pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Modelling of compression and extension of the continental lithosphere: towards rehabilitation of the necking-level model

International audienceWe present a dynamic model of continental lithosphere deformation under extension or compression, focusing on the role of an effective mechanical parameter called "necking level" or "necking depth", a widely used concept in basin modelling studies. Though it has generally been assumed that "necking depth" depends strongly upon the rheological structure of the lithosphere (especially the depth distribution of its strong layers), such a dependency has never been demonstrated. Our model, which accommodates small deformations of a thin inhomogeneous plate induced by in-plane as well as by mantle boundary forces (applied to the model sides and base, respectively), shows that "necking depth" is a function of the horizontal position and depends mainly on the relative thicknesses and strengths of the rigid layers in the uppermost crust and below the Moho. Using different yield strength envelopes we demonstrate that the final structure of the lithosphere formed as a result of deformation and its consequent isostatic adjustment can be closely approximated by a model with a flat necking level. In the process of extension and compression of the continental lithosphere all boundaries, including the topographic surface and the Moho, deform. As a result, the total disturbance of the isostatic equilibrium state (specified as a load) is only a part of the topographic weight. Estimates of the correct load can be made using the depth to the necking level inferred from lithosphere structure, composition and thermal state. The final topography of lithospheric interfaces depends on both necking depth and effective flexural rigidity. Any attempt to estimate simultaneously strain distribution, necking depth and effective flexural rigidity, however, represents an ill-posed problem and is not possible without reliance upon strong independent assumptions constraining lithosphere structure
Wavelength-scale stationary-wave integrated Fourier-transform spectrometry

International audienceSpectrometry is a general physical-analysis approach for investigating light-matter interactions. However, the complex designs of existing spectrometers render them resistant to simplification and miniaturization, both of which are vital for applications in micro- and nanotechnology and which are now undergoing intensive research. Stationary-wave integrated Fourier-transform spectrometry (SWIFTS)-an approach based on direct intensity detection of a standing wave resulting from either reflection (as in the principle of colour photography by Gabriel Lippmann) or counterpropagative interference phenomenon-is expected to be able to overcome this drawback. Here, we present a SWIFTS-based spectrometer relying on an original optical near-field detection method in which optical nanoprobes are used to sample directly the evanescent standing wave in the waveguide. Combined with integrated optics, we report a way of reducing the volume of the spectrometer to a few hundreds of cubic wavelengths. This is the first attempt, using SWIFTS, to produce a very small integrated one-dimensional spectrometer suitable for applications where microspectrometers are essential
The evolution of a key character, or how to evolve a slipper lobster

International audienceA new fossil lobster from the Cretaceous of Lebanon, Charbelicaris maronites gen. et sp. nov., is presented here, while the former species ‘Cancrinos’ libanensis is re-described as Paracancrinos libanensis comb. nov. P. libanensis is shown to be closer related to the contemporary slipper lobsters than to Cancrinos claviger (lithographic limestones, Jurassic, southern Germany). A finely-graded evolutionary scenario for the slipper-lobster morphotype is reconstructed based on these fossil species and extant forms. The evolutionary changes that gave rise to the current plate-like antennae of Scyllaridae, a key apomorphy of this group, are traced back through time. The antenna of what is considered the oldest slipper lobster became petaloid and consisted of about 20 fully articulated elements. For this group the name Scyllarida sensu lato tax. nov. is introduced. In a next evolutionary step, the proximal articles became conjoined and a lateral extension appeared on peduncle element 3. The entire distal petaloid region is conjoined already at the node of Verscyllarida tax. nov. In modern slipper lobsters, Neoscyllarida tax nov., the distal region is no longer petaloid in shape but asymmetrical. The study also emphasizes that exceptionally preserved fossils need to be documented with optimal documentation techniques to obtain all available informatio
TP or not TP, that is the question

