pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Evidence for non-exponential elastic proton–proton differential cross-section at low |t| and s=8TeV by TOTEM

AbstractThe TOTEM experiment has made a precise measurement of the elastic proton–proton differential cross-section at the centre-of-mass energy s=8 TeV based on a high-statistics data sample obtained with the β⁎=90 m optics. Both the statistical and systematic uncertainties remain below 1%, except for the t-independent contribution from the overall normalisation. This unprecedented precision allows to exclude a purely exponential differential cross-section in the range of four-momentum transfer squared 0.027<|t|<0.2 GeV2 with a significance greater than 7 σ. Two extended parametrisations, with quadratic and cubic polynomials in the exponent, are shown to be well compatible with the data. Using them for the differential cross-section extrapolation to t=0, and further applying the optical theorem, yields total cross-section estimates of (101.5±2.1) mb and (101.9±2.1) mb, respectively, in agreement with previous TOTEM measurements
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Scorpion Toxin Recognition by the Ca2+-Activated Potassium Channel KCa3.1

AbstractThe Ca2+-activated channel of intermediate-conductance (KCa3.1) is a target for antisickling and immunosuppressant agents. Many small peptides isolated from animal venoms inhibit KCa3.1 with nanomolar affinities and are promising drug scaffolds. Although the inhibitory effect of peptide toxins on KCa3.1 has been examined extensively, the structural basis of toxin-channel recognition has not been understood in detail. Here, the binding modes of two selected scorpion toxins, charybdotoxin (ChTx) and OSK1, to human KCa3.1 are examined in atomic detail using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Employing a homology model of KCa3.1, we first determine conduction properties of the channel using Brownian dynamics and ascertain that the simulated results are in accord with experiment. The model structures of ChTx-KCa3.1 and OSK1-KCa3.1 complexes are then constructed using MD simulations biased with distance restraints. The ChTx-KCa3.1 complex predicted from biased MD is consistent with the crystal structure of ChTx bound to a voltage-gated K+ channel. The dissociation constants (Kd) for the binding of both ChTx and OSK1 to KCa3.1 determined experimentally are reproduced within fivefold using potential of mean force calculations. Making use of the knowledge we gained by studying the ChTx-KCa3.1 complex, we attempt to enhance the binding affinity of the toxin by carrying out a theoretical mutagenesis. A mutant toxin, in which the positions of two amino acid residues are interchanged, exhibits a 35-fold lower Kd value for KCa3.1 than that of the wild-type. This study provides insight into the key molecular determinants for the high-affinity binding of peptide toxins to KCa3.1, and demonstrates the power of computational methods in the design of novel toxins
Asymptotic conformal invariance in a non-Abelian Chern–Simons-matter model

AbstractOne shows here the existence of solutions to the Callan–Symanzik equation for the non-Abelian SU(2) Chern–Simons-matter model which exhibits asymptotic conformal invariance to every order in perturbative theory. The conformal symmetry in the classical domain is shown to hold by means of a local criteria based on the trace of the energy–momentum tensor. By using the recently exhibited regimes for the dependence between the several couplings in which the set of β-functions vanish, the asymptotic conformal invariance of the model appears to be valid in the quantum domain. By considering the SU(n) case the possible non validity of the proof for a particular n would be merely accidental
Modeling information exchange opportunities for effective human–computer teamwork

AbstractThis paper studies information exchange in collaborative group activities involving mixed networks of people and computer agents. It introduces the concept of “nearly decomposable” decision-making problems to address the complexity of information exchange decisions in such multi-agent settings. This class of decision-making problems arise in settings which have an action structure that requires agents to reason about only a subset of their partnersʼ actions – but otherwise allows them to act independently. The paper presents a formal model of nearly decomposable decision-making problems, NED-MDPs, and defines an approximation algorithm, NED-DECOP that computes efficient information exchange strategies. The paper shows that NED-DECOP is more efficient than prior collaborative planning algorithms for this class of problem. It presents an empirical study of the information exchange decisions made by the algorithm that investigates the extent to which people accept interruption requests from a computer agent. The context for the study is a game in which the agent can ask people for information that may benefit its individual performance and thus the groupʼs collaboration. This study revealed the key factors affecting peopleʼs perception of the benefit of interruptions in this setting. The paper also describes the use of machine learning to predict the situations in which people deviate from the strategies generated by the algorithm, using a combination of domain features and features informed by the algorithm. The methodology followed in this work could form the basis for designing agents that effectively exchange information in collaborations with people
Data for the crystal structure of APRIL–BAFF–BAFF heterotrimer

