pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Measurement of dijet cross sections in pp collisions at 7 TeV centre-of-mass energy using the ATLAS detector

Double-differential dijet cross-sections measured in pp collisions at the LHC with a 7 TeV centre-of-mass energy are presented as functions of dijet mass and half the rapidity separation of the two highest-pT jets. These measurements are obtained using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.5 fb -1, recorded by the ATLAS detector in 2011. The data are corrected for detector effects so that cross-sections are presented at the particle level. Cross-sections are measured up to 5 TeV dijet mass using jets reconstructed with the anti-kt algorithm for values of the jet radius parameter of 0.4 and 0.6. The cross-sections are compared with next-to-leading-order perturbative QCD calculations by NLOJet++ corrected to account for non-perturbative effects. Comparisons with POWHEG predictions, using a next-to-leading-order matrix element calculation interfaced to a parton-shower Monte Carlo simulation, are also shown. Electroweak effects are accounted for in both cases. The quantitative comparison of data and theoretical predictions obtained using various parameterizations of the parton distribution functions is performed using a frequentist method. In general, good agreement with data is observed for the NLOJet++ theoretical predictions when using the CT10, NNPDF2.1 and MSTW 2008 PDF sets. Disagreement is observed when using the ABM11 and HERAPDF1.5 PDF sets for some ranges of dijet mass and half the rapidity separation. An example setting a lower limit on the compositeness scale for a model of contact interactions is presented, showing that the unfolded results can be used to constrain contributions to dijet production beyond that predicted by the Standard Model.G. Aad … P. Jackson … L. Lee … A. Petridis … N. Soni ... M. White ... et al. (The ATLAS Collaboration
Measurement of exclusive γγ → ℓ+ℓ− production in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

This Letter reports a measurement of the exclusive γγ → ℓ+ℓ− (ℓ = e, μ) cross-section in proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC, based on an integrated luminosity of 4.6 fb−1. For the electron or muon pairs satisfying exclusive selection criteria, a fit to the dilepton acoplanarity distribution is used to extract the fiducial cross-sections. The cross-section in the electron channel is determined to be σexcl. γγ→e+e− = 0.428 ± 0.035 (stat.) ± 0.018 (syst.) pb for a phase–space region with invariant mass of the electron pairs greater than 24 GeV, in which both electrons have transverse momentum pT > 12 GeV and pseudorapidity |η| < 2.4. For muon pairs with invariant mass greater than 20 GeV, muon transverse momentum pT > 10 GeV and pseudorapidity |η| < 2.4, the cross-section is determined to be σexcl. γγ→μ+μ− = 0.628 ± 0.032 (stat.) ± 0.021 (syst.) pb. When proton absorptive effects due to the finite size of the proton are taken into account in the theory calculation, the measured cross-sections are found to be consistent with the theory predictionWe acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, DNSRC and Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark; EPLANET, ERC and NSRF, European Union; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNSF, Georgia; BMBF, DFG, HGF, MPG and AvH Foundation, Germany; GSRT and NSRF, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, MINERVA, GIF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy;
MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; BRF and RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; GRICES and FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MSTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZŠ, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SER, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; NSC, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN and the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA) and in the Tier-2 facilities worldwid
J/ψ   suppression at forward rapidity in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN=5.02 TeV

The inclusive J/ψ   production has been studied in Pb–Pb and pp collisions at the centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair √sNN=5.02 TeV, using the ALICE detector at the CERN LHC. The J/ψ   meson is reconstructed, in the centre-of-mass rapidity interval 2.5<y<42.5<y<4 and in the transverse-momentum range pT<12 GeV/cpT<12 GeV/c, via its decay to a muon pair. In this Letter, we present results on the inclusive J/ψ   cross section in pp collisions at √sNN=5.02 TeV and on the nuclear modification factor RAA. The latter is presented as a function of the centrality of the collision and, for central collisions, as a function of the transverse momentum pTpT of the J/ψ  . The measured RAA values indicate a suppression of the J/ψ   in nuclear collisions and are then compared to our previous results obtained in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76 TeV. The ratio of the RAA values at the two energies is also computed and compared to calculations of statistical and dynamical models. The numerical value of the ratio for central events (0–10% centrality) is 1.17±0.04(stat)±0.20(syst)1.17±0.04(stat)±0.20(syst). In central events, as a function of pTpT, a slight increase of RAA with collision energy is visible in the region 2<pT<6 GeV/c2<pT<6 GeV/c. Theoretical calculations qualitatively describe the measurements, within uncertainties
A note on the Mordell–Weil rank modulo n

