pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
The impact of diffuser augmentation on a tidal stream turbine.

The results from an experimental study of a model diffuser augmented tidal stream turbine are presented with a particular focus on the impact of the diffuser upon the turbine׳s performance in yawed flows. This study is the first to examine yaw effects with quantification of blockage corrections and is the first study of the wake recovery characteristics of such devices. The device was designed using an innovative optimisation procedure resulting in a diffuser that was able to maintain the turbine׳s performance to yaw angles of up to ±30°. It is shown that the diffuser׳s performance is strongly influenced by its length to diameter ratio and by the jet flow that develops through the turbine׳s tip gap. Although the performance characteristics of an individual turbine can be significantly improved by diffuser augmentation under yawed flow, a wake recovery rate that is less than half that of a bare rotor raises doubts about their suitability for array deployment
The B+−Bd0 lifetime difference beyond leading logarithms.

We compute perturbative QCD corrections to the lifetime splitting between the charged and neutral B meson in the framework of the heavy quark expansion. These next-to-leading logarithmic corrections are necessary for a meaningful use of hadronic matrix elements of local operators from lattice gauge theory. We find the uncertainties associated with the choices of renormalization scale and scheme significantly reduced compared to the leading-order result. We include the full dependence on the charm-quark mass mc without any approximations. Using hadronic matrix elements estimated in the literature with lattice QCD we obtain τ(B+)/τ(B0d)=1.053±0.016±0.017, where the effects of unquenching and 1/mb corrections are not yet included. The lifetime difference of heavy baryons Ξ0b and Ξ−b is also briefly discussed
Influence of fibre architecture on the tensile, compressive, and flexural behaviour of 3D woven composites

This article was published by Elsevier in the journal,  Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. It is published under a CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 licence, details are available here:  http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/This paper presents a comprehensive study on the tensile, compressive, and flexural performance of six types of 3D woven carbon-fibre/epoxy composites which were manufactured using a traditional narrow fabric weaving loom and resin transfer moulding. Four orthogonal and two angle-interlock weaves were tested with the primary loading direction parallel to the warp direction. The mechanical performance was found to be affected by the distribution of resin rich regions and the waviness of the load-carrying fibres, which were determined by the fibre architectures. The binding points within the resin rich regions were found to be the damage initiation sites in all weave types under all loading conditions, which were confirmed with both visual observation and digital image correlation strain maps. Among all weave types, the angle interlock weave W-3 exhibited the highest properties under all loading conditions
A community-based geological reconstruction of Antarctic Ice Sheet deglaciation since the Last Glacial Maximum

This is an Open Access article published by Elsevier and distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution Licence CC-BY 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.A robust understanding of Antarctic Ice Sheet deglacial history since the Last Glacial Maximum is important in order to constrain ice sheet and glacial-isostatic adjustment models, and to explore the forcing mechanisms responsible for ice sheet retreat. Such understanding can be derived from a broad range of geological and glaciological datasets and recent decades have seen an upsurge in such data gathering around the continent and Sub-Antarctic islands. Here, we report a new synthesis of those datasets, based on an accompanying series of reviews of the geological data, organised by sector. We present a series of timeslice maps for 20ka, 15ka, 10ka and 5ka, including grounding line position and ice sheet thickness changes, along with a clear assessment of levels of confidence. The reconstruction shows that the Antarctic Ice sheet did not everywhere reach the continental shelf edge at its maximum, that initial retreat was asynchronous, and that the spatial pattern of deglaciation was highly variable, particularly on the inner shelf. The deglacial reconstruction is consistent with a moderate overall excess ice volume and with a relatively small Antarctic contribution to meltwater pulse 1a. We discuss key areas of uncertainty both around the continent and by time interval, and we highlight potential priorit. © 2014 The Authors
The dynamics of aloof baby Skyrmions