AbstractThe TNF family ligands B cell activation factor (BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) modulate B cell function by forming homotrimers and heterotrimers. To determine the structure of a heterotrimer of BAFF and APRIL, these ligands were expressed as a single chain protein in HEK 293 cells, purified by affinity and size exclusion chromatographies, and crystallized. Crystals belonging to the orthorhombic crystal system with a space group of C2221 diffracted to 2.43 Å. Initial structural solution was obtained by the molecular replacement method, and the structure was further refined to an R factor of 0.179 and free R factor of 0.234. The atomic coordinates and structure factors have been deposited into the Protein Data Bank (accession code 4ZCH)
Can health equity survive epidemiology? Standards of proof and social determinants of health

AbstractObjectiveThis article examines how epidemiological evidence is and should be used in the context of increasing concern for health equity and for social determinants of health.MethodA research literature on use of scientific evidence of “environmental risks” is outlined, and key issues compared with those that arise with respect to social determinants of health.ResultsThe issue sets are very similar. Both involve the choice of a standard of proof, and the corollary need to make value judgments about how to address uncertainty in the context of “the inevitability of being wrong,” at least some of the time, and to consider evidence from multiple kinds of research design. The nature of such value judgments and the need for methodological pluralism are incompletely understood.ConclusionResponsible policy analysis and interpretation of scientific evidence require explicit consideration of the ethical issues involved in choosing a standard of proof. Because of the stakes involved, such choices often become contested political terrain. Comparative research on how those choices are made will be valuable
Zc(3900): What has been really seen?

AbstractThe Zc±(3900)/Zc±(3885) resonant structure has been experimentally observed in the Y(4260)→J/ψππ and Y(4260)→D¯⁎Dπ decays. This structure is intriguing since it is a prominent candidate of an exotic hadron. Yet, its nature is unclear so far. In this work, we simultaneously describe the D¯⁎D and J/ψπ invariant mass distributions in which the Zc peak is seen using amplitudes with exact unitarity. Two different scenarios are statistically acceptable, where the origin of the Zc state is different. They correspond to using energy dependent or independent D¯⁎D S-wave interaction. In the first one, the Zc peak is due to a resonance with a mass around the DD¯⁎ threshold. In the second one, the Zc peak is produced by a virtual state which must have a hadronic molecular nature. In both cases the two observations, Zc±(3900) and Zc±(3885), are shown to have the same common origin, and a D¯⁎D bound state solution is not allowed. Precise measurements of the line shapes around the DD¯⁎ threshold are called for in order to understand the nature of this state
Status of double beta decay experiments using isotopes other than 136Xe

AbstractNeutrinoless double beta decay is a lepton-number violating process predicted by many extensions of the standard model. It is actively searched for in several candidate isotopes within many experimental projects. The status of the experimental initiatives which are looking for the neutrinoless double beta decay in isotopes other than 136Xe is reviewed, with special emphasis given to the projects that passed the R&D phase.The results recently released by the experiment Gerda  are also summarized and discussed. The Gerda  data give no positive indication of neutrinoless double beta decay of 76Ge and disfavor in a model-independent way the long-standing observation claim on the same isotope. The lower limit reported by Gerda  for the half-life of neutrinoless double beta decay of 76Ge is T1/20ν>2.1⋅1025yr (90% C.L.), or T1/20ν>3.0⋅1025yr, when combined with the results of other 76Ge predecessor experiments
Quantitative study of valence and configuration interaction parameters of the Kondo semiconductors CeM2Al10 (M=Ru, Os and Fe) by means of bulk-sensitive hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

