pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Pre-conditioned backward Monte Carlo solutions to radiative transport in planetary atmospheres

CONTEXT. The interpretation of polarised radiation emerging from a planetary atmosphere must rely on solutions to the vector radiative transport equation (VRTE). Monte Carlo integration of the VRTE is a valuable approach for its flexible treatment of complex viewing and/or illumination geometries, and it can intuitively incorporate elaborate physics.
AIMS. We present a novel pre-conditioned backward Monte Carlo (PBMC) algorithm for solving the VRTE and apply it to planetary atmospheres irradiated from above. As classical BMC methods, our PBMC algorithm builds the solution by simulating the photon trajectories from the detector towards the radiation source, i.e. in the reverse order of the actual photon displacements. METHODS. We show that the neglect of polarisation in the sampling of photon propagation directions in classical BMC algorithms leads to unstable and biased solutions for conservative, optically-thick, strongly polarising media such as Rayleigh atmospheres. The numerical difficulty is avoided by pre-conditioning the scattering matrix with information from the scattering matrices of prior (in the BMC integration order) photon collisions. Pre-conditioning introduces a sense of history in the photon polarisation states through the simulated trajectories. RESULTS. The PBMC algorithm is robust, and its accuracy is extensively demonstrated via comparisons with examples drawn from the literature for scattering in diverse media. Since the convergence rate for MC integration is independent of the integral’s dimension, the scheme is a valuable option for estimating the disk-integrated signal of stellar radiation reflected from planets. Such a tool is relevant in the prospective investigation of exoplanetary phase curves. We lay out two frameworks for disk integration and, as an application, explore the impact of atmospheric stratification on planetary phase curves for large star-planet-observer phase angles. By construction, backward integration provides a better control than forward integration over the planet region contributing to the solution, and this presents a clear advantage when estimating the disk-integrated signal at moderate and large phase angles
Comprehensive evaluation of the linear stability of Alfvén eigenmodes driven by alpha particles in an ITER baseline scenario

The linear stability of Alfvén eigenmodes in the presence of fusion-born alpha particles is thoroughly assessed for two variants of an ITER baseline scenario, which differ significantly in their core and pedestal temperatures. A systematic approach based on CASTOR-K (Borba and Kerner 1999 J. Comput. Phys. 153 101; Nabais et al 2015 Plasma Sci. Technol. 17 89) is used that considers all possible eigenmodes for a given magnetic equilibrium and determines their growth rates due to alpha-particle drive and Landau damping on fuel ions, helium ashes and electrons. It is found that the fastest growing instabilities in the aforementioned ITER scenario are core-localized, low-shear toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes. The largest growth-rates occur in the scenario variant with higher core temperatures, which has the highest alpha-particle density and density gradient, for eigenmodes with toroidal mode numbers . Although these eigenmodes suffer significant radiative damping, which is also evaluated, their growth rates remain larger than those of the most unstable eigenmodes found in the variant of the ITER baseline scenario with lower core temperatures, which have and are not affected by radiative damping
Relation-based document retrieval for biomedical IR

Virology, 351(2): pp. 271-279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2006.01.051In this paper, we explore the use of term relations in information retrieval
for precision-focused biomedical literature search. A relation is defined
as a pair of two terms which are semantically and syntactically related to each
other. Unlike the traditional “bag-of-word” model for documents, our model
represents a document by a set of sense-disambiguated terms and their binary
relations. Since document level co-occurrence of two terms, in many cases,
does not mean this document addresses their relationships, the direct use of relation
may improve the precision of very specific search, e.g. searching documents
that mention genes regulated by Smad4. For this purpose, we develop a
generic ontology-based approach to extract terms and their relations, and present
a betweenness centrality based approach to rank retrieved documents. A
prototyped IR system supporting relation-based search is then built for Medline
abstract search. We use this novel IR system to improve the retrieval result of
all official runs in TREC-2004 Genomics Track. The experiment shows promising
performance of relation-based IR. The average P@100 (the precision of
top 100 documents) for 50 topics is significantly raised from 26.37 %( the
P@100 of the best run is 42.10%) to 53.69% while the MAP (mean average
precision) is kept at an above-average level of 26.59%. The experiment also
shows the expressiveness of relations for the representation of information
needs, especially in the area of biomedical literature full of various biological
relations
Basic psychological need satisfaction in leisure activities and adolescents' life satisfaction