International audienceWe give here a comparative study of the mathematical analysis of two (classes of) discretisation schemes for the computation of approximate solutions to incompressible two phase flow problem in homogeneous porous media. The first scheme is the well-known finite volume scheme with a two-point flux approximation, classically used in industry. The second class contains the so-called approximate gradient schemes, which include finite elements with mass lumping, mixed finite elements, mimetic finite differences. Both (classes of) schemes are nonconforming and can be expressed using discrete function and gradient reconstructions within a variational formulation. Each class has its specific advantages and drawbacks: monotony properties are natural with the two point finite volume scheme, but meshes are restricted due to consistency issues; on the contrary, gradient schemes can be used on general meshes, but monotony properties are difficult to obtain
Combination of OFDM and CDMA for high data rate UWB

For Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) systems, resource allocation between several users within a piconet and the coexistence of several piconets are very important points to take into consideration for the optimization of high data rate Ultra Wide Band (UWB) systems. To improve the performance of the Multi-Band OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex) solution proposed by the Multi-Band OFDM Alliance (MBOA), the addition of a spreading component in the frequency domain is a good solution since it makes resource allocation easier and also offers better robustness against channel frequency selectivity and narrowband interference. The Spread Spectrum - Multi-Carrier - Multiple Access (SS-MC-MA) system proposed in this article offers not only the advantages of Multi-Carrier - Coded Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) brought by frequency spreading, but also a more effective dynamic resource allocation in a multi-user and multi-piconet context. These improvements are obtained without increasing the complexity of the radio-frequency part compared to the classical MBOA solution
A moderate melting model for the Vøring margin (Norway) based on structural observations and a thermo-kinematical modelling: Implication for the meaning of the lower crustal bodies

High P-wave velocities (7.1-7.8 km/s) lower crustal bodies (LCBs) imaged along volcanic margins are commonly interpreted as plume and breakup-related thick mafic underplating. This interpretation is partly challenged in this paper based on new seismic observations and modelling of the outer Vøring Basin (Norway). An exceptional strong amplitude reflection, the T Reflection, is particularly well defined below the North Gjallar Ridge (NGR) between 7and 8 s TWT. The T Reflection is located near the volcanic lava flows emplaced during the NE Atlantic breakup ( 55-54 Ma ago) and coincides with the top of the LCB, forming a mid-crustal dome. Based on structural and temporal relationships, we show that the dome clearly influences the structural development of the NGR and predates the continental breakup at least by 10-15 Ma. Using a thermo-kinematical model, we tried also to investigate and quantify the relationships between the extension, LCB and the magmatic production. Modelling suggests that significant Paleocene-Early Eocene magmatism can be produced without any temperature anomaly in the mantle if differential stretching occurs during the breakup initiation. The conclusion of 2D thermo-kinematical parametric analysis is that the magmatic model predicts, either little extension (β < 2) with no melting or high extension (β > 5) with significant melting along the outer Vøring Basin. We suggest that the continental part of the LCB could not necessarily be breakup-related and so magmatic, as has often been stated previously. It is concluded here that the continental part of the LCB observed beneath the outer Vøring Basin may be partly (or fully) attributed to inherited, high-pressure granulite/eclogite lower crustal rocks. The real amount of mafic material emplaced along the outer Vøring Basin could be 20-40% less than thought
Polynomial algorithms for open plane graph and subgraph isomorphisms

International audienceGraphs are used as models in a variety of situations. In some cases, e.g. to model images or maps, the graphs will be drawn in the plane, and this feature can be used to obtain new algorithmic results. In this work, we introduce a special class of graphs, called open plane graphs, which can be used to represent images or maps for robots: they are planar graphs embedded in the plane, in which certain faces can be removed, are absent or unreachable. We give a normal form for such graphs and prove that one can check in polynomial time if two normalised graphs are isomorphic, or if two open plane graphs are equivalent (their normal forms are isomorphic). Then we consider a new kind of subgraphs, built from subsets of faces and called patterns. We show that searching for a pattern in an open plane graph is tractable if and only if the faces are contiguous, that is, we prove that the problem is NP-complete otherwise
Benefits and limitations of parametric design implementation in helicopter gearbox design phase

