pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Bi-modal Structure of Copper via Room-Temperature Partial Recrystallization After Cryogenic Dynamic Compression

Pure copper was compressed at high strain rates (over similar to 3 x 10(3) s(-1)) under liquid nitrogen. This deformation resulted in bi-modal microstructures of ultrafine grains and abnormally grown micro grains, and in greater hardness (by similar to 30 Hv) than room-temperature, dynamically deformed copper. This bi-modal microstructure is attributable to partial recrystallization at room temperature, activated by high-energy states and by twins generated at high Zener-Hollomon parameter conditions. This result demonstrates a new approach for producing bi-modally structured materials.Pure copper was compressed at high strain rates (over similar to 3 x 10(3) s(-1)) under liquid nitrogen. This deformation resulted in bi-modal microstructures of ultrafine grains and abnormally grown micro grains, and in greater hardness (by similar to 30 Hv) than room-temperature, dynamically deformed copper. This bi-modal microstructure is attributable to partial recrystallization at room temperature, activated by high-energy states and by twins generated at high Zener-Hollomon parameter conditions. This result demonstrates a new approach for producing bi-modally structured materials.open12
Effect of Austenite Stability on Microstructural Evolution and Tensile Properties in Intercritically Annealed Medium-Mn Lightweight Steels

The microstructural evolution with varying intercritical-annealing temperatures of medium-Mn (alpha + gamma) duplex lightweight steels and its effects on tensile properties were investigated in relation to the stability of austenite. The size and volume fraction of austenite grains increased as the annealing temperature increased from 1123 K to 1173 K (850 A degrees C to 900 A degrees C), which corresponded with the thermodynamic calculation data. When the annealing temperature increased further to 1223 K (950 A degrees C), the size and volume fraction were reduced by the formation of athermal alpha'-martensite during the cooling because the thermal stability of austenite deteriorated as a result of the decrease in C and Mn contents. In order to obtain the best combination of strength and ductility by a transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) mechanism, an appropriate mechanical stability of austenite was needed and could be achieved when fine austenite grains (size: 1.4 mu m, volume fraction: 0.26) were homogenously distributed in the ferrite matrix, as in the 1123 K (850 A degrees C)-annealed steel. This best combination was attributed to the requirement of sufficient deformation for TRIP and the formation of many deformation bands at ferrite grains in both austenite and ferrite bands. Since this medium-Mn lightweight steel has excellent tensile properties as well as reduced alloying costs and weight savings, it holds promise for new automotive applications. (C) The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International 2016open110
Crystallization Characteristics of CaO-Al2O3-Based Mold Flux and Their Effects on In-Mold Performance during High-Aluminum TRIP Steels Continuous Casting

Crystallization behaviors of the newly developed lime-alumina-based mold fluxes for high-aluminum transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steels casting were experimentally studied, and compared with those of lime-silica-based mold fluxes. The effects of mold flux crystallization characteristics on heat transfer and lubrication performance in casting high-Al TRIP steels were also evaluated. The results show that the crystallization temperatures of lime-alumina-based mold fluxes are much lower than those of lime-silica-based mold fluxes. Increasing B2O3 addition suppresses the crystallization of lime-alumina-based mold fluxes, while Na2O exhibits an opposite effect. In continuous cooling of lime-alumina-based mold fluxes with high B2O3 contents and a CaO/Al2O3 ratio of 3.3, faceted cuspidine precipitates first, followed by needle-like CaO center dot B2O3 or 9CaO center dot 3B(2)O(3)center dot CaF2. In lime-alumina-based mold flux with low B2O3 content (5.4 mass pct) and a CaO/Al2O3 ratio of 1.2, the formation of fine CaF2 takes place first, followed by blocky interconnected CaO center dot 2Al(2)O(3) as the dominant crystalline phase, and rod-like 2CaO center dot B2O3 precipitates at lower temperature during continuous cooling of the mold flux. In B2O3-free mold flux, blocky interconnected 3CaO center dot Al2O3 precipitates after CaF2 and 3CaO center dot 2SiO(2) formation, and takes up almost the whole crystalline fraction. The casting trials show that the mold heat transfer rate significantly decreases near the meniscus during the continuous casting using lime-alumina-mold fluxes with higher crystallinity, which brings a great reduction of surface depressions on cast slabs. However, excessive crystallinity of mold flux causes poor lubrication between mold and solidifying steel shell, which induces various defects such as drag marks on cast slab. Among the studied mold fluxes, lime-alumina-based mold fluxes with higher B2O3 contents and a CaO/Al2O3 ratio of 3.3 show comparatively improved performance.ope
Kinetics of Isothermal Melt Crystallization in CaO-SiO2-CaF2-Based Mold Fluxes

