pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Morphometric Study of Diabetes Related Alterations in Human Parotid Gland and Comparison with Submandibular Gland

Type 2 diabetes mellitus represents one of the principal diseases that afflict the world population and is often associated with malfunction of salivary glands and consequent oral diseases. We recently described significant ultrastructural alterations in the human submandibular gland in diabetic patients without evident oral pathologies. Herein, an analogs morphometrical investigation was focused on the parotid gland in order to evaluate if one of the two glands is more affected by diabetes. Parotid fragments from diabetic and nondiabetic patients were fixed, dehydrated, and processed for light and electron microscopy. Serous cells were randomly photographed and the density and size of several structures involved in the secretory process were examined by morphometry. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed significant changes in the number of apically docked granules and vesicles, suggesting that the last steps in exocytosis are somehow altered in diabetic cells. Other variables analyzed by light and transmission electron microscopy such as the size of acini and secretory granules did not show significant changes, but comparison with previous data obtained with submandibular gland cells demonstrated that the two glands are affected differently. Anat Rec, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Ancestral variations in the shape and size of the zygoma

The variable development of the zygoma, dictating its shape and size variations
among ancestral groups, has important clinical implications and valuable
anthropological and evolutionary inferences. The purpose of the study was to review
the literature regarding the variations in the zygoma with ancestry. Ancestral
variation in the zygoma reflects genetic variations because of genetic drift as well as
natural selection and epigenetic changes to adapt to diet and climate variations with
possible intensification by isolation. Prominence of the zygoma, zygomaxillary
tuberosity, and malar tubercle have been associated with Eastern Asian populations
in whom these features intensified. Prominence of the zygoma is also associated
with groups from Eastern Europe and the rest of Asia. Diffusion of these traits
occurred across the Behring Sea to the Arctic areas and to North and South
America. The greatest zygomatic projections are exhibited in Arctic groups as an
adaptation to extreme cold conditions, while Native South American groups also
present with other features of facial robusticity. Groups from Australia, Malaysia, and
Oceania show prominence of the zygoma to a certain extent, possibly because of
archaic occupations by undifferentiated Southeast Asian populations. More recent
interactions with Chinese groups might explain the prominent cheekbones noted in
certain South African groups. Many deductions regarding evolutionary processes
and diversifications of early groups have been made. Cognisance of these ancestral
variations also have implications for forensic anthropological assessments as well as
plastic and reconstructive surgery. More studies are needed to improve accuracy of
forensic anthropological identification techniques.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1932-84942018-01-31hb2017Anatom
Soy Phytoestrogens Do Not Fully Reverse Changes in Rat Pituitary Castration Cells: Unbiased Stereological Study

The aim of the study was to examine the potential of the principal soy isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, or isoflavone rich soy extract to recover pituitary castration cells in orchidectomized adult male rats in comparison with the effects of estradiol. Two weeks post orchidectomy (Orx), animals received estradiol‐dipropionate, genistein, daidzein or soy extract subcutaneously for 3 weeks. Control sham‐operated (So) and Orx rats received just the vehicle. Changes in the volumes of pars distalis, of individual follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) containing cells, their volume, numerical density and number were determined by unbiased design‐based stereology. The intracellular content of βFSH and βLH was estimated by relative intensity of fluorescence (RIF). Orchidectomy increased all examined stereological parameters and RIF. Compared to Orx, estradiol increased the volume of pars distalis, but reversed RIF and all morphometric parameters of gonadotropes to the level of So rats, except their number. Treatments with purified isoflavones and soy extract decreased RIF to the control So level, expressing an estradiol‐like effect. However, the histological appearance and morphometrical features of gonadotropes did not follow this pattern. Genistein increased the volume of pars distalis, decreased the volume density of LH‐labeled cells and raised the number of gonadotropes. Daidzein decreased the cell volume of gonadotropic cells but increased their number and numerical density. Soy extract induced an increase in number and numerical density of FSH‐containing cells. Therefore, it can be concluded that soy phytoestrogens do not fully reverse the Orx‐induced changes in pituitary castration cells.This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Nestorović N, Trifunović S, Manojlović-Stojanoski M, Jarić I, Ristić N, Filipović B, Šošić-Jurjević B, Milošević V. Soy Phytoestrogens Do Not Fully Reverse Changes in Rat Pituitary Castration Cells: Unbiased Stereological Study. Anat Rec. 2018, which has been published in final form at [https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23809]. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving
Effect of lacunocanalicular architecture on hydraulic conductance in bone tissue : implications for bone health and evolution

