pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
A review of some tribo-dynamics phenomena from micro to nano-scale conjunctions

This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication.The paper provides some highlights in the developments of theories of lubrication and\ud
contact mechanics from early pioneering works of Reynolds and Hertz to the\ud
establishment of elastohydrodynamic phenomenon by Ertel and Grubin. Some historical\ud
discourse is made on the development of elastohydrodynamic theory in the past 5-6\ud
decades, with particular attention paid to the contact of rolling element bearings. The\ud
steady miniturisation of devices has led to progressively smaller contacts of individual\ud
features with lighter load share and diminishing gaps. The ultra-thin films are supported\ud
by interaction potentials that significantly deviate from bulk continuum behaviour of\ud
lubricating films, with insignificant contributions due to viscous-elastic nature of\ud
contacts. Using the same theme of rolling element contacts, the paper highlights the\ud
action of some of these dominant forces at close range
Revisiting INTEGRAL/SPI observations of 44Ti from Cassiopeia A

The 340-year old supernova remnant Cassiopeia A at 3.4 kpc distance is the
best-studied young core-collapse supernova remnant. Nucleosynthesis yields in
radioactive isotopes have been studied with different methods, in particular
for production and ejection of $^{44}$Ti and $^{56}$Ni which originate from the
innermost regions of the supernova. $^{44}$Ti was first discovered in this
remnant, but is not seen consistently in other core-collapse sources. We
analyse the observations accumulated with the SPI spectrometer on INTEGRAL,
together with an improved instrumental background method, to achieve high
spectroscopic resolution which enables interpretation towards a velocity
constraint on $^{44}$Ti ejecta from the 1.157 MeV $\gamma$-ray line of the
$^{44}$Sc decay. We observe both the hard X-ray line at 78 keV and the
$\gamma$-ray line at 1157 keV from the $^{44}$Ti decay chain, at a combined
significance of 3.8 $\sigma$. Measured fluxes are
$(2.1\pm0.4)~10^{-5}~\mathrm{ph~cm^{-2}~s^{-1}}$ and
$(3.5\pm1.2)~10^{-5}~\mathrm{ph~cm^{-2}~s^{-1}}$, which corresponds to
$(1.5\pm0.4)~10^{-4}$ and $(2.4\pm0.9)~10^{-4}~\mathrm{M}_{\odot}$ of
$^{44}$Ti, respectively. The measured Doppler broadening of the lines implies
expansion velocities of $4300$ and $2200~\mathrm{km~s^{-1}}$, respectively.
Combining our results with previous studies, we determine a more precise
estimate of ejected $^{44}$Ti of $(1.37\pm0.19)~10^{-4}~\mathrm{M}_{\odot}$.
The measurements of both lines are consistent with previous studies. The flux
in the line originating from excited $^{44}$Ca is significantly higher than the
flux determined in the lines from $^{44}$Sc. Cosmic ray acceleration within the
supernova remnant may be responsible for an additional contribution to this
line from nuclear de-excitation following energetic particle collisions in the
remnant and swept-up material.Comment: Accepted by A&A, 8 pages, 6 figures, removed typos after language
  editin
Measurement of the production of neighbouring jets in lead-lead
  collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = 2.76$ TeV with the ATLAS detector

This Letter presents measurements of correlated production of nearby jets in
Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = 2.76$ TeV using the ATLAS
detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The measurement was performed using 0.14
${\rm nb}^{-1}$ of data recorded in 2011. The production of correlated jet
pairs was quantified using the rate, $R_{\Delta R}$, of "neighbouring" jets
that accompany "test" jets within a given range of angular distance, $\Delta
R$, in the pseudorapidity--azimuthal angle plane. The jets were measured in the
ATLAS calorimeter and were reconstructed using the anti-$k_{t}$ algorithm with
radius parameters $d = 0.2$, $0.3$, and $0.4$. $R_{\Delta R}$ was measured in
different Pb+Pb collision centrality bins, characterized by the total
transverse energy measured in the forward calorimeters. A centrality dependence
of $R_{\Delta R}$ is observed for all three jet radii with $R_{\Delta R}$ found
to be lower in central collisions than in peripheral collisions. The ratios
formed by the $R_{\Delta R}$ values in different centrality bins and the values
in the 40-80 % centrality bin are presented.Comment: 12 pages plus author list + cover pages (28 pages total), 6 figures,
  2 tables, submitted to Physics Letters B, All figures including auxiliary
  figures are available at
  https://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/PAPERS/HION-2013-10
Off-shell Currents and Color-Kinematics Duality