International audiencehis paper describes a parametric design methodology implemented to reduce gearbox design phase. A helicopter gearbox is a complex mechanical system, in which parts are heavily loaded in order to save weight but that have to run for thousands of hours without failure. Such a system is strongly optimized therefore the smallest change in specifications or in geometrical environments can drastically jeopardize the scheduling. In order to speed up the gearbox design process and to strengthen its robustness regarding specifications variability, a parametric design methodology has been developed thanks to a close collaboration between the laboratories and Eurocopter
Tributyltin and mitochondria: new evidence in support of an uncoupling mechanism and further characterization of the transport mechanism

New evidence is given to support the hypothesis that the tributyltin compound (TBT) is an uncoupler of the oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. By means of an Arrhenius plot, it has been demonstrated that the transport kinetic of the TBT compound in mitochondria behaves in a manner which is similar to that obtained using classical uncouplers. The break point at 17 8C observed in the Arrhenius plot is interpreted as due to a phase change in the lipidic bilayer, since the TBT compound, like uncouplers and mobile carriers, is sensitive to the phospholipidic phase change. Therefore, we can confirm our previous hypothesis that, as TBT is an uncoupler it, like uncouplers, crosses the biological membranes by means of an electrophoretic mechanism. An understanding of this behaviour is essential when an explanation of the neurotoxicity of TBT is required
Saharan dust inputs to the W Mediterranean Sea: depositional patterns, geochemistry and sedimentological implications.

Data are presented for a number of parameters for aerosols and rainwaters collected at a station on Sardinia. The findings are interpreted with special reference to Saharan dusts, and are compared to other data on these dusts obtained from a variety of sites around the Mediterranean Sea.  At the Sardinia site the particle size distribution of the Saharan outbreaks exhibits a bimodal structure, the two modes being between 1 and 2 µm and 20-25 µm. The presence of giant particles strongly affects the deposition velocities of the Saharan aerosols.  Source markers for the Saharan dusts are palygorskite, kaolinite, calcite, dolomite and rounded quartz grains.\ud
The input of Saharan dust has important effects on the chemistry of the Mediterranean aerosols. These include: (i) increases in the atmospheric concentrations and sea surface fluxes of crust-controlled trace metals (e.g.; Al, Fe); (ii) decreases in the EFcrust values of non-crust-controlled trace metals (e.g.; Cu, Zn and Pb) in the aerosols, and (iii) changes in the solid state speciation of Cu, Zn, and Pb, which decrease their solubilities in sea water. The Saharan dusts also affect the composition of rainwater by raising the pH, following the dissolution of calcium, and by decreasing the solubility of trace metals such as Cu, Zn and Pb.\ud
Wet deposition controls the flux of Saharan dust to the Mediterranean Sea, but dry deposition can also be important. The dust transport occurs in the form of "pulses", and the annual dust flux can be controlled by few episodes of Saharan outbreaks; e.g. sometimes a single outbreak can account for 40-80 % of the flux. Saharan dust deposition fluxes range from 2 to 25 g m-2 (average; ~ 10) in the W Mediterranean between 39° and 42° N, between 6 and 46 g m-2  (avg. ~ 20) in the E Mediterranean, and 0.4 to1.0 g m-2  over the Alps on continental Europe.  The present day Saharan dust fluxes (~ 1 mg cm-2 yr-1) account for about 10-20% of the recent deep-sea sedimentation in the Western Mediterranean (3-15 mg cm-2 yr-1)
Chemical and spectroscopic characterization of humic acids extracted from the bottom sediments of a Brazilian subtropical microbasin

