pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
"No Information Without Disturbance": Quantum Limitations of Measurement

In this contribution I review rigorous formulations of a variety of
limitations of measurability in quantum mechanics. To this end I begin with a
brief presentation of the conceptual tools of modern measurement theory. I will
make precise the notion that quantum measurements necessarily alter the system
under investigation and elucidate its connection with the complementarity and
uncertainty principles.Comment: Invited contribution, "Quantum Reality, Relativistic Causality, and
  Closing the Epistemic Circle: An International Conference in Honour of Abner
  Shimony", Perimeter Institute, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, July 18-21, 2006,
  Editors J. Christian, W.Myrvold, Springer-Verlag, 2008, ISSN: 978-1-4020-910
Harmonization of seismic hazard and risk reduction in the Vrancea zone: scientific results of a NATO research project

The paper presents some of the main scientific
results achieved in the framework of a recently
completed NATO Science for Peace and Security
research project. The project aimed to harmonize
the different seismic hazard maps of Romania,
Moldova and Bulgaria and to develop standard
maps in Eurocode 8 format, reflecting the real transboundary
geophysical effects of the seismic
phenomenon. In order to achieve these results, an
important amount of research work in the field was
carried out by the project teams of the three
countries. The project also involved training of
young scientists in the fields of seismic hazard,
vulnerability and risk, organizing of seminars and
workshops with international experts and
upgrading the national seismic networks with new
digital equipments. The general coordination of
project activities and the evaluation of the project
progress were performed by a scientific team from
the Middle East Technical University (METU) in
Ankara, Turkey.
Waterbirds as Bioindicators of Environmental Conditions

We give examples of how waterbirds can be valuable indicators of changes in aquatic systems. Eutrophication is a widespread problem that can increase the food supply for some birds and hence increase their population size (e.g. great-crested grebes). Many birds are sensitive to changes in water depth, and some can decline due to siltation of shallow lakes (e.g. red-knobbed coot) or when low rainfall leads temporary wetlands to dry out (e.g. greater flamingos). The species-richness of the waterbird community is a less reliable indicator than trends for a given species, and has a weak relationship with the richness of other aquatic communities. As well as indicating changes in conditions, waterbirds can also cause them when they reach high densities, e.g. when colonial birds import nutrients from elsewhere or when geese cause overgrazing. When using waterbirds as indicators, a thorough knowledge of their ecology and clear objectives for the monitoring programme are essential.Peer Reviewe
In the beginning was game semantics

This article presents an overview of computability logic -- the
game-semantically constructed logic of interactive computational tasks and
resources. There is only one non-overview, technical section in it, devoted to
a proof of the soundness of affine logic with respect to the semantics of
computability logic. A comprehensive online source on the subject can be found
at http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~giorgi/cl.htmlComment: To appear in: "Games: Unifying Logic, Language and Philosophy". O.
  Majer, A.-V. Pietarinen and T. Tulenheimo, eds. Springer Verlag, Berli
Mechanical behavior of nickel base foams for diesel particle filter applications

International audienceAn original processing route by powder metallurgy was developped to alloy pure Ni foams so, that the foam becomes refractory for high temperature applications. The modelling of such a foam at high temperature starts from the behavior of the basic constitutive material, then we use micromechanical models to predict the mechanical properties under tension and in compression creep. A 3D finite element analysis of a volume analysed by X-ray tomography is performed to study the foam deformation mechanisms in both conditions
Observing the First Stars and Black Holes

The high sensitivity of JWST will open a new window on the end of the
cosmological dark ages. Small stellar clusters, with a stellar mass of several
10^6 M_sun, and low-mass black holes (BHs), with a mass of several 10^5 M_sun
should be directly detectable out to redshift z=10, and individual supernovae
(SNe) and gamma ray burst (GRB) afterglows are bright enough to be visible
beyond this redshift. Dense primordial gas, in the process of collapsing from
large scales to form protogalaxies, may also be possible to image through
diffuse recombination line emission, possibly even before stars or BHs are
formed. In this article, I discuss the key physical processes that are expected
to have determined the sizes of the first star-clusters and black holes, and
the prospect of studying these objects by direct detections with JWST and with
other instruments. The direct light emitted by the very first stellar clusters
and intermediate-mass black holes at z>10 will likely fall below JWST's
detection threshold. However, JWST could reveal a decline at the faint-end of
the high-redshift luminosity function, and thereby shed light on radiative and
other feedback effects that operate at these early epochs. JWST will also have
the sensitivity to detect individual SNe from beyond z=10. In a dedicated
survey lasting for several weeks, thousands of SNe could be detected at z>6,
with a redshift distribution extending to the formation of the very first stars
at z>15. Using these SNe as tracers may be the only method to map out the
earliest stages of the cosmic star-formation history. Finally, we point out
that studying the earliest objects at high redshift will also offer a new
window on the primordial power spectrum, on 100 times smaller scales than
probed by current large-scale structure data.Comment: Invited contribution to "Astrophysics in the Next Decade: JWST and
  Concurrent Facilities", Astrophysics & Space Science Library, Eds. H.
  Thronson, A. Tielens, M. Stiavelli, Springer: Dordrecht (2008
Extreme Star Formation

