pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Gauss Legendre quadrature over a triangle

This paper presents a Gauss Legendre quadrature method for numerical integration over the standard triangular surface: (x, y) | 0 â x, y â 1, x + y â 1 in the Cartesian two-dimensional (x, y) space. Mathematical transformation from (x, y) space to (Î¾, Î·) space map the standard triangle in (x, y) space to a standard 2-square in (Î¾, Î·) space: (Î¾, Î·)|-l â Î¾, Î· â 1. This overcomes the difficulties associated with the derivation of new weight coefficients and sampling points and yields results which are accurate and reliable. Results obtained with new formulae are compared with the existing formulae. Â© Indian Institute of Science
Relativistic Jets in Active Galactic Nuclei und Microquasars

Collimated outflows (jets) appear to be a ubiquitous phenomenon associated
with the accretion of material onto a compact object. Despite this ubiquity,
many fundamental physics aspects of jets are still poorly understood and
constrained. These include the mechanism of launching and accelerating jets,
the connection between these processes and the nature of the accretion flow,
and the role of magnetic fields; the physics responsible for the collimation of
jets over tens of thousands to even millions of gravitational radii of the
central accreting object; the matter content of jets; the location of the
region(s) accelerating particles to TeV (possibly even PeV and EeV) energies
(as evidenced by gamma-ray emission observed from many jet sources) and the
physical processes responsible for this particle acceleration; the radiative
processes giving rise to the observed multi-wavelength emission; and the
topology of magnetic fields and their role in the jet collimation and particle
acceleration processes. This chapter reviews the main knowns and unknowns in
our current understanding of relativistic jets, in the context of the main
model ingredients for Galactic and extragalactic jet sources. It discusses
aspects specific to active Galactic nuclei (especially blazars) and
microquasars, and then presents a comparative discussion of similarities and
differences between them.Comment: Accepted as Chapter in the SSSI book "Jets and Winds in Pulsar Wind
  Nebulae, Gamma-Ray Bursts and Blazars: Physics of Extreme Energy Release"
  (resulting from the ISSI Conference with the same title; Bern, Switzerland,
  November 16 - 20, 2015): Space Science Reviews, in pres
Coronal Holes and Open Magnetic Flux over Cycles 23 and 24

As the observational signature of the footprints of solar magnetic field
lines open into the heliosphere, coronal holes provide a critical measure of
the structure and evolution of these lines. Using a combination of Solar and
Heliospheric Observatory / Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SOHO/EIT),
Solar Dynamics Observatory / Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (SDO/AIA) and Solar
Terrestrial Relations Observatory / Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (STEREO/EUVI
A/B) extreme ultraviolet (EUV) observations spanning 1996-2015 (nearly two
solar cycles), coronal holes are automatically detected and characterized.
Coronal hole area distributions show distinct behavior in latitude, defining
the domain of polar and low-latitude coronal holes. The northern and southern
polar regions show a clear asymmetry, with a lag between hemispheres in the
appearance and disappearance of polar coronal holes.Comment: Accepted for publication in Solar Physic
The promise of enhancer-associated long noncoding RNAs in cardiac regeneration.

Heart failure is a worldwide epidemic and represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Current clinical therapies for heart disease prolong survival by protecting the viable muscle, but they are unable to replenish lost cardiomyocytes to restore function. Over the last decade, the notion of promoting cardiac regeneration has engendered considerable research interest. New strategies envisage the transfer of stem cells into the damaged myocardium, the mobilization of cardiac precursor cells, the promotion of cardiomyocyte proliferation in situ and direct reprogramming of non-cardiac cells into electromechanically coupled cardiomyocytes. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underpinning these different regenerative avenues are under the control of integrated transcriptional programs, which are ultimately dependent on epigenomic reprogramming and reorganization of the genome nuclear architecture. Today, it is becoming evident that regulatory noncoding RNAs play fundamental roles in all these aspects of gene regulatory network activity. In particular, thousands of long noncoding RNAs are dynamically expressed across the entire genome during lineage-specific commitment, specialization, and differentiation, as well as during the response to environmental cues. Here, we review this emerging landscape, focusing particularly on a unique class of lncRNA emerging from enhancer sequences, the enhancer-associated lncRNAs, in the context of cardiac regeneration. We propose that characterizing and manipulating these enhancer-associated transcripts could provide a novel approach to awaken the dormant regenerative potential of the adult mammalian heart. Ultimately, this could lead to targeted noncoding RNA-based enhancer therapies to improve effectiveness of current regenerative strategies and provide new avenues for repair
Measurement of Wγ and Zγ production cross sections in pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV and limits on anomalous triple gauge couplings with the ATLAS detector

