pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Developmental changes in feeding behaviors of infant chimpanzees at Mahale, Tanzania: Implications for nutritional independence long before cessation of nipple contact

Objectives: Weaning of chimpanzees is considered to occur at 4-5-years-old with completecessation of nipple contact and timing of reconception calculated by inter-birth interval minus ges-tation length. This is also the basis of “early weaning” in humans (i.e., approximately 2.5-years-old).However, recent studies of the survival of orphans and the first molar (M1) eruption in wild chim-panzees have predicted that infants move toward nutritional independence at 3-years-old.Therefore, this study aimed to investigate ontogeny of feeding behavior at around 3-years-old inwild infant chimpanzees.Materials and methods: I studied 19 infants aged 1-60 months in the M group in MahaleMountains National Park, Tanzania. The total observation time was 518 h, 25 min.Results: At around 3-years-old, infant chimpanzees spent more total feeding time, and timefeeding on leaves, and food physically difficult to process without food transfer from other individ-uals. These results suggest that infant chimpanzees significantly reduced their dependence on milkfor nutrition at around 3-years-old, that is, before cessation of nipple contact.Discussion: This study suggests that M1 eruption in wild Eastern Chimpanzees is an index of theperiod when infants move toward nutritional independence with a key dietary transition. This isthe first study to provide behavioral evidence of the large temporal gap between nutritional inde-pendence of infants and reconception of mothers in great apes, and clarify the unique feature ofhuman life history whereby mothers can reconceive before an infant reaches nutritionalindependence
Intra-individual metameric variation expressed at the enamel-dentine junction of lower post-canine dentition of South African fossil hominins and modern humans

Objectives\ud
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The aim of this study is to compare the degree and patterning of inter‐ and intra‐individual metameric variation in South African australopiths, early Homo and modern humans. Metameric variation likely reflects developmental and taxonomical issues, and could also be used to infer ecological and functional adaptations. However, its patterning along the early hominin postcanine dentition, particularly among South African fossil hominins, remains unexplored.\ud
Materials and Methods\ud
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Using microfocus X‐ray computed tomography (µXCT) and geometric morphometric tools, we studied the enamel‐dentine junction (EDJ) morphology and we investigated the intra‐ and inter‐individual EDJ metameric variation among eight australopiths and two early Homo specimens from South Africa, as well as 32 modern humans.\ud
Results\ud
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Along post‐canine dentition, shape changes between metameres represented by relative positions and height of dentine horns, outlines of the EDJ occlusal table are reported in modern and fossil taxa. Comparisons of EDJ mean shapes and multivariate analyses reveal substantial variation in the direction and magnitude of metameric shape changes among taxa, but some common trends can be found. In modern humans, both the direction and magnitude of metameric shape change show increased variability in M2‐M3 compared to M1‐M2. Fossil specimens are clustered together showing similar magnitudes of shape change. Along M2‐M3, the lengths of their metameric vectors are not as variable as those of modern humans, but they display considerable variability in the direction of shape change.\ud
Conclusion\ud
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The distalward increase of metameric variation along the modern human molar row is consistent with the odontogenetic models of molar row structure (inhibitory cascade model). Though much remains to be tested, the variable trends and magnitudes in metamerism in fossil hominins reported here, together with differences in the scale of shape change between modern humans and fossil hominins may provide valuable information regarding functional morphology and developmental processes in fossil species
Land use and mobility during the Neolithic in Wales explored using isotope analysis of tooth enamel.

Objectives:\ud
The nature of land use and mobility during the transition to agriculture has often been debated. Here, we use isotope analysis of tooth enamel from human populations buried in two different Neolithic burial monuments, Penywyrlod and Ty Isaf, in south-east Wales, to examine patterns of land use and to evaluate where individuals obtained their childhood diet.\ud
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Materials and Methods:\ud
We employ strontium (87Sr/86Sr) and oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) isotope analysis of enamel from adjacent molars. We compare strontium isotope values measured in enamel to locally bioavailable 87Sr/86Sr values. We combine discussion of these results with evaluation of new radiocarbon dates obtained from both sites.\ud
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Results:\ud
The majority of enamel samples from Penywyrlod have strontium isotope ratios above 0.7140. In contrast, the majority of those from Ty Isaf have 87Sr/86Sr values below 0.7140. At Penywyrlod oxygen isotope ratios range between 25.9 and 28.2 ‰ (mean 26.7 ± 0.6 ‰, 1σ, n = 15) and enamel δ13Ccarbonate values range between −18.0 and −15.0 ‰ (mean −16.0 ± 0.8 ‰, 1σ, n = 15). At Ty Isaf oxygen isotope ratios exhibited by Neolithic individuals range between 25.4 and 27.7 ‰ (mean 26.7 ± 0.6 ‰, 1σ, n = 15) and enamel δ13Ccarbonate values range between −16.9 and −14.9 ‰ (mean −16.0 ± 0.6 ‰, 1σ, n = 15).\ud
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Discussion:\ud
The strontium isotope results suggest that the majority of individuals buried at Penywyrlod did not source their childhood diet locally. One individual in this group has strontium isotope ratios that exceed all current known biosphere values within England and Wales. This individual is radiocarbon dated to the first few centuries of the 4th millennium BC, consistent with the period in which agriculture was initiated in Wales: the results therefore provide evidence for migration during the transition to farming in Wales. In contrast, all individuals sampled from Ty Isaf post-date the period in which agriculture is considered to have been initiated and could have sourced their childhood diet from the local region in which they were buried
Post-weaning diet in archaeological human populations: A meta-analysis of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of child skeletons

