pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Shakedown analyses for rolling and sliding contact problems

AbstractThere is a range of problems where repeated rolling and sliding contact occurs over a half space of an elastic–perfectly plastic material. For such problems shakedown and limit analysis provide significant advantages over other forms of analysis when a global understanding of deformation behaviour is required. In this paper, a recently developed numerical upper bound method, the Linear Matching Method (LMM), for shakedown analyses is applied to the solution of a problem previously considered by Ponter et al. [Ponter, A.R.S., Hearle, A.D., Johnson, K.L., 1985. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 33 (4), 339–362] for a moving Hertzian contact, with sliding friction. This semi-analytic solution is an upper bound based on certain specific kinematic assumptions. We show that the Ponter, Hearle and Johnson solution is a reasonable approximate solution for a circular contact area but is less accurate for an elliptic contact area. For an elliptic contact area LLM solutions converge to the line contact solution. The effect of the non-coincidence of the direction of travel and slide is also investigated
An implicit-gradient-enhanced incremental-secant mean-field homogenization scheme for elasto-plastic composites with damage

AbstractThis paper presents an incremental-secant mean-field homogenization (MFH) procedure for composites made of elasto-plastic constituents exhibiting damage. During the damaging process of one phase, the proposed method can account for the resulting unloading of the other phase, ensuring an accurate prediction of the scheme. When strain softening of materials is involved, classical finite element formulations lose solution uniqueness and face the strain localization problem. To avoid this issue the model is formulated in a so-called implicit gradient-enhanced approach, with a view toward macro-scale simulations. The method is then used to predict the behavior of composites whose matrix phases exhibit strain softening, and is shown to be accurate compared to unit cell simulations and experimental results. Then the convergence of the method upon strain softening, with respect to the mesh size, is demonstrated on a notched composite ply. Finally, applications consisting in a stacking plate, successively without and with a hole, are given as illustrations of the possibility of the method to be used in a multiscale framework
Linear and non-linear flow mode in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm
  NN}} =$ 2.76 TeV

The second and the third order anisotropic flow, $V_{2}$ and $V_3$, are
mostly determined by the corresponding initial spatial anisotropy coefficients,
$\varepsilon_{2}$ and $\varepsilon_{3}$, in the initial density distribution.
In addition to their dependence on the same order initial anisotropy
coefficient, higher order anisotropic flow, $V_n$ ($n > 3$), can also have a
significant contribution from lower order initial anisotropy coefficients,
which leads to mode-coupling effects. In this Letter we investigate the linear
and non-linear modes in higher order anisotropic flow $V_n$ for $n=4$, $5$, $6$
with the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The measurements are done
for particles in the pseudorapidity range $|\eta| < 0.8$ and the transverse
momentum range $0.2 < p_{\rm T} < 5.0$ GeV/$c$ as a function of collision
centrality. The results are compared with theoretical calculations and provide
important constraints on the initial conditions, including initial spatial
geometry and its fluctuations, as well as the ratio of the shear viscosity to
entropy density of the produced system.Comment: 22 pages, 4 captioned figures, authors from page 17, published
  version, figures at http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/358
Probabilistic response and rare events in Mathieu's equation under
  correlated parametric excitation

We derive an analytical approximation to the probability distribution
function (pdf) for the response of Mathieu's equation under parametric
excitation by a random process with a spectrum peaked at the main resonant
frequency, motivated by the problem of large amplitude ship roll resonance in
random seas. The inclusion of random stochastic excitation renders the
otherwise straightforward response to a system undergoing intermittent
resonances: randomly occurring large amplitude bursts. Intermittent resonance
occurs precisely when the random parametric excitation pushes the system into
the instability region, causing an extreme magnitude response. As a result, the
statistics are characterized by heavy-tails. We apply a recently developed
mathematical technique, the probabilistic decomposition-synthesis method, to
derive an analytical approximation to the non-Gaussian pdf of the response. We
illustrate the validity of this analytic approximation through comparisons with
Monte-Carlo simulations that demonstrate our result accurately captures the
strong non-Gaussianity of the response
Calving seasonality at Pool, Orkney during the first millennium AD : an investigation using intra-tooth isotope ratio analysis of cattle molar enamel.

