pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing age-related macular degeneration

Background: There is inconclusive evidence from observational studies to suggest that people who eat a diet rich in antioxidant vitamins (carotenoids, vitamins C and E) or minerals (selenium and zinc) may be less likely to develop age-related macular degeneration (AMD).\ud
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Objectives: To examine the evidence as to whether or not taking antioxidant vitamin or mineral supplements prevents the development of AMD.\ud
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Search methods: We searched CENTRAL (which contains the Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group Trials Register) (The Cochrane Library 2011, Issue 12), MEDLINE (January 1950 to January 2012), EMBASE (January 1980 to January 2012), Open Grey (System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe) (www.opengrey.eu/), the metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT) (www.controlled-trials.com), ClinicalTrials.gov (www.clinicaltrials.gov) and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (www.who.int/ictrp/search/en). There were no date or language restrictions in the electronic searches for trials. The electronic databases were last searched on 26 January 2012.\ud
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Selection criteria: We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing an antioxidant vitamin and/or mineral supplement (alone or in combination) to control.\ud
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Data collection and analysis: Both review authors independently assessed risk of bias in the included studies and extracted data. One author entered data into RevMan 5 and the other author checked the data entry. We pooled data using a fixed-effect model.\ud
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Main results: We included four RCTs in this review; 62,520 people were included in the analyses. The trials were conducted in Australia, Finland and the USA and investigated vitamin E and beta-carotene supplements. Overall the quality of the evidence was high. People who took these supplements were not at decreased (or increased) risk of developing AMD. The pooled risk ratio for any antioxidant supplement in the prevention of any AMD was 0.98 (95% confidence interval 0.89 to 1.08) and for advanced AMD was 1.05 (95% CI 0.80 to 1.39). Similar results were seen when the analyses were restricted to beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol alone.\ud
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Authors' conclusions: There is accumulating evidence that taking vitamin E or beta-carotene supplements will not prevent or delay the onset of AMD. There is no evidence with respect to other antioxidant supplements, such as vitamin C, lutein and zeaxanthin, or any of the commonly marketed multivitamin combinations. Although generally regarded as safe, vitamin supplements may have harmful effects and clear evidence of benefit is needed before they can be recommended. People with AMD should see the related Cochrane review 'Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration' written by the same review team
Interventions to improve hand hygiene compliance in patient care: Reflections on three systematic reviews for the Cochrane Collaboration 2007-2017

This article presents highlights from a recently updated systematic Cochrane review evaluating the effectiveness of interventions to improve hand hygiene compliance in patient care. It is an advance on the two earlier reviews we undertook on the same topic as it has, for the first time, provided very rigorous synthesis of evidence that such interventions can improve practice. In this article, we provide highlights from a recently updated Cochrane systematic review. We identify omissions in the information reported and point out important aspects of hand hygiene intervention studies that were beyond the scope of the review. A full report of the review is available free of charge on the Cochrane website
Visual feedback of the individual's medical imaging results for changing health behaviours in clinical and non-clinical populations (Protocol)

Primary objective To assess the extent to which presentation to the individual of images of their own body created during medical imaging procedures increases or decreases health behaviours such as: 1. dietary fat intake; 2. physical activity levels; 3. smoking; 4. alcohol use; 5. damaging exposure to sunlight or other sources of ultraviolet radiation. This will be considered in comparison to the impact of communicating the same findings in a way which does not involve showing the person the source images derived from the imaging procedure (such as solely through oral feedback, or a written report). Secondary objective A secondary objective is to determine the impact of this feedback on consumers': 1. understanding of the relevant condition and of the risk information they have been given; 2. perceived severity and risk of disease; 3. perceived control over the disease risk; 4. perceived effectiveness of the risk-reducing behaviour; 5. emotional response, including general anxiety and condition-specific worry
Certolizumab pegol (CDP870) for rheumatoid arthritis in adults