AbstractConjecturally, the parity of the Mordell–Weil rank of an elliptic curve over a number field K is determined by its root number. The root number is a product of local root numbers, so the rank modulo 2 is (conjecturally) the sum over all places of K of a function of elliptic curves over local fields. This note shows that there can be no analogue for the rank modulo 3, 4 or 5, or for the rank itself. In fact, standard conjectures for elliptic curves imply that there is no analogue modulo n for any n>2, so this is purely a parity phenomenon
The Instantaneous wave-Free Ratio (iFR) pullback: a novel innovation using baseline physiology to optimise coronary angioplasty in tandem lesions

AbstractCoronary intervention is increasingly performed in complex disease with tandem and diffuse disease. Pressure wires enable detailed assessment of the physiological significance of a stenosis but in the presence of tandem disease, predicting the impact of a stenting a given stenosis can be difficult and is impeded by flow interaction between stenoses under hyperemia. In this review, we consider the physiological difficulties posed by flow interaction under hyperemia and consider alternative approaches such as assessment under baseline conditions. Specifically we consider the potential value of the iFR-Pullback approach and its capacity to enable Virtual-PCI, which may assist in planning intervention
Search for direct production of charginos and neutralinos in events with three leptons and missing transverse momentum in s=7 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

AbstractA search for the direct production of charginos and neutralinos in final states with three electrons or muons and missing transverse momentum is presented. The analysis is based on 4.7 fb−1 of s=7 TeV proton–proton collision data delivered by the Large Hadron Collider and recorded with the ATLAS detector. Observations are consistent with Standard Model expectations in three signal regions that are either depleted or enriched in Z-boson decays. Upper limits at 95% confidence level are set in R-parity conserving phenomenological minimal supersymmetric models and in simplified models, significantly extending previous results
Measurement of the absolute differential cross section of proton–proton elastic scattering at small angles

AbstractThe differential cross section for proton–proton elastic scattering has been measured at a beam kinetic energy of 1.0 GeV and in 200 MeV steps from 1.6 to 2.8 GeV for centre-of-mass angles in the range from 12°–16° to 25°–30°, depending on the energy. A precision in the overall normalisation of typically 3% was achieved by studying the energy losses of the circulating beam of the COSY storage ring as it passed repeatedly through the windowless hydrogen target of the ANKE magnetic spectrometer. It is shown that the data have a significant impact upon the results of a partial wave analysis. After extrapolating the differential cross sections to the forward direction, the results are broadly compatible with the predictions of forward dispersion relations
AGATA—Advanced GAmma Tracking Array

AbstractThe Advanced GAmma Tracking Array (AGATA) is a European project to develop and operate the next generation γ-ray spectrometer. AGATA is based on the technique of γ-ray energy tracking in electrically segmented high-purity germanium crystals. This technique requires the accurate determination of the energy, time and position of every interaction as a γ ray deposits its energy within the detector volume. Reconstruction of the full interaction path results in a detector with very high efficiency and excellent spectral response. The realisation of γ-ray tracking and AGATA is a result of many technical advances. These include the development of encapsulated highly segmented germanium detectors assembled in a triple cluster detector cryostat, an electronics system with fast digital sampling and a data acquisition system to process the data at a high rate. The full characterisation of the crystals was measured and compared with detector-response simulations. This enabled pulse-shape analysis algorithms, to extract energy, time and position, to be employed. In addition, tracking algorithms for event reconstruction were developed. The first phase of AGATA is now complete and operational in its first physics campaign. In the future AGATA will be moved between laboratories in Europe and operated in a series of campaigns to take advantage of the different beams and facilities available to maximise its science output. The paper reviews all the achievements made in the AGATA project including all the necessary infrastructure to operate and support the spectrometer
Vulnerability and policy relevance to drought in the semi-arid tropics of Asia – A retrospective analysis

AbstractOf all the natural hazards, drought affects the maximum number of people globally causing devastating impacts. It is a reality that drought results in sets of socio-economic impacts starting with crop-yield failure, unemployment, erosion of assets, income decrease, poor nutrition and decreasing risk absorptive capacity, thereby increasing the vulnerability of the community. This paper gives a brief of the existing approaches that focus on vulnerability and impact assessment aid to characterize and identify regions, sectors and communities which are at risk for drought currently and in the future. It also discusses the limitation, constraints and pre-requisites in these approaches and highlights the importance of micro-level information to have a more realistic understanding of impact and vulnerability through illustration, with reference to the recent study conducted by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). This exercise will provide a guiding framework for devising action plans to improve adaptive capacity among vulnerable populations
Links between Tumor Suppressors p53 Is Required for TGF-β Gene Responses by Cooperating with Smads

