pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Influence of geometries on the assembly of snowman-shaped Janus nanoparticles

The self-assembly of micro/nanoparticles into suprastructures is a promising way to develop reconfigurable materials and to gain insights into the fundamental question of how matter organizes itself. The geometry of particles, especially those deviating from perfectly spherical shapes, is of significant importance in colloidal assembly because it influences the particle "recognition", determines the particle packing, and ultimately dictates the formation of assembled suprastructures. In order to organize particles into desired structures, it is of vital importance to understand the relationship between the shape of the colloidal building blocks and the assembled suprastructures. This fundamental issue is an enduring topic in the assembly of molecular surfactants, but it remained elusive in colloidal assembly. To address this issue, we use snowman-shaped Janus nanoparticles (JNPs) as a model to systematically study the effect of colloidal geometries on their assembled suprastructures. Ten types of JNPs with identical chemical compositions but with different geometries were synthesized. Specifically, the synthesized JNPs differ in their lobe size ratios, phase separation degrees, and overall sizes. We show that by altering these parameters, both finite suprastructures, such as capsules with different curvatures, and nonfinite suprastructures, including free-standing single-layered or double-layered JNPs sheets, can be obtained via self-assembly. All these different types of suprastructures are constituted by highly oriented and hexagonally packed JNPs. These findings demonstrate the significance of geometries in colloidal assembly, such that slightly changing the building block geometries could result in a large variety of very different assembled structures, without altering the chemistry of the particles
Wearable inertial sensor systems for lower limb exercise detection and evaluation: a systematic review

Background. Analysis of lower limb exercises is traditionally completed with four distinct methods (i) 3D motion capture; (ii) depth-camera based systems (iii) visual analysis from a qualified exercise professional; (iv) self-assessment. Each method is associated with a number of limitations.\ud
Objective. The aim of this systematic review is to synthesize and evaluate studies which have investigated the capacity for inertial measurement unit (IMU) technologies to assess movement quality in lower limb exercises. Data Sources\ud
A systematic review of PubMed, ScienceDirect and Scopus was conducted.\ud
Study Eligibility Criteria. Articles written in English and published in the last 10 years which contained an IMU system for the analysis of repetition-based targeted lower limb exercises were included.\ud
Study Appraisal and Synthesis Methods. The quality of included studies was measured using an adapted version of the STROBE assessment criteria for cross-sectional studies. The studies were categorised in to three groupings: exercise detection, movement classification or measurement validation. Each study was then qualitatively summarised.\ud
Results. From the 2452 articles that were identified with the search strategies, 47 papers are included in this review.\ud
Conclusions. Wearable inertial sensor systems for analysing lower limb exercises are a rapidly growing technology. Research over the past ten years has predominantly focused on validating measurements that the systems produce and classifying users’ exercise quality. There have been very few user evaluation studies and no clinical trials in this field to date
Dispositional Properties in Evo-Devo

In identifying intrinsic molecular chance and extrinsic adaptive pressures as the only causally relevant factors in the process of evolution, the theoretical perspective of the Modern Synthesis had a major impact on the perceived tenability of an ontology of dispositional properties. However, since the late 1970s, an increasing number of evolutionary biologists have challenged the descriptive and explanatory adequacy of this “chance alone, extrinsic only” understanding of evolutionary change. Because morphological studies of homology, convergence, and teratology have revealed a space of possible forms and phylogenetic trajectories that is considerably more restricted than expected, evo-devo has focused on the causal contribution of intrinsic developmental processes to the course of evolution. Evo-devo’s investigation into the developmental structure of the modality of morphology – including both the possibility and impossibility of organismal form – has led to the utilisation of a number of dispositional concepts that emphasise the tendency of the evolutionary process to change along certain routes. In this sense, and in contrast to the perspective of the Modern Synthesis, evo-devo can be described as a “science of dispositions.” This chapter discusses the recent philosophical literature on dispositional properties in evo-devo, exploring debates about both the metaphysical and epistemological aspects of the central dispositional concepts utilised in contemporary evo-devo (e.g., variability, modularity, robustness, plasticity, and evolvability) and addressing the epistemological question of how dispositional properties challenge existing explanatory models in evolutionary biology
Using clustering techniques for intelligent camera-based user interfaces