The identification of dairying is essential if we are to understand economies of the past, particularly in\ud
northwest Europe, where a high degree of lactose tolerance suggests that fresh milk has long been a\ud
significant food product. This paper explores a possible link between economic focus and seasonality of\ud
calving. Although cattle (Bos taurus) can breed throughout the year, animals living in temperate regions\ud
with minimal or no human management tend to breed seasonally, their breeding behaviour being strongly\ud
influenced by the availability of food. In order to achieve a year-round supply of fresh milk in the past, it is\ud
likely that multiple-season calving was necessary, which would have required additional husbandry effort.\ud
Alternatively, for meat-focussed economies or those based on storable dairy products, a strategy of\ud
single-season calving in spring may have been favoured to maximise the utilisation of spring and summer\ud
vegetation. Cattle birth seasonality is investigated through isotope ratio analysis (δ18O, δ13C) of tooth\ud
enamel. Results for cattle from Pool, Orkney dating to the latter part of the first millennium AD suggest that\ud
calving occurred during at least three seasons implying that the continuous provision of fresh milk was of\ud
economic importance
PCSK9 genetic variants and risk of type 2 diabetes: a mendelian randomisation study.

Statin treatment and variants in the gene encoding HMG-CoA reductase are associated with reductions in both the concentration of LDL cholesterol and the risk of coronary heart disease, but also with modest hyperglycaemia, increased bodyweight, and modestly increased risk of type 2 diabetes, which in no way offsets their substantial benefits. We sought to investigate the associations of LDL cholesterol-lowering PCSK9 variants with type 2 diabetes and related biomarkers to gauge the likely effects of PCSK9 inhibitors on diabetes risk.
In this mendelian randomisation study, we used data from cohort studies, randomised controlled trials, case control studies, and genetic consortia to estimate associations of PCSK9 genetic variants with LDL cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, HbA &lt;sub&gt;1c&lt;/sub&gt; , fasting insulin, bodyweight, waist-to-hip ratio, BMI, and risk of type 2 diabetes, using a standardised analysis plan, meta-analyses, and weighted gene-centric scores.
Data were available for more than 550 000 individuals and 51 623 cases of type 2 diabetes. Combined analyses of four independent PCSK9 variants (rs11583680, rs11591147, rs2479409, and rs11206510) scaled to 1 mmol/L lower LDL cholesterol showed associations with increased fasting glucose (0·09 mmol/L, 95% CI 0·02 to 0·15), bodyweight (1·03 kg, 0·24 to 1·82), waist-to-hip ratio (0·006, 0·003 to 0·010), and an odds ratio for type diabetes of 1·29 (1·11 to 1·50). Based on the collected data, we did not identify associations with HbA &lt;sub&gt;1c&lt;/sub&gt;  (0·03%, -0·01 to 0·08), fasting insulin (0·00%, -0·06 to 0·07), and BMI (0·11 kg/m &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; , -0·09 to 0·30).
PCSK9 variants associated with lower LDL cholesterol were also associated with circulating higher fasting glucose concentration, bodyweight, and waist-to-hip ratio, and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. In trials of PCSK9 inhibitor drugs, investigators should carefully assess these safety outcomes and quantify the risks and benefits of PCSK9 inhibitor treatment, as was previously done for statins.
British Heart Foundation, and University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (UCLH) National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre
Open string multi-branched and Kähler potentials