We elaborate on the color-kinematics duality for off-shell diagrams in gauge
theories coupled to matter, by investigating the scattering process $gg\to ss,
q\bar q, gg$, and show that the Jacobi relations for the kinematic numerators
of off-shell diagrams, built with Feynman rules in axial gauge, reduce to a
color-kinematics violating term due to the contributions of sub-graphs only.
Such anomaly vanishes when the four particles connected by the Jacobi relation
are on their mass shell with vanishing squared momenta, being either external
or cut particles, where the validity of the color-kinematics duality is
recovered. We discuss the role of the off-shell decomposition in the direct
construction of higher-multiplicity numerators satisfying color-kinematics
identity in four as well as in $d$ dimensions, for the latter employing the
Four Dimensional Formalism variant of the Four Dimensional Helicity scheme. We
provide explicit examples for the QCD process $gg\to q\bar{q}g$.Comment: Accepted version for publication in PLB. Manuscript extended: 19
  pages, 15 figures; C/K duality for tree-level amplitudes in dimensional
  regularization added; references added; title modifie
Galactic cosmic rays on extrasolar Earth-like planets I. Cosmic ray flux

(abridged abstract) Theoretical arguments indicate that close-in terrestial
exoplanets may have weak magnetic fields, especially in the case of planets
more massive than Earth (super-Earths). Planetary magnetic fields, however,
constitute one of the shielding layers that protect the planet against
cosmic-ray particles. In particular, a weak magnetic field results in a high
flux of Galactic cosmic rays that extends to the top of the planetary
atmosphere. We wish to quantify the flux of Galactic cosmic rays to an
exoplanetary atmosphere as a function of the particle energy and of the
planetary magnetic moment. We numerically analyzed the propagation of Galactic
cosmic-ray particles through planetary magnetospheres. We evaluated the
efficiency of magnetospheric shielding as a function of the particle energy (in
the range 16 MeV $\le$ E $\le$ 524 GeV) and as a function of the planetary
magnetic field strength (in the range 0 ${M}_\oplus$ $\le$ {M} $\le$ 10
${M}_\oplus$). Combined with the flux outside the planetary magnetosphere, this
gives the cosmic-ray energy spectrum at the top of the planetary atmosphere as
a function of the planetary magnetic moment. We find that the particle flux to
the planetary atmosphere can be increased by more than three orders of
magnitude in the absence of a protecting magnetic field. For a weakly
magnetized planet (${M}=0.05\,{M}_{\oplus}$), only particles with energies
below 512 MeV are at least partially shielded. For a planet with a magnetic
moment similar to Earth, this limit increases to 32 GeV, whereas for a strongly
magnetized planet ($M=10.0\,{M}_{\oplus}$), partial shielding extends up to 200
GeV. We find that magnetic shielding strongly controls the number of cosmic-ray
particles reaching the planetary atmosphere. The implications of this increased
particle flux are discussed in a companion article.Comment: 10 pages, 9 figures; accepted in A&
The role of calcium and predation on plate morph evolution in the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)

While the genetic basis to plate morph evolution of the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is well described, the environmental variables that select for different plate and spine morphs are incompletely understood. Using replicate populations of three-spined sticklebacks on North Uist, Scotland, we previously investigated the role of predation pressure and calcium limitation on the adaptive evolution of stickleback morphology and behavior. While dissolved calcium proved a significant predictor of plate and spine morph, predator abundance did not. Ecol. Evol., xxx, 2014 and xxx performed a comparable analysis to our own to address the same question. They failed to detect a significant effect of dissolved calcium on morphological evolution, but did establish a significant effect of predation; albeit in the opposite direction to their prediction.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
(Sub)millimetre interferometric imaging of a sample of COSMOS/AzTEC submillimetre galaxies. II. The spatial extent of the radio-emitting regions