AbstractThe p53 tumor suppressor belongs to a family of proteins that sense multiple cellular inputs to regulate cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. Whether and how these functions of p53 intersect with the activity of extracellular growth factors is not understood. Here, we report that key cellular responses to TGF-β signals rely on p53 family members. During Xenopus embryonic development, p53 promotes the activation of multiple TGF-β target genes. Moreover, mesoderm differentiation is inhibited in p53-depleted embryos. In mammalian cells, the full transcriptional activation of the CDK inhibitor p21WAF1 by TGF-β requires p53. p53-deficient cells display an impaired cytostatic response to TGF-β signals. Smad and p53 protein complexes converge on separate cis binding elements on a target promoter and synergistically activate TGF-β induced transcription. p53 can physically interact in vivo with Smad2 in a TGF-β-dependent fashion. The results unveil a previously unrecognized link between two primary tumor suppressor pathways in vertebrates
Solving the Altarelli–Parisi equations with truncated moments

AbstractThe technique of truncated moments of parton distributions allows us to study scaling violations without making any assumption on the shape of parton distributions. The numerical implementation of the method is, however, difficult, since the evolution equations for truncated moments are not diagonal. We present a simple way to improve the efficiency of the numerical solution of the evolution equations for truncated moments. As a result, the number of truncated moments needed to achieve the required precision in the evolution is significantly smaller than in the original formulation of the technique. The method presented here can also be used to obtain the value of parton distributions in terms of truncated moments, and, therefore, it can be viewed as a technique for the solution of the Altarelli–Parisi equations
Gender Differences in Test Anxiety and Their Impact on Higher Education Students’ Academic Achievement

AbstractTest anxiety has detrimental effects on the academic performance of many university students. Moreover, female students usually report higher levels of test anxiety than do their male peers. The present study examined gender differences in test, trait, and math anxiety among university students, as well as differences in their academic achievement. Participants were 168 students from the University of Barcelona, all of whom completed measures of test anxiety, math anxiety, and trait anxiety. They were also asked about their expected level of anxiety when faced with four specific test situations: multiple-choice, open-question, oral presentation, and an exam involving calculations. At the end of the course in which they were enrolled, students were assessed through a multiple-choice and an open-question exam. Compared with their male counterparts, female students reported higher levels of test, math, and trait anxiety, as well as greater expected anxiety in three of the four test situations considered. However, females did not show lower academic achievement than male students in either the open-question or the multiple-choice exams. These results are discussed in terms of gender differences in socialization patterns and coping styles
CLIP-115, a Novel Brain-Specific Cytoplasmic Linker Protein, Mediates the Localization of Dendritic Lamellar Bodies

AbstractIntracellular localization of organelles may depend in part on specific cytoplasmic linker proteins (CLIPs) that link membranous organelles to microtubules. Here, we characterize rat cDNAs encoding a novel, brain-specific CLIP of 115 kDa. This protein contains two N-terminal microtubule-binding domains and a long coiled-coil region; it binds to microtubules and is homologous to CLIP-170, a protein mediating the binding of endosomes to microtubules. CLIP-115 is enriched in the dendritic lamellar body (DLB), a recently discovered organelle predominantly present in bulbous dendritic appendages of neurons linked by dendrodendritic gap junctions. Local microtubule depolymerization leads to a temporary reduction of DLBs. These results suggest that CLIP-115 operates in the control of brain-specific organelle translocations
A fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based redox sensor reveals physiological role of thioredoxin in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

AbstractThe physiological roles of the thioredoxin isozymes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were investigated using a novel FRET-based redox probe, Redoxfluor. After establishing responsiveness of the probe toward thioredoxin, we followed the fluorescence signal of Redoxfluor expressed in the yeast and found that one of the thioredoxin isozymes, Trx2, was required for maintaining the redox status when stationary culture of the organism was exposed to starvation and mild-heat stresses. The failure to maintain redox balance under the tested condition preceded decreased viability of the trx2 mutants, indicating the functional importance of the cytoplasmic thioredoxin in adaptation to environmental changes
Top guns may not fire: Best-shot group contests with group-specific public good prizes

AbstractWe analyze a group contest in which n groups compete to win a group-specific public good prize. Group sizes can be different and any player may value the prize differently within and across groups. Players exert costly efforts simultaneously and independently. Only the highest effort (the best-shot) within each group represents the group effort that determines the winning group. We fully characterize the set of equilibria and show that in any equilibrium at most one player in each group exerts strictly positive effort. There always exists an equilibrium in which only the highest value player in each active group exerts strictly positive effort. However, perverse equilibria may exist in which the highest value players completely free-ride on others by exerting no effort. We provide conditions under which the set of equilibria can be restricted and discuss contest design implications
Neutron-induced Fission Cross Section of 240,242Pu