Journal of High Energy Physics 2016.9 (2016): 062 reproduced by permission of Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA)We consider type II string compactifications on Calabi-Yau orientifolds with fluxes and D-branes, and analyse the F-term scalar potential that simultaneously involves closed and open string modes. In type IIA models with D6-branes this potential can be directly computed by integrating out Minkowski three-forms. The result shows a multibranched structure along the space of lifted open string moduli, in which discrete shifts in special Lagrangian and Wilson line deformations are compensated by changes in the RR flux quanta. The same sort of discrete shift symmetries are present in the superpotential and constrain the Kähler potential. As for the latter, inclusion of open string moduli breaks the factorisation between complex structure and Kähler moduli spaces. Nevertheless, the 4d Kähler metrics display a set of interesting relations that allow to rederive the scalar potential analytically. Similar results hold for type IIB flux compactifications with D7- brane Wilson linesThis work has been partially supported by the grants FPA2012-32828 and FPA2015-65480-P from MINECO, SEV-2012-0249 of the “Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa” Programme, and the ERC Advanced Grant SPLE under contract ERC-2012-ADG-20120216-320421. F.C. is supported through a fellowship of the international programme “La Caixa-Severo Ochoa” and G.Z. is supported through a grant from “Campus Excelencia Internacional UAM+CSIC”. F. M. and G. Z. would like to thank UW-Madison for hospitality during completion of this wor
Charged particle transverse momentum spectra in pp collisions at √s = 0:9 and 7 TeV

The charged particle transverse momentum (pT) spectra are presented for pp collisions at √s = 0:9 and 7TeV. The data samples were collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and correspond to integrated luminosities of 231 μb-1and 2.96 pb-1, respectively. Calorimeter-based high-transverse-energy triggers are employed to enhance the statistical reach of the high-pT measurements. The results are compared with leading and next-toleading order QCD and with an empirical scaling of measurements at different collision energies using the scaling variable xT - 2pT=ps over the pT range up to 136 GeV/c. Using a combination of xT scaling and direct interpolation at fixed pT, a reference transverse momentum spectrum at √s = 2:76TeV is constructed, which can be used for studying high-pT particle suppression in the dense QCD medium produced in heavy-ion collisions at that centre-of-mass energy. Copyright CERN.CERN; The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey, and Turkish Atomic Energy Authorit
Review : Untangling the influence of air-mass history in interpreting observed atmospheric composition

Is wind direction an adequate marker of air mass history? This review looks at the evolution of methods for assessing the effect of the origin and pathway of air masses on composition change and trends. The composition of air masses and how they evolve and the changing contribution of sources and receptors are key elements in atmospheric science. Source–receptor relationships of atmospheric composition can be investigated with back trajectory techniques, tracing forward from a defined geographical origin to arrive at measurement sites where the composition may have altered during transport. The distinction between the use of wind sector analysis, trajectory models and dispersion models to interpret composition measurements is explained and the advantages and disadvantages of each are illustrated with examples. Historical uses of wind roses, back trajectories and dispersion models are explained as well as the methods for grouping and clustering air masses. The interface of these methods to the corresponding chemistry measured at the receptor sites is explored. The review does not detail the meteorological derivation of trajectories or the complexity of the models but focus on their application and the statistical analyses used to compare them with in situ composition measurements. A newly developed methodology for analysing atmospheric observatory composition data according to air mass pathways calculated with the NAME dispersion model is given as a detailed case study. The steps in this methodology are explained with relevance to the Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory in the UK.Peer-reviewedPost-print10504
At home on the road? Can drivers' relationships with their cars be associated with territoriality?

The current research explores the relationship between people and their cars within the framework of Altman's theory of human territoriality. It further develops the research of Sandqvist by examining the descriptions given by people with differing ownership and uses of their cars and exploring the congruence between these and the characteristics used to describe human territories. Thirteen focus groups were held with young drivers between the ages of 18 and 25 years, drivers over the age of 25 who are parents of pre-license age children, drivers over the age of 25 who do not regularly transport children, and drivers of work vehicles. Analyses of discussions revealed that drivers’ descriptions of the relationship with their car could be matched with Brown and Altman's descriptions of territory types. However, variations existed both between and within individuals as to the application of the labels 'primary', 'secondary' and 'public' territory to the car. Implications for the understanding of road user behaviour and the further development of theory on the car as a place or an object in terms of territoriality are discussed
Three-dimensional super Yang-Mills with compressible quark matter.