Radio emission at centimetre wavelengths from highly star-forming galaxies, like submillimetre galaxies (SMGs), is dominated by synchrotron radiation arising from supernova activity. Hence, radio continuum imaging has the potential to determine the spatial extent of star formation in these types of galaxies. Using deep, high-resolution (1σ = 2.3 μJy beam-1; 0.75 arcsec) centimetre radio-continuum observations taken by the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA)-COSMOS 3 GHz Large Project, we studied the radio-emitting sizes of a flux-limited sample of SMGs in the COSMOS field. The target SMGs were originally discovered in a 1.1 mm continuum survey carried out with the AzTEC bolometer, and followed up with higher resolution interferometric (sub)millimetre continuum observations. Of the 39 SMGs studied here, 3 GHz emission was detected towards 18 of them (~46 ± 11%) with signal-to-noise ratios in the range of S/N = 4.2-37.4. Towards four SMGs (AzTEC2, 5, 8, and 11), we detected two separate 3 GHz sources with projected separations of ~1''&dotbelow;5-6''&dotbelow;6, but they might be physically related in only one or two cases (AzTEC2 and 11). Using two-dimensional elliptical Gaussian fits, we derived a median deconvolved major axis FWHM size of 0''&dotbelow;54±0''&dotbelow;11 for our 18 SMGs detected at 3 GHz. For the 15 SMGs with known redshift we derived a median linear major axis FWHM of 4.2 ± 0.9 kpc. No clear correlation was found between the radio-emitting size and the 3 GHz or submm flux density, or the redshift of the SMG. However, there is a hint of larger radio sizes at z ~ 2.5-5 compared to lower redshifts. The sizes we derived are consistent with previous SMG sizes measured at 1.4 GHz and in mid-J CO emission, but significantly larger than those seen in the (sub)mm continuum emission (typically probing the rest-frame far-infrared with median FWHM sizes of only ~1.5-2.5 kpc). One possible scenario is that SMGs have i) an extended gas component with a low dust temperature, which can be traced by low- to mid-J CO line emission and radio continuum emission; and ii) a warmer, compact starburst region giving rise to the high-excitation line emission of CO, which could dominate the dust continuum size measurements. Because of the rapid cooling of cosmic-ray electrons in dense starburst galaxies (~104-105 yr), the more extended synchrotron radio-emitting size being a result of cosmic-ray diffusion seems unlikely. Instead, if SMGs are driven by galaxy mergers - a process where the galactic magnetic fields can be pulled out to larger spatial scales - the radio synchrotron emission might arise from more extended magnetised interstellar medium around the starburst region
ARRAKIS: atlas of resonance rings as known in the S^(4)G

Context. Resonance rings and pseudorings (here collectively called rings) are thought to be related to the gathering of material near dynamical resonances caused by non-axisymmetries in galaxy discs. This means that they are the result of secular evolution processes that redistribute material and angular momentum in discs. Studying them may give clues on the formation and growth of bars and other disc non-axisymmetries.\ud
Aims. Our aims are to produce a catalogue and an atlas of the rings detected in the Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S^4G) and to conduct a statistical study of the data in the catalogue.\ud
Methods. We traced the contours of rings previously identified and fitted them with ellipses. We found the orientation of bars by studying the galaxy ellipse fits from the S^4G pipeline 4. We used the galaxy orientation data obtained by the S^4G pipeline 4 to obtain intrinsic ellipticities and orientations of rings and the bars.\ud
Results. ARRAKIS contains data on 724 ringed galaxies in the S^4G. The frequency of resonance rings in the S^4G is of 16 ± 1% and 35 ± 1% for outer and inner features, respectively. Outer rings are mostly found in Hubble stages − 1 ≤ T ≤ 4. Inner rings are found in a broad distribution that covers the range − 1 ≤ T ≤ 7. We confirm that outer rings have two preferred orientations, namely parallel and perpendicular to the bar. We confirm a tendency for inner rings to be oriented parallel to the bar, but we report the existence of a significant fraction (maybe as large as 50%) of inner features that have random orientations with respect to the bar. These misaligned inner rings are mostly found in late-type galaxies (T ≥ 4). We find that the fraction of barred galaxies hosting outer (inner) rings is ~1.7 times (~1.3 times) that in unbarred galaxies.\ud
Conclusions. We confirm several results from previous surveys as well as predictions from simulations of resonant rings and/or from manifold flux tube theory. We report that a significant fraction of inner rings in late-type galaxies have a random orientation with respect to the bar. This may be caused by spiral modes that are decoupled from the bar and dominate the Fourier amplitude spectrum at the radius of the inner ring. The fact that rings are only mildly favoured by bars suggests that those in unbarred galaxies either formed because of weak departures from the axisymmetry of the galactic potential or that they are born because of bars that were destroyed after the ring formation
Effects of a clinician referral and exercise program for men who have completed active treatment for prostate cancer: A multicenter cluster randomized controlled trial (ENGAGE)