International audienceHumic substances (HS) perform a fundamental role in aquatic environments, exhibiting different levels of reactivity in retaining metal ions and organic pollutants. Also, they control the primary production of these ecosystems and act in the carbon sequestering process. In order to improve our understanding vis-à-vis the structural and functional features of HS from aquatic systems, this study aimed to chemically and spectroscopically characterize humic acids (HA) isolated from bottom sediment samples of a stream in a Brazilian subtropical microbasin by elemental analysis, and infrared (FT-IR), ultraviolet and visible (UV-Vis) and solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR) spectroscopies, thermogravimetry (TG), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Although all samples originated from the same environment, the data showed that the HA have distinct chemical and spectroscopic properties, and that the location and characteristics of the sampling points from which the sediments were collected played an important role in the differences observed. Furthermore, vascular plant matter is probably the main contributor to these samples
Discrete duality finite volume schemes for Leray-Lions type elliptic problems on general 2D meshes

Discrete duality finite volume schemes on general meshes, introduced by Hermeline and Domelevo & Omnès in for the Laplace equation, are proposed for nonlinear diffusion problems with non homogeneous Dirichlet boundary condition. This approach allows the discretization of non linear fluxes in such a way that the discrete operator inherits the key properties of the continuous one. Furthermore, it is well adapted to very general meshes including the case of non-conformal locally refined meshes. We show that the approximate solution exists and is unique, which is not obvious since the scheme is nonlinear. We prove that, for general $W^{-1,p'}(\O)$ source term and $W^{1-\frac{1}{p},p}(\pa\O)$ boundary data, the approximate solution and its discrete gradient converge strongly towards the exact solution and its gradient respectively in appropriate Lebesgue spaces. Finally, error estimates are given in the case where the solution is assumed to be in $W^{2,p}(\O)$. Numerical examples are given, including those on locally refined meshes
Interstitial cells of Cajal are innervated by nitrergic nerves and express nitric oxide-sensitive guanylate cyclase in the guinea-pig gastrointestinal tract.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a major signaling molecule in the gastrointestinal tract, and released NO inhibits muscular contraction. The actions of NO are mediated by stimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC, NO-sensitive GC) and a subsequent increase in cGMP concentration. To elucidate NO targets in the gastrointestinal musculature, we investigated the immunohistochemical localization of the beta1 and alpha1 subunits of sGC and the distribution of neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) -containing nerves in the guinea-pig gastrointestinal tract. Distinct immunoreactivity for sGCbeta1 and sGCalpha1 was observed in the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), fibroblast-like cells (FLC) and enteric neurons in the musculature. Double immunohistochemistry using anti-c-Kit antibody and anti-sGCbeta1 antibody revealed sGCbeta1 immunoreactivity in almost all intramuscular ICC throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that sGCbeta1-immunopositive cells possessed some of the criteria for intramuscular ICC: presence of caveolae; frequently associated with nerve bundles; and close contact with smooth muscle cells. sGCbeta1-immunopositive ICC were closely apposed to nNOS-containing nerve fibers in the muscle layers. Immunohistochemical and immunoelectron microscopical observations revealed that FLC in the musculature also showed sGCbeta1 immunoreactivity. FLC were often associated with nNOS-immunopositive nerve fibers. In the myenteric layer, almost all myenteric ganglia contained nNOS-immunopositive nerve cells and were surrounded by myenteric ICC and FLC. Myenteric ICC in the large intestine and FLC in the entire gastrointestinal tract showed sGCbeta1 immunoreactivity in the myenteric layer. Smooth muscle cells in the stomach and colon showed weak sGCbeta1 immunoreactivity, and those in the muscularis mucosae and vasculature also showed evident immunoreactivity. These data suggest that ICC are primary targets for NO released from nNOS-containing enteric neurons, and that some NO signals are received by FLC and smooth muscle cells in the gastrointestinal tract
Performance of connected GSO bars