大昔の子供と大人の食事内容は同じ? 違う? 食物の摂取割合を骨から探る. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2017-08-22.[Objectives]Childhood is a unique stage in human life history, in which subadults have completed their weaning process but are still dependent on older individuals for survival. Although the importance of food provisioning during childhood has been intensively discussed, childhood diet in the past has rarely been studied in a systematic manner. [Methods]In this study, a meta-analysis of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of post-weaning children (PWC) in Holocene human populations around the world is presented. The isotope ratios of PWC were standardized with those of adult females and males in the same population, and they were analyzed in terms of the difference in subsistence. [Results]Results of this study indicate that diets of PWC and adults were generally similar (most differences were within the range of ±1‰), which is consistent with the universal feature of food provisioning to PWC in humans. In hunter—gatherer populations, there is no significant difference between PWC and adult isotope ratios. In non-hunter—gatherer populations, however, PWC probably consumed significantly larger proportions of foods from lower trophic levels than did the adults, and such foods would be terrestrial C3 plants. [Conclusions]Potential factors relating to the dietary differences among PWC and adults are presented from a perspective of balance between food provisioning and self-acquisition by PWC. Significant isotopic differences between PWC and adults in non-hunter—gatherer populations revealed in this study have implications for declined health during the subsistence transition in Holocene, isotopic studies using human tooth enamel, and “δ15N dip” of subadults after weaning
A newborn infant chimpanzee snatched and cannibalized immediately after birth: Implications for “maternity leave” in wild chimpanzee

野生チンパンジーのメスも「産休」--出産直後の子殺しリスクへの対抗戦略か--. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2017-10-06.Objectives: This study reports on the first observed case of a wild chimpanzee infant being snatched immediately after delivery and consequently cannibalized by an adult male in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania. We demonstrate “maternity leave” from long-term data from the Mahale M group and suggest that it functions as a possible counterstrategy of mother chimpanzees against the risk of infanticide soon after delivery. Materials and methods: The subjects of this study were the M group chimpanzees at Mahale Mountains, Tanzania. The case of cannibalism was observed on December 2, 2014. We used the long-term daily attendance record of the M group chimpanzees between 1990 and 2010 to calculate the lengths of “maternity leave, ” a perinatal period during which a mother chimpanzee tends to hide herself and gives birth alone. Results: We observed a very rare case of delivery in a wild chimpanzee group. A female chimpanzee gave birth in front of other members, and an adult male snatched and cannibalized the newborn infant immediately after birth. Using the long-term data, we demonstrate that the length of “maternity leave” is longer than that of nonmaternity leave among adult and adolescent female chimpanzees. Discussion: We argue that this cannibalism event immediately after birth occurred due to the complete lack of “maternity leave” of the mother chimpanzee of the victim, who might lack enough experience of delivery. We suggest that “maternity leave” taken by expecting mothers may function as a possible counterstrategy against infanticide soon after delivery
What have we been looking at? A call for consistency in studies of primate vigilance.

Vigilance functions to detect threats. In primates, these threats emerge from both predators and conspecifics, but a host of other social, demographic, and ecological factors have been shown to influence primate vigilance patterns. The primate vigilance literature is thus characterized by considerable variation in findings, with inconsistent or contradictory results reported not only across different species but also within species and populations across studies. Some of this variation could emerge from fundamental differences in the methods employed, making comparisons across species and groups challenging. Furthermore, identifying consistent behavioral markers for the state of vigilance appears to have proved challenging in primates, leading to a range of definitions being developed. Deviation at this level leads directly into concomitant variation at the level of sampling methodologies. As a result, the primate vigilance literature currently presents a diverse series of approaches to exploring subtly different behaviors and phenomena. This review calls for a greater consistency in studying vigilance, with the aim of encouraging future research to follow similar principles leading to more comparable results. Identifying whether an animal is in a vigilant state is challenging for most field researchers; identifying and recording a more general behavior of “looking” should though be more achievable. Experimental approaches could then be employed to understand the compatibility “looking” has with predator detection (and other threats) in individual study systems. The outcome of this approach will allow researchers to understand the key determinants of looking in their study groups and explore threat detection probabilities given an individual or group's relative level of looking
Let's talk about stress, baby! infant-feeding practices and stress in the ancient Atacama desert, Northern Chile.