<b>BACKGROUND</b><br />The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of a clinician referral and exercise program in improving exercise levels and quality of life for men with prostate cancer.<br /><br /><b>METHODS</b><br />This was a multicenter cluster randomized controlled trial in Melbourne, Australia comprising 15 clinicians: 8 clinicians were randomized to refer eligible participants (n&thinsp;=&thinsp;54) to a 12-week exercise program comprising 2 supervised gym sessions and 1 home-based session per week, and 7 clinicians were randomized to follow usual care (n&thinsp;=&thinsp;93). The primary outcome was self-reported physical activity; the secondary outcomes were quality of life, anxiety, and symptoms of depression.<br /><br /><b>RESULTS</b><br />A significant intervention effect was observed for vigorous-intensity exercise (effect size: Cohen\u27s d, 0.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.09-0.82; P&thinsp;=&thinsp;.010) but not for combined moderate and vigorous exercise levels (effect size: d, 0.08; 95% CI, &minus;0.28 to 0.45; P&thinsp;=&thinsp;.48). Significant intervention effects were also observed for meeting exercise guidelines (&ge;150 min/wk; odds ratio, 3.9; 95% CI, 1.9-7.8; P&thinsp;=&thinsp;.002); positive intervention effects were observed in the intervention group for cognitive functioning (effect size: d, 0.34; 95% CI, &minus;0.02 to 0.70; P&thinsp;=&thinsp;.06) and depression symptoms (effect size: d, &minus;0.35; 95% CI, &minus;0.71 to 0.02; P&thinsp;=&thinsp;.06). Eighty percent of participants reported that the clinician\u27s referral influenced their decision to participate in the exercise program.<br /><br /><b>CONCLUSIONS</b><br />The clinician referral and 12-week exercise program significantly improved vigorous exercise levels and had a positive impact on mental health outcomes for men living with prostate cancer. Further research is needed to determine the sustainability of the exercise program and its generalizability to other cancer populations
Measurement of the production cross section for a W boson and two b jets in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV

The production cross section for a W boson and two b jets is measured using proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV in a data sample collected with the CMS experiment at the LHC corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 inverse femtobarns. The W + b b-bar events are selected in the W to mu nu decay mode by requiring a muon with transverse momentum pt > 25 GeV and pseudorapidity abs(eta) < 2.1, and exactly two b-tagged jets with pt > 25 GeV and abs(eta) < 2.4. The measured W + b b-bar production cross section in the fiducial region, calculated at the level of final-state particles, is sigma(pp to W + b b-bar) x B(W to mu nu) = 0.53 +/- 0.05 (stat.) +/- 0.09 (syst.) +/- 0.06 (theo.) +/- 0.01 (lum.) pb, in agreement with the standard model prediction. In addition, kinematic distributions of the W + b b-bar system are in agreement with the predictions of a simulation using MADGRAPH and PYTHIA
Historical Oslo on a handheld device - a mobile augmented reality application

Mobile augmented reality (AR) applications can provide just-in-time information based on the user's preferences and context and thus improve the tourist experience. Due to various problems, the potential of this technology has yet to be fully exploited. In this paper, we present the design, implementation and evaluation of a mobile AR application for historical Oslo that aims to bring history to life by providing historical pictures of a location, depending on the direction in which the camera is pointing. This application can run offline and is designed as a generic framework where a similar application for a new city can be created by simply replacing the city-specific database
M T2 -reconstructed invisible momenta as spin analizers, and an application to top polarization