Background\ud
TNF-alpha inhibitors have been shown to reduce the risk of joint damage and improve physical function and quality of life in people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This is the first Cochrane review of certolizumab pegol, a new TNF-alpha inhibitor.\ud
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Objectives\ud
To assess the effectiveness and safety of certolizumab pegol (CDP870) in patients with RA who have not responded well to conventional disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs).\ud
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Search methods\ud
We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library 2009, Issue 3),  MEDLINE (1966 to November 2009), EMBASE (1966 to November 2009), Scopus (January 2004 to November 2009), TOXLINE (until November 2009), Web of Knowledge (until November 2009); websites of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA) (until November 2009), and reference lists of articles.\ud
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Selection criteria\ud
Randomised controlled trials that compared certolizumab pegol with any other agent including placebo or methotrexate (MTX) in adult RA patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite current or prior treatment with conventional DMARDs, such as methotrexate (MTX).\ud
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Data collection and analysis\ud
Two authors independently assessed search results, trial quality and extracted data.\ud
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Main results\ud
Five trials were included. We included in the analysis 2394 people for effectiveness and 2094 people for safety. The duration of follow-up was from 12 to 52 weeks, and the range of doses of certolizumab pegol were from 50 to 400 mg subcutaneously (sc). In three trials the control was placebo plus methotrexate (MTX) and in two trials it was just placebo. Significant improvements were observed at 24 weeks with the approved dose of 200 mg certolizumab pegol: American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 50% improvement: risk ratio (RR) 6.01 (95% CI 3.84 to 9.40) with an absolute benefit of 29% (95% CI 25% to 34%), number needed to treat to benefit (NNTB) of 4 (3 to 5) and the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) mean difference (MD) - 0.39 (95% CI -0.45 to -0.32) (scale 0 to 3). At 52 weeks the results were quite similar: ACR 50% improvement RR 5.27 (95% CI 3.19 to 8.71), HAQ mean difference (MD) - 0.42 (95% CI -0.52 to -0.32). Serious adverse events were more frequent for certolizumab pegol 200 mg, Peto OR 2.02 (95% CI 1.24 to 3.30). The most common adverse events with certolizumab pegol 200 mg were: upper respiratory tract infections, Peto OR 2.21 (95% CI 1.15 to 4.25); hypertension, Peto OR 2.81 (95% CI 1.38 to 5.75); and nasopharyngitis, Peto OR 2.71 (95% CI 1.30 to 5.66).\ud
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Authors' conclusions\ud
With an overall high grade of evidence this review revealed an improvement of clinical results (ACR50, 28 joint disease activity score (DAS-28) remission and HAQ scores) with certolizumab pegol. Adverse events were more frequent with certolizumab; there was a statistically significant increase in the number of serious adverse events, infections and hypertension
Written emotional disclosure for asthma (Protocol)

This is the protocol for a review and there is no abstract. The objectives are as follows: The review aims to determine the effectiveness of written emotional disclosure for people with asthma. 1. To assess the overall efficacy of emotional disclosure compared to emotionally neutral writing in people with asthma on self reported quality of life. 2. To assess the overall efficacy of emotional disclosure compared to emotionally neutral writing in people with asthma on objective measures of health outcome. 3. To assess the comparative efficacy of different types of emotional disclosure for people with asthma
Psychosocial interventions for improving quality of life outcomes in adults undergoing strabismus surgery (Protocol)

This is the protocol for a review and there is no abstract. The objectives are as follows:\ud
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To investigate the effects of psychosocial interventions versus no intervention on quality of life and psychosocial outcomes in adults undergoing strabismus surgery. The primary objective is to assess whether patients who have taken part in a sychosocial intervention prior to their strabismus surgery report signiﬁcantly improved quality of life compared to those who receive standard care,i.e. strabismus surgery alone. The secondary outcome measures will include anxiety, depression, social anxiety and social avoidance, as well as degree of success in terms of surgical outcome
Psychosocial interventions for improving quality of life outcomes in adults undergoing strabismus surgery

Background: Strabismus, also known as squint, can have a debilitating effect on a person's self-esteem, quality of life and mood, as well as increase their feelings of social anxiety and avoidance behaviour. Strabismus surgery can improve both the alignment of a person's eyes and, in appropriate cases, relieve symptoms such as double vision. However, evidence indicates that not all patients experience a meaningful improvement in their quality of life postsurgery. Pre-surgical psychosocial interventions have been found to improve patient reported outcomes in other long-term conditions.\ud
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Objectives: To assess the effects of psychosocial interventions versus no intervention on quality of life and psychosocial outcomes in adults undergoing strabismus surgery.\ud
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Search methods: We searched CENTRAL (which contains the Cochrane Eyes and Vision group Trials Register) (2016, Issue 1), Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid MEDLINE In-Process and Other Non-Indexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE Daily, Ovid OLDMEDLINE (January 1946 to February 2016), EMBASE (January 1980 to February 2016), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences (LILACS) (January 1982 to February 2016), PsycINFO (January 1967 to February 2016), the ISRCTN registry (www.isrctn.com/editAdvancedSearch), ClinicalTrials.gov (www.clinicaltrials.gov) and the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (www.who.int/ictrp/search/en). We did not use any date or language restrictions in the electronic searches for trials. We last searched the electronic databases on 15 February 2016. We also manually searched the British Orthoptic Journal, proceedings of the European Strabismological Association (ESA), International Strabismological Association (ISA) and published transactions from the meetings of European Strabismus Association (ESA) and American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (AAPOS). These were searched from 1980 to present. We also carried out handsearches of Psychology and Health, British Journal of Health Psychology, Health Psychology and Annals of Behavioral Medicine. \ud
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Selection criteria: We planned to include randomised controlled trials (RCTs), including cluster-RCTs, in which effectiveness of a psychosocial intervention had been evaluated in patients due to undergo strabismus surgery.\ud
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Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently reviewed the search results for eligibility.\ud
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Main results: None of the 88 studies we identified met the inclusion criteria of this Cochrane review.\ud
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Authors' conclusions: We found no evidence that evaluated the impact of psychosocial interventions on patients undergoing squint surgery. We believe future research should focus on developing and evaluating the use of targeted psychosocial interventions to improve a patient's quality of life after strabismus surgery
Psychosocial interventions for improving quality of life outcomes in adults undergoing strabismus surgery