This Letter presents measurements of l[superscript ±]νγ and l[superscript +l[superscript −]γ (l=e,μ) production in 1.02 fb[superscript −1] of pp collision data recorded at √s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC in the first half of 2011. Events dominated by Wγ and Zγ production with leptonic decays of the W and Z bosons are selected, and their production cross sections and kinematic properties are measured in several ranges of the photon transverse energy. The results are compared to Standard Model predictions and are used to determine limits on anomalous WWγ and ZZγ/Zγγ couplings.United States. Dept. of EnergyEuropean Organization for Nuclear ResearchNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Brookhaven National Laborator
Search for s-channel single top-quark production in proton–proton collisions at √s = 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

This Letter presents a search at the LHC for s-channel single top-quark production in proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV. The analyzed data set was recorded by the ATLAS detector and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 20.3 fb[superscript −1]. Selected events contain one charged lepton, large missing transverse momentum and exactly two b-tagged jets. A multivariate event classifier based on boosted decision trees is developed to discriminate s-channel single top-quark events from the main background contributions. The signal extraction is based on a binned maximum-likelihood fit of the output classifier distribution. The analysis leads to an upper limit on the s-channel single top-quark production cross-section of 14.6 pb at the 95% confidence level. The fit gives a cross-section of [subscript σs]=5.0±4.3 pb, consistent with the Standard Model expectation.European Organization for Nuclear ResearchUnited States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Brookhaven National Laborator
Extensional flow of hyaluronic acid solutions in an optimized microfluidic cross-slot device

We utilize a recently developed microfluidic device, the Optimized Shape Cross-slot Extensional Rheometer (OSCER), to study the elongational flow behavior and rheological properties of hyaluronic acid (HA) solutions representative of the synovial fluid (SF) found in the knee joint. The OSCER geometry is a stagnation point device that imposes a planar extensional flow with a homogenous extension rate over a significant length of the inlet and outlet channel axes. Due to the compressive nature of the flow generated along the inlet channels, and the planar elongational flow along the outlet channels, the flow field in the OSCER device can also be considered as representative of the flow field that arises between compressing articular cartilage layers of the knee joints during running or jumping movements. Full-field birefringence microscopy measurements demonstrate a high degree of localized macromolecular orientation along streamlines passing close to the stagnation point of the OSCER device, while micro-particle image velocimetry is used to quantify the flow kinematics. The stress-optical rule is used to assess the local extensional viscosity in the elongating fluid elements as a function of the measured deformation rate. The large limiting values of the dimensionless Trouton ratio, Tr ∼ O(50), demonstrate that these fluids are highly extensional-thickening, providing a clear mechanism for the load-dampening properties of SF. The results also indicate the potential for utilizing the OSCER in screening of physiological SF samples, which will lead to improved understanding of, and therapies for, disease progression in arthritis sufferers.United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Microgravity Fluid Sciences (Code UG) Grant NNX09AV99G
Comparing the impact of an acute exercise bout on plasma amino acid composition, intraerythrocytic Ca(2+) handling, and red cell function in athletes and untrained subjects

The N-methyl d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) mediating Ca(2+) uptake upon stimulation with glutamate and glycine were recently discovered in red blood cells (RBC) of healthy humans. Activation of these receptors with agonists triggered transient Ca(2+)-dependent decrease in hemoglobin oxygen affinity in RBC suspension. The aim of this study was to assess the potential physiological relevance of this phenomenon. Two groups formed by either healthy untrained volunteers or endurance athletes were subjected to a stepwise incremental cycling test to exhaustion. Plasma glutamate levels, activity of the NMDARs, and hemoglobin O2 affinity were measured in blood samples obtained before and after the exercise in both groups. Increase in plasma glutamate levels following exercise was observed in both groups. Transient Ca(2+) accumulation in response to the NMDAR stimulation with NMDA and glycine was followed by facilitated Ca(2+) extrusion from the RBC and compensatory decrease in cytosolic Ca(2+) levels. Short-term activation of the receptors triggered a transient decrease in O2 affinity of hemoglobin in both groups. These exercise-induced responses were more pronounced in athletes compared to the untrained subjects. Athletes were initially presented with lower basal intracellular Ca(2+) levels and hemoglobin oxygen affinity compared to non-trained controls. High basal plasma glutamate levels were associated with induction of hemolysis and formation of echinocytes upon stimulation with the receptor agonists. These findings suggest that glutamate release occurring during exhaustive exercise bouts may acutely facilitate O2 liberation from hemoglobin and improve oxygen delivery to the exercising muscle
Search for new phenomena in events with three or more charged leptons in pp  collisions at √s=8  TeV with the ATLAS detector

A generic search for anomalous production of events with at least three charged leptons is presented. The data sample consists of pp  collisions at  √s=8  TeV collected in 2012 by the ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider, and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 20.3 fb⁻¹. Events are required to have at least three selected lepton candidates, at least two of which must be electrons or muons, while the third may be a hadronically decaying tau. Selected events are categorized based on their lepton flavour content and signal regions are constructed using several kinematic variables of interest. No significant deviations from Standard Model predictions are observed. Model-independent upper limits on contributions from beyond the Standard Model phenomena are provided for each signal region, along with prescription to re-interpret the limits for any model. Constraints are also placed on models predicting doubly charged Higgs bosons and excited leptons. For doubly charged Higgs bosons decaying to eτ  or μτ , lower limits on the mass are set at 400 GeV at 95% confidence level. For excited leptons, constraints are provided as functions of both the mass of the excited state and the compositeness scale Λ , with the strongest mass constraints arising in regions where the mass equals Λ . In such scenarios, lower mass limits are set at 3.0 TeV for excited electrons and muons, 2.5 TeV for excited taus, and 1.6 TeV for every excited-neutrino flavour
Approaches for improving cutting processes and machine too in re-contouring

Re-contouring in the repair process of aircraft engine blades and vanes is a crucial task. Highest demands are made on the geometrical accuracy as well as on the machined surface of the part. Complexity rises even more due to the unique part characteristic originating from the operation and repair history. This requires well-designed processes and machine tool technologies. In this paper, approaches for coping with these challenges and improving the re-contouring process are described and discussed. This includes an advanced process simulation with its capabilities to accurately depict different material areas and predict process forces. Beyond, experimental investigations on workpiece-tooldeflection are presented. Finally, a machine tool prototype with a novel electromagnetic guiding system is introduced and the benefits of this technology in the field of repair are outlined.DFG/CRC/87
On Euclid’s algorithm and elementary number theory

AbstractAlgorithms can be used to prove and to discover new theorems. This paper shows how algorithmic skills in general, and the notion of invariance in particular, can be used to derive many results from Euclid’s algorithm. We illustrate how to use the algorithm as a verification interface (i.e., how to verify theorems) and as a construction interface (i.e., how to investigate and derive new theorems).The theorems that we verify are well-known and most of them are included in standard number-theory books. The new results concern distributivity properties of the greatest common divisor and a new algorithm for efficiently enumerating the positive rationals in two different ways. One way is known and is due to Moshe Newman. The second is new and corresponds to a deforestation of the Stern–Brocot tree of rationals. We show that both enumerations stem from the same simple algorithm. In this way, we construct a Stern–Brocot enumeration algorithm with the same time and space complexity as Newman’s algorithm. A short review of the original papers by Stern and Brocot is also included
Remarks on the Qin–Ma parametrization of quark mixing matrix

AbstractRecently, Qin and Ma (QM) have advocated a new Wolfenstein-like parametrization of the quark mixing matrix based on the triminimal expansion of the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa (CKM) parametrization. The CP-odd phase in the QM parametrization is around 90° just as that in the CKM parametrization. We point out that the QM parametrization can be readily obtained from the Wolfenstein parametrization after appropriate phase redefinition for quark fields and that the phase δ in both QM and CKM parametrizations is related to the unitarity angles α, β and γ, namely, δ=β+γ or π−α. We show that both QM and Wolfenstein parametrizations can be deduced from the CKM and Chau–Keung–Maiani ones. By deriving the QM parametrization from the exact Fritzsch–Xing (FX) parametrization of the quark mixing matrix, we find that the phase of the FX form is in the vicinity of −270° and hence sinδ≈1. We discuss the seeming discrepancy between the Wolfenstein and QM parametrizations at the high order of λ≈|Vus|
Solvable group representations and free divisors whose complements are K(π,1)ʼs

AbstractWe apply previous results on the representations of solvable linear algebraic groups to construct a new class of free divisors whose complements are K(π,1)ʼs. These free divisors arise as the exceptional orbit varieties for a special class of “block representations” and have the structure of determinantal arrangements.Among these are the free divisors defined by conditions for the (modified) Cholesky-type factorizations of matrices, which contain the determinantal varieties of singular matrices of various types as components. These complements are proven to be homotopy tori, as are the Milnor fibers of these free divisors. The generators for the complex cohomology of each are given in terms of forms defined using the basic relative invariants of the group representation
The component of Carica papaya seed toxic to A. aegypti and the identification of tegupain, the enzyme that generates it

AbstractAs Aedes aegypti transmits the etiologic agents of both yellow and dengue fever; vector control is considered essential to minimise their incidence. The aim of this work was to identify the component of Carica papaya seed toxic to A. aegypti, and the identification of tegupain, the enzyme that generates it. Aqueous extracts (1%, w/v) of the seed tegument and cotyledon of C. papaya are not larvicidal isolately. However, a mixture of 17μgmL−1 tegument extract and 27μgmL−1 cotyledon extract caused 100% larval mortality in a bioassay. The mixture was no longer larvicidal after the tegument extract was pre-treated at 100°C for 10min. The enzyme tegupain efficiently hydrolysed the substrate Z-Phe-Arg-pNan (Km 58.8μM, Kcat 28020s−1, Kcat/Km 5×108M−1 s−1), and its activity increased with 2mM dithiothreitol (DTT), at 37°C, pH 5.0. The chelating agent EDTA did not modify the enzyme activity. Inhibition of tegupain by cystatin (Kiapp 2.43nM), E64 (3.64nM, 83% inhibition), and the propeptide N-terminal sequence indicate that the toxic activity is due to a novel cysteine proteinase-like enzyme, rendered active upon the hydrolysis of a cotyledon component of C. papaya seeds
Structural architecture and glacitectonic evolution of the Mud Buttes cupola hill complex, southern Alberta, Canada.