A kinetic study for isothermal melt crystallization of CaO-SiO2-CaF2-based mold fluxes with different basicity of 0.94 and 1.34 has been carried out systematically by DSC measurements. The kinetic parameters were determined by Johnson-Mehl-Avrami equation. The average Avrami exponent of cuspidine (3CaO center dot 2SiO(2)center dot CaF2) crystallization for mold flux of lower basicity (0.94) is calculated to be 3.1, implying that the crystallization mode is instantaneous nucleation followed by 3-dimensional growth. For the mold flux of higher basicity (1.34), the average Avrami exponent of cuspidine equals to 3.4, strongly suggesting that the growth is still 3 dimensional but the nucleation should be continuous. It was found that the effective crystallization rate constant for both mold fluxes increases as the crystallization temperature decreases, showing that the crystallization rate could be governed by nucleation rate. The negative effective activation energy indicates an anti-Arrhenius behavior for crystallization of the mold fluxes studied. Therefore, it is concluded that the melt crystallization for the commercial mold fluxes will be determined by thermodynamics of nucleation which is relevant to degree of undercooling. The morphology of cuspidine crystals observed by SEM agreeds well with the isothermal crystallization kinetics results.open16
Effect of Water Vapor on Evaporation and Melt Crystallization of Mold Fluxes

Melt crystallization behavior of both the fluorine-containing and fluorine-free mold fluxes has been investigated using a single hot thermocouple technique (SHTT). By increasing the dew point of atmosphere from 223 K to 285.5 K (-50 A degrees C and 12.5 A degrees C), the primary crystalline phase of fluorine-containing mold flux was changed from cuspidine (Ca4Si2O7F2) to Ca2SiO4 with accelerated nucleation rates. Enhancement of fluorine evaporation due to hydroxyl is attributed to the main reason for the abnormal crystallization behavior of the fluorine-containing mold flux under humid atmosphere, which may bring a sticking-type breakout during the commercial continuous casting process. In contrast, the effect of water vapor on crystallization of fluorine-free mold flux was negligible. This implies that the application of fluorine-free mold fluxes can become a countermeasure to prevent the hydrogen-induced breakout during the continuous casting process under wet atmosphere.open1
FSPM-P: towards a general functional-structural plant model for robust and comprehensive model development

In the last decade, functional-structural plant modelling (FSPM) has become a more widely accepted paradigm in crop and tree production, as 3D models for the most important crops have been proposed. Given the wider portfolio of available models, it is now appropriate to enter the next level in FSPM development, by introducing more efficient methods for model development. This includes the consideration of model reuse (by modularisation), combination and comparison, and the enhancement of existing models. To facilitate this process, standards for design and communication need to be defined and established. We present a first step towards an efficient and general, i.e., not speciesspecific FSPM, presently restricted to annual or bi-annual plants, but with the potential for extension and further generalization.
Model structure is hierarchical and object-oriented, with plant organs being the base-level objects and plant individual and canopy the higher-level objects. Modules for the majority of physiological processes are incorporated, more than in other platforms that have a similar aim (e.g., photosynthesis, organ formation and growth). Simulation runs with several general parameter sets adopted from the literature show that the present prototypewas able to reproduce a plausible output range for different crops (rapeseed, barley, etc.) in terms of both the dynamics and final values (at harvest time) of model state variables such as assimilate production, organ biomass, leaf area and architecture
Green Production of Anionic Surfactant Obtained from Pea Protein