The area of Human-Machine Interface is growing fast due to its high importance in all technological systems. The basic idea behind designing human-machine interfaces is to enrich the communication with the technology in a natural and easy way. Gesture interfaces are a good example of transparent interfaces. Such interfaces must identify properly the action the user wants to perform, so the proper gesture recognition is of the highest importance. However, most of the systems based on gesture recognition use complex methods requiring high-resource devices. In this work, we propose to model gestures capturing their temporal properties, which significantly reduce storage requirements, and use clustering techniques, namely self-organizing maps and unsupervised genetic algorithm, for their classification. We further propose to train a certain number of algorithms with different parameters and combine their decision using majority voting in order to decrease the false positive rate. The main advantage of the approach is its simplicity, which enables the implementation using devices with limited resources, and therefore low cost. The testing results demonstrate its high potential
The minimal seed of turbulent transition in the boundary layer

This paper describes a scenario of transition from laminar to turbulent flow in a spatially developing boundary layer over a flat plate. The base flow is the Blasius non-parallel flow solution; it is perturbed by optimal disturbances yielding the largest energy growth over a short time interval. Such perturbations are computed by a nonlinear global optimization approach based on a Lagrange multiplier technique. The results show that nonlinear optimal perturbations are characterized by a localized basic building block, called the minimal seed, defined as the smallest flow structure which maximizes the energy growth over short times. It is formed by vortices inclined in the streamwise direction surrounding a region of intense streamwise disturbance velocity. Such a basic structure appears to be a robust feature of the base flow since it is practically invariant with respect to the initial energy of the perturbation, the target time, the Reynolds number and the dimensions of the computational domain. The minimal seed grows very rapidly in time while spreading, and it triggers nonlinear effects which bring the flow to turbulence in a very efficient manner, through the formation of a turbulence spot. This evolution of the initial optimal disturbance has been studied in detail by direct numerical simulations. Using a perturbative formulation of the Navier–Stokes equations, each linear and nonlinear convective term of the equations has been analysed. The results show the fundamental role of the streamwise inclination of the vortices in the process. The nonlinear coupling of the finite amplitude disturbances is crucial to sustain such streamwise inclination, as well as to generate dislocations within the flow structures, and local inflectional velocity distributions. The analysis provides a picture of the transition process characterized by a sequence of structures appearing successively in the flow, namely, 3 vortices, hairpin vortices and streamwise streaks. Finally, a disturbance regeneration cycle is conceived, initiated by the fast nonlinear amplification of the minimal seed, providing a possible scenario for the continuous regeneration of the same fundamental flow structures at smaller space and time scales
Futile cycling of lactate through the plasma membrane of C6 glioma cells as detected by (13C, 2H) NMR

We report a novel (13C, 2H) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) procedure to investigate lactate recycling through the monocarboxylate transporter of the plasma membrane of cells in culture. C6 glioma cells were incubated with [3-13C]lactate in Krebs-Henseleit Buffer containing 50% 2H2O (vol/vol) for up to 30 hr. 13C NMR analysis of aliquots progressively taken from the medium, showed: (1) a linearly decreasing singlet at sim20.85 parts per million (ppm; -0.119 mumol/mg protein/hr) derived from the methyl carbon of [3-13C]lactate; and (2) an exponentially increasing shifted singlet at sim20.74 ppm (0.227 mumol/ mg protein/hr) from the methyl carbon of [3-13C, 2-2H]lactate. The shifted singlet appears because during its transit through the cytosol, [3-13C]lactate generates [3-13C, 2-2H]lactate in the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) equilibrium, which may return to the incubation medium through the reversible monocarboxylate carrier. The methyl group of [3-13C, 2-2H]lactate is shifted -0.11 ppm with respect to that of [3-13C]lactate, making it possible to distinguish between both molecules by 13C NMR. During incubations with 2.5 mM [1-13C]glucose and 3.98 mM [U-13C3]lactate or with 2.5 mM [1-13C]glucose and 3.93 mM [2-13C]pyruvate, C2-deuterated lactate was produced only from [1-13C]glucose or [U-13C3]lactate, revealing that this deuteration process is redox sensitive. When [1-13C]glucose and [U-13C3]lactate were used as substrates, no significant [3-13C]lactate production from [1-13C]glucose was detected, suggesting that glycolytic lactate production may be stopped under the high lactate concentrations prevailing under mild hypoxic or ischemic episodes or during cerebral activation. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.2030
Cardosins: A new and efficient plant enzymatic tool to dissociate neuronal cells for the establishment of cell cultures