This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Intervention). The objectives are as follows:\ud
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To investigate the effects of psychosocial interventions versus no intervention on quality of life and psychosocial outcomes in adults undergoing strabismus surgery. The primary objective is to assess whether patients who have taken part in a psychosocial intervention prior to their strabismus surgery report significantly improved quality of life compared to those who receive standard care, i.e. strabismus surgery alone. The secondary outcome measures will include anxiety, depression, social anxiety and social avoidance, as well as degree of success in terms of surgical outcome
Peer support interventions for family carers of adults with chronic mental or physical illness who are living at home

This is the protocol for a review and there is no abstract. The objectives are as follows: To assess the effects of peer support interventions on health-related quality of life (i.e. mental and physical health) and wellbeing of family carers who care for an adult relative with a chronic mental or physical illness at home. Secondary objectives are: to assess whether different features within each peer support intervention impact on its effects. These features could include: the facilitator (peer, versus peer and professional co-facilitators); format, duration, intensity of intervention; and quality of peer training. to assess the effects of simple and multifaceted interventions (interventions with more than one component), and the particular features that are most effective. to assess the effects of peer support interventions across different types of illness
Interventions to increase attendance for diabetic retinopathy screening

This is the protocol for a review and there is no abstract. The objectives are as follows:\ud
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The primary objective of the review is to assess the effectiveness of intervention components that seek to increase attendance for diabetic retinopathy screening in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.\ud
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Secondary objectives:\ud
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- To use validated taxonomies of QI intervention strategies and behaviour change techniques (BCTs) to code the description of interventions in the included studies and determine whether interventions that include particular QI strategies or component BCTs are more effective in increasing screening attendance;\ud
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- To explore heterogeneity in effect size within and between studies to identify potential explanatory factors for variability in effect size;\ud
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- To explore differential effects in subgroups to provide information on how equity of screening attendance could be improved;\ud
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- To critically appraise and summarise current evidence on the resource use, costs and cost-effectiveness
Facilitated Visual Search at Low Color Contrast

. The influence of color contrast on visual search behavior was analyzed in young and old observers with normal vision and observers with age-related macular degeneration. A display of a variable number (2 or 8) of 2.7 deg disks, arrayed on a virtual circle of 12 deg diameter, was presented to the observer. The task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether one disk was a different color than the other(s), which was true on 50% of the trials. The color difference was chosen randomly from one of 4 color axes (achromatic, protan, deutan or tritan confusions axes) and from one of three contrasts along each of these axes. A significant interaction between stimulus contrast and number of distractors was found in the observers with an intact central visual field. Surprisingly, the source of this variation was a decrease in reaction time with increase in the number of distractors at the lowest contrast levels tested. Though not significant, a similar tendancy was noted throughout the reaction time data in the low vision group. As the 8-disk stimuli formed a circle, proximity or configuration effects might explain this unexpected result. In the normal groups, reaction time as a function of separation of the 2-disk stimuli, however, did not consistently vary as the first of these two hypotheses would predict. In contrast, the average reaction time did increase with separation of the disks in observers with macular degeneration, suggesting that spatial uncertainty constrains their search times
Enantioselective Transport by a Steroidal Guanidinium Receptor

The cationic steroidal receptors 9 and 11 have been synthesized from cholic acid 3. Receptor 9 extracts N-acetyl-α-amino acids from aqueous media into chloroform with enantioselectivities (L:D) of 7-10:1. The lipophilic variant 11 has been employed for the enantioselective transport of N-acetylphenylalanine, a) through dichloromethane (DCM) and dichloroethane (DCE) bulk liquid membranes (U-tube apparatus), and b) through 2.5% (v/v) octanol/hexane via hollow fibre membrane contactors. Significant enantioselectivities and multiple turnovers were observed for both types of apparatus.
Fragmentation of carbohydrate anomeric alkoxy radicals: A new synthesis of chiral 1-halo-1-iodo compounds