Extreme star formation includes star formation in starbursts and regions
forming super star clusters. We survey the current problems in our
understanding of the star formation process in starbursts and super star
clusters - initial mass functions, cluster mass functions, star formation
efficiencies, and radiative feedback into molecular clouds - that are critical
to our understanding of the formation and survival of large star clusters,
topics that will be the drivers of the observations of the next decade.Comment: appeared in "Astrophysics in the Next Decade: JWST and Concurrent
  Facilities", Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings, 2009, ed. H. A.
  Thronson, M. Stiavelli, and A. G. G. M. Tielens, proceedings of the
  conference, Astrophysics in the Next Decade, 24-27 September 2007, Tucson, A
Comparative behavior of wild and hatchery reared white sea bream (Diplodus sargus) released on artificial reefs off the Algarve (Southern Portugal)

Three hatchery produced and reared (HPR) and five wild white sea bream (Diplodus sargus) were double tagged with Vemco V8SC-2L acoustic transmitters and Floy Tag T-bar anchor tags, and released on artificial reefs located near a natural reef off the southern coast of Portugal. Passive telemetry was used to monitor movements of the white sea bream over a nine week period from April to June
2007. Differences in behavior at release, habitat association (artificial vs. natural reef), and in daily movements were registered. Wild fish moved from one habitat to the other with increased preference for the artificial habitat during the day, whereas
HPR fish showed no site fidelity or consistent daily movement pattern and left the release site soon after release. Comparison of Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP) showed a higher area usage by wild fish. This experiment shows that these artificial
reefs are used on a daily basis by wild white sea bream but apparently are not optimal release locations for hatchery produced white sea bream.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Canalicular microdomains and bile formation

This book is the proceedings of the XX International Bile Acid Meeting, Falk Symposium 165 entitled ‘Bile Acid Biology and Therapeutic Actions’, held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, June 13--14, 2008, and dedicated to both basic and clinical aspects of bile acid research with a focus on the role of bile acids in hepatobiliary diseases. The latest findings are presented by leading scientists and clinicians in the field.\ud
Since the last International Bile Acid Meeting in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany, in 2006, bile acid research has continued to flourish and therapeutic use of bile acids has attained a broader role. New insights have been gained into the mechanisms responsible for maintenance of bile acid homeostasis, and effects of bile acids on the cell signalling pathways have been further elucidated. Knowledge about the genetic basis of bile acid physiology has further increased. Therapy of chronic cholestatic liver diseases with ursodeoxycholic acid and new aspects of its chemopreventive properties continue to stimulate basic and clinical research and contribute to the understanding of underlying modes of action and to optimized treatment schedules
After Convergence: YouTube and Remix Culture

The term "convergence" has been used to describe the media developments following digitalization. In this article, I argue that while convergence was a suitable term to describe the first developments, it is no longer fitting. Convergence levelled out the differences between media, allowing for the developments we now see, and for which I propose the term "remix". Using YouTube as an example, I outline how genre developments may be seen as remixes of earlier genres, how remixing has become a widespread creative practice, and how online media also remix power relations between media owners and their audience.

The original publication is available from http://www.springerlink.co
Traversing urban social spaces : how online research helps unveil offline practice

This chapter presents a discussion of methodological considerations in urban informatics research. As an exemplar, we examine a health communication research blog set up to produce insights into the choices made by residents of a master-planned development affecting their health and well-being. It served both as a repository for collection and a tool for the strategic selection and analysis of internet research data. We reflect on the nature of the online data contributed by an urban demographic about their physical activity practices within this particular neighbourhood. The blog provided a forum for detailed responses which allowed participants to reflect on their answers over a period of time, and write with the privacy and protection effects provided by the anonymity of contributions, coupled with the advantage of being able to view the contributions made by other residents. Opinions, stories, and discussions were instigated by questions and photographs posted on the blog about residents’ levels of engagement with the neighbourhood for staying active and healthy. Residents reported on the social and physical aspects of the new urban environment that either encouraged or inhibited them from leading active and healthy lifestyles. In this context the blog provided insights into the role of both the planning rhetoric associated with a new urban village and the meanings attached to the lifeworld of the residents in their health practices. A total of 214 contributions to the blog were made by the residents, with the analysis and findings highlighting implications for urban design and health promotion research and practice
Bridging the Requirements to Design Traceability Gap

