pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
State of the art of biofuels from pure plant oil

The pollution caused by fuel combustion either for mechanical or electrical energy generation purposes is nowadays one of the most important environmental issues. It has been proven that combustion emissions, particularly those from cars and trucks, are linked with severe damages to the environment and human health. Along with the environmental problems, is necessary to consider that fossil resources are declining and their exploitation is getting more and more expensive. Bioenergy represent a sustainable solution for energy generation. Bioenergy is renewable energy made from plant-derived organic matter, collectively termed "biomass". Biomass-based energy sources are potentially carbon dioxide neutral and recycle the same carbon atoms. Life cycle assessments are reported to evaluate the net environmental impacts of biofuels. The term biofuel refers to liquid or gaseous fuels for the internal combustion engines that are predominantly produced from biomass. Biofuel policy might capitalize on the production of biofuels supporting rural economic development and sustainable agriculture. Amongst biofuels pure plant oil (PPO) has been investigated. This paper sets out to review the state of the art for PPO use as fuel in diesel engines, based on a wide literature review
Demand for debt and equity before and after the financial crisis.

Supply and demand responses to financial crises result in fluctuations in credit flow to the private sector. Policy makers concerned with the sustainability and growth of viable firms should disaggregate these responses. Utilising firm level data, this study investigates characteristics of firms applying for external finance before and after the financial crisis, along with characteristics of successful applicants. Notwithstanding changes in credit conditions, salient features of external financing demand endure across the period, including ownership, asset structure, age and size. Failure to secure debt in an earlier period does not deter firm owners from applying for loans in a subsequent period. Evidence suggests that the most financially distressed firms are suffering the greatest consequences of the credit crunch
The DigitalSeed: an interactive toy for investigating plants

Plant growth, development and reproduction are fundamental concepts in biology; yet there is a recorded lack of motivation for young people to grapple with these concepts. Here we present the ‘DigitalSeed’ toy for making investigations around these concepts more accessible to children through hands-on digital interaction. This is part of an on-going project investigating improved ways of learning involving digital media.To date, this project has addressed the learning of 4-5 year olds, but it is anticipated that the project could be extended to older children in mainstream and special needs education. In the case of older children, specific curricula requirements would be addressed, although this is a secondary goa
Natural variability in the Arabidopsis response to infection\ud
with Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora

The natural variation in the response of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. to Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora has been studied in seven ecotypes and two mutants. The susceptibility of all the plant types was investigated by (i) macroscopic symptoms, (ii) fluorescence microscopy using green fluorescent protein (GFP) and (iii) bacterial growth in planta. Although all the plants were susceptible to the bacterium, there was no correlation in the degree of infection as ascertained by the three methods. The induction, upon infection, of several genes known to be involved in defense was analyzed by RNA blot hybridization. The patterns of expression of these genes differed according to the genotype. These results suggest that both salicylic and jasmonic acid play a role in the response of Arabidopsis to this bacterium
Determination of the selectivity coefficient of a chloride ion selective electrode in alkaline media simulating the cement paste pore solution.

The measurement of the free chloride concentration in the pore solution of cement paste or concrete is of interest for assessing the probability of corrosion of the steel reinforcements embedded in concrete. This determination is performed through leaching or pore-pressing methods or through embedded potentiometric sensors into the hardened cementitious material. The potentiometric determination of chloride in cement paste pore solutions is limited by hydroxide ion interference, due to the high alkalinity of such media. The potentiometric selectivity coefficients, kCl-,OH-, are determined for a chloride ionic selective electrode in alkaline solutions simulating the electrolyte present within the pore network of cement paste and concrete. This is done using a fixed interference methodology, with least-squares non-linear curve fitting for obtaining the selectivity coefficients together with other relevant electrode parameters. The limit of detection of the Cl− ISE, due to OH− interference, varies with pH. For the pore solution corresponding to an ordinary Portland cement paste or concrete, this limit can be set between 3 × 10–3 m, and 7 × 10–3 m, i.e., approximately below a chloride concentration value of 1 × 10–2 molal. Taking into account these limits of detection the free Cl− concentrations able to depassivate the steel, can be adequately determined by potentiometric measurements with calibrated ISEs in the expressed pore solutions of Portland cement concretes, without significant influence of OH− interference. Nevertheless, this effect can prevent the adequate measurement of low free Cl− concentrations, below the corresponding limit of detection valu
Analytical study and evaluation results of power optimizers for distributed power conditioning in PV arrays