We construct the gravity dual of three-dimensional, SU(Nc) super Yang-Mills theory with Nf flavors of dynamical quarks in the presence of a non-zero quark density Nq. The supergravity solutions include the backreaction of Nc color D2-branes and Nf flavor D6-branes with Nq units of electric flux on their worldvolume. For massless quarks, the solutions depend non-trivially only on the dimensionless combination ρ = Nc2Nq/λ2Nf4, with λ = gYM2Nc the ’t Hooft coupling, and describe renormalization group flows between the super Yang-Mills theory in the ultraviolet and a non-relativistic theory in the infrared. The latter is dual to a hyperscaling-violating, Lifshitz-like geometry with dynamical and hyperscaling-violating exponents z = 5 and θ = 1, respectively. If ρ ≪ 1 then at intermediate energies there is also an approximate AdS4 region, dual to a conformal Chern-Simons-Matter theory, in which the flow exhibits quasi-conformal dynamics. At zero temperature we compute the chemical potential and the equation of state and extract the speed of sound. At low temperature we compute the entropy density and extract the number of low-energy degrees of freedom. For quarks of non-zero mass Mq the physics depends non-trivially on ρ and MqNc/λNf
Innovating like China: a theory of stage-dependent intellectual property rights

Inspired by the Chinese experience, we develop a Schumpeterian growth model of distance to frontier in which economic growth in the developing country is driven by domestic innovation as well as imitation and transfer of foreign technologies through foreign direct investment. We show that optimal intellectual property rights (IPR) protection is stage-dependent. At an early stage of development, the country implements weak IPR protection to facilitate imitation. At a later stage of development, the country implements strong IPR protection to encourage domestic innovation. We also calibrate the model to aggregate data of the Chinese economy to simulate the optimal path of patent strength, which is increasing as the country evolves towards the world technology frontier.
Hot pressing of nanocrystalline TiO2 (anatase) ceramics with\ud
controlled microstructure

The preparation conditions of nanocrystalline phase-pure TiO2 anatase ceramics by hot pressing are described. Density, surface area, pore size distribution and grain size are determined by various techniques, including gas adsorption, mercury porosimetry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The evolution of the structural parameters is followed as function of temperature and pressure programme. It is shown that the porosity, grain and pore size of the ceramics can be controlled by a suitable choice of experimental conditions. Ceramics with densities higher than 90% of the theoretical limit with a mean grain size of 30 nm can be obtained at temperatures as low as 490 ◦C under 0.45 GPa for 2 h. The experimental results are discussed in view of the sintering theory
Evolution of the structural and magnetic properties of sputtered Tb_xFe_(73)Ga_(27-x) (7 at.% ≤ x ≤ 11 at.%) thin films upon the increase of Tb content

TbxFe_(73)Ga_(27-x) (7 at.% ≤ x ≤ 11 at.%) ternary alloys have been obtained by cosputtering from Tb_(33)Fe_(67) and Fe_(72)Ga_(28) targets. In contrast with other Tb-Fe-Ga compounds that consist of just one structural phase, the diffraction pattern of the Tb_7Fe_(73)Ga_(20) shows the presence of two different phases related to binary Tb-Fe and Fe-Ga alloys. This microstructure evolves as the Tb content is increased, and for a Tb of 11 at.% x-ray diffractometry only evidences the presence of a phase close to the TbFe_2. Although none of the studied samples show perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, there is a significant component of the magnetization perpendicular to the sample plane. The increase of the Tb content on the compounds from 7 at.% to 11 at.% enhances this component most probably due to the shift of the microstructure towards one similar to the TbFe_2
Non-invasive biomechanical characterization of intervertebral discs by shear wave ultrasound elastography: a feasibility study