AbstractThe occupancy of the 4fn contributions in the Kondo semiconductors CeM2Al10 (M=Ru, Os and Fe) has been quantitatively determined by means of bulk-sensitive hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) on the Ce 3d core levels. Combining a configuration interaction scheme with full multiplet calculations allowed to accurately describe the HAXPES data despite the presence of strong plasmon excitations in the spectra. The configuration interaction parameters obtained from this analysis – in particular the hybridization strength Veff and the effective f binding energy Δf – indicate a slightly stronger exchange interaction in CeOs2Al10 compared to CeRu2Al10, and a significant increase in CeFe2Al10. This shows the existence of a substantial amount of Kondo screening in these magnetically ordered systems and places the entire CeM2Al10 family in the region of strong exchange interactions
Contribution of Major Lifestyle Risk Factors for Incident Heart Failure in Older Adults The Cardiovascular Health Study

AbstractObjectivesThe goal of this study was to determine the relative contribution of major lifestyle factors on the development of heart failure (HF) in older adults.BackgroundHF incurs high morbidity, mortality, and health care costs among adults ≥65 years of age, which is the most rapidly growing segment of the U.S. population.MethodsWe prospectively investigated separate and combined associations of lifestyle risk factors with incident HF (1,380 cases) over 21.5 years among 4,490 men and women in the Cardiovascular Health Study, which is a community-based cohort of older adults. Lifestyle factors included 4 dietary patterns (Alternative Healthy Eating Index, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, an American Heart Association 2020 dietary goals score, and a Biologic pattern, which was constructed using previous knowledge of cardiovascular disease dietary risk factors), 4 physical activity metrics (exercise intensity, walking pace, energy expended in leisure activity, and walking distance), alcohol intake, smoking, and obesity.ResultsNo dietary pattern was associated with developing HF (p > 0.05). Walking pace and leisure activity were associated with a 26% and 22% lower risk of HF, respectively (pace >3 mph vs. <2 mph; hazard ratio [HR]: 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.63 to 0.86; leisure activity ≥845 kcal/week vs. <845 kcal/week; HR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.69 to 0.87). Modest alcohol intake, maintaining a body mass index <30 kg/m2, and not smoking were also independently associated with a lower risk of HF. Participants with ≥4 healthy lifestyle factors had a 45% (HR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.42 to 0.74) lower risk of HF. Heterogeneity by age, sex, cardiovascular disease, hypertension medication use, and diabetes was not observed.ConclusionsAmong older U.S. adults, physical activity, modest alcohol intake, avoiding obesity, and not smoking, but not dietary patterns, were associated with a lower risk of HF
The Classic: Observations on Pathogenesis and Treatment of Congenital Clubfoot

This Classic article is a reprint of the original work by Ignacio V. Ponseti and Jeronimo Campos, Observations on Pathogenesis and Treatment of Congenital Clubfoot. An accompanying biographical sketch on Ignacio V. Ponseti, MD, is available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-009-0719-8 and a second Classic article is available at 10.1007/s11999-009-0720-2. This article is ©1972 by Lippincott Williams and Wilkins and is reprinted with permission from Ponseti IV, Campos J. Observations on Pathogenesis and Treatment of Congenital Clubfoot. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1972;84:50–60
Validation of 241Am Capture Cross Section through Integral Test Using Criticality Data of Light-water Moderated MOX Cores