The use of modular or ‘micro’ maximum power point tracking (MPPT) converters at module level in series association, commercially known as “power optimizers”, allows the individual adaptation of each panel to the load, solving part of the problems related to partial shadows and different tilt and/or orientation angles of the photovoltaic (PV) modules. This is particularly relevant in building integrated PV systems. This paper presents useful behavioural analytical studies of cascade MPPT converters and evaluation test results of a prototype developed under a Spanish national research project. On the one hand, this work focuses on the development of new useful expressions which can be used to identify the behaviour of individual MPPT converters applied to each module and connected in series, in a typical grid-connected PV system. On the other hand, a novel characterization method of MPPT converters is developed, and experimental results of the prototype are obtained: when individual partial shading is applied, and they are connected in a typical grid connected PV arra
Minimum volume stability limits for axisymmetric liquid bridges subject to steady axial acceleration

In this paper the influence of an axial microgravity on the minimum volume stability limit of axisymmetric liquid bridges between unequal disks is analyzed both theoretically and experimentally. The results here presented extend the knowledge of the static behaviour of liquid bridges to fluid configurations different from those studied up to now (almost equal disks). Experimental results, obtained by simulating microgravity conditions by the neutral buoyancy technique, are also presented and are shown to be in complete agreement with theoretical ones
Analytical model for predicting friction in line contacts

This paper presents the development of an analytical model for the prediction of the friction coefficient in line contacts under thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication (TEHL). A new theoretical equation is deduced for determining the friction coefficient, taking into account the rheology of common lubricants under TEHL. This approach also considers the heat generated and its penetration into the bulk of the contacting solids. Therefore, the increase in temperature and ensuing variations in the operating conditions are determined.\ud
\ud
In order to illustrate the use of the new model and verify its accuracy, an experimental stage is performed in a tribological test rig. The predictions of the proposed model are compared with the results obtained in the test rig and other data reported in the literature for diverse lubricants, showing a good agreement in every case
Secular trends in eating problems among norwegian adolescents from 1992 to 2010

Objective


This study examines secular trends in eating problems among adolescents between 1992 and 2010. The study aims further to investigate whether such trends can be accounted for by secular changes in putative risk factors.


Method


Three nationwide surveys of Norwegian senior high-school students were conducted in 1992, 2002, and 2010 (response rates 97.0, 91.0, and 83.2%). At each time point, approximately 3,000 adolescents participated. Eating problems were assessed by means of the Dieting and the Bulimia and Food Preoccupation subscales of the Eating Attitude Test-12. Moreover, a variety of potential risk factors that might account for time trends in such problems were measured.


Results


Dieting scores increased almost linearly for both genders during the research period. No differences over time in Bulimia and Food Preoccupation scores were seen among boys, whereas these symptoms peaked in 2002 for girls with considerably lower levels in both 1992 and 2010. The increase in Dieting from 1992 to 2010 for both genders could be attributed in part to increasing body mass index levels and, to a lesser degree, to depressive symptoms among females. The girls' time trend in Bulimia and Food Preoccupation was to some extent related to changes in appearance satisfaction, alcohol intoxication, and global self-worth.


Discussion


This study is one of few to statistically examine how secular trends in eating problems are related to changes in putative risk factors. The study does not however provide conclusive information on the causal direction between putative risk factors and eating problems. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2014; 47:448–457)author postprin
Intentional Models as Essential Scientific Tools

In this article, I argue that the use of scientific models that attribute intentional content to complex systems bears a striking similarity to the way in which statistical descriptions are used. To demonstrate this, I compare and contrast an intentional model with a statistical model, and argue that key similarities between the two give us compelling reasons to consider both as a type of phenomenological model. I then demonstrate how intentional descriptions play an important role in scientific methodology as a type of phenomenal model, and argue that this makes them as essential as any other model of this type
On causality as the fundamental concept of Gödel's philosophy

This paper proposes a possible reconstruction and philosophical-logical clarification of Gödel's idea of causality as the philosophical fundamental concept. The results are based on Gödel's published and non-published texts (including Max Phil notebooks), and are established on the ground of  interconnections of Gödel's dispersed remarks on causality, as well as on the ground of his  general philosophical views. The paper is logically informal but is connected with already achieved results in the formalization of a causal account of Gödel's onto-theological theory. Gödel's main causal concepts are analysed (will, force, enjoyment, God, time and space, life, form, matter). Special attention is paid to a possible causal account of some of Gödel's logical concepts (assertion, privation, affirmation, negation, whole, part, general, particular, subject, predicate, necessary, possible, implication), as well as of logical antinomies. The problem of mechanical and non-mechanical procedures in the work with and on concepts is addressed in terms of Gödel's causal view
Micropillar compression of LiF [111] single crystals: effect of size, ion irradiation and misorientation

