analysed. A complete assignment of the N-H, C-H and N-D stretching modes is carried out, in the light of both steric and hydrogen-bonding interactions on the conformational behaviour of these systems. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.100
In vivo MRI assessment of a novel GdIII-based contrast agent designed for high magnetic field applications

Gd3L is a trinuclear Gd3+ complex of intermediate size, designed for contrast agent applications in high field magnetic resonance imaging (H12L is based on a trimethylbenzene core bearing three methylene-diethylenetriamine- N,N,NPrimeNPrime-tetraacetate moieties). Thanks to its appropriate size, the presence of two inner sphere water molecules and a fast water exchange, Gd3L has remarkable proton relaxivities at high magnetic field (r1 = 10.2 vs 3.0 mM-1 s-1 for GdDOTA at 9.4 T, 37°C, in H2O). Here we report an in vivo MRI feasibility study, complemented with dynamic gamma scintigraphic imaging and biodistribution experiments using the 153Sm-enriched analog. MRI experiments were performed at 9.4 T in mice with Gd3L and the commercial contrast agent gadolinium(III)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetate (GdDOTA). Gd3L was well tolerated by the animals at the dose of 8 µmol Gd kg-1 body weight. Dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) images showed considerably higher signal enhancement in the kidney medulla and cortex after Gd3L injection than after GdDOTA injection at an identical dose. The relaxation rates, DeltaR1, were calculated from the IR TrueFISP data. During the excretory phase, the DeltaR1 for various tissues was similar for Gd3L and GdDOTA, when the latter was injected at a three-fold higher dose (24 vs 8 µmol Gd kg-1 body weight). These results point to an approximately three times higher in vivo relaxivity (per Gd) for Gd3L relative to GdDOTA, thus the ratio of the relaxivities of the two compounds determined in vitro is retained under in vivo conditions. They also indicate that the two inner sphere water molecules per Gd in Gd3L are not substantially replaced by endogenous anions or other donor groups under physiological conditions. Gd3L has a pharmacokinetics typical of small, hydrophilic complexes, involving fast renal clearance and no retention in the blood pool. The dynamic gamma scintigraphic studies and the biodistribution experiments performed in Wistar rats with 153Sm-enriched *Sm3L are also indicative of a fast elimination via the kidneys. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cmmi.23
Palladium nanoparticles and nanowires deposited electrochemically: AFM and electrochemical characterization

Abstract  Palladium nanoparticles and nanowires electrochemically deposited onto a carbon surface were studied using cyclic voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. The ex situ and in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) topographic images showed that nanoparticles and nanowires of palladium were preferentially electrodeposited to surface defects on the highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surface and enabled the determination of the Pd nanostructure dimensions on the order of 50–150 nm. The palladium nanoparticles and nanowires electrochemically deposited onto a glassy carbon surface behave differently with respect to the pH of the electrolyte buffer solution. In acid or mild acid solutions under applied negative potential, hydrogen can be adsorbed/absorbed onto/into the palladium lattice. By controlling the applied negative potential, different quantities of hydrogen can be incorporated, and this process was followed, analysing the oxidation peak of hydrogen. It is also shown that the growth of the Pd oxide layer begins at negative potentials with the formation of a pre-monolayer oxide film, at a potential well before the hydrogen evolution region. At positive potentials, Pd(0) nanoparticles undergo oxidation, and the formation of a mixed oxide layer was observed, which can act as nucleation points for Pd metal growth, increasing the metal electrode surface coverage. Depending on thickness and composition, this oxide layer can be reversibly reduced. AFM images confirmed that the PdO and PdO2 oxides formed on the surface may act as nucleation points for Pd metal growth, increasing the metal electrode surface coverage.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10008-007-0275-
Experimental and numerical study of the influence of the plenum box on the airflow pattern generated by a swirl air diffuser

When CFD is employed to design a ventilation system, one of the most delicate aspects is the modeling of the diffuser. The designer has different choices, which range from simulating the detailed geometry of the diffuser, including the plenum box, to use special boundary conditions to reproduce the velocity profile in each slot of the diffuser. This study is carried out to examine the influence of the plenum box on the turbulent airflow pattern generated by a swirl air diffuser from the experimental and numerical points of view. First, we perform experiments to evaluate such influence. Then, these experiments are contrasted with two numerical approximations to the problem using the Fluent 6.3.26 commercial CFD software. We first perform a simulation of the complete diffuser geometry – including the plenum box – and later a simplified simulation of the diffuser, where the whole geometry is simplified to a plane in which the velocity components and the slots positioning are specified via a particular boundary condition. The main findings of this study reveal that the simplified simulation is good enough at close range, while in the remote flow field the differences between both approaches practically disappear. © 2018 Elsevier Inc.Project DPI2014-55357-C2-1-R from the Spanish National Government 2013–2016 R&D&I plan issued by the Ministry of Economy and Competiveness. This project is cofinanced by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)
Hexagons and spiral defect chaos in non-Boussinesq convection at low Prandtl numbers

We study the stability and dynamics of non-Boussinesq convection in pure gases ?CO2 and SF6? with Prandtl numbers near Pr? 1 and in a H2-Xe mixture with Pr= 0.17. Focusing on the strongly nonlinear regime we employ Galerkin stability analyses and direct numerical simulations of the Navier-Stokes equations. For Pr ? 1 and intermediate non-Boussinesq effects we find reentrance of stable hexagons as the Rayleigh number is increased. For stronger non-Boussinesq effects the usual, transverse side-band instability is superseded by a longitudinal side-band instability. Moreover, the hexagons do not exhibit any amplitude instability to rolls. Seemingly, this result contradicts the experimentally observed transition from hexagons to rolls. We resolve this discrepancy by including the effect of the lateral walls. Non-Boussinesq effects modify the spiral defect chaos observed for larger Rayleigh numbers. For convection in SF6 we find that non-Boussinesq effects strongly increase the number of small, compact convection cells and with it enhance the cellular character of the patterns. In H2-Xe, closer to threshold, we find instead an enhanced tendency toward roll-like structures. In both cases the number of spirals and of targetlike components is reduced. We quantify these effects using recently developed diagnostics of the geometric properties of the patterns
Hydrostatic Equilibrium of a Perfect Fluid Sphere with Exterior Higher-Dimensional Schwarzschild Spacetime

We discuss the question of how the number of dimensions of space and time can influence the equilibrium configurations of stars. We find that dimensionality does increase the effect of mass but not the contribution of the pressure, which is the same in any dimension. In the presence of a (positive) cosmological constant the condition of hydrostatic equilibrium imposes a lower limit on mass and matter density. We show how this limit depends on the number of dimensions and suggest that $\Lambda > 0$ is more effective in 4D than in higher dimensions. We obtain a general limit for the degree of compactification (gravitational potential on the boundary) of perfect fluid stars in $D$-dimensions. We argue that the effects of gravity are stronger in 4D than in any other number of dimensions. The generality of the results is also discussed