In the present work, we examined the feasibility of using cardosins, plant aspartic-proteinases from Cynara cardunculus L., to isolate cells from rat embryonic brain. Using morphological and functional assays, we compared cell cultures obtained with cardosins with those prepared with a well-established trypsin protocol. Cardosins and trypsin dissociation produced cells with similar yield, viability, and GABA release in response to a depolarizing stimulus. However, cardosins-dissociated cells appeared to recover faster in culture, as assessed by the MTT-test and by the number and length of neurtites, suggesting that cardosins are less aggressive to neurons than trypsin. This feature might be helpful for research and medical purposes requiring fast manipulations of cells. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 991-996. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.2125
Application of Hydroalcoholic Solutions of Formaldehyde in Preparation of Acetylsalicylic Acid Gastro-Resistant Capsules

Enteric coating of hard gelatin capsules by application of hydroalcoholic solutions of formaldehyde was studied and developed in accordance with previous publications. It is possible to affirm that this coating constitutes a simple, stable, reproducible, and inexpensive method, being a valid alternative to those which have been proposed. The aim of the present investigation is the preparation of acetylsalicylic acid gelatin capsules with good conditions of gastro-resistance and enteros solubility.http://www.informaworld.com/10.1081/DDC-12000300
The Raman Laser Spectrometer for the ExoMars Rover Mission to Mars

The Raman Laser Spectrometer (RLS) on board the ESA/Roscosmos ExoMars 2020 mission will provide
precise identification of the mineral phases and the possibility to detect organics on the Red Planet. The RLS
will work on the powdered samples prepared inside the Pasteur analytical suite and collected on the surface and
subsurface by a drill system. Raman spectroscopy is a well-known analytical technique based on the inelastic
scattering by matter of incident monochromatic light (the Raman effect) that has many applications in laboratory
and industry, yet to be used in space applications. Raman spectrometers will be included in two Mars
rovers scheduled to be launched in 2020. The Raman instrument for ExoMars 2020 consists of three main units:
(1) a transmission spectrograph coupled to a CCD detector; (2) an electronics box, including the excitation laser
that controls the instrument functions; and (3) an optical head with an autofocus mechanism illuminating and
collecting the scattered light from the spot under investigation. The optical head is connected to the excitation
laser and the spectrometer by optical fibers. The instrument also has two targets positioned inside the rover
analytical laboratory for onboard Raman spectral calibration. The aim of this article was to present a detailed
description of the RLS instrument, including its operation on Mars. To verify RLS operation before launch and
to prepare science scenarios for the mission, a simulator of the sample analysis chain has been developed by the
team. The results obtained are also discussed. Finally, the potential of the Raman instrument for use in field
conditions is addressed. By using a ruggedized prototype, also developed by our team, a wide range of
terrestrial analog sites across the world have been studied. These investigations allowed preparing a large
collection of real, in situ spectra of samples from different geological processes and periods of Earth evolution.
On this basis, we are working to develop models for interpreting analog processes on Mars during the mission.
Key Words: Raman spectroscopy—ExoMars mission—Instruments and techniques—Planetary sciences—Mars
mineralogy and geochemistry—Search for life on Mars. Astrobiology 17, 627–65
The effect of many sources on the genuine multiparticle correlations