Objectives Although magnetic resonance is widely spread to assess qualitatively disc morphology, a simple method to determine reliably intervertebral disc status is still lacking. Shear wave elastography is a novel technique that allows quantitative evaluation of soft-tissues’ mechanical properties. The aim of this study was to assess preliminary the feasibility and reliability of mechanical characterization of cervical intervertebral discs by elastography and to provide first reference values for asymptomatic subjects. Methods Elastographic measurements were performed to determine shear wave speed (SWS) in C6-C7 or C7-T1 disc of 47 subjects; repeatability and inter-operator reproducibility were assessed. Results Global average shear wave speed (SWS) was 3.0 ± 0.4 m/s; measurement repeatability and inter-user reproducibility were 7 and 10 %, respectively. SWS was correlated with both subject’s age (p = 1.3 × 10−5) and body mass index (p = 0.008). Conclusions Shear wave elastography in intervertebral discs proved reliable and allowed stratification of subjects according to age and BMI. Applications could be relevant, for instance, in early detection of disc degeneration or in follow-up after trauma; these results open the way to larger cohort studies to define the place of this technique in routine intervertebral disc assessment. Key Points • A simple method to obtain objectively intervertebral disc status is still lacking • Shear wave elastography was applied in vivo to assess intervertebral discs • Elastography showed promising results in biomechanical disc evaluation • Elastography could be relevant in clinical routine for intervertebral disc assessmentThe authors are grateful to the ParisTech BiomecAM chair program on subject-specific musculoskeletal modelling for funding (with the support of ParisTech and Yves Cotrel Foundations, Société Générale, Proteor and Covea)
Innovation in Clinical Learning for the Acute Hospital Environment: Nursing Grand Rounds

The literature reports that workload factors affect nurses' ability to fully engage in continuing professional  development. Hence the work environment in acute care calls for innovative approaches to achieve  continuous development of nursing practice and work satisfaction. This study employs a one group pre-test  post-test design to test the effectiveness of nursing grand rounds on nursing worklife satisfaction and work  environment in an acute surgical ward. The effect of nursing grand rounds was measured using the Nursing  Worklife Satisfaction Scale and the Practice Environment Scale. There was no change between pre- and posttest  on these measures but trends were evident in some component scores. Statistical results were  inconclusive but observational data indicated that nursing grand rounds was found to be feasible, well  attended with tested processes for implementation in an acute care environment.Full Tex
Lepton flavor violating τ decays in TeV scale type i see-saw and Higgs triplet models

The lepton flavour violating (LFV) τ decays τ → (e, μ)γ and τ → 3μ are investigated in the frameworks of the TeV scale type I see-saw and Higgs Triplet (or type II see-saw) models. Predictions for the rates of these processes are obtained. The implications of the existing stringent experimental upper bounds on the μ → e + γ and μ → 3e decay branching ratios for the predictions of the τ → (e, μ)γ and τ → 3μ decay rates are studied in detail. The possibilities to observe the indicated LFV τ decays in present and future experiments are analysed. © 2013 SISSA, Trieste, Italy
Forecasting Indian summer monsoon rainfall by outgoing longwave radiation over the Indian Ocean

The satellite derived outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) over the Indian Ocean (30Â°N-30Â°S and 40Â°E-100Â°E) from 1974 to 1996 has been analysed for the relationship with the Indian summer monsoon total (June-September) rainfall. The OLR of two regions appears to be related to summer monsoon rainfall. One of the regions is located over the Head Bay of Bengal (near 22.5Â°N and 92.5Â°E) during May and the other one over the south Indian Ocean (near 30Â°S and 97.5Â°E) during April. The average OLR (index) for these two regions shows a strong and stable relationship with the Indian summer monsoon rainfall and they are found to be independent. A multiple linear regression equation is developed to predict the Indian summer monsoon rainfall using these indexes and the empirical relations are verified on independent data. Good results were obtained in forecasting the summer monsoon rainfall for the whole of India. The forecast of summer monsoon rainfall for west-central India and all-India rainfall for July also appears to be encouraging. The indexes, thus, seem to be useful in long-range forecasting of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall