pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Search for anomalous production of multilepton events in pp collisions at √ s = 7 TeV

Journal of High Energy Physics 2012.6 (2012): 10 reproduced by permission of Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA)Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, solo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si le hubiere, y los autores pertenecientes a la UAMA search for anomalous production of events with three or more isolated leptons in pp collisions at √ s = 7TeV is presented. The data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.98 fb -1, were collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC during the 2011 run. The search is applicable to any model of new physics that enhances multiple lepton production. The observed multilepton events are categorized into exclusive search channels based on the identity and kinematics of the objects in the events. An estimate of the standard-model background rates from data is emphasized, but simulation is also used to estimate some of the background rates. The search results are interpreted in the context of supersymmetry, including both R-parity-conserving and R-parity-violating models. We derive exclusion limits as a function of squark, gluino, and chargino masse
Determination of the thickness of Al2O3 barriers in magnetic tunnel junctions.

The barrier thickness in magnetic spin-dependent tunnel junctions with Al2O3 barriers has been measured using grazing incidence x-ray reflectivity and by fitting the tunneling current to the Simmons model. We have studied the effect of glow discharge oxidation time on the barrier structure, revealing a substantial increase in Al2O3 thickness with oxidation. The greater thickness of barrier measured using grazing incidence x-ray reflectivity compared with that obtained by fitting current density-voltage to the Simmons electron tunneling model suggests that electron tunneling is localized to specific regions across the barrier, where the thickness is reduced by fluctuations due to nonconformal roughness
Studies on optical and dielectric properties of Al2O 3 thin films prepared by electron beam evaporation and spray pyrolysis method

Al2O3 thin films find a number of applications in optoelectronics, sensors and tribology. In this paper, we report the preparation and characterization of alumina films prepared by both electron beam evaporation and spray pyrolysis method. The electrical properties of alumina films were determined by measuring (C-V) and (I-V) characteristics in a metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) structure. A relative dielectric constant (εr) of 9.6 for spray pyrolysed films and 8.3 for evaporated films was obtained. The breakdown electric field was found to be around 5 and 1MV/cm, respectively for spray pyrolysed and evaporated films. The refractive index of alumina films by evaporation was found to be 1.71 and 1.61 at 275 and 500 nm, respectively. The optical band gap of spray pyrolysed films deposited at 300 °C was found to be in the range of 5.40-5.55 eV. Structural, elemental analysis and stoichiometry of the films was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and Rutherford back scattering (RBS) spectra. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Measurement of the mass difference between top quark and antiquark in pp
  collisions at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV

The invariance of the standard model (SM) under the CPT transformation
predicts equality of particle and antiparticle masses. This prediction is
tested by measuring the mass difference between the top quark and antiquark
(Delta m[t] = m[t] - m[t-bar]) that are produced in pp collisions at a
center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV, using events with a muon or an electron and at
least four jets in the final state. The analysis is based on data corresponding
to an integrated luminosity of 19.6 inverse femtobarns collected by the CMS
experiment at the LHC, and yields a value of Delta m[t] = -0.15 +/- 0.19 (stat)
+/- 0.09 (syst) GeV, which is consistent with the SM expectation. This result
is significantly more precise than previously reported measurements.Comment: Replaced with the published version. Added the journal reference. All
  figures and tables can be found at
  http://cms-results.web.cern.ch/cms-results/public-results/publications/TOP-12-031/index.htm
The future of the northeast Atlantic benthic flora in a high CO<inf>2</inf> world

Seaweed and seagrass communities in the northeast Atlantic have been profoundly impacted by humans, and the rate of change is accelerating rapidly due to runaway CO2 emissions and mounting pressures on coastlines associated with human population growth and increased consumption of finite resources. Here, we predict how rapid warming and acidification are likely to affect benthic flora and coastal ecosystems of the northeast Atlantic in this century, based on global evidence from the literature as interpreted by the collective knowledge of the authorship. We predict that warming will kill off kelp forests in the south and that ocean acidification will remove maerl habitat in the north. Seagrasses will proliferate, and associated epiphytes switch from calcified algae to diatoms and filamentous species. Invasive species will thrive in niches liberated by loss of native species and spread via exponential development of artificial marine structures. Combined impacts of seawater warming, ocean acidification, and increased storminess may replace structurally diverse seaweed canopies, with associated calcified and noncalcified flora, with simple habitats dominated by noncalcified, turf-forming seaweeds. In this study, predictions are made as to how rapid warming and ocean acidification are likely to affect benthic flora and coastal ecosystems of the north-east Atlantic in this century based on global evidence from the literature as interpreted by the collective knowledge of the authorship. We predict that kelp forests will die out in the south due to warming, maerl habitat lost in the north through acidification, seagrasses will proliferate, associated epiphytes will switch from calcified algae to diatoms and filamentous species, and invasive species will thrive. Thus, structurally diverse seaweed canopies with associated calcified and noncalcified flora may be replaced with simple habitats dominated by noncalcified, turf-forming seaweeds. © 2014 The Authors
On finite monoids of cellular automata.