Participation in leisure activities is an important arena for the positive psychological development of adolescents. The present study set out to examine the relationship between adolescents’ satisfaction of the psychological needs for competence, relatedness, and autonomy in their participation in leisure activities and their perceived life satisfaction. The aim was to identify the extent to which satisfaction of the three needs explained the relationship between participation in leisure activities and life satisfaction. These proposed mechanisms were based on previous empirical work and the theoretical frameworks of self-determination theory, and were tested in a nationally representative sample of Norwegian adolescents (N = 3,273) aged 15 and 16 years (51.8 % boys). The structural equation analysis showed that competence and relatedness satisfaction fully mediated the association between participation in activities and life satisfaction. Autonomy satisfaction had a direct positive effect on life satisfaction but did not show any mediation effect. The positive processes of psychological need satisfaction, and especially the need for competence and relatedness, experienced in the leisure activity domain thus seem to be beneficial for adolescents’ well-being. These findings add to previous research investigating the positive impact of need satisfaction in other important domains in the lives of children and adolescents
Low energy moments of heavy quark current correlators at four loops

We describe several techniques for the calculation of multi-loop integrals
and their application to heavy quark current correlators. As new results, we
present the four-loop correction to the second and third physical moment in the
low-energy expansions of vector, axial-vector and scalar quark current
correlators. Using a Ward identity, we obtain the third and fourth moment for
the pseudo-scalar correlator. We briefly discuss the impact of these results on
the determination of the charm quark mass and the strong coupling constant
using lattice simulations for the current correlators and of the charm- and
bottom-quark mass from experimental data for \sigma(e^+ e^- -> hadrons).Comment: 21 page
A spectral line survey of Orion KL in the bands 486-492 and 541-577 GHz
  with the Odin satellite II. Data analysis

We investigate the physical and chemical conditions in a typical star forming
region, including an unbiased search for new molecules in a spectral region
previously unobserved. Due to its proximity, the Orion KL region offers a
unique laboratory of molecular astrophysics in a chemically rich, massive star
forming region. Several ground-based spectral line surveys have been made, but
due to the absorption by water and oxygen, the terrestrial atmosphere is
completely opaque at frequencies around 487 and 557 GHz. To cover these
frequencies we used the Odin satellite to perform a spectral line survey in the
frequency ranges 486-492 GHz and 541-577 GHz, filling the gaps between previous
spectral scans. Odin's high main beam efficiency and observations performed
outside the atmosphere make our intensity scale very well determined. We
observed 280 spectral lines from 38 molecules including isotopologues, and, in
addition, 64 unidentified lines. The beam-averaged emission is dominated by CO,
H2O, SO2, SO, 13CO and CH3OH. Species with the largest number of lines are
CH3OH, (CH33)2O, SO2, 13CH3OH, CH3CN and NO. Six water lines are detected
including the ground state rotational transition o-H2O, its isotopologues
o-H218O and o-H217O, the Hot Core tracing p-H2O transition 6(2,4)-7(1,7), and
the 2(0, 2)-1(1,1) transition of HDO. Other lines of special interest are the
1_0-0_0 transition of NH3 and its isotopologue 15NH3. Isotopologue abundance
ratios of D/H, 12C/13C, 32S/34S, 34S/33S, and 18O/17O are estimated. The
temperatures, column densities and abundances in the various subregions are
estimated, and we find very high gas-phase abundances of H2O, NH3, SO2, SO, NO,
and CH3OH. A comparison with the ice inventory of ISO sheds new light on the
origin of the abundant gas-phase molecules.Comment: 51 pages, 47 figures, 35 tables, accepted for publication in
  Astronomy and Astrophysics 17 September 200
Two- and three-body structure of the Y(4660)

We study general features of three-meson bound states using the Y(4660) as an
example. Here the Y(4660) is assumed to be either a two-body bound state of the
f_0(980), itself a bound state of K and Kbar, and the psi'= psi(2s), or a
three-body bound state of psi', K, and Kbar. In particular, we investigate in
detail the interplay of the various scales inherent in the problem, namely the
f_0 binding energy, the Y binding energy, and the K-psi' scattering length.
This allows us to understand under which circumstances the substructure of the
f_0(980) can be neglected in the description of the Y(4660).Comment: 15 pages, 7 figures, final version, presentation improve
Edge Modes Waves in Superlattices in Quantum Hall Effect Regime