Requirement traceability ensures that software products meet their requirements and additionally makes the estimation of the consequences of requirement changes possible. In this article a case study analyses symptoms of this problem in the process model of ISO 12207, the foundation of SPICE (ISO 15504), and CMMi. Our analysis is directed at deriving a concept for the integrated extension of current traceability models with the aspect of documented design decisions. This integrated decision model is presented along with an additional case study which illustrates the advantages of this approach for traceability
Framing assessment today for the future: Issues and challenges

Assessment-and its interface with curriculum, teaching and learning-has always been a significant component of classroom practice. Research has indicated that typical teachers spend between one-third and one-half of their class time engaged in one or another type of assessment or learning evaluation activity (Stiggins & Conklin, 1992). However, research has also expressed concern that the knowledge that teachers hold about assessment matters has been limited, with scant attention paid to this area in teacher-preparation programs (Christie et al., 1991; Louden et al., 2005; Matters, 2006).Arts, Education & Law Group, School of Education and Professional StudiesFull Tex
Towards theorising assessment as critical inquiry

Throughout the past two decades assessment has operated on two fronts. First has been the continuing interest in large-scale, standardised testing, which affords governments and countries data for accountability and reporting purposes. Second has been the increasing interest in assessment within a learning culture (Shepard, 2000). Broadly speaking, this has concentrated on formative assessment for improving learning and has generated a proliferation of phrases seeking to highlight vital connections between assessment and learning (for example, 'assessment for/as learning'). Each of these fronts can be understood as giving priority to particular assessment activities and contexts. In the case of standardised testing, usually undertaken to generate data for systems' purposes, the context is necessarily controlled, with variables such as time and place fixed and regulated.Arts, Education & Law Group, School of Education and Professional StudiesFull Tex
Trust and privacy in distributed work groups

Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Social Computing, Behavioral Modeling and PredictionTrust plays an important role in both group cooperation and economic exchange. As new technologies emerge for communication and exchange, established mechanisms of trust are disrupted or distorted, which can lead to the breakdown of cooperation or to increasing fraud in exchange. This paper examines whether and how personal privacy information about members of distributed work groups influences individuals' cooperation and privacy behavior in the group. Specifically, we examine whether people use others' privacy settings as signals of trustworthiness that affect group cooperation. In addition, we examine how individual privacy preferences relate to trustworthy behavior. Understanding how people interact with others in online settings, in particular when they have limited information, has important implications for geographically distributed groups enabled through new information technologies. In addition, understanding how people might use information gleaned from technology usage, such as personal privacy settings, particularly in the absence of other information, has implications for understanding many potential situations that arise in pervasively networked environments.Preprin
A Novel Visualization Method for Detecting DDoS Network Attacks

With the rapid growth of networks in size and complexity, netwok administrators today are facing more and more challenges for protecting their networked computers and other devices from all kinds of attacks. Unlike the traditional methods of analyzing textual log data, a visual interactive system called DDoSViewer is proposed in this paper for detecting DDoS kind of network attacks. DDoSViewer is specifically designed for detecting DDoS attacks through the analysis of visual patterns. We will discuss the data sources, visual structures and interactive functions that are used in the proposed visualization system. We will also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the existing visual solutions for DDoS detection. The extraction and analysis of network data, the calculation and display of graphic elements¿ attributes and the pre-characteristics of DDoS attacks are all included in the new visualization technique. The experiments showed that the new system can detect DDoS attacks effectivel
Cognitive and affective determinants of entrepreneurial decisions experimentally examined

Objectives. Our study investigates the role of emotions and cognitions in the pre-entrepreneurial decision-making process, i.e., the process prior to the decision to exploit an entrepreneurial opportunity, which has only looked at by few researchers so far.
Methods. An online questionnaire experiment with three different samples, i.e., employees, students, and entrepreneurs (N = 578) using 16 different experimentally manipulated entrepreneurial scenarios was conducted.
Results. Findings indicate that the relationship between the characteristics of an entrepreneurial opportunity and the evaluation of it is mediated by cognitive appraisals. Moreover, negative and positive affects moderate the relationship between the evaluation of an entrepreneurial opportunity and the decision to exploit it.
Conclusion. This study confirms the central assumption of cognitive appraisal theories of emotion which state that the subjective representation of objective entrepreneurial opportunities better predicts the decision to exploit an entrepreneurial opportunity than the objective characteristics of the entrepreneurial situation.
Bridging knowing and proving in mathematics An essay from a didactical perspective