For any group G and set A, a cellular automaton over G and A is a transformation τ:AG→AGτ:AG→AG defined via a finite neighbourhood S⊆GS⊆G (called a memory set of ττ) and a local function μ:AS→Aμ:AS→A. In this paper, we assume that G and A are both finite and study various algebraic properties of the finite monoid CA(G,A)CA(G,A) consisting of all cellular automata over G and A. Let ICA(G;A)ICA(G;A) be the group of invertible cellular automata over G and A. In the first part, using information on the conjugacy classes of subgroups of G, we give a detailed description of the structure of ICA(G;A)ICA(G;A) in terms of direct and wreath products. In the second part, we study generating sets of CA(G;A)CA(G;A). In particular, we prove that CA(G,A)CA(G,A) cannot be generated by cellular automata with small memory set, and, when G is finite abelian, we determine the minimal size of a set V⊆CA(G;A)V⊆CA(G;A) such that CA(G;A)=⟨ICA(G;A)∪V⟩CA(G;A)=⟨ICA(G;A)∪V⟩
Cost-effectiveness of community-based screening and treatment for chronic hepatitis B in The Gambia: an economic modelling analysis

Despite the high burden of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in sub-Saharan Africa, absence of widespread screening and poor access to treatment leads to most people remaining undiagnosed until later stages of disease when prognosis is poor and treatment options are limited. We examined the cost-effectiveness of community-based screening and early treatment with antiviral therapy for HBV in The Gambia.In this economic evaluation, we combined a decision tree with a Markov state transition model to compare a screen and treat intervention consisting of adult community-based screening using a hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) rapid test and subsequent HBV antiviral therapy versus current practice, in which there is an absence of publicly provided screening or treatment for HBV. We used data from the PROLIFICA study to parameterise epidemiological, primary screening, and cost information, and other model parameter inputs were obtained from a literature search. Outcome measures were cost per disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) averted; cost per life-year saved; and cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained. We calculated the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) between current practice and the screen and treat intervention. Costs were assessed from a health provider perspective. Costs (expressed in 2013 US$) and health outcomes were discounted at 3% per year.In The Gambia, where the prevalence of HBsAg is 8·8% in people older than 30 years, adult screening and treatment for HBV has an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of $540 per DALY averted, $645 per life-year saved, and $511 per QALY gained, compared with current practice. These ICERs are in line with willingness-to-pay levels of one times the countrys gross domestic product per capita ($487) per DALY averted, and remain robust over a wide range of epidemiological and cost parameter inputs.Adult community-based screening and treatment for HBV in The Gambia is likely to be a cost-effective intervention. Higher cost-effectiveness might be achievable with targeted facility-based screening, price reductions of drugs and diagnostics, and integration of HBV screening with other public health interventions.European Commission
Motion of the plasma critical layer during relativistic-electron laser interaction with immobile and comoving ion plasma for ion accelerationa)

We analyze the motion of the plasma critical layer by two different processes in the relativistic-electron laser-plasma interaction regime (a0>1)(a0>1). The differences are highlighted when the critical layer ions are stationary in contrast to when they move with it. Controlling the speed of the plasma critical layer in this regime is essential for creating low-β traveling acceleration structures of sufficient laser-excited potential for laser ion accelerators. In Relativistically Induced Transparency Acceleration (RITA) scheme, the heavy plasma-ions are fixed and only trace-density light-ions are accelerated. The relativistic critical layer and the acceleration structure move longitudinally forward by laser inducing transparency through apparent relativistic increase in electron mass. In the Radiation PressureAcceleration (RPA) scheme, the whole plasma is longitudinally pushed forward under the action of the laser radiation pressure, possible only when plasma ions co-propagate with the laser front. In RPA, the acceleration structure velocity critically depends upon plasma-ion mass in addition to the laser intensity and plasma density. In RITA, mass of the heavy immobile plasma-ions does not affect the speed of the critical layer. Inertia of the bared immobile ions in RITA excites the charge separation potential, whereas RPA is not possible when ions are stationary
Tobacco use and second-hand smoke exposure in young adolescents aged 12-15 years: data from 68 low-income and middle-income countries.