The aloof baby Skyrme model is a (2+1)-dimensional theory with solitons that
are lightly bound. It is a low-dimensional analogue of a similar Skyrme model
in (3+1)-dimensions, where the lightly bound solitons have binding energies
comparable to nuclei. A previous study of static solitons in the aloof baby
Skyrme model revealed that multi-soliton bound states have a cluster structure,
with constituents that preserve their individual identities due to the
short-range repulsion and long-range attraction between solitons. Furthermore,
there are many different local energy minima that are all well-described by a
simple binary species particle model. In this paper we present the first
results on soliton dynamics in the aloof baby Skyrme model. Numerical field
theory simulations reveal that the lightly bound cluster structure results in a
variety of exotic soliton scattering events that are novel in comparison to
standard Skyrmion scattering. A dynamical version of the binary species point
particle model is shown to provide a good qualitative description of the
dynamics.Comment: 13 pages, 7 figure
The BL-Lac gamma-ray blazar PKS 1424+240 associated with a group of
  galaxies at z=0.6010

PKS 1424+240 is a BL-Lac blazar with unknown redshift that was detected at
high-energy gamma rays by Fermi-LAT with a hard spectrum. At VHE, it was first
detected by VERITAS and later confirmed by MAGIC. Its spectral energy
distribution is highly attenuated at VHE gamma rays, which is coherent with
distant sources. Several estimations enabled the redshift to be constrained to
the range 0.6 < z < 1.3. These results place PKS 1424+240 in the very
interesting condition of being probably the most distant blazar that has been
detected at VHE. The ambiguity in the redshift is still large enough to prevent
precise studies of the EBL and the intrinsic blazar spectrum. Given the
difficulty of measuring spectroscopic redshifts for BL-Lac objects directly, we
aim to establish a reliable redshift value for this blazar by finding its host
group of galaxies. Elliptical galaxies are associated with groups, and BL-Lac
objects are typically hosted by them, so we decided to search for the host
group of the blazar. For this, we performed optical spectroscopic observations
of thirty objects in the field of view of PKS 1424+240 using the Gemini MOS.
After analysing the data for groups, we evaluated the probability of finding
groups of galaxies by chance around the position of PKS 1424+240, using a deep
catalogue of groups. We also used photometric data from the SDSS catalogue to
analyse the red sequence of the proposed blazar host group. We found a new
group of galaxies with eight members at z = 0.6010 +- 0.003, a virial radius of
R_vir = 1.53 Mpc, and a velocity dispersion of sigma_v = 813 +- 187 km/s. The
photometric study indicates that more members are probably populating this
previously uncatalogued group of galaxies. The probability of PKS 1424+240
being a member of this group was found to be 98%. The new group of galaxies
found at z = 0.6010 +- 0.003 is very likely hosting PKS 1424+240.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A. Second version: references added and
  typo correcte
Observations of $\Lambda_b^0 \to \Lambda K^+\pi^-$ and $\Lambda_b^0 \to
  \Lambda K^+K^-$ decays and searches for other $\Lambda_b^0$ and $\Xi_b^0$
  decays to $\Lambda h^+h^{\prime -}$ final states

A search is performed for the charmless three-body decays of the
$\Lambda_b^0$ and $\Xi_b^0$ baryons to the final states $\Lambda h^+h^{\prime
-}$, where $h^{(\prime)} = \pi$ or $K$. The analysis is based on a data sample,
corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $3 \rm fb^{-1}$ of $pp$
collisions, collected by the LHCb experiment. The $\Lambda_b^0 \to \Lambda
K^+\pi^-$ and $\Lambda_b^0 \to \Lambda K^+K^-$ decays are observed for the
first time and their branching fractions and $CP$ asymmetry parameters are
measured. Evidence is seen for the $\Lambda_b^0 \to \Lambda \pi^+\pi^-$ decay
and limits are set on the branching fractions of $\Xi_b^0$ baryon decays to the
$\Lambda h^+h^{\prime -}$ final states.Comment: All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and
  additional information, are available at
  https://lhcbproject.web.cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/LHCbProjectPublic/LHCb-PAPER-2016-004.htm
J/$\psi$ suppression at forward rapidity in Pb-Pb collisions at
  $\sqrt{s_{{\rm NN}}} = 5.02$ TeV