AbstractIn the development of JENDL-4.0, the thermal and resonance capture cross section of 241Am was increased by about 8-9% to reduce the overestimation of criticality observed in the MOX-Fueled light-water-moderated cores using 241Am-rich plutonium-fuel.The revised data gives the better results of criticality prediction for those cores than that with JENDL-3.3. The Pu ageing problem was also investigated using the revised data. This problem is that the calculated k-effs for critical MOX cores with different experiment dates showed the tendency of increase with time. The change of k-eff in seven years was about 0.2%dk/k with JENDL-3.3 and it was reduced to about 0.1%dk/k with JENDL-4.0. These results show that the revision of 241Am capture cross section seemed to be successful, although there still remains the tendency of k-eff increase with time. On the other hand, the recent measurement of thermal and resonance capture cross section of 241Am indicates that the data of JENDL-3.3 should be increased by about 18%, that is about 8% greater than that of JENDL-4.0.In the present study, the possibility of further revision of 241Am capture cross section was studied through the integral test for Pu ageing problem by reflecting the recent experimental data. Three criticality data of a light-water moderated MOX core with different experiment date (7 years interval at maximum) have been analyzed with JENDL-3.3 and 4.0 libraries. In addition, the calculations with the number density of 241Am multiplied by 1.18 for JENDL-3.3 and by 1.08 for JENDL-4.0 were also conducted to simulate the increase of 241Am capture cross section suggested by the recent measurement. The results show that the increase tendency of k-eff as a function of time observed in the calculations with JENDL-4.0 is not found in those with modified 241Am number density. This means that the improvement of 241Am capture cross section will be achieved by employing the recent experimental data
On strong cellularity type properties of Lindelof groups

We prove several facts about cellularity and κ-cellularity of λ-Lindelöf groups generated by their κ-stable subspaces. For example, if a Lindelöf group G is generated by its κ-stable subspace then κ-cellularity (and hence cellularity) of G does not exceed κ. In particular, ω1-cellularity (and hence cellularity) of a Lindelöf group does not exceed ω1 if this group is generated by its ω1-Lindelöf subspace which is a P-space. For any cardinal μ with ω<μ c a Lindelöf group G is constructed which is separable (and hence has countable cellularity) while ω-cellularity of G is equal to μ.peer-reviewe
Genetic Risk Can Be Decreased: Quitting Smoking Decreases and Delays Lung Cancer for Smokers With High and Low CHRNA5 Risk Genotypes - A Meta-Analysis

Contains fulltext :
                  172618.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)BACKGROUND: Recent meta-analyses show that individuals with high risk variants in CHRNA5 on chromosome 15q25 are likely to develop lung cancer earlier than those with low-risk genotypes. The same high-risk genetic variants also predict nicotine dependence and delayed smoking cessation. It is unclear whether smoking cessation confers the same benefits in terms of lung cancer risk reduction for those who possess CHRNA5 risk variants versus those who do not. METHODS: Meta-analyses examined the association between smoking cessation and lung cancer risk in 15 studies of individuals with European ancestry who possessed varying rs16969968 genotypes (N=12,690 ever smokers, including 6988 cases of lung cancer and 5702 controls) in the International Lung Cancer Consortium. RESULTS: Smoking cessation (former vs. current smokers) was associated with a lower likelihood of lung cancer (OR=0.48, 95%CI=0.30-0.75, p=0.0015). Among lung cancer patients, smoking cessation was associated with a 7-year delay in median age of lung cancer diagnosis (HR=0.68, 95%CI=0.61-0.77, p=4.9 *10-10). The CHRNA5 rs16969968 risk genotype (AA) was associated with increased risk and earlier diagnosis for lung cancer, but the beneficial effects of smoking cessation were very similar in those with and without the risk genotype. CONCLUSION: We demonstrate that quitting smoking is highly beneficial in reducing lung cancer risks for smokers regardless of their CHRNA5 rs16969968 genetic risk status. Smokers with high-risk CHRNA5 genotypes, on average, can largely eliminate their elevated genetic risk for lung cancer by quitting smoking- cutting their risk of lung cancer in half and delaying its onset by 7years for those who develop it. These results: 1) underscore the potential value of smoking cessation for all smokers, 2) suggest that CHRNA5 rs16969968 genotype affects lung cancer diagnosis through its effects on smoking, and 3) have potential value for framing preventive interventions for those who smoke
Emission of the THz waves from large area mesas of superconducting Bi 2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ by the injection of spin polarized current

Rectangular Au/Co/Au/Bi2Sr2CaCu2O 8+δ (Bi2212) mesa structures with large areas and high thicknesses were fabricated on as-grown Bi2212 single crystals in order to obtain small critical current from as-grown mesas by the injection of spin polarized current and so eliminate the adjustment of doping level for successful THz emission. We have performed c-axis resistance versus temperature (R-T), current-voltage (I-V) characteristics and bolometer measurements. It is the first time that THz emission has been observed from as-grown mesas due to injection of spin polarized current. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Towards a fourth generation of approaches to HIV/AIDS management: creating contexts for effective community mobilisation

Many biomedical and behavioural HIV/AIDS programmes aimed at prevention, care and treatment have disappointing outcomes because of a lack of effective community mobilisation. But community mobilisation is notoriously difficult to bring about. We present a conceptual framework that maps out those dimensions of social context that are likely to support or undermine community mobilisation efforts, proposing that attention should be given to three dimensions of social context: the material, symbolic and relational. This paper has four parts. We begin by outlining why community mobilisation is regarded as a core dimension of effective HIV/AIDS management: it increases the reach and sustainability of programmes; it is a vital component of the wider task shifting agenda given the scarcity of health professionals in many HIV/AIDS-vulnerable contexts. Most importantly it facilitates those social psychological processes that we argue are vital preconditions for effective prevention, care and treatment. Secondly we map out three generations of approaches to behaviour change within the HIV/AIDS field: HIV-awareness, peer education and community mobilisation. We critically evaluate each approach's underlying assumptions about the drivers of behaviour change, to frame our understandings of the pathways between mobilisation and health, drawing on the concepts of social capital, dialogue and empowerment. Thirdly we refer to two well-documented case studies of community mobilisation in India and South Africa to illustrate our claim that community mobilisation is unlikely to succeed in the absence of supportive material, symbolic and relational contexts. Fourthly we provide a brief overview of how the papers in this special issue help us flesh out our conceptualisation of the health enabling social environment. We conclude by arguing for the urgent need for a 'fourth generation' of approaches in the theory and practice of HIV/AIDS management, one which pays far greater attention to the wider contextual influences on programme success. The full text is available on open access via the publishers website
The effects of improving sleep on mental health (OASIS) : a randomised controlled trial with mediation analysis

Background: Sleep difficulties might be a contributory causal factor in the occurrence of mental health problems. If this is true, improving sleep should benefit psychological health. We aimed to determine whether treating insomnia leads to a reduction in paranoia and hallucinations. Methods: We did this single-blind, randomised controlled trial (OASIS) at 26 UK universities. University students with insomnia were randomly assigned (1:1) with simple randomisation to receive digital cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for insomnia or usual care, and the research team were masked to the treatment. Online assessments took place at weeks 0, 3, 10 (end of therapy), and 22. The primary outcome measures were for insomnia, paranoia, and hallucinatory experiences. We did intention-to-treat analyses. The trial is registered with the ISRCTN registry, number ISRCTN61272251. Findings: Between March 5, 2015, and Feb 17, 2016, we randomly assigned 3755 participants to receive digital CBT for insomnia (n=1891) or usual practice (n=1864). Compared with usual practice, the sleep intervention at 10 weeks reduced insomnia (adjusted difference 4·78, 95% CI 4·29 to 5·26, Cohen's d=1·11; p<0·0001), paranoia (−2·22, −2·98 to −1·45, Cohen's d=0·19; p<0·0001), and hallucinations (−1·58, −1·98 to −1·18, Cohen's d=0·24; p<0·0001). Insomnia was a mediator of change in paranoia and hallucinations. No adverse events were reported. Interpretation: To our knowledge, this is the largest randomised controlled trial of a psychological intervention for a mental health problem. It provides strong evidence that insomnia is a causal factor in the occurrence of psychotic experiences and other mental health problems. Whether the results generalise beyond a student population requires testing. The treatment of disrupted sleep might require a higher priority in mental health provision. Funding: Wellcome Trust