We report on a study aimed to explore the dependence of the genuine
multiparticle correlations on the number of sources when the influence of other
possible factors during multihadron production are avoided. The analysis
utilised the normalised cumulants calculated in three-dimensional phase space
of the reaction ee -> Z -> hadrons using a large Monte Carlo sample.
  The multi-sources events were simulated by overlaying a few independent
single ee annihilation events.
  It was found that as the number of sources increases, the cumulants do not
change significantly their structure, but those of an order higher than two
decrease fast in their magnitude.
  This reduction and its amount can be understood in terms of combinatorial
considerations of source mixing which dilutes the correlations.
  The diminishing of the genuine correlations is consistent with recent
cumulant measurements in hadron and nucleus induced reactions and should also
be relevant to other dynamical correlations like the Bose-Einstein one, in ee
-> WW -> hadrons and in nucleus-nucleus reactions
Null-Wave Giant Gravitons from Thermal Spinning Brane Probes

We construct and analyze thermal spinning giant gravitons in type II/M-theory
based on spherically wrapped black branes, using the method of thermal probe
branes originating from the blackfold approach. These solutions generalize in
different directions recent work in which the case of thermal (non-spinning)
D3-brane giant gravitons was considered, and reveal a rich phase structure with
various new properties. First of all, we extend the construction to M-theory,
by constructing thermal giant graviton solutions using spherically wrapped M2-
and M5-branes. More importantly, we switch on new quantum numbers, namely
internal spins on the sphere, which are not present in the usual extremal limit
for which the brane world volume stress tensor is Lorentz invariant. We examine
the effect of this new type of excitation and in particular analyze the
physical quantities in various regimes, including that of small temperatures as
well as low/high spin. As a byproduct we find new stationary dipole-charged
black hole solutions in AdS_m X S^n backgrounds of type II/M-theory. We finally
show, via a double scaling extremal limit, that our spinning thermal giant
graviton solutions lead to a novel null-wave zero-temperature giant graviton
solution with a BPS spectrum, which does not have an analogue in terms of the
conventional weakly coupled world volume theory.Comment: v1: 31p
More on generalized Heisenberg ferromagnet models

We generalize the integrable Heisenberg ferromagnet model according to each Hermitian symmetric spaces and address various new aspects of the generalized model. Using the first order formalism of generalized spins which are defined on the coadjoint orbits of arbitrary groups, we construct a Lagrangian of the generalized model from which we obtain the Hamiltonian structure explicitly in the case of CP(N-1) orbit. The gauge equivalence between the generalized Heisenberg ferromagnet and the nonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger models is given. Using the equivalence, we find infinitely many conserved integrals of both models
Self-Dual Chern-Simons Solitons and Generalized Heisenberg Ferromagnet Models

We consider the (2+1)-dimensional gauged Heisenberg ferromagnet model coupled with the Chern-Simons gauge fields. Self-dual Chern-Simons solitons, the static zero energy solution saturating Bogomol'nyi bounds, are shown to exist when the generalized spin variable is valued in the Hermitian symmetric spaces G/H. By gauging the maximal torus subgroup of H, we obtain self-dual solitons which satisfy vortex-type nonlinear equations thereby extending the two dimensional instantons in a nontrivial way. An explicit example for the CP(N) case is given
The Spin of the M2-Brane and Spin-Spin Interactions via Probe Techniques

The 256 dimensional M2-brane multiplet contains solitons of many different
intrinsic spins. Using the broken supersymmetry transformations of the
M2-brane, we find supergravity solutions which explicitly display these spins.
This amounts to quantizing the fermionic zero modes and computing the back
reaction on the metric and gauge potential. These spacetime fields are
therefore operator valued and acquire a conventional classical meaning only
after taking expectations in given BPS states. Our spinning spacetimes are not
of the standard Kerr form -- there is a non-vanishing gravitino. Nevertheless,
the solutions have angular momentum and magnetic dipole moments with a g-factor
of 2. We use probe techniques to study scattering of spinning BPS M2-branes.
The static interactions cancel between like-sign branes at leading order, but
there are static spin-spin forces between branes and anti-branes. The general
probe-background Lagrangian contains gravitational spin-spin and magnetic
dipole-dipole forces, as well as gravitino exchanges which allow branes to
change fermion number.Comment: 18 page
Second-Order Elliptic Integro-Differential Equations: Viscosity
  Solutions' Theory Revisited