Text of a talk at the conference "Explanation and Proof in Mathematics: Philosophical and Educational Perspective" held in Essen in November 2006International audienceThe learning of mathematics starts early but remains far from any theoretical considerations: pupils' mathematical knowledge is first rooted in pragmatic evidence or conforms to procedures taught. However, learners develop a knowledge which they can apply in significant problem situations, and which is amenable to falsification and argumentation. They can validate what they claim to be true but using means generally not conforming to mathematical standards. Here, I analyze how this situation underlies the epistemological and didactical complexities of teaching mathematical proof. I show that the evolution of the learners' understanding of what counts as proof in mathematics implies an evolution of their knowing of mathematical concepts. The key didactical point is not to persuade learners to accept a new formalism but to have them understand how mathematical proof and statements are tightly related within a common framework; that is, a mathematical theory. I address this aim by modeling the learners' way of knowing in terms of a dynamic, homeostatic system. I discuss the roles of different semiotic systems, of the types of actions the learners perform and of the controls they implement in constructing or validating knowledge. Particularly with modern technological aids, this model provides a basis designing didactical situations to help learners bridge the gap between pragmatics and theory
Phase transitions in single neurons and neural populations: Critical slowing, anesthesia, and sleep cycles

The firing of an action potential by a biological neuron represents a dramatic transition from small-scale linear stochastics (subthreshold voltage fluctuations) to gross-scale nonlinear dynamics (birth of a 1-ms voltage spike). In populations of neurons we see similar, but slower, switch-like there-and-back transitions between low-firing background states and high-firing activated states. These state transitions are controlled by varying levels of input current (single neuron), varying amounts of GABAergic drug (anesthesia), or varying concentrations of neuromodulators and neurotransmitters (natural sleep), and all occur within a milieu of unrelenting biological noise. By tracking the altering responsiveness of the excitable membrane to noisy stimulus, we can infer how close the neuronal system (single unit or entire population) is to switching threshold. We can quantify this “nearness to switching” in terms of the altering eigenvalue structure: the dominant eigenvalue approaches zero, leading to a growth in correlated, low-frequency power, with exaggerated responsiveness to small perturbations, the responses becoming larger and slower as the neural population approaches its critical point–-this is critical slowing. In this chapter we discuss phase-transition predictions for both single-neuron and neural-population models, comparing theory with laboratory and clinical measurement
What can a mean-field model tell us about the dynamics of the cortex?

In this chapter we examine the dynamical behavior of a spatially homogeneous two-dimensional model of the cortex that incorporates membrane potential, synaptic flux rates and long- and short-range synaptic input, in two spatial dimensions, using parameter sets broadly realistic of humans and rats. When synaptic dynamics are included, the steady states may not be stable. The bifurcation structure for the spatially symmetric case is explored, identifying the positions of saddle–node and sub- and supercritical Hopf instabilities. We go beyond consideration of small-amplitude perturbations to look at nonlinear dynamics. Spatially-symmetric (breathing mode) limit cycles are described, as well as the response to spatially-localized impulses. When close to Hopf and saddle–node bifurcations, such impulses can cause traveling waves with similarities to the slow oscillation of slow-wave sleep. Spiral waves can also be induced. We compare model dynamics with the known behavior of the cortex during natural and anesthetic-induced sleep, commenting on the physiological significance of the limit cycles and impulse responses
Cortical patterns and gamma genesis are modulated by reversal potentials and gap-junction diffusion

In this chapter we describe a continuum model for the cortex that includes both axon-to-dendrite chemical synapses and direct neuron-to-neuron gap-junction diffusive synapses. The effectiveness of chemical synapses is determined by the voltage of the receiving dendrite V relative to its Nernst reversal potential Vrev. Here we explore two alternative strategies for incorporating dendritic reversal potentials, and uncover surprising differences in their stability properties and model dynamics. In the “slow-soma” variant, the (Vrev - V) weighting is applied after the input flux has been integrated at the dendrite, while for “fast-soma”, the weighting is applied directly to the input flux, prior to dendritic integration. For the slow-soma case, we find that–-provided the inhibitory diffusion (via gap-junctions) is sufficiently strong–-the cortex generates stationary Turing patterns of cortical activity. In contrast, the fast-soma destabilizes in favor of standing-wave spatial structures that oscillate at low-gamma frequency (  30-Hz); these spatial patterns broaden and weaken as diffusive coupling increases, and disappear altogether at moderate levels of diffusion. We speculate that the slow- and fast-soma models might correspond respectively to the idling and active modes of the cortex, with slow-soma patterns providing the default background state, and emergence of gamma oscillations in the fast-soma case signaling the transition into the cognitive state