pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Detection of VHE gamma-ray emission from the distant blazar 1ES 1101-232 with HESS and broadband characterisation

Context.The blazar 1ES 1101-232 was observed with the High Energy Stereoscopic System (HESS) of Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (ACT) in 2004 and 2005, for a live time of 43 h. VHE (E > 1011 eV) $\gamma$-rays were detected for the first time from this object.\ud
Aims.VHE observations of blazars are used to investigate the inner parts of the blazar jets, and also to study the extragalactic background light (EBL) in the near-infrared band.\ud
Methods.Observations in 2005 were conducted in a multiwavelength campaign, together with the RXTE satellite and optical observations. In 2004, simultaneous observations with XMM-Newton were obtained.\ud
Results.1ES 1101-232 was detected with HESS with an excess of 649 photons, at a significance of 10$\sigma$. The measured VHE $\gamma$-ray flux amounts to ${\rm d}N/{\rm d}E$ = (5.63 $\pm$ 0.89) $\times$ 10-13 $(E/{\rm TeV})^{-(2.94\pm0.20)}$ cm-2 s-1 TeV-1, above a spectral energy threshold of 225 GeV. No significant variation of the VHE $\gamma$-ray flux on any time scale was found. 1ES 1101-232 exhibits a very hard spectrum, and at a redshift of z = 0.186, is the blazar with the highest confirmed redshift detected in VHE $\gamma$-rays so far.\ud
Conclusions.The data allow the construction of truly simultaneous spectral energy distributions of the source, from the optical to the VHE band. Using an EBL model with $\nu F_{\nu}$ = 14 nWm-2 sr-1 at 1.5$~\mu$m as presented in Aharonian et al. (2006a) suggests an intrinsic VHE power output peak of the source at above 3 TeV.Peer-reviewedPublisher Version5354
Sovereign credit ratings, market volatility, and financial gains.

The reaction of EU bond and equity market volatilities to sovereign rating announcements (Standard & Poor’s, Moody’s, and Fitch) is investigated using a panel of daily stock market and sovereign bond returns. The parametric volatilities are defined using EGARCH specifications. The estimation results show that upgrades do not have significant effects on volatility, but downgrades increase stock and bond market volatility. Contagion is present, and sovereign rating announcements create interdependence among European financial markets with upgrades (downgrades) in one country leading to a decrease (increase) in volatility in other countries. The empirical results show also a financial gain and risk (value-at-risk) reduction for portfolio returns when taking into account sovereign credit ratings’ information for volatility modelling, with financial gains decreasing with higher risk aversion
750 GeV Diphoton excess from Gauged $B-L$ Symmetry

We show that the recently observed 750 GeV diphoton excess at LHC can be due
to the decay of a $SU(2)_L$ singlet scalar particle having 3 units of charge
under gauged $B - L$ symmetry. Such a particle arises as an essential
ingredient of recently studied gauged $B -L$ extension of the Standard Model
with unconventional charge assignment for right handed neutrinos. Apart from
being one of the simplest extensions of the Standard Model, the model also
contains a dark matter candidate and Dirac neutrinos with naturally small
masses.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures, Section 4 expanded, Conclusions unchanged,
  matches published versio
Search for $B_c^+$ decays to the $p\bar p\pi^+$ final state

A search for the decays of the $B_c^+$ meson to $p\bar p\pi^+$ is performed
for the first time using a data sample corresponding to an integrated
luminosity of 3.0 $\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$ collected by the LHCb experiment in $pp$
collisions at centre-of-mass energies of $7$ and $8$ TeV. No signal is found
and an upper limit, at 95\% confidence level, is set,
$\frac{f_c}{f_u}\times\mathcal{B}(B_c^+\to p\bar p\pi^+)<3.6\times10^{-8}$ in
the kinematic region $m(p\bar p)<2.85\mathrm{\,Ge\kern -0.1em V\!/}c^2$,
$p_{\rm T}(B)<20\mathrm{\,Ge\kern -0.1em V\!/}c$ and $2.0<y(B)<4.5$, where
$\mathcal{B}$ is the branching fraction and $f_c$ ($f_u$) is the fragmentation
fraction of the $b$ quark into a $B_c^+$ ($B^+$) meson.Comment: All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and
  additional information, are available at
  https://lhcbproject.web.cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/LHCbProjectPublic/LHCb-PAPER-2016-001.htm
Pleasure and the control of food intake: an embodied cognition approach to consumer self-regulation