Full event reconstruction is known to be challenging in cases with more than one undetected final-state particle, such as pair production of two states each decaying semi-invisibly. On the other hand, full event reconstruction would allow to access angular distributions sensitive to the spin fractions of the decaying particles, thereby dissecting their production mechanism. We explore this possibility in the case of Standard-Model $ t\overline{t} $ production followed by a leptonic decay of both W bosons, implying two undetected final-state neutrinos. We estimate the t and $ \overline{t} $ momentum vectors event by event using information extracted from the kinematic variable M T2 . The faithfulness of the estimated momenta to the true momenta is then tested in observables sensitive to top polarization and $ t\overline{t} $ spin correlations. Our method thereby provides a novel approach towards the evaluation of these observables, and towards testing $ t\overline{t} $ production beyond the level of the total cross section. While our discussion is confined to $ t\overline{t} $ production as a benchmark, the method is applicable to any process whose decay topology allows to construct M T2
Superspace formulation and correlation functions of 3 d superconformal field theories

We study 3 d SCFTs in the superspace formalism and discuss superfields and on-shell higher spin current multiplets in free 3 d SCFTs with N $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 and 6 super-conformal symmetry. For N $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 1 3d SCFTs we determine the superconformal invariants in superspace needed for constructing 3-point functions of higher spin operators, find the non-linear relations between the invariants and consequently write down all the independent invariant structures, both parity even and odd, for various 3-point functions of higher spin operators
S -duality and modular transformation as a non-perturbative deformation of the ordinary pq -duality

A recent claim that the S -duality between 4 d SUSY gauge theories, which is AGT related to the modular transformations of 2 d conformal blocks, is no more than an ordinary Fourier transform at the perturbative level, is further traced down to the commutation relation $ \left[ {\mathop{P,}\limits^{\vee}\mathop{Q}\limits^{\vee }} \right]=-i\hbar $ between the check-operator monodromies of the exponential resolvent operator in the underlying Dotsenko-Fateev matrix models and β -ensembles. To this end, we treat the conformal blocks as eigenfunctions of the monodromy check operators, what is especially simple in the case of one-point toric block. The kernel of the modular transformation is then defined as the intertwiner of the two monodromies, and can be obtained straightforwardly, even when the eigenfunction interpretation of the blocks themselves is technically tedious. In this way, we provide an elementary derivation of the old expression for the modular kernel for the one-point toric conformal block
The T 7 flavor symmetry in 3-3-1 model with neutral leptons

We construct a 3-3-1 model based on non-Abelian discrete symmetry T 7 responsible for the fermion masses. Neutrinos get masses from only anti-sextets which are in triplets $ \underline{3} $ and $ {{\underline{3}}^{*}} $ under T 7 . The flavor mixing patterns and mass splitting are obtained without perturbation. The tribimaximal form obtained with the breaking T 7 → Z 3 in charged lepton sector and both T 7 → Z 3 and Z 3 → {Identity} must be taken place in neutrino sector but only apart in breakings Z 3 → {Identity} (without contribution of σ ′ ), and the upper bound on neutrino mass $ \sum {_{i=1}^3} $ m i at the level is presented. The Dirac CP violation phase δ is predicted to either $ \frac{\pi }{2} $ or $ \frac{{3\pi }}{2} $ which is maximal CP violation. From the Dirac CP violation phase we obtain the relation between Euler’s angles which is consistent with the experimental in PDG 2012. On the other hand, the realistic lepton mixing can be obtained if both the direction for breakings T 7 → Z 3 and Z 3 → {Identity} are taken place in neutrino sectors. The CKM matrix is the identity matrix at the tree-level
A novel solution to the Klein–Gordon equation in the presence of a strong rotating electric field

The Klein–Gordon equation in the presence of a strong electric field, taking the form of the Mathieu equation, is studied. A novel analytical solution is derived for particles whose asymptotic energy is much lower or much higher than the electromagnetic field amplitude. The condition for which the new solution recovers the familiar Volkov wavefunction naturally follows. When not satisfied, significant deviation from the Volkov wavefunction is demonstrated. The new condition is shown to differ by orders of magnitudes from the commonly used one. As this equation describes (neglecting spin effects) the emission processes and the particle motion in Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) cascades, our results suggest that the standard theoretical approach towards this phenomenon should be revised