pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
The forward-backward asymmetry for massive bottom quarks at the $Z$ peak
  at next-to-next-to-leading order QCD

We compute the order $\alpha_s^2$ QCD corrections to the $b$-quark
forward-backward asymmetry in $e^+e^-\to b{\bar b}$ collisions at the $Z$ boson
resonance, taking the non-zero mass of the $b$ quark into account. We determine
these corrections with respect to both the $b$-quark axis and the thrust axis
definition of the asymmetry. We compute also the distributions of these axes
with respect to the electron beam. If one neglects the flavor singlet
contributions to the $b$-quark asymmetry, as was done in previous computations
for massless $b$ quarks, then the second-order QCD corrections for $m_b\neq 0$
are smaller in magnitude than the corresponding corrections for $m_b=0$.
Including the singlet contributions slightly increases the magnitude of the
corrections. The massive $\alpha_s^2$ corrections to the $b$-quark
forward-backward asymmetry slightly diminish the well-known tension between the
bare $b$-quark asymmetry and the standard model fit from $2.9\sigma$ to
$2.6\sigma$.Comment: Latex, 19 page
Search for heavy neutrinos or third-generation leptoquarks in final
  states with two hadronically decaying tau leptons and two jets in
  proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 13 TeV

A search for new particles has been conducted using events with two high
transverse momentum (pt) tau leptons that decay hadronically, at least two
high-pt jets, and missing transverse energy from the tau lepton decays. The
analysis is performed using data from proton-proton collisions, collected by
the CMS experiment in 2015 at sqrt(s) = 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated
luminosity of 2.1 inverse femtobarns. The results are interpreted in two
physics models. The first model involves heavy right-handed neutrinos, N[l] (l
= e, mu, tau), and right-handed charged bosons, W[R], arising in a left-right
symmetric extension of the standard model. Masses of the W[R] boson below 2.35
(1.63) TeV are excluded at 95% confidence level, assuming the N[tau] mass is
0.8 (0.2) times the mass of the W[R] boson and that only the N[tau] flavor
contributes to the W[R] decay width. In the second model, pair production of
third-generation scalar leptoquarks that decay into tau tau bb is considered.
Third-generation scalar leptoquarks with masses below 740 GeV are excluded,
assuming a 100% branching fraction for the leptoquark decay to a tau lepton and
a bottom quark. This is the first search at hadron colliders for the
third-generation Majorana neutrino, as well as the first search for
third-generation leptoquarks in the final state with a pair of hadronically
decaying tau leptons and jets.Comment: Replaced with the published version. Added the journal reference and
  DOI. All the figures and tables can be found at
  http://cms-results.web.cern.ch/cms-results/public-results/publications/EXO-16-016/index.htm
Spatial and temporal seasonal trends in coastal upwelling off Northwest Africa, 1981-2012

Seasonal coastal upwelling was analyzed along the NW African coastline (11-35Â°N) from 1981 to 2012. Upwelling magnitudes are calculated by wind speed indices, sea-surface temperature indices and inferred from meteorological station, sea-surface height and vertical water column transport data. A permanent annual upwelling regime is documented across 21-35Â°N and a seasonal regime across 12-19Â°N, in accordance with the climatology of previous studies. Upwelling regions were split into three zones: (1) the Mauritania-Senegalese upwelling zone (12-19Â°N), (2) the strong permanent annual upwelling zone (21-26Â°N) and (3) the weak permanent upwelling zone (26-35Â°N). We find compelling evidence in our various indices for the Bakun upwelling intensification hypothesis due to a significant coastal summer wind speed increase, resulting in an increase in upwelling-favorable wind speeds north of 20Â°N and an increase in downwelling-favorable winds south of 20Â°N. The North Atlantic Oscillation plays a leading role in modifying interannual variability during the other seasons (autumn-spring), with its influence dominating in winter. The East Atlantic pattern shows a strong correlation with upwelling during spring, while El NiÃ±o Southern Oscillation and Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation teleconnections were not found. A disagreement between observationally-based wind speed products and reanalysis-derived data is explored. A modification to the Bakun upwelling intensification hypothesis for NW Africa is presented, which accounts for the latitudinal divide in summer wind regimes. Â© 2014 The Authors
Jumping the Gun: Mapping Neural Correlates of Waiting Impulsivity and Relevance