Aims and objectives:\ud
The transition to an agricultural economy is often presumed to involve an increase in female fertility related to changes in weaning practice. In particular, the availability of staple crops as complementary foods is hypothesized to allow earlier weaning in agricultural populations. In this study, our primary aim is to explore whether this model fits the agricultural transition in the Atacama Desert using incremental isotopic analysis. A secondary aim of this study is to identify isotopic patterns relating to weaning, and assess how these may be differentiated from those relating to early life stress.\ud
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Materials and methods:\ud
We use incremental isotopic analysis of dentine to examine changes in δ15N and δ13C values from infancy and childhood in sites of the Arica region (n = 30). We compare individuals from pre‐agricultural and agricultural phases to establish isotopic patterns and relate these patterns to maternal diet, weaning trajectory and physiological stress.\ud
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Results\ud
We find that there is no evidence for systematic temporal or geographic variation in incremental isotopic results. Instead, results from all time periods are highly variable, with weaning completed between 1.5 and 3.5 years. Characteristics of the incremental profiles indicate that both in utero and postnatal stress were a common part of the infant experience in the Atacama.\ud
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Discussion:\ud
In the Atacama Desert it appears that the arrival of agricultural crops did not result in uniform shifts in weaning behavior. Instead, infant and child diet seems to have been dictated by the broad‐spectrum diets of the mothers, perhaps as a way of mitigating the stresses of the harsh desert environment
Sleep patterns, daytime predation, and the evolution of diurnal sleep site selection in lorisiforms.

Synthesize information on sleep patterns, sleep site use, and daytime predation at sleep sites in lorisiforms of Asia and Africa (10 genera, 36 species), and infer patterns of evolution of sleep site selection. We conducted fieldwork in 12 African and six Asian countries, collecting data on sleep sites, timing of sleep and predation during daytime. We obtained additional information from literature and through correspondence. Using a phylogenetic approach, we established ancestral states of sleep site selection in lorisiforms and traced their evolution. The ancestral lorisiform was a fur-clinger and used dense tangles and branches/forks as sleep sites. Use of tree holes and nests as sleep sites emerged ∼22 Mya (range 17-26 Mya) in Africa, and use of bamboo emerged ∼11 (7-14) Mya in Asia and later in Africa. Fur clinging and some sleep sites (e.g., tree holes, nests, but not bamboo or dense tangles) show strong phylogenetic signal. Nests are used by Galagoides, Paragalago, Galago and Otolemur; tree holes by Galago, Paragalago, Sciurocheirus and Perodicticus; tangles by Nycticebus, Loris, Galagoides, Galago, Euoticus, Otolemur, Perodicticus and Arctocebus; all but Sciurocheirus and Otolemur additionally sleep on branches/forks. Daytime predation may affect sleep site selection and sleep patterns in some species of Nycticebus, Galago, Galagoides, Otolemur and Perodicticus. Most lorisiforms enter their sleep sites around sunrise and leave around sunset; several are active during twilight or, briefly, during daytime. Variations in sleep behavior, sleep patterns and vulnerability to daytime predation provide a window into the variation that was present in sleep in early primates. Overall, lorisiforms use the daytime for sleeping and no species can be classified as cathemeral or polycyclic
Comparing apples and oranges: why infant bone collagen may not reflect dietary intake in the same way as dentine collagen

YesObjectives: 
Recent developments in incremental dentine analysis allowing increased temporal
resolution for tissues formed during the first 1000 days of life have cast doubt on the
veracity of weaning studies using bone collagen carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope
ratio data from infants. Here we compare published bone data from the well-preserved
Anglo-Saxon site of Raunds Furnells, England, with co-forming dentine from the same
individuals, and investigate the relationship of these with juvenile stature. The high resolution
isotope data recorded in dentine allow us to investigate the relationship of diet
with juvenile stature during this critical period of life.
Materials and methods: 
We compare incremental dentine collagen δ13C and δ15N data to published bone collagen
data for 18 juveniles and 5 female adults from Anglo Saxon Raunds Furnells alongside new
data for juvenile skeletal and dental age. An improvement in the method by sampling the
first 0.5mm of the sub-cuspal or sub-incisal dentine allows the isotopic measurement of
dentine formed in utero.
Results and Discussion: 
δ13C profiles for both dentine and bone are similar and more robust than δ15N for estimating
the age at which weaning foods are introduced. Our results suggest δ15N values from
dentine can be used to evaluate the maternal/in utero diet and physiology during
pregnancy, and that infant dentine profiles may reflect diet PLUS an element of
physiological stress. In particular, bone collagen fails to record the same range of δ15N as coforming
dentine, especially where growth is stunted, suggesting that infant bone collagen is
unreliable for weaning studies.Funded in part by the NERC standard grant NE/F018096/2; University of Bradford
Inflammatory periosteal reaction on ribs associated with lower respiratory tract disease : a method for recording prevalence from sites with differing preservation.