Consumers try to avoid temptation when exposed to appetizing foods by diverting their attention away from their senses (e.g., sight, smell, mouthfeel) and bodily states (e.g., state of arousal, salivation) in order to focus on their longer-term goals (e.g., eating healthily, achieving an ideal body weight). However, when not including sensations in their decisionmaking processes, consumers risk depleting their self-regulatory resources, potentially leading to unhealthy food choices. Conversely, based on the concept of ‘embodied selfregulation’, it is suggest that considering bodily states may help consumers regulate their food choices more effectively. A new model is proposed that facilitates understanding observed consumer behavior and the success or failure of self-control in food intake. It is argued that bodily states and sensory information should be considered when modeling consumer behavior and developing health-related advocacy and communication campaigns. The model proposed here leads to new perspectives on consumer consumption behavior and health policy research and strategies
Absence of Nodal signaling promotes precocious neural differentiation in the mouse embryo.

After implantation, mouse embryos deficient for the activity of the transforming growth factor-beta member Nodal fail to form both the mesoderm and the definitive endoderm. They also fail to specify the anterior visceral endoderm, a specialized signaling center which has been shown to be required for the establishment of anterior identity in the epiblast. Our study reveals that Nodal(-/-) epiblast cells nevertheless express prematurely and ectopically molecular markers specific of anterior fate. Our analysis shows that neural specification occurs and regional identities characteristic of the forebrain are established precociously in the Nodal(-/-) mutant with a sequential progression equivalent to that of wild-type embryo. When explanted and cultured in vitro, Nodal(-/-) epiblast cells readily differentiate into neurons. Genes normally transcribed in organizer-derived tissues, such as Gsc and Foxa2, are also expressed in Nodal(-/-) epiblast. The analysis of Nodal(-/-);Gsc(-/-) compound mutant embryos shows that Gsc activity plays no critical role in the acquisition of forebrain characters by Nodal-deficient cells. This study suggests that the initial steps of neural specification and forebrain development may take place well before gastrulation in the mouse and highlights a possible role for Nodal, at pregastrula stages, in the inhibition of anterior and neural fate determination
The Sun as a star: observations of white-light flares

International audienceContext. Solar flares radiate energy at all wavelengths, but the spectral distribution of this energy is still poorly known. White-light continuum emission is sometimes observed, and these flares are then called " white-light flares " (WLFs). Aims. We investigate if all flares are WLFs and how the radiated energy is distributed spectrally. Methods. We perform a superposed epoch analysis of spectral and total irradiance measurements obtained since 1996 by the SOHO and GOES spacecraft at various wavelengths, from soft X-rays to the visible domain. Results. The long-term record of solar irradiance and the excellent duty cycle of the measurements allow us to detect a signal in visible irradiance even for moderate (C-class) flares mainly during the impulsive phase. We identify this signal as continuum emission emitted by WLFs and find that it is consistent with a blackbody emission at ∼9000 K. We estimate the contribution of the WL continuum for several sets of flares and find it to be about 70% of the total radiated energy. We re-analyse the X17 flare that occurred on 28 October 2003 and find similar results. Conclusions. We show that most of the flares – if not all – are WLFs and that the white-light continuum is the main contributor to the total radiated energy; this continuum is consistent with a blackbody spectrum at ∼9000 K. These observational results are important for understanding the physical mechanisms during flares and possibly suggest a contribution of flares to the variations of the total solar irradiance (TSI)
Measurement of the triple-differential cross section for photon+jets production in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV

A measurement of the triple-differential cross section, d3σ/(dpγTdηγdηjet), in photon + jets final states using a data sample from proton-proton collisions at s√ = 7 TeV is presented. This sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 2.14 fb−1 collected by the CMS detector at the LHC. Photons and jets are reconstructed within a pseudorapidity range of |η| < 2.5, and are required to have transverse momenta in the range 40 < pjetT < 300 GeV and pjetT > 30 GeV, respectively. The measurements are compared to theoretical predictions from the sherpa leading-order QCD Monte Carlo event generator and the next-to-leading-order perturbative QCD calculation from jetphox. The predictions are found to be consistent with the data over most of the examined kinematic region
The Herschel Virgo Cluster survey, XVIII : star-forming dwarf galaxies in a cluster environment

To assess the effects of the cluster environment on the different components of the interstellar medium, we analyse the far infrared (FIR) and submillimetre (submrn) properties of a sample of star-forming dwarf galaxies detected by the Herschel Virgo Cluster Survey (HeViCS). We determine dust masses and dust temperatures by fitting a modified black body function to the spectral energy distributions (SEDs). Stellar and gas masses, star formation rates (SERs), and metallicams are obtained from the analysis of a set of ancillary data. Dust is detected in 49 out of a total 140 optically identified dwarfs covered by the HeViCS field; considering only dwarfs brighter than rn8 = 18 rnag, this gives a detection rate of 43%, After evaluating different emissivity indices. we find that the FIR-submin SEDs are best-tit by. beta = 1.5, with a median dust temperature 7'd = 22.4 K. Assuming /3 = 1.5, 67% of the 23 galaxies detected in all five Herschel bands show emission at 500 mu m in excess of the modified black body model. The fraction of galaxies with a submillimetre excess decreases for lower values of 13, while a similarly high fraction (54(4) is found if a beta-free SED modelling is applied. The excess is inversely correlated with SFR and stellar masses. To study the variations in the global properties of our sample that come from environmental effects, we compare the Virgo dwarfs to other Herschel surveys, such as the Key Insights into Nearby Galaxies: Far-Infrared Survey with Herschel (KINGFISH), the Dwarf Galaxy Survey (DGS), and the fleViCS Bright Galaxy Catalogue (BGC). We explore the relations between stellar mass and HI fraction, specific star formation rate. dust fraction, gas-to-dust ratio over a wide range of stellar masses (from 10(7) to 10(11) M-circle dot) for both dwarfs and spirals. Highly Hi deficient Virgo dwarf galaxies are mostly characterised by quenched star formation activity and lower dust fractions giving hints for dust stripping in cluster dwarfs. However, to explain the large dust-to-gas mass ratios observed in these systems, we find that the fraction of dust removed has to be less than that of the HI component. The cluster environment seems to mostly affect the gas component and star formation activity of the dwarfs. Since the Virgo star-forming dwarfs are likely to be crossing the cluster for the first time, a longer timescale might be necessary to strip the more centrally concentrated dust distribution
Variety-skill complementarity: a simple resolution of the trade-wage inequality anomaly

The Stolper–Samuelson theorem predicts that the relative wage of high-skilled to low-skilled labor will increase in the high-skill abundant US but decrease in low-skill abundant Mexico after trade liberalization, while it actually began to rise in both countries in the late 1980s. We present a simple resolution of this “trade-wage inequality anomaly” in a model of variety trade. Variety trade increases the variety of intermediate goods used by the final good. If the varieties and high-skilled labor are complements, the skill premium rises in both countries. This linking of imports of new foreign varieties—the extensive margin—to wage inequality is compatible with evidence. Our numerical examples illustrate that small amounts of variety trade can produce a significant increase in relative wage
On the distributional properties of size, profit and growth of Icelandic firm

In this paper, we analyze the distributional properties of the balance sheets of Icelandic firms by performing an empirical analysis of total assets, profit rates and growth rates using a data set of 2,818 Icelandic firms during the period 2000–2009. We find that the firms size measure, i.e. total assets, have the same heavy tail characteristics as various studies have shown, e.g. for US and Italian firms. The heavy tail nature of the total assets distribution seems to be robust w.r.t. a boom-bust cycle of the economy as well as special characteristics of Icelandic firms, e.g. their relatively small size and private ownership. Another important finding is that the profit rates, or return on assets, of Icelandic firms follow a Laplace like distribution similar to US firms. Additionally, we identified deviations from the distributional regularities, namely the power law behavior of firms’ size and Laplacian distributions of growth and profit rates, during the booming period of the economy 2005–2007
W pair production cross-section and W branching fractions in e(+)e(-) interactions at 189 GeV