Tobacco use is an important risk factor for non-communicable diseases worldwide. However, the global extent and prevalence of tobacco use in adolescents is poorly described. Using previously collected survey data, we aimed to assess tobacco use and second-hand smoke exposure in young adolescents aged 12-15 years in 68 low-income and middle-income countries.
We used data from the Global School-based Student Health Survey (2006-13) and the China Global Tobacco Youth Survey (2013), which are school-based surveys of young adolescents aged 12-15 years that assess health behaviours using a standardised, anonymous, self-reported questionnaire. We calculated the prevalence of current tobacco use and exposure to second-hand smoke in young adolescents from 68 low-income and middle-income countries that collected these data in the surveys. We used a multilevel model to estimate the association between parental tobacco use, second-hand smoke, and adolescent tobacco use, adjusting for sex, age, school, school class, country's purchasing power parity, smoking initiation age, national prevalence of tobacco use among adults, year the WHO FCTC was ratified for each country, proxy of socioeconomic status, and survey year.
The mean prevalence of current tobacco use was 13·6%, ranging from 2·8% in Tajikistan to 44·7% in Samoa. In most countries, the prevalence of tobacco use was higher for boys than girls, and higher for adolescents aged 14-15 years than for those aged 12-13 years. The overall prevalence of second-hand smoke exposure was 55·9%, ranging from 16·4% in Tajikistan to 85·4% in Indonesia. Parental tobacco use (as reported by the young adolescents), especially maternal use, was associated with tobacco use in young adolescents (odds ratio 2·06, 95% CI 1·93-2·19, for maternal and 1·29, 1·23-1·35 for paternal use). Second-hand smoke exposure was also a risk factor for young adolescents' tobacco use (2·56, 2·43-2·69). However, the prevalence of tobacco use was not associated with a country's purchasing power parity.
Tobacco use and second-hand smoke exposure were frequent among young adolescents aged 12-15 years in low-income and middle-income countries. Parental tobacco use and second-hand smoke exposure were strongly associated with young adolescents' tobacco use. The data emphasise the need to strengthen tobacco control interventions and programmes in young adolescents from low-income and middle-income countries.
This work was partly supported by the Young Scholars Program of Shandong University (2015WLJH51), the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (ZR2012HQ033), and the National Natural Science Foundation (81302496)
Search for heavy vector-like quarks coupling to light quarks in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

This Letter presents a search for singly produced vector-like quarks, Q, coupling to light quarks, q. The search is sensitive to both charged current (CC) and neutral current (NC) processes, pp→Qq→Wqq′ and pp→Qq→Zqq' with a leptonic decay of the vector gauge boson. In 1.04 fb[superscript −1] of data taken in 2011 by the ATLAS experiment at a center-of-mass energy √s = 7 TeV, no evidence of such heavy vector-like quarks is observed above the expected Standard Model background. Limits on the heavy vector-like quark production cross section times branching ratio as a function of mass m[subscript Q] are obtained. For a coupling κ[subscript qQ] = [v over m[subscript Q]], where v is the Higgs vacuum expectation value, 95% C.L. lower limits on the mass of a vector-like quark are set at 900 GeV and 760 GeV from CC and NC processes, respectively.European Organization for Nuclear ResearchUnited States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Brookhaven National Laborator
High-pressure neutron study of the morphotropic lead-zirconate-titanate: Phase transitions in a two-phase system

The present study was dedicated to the classical piezoelectric, lead-zirconate-titanate ceramic with composition Pb(Zr0.54Ti0.46)O3 at the Zr-rich side of the morphotropic phase boundary at which two phases co-exists. The pressure-induced changes in the phase fractions were studied by high-pressureneutronpowder diffraction technique up to 3 GPa and 773 K. The two co-existing phases were rhombohedral R3c and monoclinic Cm at room temperature and R3c and P4mm above 1 GPa and 400 K. The experiments show that pressure favors the R3c phase over the Cm and P4mm phases, whereas at elevated temperatures entropy favours the P4mm phase. At 1 GPa pressure, the transition to the cubic Pm3¯m phase occurred at around 600 K. Pressure lowers the Cm→P4mm transition temperature. The Cm phase was found to continuously transform to the P4mm phase with increasing pressure, which is inline with the usual notion that the hydrostatic pressure favours higher symmetry structures. At the same time, the phase fraction of the R3c phase was increasing, implying discontinuous Cm→R3cphase transition. This is in clear contrast to the polarization rotation model according to which the Cm would link the tetragonal and rhombohedral phases by being a phase in which the polarization would, more or less continuously, rotate from the tetragonal polarization direction to the rhombohedral direction. Pressure induces large changes in phase fractions contributing to the extrinsic piezoelectricity. The changes are not entirely reversible, as was revealed by noting that after high-pressure experiments the amount of rhombohedral phase was larger than initially, suggesting that on the Zr-rich side of the phase boundary the monoclinic phase is metastable. An important contribution to the intrinsic piezoelectricity was revealed: a large displacement of the B cations (Zr and Ti) with respect to the oxygen anions is induced by pressure.Peer reviewe
A North Atlantic tephrostratigraphical framework for 130–60 ka b2k: new tephra discoveries, marine-based correlations, and future challenges