The performance of connected GSO (Gd2SiO5:Ce) bars was investigated using a
proton beam of 0.6 – 1.0 GeV/c. Single crystals of 20 cm-long GSO with different Ce
concentrations (1.5 mol%, 0.5 mol%) and cross sections (1 cm × 1 cm , 2 cm × 2 cm)
were prepared. Long GSO bars were constructed by connecting two crystals of the
same type with or without a 10 cm-long plastic scintillator between the crystals.
The position dependences of the pulse height, energy resolution and time resolution
were investigated. At a typical proton momentum, 1.0 GeV/c, the best energy
resolution was 4.8% for 2 cm × 2 cm × 20 cm GSO crystals doped with 0.5 mol% Ce due
to the larger light yield, and the best position resolution was 0.55 cm for 1.5 mol% Ce
due to the shorter attenuation length
Reduced Default Mode Connectivity in Adolescents With Conduct Disorder

OBJECTIVE: Conduct disorder (CD) is characterized by impulsive, aggressive, and antisocial behaviors that might be related to deficits in empathy and moral reasoning. The brain's default mode network (DMN) has been implicated in self-referential cognitive processes of this kind. METHOD: This study examined connectivity between key nodes of the DMN in 29 adolescent boys with CD and 29 age- and sex-matched typically developing adolescent boys. The authors ensured that group differences in DMN connectivity were not explained by comorbidity with other disorders by systematically controlling for the effects of substance use disorders (SUDs), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, psychopathic traits, and other common mental health problems. RESULTS: Only after adjusting for co-occurring ADHD symptoms, the group with CD showed hypoconnectivity between core DMN regions compared with typically developing controls. ADHD symptoms were associated with DMN hyperconnectivity. There was no effect of psychopathic traits on DMN connectivity in the group with CD, and the key results were unchanged when controlling for SUDs and other common mental health problems. CONCLUSION: Future research should directly investigate the possibility that the aberrant DMN connectivity observed in the present study contributes to CD-related deficits in empathy and moral reasoning and examine self-referential cognitive processes in CD more generally
The Level of Hepatic ABCC6 Expression Determines the Severity of Calcification after Cardiac Injury

Because vascular or cardiac mineralization is inversely correlated with morbidity and long-term survival, we investigated the role of ABCC6 in the calcification response to cardiac injury in mice. By using two models of infarction, nonischemic cryoinjury and the pathologically relevant coronary artery ligation, we confirmed a large propensity to acute cardiac mineralization in Abcc6−/− mice. Furthermore, when the expression of ABCC6 was reduced to approximately 38% of wild-type levels in Abcc6+/− mice, no calcium deposits in injured cardiac tissue were observed. In addition, we used a gene therapy approach to deliver a functional human ABCC6 via hydrodynamic tail vein injection to approximately 13% of mouse hepatocytes, significantly reducing the calcification response to cardiac cryoinjury. We observed that the level and distribution of known regulators of mineralization, such as osteopontin and matrix Gla protein, but not osteocalcin, were concomitant to the level of hepatic expression of human and mouse ABCC6. We notably found that undercarboxylated matrix Gla protein precisely colocalized within areas of mineralization, whereas osteopontin was more diffusely distributed in the area of injury, suggesting a prominent association for matrix Gla protein and osteopontin in ABCC6-related dystrophic cardiac calcification. This study showed that the expression of ABCC6 in liver is an important determinant of calcification in cardiac tissues in response to injuries and is associated with changes in the expression patterns of regulators of mineralization
Corporate Philanthropy Through the Lens of Ethical Subjectivity

The dynamic organisational processes in businesses dilute the boundaries between the individual, organisational, and societal drivers of corporate philanthropy. This creates a complex framework in which charitable project selection occurs. Using the example of European tour operators, this study investigates the mechanisms through which companies invest in charitable projects in overseas destinations. Inextricably linked to this is the increasing contestation by local communities as to how they are able to engage effectively with tourism in order to realise the benefits tourism development can bring. This research furthers such debates by exploring the processes through which tour operators facilitate community development through charitable giving. Findings show, with no formal frameworks in existence, project selection depends upon emergent strategies that connect the professional with the personal, with trust being positioned as a central driver of these informal processes. Discretionary responsibilities are reworked through business leaders’ commitment to responsible business practises and the ethical subjectivity guiding these processes