The inclusive J/$\psi$ production has been studied in Pn-Pb and pp collisions
at the centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=5.02$ TeV,
using the ALICE detector at the CERN LHC. The J/$\psi$ meson is reconstructed,
in the centre-of-mass rapidity interval $2.5<y<4$ and in the
transverse-momentum range $p_{\rm T}<12$ GeV/$c$, via its decay to a muon pair.
In this Letter, we present results on the inclusive J/$\psi$ cross section in
pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=5.02$ TeV and on the nuclear modification factor
$R_{\rm AA}$. The latter is presented as a function of the centrality of the
collision and, for central collisions, as a function of the transverse momentum
$p_{\rm T}$ of the J/$\psi$. The measured $R_{\rm AA}$ values indicate a
suppression of the J/$\psi$ in nuclear collisions and are then compared to our
previous results obtained in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=2.76$ TeV.
The ratio of the $R_{\rm AA}$ values at the two energies is also computed and
compared to calculations of statistical and dynamical models. The numerical
value of the ratio for central events (0-10\% centrality) is $1.17 \pm 0.04
{\rm{(stat)}}\pm 0.20 {\rm{(syst)}}$. In central events, as a function of
$p_{\rm T}$, a slight increase of $R_{\rm AA}$ with collision energy is visible
in the region $2<p_{\rm T}<6$ GeV/$c$. Theoretical calculations provide a good
description of the measurements, within uncertainties.Comment: 23 pages, 6 captioned pages, 1 table, authors from page 18, published
  version, figures at http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/294
Measurement of jet activity in top quark events using the $e\mu$ final
  state with two $b$-tagged jets in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=8$ TeV with
  the ATLAS detector

Measurements of the jet activity in $t\bar{t}$ events produced in
proton--proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=8$ TeV are presented, using
$20.3\,$fb$^{-1}$ of data collected by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron
Collider. The events were selected in the dilepton $e\mu$ decay channel with
two identified $b$-jets. The numbers of additional jets for various jet
transverse momentum ($p_T$) thresholds, and the normalised differential
cross-sections as a function of $p_T$ for the five highest-$p_T$ additional
jets, were measured in the jet pseudorapidity range $|\eta|<4.5$. The gap
fraction, the fraction of events which do not contain an additional jet in a
central rapidity region, was measured for several rapidity intervals as a
function of the minimum $p_T$ of a single jet or the scalar sum of $p_T$ of all
additional jets. These fractions were also measured in different regions of the
invariant mass of the $e\mu b\bar{b}$ system. All measurements were corrected
for detector effects, and found to be mostly well-described by predictions from
next-to-leading-order and leading-order $t\bar{t}$ event generators with
appropriate parameter choices. The results can be used to further optimise the
parameters used in such generators.Comment: 42 pages plus author list + cover pages (49 pages total), 19 figures,
  11 tables, published in JHEP. All figures including auxiliary figures are
  available at
  https://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/PAPERS/TOPQ-2015-04
ESTRO-HERO survey: Radiotherapy equipment and departments in the European countries: Final results from the ESTRO-HERO survey

Background: Documenting the distribution of radiotherapy departments and the availability of radiotherapy equipment in the European countries is an important part of HERO <br> the ESTRO Health Economics in Radiation Oncology project. HERO has the overall aim to develop a knowledge base of the provision of radiotherapy in Europe and build a model for health economic evaluation of radiation treatments at the European level. The aim of the current report is to describe the distribution of radiotherapy equipment in European countries. Methods: An 84-item questionnaire was sent out to European countries, principally through their national societies. The current report includes a detailed analysis of radiotherapy departments and equipment (questionnaire items 26<br>29), analyzed in relation to the annual number of treatment courses and the socio-economic status of the countries. The analysis is based on validated responses from 28 of the 40 European countries defined by the European Cancer Observatory (ECO). Results: A large variation between countries was found for most parameters studied. There were 2192 linear accelerators, 96 dedicated stereotactic machines, and 77 cobalt machines reported in the 27 countries where this information was available. A total of 12 countries had at least one cobalt machine in use. There was a median of 0.5 simulator per MV unit (range 0.3<br>1.5) and 1.4 (range 0.4<br>4.4) simulators per department. Of the 874 simulators, a total of 654 (75%) were capable of 3D imaging (CT-scanner or CBCToption). The number of MV machines (cobalt, linear accelerators, and dedicated stereotactic machines) per million inhabitants ranged from 1.4 to 9.5 (median 5.3) and the average number of MV machines per department from 0.9 to 8.2 (median 2.6). The average number of treatment courses per year per MV machine varied from 262 to 1061 (median 419). While 69% of MV units were capable of IMRT only 49% were equipped for image guidance (IGRT). There was a clear relation between socio-economic status, as measured by GNI per capita, and availability of radiotherapy equipment in the countries. In many low income countries in Southern and Central-Eastern Europe there was very limited access to radiotherapy and especially to equipment for IMRT or IGRT. Conclusions: The European average number of MV machines per million inhabitants and per department is now better in line with QUARTS recommendations from 2005, but the survey also showed a significant heterogeneity in the access to modern radiotherapy equipment in Europe. High income countries especially in Northern-Western Europe are well-served with radiotherapy resources, other countries are facing important shortages of both equipment in general and especially machines capable of delivering high precision conformal treatments (IMRT, IGRT
Microlensing as a probe of the Galactic structure; 20 years of microlensing optical depth studies.