The cross-section for the process e+e- -> W+W- has been measured with the data sample collected by DELPHI at an average centre-of-mass energy of 189 GeV and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 155 pb^{-1}. Based on the 2392 events selected as WW candidates, the cross-section for the doubly resonant process e+e- -> W+W- has been measured to be 15.83 +- 0.38 (stat) +- 0.20 (syst) pb. The branching fractions of the W decay were also measured and found to be in good agreement with the Standard Model expectation. From these a value of the CKM mixing matrix element |V_{cs}| = 1.001 +- 0.040 (stat) +- 0.020 (syst) was derived
Measurement of the cross section for top-quark pair production in pp collisions at root s=7 TeV with the ATLAS detector using final states with two high-p(T) leptons

A measurement is reported of the production cross section of top-quark pairs (t (t) over bar) in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. Candidate events have a signature consistent with containing two isolated leptons, large missing transverse momentum, and at least two jets. Using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 0.70 fb(-1), a t (t) over bar production cross section sigma(t (t) over bar) = 176 +/- 5(stat.)(-11)(+14)(syst.) +/- 8(lum.) pb is measured for an assumed top-quark mass of m(t) = 172.5 GeV. This measurement is in good agreement with Standard Model predictions
Extraction of K -> pi pi matrix elements with Wilson fermions

We present the status of a lattice calculation for the K --> pipi matrix elements of the DeltaS=1 effective weak Hamiltonian, directly with two pion in the final state. We study the energy shift of two pion in a finite volume both in the I=0 and I=2 channels. We explain a method to avoid the Goldstone pole contamination in the computation of renormalization constants for DeltaI=3/2 operators. Finally we show some preliminary results for the matrix elements of DeltaI=1/2 operators. Our quenched simulation is done at beta=6.0, on a 24(3) x 64 lattice
Low Temperature Magnetic Studies on PbFe0.5Nb0.5O3 Multiferroic

PbFe0.5Nb0.5O3 (PFN), a well-known A(B'1/2B?1/2)O3 type multiferroic, was successfully synthesized in single phase by a single step solid state reaction method. The single phase PFN was characterized through XRD, microstructure through SEM, and magnetic studies were carried out through a temperature dependent vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and neutron diffraction (ND) measurements. PFN exhibits a cusp at around 150 K in the temperature dependent magnetic susceptibility corresponding to the Néel temperature (TN1) and another peak around 10 K (TN2) corresponding to spin-glass like transition. In the temperature dependent ND studies, a magnetic Bragg peak appears at Q=1.35 Å-1 (where Q=4psin?/?, is called the scattering vector) below TN (150 K) implying antiferromagnetic (AFM) ordering in the system. On the basis of Rietveld analysis of the ND data at T=2 K, the magnetic structure of PFN could be explained by a G-type antiferromagnetic structure
An analysis of Born-Infeld determinantal gravity in Weitzenbock
  spacetime

The Born-Infeld theory of the gravitational field formulated in Weitzenbock
spacetime is studied in detail. The action, constructed quadratically upon the
torsion two-form, reduces to Einstein gravity in the low field limit where the
Born-Infeld constant goes to infinity, and it is described by second order
field equations for the vielbein field in $D$ spacetime dimensions. The
equations of motion are derived, and a number of properties coming from them
are discussed. In particular, we show that under fairly general circumstances,
the equations of motion are those of Einstein's General Relativity plus an
energy-momentum tensor of purely geometrical character. This tensor is obtained
solely from the parallelization defining the spacetime structure, which is
encoded in a set of D smooth, everywhere non-null, globally defined 1-forms.
Spherical symmetry is studied as an example, and we comment on the emergence of
the Schwarzschild geometry within this framework. Potential (regular)
extensions of it are envisioned.Comment: 8 pages, no figures. Additional comments at the end of Sec. II. Two
  more references are included. Accepted in PL
Reliability of measurement of endothelial function across multiple institutions and establishment of reference values in Japanese.