The wave propagation of edge modes in a superlattice of 2D electron Gases in
quantum Hall regime is investigated. After introducing surfaces charge and
current densities at the edge, the Maxwell equations are solved for waves
running along the boundary. The constitutive relations expressing the edge
charge and current densities in terms of the fields at the boundary are
derived. One of them is similar to the London equation for superconductor
currents. The dispersion relation and wave polarizations for the momenta region
$w/c<k$ are also obtained for propagation along the borderlines of the electron
gases. It follows that the modes have no dispersion at any frequency. The
static limit solutions complete the definition at the boundary of the formerly
determined interior field configurations showing a Meissner like effect. The
results underline that various of the current theoretical approaches to edge
excitations could be appropriate for superlattice structures but can fail to
describe standard planar samples.Comment: 10 pages,a correction of an error in the determination of the
  dispersion relation was introduce
The Simplest Resonant Spin--Flavour Solution to the Solar Neutrino
  Problem

We re-analyse the resonant spin-flavour (RSF) solutions to the solar neutrino
problem in the framework of analytic solutions to the solar
magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) equations. By substantially eliminating the
arbitrariness associated to the magnetic field profile due to both mathematical
consistency and physical requirements we propose the simplest scheme (MHD-RSF,
for short) for solar neutrino conversion using realistic static MHD solutions.
Using such effective two-parameter scheme we perform the first global fit of
the recent solar neutrino data, including event rates as well as zenith angle
distributions and recoil electron spectra induced by solar neutrino
interactions in Superkamiokande. We compare quantitatively our simplest MHD-RSF
fit with vacuum oscillation (VAC) and MSW-type (SMA, LMA and LOW) solutions to
the solar neutrino problem using a common well-calibrated theoretical
calculation and fit procedure. We find our MHD-RSF fit to be somewhat better
than those obtained for the favored neutrino oscillation solutions, though not
in a statistically significant way. We briefly discuss the prospects to
disentangle our MHD-RSF scenario at future solar neutrino experiments, giving
some predictions for the SNO experiment.Comment: 26 pages with 6 postscript figures included. Improved presentation
  and misprints corrected. Final version to appear in Nucl. Phys.
Quark number susceptibilities from lattice QCD

Results from our recent investigations of quark number susceptibilities in
both quenched and 2-flavour QCD are presented as a function of valence quark
mass and temperature. A strong reduction (approx. 40%) is seen in the strange
quark susceptibility above T_c in both the cases. A comparison of our isospin
susceptibility results with the corresponding weak coupling expansion reveals
once again the non-perturbative nature of the plasma up to 3T_c. Evidence
relating the susceptibility to another non-perturbative phenomena, pionic
screening lengths, is presented.Comment: Talk presented at the 18th Alexander von Humboldt symposium ``100
  Years Werner Heisenberg - Works and Impact'', Bamberg, Germany, September
  26-30, 2001. 6 pages, LaTeX, buckow.sty neede
Towards testing the unitarity of the 3X3 lepton flavor mixing matrix in
  a precision reactor antineutrino oscillation experiment

The 3X3 Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata-Pontecorvo (MNSP) lepton flavor mixing matrix
may be slightly non-unitary if the three active neutrinos are coupled with
sterile neutrinos. We show that it is in principle possible to test whether the
relation |V_{e1}|^2 + |V_{e2}|^2 + |V_{e3}|^2 = 1 holds or not in a precision
reactor antineutrino oscillation experiment, such as the recently proposed Daya
Bay II experiment. We explore three categories of non-unitary effects on the
3X3 MNSP matrix: 1) the indirect effect in the (3+ 3) flavor mixing scenario
where the three heavy sterile neutrinos do not take part in neutrino
oscillations; 2) the direct effect in the (3+\mathbbm{1}) scenario where the
light sterile neutrino can oscillate into the active ones; and 3) the interplay
of both of them in the (3+\mathbbm{1}+ 2) scenario. We find that both the
zero-distance effect and flavor mixing factors of different oscillation modes
can be used to determine or constrain the sum of |V_{e1}|^2, |V_{e2}|^2 and
|V_{e3}|^2 and its possible deviation from one, and the active neutrino mixing
angles \theta_{12} and \theta_{13} can be cleanly extracted even in the
presence of light or heavy sterile neutrinos. Some useful analytical results
are obtained for each of the three scenarios.Comment: LaTeX 14 pages, 1 figure. Accepted for publication in Phys. Lett.
Local Thermalization in the d + Au System