The aim of this work is to revisit viscosity solutions' theory for
second-order elliptic integro-differential equations and to provide a general
framework which takes into account solutions with arbitrary growth at infinity.
Our main contribution is a new Jensen-Ishii's Lemma for integro-differential
equations, which is stated for solutions with no restriction on their growth at
infinity. The proof of this result, which is of course a key ingredient to
prove comparison principles, relies on a new definition of viscosity solution
for integro-differential equation (equivalent to the two classical ones) which
combines the approach with test-functions and sub-superjets
Simulation of the stir casting process

Non homogeneous particle distribution is one of the greatest problems in casting Metal Matrix Composites (MMC's). To optimize some of the parameters for uniform particle distribution for batch compocasting the present simulation studies were conducted. The simulation involves visualisation experiments. In the visualisation experiments liquid and semi solid aluminium are replaced by other fluids with similar characteristics. SiC reinforcement particulate similar to that used in aluminium MMC's was used in the simulation fluid mixtures. Scaled-up stirring experiments were carried out in a transparent crucible with the percentage of reinforcement material being varied. Optimum conditions for photographing flow patterns were established. The dependence of the photography conditions (shutter speed, aperture control, lighting), particles dispersion and settling times and vortex height on stirrer geometry and speed was found. Results are discussed in terms of their applicability to MMC production
A semi-holographic model for heavy-ion collisions

We develop a semi-holographic model for the out-of-equilibrium dynamics during the partonic stages of an ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collision. The model combines a weakly-coupled hard sector, involving gluon modes with energy and momenta of the order of the saturation momentum and relatively large occupation numbers, with a strongly-coupled soft sector, which physically represents the soft gluons radiated by the hard partons. The hard sector is described by perturbative QCD, more precisely, by its semi-classical approximation (the classical Yang-Mills equations) which becomes appropriate when the occupation numbers are large. The soft sector is described by a marginally deformed conformal field theory, which in turn admits a holographic description in terms of classical Einstein’s equations in AdS 5 with a minimally coupled massless ‘dilaton’. The model involve two free parameters which characterize the gauge-invariant couplings between the hard and soft sectors. Via these couplings, the hard modes provide dynamical sources for the gravitational equations at the boundary of AdS 5 and feel the feedback of the latter as additional soft sources in the classical Yang-Mills equations. Importantly, the initial conditions for this coupled dynamics are fully determined by the hard sector alone, i.e. by perturbative QCD, and are conveniently given by the color glass condensate (CGC) effective theory. We also develop a new semi-holographic picture of jets in the QGP by attaching a non-Abelian charge to the endpoint of the trailing string in AdS 5 representing a heavy quark. This leads to modified Nambu-Goto equations for the string which govern the (collisional and radiative) energy loss by the heavy quark towards both hard and soft modes
Tate’s algorithm for F-theory GUTs with two U(1)s

We present a systematic study of elliptic fibrations for F-theory realizations of gauge theories with two U(1) factors. In particular, we determine a new class of SU(5) × U(1) 2 fibrations, which can be used to engineer Grand Unified Theories, with multiple, differently charged, 10 matter representations. To determine these models we apply Tate’s algorithm to elliptic fibrations with two U(1) symmetries, which are realized in terms of a cubic in ℙ 2 $$ {\mathrm{\mathbb{P}}}^2 $$ . In the process, we find fibers which are not characterized solely in terms of vanishing orders, but with some additional specialization, which plays a key role in the construction of these novel SU(5) models with multiple 10 matter. We also determine a table of Tate-like forms for Kodaira fibers with two U(1)s