Background: Why do we ‘jump the gun’ or speak out of turn?  Waiting impulsivity has a preclinical basis as a predictor for the development of addiction. Here we mapped the intrinsic neural correlates of waiting and dissociate it from stopping, both fundamental mechanisms of behavioural control. Methods: We used a recently developed translational task to assess premature responding and assess response inhibition using the stop signal task. We mapped the neural correlates in 55 healthy volunteers using a novel multi-echo resting-state functional MRI sequence and analysis, which robustly boosts signal-to-noise ratio. We further assessed 32 young binge drinkers and 36 abstinent subjects with alcohol use disorders. Results: Connectivity of limbic and motor cortical and striatal nodes mapped onto a mesial-lateral axis of the subthalamic nucleus.  Waiting impulsivity was associated with lower connectivity of the subthalamic nucleus with ventral striatum and subgenual cingulate, regions similarly implicated in rodent lesion studies. This network was dissociable from fast reactive stopping involving hyper-direct connections of the pre-supplementary area and subthalamic nucleus.  We further show that binge drinkers, like those with alcohol use disorders, had elevated premature responding and emphasize the relevance of this subthalamic network across alcohol misuse. Using machine learning techniques we show that subthalamic connectivity differentiates binge drinkers and individuals with alcohol use disorders from healthy volunteers. Conclusions: We highlight the translational and clinical relevance of dissociable functional systems of cortical, striatal and hyper-direct connections with the subthalamic nucleus in modulating waiting and stopping and their importance across dimensions of alcohol misuse.The study was funded by the Wellcome Trust Fellowship grant for VV (093705/Z/10/Z) and Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre.  VV and NAH are Wellcome Trust (WT) intermediate Clinical Fellows. The BCNI is supported by a WT and MRC grant. ETB is employed part-time by the University of Cambridge and part-time by GSK PLC and is a shareholder of GSK. TWR is a consultant for Cambridge Cognition, Eli Lilly, GSK, Merck, Sharpe and Dohme, Lundbeck, Teva and Shire Pharmaceuticals. He is or has been in receipt of research grants from Lundbeck, Eli Lilly and GSK and is an editor for Springer-Verlag (Psychopharmacology).  The remaining authors declare no competing financial interests.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Elsevier via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.06.00
Search for pair production of third-generation scalar leptoquarks and top squarks in proton–proton collisions at √s = 8 TeV

A search for pair production of third-generation scalar leptoquarks and supersymmetric top quark partners, top squarks, in final states involving tau leptons and bottom quarks is presented. The search uses events from a data sample of proton–proton collisions corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb−1, collected with the CMS detector at the LHC with View the MathML sources=8 TeV. The number of observed events is found to be in agreement with the expected standard model background. Third-generation scalar leptoquarks with masses below 740 GeV are excluded at 95% confidence level, assuming a 100% branching fraction for the leptoquark decay to a tau lepton and a bottom quark. In addition, this mass limit applies directly to top squarks decaying via an R-parity violating coupling View the MathML sourceλ333′. The search also considers a similar signature from top squarks undergoing a chargino-mediated decay involving the R-parity violating coupling View the MathML sourceλ3jk′. Each top squark decays to a tau lepton, a bottom quark, and two light quarks. Top squarks in this model with masses below 580 GeV are excluded at 95% confidence level. The constraint on the leptoquark mass is the most stringent to date, and this is the first search for top squarks decaying via sourceλ3jk′United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.
Network structure within the cerebellar input layer enables lossless sparse encoding.

The synaptic connectivity within neuronal networks is thought to determine the information processing they perform, yet network structure-function relationships remain poorly understood. By combining quantitative anatomy of the cerebellar input layer and information theoretic analysis of network models, we investigated how synaptic connectivity affects information transmission and processing. Simplified binary models revealed that the synaptic connectivity within feedforward networks determines the trade-off between information transmission and sparse encoding. Networks with few synaptic connections per neuron and network-activity-dependent threshold were optimal for lossless sparse encoding over the widest range of input activities. Biologically detailed spiking network models with experimentally constrained synaptic conductances and inhibition confirmed our analytical predictions. Our results establish that the synaptic connectivity within the cerebellar input layer enables efficient lossless sparse encoding. Moreover, they provide a functional explanation for why granule cells have approximately four dendrites, a feature that has been evolutionarily conserved since the appearance of fish
MC1R gene variants and non-melanoma skin cancer: a pooled-analysis from the M-SKIP project

BACKGROUND: The melanocortin-1-receptor (MC1R) gene regulates human pigmentation and is highly polymorphic in populations of European origins. The aims of this study were to evaluate the association between MC1R variants and the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), and to investigate whether risk estimates differed by phenotypic characteristics. METHODS: Data on 3527 NMSC cases and 9391 controls were gathered through the M-SKIP Project, an international pooled-analysis on MC1R, skin cancer and phenotypic characteristics. We calculated summary odds ratios (SOR) with random-effect models, and performed stratified analyses. RESULTS: Subjects carrying at least one MC1R variant had an increased risk of NMSC overall, basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC): SOR (95%CI) were 1.48 (1.24-1.76), 1.39 (1.15-1.69) and 1.61 (1.35-1.91), respectively. All of the investigated variants showed positive associations with NMSC, with consistent significant results obtained for V60L, D84E, V92M, R151C, R160W, R163Q and D294H: SOR (95%CI) ranged from 1.42 (1.19-1.70) for V60L to 2.66 (1.06-6.65) for D84E variant. In stratified analysis, there was no consistent pattern of association between MC1R and NMSC by skin type, but we consistently observed higher SORs for subjects without red hair. CONCLUSIONS: Our pooled-analysis highlighted a role of MC1R variants in NMSC development and suggested an effect modification by red hair colour phenotype
Search for TeV-scale gravity signatures in final states with leptons and jets with the ATLAS detector at View the root s = 7 TeV

The production of events with multiple high transverse momentum particles including charged leptons and jets is measured, using 1.04 fb⁻¹ of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS detector during the first half of 2011 at √s = 7 TeV. No excess beyond Standard Model expectations is observed, and upper limits on the fiducial cross sections for non-Standard Model production of these final states are set. Using models for string ball and black hole production and decay, exclusion contours are determined as a function of mass threshold and the fundamental gravity scale.G. Aad ... P. Jackson ... L. Lee ... A. Petridis ... N. Soni ... M. J. White ... et al. (ATLAS Collaboration
Search for direct production of charginos and neutralinos in events with three leptons and missing transverse momentum in root s = 8 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for the direct production of charginos and neutralinos in final states with three leptons and missing transverse momentum is presented. The analysis is based on 20.3 fb−1 of s√ = 8 TeV proton-proton collision data delivered by the Large Hadron Collider and recorded with the ATLAS detector. Observations are consistent with the Standard Model expectations and limits are set in R-parity-conserving phenomenological Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Models and in simplified supersymmetric models, significantly extending previous results. For simplified supersymmetric models of direct chargino (χ˜±1) and next-to-lightest neutralino (χ˜02) production with decays to lightest neutralino (χ˜01) via either all three generations of sleptons, staus only, gauge bosons, or Higgs bosons, (χ˜±1) and (χ˜02) masses are excluded up to 700 GeV, 380 GeV, 345 GeV, or 148 GeV respectively, for a massless (χ˜01).G. Aad … P. Jackson … L. Lee … A. Petridis … N. Soni ... M. White ... et al. (The ATLAS Collaboration
Precise measurement of the 222Rn half-life: A probe to monitor the stability of radioactivity

AbstractWe give the results of a study on the 222Rn decay we performed in the Gran Sasso Laboratory (LNGS) by detecting the gamma rays from the radon progeny. The motivation was to monitor the stability of radioactivity measuring several times per year the half-life of a short lifetime (days) source instead of measuring over a long period the activity of a long lifetime (tens or hundreds of years) source. In particular, we give a possible reason of the large periodical fluctuations in the count rate of the gamma rays due to radon inside a closed canister which has been described in literature and which has been attributed to a possible influence of a component in the solar irradiation affecting the nuclear decay rates. We then provide the result of four half-life measurements we performed underground at LNGS in the period from May 2014 to January 2015 with radon diffused into olive oil. Briefly, we did not measure any change of the 222Rn half-life with a 8⋅10−5 precision. Finally, we provide the most precise value for the 222Rn half-life: 3.82146(16)stat(4)syst days
The “dirty dozen” of freshwater science: Detecting then reconciling hydrological data biases and errors

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and\ud
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.Sound water policy and management rests on sound hydrometeorological and ecological data. Conversely, unrepresentative, poorly collected or erroneously archived data introduces uncertainty regarding the magnitude, rate and direction of environmental change, in addition to undermining confidence in decision-making processes. Unfortunately, data biases and errors can enter the information flow at various stages, starting with site selection, instrumentation, sampling/ measurement procedures, post-processing and ending with archiving systems. Techniques such as visual inspection of raw data, graphical representation and comparison between sites, outlier and trend detection, and referral to metadata can all help uncover spurious data. Tell-tale signs of ambiguous and/or anomalous data are highlighted using 12 carefully chosen cases drawn mainly from hydrology (‘the dirty dozen’). These include evidence of changes in site or local conditions (due\ud
to land management, river regulation or urbanisation); modifications to instrumentation or inconsistent observer behaviour; mismatched or misrepresentative sampling in space and time; treatment of missing values, post-processing and data storage errors. As well as raising awareness of pitfalls, recommendations are provided for uncovering lapses in data quality after the information has been gathered. It is noted that error detection and attribution are more problematic for very large data sets, where observation networks are automated, or when various information sources have been combined. In these cases, more holistic indicators of data integrity are needed that reflect the overall information life-cycle and application(s) of the hydrological data
The spin structure function g1p of the proton and a test of the Bjorken sum rule

AbstractNew results for the double spin asymmetry A1p and the proton longitudinal spin structure function g1p are presented. They were obtained by the COMPASS Collaboration using polarised 200 GeV muons scattered off a longitudinally polarised NH3 target. The data were collected in 2011 and complement those recorded in 2007 at 160 GeV, in particular at lower values of x. They improve the statistical precision of g1p(x) by about a factor of two in the region x≲0.02. A next-to-leading order QCD fit to the g1 world data is performed. It leads to a new determination of the quark spin contribution to the nucleon spin, ΔΣ, ranging from 0.26 to 0.36, and to a re-evaluation of the first moment of g1p. The uncertainty of ΔΣ is mostly due to the large uncertainty in the present determinations of the gluon helicity distribution. A new evaluation of the Bjorken sum rule based on the COMPASS results for the non-singlet structure function g1NS(x,Q2) yields as ratio of the axial and vector coupling constants |gA/gV|=1.22±0.05 (stat.)±0.10 (syst.), which validates the sum rule to an accuracy of about 9%
Integral representations of one-dimensional projections for multivariate stable densities