The mechanical response under compression of LiF single crystal micropillars oriented in\ud
the [111] direction was studied. Micropillars of different diameter (in the range 1–5 lm)\ud
were obtained by etching the matrix in directionally-solidified NaCl–LiF and KCl–LiF eutectic\ud
compounds. Selected micropillars were exposed to high-energy Ga+ ions to ascertain the\ud
effect of ion irradiation on the mechanical response. Ion irradiation led to an increase of\ud
approximately 30% in the yield strength and the maximum compressive strength but no\ud
effect of the micropillar diameter on flow stress was found in either the as-grown or the\ud
ion irradiated pillars. The dominant deformation micromechanisms were analyzed by\ud
means of crystal plasticity finite element simulations of the compression test, which\ud
explained the strong effect of micropillar misorientation on the mechanical response.\ud
Finally, the lack of size effect on the flow stress was discussed to the light of previous studies\ud
in LiF and other materials which show high lattice resistance to dislocation motion
Intelligent automatic overtaking system using vision for vehicle detection

There is clear evidence that investment in intelligent transportation system technologies brings major social and economic benefits. Technological advances in the area of automatic systems in particular are becoming vital for the reduction of road deaths. We here describe our approach to automation of one the riskiest autonomous manœuvres involving vehicles – overtaking. The approach is based on a stereo vision system responsible for detecting any preceding vehicle and triggering the autonomous overtaking manœuvre. To this end, a fuzzy-logic based controller was developed to emulate how humans overtake. Its input is information from the vision system and from a positioning-based system consisting of a differential global positioning system (DGPS) and an inertial measurement unit (IMU). Its output is the generation of action on the vehicle’s actuators, i.e., the steering wheel and throttle and brake pedals. The system has been incorporated into a commercial Citroën car and tested on the private driving circuit at the facilities of our research center, CAR, with different preceding vehicles – a motorbike, car, and truck – with encouraging results
A simple intra-operative maneuver to decrease a duodenal ulcer hemorrhage temporarily: description and anatomical bases

Intraoperative hemostatic suture to treat a bleeding duodenal ulcer is sometimes difficult when there is massive hemorrhage. The aims of this paper are: (1) to describe a practical and easy intraoperative procedure which quickly decreases a massively bleeding duodenal ulcer, allowing the surgeon to identify the bleeding site clearly and obtain definitive hemostasis by suturing the involved vessels with a low risk of common bile duct lesion; and (2) to study in cadavers the anatomical basis of this surgical procedure already successfully performed on patients. Fourteen patients with massive duodenal ulcer bleeding, after unsuccessful endoscopic hemostasis, were operated on and included in this study. After surgical anterior gastroduodenotomy, the surgeon introduced a finger in a downward and forward direction in the bursa omentalis vestibule through the omental foramen. This simple and quick procedure decreased hemorrhage by compressing the gastroduodenal artery against the first part of the posterior surface of the duodenum. Twenty-four fresh blocks of normal tissue were removed from cadavers and were injected with silicone rubber through the common hepatic artery. The distance between the gastroduodenal artery and the omental foramen was measured. With this maneuver the surgeon can clearly see the exact bleeding site and perform an adequate suture with a minor risk of common bile duct lesion.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00276-004-0296-
Salicornia ramosissima population dynamics and tolerance of salinity

Abstract  Field and greenhouse studies have been conducted to clarify aspects of population dynamics and NaCl tolerance of Salicornia ramosissima J. Woods. Two populations, Varela and Verdemilho, were monitored in the field during two consecutive life cycles and aspects of their morphology and density were recorded monthly. In the laboratory seedlings were exposed to different salinity for 10 weeks and growth and mortality rate were recorded weekly. The growth of the populations differed significantly, possibly because of the different salinities of the two sampling sites and/or genetic adaptations of the two populations to the environmental conditions. The absence of a significant correlation between sediment salinity and stem elongation suggested, however, that salinity, alone was not responsible for the differences observed and was possibly associated with other factors, because of nutritional, edaphic, and microclimatic conditions. S. ramosissima did not develop well in conditions of elevated or moderate salinity; its growth was optimum at low salinity. Optimum development of S. ramosissima may, nevertheless, depend on the total number of large seeds in a population seed bank, because of their greater success in germination and germinability under stress conditions than small seeds.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11284-006-0008-
AstRoMap European Astrobiology Roadmap