Bone tissue health depends largely on efficient fluid and solute transport between the blood supply and cells that are the living component of the tissue. We hypothesized that the lacunocanalicular hydraulic network, which is defined by the pericellular fluid space that is common to all bone tissue, is optimized to transport fluid and solutes between the blood supply and bone cells. An analytical study was carried out to evaluate the effect of osteonal architecture, including the osteon diameter, number of annular lamellar regions, and number and length of canalicular channels, on fluid transport between the blood supply and bone cells. On the basis of this analysis, we conclude that osteon size is limited to the distance over which fluid and solutes can be transported efficiently between the blood supply and cells. This analytic model suggests that hydraulic conductivity is highest in lamellar regions closest to the Haversian canal (HC) and decreases with increasing distance from the blood supply, reaching a plateau after the fifth lamella (169 m radius). Furthermore, an increase in the diameter of the HC, or a decrease in the length of canaliculi, reduces the hydraulic conductivity within the lacunocanalicular network. Applying the principle of minimal expenditure of energy to this analysis, the path distance comprising five or six lamellar regions represents an effective limit for fluid and solute transport between the blood supply and cells; beyond this threshold, hydraulic resistance in the network increases and additional energy expenditure is necessary for further transportation. This suggests that transport is optimized to meet metabolic demands concomitant with a minimal expenditure of energy. This fundamental new insight into bone structure and physiology may provide a new basis of understanding for tissue engineering, bone physiology in health and disease, and evolutionary biolog
Comparison of beam theory and finite-element analysis with in vivo bone strain data from the alligator cranium

The mechanical behavior of the vertebrate skull is often modeled using free-body analysis of simple geometric structures and, more recently, finite-element (FE) analysis. In this study, we compare experimentally collected in vivo bone strain orientations and magnitudes from the cranium of the American alligator with those extrapolated from a beam model and extracted from an FE model. The strain magnitudes predicted from beam and FE skull models bear little similarity to relative and absolute strain magnitudes recorded during in vivo biting experiments. However, quantitative differences between principal strain orientations extracted from the FE skull model and recorded during the in vivo experiments were smaller, and both generally matched expectations from the beam model. The differences in strain magnitude between the data sets may be attributable to the level of resolution of the models, the material properties used in the FE model, and the loading conditions (i.e., external forces and constraints). This study indicates that FE models and modeling of skulls as simple engineering structures may give a preliminary idea of how these structures are loaded, but whenever possible, modeling results should be verified with either in vitro or preferably in vivo testing, especially if precise knowledge of strain magnitudes is desired. (c) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc
Distribution of neuromuscular junctions in laryngeal and syringeal muscles in vertebrates

Vertebrates are capable of producing a variable sound spectrum. In mammals, lissamphibia,
and reptiles, the larynx is the vocal organ responsible for sound production, whereas
in birds it is produced by the syrinx, an avian organ located at the base of trachea. The
distribution of neuromuscular junctions responsible for the fine control of laryngeal muscle
(LM) and syringeal muscle (SM), although studied with some detail in human LM, remains
mostly unknown in other vertebrates. In the present study, we analyzed the distribution of
motor end plates (MEPs) in LM/SM of different vertebrate classes using the histochemical
detection of acetylcholinesterase: the thyroarytenoid and cricoarytenoid LM of mammal
(human, rat, and rabbit) and cricoarytenoid LM of nonmammalian (frog and avian) species
and the tracheobronchial SM of rooster and pigeon. In humans and frogs/avians, MEPs were
distributed diffusely along, respectively, the thyroarytenoid-cricoarytenoid and the cricoarytenoid
LM fibers, whereas in rats and rabbits, MEPs were concentrated in a transverse band
located in the middle of thyroarytenoid and cricoarytenoid muscle fibers. In roosters and
pigeons, MEPs were distributed diffusely along SM fibers. The highly diffuse MEP distribution
along human thyroarytenoid and cricoarytenoid fibers indicates that these muscles can
markedly change their degree of contraction, which may contribute for the large range of different
sounds produced by human vocal folds. The same rationale was applied to discuss the possible
functional significance of the morphological distribution of MEPs along the LM/SM of the other
vertebrates analyzed
Time course and development of light adaptation processes in the outer zebrafish retina.

Retinomotor movements are morphological changes in the outer retina in response to changing light conditions. They can be separated into two components: Migration of pigment granules within the microvilli of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and positional changes in photoreceptor cells. These positional changes optimize exposure of the cone and rod photoreceptors to light. The aim of this study was to analyze both the time course of retinomotor movements in the adult zebrafish and the maturation of these processes in the developing fish. We show that retinomotor movements are used as a dark/light adaptation mechanism in zebrafish. In adult zebrafish, melanin granules of the RPE migrate with constant speed and reach the fully light adapted (LA) state approximately after 1 h. In contrast, about two thirds of double cone outer segment movements are finished in 5 min, and are fully completed in 10 to 20 min. During development there are three crucial stages leading to mature retinomotor movements in response to light: at 5 dpf (days post fertilization) the migration of pigment granules begins, at 20 dpf the pigment granules condense in the apical part of the RPE microvilli, and at 28 dpf, concomitant with the functional maturation of rods, the double cones contract as in adult retinas
Epicardium-derived cells are important for correct development of the Purkinje fibers in the avian heart