AbstractWe consider the numerical evaluation of one-dimensional projections of general multivariate stable densities introduced by Abdul-Hamid and Nolan [H. Abdul-Hamid, J.P. Nolan, Multivariate stable densities as functions of one dimensional projections, J. Multivariate Anal. 67 (1998) 80–89]. In their approach higher order derivatives of one-dimensional densities are used, which seems to be cumbersome in practice. Furthermore there are some difficulties for even dimensions. In order to overcome these difficulties we obtain the explicit finite-interval integral representation of one-dimensional projections for all dimensions. For this purpose we utilize the imaginary part of complex integration, whose real part corresponds to the derivative of the one-dimensional inversion formula. We also give summaries on relations between various parametrizations of stable multivariate density and its one-dimensional projection
Basophil-Derived Amphiregulin Is Essential for UVB Irradiation–Induced Immune Suppression

UVB irradiation (290–320 nm) is used to treat skin diseases like psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, and is known to suppress contact hypersensitivity (CHS) reactions in mouse models. Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) have been shown to be responsible for this UVB-induced suppression of CHS. The epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like growth factor amphiregulin (AREG) engages EGFR on Treg cells and, in different disease models, it was shown that mast cell–derived AREG is essential for optimal Treg cell function in vivo. Here we determined whether AREG has a role in UVB-induced, Treg cell–mediated suppression of CHS reactions in the skin. Our data show that AREG is essential for UVB-induced CHS suppression. In contrast to the general assumption, however, mast cells were dispensable for UVB-induced immune suppression, whereas basophil-derived AREG was essential. These data reveal, to our knowledge, a previously unreported function for basophils in the homeostasis of immune responses in the skin. Basophils thus fulfill a dual function: they contribute to the initiation of effective type 2 immune responses and, by enhancing the suppressive capacity of local Treg cell populations, also to local immune regulation in the skin
CAinterprTools: An R package to help interpreting Correspondence Analysis’ results

AbstractCorrespondence Analysis (CA) is a statistical exploratory technique frequently used in many research fields to graphically visualize the structure of contingency tables. Many programs, both commercial and free, perform CA but none of them as yet provides a visual aid to the interpretation of the results. The ‘CAinterprTools’ package, designed to be used in the free R statistical environment, aims at filling that gap. A novel-to-medium R user has been considered as target. 15 commands enable to easily obtain charts that help (and are relevant to) the interpretation of the CA’s results, freeing the user from the need to inspect and scrutinize tabular CA outputs, and to look up values and statistics on which further calculations are necessary. The package also implements tests to assess the significance of the input table’s total inertia and individual dimensions
Quantifying Spatial-temporal Interactions from Wildlife Tracking Data: Issues of Space, Time, and Statistical Significance

AbstractNew tracking technologies are allowing researchers to study wildlife movements at unprecedented spatial and temporal resolutions. Researchers now routinely deploy tracking sensors on multiple individual animals simultaneously, offering new opportunities to study the spatial-temporal interactions (often termed dynamic interaction) in the movements of these animals. The objective of this paper is to examine the statistical properties of a suite of currently available methods aimed at measuring spatial-temporal interactions and the ability of each method to characterize and capture different patterns of spatial-temporal interaction encountered in practice. Specifically, this paper examines issues relating to the spatial arrangement of interactions across a study area, temporal patterns in interactions over a tracking period, and the effectiveness of different statistical testing procedures used to identify significant spatial-temporal interaction. Simulations using biased correlated random walks are used to emulate different patterns of spatial-temporal interaction encountered in empirical data. The results demonstrate the challenges of statistical testing of interaction patterns with several methods having high rates of type I and/or type II error. More problematic is that, in practice, spatial-temporal interactions exhibit underlying spatial and/or temporal patterns, for example with key watering holes revisited daily, which can cause problems for statistics that use permutation tests from the original data to test for significance. The need to consider statistical significance in the context of biological significance, which relates to quantifying the spatial locations and temporal patterns of interaction events and types of interactions, is emphasized. Methods that can be adapted to facilitate spatial and temporally ‘local’ analysis are advantageous with high resolution tracking data currently being collected. An R package–wildlifeDI–provides the computational tools for performing the analysis described herein and is made openly available to other researchers