AbstractBuilding chronological frameworks for proxy sequences spanning 130–60 ka b2k is plagued by difficulties and uncertainties. Recent developments in the North Atlantic region, however, affirm the potential offered by tephrochronology and specifically the search for cryptotephra. Here we review the potential offered by tephrostratigraphy for sequences spanning 130–60 ka b2k. We combine newly identified cryptotephra deposits from the NGRIP ice-core and a marine core from the Iceland Basin with previously published data from the ice and marine realms to construct the first tephrostratigraphical framework for this time-interval. Forty-three tephra or cryptotephra deposits are incorporated into this framework; twenty three tephra deposits are found in the Greenland ice-cores, including nine new NGRIP tephras, and twenty separate deposits are preserved in various North Atlantic marine sequences. Major, minor and trace element results are presented for the new NGRIP horizons together with age estimates based on their position within the ice-core record. Basaltic tephras of Icelandic origin dominate the framework with only eight tephras of rhyolitic composition found. New results from marine core MD99-2253 also illustrate some of the complexities and challenges of assessing the depositional integrity of marine cryptotephra deposits. Tephra-based correlations in the marine environment provide independent tie-points for this time-interval and highlight the potential of widening the application of tephrochronology. Further investigations, however, are required, that combine robust geochemical fingerprinting and a rigorous assessment of tephra depositional processes, in order to trace coeval events between the two depositional realms
A first comparison of the responses of a 4He-based fast-neutron detector and a NE-213 liquid-scintillator reference detector

AbstractA first comparison has been made between the pulse-shape discrimination characteristics of a novel 4He-based pressurized scintillation detector and a NE-213 liquid-scintillator reference detector using an Am/Be mixed-field neutron and gamma-ray source and a high-resolution scintillation-pulse digitizer. In particular, the capabilities of the two fast neutron detectors to discriminate between neutrons and gamma-rays were investigated. The NE-213 liquid-scintillator reference cell produced a wide range of scintillation-light yields in response to the gamma-ray field of the source. In stark contrast, due to the size and pressure of the 4He gas volume, the 4He-based detector registered a maximum scintillation-light yield of 750keVee to the same gamma-ray field. Pulse-shape discrimination for particles with scintillation-light yields of more than 750keVee was excellent in the case of the 4He-based detector. Above 750keVee its signal was unambiguously neutron, enabling particle identification based entirely upon the amount of scintillation light produced
Characterisation of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis alternative sigma factor SigG: Its operon and regulon

SummaryA major step in the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the ability to survive inside macrophages, where it is exposed to a number of DNA damaging agents. The alternative sigma factor SigG has been shown to be upregulated by DNA damaging agents and by macrophage infection, but not to regulate genes of the DNA repair pathway. Here we show that SigG is expressed from at least two promoters, the most dominant of these being the DNA damage inducible RecA_Ndp promoter. This promoter is located within the annotated coding region of SigG and so the correct translational start site was determined experimentally and found to be 114 bp downstream of the annotated start site. Examining the gene expression profile of a SigG over-expression strain found a small number of genes to up-regulated, two of these encoded proteins containing glyoxylase-like domains
Bethe ansatz for Yangian invariants: Towards super Yang–Mills scattering amplitudes

AbstractWe propose that Baxter's Z-invariant six-vertex model at the rational gl(2) point on a planar but in general not rectangular lattice provides a way to study Yangian invariants. These are identified with eigenfunctions of certain monodromies of an auxiliary inhomogeneous spin chain. As a consequence they are special solutions to the eigenvalue problem of the associated transfer matrix. Excitingly, this allows to construct them using Bethe ansatz techniques. Conceptually, our construction generalizes to general (super) Lie algebras and general representations. Here we present the explicit form of sample invariants for totally symmetric, finite-dimensional representations of gl(n) in terms of oscillator algebras. In particular, we discuss invariants of three- and four-site monodromies that can be understood respectively as intertwiners of the bootstrap and Yang–Baxter equation. We state a set of functional relations significant for these representations of the Yangian and discuss their solutions in terms of Bethe roots. They arrange themselves into exact strings in the complex plane. In addition, it is shown that the sample invariants can be expressed analogously to Graßmannian integrals. This aspect is closely related to a recent on-shell formulation of scattering amplitudes in planar N=4 super Yang–Mills theory
Individual differences in predicting occupational success: The effect of population heterogeneity

AbstractUsing a sample of 339 university graduates from the University of Alicante (Spain) three years after completion of their studies, we studied the relationships between general intelligence (GI), personality traits, emotional intelligence (EI), academic performance, and occupational attainment and compared the results of conventional regression analysis with the results obtained from applying regression mixture models. The results reveal the influence of unobserved population heterogeneity (latent class) on the relationship between predictors and criteria and the improvement in the prediction obtained from applying regression mixture models compared to applying a conventional regression model