The European AstRoMap project (supported by the European Commission Seventh Framework Programme)
surveyed the state of the art of astrobiology in Europe and beyond and produced the first European roadmap for
astrobiology research. In the context of this roadmap, astrobiology is understood as the study of the origin,
evolution, and distribution of life in the context of cosmic evolution; this includes habitability in the Solar
System and beyond. The AstRoMap Roadmap identifies five research topics, specifies several key scientific
objectives for each topic, and suggests ways to achieve all the objectives. The five AstRoMap Research Topics are
It is strongly recommended that steps be taken towards the definition and implementation of a European
Astrobiology Platform (or Institute) to streamline and optimize the scientific return by using a coordinated
infrastructure and funding system. Key Words: Astrobiology roadmap—Europe—Origin and evolution of
life—Habitability—Life detection—Life in extreme environments. Astrobiology 16, 201–243
Prompt dipole radiation in fusion reactions

The prompt gamma ray emission was investigated in the 16A MeV energy region
by means of the 36,40Ar+96,92Zr fusion reactions leading to a compound nucleus
in the vicinity of 132Ce. We show that the prompt radiation, which appears to
be still effective at such a high beam energy, has an angular distribution
pattern consistent with a dipole oscillation along the symmetry axis of the
dinuclear system. The data are compared with calculations based on a collective
bremsstrahlung analysis of the reaction dynamics
Instabilities in two-liquid layers subject to a horizontal temperature gradient

We study theoretically the stability of two superposed fluid layers heated laterally. The fluids are supposed to be immiscible, the interface undeformable and of infinite horizontal extension. Combined thermocapillary and buoyancy forces give rise to a basic flow when a temperature difference is applied. The calculations are performed for a melt of GaAs under a layer of molten B2 O3 , a configuration of considerable technological importance. Four dif- ferent flow patterns and five temperature configurations are found for the basic state in this system. A linear stability analysis shows that the basic state may be destabilized by oscilla- tory motions leading to the so-called hydrothermal waves. Depending on the relative height of the two layers these hydrothermal waves propagate parallel or perpendicular to the temperature gradient. This analysis reveals that these perturbations can alter significantly the liquid flow in the liquid-encapsulated crystal growth techniques
Disentangling a dynamical Higgs

The pattern of deviations from Standard Model predictions and couplings is
different for theories of new physics based on a non-linear realization of the
$SU(2)_L\times U(1)_Y$ gauge symmetry breaking and those assuming a linear
realization. We clarify this issue in a model-independent way via its effective
Lagrangian formulation in the presence of a light Higgs particle, up to first
order in the expansions: dimension-six operators for the linear expansion and
four derivatives for the non-linear one. Complete sets of pure gauge and
gauge-Higgs operators are considered, implementing the renormalization
procedure and deriving the Feynman rules for the non-linear expansion. We
establish the theoretical relation and the differences in physics impact
between the two expansions. Promising discriminating signals include the
decorrelation in the non-linear case of signals correlated in the linear one:
some pure gauge versus gauge-Higgs couplings and also between couplings with
the same number of Higgs legs. Furthermore, anomalous signals expected at first
order in the non-linear realization may appear only at higher orders of the
linear one, and vice versa. We analyze in detail the impact of both type of
discriminating signals on LHC physics.Comment: Version published in JHE
The 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey : the dependence of galaxy clustering on luminosity and spectral type.

We investigate the dependence of galaxy clustering on luminosity and spectral type using the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey (2dFGRS). Spectral types are assigned using the principal-component analysis of Madgwick et al. We divide the sample into two broad spectral classes: galaxies with strong emission lines ('late types') and more quiescent galaxies ('early types'). We measure the clustering in real space, free from any distortion of the clustering pattern owing to peculiar velocities, for a series of volume-limited samples. The projected correlation functions of both spectral types are well described by a power law for transverse separations in the range 2<(σ/h-1 Mpc)<15, with a marginally steeper slope for early types than late types. Both early and late types have approximately the same dependence of clustering strength on luminosity, with the clustering amplitude increasing by a factor of 2.5 between L* and 4L*. At all luminosities, however, the correlation function amplitude for the early types is 50 per cent higher than that of the late types. These results support the view that luminosity, and not type, is the dominant factor in determining how the clustering strength of the whole galaxy population varies with luminosity