During embryonic development, the proepicardial organ (PEO) grows out over the heart surface to form the epicardium. Following epithelial-mesenchymal transformation, epicardium-derived cells (EPDCs) migrate into the heart and contribute to the developing coronary arteries, to the valves, and to the myocardium. The peripheral Purkinje fiber network develops from differentiating cardiomyocytes in the ventricular myocardium. Intrigued by the close spatial relationship between the final destinations of migrating EPDCs and Purkinje fiber differentiation in the avian heart, that is, surrounding the coronary arteries and at subendocardial sites, we investigated whether inhibition of epicardial outgrowth would disturb cardiomyocyte differentiation into Purkinje fibers. To this end, epicardial development was inhibited mechanically with a membrane, or genetically, by suppressing epicardial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation with antisense retroviral vectors affecting Ets transcription factor levels (n = 4, HH39-41). In both epicardial inhibition models, we evaluated Purkinje fiber development by EAP-300 immunohistochemistry and found that restraints on EPDC development resulted in morphologically aberrant differentiation of Purkinje fibers. Purkinje fiber hypoplasia was observed both periarterially and at subendocardial positions. Furthermore, the cells were morphologically abnormal and not aligned in orderly Purkinje fibers. We conclude that EPDCs are instrumental in Purkinje fiber differentiation, and we hypothesize that they cooperate directly with endothelial and endocardial cells in the development of the peripheral conduction system
Ancient Human Bone Microstructure in Medieval England: Comparisons between Two Socio-Economic Groups

Understanding the links between bone microstructure and human lifestyle is critical for clinical and anthropological research into skeletal\ud
growth and adaptation. The present study is the first to report correspondence between socio-economic status and variation in bone microstructure\ud
in ancient humans. Products of femoral cortical remodeling were assessed using histological methods in a large human medieval\ud
sample (N:450) which represented two distinct socio-economic groups.  Osteonal parameters were recorded in posterior midshaft femoral sections\ud
from adult males (N:233) and females (N:217). Using univariate and multivariate statistics, intact, fragmentary, and osteon population densities, Haversian canal area and diameter, and osteon area were compared between the two groups, accounting for sex, age, and estimated femoral robusticity. The size of osteons and their Haversian canals, as well as osteon density, varied significantly between the socio-economic groups, although minor inconsistencies were observed in\ud
females. Variation in microstructure was consistent with historical textual evidence that describes differences in mechanical loading and\ud
nutrition between the two groups. Results demonstrate that aspects of ancient human lifestyle can be inferred from bone microstructure
Functional characterization and immunolocalization of odorant binding protein 1 in the lucerne plant bug, Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze)

In the insect phylum, the relationships between individuals and their environment are often modulated by chemical communication. Odorant binding proteins (OBPs) are widely and robustly expressed in insect olfactory organs and play a key role in chemosensing and transporting hydrophobic odorants across the sensillum lymph to the olfactory receptor neuron. In this study, a novel OBP gene (AlinOBP1) in the lucerne plant bug, Adelphocoris lineolatus was identified, cloned and expressed. Real-time PCR results indicated that the expression level of AlinOBP1 gene differed in each developmental stage (from first instar to adult) and was predominantly expressed in the antennae of adults. The expression level of AlinOBP1 was 1.91 times higher in male antennae than in female antennae. The binding properties of AlinOBP1 with 114 odorants were measured using a fluorescence probe, N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine (1-NPN), with fluorescence competitive binding. The results revealed that AlinOBP1 exhibits high binding abilities with two major putative pheromone components, ethyl butyrate and trans-2-hexenyl butyrate. In addition, it was observed that six volatiles released from cotton, octanal, nonanal, decanal, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, beta-caryophyllene and beta-ionone also bind to AlinOBP1. Immunocytochemistry analysis showed that AlinOBP1 was expressed in the sensillum lymph of sensilla trichodica and sensilla basiconca. Our results demonstrate that AlinOBP1 may function as a carrier in the chemoperception of the lucerne plant bug. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
VENOM COMPONENTS OF Asobara japonica IMPAIR CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSES OF HOST Drosophila melanogaster