The extent of a locally equilibrated parton plasma in d + Au collisions at
sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV is investigated as a function of collision centrality in a
nonequilibrium-statistical framework. Based on a three-sources model,
analytical solutions of a relativistic diffusion equation are in precise
agreement with recent data for charged-particle pseudorapidity distributions.
The moving midrapidity source indicates the size of the local thermal
equilibrium region after hadronization. In central d + Au collisions it
contains about 19% of the produced particles, and its relative importance rises
with decreasing centrality.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures; new tabl
Global properties of causal wedges in asymptotically AdS spacetimes

We examine general features of causal wedges in asymptotically AdS spacetimes
and show that in a wide variety of cases they have non-trivial topology. We
also prove some general results regarding minimal area surfaces on the causal
wedge boundary and thereby derive constraints on the causal holographic
information. We go on to demonstrate that certain properties of the causal
wedge impact significantly on features of extremal surfaces which are relevant
for computation of holographic entanglement entropy.Comment: 32 pages, 7 pdf figures. v2: minor improvements. published versio
The shortened KK spectrum of IIB supergravity on Y^{p,q}

We examine the shortened KK spectrum of IIB supergravity compactified on
Y^{p,q} and conjecture that the spectrum we have obtained is complete. The
(untwisted) shortened spectrum on S^5/Z_{2p} and T^{1,1}/Z_p are obtained as
special cases when p=q and q=0, respectively. Knowledge of the shortened
spectrum allows us to compute the superconformal index of these theories and to
find agreement with earlier calculations from the dual field theories. We also
employ the shortened spectrum to perform a 1/N^2 test of AdS/CFT by
holographically reproducing the difference of the central charges, c-a=p/8, of
the dual CFTs.Comment: 20 pages; v2: comments added on the results of arXiv:1207.0573 for
  the superconformal index; v3: the presented shortened spectrum is emphasized
  to be conjectured, and not proved, to be complet
Extension theorems for self-dual codes over rings and new binary
  self-dual codes

In this work, extension theorems are generalized to self-dual codes over
rings and as applications many new binary self-dual extremal codes are found
from self-dual codes over F_2^m+uF_2^m for m = 1, 2. The duality and distance
preserving Gray maps from F4 +uF4 to (F_2 +uF_2)^2 and (F_4)^2 are used to
obtain self-dual codes whose binary Gray images are [64,32,12]-extremal
self-dual. An F_2+uF_2-extension is used and as binary images, 178 extremal
binary self-dual codes of length 68 with new weight enumerators are obtained.
Especially the first examples of codes with gamma=3 and many codes with the
rare gamma= 4, 6 parameters are obtained. In addition to these, two hundred
fifty doubly even self dual [96,48,16]-codes with new weight enumerators are
obtained from four-circulant codes over F_4 + uF_4. New extremal doubly even
binary codes of lengths 80 and 88 are also found by the F_2+uF_2-lifts of
binary four circulant codes and a corresponding result about 3-designs is
stated.Comment: under review since April 2014, 14 pages, 12 table
On Piterbarg Max-discretisation Theorem for Multivariate Stationary
  Gaussian Processes

Let $\{X(t), t\geq0\}$ be a stationary Gaussian process with zero-mean and
unit variance. A deep result derived in Piterbarg (2004), which we refer to as
Piterbarg's max-discretisation theorem gives the joint asymptotic behaviour
($T\to \infty$) of the continuous time maximum $M(T)=\max_{t\in [0,T]} X(t), $
and the maximum $M^{\delta}(T)=\max_{t\in \mathfrak{R}(\delta)}X(t), $ with
$\mathfrak{R}(\delta) \subset [0,T]$ a uniform grid of points of distance
$\delta=\delta(T)$. Under some asymptotic restrictions on the correlation
function Piterbarg's max-discretisation theorem shows that for the limit result
it is important to know the speed $\delta(T)$ approaches 0 as $T\to \infty$.
The present contribution derives the aforementioned theorem for multivariate
stationary Gaussian processes
Stellar Abundances in the Solar Neighborhood: The Hypatia Catalog