Accepted for publication in General Relativity and GravitationInternational audienceMicrolensing is now a very popular observational astronomical technique. The investigations accessible through this effect range from the dark matter problem to the search for extra-solar planets. In this review, the techniques to search for microlensing effects and to determine optical depths through the monitoring of large samples of stars will be described. The consequences of the published results on the knowledge of the Milky-Way structure and its dark matter component will be discussed. The difficulties and limitations of the ongoing programs and the perspectives of the microlensing optical depth technique as a probe of the Galaxy structure will also be detailed
Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Initiation among 9-13-Year-Olds in the United States

OBJECTIVE: The quadrivalent and 9-valent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are licensed for administration among 9-26-year-old males and females, with routine vaccination recommended for 11-12-year-olds. Despite the availability of the vaccine at younger ages, few studies have explored vaccine uptake prior to age 13, and national HPV vaccination surveillance data is limited to 13-17-year-olds. Our objective was to examine rates and predictors of HPV vaccine initiation among 9-13-year-olds in the United States.
METHODS: A national sample of mothers of 9-13-year-olds in the United States (N=2,446) completed a 2014 Web-based survey assessing socio-demographic characteristics, child's HPV vaccination history, provider communication regarding the vaccine, and other attitudes and behaviors pertaining to vaccination and healthcare utilization. The main outcome measure was child's initiation of the HPV vaccine (i.e., receipt of one or more doses).
RESULTS: Approximately 35% of the full sample and 27.5% of the 9-10-year-olds had initiated HPV vaccination. Females were more likely than males to have initiated HPV vaccination by the age of 13 but not by younger ages. Strength of health provider recommendation regarding HPV vaccination was a particularly salient predictor of vaccine initiation.
CONCLUSIONS: Approximately a third of children may be initiating the HPV vaccine series before or during the targeted age range for routine administration of the vaccine. Because coverage remains below national targets, further research aimed at increasing vaccination during early adolescence is needed. Improving providers' communication with parents about the HPV vaccine may be one potential mechanism for increasing vaccine coverage
Search for long-lived, multi-charged particles in pp collisions at root s=7 TeV using the ATLAS detector

A search for highly ionising, penetrating particles with electric charges from vertical bar q vertical bar = 2e to 6e is performed using the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Proton-proton collision data taken at root s = 7 TeV during the 2011 running period, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.4 fb(-1), are analysed. No signal candidates are observed, and 95% confidence level cross-section upper limits are interpreted as mass-exclusion lower limits for a simplified Drell-Yan production model. In this model, masses are excluded from 50 GeV up to 430, 480, 490, 470 and 420 GeV for charges 2e, 3e, 4e, 5e and 6e, respectively
Sensitivity of OMI SO2 measurements to variable eruptive behaviour at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat

Since 2004, the satellite-borne Ozone Mapping Instrument (OMI) has observed sulphur dioxide (SO2) plumes during both quiescence and effusive eruptive activity at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat. On average, OMI detected a SO2 plume 4–6 times more frequently during effusive periods than during quiescence in the 2008–2010 period. The increased ability of OMI to detect SO2 during eruptive periods is mainly due to an increase in plume altitude rather than a higher SO2 emission rate. Three styles of eruptive activity cause thermal lofting of gases (Vulcanian explosions; pyroclastic flows; a hot lava dome) and the resultant plume altitudes are estimated from observations and models. Most lofting plumes from Soufrière Hills are derived from hot domes and pyroclastic flows. Although Vulcanian explosions produced the largest plumes, some produced only negligible SO2 signals detected by OMI. OMI is most valuable for monitoring purposes at this volcano during periods of lava dome growth and during explosive activity
Melt-Quenched Glasses of Metal-Organic Frameworks