Objectives:\ud
Inflammatory periosteal reaction (IPR) on the visceral surfaces of the ribs has been used in bioarchaeology as an indicator of lower respiratory tract disease. This article presents a detailed method for recording IPR on the ribs, even those in severely fragmented states, with the objectives of increasing the consistency of recording and producing true prevalence rates for skeletons so as to improve data comparability between future bioarchaeological studies of lower respiratory tract disease.\ud
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Materials and methods:\ud
The presence and prevalence of respiratory‐related IPR were recorded from three different Sudanese cemetery sites using a detailed method for identifying and recording IPR. Sites with variable preservation were chosen to test the applicability of the method. A flowchart to aid in identification of bony changes is presented. The method requires the recording of IPR on three separate sections of the rib (neck, angle, and shaft) and the allocation of ribs into rib cage regions of upper, upper‐middle, middle, lower‐middle, and lower.\ud
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Results:\ud
Results demonstrate differences in the distribution of IPR between sites and verify the method's applicability to archeological sites with various levels of skeletal preservation.\ud
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Discussion:\ud
While crude prevalence rates can indicate the number of individuals experiencing lower respiratory tract disease within a site, this method can provide information about the distribution of IPR within the rib cage. This should lead to new ways of distinguishing respiratory diseases within archeological populations. This method also allows for comparability between well‐preserved and lesser‐preserved sites by accommodating for rib fragmentation
Giant cell bone lesions in the craniofacial region: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge

Background: Giant cell tumors of bone (GCTs) are common in the long bones, but rare in the craniofacial region, with only 1% of cases occurring in the latter. Clinical, radiological, and anatomical diagnosis of this locally aggressive disease, which occurs in response to trauma or neoplastic transformation, poses a major challenge in clinical practice. Methods: The present study describes a series of 4 cases and highlights the main features of the differential diagnosis and treatment of these lesions: GCT, giant cell reparative granuloma (GCRG), and the brown tumor of hyperparathyroidism. Results: GCT presents as a benign neoplasm, most typically affecting the knees, and rarely in the temporal and sphenoid bones. It is radiologically indistinguishable from GCRG due to its lytic, poorly defined appearance. The distinction can only be made microscopically, as the presence of multinucleated giant cells scattered throughout the stroma and the absence of a history of trauma favor a diagnosis of GCT. The brown tumor of hyperparathyroidism occurs with rapid, localized osteoclast activity secondary to the effects of increased parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels; parathyroid examination is indispensable. Conclusion: The diagnosis and treatment of these lesions poses a major challenge due to their similar clinical presentation and radiological appearance. Accurate diagnosis is essential for definition of appropriate management, as complete resection is the goal in GCT and GCRG to avoid recurrence, whereas the brown tumor often yields to treatment of the underlying hyperparathyroidism
Comparison of two approaches to forced convection in crystal growth of II-VI compounds by THM

Hg1 - xCdxTe and Cd1 - xZnxTe single crystals were grown by the tracwelling heater method (THM), applying two different techniques of artificially stirring the solution zone. Accelerated crucible rotation (ACRT) was used in a vertical growth arrangement and compared a technique with constant rotation around the horizontal axis of the ampoule. The dominant hydrodynamic mechanisms of noth methods are discribed by the rotating disc model and are suggested to be almost identical with respect to the growth conditions at the interface. Convective flow is effectively enhanced adhacent to the growing crystal, where the matter transport is regarded as the rate-limiting step of solution growth. Inclusion density analysis by IR microscopy was used to characterise the crystals of Cd1 - xZnxTe grown at different rates. It was shown that forced convection allows an increase in the crystal growth rate from a few mm day-1 with ACRT or horizontally rotating THM.
A case of omental herniation through the esophageal hiatus successfully treated by laparoscopic surgery

CaseWe report a rare case of omental herniation through the esophageal hiatus. A 46‐year‐old man visited our emergency department complaining of epigastralgia. Abdominal examination revealed muscular defense and rebound tenderness in his upper abdomen. A computed tomography scan showed a fat density mass in the posterior mediastinum. A laparoscopic operation was carried out under the diagnosis of omental herniation through the esophageal hiatus.OutcomeAbdominal pain disappeared dramatically after the operation. The postoperative course was uneventful.ConclusionAlthough a fat density mass in the posterior mediastinum is likely to be diagnosed as a lipomatous tumor, omental herniation through the esophageal hiatus should be taken into consideration as a possible diagnosis for acute abdominal pain in the emergency department