We compile spectroscopic abundance data from 84 literature sources for 50
elements across 3058 stars in the solar neighborhood, within 150 pc of the Sun,
to produce the Hypatia Catalog. We evaluate the variability of the spread in
abundance measurements reported for the same star by different surveys. We also
explore the likely association of the star within the Galactic disk, the
corresponding observation and abundance determination methods for all catalogs
in Hypatia, the influence of specific catalogs on the overall abundance trends,
and the effect of normalizing all abundances to the same solar scale. The
resulting large number of stellar abundance determinations in the Hypatia
Catalog are analyzed only for thin-disk stars with observations that are
consistent between literature sources. As a result of our large dataset, we
find that the stars in the solar neighborhood may be reveal an asymmetric
abundance distribution, such that a [Fe/H]-rich group near to the mid-plane is
deficient in Mg, Si, S, Ca, Sc II, Cr II, and Ni as compared to stars further
from the plane. The Hypatia Catalog has a wide number of applications,
including exoplanet hosts, thick and thin disk stars, or stars with different
kinematic properties.Comment: 66pgs, 32 figures, 6 tables, accepted for publication in the
  Astronomical Journa
Excitation of Giant Monopole Resonance in $^{208}$Pb and $^{116}$Sn
  Using Inelastic Deuteron Scattering

The excitation of the isoscalar giant monopole resonance (ISGMR) in
$^{116}$Sn and $^{208}$Pb has been investigated using small-angle (including
$0^\circ$) inelastic scattering of 100 MeV/u deuteron and
multipole-decomposition analysis (MDA). The extracted strength distributions
agree well with those from inelastic scattering of 100 MeV/u $\alpha$
particles. These measurements establish deuteron inelastic scattering at E$_d
\sim$ 100 MeV/u as a suitable probe for extraction of the ISGMR strength with
MDA, making feasible the investigation of this resonance in radioactive
isotopes in inverse kinematics.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures. To be published in Phys. Lett.
Testing quark mixing in minimal left-right symmetric models with
  $b$-tags at the LHC

Motivated by a hint in a CMS search for right-handed $W$-bosons in $eejj$
final states, we propose an experimental test of quark-mixing matrices in a
general left-right symmetric model, based on counting the numbers of $b$-tags
from right-handed $W$-boson hadronic decays. We find that, with our test,
differences between left- and right-handed quark-mixing matrices could be
detected at the LHC with $\sqrt{s}=14$ TeV. With an integrated luminosity of
about $20/\textrm{fb}$, our test is sensitive to right-handed quark-mixing
angles as small as about $30^\circ$ and with $3000/\textrm{fb}$, our test's
sensitivity improves to right-handed mixing angles as small as about
$7.5^\circ$. Our test's sensitivity might be further enhanced by tuning
$b$-tagging efficiency against purity.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures. Matches version published in Nucl.Phys. B.
  Expanded descriptions of figures but conclusions unchange
Euclidean and Lorentzian Quantum Gravity: Lessons from Two Dimensions

No theory of four-dimensional quantum gravity exists as yet. In this situation the two-dimensional theory, which can be analyzed by conventional field-theoretical methods, can serve as a toy model for studying some aspects of quantum gravity. It represents one of the rare settings in a quantum-gravitational context where one can calculate quantities truly independent of any background geometry. We review recent progress in our understanding of 2d quantum gravity, and in particular the relation between the Euclidean and Lorentzian sectors of the quantum theory. We show that conventional 2d Euclidean quantum gravity can be obtained from Lorentzian quantum gravity by an analytic continuation only if we allow for spatial topology changes in the latter. Once this is done, one obtains a theory of quantum gravity where space-time is fractal: the intrinsic Hausdorff dimension of usual 2d Euclidean quantum gravity is four, and not two. However, certain aspects of quantum space-time remain two-dimensional, exemplified by the fact that its so-called spectral dimension is equal to two