The endoparasitoid wasp Asobara japonica has highly poisonous venom: the host Drosophila larvae are killed by envenomation at a dose that is naturally injected by the female wasp at parasitism. This insecticidal venom is neutralized, however, because A. japonica introduces lateral oviduct components soon after venom injection at oviposition. Although the venom and lateral oviduct components of this parasitoid have been partially characterized, how the venom components favor successful development of wasp eggs and larvae in the host remains ambiguous. Here, we demonstrated that A. japonica venom did not affect host humoral immune responses, determined as expression of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes, but significantly diminished two cellular responses, spreading and phagocytosis, by host hemocytes. Moreover, venom components drastically elevated a serine protease-like activity 4 h after its injection. The lateral oviduct components did not negate the detrimental effects of the venom on host cellular immunities, but significantly reduced the venom-induced elevation of protease activity. Both active factors in venom and lateral oviduct components were roughly characterized as heat-labile substances with a molecular mass of at least 10 kDa. Finally, venom of A. japonica, with a wide host range, was found to be much more toxic than that of Asobara rossica, which has a limited host range. These results reveal that A. japonica venom toxicity allows exploitation of a broader range of host insects because it is essential to overcome cellular immune responses of the host for successful parasitism
ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES as DEFENSE MECHANISM against OXIDATIVE STRESS in MIDGUT TISSUE and HEMOCYTES of Bombyx Mori LARVAE SUBJECTED to VARIOUS STRESSORS

n this study, larvae of silkworm Bombyx mori were subjected to low temperature, hypoxia, and viral infection to evaluate stressor-mediated oxidative stress (OS) and the induction of antioxidant enzymes (AOEs). Exposure to cold, hypoxia, and nuclear polyhedral virus for 24 h resulted in a significant increase in hydrogen peroxide generation with concomitant increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO) and protein carbonyl levels in midgut and hemocytes. AOEs such as superoxide dismutase and catalase also increased significantly in both the tissues and the increased AOEs reverted to control values during recovery. Ontogenic stages of the larvae showed a diminishing ability of the tissues to overcome OS induced by the stressors. A significant increase in AOE activity during short stress period indicated a possible transitory defense mechanism to avoid OS-induced cell damage
Geological subsidence and sinking islands: the case of Manono (Samoa)

W.R. Dickinson, as part of his wide study of the geological history of the Pacific islands, has linked the unique case of the deeply submerged Lapita site of Mulifanua in western Upolu (Samoa) to the slow subsidence of Upolu island. Recent archaeological research on the neighbouring small island of Manono has yielded new and detailed data on this geological process. A series of new dates has allowed us to define the speed of the subsidence and demonstrate the massive environmental changes to which the local population has had to adapt over the past 2000 years
Asymmetric Electrophilic alpha-Amidoalkylation, VII1): Generation, Crystal Structure, and Trapping Reactions of a Chiral 6,7-Dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline Derived N-Acyliminium Ion

The camphanic acid amide 4 has efficiently been oxidized with triphenylcarbenium tetrafluoroborate (3) to yield the chiral N-acyliminium ion 1. Trapping reactions of 1 with the silyl nucleophiles 7a-c and 10a-f proceeded with stereoselective bond formation, affording the diastereomers (R)-8/(S)-9a-c and (R)-11/(S)-12a-f, respectively, with diastereoselectivities of up to 93.9/6.1.
The amido ketones (R)-8/(S)-9a-c were employed in the synthesis of the secondary amines (R)-16a-c, (S)-16a and for the preparation of (-)-homolaudanosine (R)-18.
By X-ray crystallography the conformation of 1 in the crystal lattice was established and the preferred conformation of 1 in solution was elucidated by NOE experiments. Finally, the addition reaction of 7a to the iminium ion 21 derived from menthyl carbamate 20 was investigated, which reaction, however, proceeded only with insignificant asymmetric induction.
Synthesis, cytotoxicity testing, and structure-activity relationships of novel 6-chloro-7-(4-phenylimino-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-yl)-3-(substituted)-1,4,2-benzodithiazine 1,1-dioxides

A new series of 16 6-chloro-1,1-dioxo-7-{4-[(4-R(1)-phenyl)imino]-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-yl}-3-(substituted amino)-1,4,2-benzodithiazines 7-22 was prepared in order to evaluate the cytotoxic activity against six human cancer cell lines. The structures of the new compounds were confirmed by IR, (1)H-, and (13)C-NMR, elemental analysis and in the cases of 11 and 31 by X-ray crystal structure analysis. This analysis showed that contrary to our earlier report the structures contain a benzoxazine ring instead of the proposed quinazolinone ring. The bioassay indicated that the benzodithiazine derivatives 7-22 possess cancer cell growth-inhibitory properties. Some compounds showed a high level of selectivity for certain cell lines. The most active compounds 11, 12, 16, 19, 21, and 22 exhibited potency higher or comparable to cisplatin. The compounds were particularly effective in LCLC-103H and MCF-7 cell lines with IC(50) values of 0.49-1.60 µM. Quantitative structure activity relationships (QSAR) revealed that a chloro substituent R(1) in the phenyl ring as well as the shape of the substituted amino group at R(2) (e.g., unsaturation is beneficial) are important for potency.status: publishe