Supplementary data related to this article can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.08.001.AIMS: For the standardization of flow-mediated vasodilatation (FMD) assessment as a clinical tool, validation of its reliability across multiple institutions and the establishment of normal/reference values based on reliable data from multiple institutions are needed. METHODS AND RESULTS: In Study 1, assessment of FMD (scan recording and analysis) using an ultrasonographic semi-automatic measuring system (sFMD) was conducted at 18 participating institutions (sFMD-INST) (n = 981). All of the brachial arterial scans were also analyzed at a core laboratory (sFMD-COLB). After 111 subjects with inadequate sFMD recordings were excluded (n = 880), the correlation between the sFMD-INST and sFMD-COLB improved from R = 0.725 to R = 0.838 (p < 0.001). In Study 2, based on good-quality sFMD data obtained from 6660 subjects without cardiovascular disease (CVD) and 729 subjects with CVD from 27 institutions, reference values of sFMD are proposed by the Framingham risk score (FRS)-based risk categories and according to gender and age. The receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis revealed a significant power of sFMD values in reference ranges to discriminate between subjects with and without CVD (e.g., area under curve = 0.64 in the FRS-low risk group). CONCLUSIONS: When the analysis was limited to cases with clear sFMD recordings, the reliability of the sFMD assessment (scan and its analysis) conducted in individual institutions appeared to be acceptable. Reference sFMD values (lower cuff occlusion) for the Japanese population are proposed based on reliable data derived from multiple institutions, and the reference values may identify patients without advanced vascular damage.The present study was supported by the Japanese Atherosclerosis Prevention Research Fund (A study of Multi-center Assessment on the Clinical Usefulness of Semi-automatic Measurement of Flow-mediated Vasodilatation of the Brachial Artery: FMD-J study).Peer-reviewedPublisher Versio
Planck 2015 results. I. Overview of products and scientific results

The European Space Agency???s Planck satellite, which is dedicated to studying the early Universe and its subsequent evolution, was launched on 14 May 2009. It scanned the microwave and submillimetre sky continuously between 12 August 2009 and 23 October 2013. In February 2015, ESA and the Planck Collaboration released the second set of cosmology products based ondata from the entire Planck mission, including both temperature and polarization, along with a set of scientific and technical papers and a web-based explanatory supplement. This paper gives an overview of the main characteristics of the data and the data products in the release, as well as the associated cosmological and astrophysical science results and papers. The data products include maps of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), the thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect, diffuse foregrounds in temperature and polarization, catalogues of compact Galactic and extragalactic sources (including separate catalogues of Sunyaev-Zeldovich clusters and Galactic cold clumps), and extensive simulations of signals and noise used in assessing uncertainties and the performance of the analysis methods. The likelihood code used to assess cosmological models against the Planck data is described, along with a CMB lensing likelihood. Scientific results include cosmological parameters derived from CMB power spectra, gravitational lensing, and cluster counts, as well as constraints on inflation, non-Gaussianity, primordial magnetic fields, dark energy, and modified gravity, and new results on low-frequency Galactic foregrounds
BCL9/9L-β-catenin Signaling is Associated With Poor Outcome in Colorectal Cancer.

BCL9/9L proteins enhance the transcriptional output of the β-catenin/TCF transcriptional complex and contribute critically to upholding the high WNT signaling level required for stemness maintenance in the intestinal epithelium. Here we show that a BCL9/9L-dependent gene signature derived from independent mouse colorectal cancer (CRC) models unprecedentedly separates patient subgroups with regard to progression free and overall survival. We found that this effect was by and large attributable to stemness related gene sets. Remarkably, this signature proved associated with recently described poor prognosis CRC subtypes exhibiting high stemness and/or epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) traits. Consistent with the notion that high WNT signaling is required for stemness maintenance, ablating Bcl9/9l-β-catenin in murine oncogenic intestinal organoids provoked their differentiation and completely abrogated their tumorigenicity, while not affecting their proliferation. Therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting WNT responses may be limited by intestinal toxicity. Our findings suggest that attenuating WNT signaling to an extent that affects stemness maintenance without disturbing intestinal renewal might be well tolerated and prove sufficient to reduce CRC recurrence and dramatically improve disease outcome