Crystalline solids dominate the field of metal?organic frameworks (MOFs), with access to the liquid and glass states of matter usually prohibited by relatively low temperatures of thermal decomposition. In this work, we give due consideration to framework chemistry and topology to expand the phenomenon of the melting of 3D MOFs, linking crystal chemistry to framework melting temperature and kinetic fragility of the glass-forming liquids. Here we show that melting temperatures can be lowered by altering the chemistry of the crystalline MOF state, which provides a route to facilitate the melting of other MOFs. The glasses formed upon vitrification are chemically and structurally distinct from the three other existing categories of melt-quenched glasses (inorganic nonmetallic, organic, and metallic), and retain the basic metal?ligand connectivity of crystalline MOFs, which connects their mechanical properties to their starting chemical composition. The transfer of functionality from crystal to glass points toward new routes to tunable, functional hybrid glasses
Thermal emission from WASP-24b at 3.6 and 4.5 {\mu}m

Aims. We observe occultations of WASP-24b to measure brightness temperatures
and to determine whether or not its atmosphere exhibits a thermal inversion
(stratosphere). Methods. We observed occultations of WASP-24b at 3.6 and 4.5
{\mu}m using the Spitzer Space Telescope. It has been suggested that there is a
correlation between stellar activity and the presence of inversions, so we
analysed existing HARPS spectra in order to calculate log R'HK for WASP-24 and
thus determine whether or not the star is chromospherically active. We also
observed a transit of WASP-24b in the Str\"{o}mgren u and y bands, with the
CAHA 2.2-m telescope. Results. We measure occultation depths of 0.159 \pm 0.013
per cent at 3.6 {\mu}m and 0.202 \pm 0.018 per cent at 4.5 {\mu}m. The
corresponding planetary brightness temperatures are 1974 \pm 71 K and 1944 \pm
85 K respectively. Atmosphere models with and without a thermal inversion fit
the data equally well; we are unable to constrain the presence of an inversion
without additional occultation measurements in the near-IR. We find log R'HK =
-4.98 \pm 0.12, indicating that WASP-24 is not a chromospherically active star.
Our global analysis of new and previously-published data has refined the system
parameters, and we find no evidence that the orbit of WASP-24b is non-circular.
Conclusions. These results emphasise the importance of complementing Spitzer
measurements with observations at shorter wavelengths to gain a full
understanding of hot Jupiter atmospheres.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables. Accepted for publication in A&
Anisotropic flow of charged hadrons, pions and (anti-)protons measured
  at high transverse momentum in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=2.76$
  TeV

The elliptic, $v_2$, triangular, $v_3$, and quadrangular, $v_4$, azimuthal
anisotropic flow coefficients are measured for unidentified charged particles,
pions and (anti-)protons in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} = 2.76$ TeV
with the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Results obtained with the
event plane and four-particle cumulant methods are reported for the
pseudo-rapidity range $|\eta|<0.8$ at different collision centralities and as a
function of transverse momentum, $p_{\rm T}$, out to $p_{\rm T}=20$ GeV/$c$.
The observed non-zero elliptic and triangular flow depends only weakly on
transverse momentum for $p_{\rm T}>8$ GeV/$c$. The small $p_{\rm T}$ dependence
of the difference between elliptic flow results obtained from the event plane
and four-particle cumulant methods suggests a common origin of flow
fluctuations up to $p_{\rm T}=8$ GeV/$c$. The magnitude of the (anti-)proton
elliptic and triangular flow is larger than that of pions out to at least
$p_{\rm T}=8$ GeV/$c$ indicating that the particle type dependence persists out
to high $p_{\rm T}$.Comment: 16 pages, 5 captioned figures, authors from page 11, published
  version, figures at http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/186