AbstractA sensitivity analysis for the new generation of fast reactors [Salvatores (2008)] has shown the importance of improved cross section data for several actinides. Among them, the 240,242Pu(n,f) cross sections require an accuracy improvement to 1-3% and 3-5%, respectively, from the current level of 6% and 20%. At the Van de Graaff facility of the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (JRC-IRMM) the fission cross section of the two isotopes was measured relative to two secondary standard reactions, 237Np(n,f) and 238U(n,f), using a twin Frisch-grid ionization chamber. The secondary standard reactions were benchmarked through measurements against the primary standard reaction 235U(n,f) in the same geometry. Sample masses were determined by means of low-geometry alpha counting or/and a 2π Frisch-grid ionization chamber, with an uncertainty lower than 2%. The neutron flux and the impact of scattering from material between source and target was examined, the largest effect having been found in cross section ratio measurements between a fissile and a fertile isotope. Our 240,242Pu(n,f) cross sections are in agreement with previous experimental results and slightly lower than present evaluations. In case of the 242Pu(n,f) reaction no evidence for a resonance at En=1.1 MeV was found
Glucose Utilization via Glycogen Phosphorylase Sustains Proliferation and Prevents Premature Senescence in Cancer Cells

SummaryMetabolic reprogramming of cancer cells provides energy and multiple intermediates critical for cell growth. Hypoxia in tumors represents a hostile environment that can encourage these transformations. We report that glycogen metabolism is upregulated in tumors in vivo and in cancer cells in vitro in response to hypoxia. In vitro, hypoxia induced an early accumulation of glycogen, followed by a gradual decline. Concordantly, glycogen synthase (GYS1) showed a rapid induction, followed by a later increase of glycogen phosphorylase (PYGL). PYGL depletion and the consequent glycogen accumulation led to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels that contributed to a p53-dependent induction of senescence and markedly impaired tumorigenesis in vivo. Metabolic analyses indicated that glycogen degradation by PYGL is important for the optimal function of the pentose phosphate pathway. Thus, glycogen metabolism is a key pathway induced by hypoxia, necessary for optimal glucose utilization, which represents a targetable mechanism of metabolic adaptation
Current use was established and Cochrane guidance on selection of social theories for systematic reviews of complex interventions was developed

AbstractObjectiveTo identify examples of how social theories are used in systematic reviews of complex interventions to inform production of Cochrane guidance.Study Design and SettingSecondary analysis of published/unpublished examples of theories of social phenomena for use in reviews of complex interventions identified through scoping searches, engagement with key authors and methodologists supplemented by snowballing and reference searching. Theories were classified (low-level, mid-range, grand).ResultsOver 100 theories were identified with evidence of proliferation over the last 5 years. New low-level theories (tools, taxonomies, etc) have been developed for classifying and reporting complex interventions. Numerous mid-range theories are used; one example demonstrated how control theory had changed the review's findings. Review-specific logic models are increasingly used, but these can be challenging to develop. New low-level and mid-range psychological theories of behavior change are evolving. No reviews using grand theory (e.g., feminist theory) were identified. We produced a searchable Wiki, Mendeley Inventory, and Cochrane guidance.ConclusionsUse of low-level theory is common and evolving; incorporation of mid-range theory is still the exception rather than the norm. Methodological work is needed to evaluate the contribution of theory. Choice of theory reflects personal preference; application of theory is a skilled endeavor
Communicative Texts’ Modelling of Engineering Profiles as a Methodological Problem

AbstractThe article presents methodological materials for teaching professional foreign language (Russian), which stimulate foreign students’ communicative competence in the sphere of educational and professional communication. The structure of texts in terms of their communicative purpose is analyzed and the subject of speech in the “fabric” of the text based on the example of texts in “General Electrical Engineering” is discussed. The proposed approach introduces international students to the particularities and traditions of the presentation of scientific and technical information adopted by Russian engineering schools as one factor in the development of language culture
Cellular Source and Mechanisms of High Transcriptome Complexity in the Mammalian Testis

SummaryUnderstanding the extent of genomic transcription and its functional relevance is a central goal in genomics research. However, detailed genome-wide investigations of transcriptome complexity in major mammalian organs have been scarce. Here, using extensive RNA-seq data, we show that transcription of the genome is substantially more widespread in the testis than in other organs across representative mammals. Furthermore, we reveal that meiotic spermatocytes and especially postmeiotic round spermatids have remarkably diverse transcriptomes, which explains the high transcriptome complexity of the testis as a whole. The widespread transcriptional activity in spermatocytes and spermatids encompasses protein-coding and long noncoding RNA genes but also poorly conserves intergenic sequences, suggesting that it may not be of immediate functional relevance. Rather, our analyses of genome-wide epigenetic data suggest that this prevalent transcription, which most likely promoted the birth of new genes during evolution, is facilitated by an overall permissive chromatin in these germ cells that results from extensive chromatin remodeling