This paper presents the results of a detailed multidisciplinary study of the deformed bedrock and overlying Quaternary sediments exposed at the Mud Buttes in southern Alberta, Canada. This large, arcuate cupola hill is composed of intensely folded and thrust sandstones, siltstones and mudstones of the Cretaceous Belly River Formation. Glacitectonism responsible for the development of this internally complex landform occurred at the margin of the newly defined Prospect Valley lobe of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Analysis of the deformation structures reveals that construction of this landform occurred in response to at least two phases of south-directed ice sheet advance separated by a period of retreat. The first phase led to the formation of a forward propagating imbricate thrust stack leading to polyphase deformation of the Belly River Formation. D1 thrusting led to the detachment of thrust-bound slices of bedrock which were accreted to the base of the developing imbricate stack. This process resulted in the structurally higher and older thrust-slices being progressively “back-rotated” (tilted), accompanied by D2 thrusting and folding. Further thrusting during D3 was restricted to the core of the Mud Buttes as the deforming sequence accommodated further compression imposed by the advancing ice. Minor oscillations of the ice margin led to localised brittle-ductile shearing (D4) of the bedrock immediately adjacent to the ice contact part of the thrust stack. The second phase of ice advance led to the accretion of a relatively simple thrust and folded sequence seen the northern side of Mud Buttes. The resulting composite thrust moraine was subsequently overridden by ice advancing from the NNW to form a dome-like cupola-hill. This readvance of the Prospect Valley lobe led to the formation of a thin carapace of Quaternary sediments mantling the Mud Buttes which include glacitectonite, till and an organic-rich clay-silt (?palaeosol)
The Human Domain and Influence Operations in the 21st Century

The article of record may be found at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23296151.2016.1239978Recent military engagements in Iraq and Afghanistan, the proliferation of violent nonstate actors, and the rise of ISIS have sparked a debate on the need to create a sixth domain of warfighting, the human domain. This article builds off of military doctrine and scholarly articles and books to offer (a) a definition of the human domain and (b) its military objective—building influence to affect behavior of a target population better than the adversary
Stable isotope fractionation of fatty acids of Daphnia fed laboratory cultures of microalgae

We tested a comparatively new method of tracing of natural food webs, compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) of fatty acids (FA), using laboratory culture of Daphnia galeata fed Chlorella vulgaris and Cryptomonas sp. In general, Daphnia had significantly lighter carbon stable isotope composition of most fatty acids, including essential, than those of their food, microalgae. Thus, our results did not support the pivotal premise of the FA-CSIA application for food web analysis, i.e., transmitting the isotope ‘signal’ of essential FAs to consumers from their food without any modification. Moreover, the values of isotope fractionation of particular FAs in the consumer relative to its food were not constant, but varied from 1.35‰ to 7.04‰. The different isotope fractionation (depletion) values of diverse FAs in consumer were probably caused by different processes of their synthesis, catabolism and assimilation. More work is evidently to be done for correct interpretation of results of FA-CSIA during field studies for tracing of natural food webs
10D Euclidean dynamical triangulations

AbstractWe investigate numerically 10-dimensional Euclidean quantum gravity (with discretized Einstein–Hilbert action) in the framework of the dynamical triangulation approach. For the considered values of the gravitational coupling we observed two phases, the behavior of which is found to be similar to that of the crumpled and elongated phases of 3-, 4- and 5-dimensional models. Surprisingly (for the observed lattice sizes) the natural state of the 10D system (when the Einstein–Hilbert action is turned off) is found to resemble branched polymer while in the low-dimensional systems the natural state belongs to the crumpled phase
The complexity of achievement and maintenance problems in agent-based systems

AbstractWe completely classify the computational complexity of the basic achievement and maintenance agent design problems in bounded environments when these problems are parameterized by the number of environment states and the number of agent actions. The different problems are P-complete, NP-complete, co-NP-complete or PSPACE-complete (when they are not trivial). We also consider alternative achievement and maintenance agent design problems by allowing longer runs in environments (that is, our environments are bounded but the bounds are more liberal than was the case previously). Again, we obtain a complete classification but so that the different problems are DEXPTIME-complete, NEXPTIME-complete, co-NEXPTIME-complete or NEXPSPACE-complete (when they are not trivial)