3 pages, 1 table, 3 schemes.-- PMID: 11433510 [PubMed].-- Supporting information available at: http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2001/z16345_s.pdf1,1-Dihaloalkanes, and specifically the highly reactive 1,1-diiodoalkanes, are versatile compounds in organic synthesis. Several methods for the synthesis of these compounds have\ud
been developed.This work was supported by the Investigation Programme no. PB96-1461 of the Dirección General de Investigación Científica y Técnica, Spain. C.C.G. and C.R.-F. thank the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, Spain, and the Dirección General de Universidades e Investigación del Gobierno de Canarias, respectively, for fellowships
Intramolecular 1,8-hydrogen abstraction between glucopyranose units in a disaccharide model promoted by alkoxy radicals

3 pages, 3 schemes.-- PMID: 12491359 [PubMed].-- Supporting information available at: http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2002/z18262_s.pdfThe use of radical reactions in carbohydrate chemistry has recently attracted considerable attention in the synthetic community. Among free radical reactions intramolecular hydrogen abstraction (IHA) has been comparatively less\ud
studied in these systems.This work was supported by the Investigation Program no. PB96-1461 of the Dirección General de Investigación Científica y Técnica, Spain. A.J.H. thanks the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, Spain, for a fellowship
Samarium Diiodide Mediated Reductive Coupling of Epoxides and Carbonyl Compounds: A New Stereocontrolled Synthesis of C-Glycosides from 1,2-Anhydro Sugars

The significant advances in the understanding of the biological function of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates achieved during the last two decades have stimulated the development of glycomimetics as fundamental tools for biological research and as potential agents for therapeutic intervention. C-Glycosides are of special relevance in this context due to their resistance to hydrolysis and to their occurrence in a number of natural products with interesting biological activity. Methods for their preparation using anomeric anions, cations, radicals, and carbenes have been extensively studied. 1,2-Anhydro sugars, readily available and well-known donors for the stereoselective preparation of O-glycosides, have also found application in the stereoselective synthesis of C-glycosides.This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Spain (project BQU2000-1501-C02-01).Peer reviewe
Digestive stimulant action of three Indian spice mixes in experimental rats

The present study examined the favourable influence of three spice mixes derived from a few commonly consumed spices of known digestive stimulant action on digestive enzymes of pancreas and small intestine, and on bile secretion and composition in experimental rats. The common ingredients of these mixes were coriander, turmeric, red chilli, black pepper and cumin, while the spice mix II additionally had ginger, and spice mix III containd onion. All the three spice mixes favourably enhanced the activities of pancreatic lipase, chymotrypsin and amylase when consumed during the diet. In addition, these spice mixes brought about a pronounced stimulation of bile flow and of bile acid secretion. Among the three spice mixes examined, spice mix III which is customised so as to inclue spices that are desirable from the point of view of stimulation of digestion, had the highest stimulatory influence particularly on bile secretion, bile acid output and the activities of pancreatic enzymes. While activities of pancreatic lipase, amylase and chymotrypsin were elevated by 40, 16 and 77%, respectively, the bile volume as well as the bile acid secretion were almost doubled in spice mix III treatment. The higher secretion of bile especially with an elevated level of bile acids and a beneficial stimulation of pancreatic digestive enzymes, particularly of lipase could probably be the two mechanisms by which these combinations of spices aid in digestion
Critical exponents predicted by grouping of Feynman diagrams in phi^4
  model

Different perturbation theory treatments of the Ginzburg-Landau phase
transition model are discussed. This includes a criticism of the perturbative
renormalization group (RG) approach and a proposal of a novel method providing
critical exponents consistent with the known exact solutions in two dimensions.
The usual perturbation theory is reorganized by appropriate grouping of Feynman
diagrams of phi^4 model with O(n) symmetry. As a result, equations for
calculation of the two-point correlation function are obtained which allow to
predict possible exact values of critical exponents in two and three dimensions
by proving relevant scaling properties of the asymptotic solution at (and near)
the criticality. The new values of critical exponents are discussed and
compared to the results of numerical simulations and experiments.Comment: 34 pages, 6 figure
Semiclassical trace formulae using coherent states

We derive semiclassical trace formulae including Gutzwiller's trace formula
using coherent states. This formulation has several advantages over the usual
coordinate-space formulation. Using a coherent-state basis makes it immediately
obvious that classical periodic orbits make separate contributions to the trace
of the quantum-mechanical time evolution operator. In addition, our approach is
manifestly canonically invariant at all stages, and leads to the simplest
possible derivation of Gutzwiller's formula.Comment: 19 pages, 1 figur
Electronic correlation in the quantum Hall regime

Two-dimensional interacting electron systems become strongly correlated if
the electrons are subject to a perpendicular high magnetic field. After
introducing the physics of the quantum Hall regime the incompressible many-
particle ground state and its excitations are studied in detail at fractional
filling factors for spin-polarized electrons. The spin degree of freedom whose
importance was shown in recent experiments is considered by studying the
thermodynamics at filling factor one and near one.Comment: 55 pages, 26 eps-figure