A pea protein isolate was hydrolyzed by a double enzyme treatment method in order to obtain short peptide sequences used as raw materials to produce lipopeptides-based surfactants. Pea protein hydrolysates were prepared using the combination of Alcalase and Flavourzyme. The influence of the process variables was studied to optimize the proteolytic degradation to high degrees of hydrolysis. The average peptide chain lengths were obtained at 3–5 amino acid units after a hydrolysis of 30 min with the mixture of enzymes. Then, N-acylation in water, in presence of acid chloride (C12 and C16), carried out with a conversion rate of amine functions of 90%, allowed to obtain anionic surfactant mixtures (lipopeptides and sodium fatty acids). These two steps were performed in water, in continuous and did not generate any waste. This process was therefore in line with green chemistry principles. The surface activities (CMC, foaming and emulsifying properties) of these mixtures were also studied. These formulations obtained from natural renewable resources and the reactions done under environmental respect, could replace petrochemical based surfactants for some applications
Aminolysis Reaction of Glycerol Carbonate in Organic and Hydroorganic Medium

Aminolysis reaction of glycerol carbonate with primary amine in organic and hydroorganic media leads to the formation of two hydroxyurethane isomers and a partial decomposition of glycerol carbonate into glycerol. Aminolysis with a secondary amine promotes the condensation reaction and limits the formation of glycerol. The ratio of α versus β was determined by zgig 13C NMR. This technique permits computing the yield of α and β products in the medium. The quantity of glycerol was determined by GC analysis. The ratio of the isomers and the amount of glycerol depend on the amine and the solvent. Kinetic investigations reveal that, in hydroorganic medium, the more the alkyl chain of the amine increased, the less glycerol was formed. On the contrary, in organic medium, the alkyl chain of the amine does not play a major role in the formation of glycerol
Biology of BMP signalling and cancer

[Abstract] In recent years, it has been proposed that tumours are not homogeneous but composed of several cellular types like normal tissues. A cellular subtype, which is though to be the origin of tumours as well as their malignant properties (i.e., capacity for regrowth and metastasis), are the cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs, like normal stem cells, have a nearly unlimited capacity to self-renew and to proliferate so that are responsible, besides their same auto-perpetuation giving rise to the features previously depicted, also for the generation of the bulk of more differentiated cells in tumour. The altered behaviour of CSCs may be caused by the malfunction of a number of signalling pathways involved in normal embryonic development and in tissue homeostasis in adulthood. Among these signalling pathways are Wnt, Hedgehog, Notch and BMP pathways. In this review, we will focus on the study of molecular aspects of BMP signalling as well as its involvement in cancer
Borcherds and Kac-Moody extensions of simple finite-dimensional Lie
  algebras

We study the Borcherds superalgebra obtained by adding an odd (fermionic)
null root to the set of simple roots of a simple finite-dimensional Lie
algebra. We compare it to the Kac-Moody algebra obtained by replacing the odd
null root by an ordinary simple root, and then adding more simple roots, such
that each node that we add to the Dynkin diagram is connected to the previous
one with a single line. This generalizes the situation in maximal supergravity,
where the E(n) symmetry algebra can be extended to either a Borcherds
superalgebra or to the Kac-Moody algebra E(11), and both extensions can be used
to derive the spectrum of p-form potentials in the theory. We show that also in
the general case, the Borcherds and Kac-Moody extensions lead to the same
p-form spectrum of representations of the simple finite-dimensional Lie
algebra.Comment: 11 pages. v2: Published version. Minor corrections and
  clarifications. References update
Lojasiewicz exponent of families of ideals, Rees mixed multiplicities
  and Newton filtrations

We give an expression for the {\L}ojasiewicz exponent of a wide class of
n-tuples of ideals $(I_1,..., I_n)$ in $\O_n$ using the information given by a
fixed Newton filtration. In order to obtain this expression we consider a
reformulation of {\L}ojasiewicz exponents in terms of Rees mixed
multiplicities. As a consequence, we obtain a wide class of semi-weighted
homogeneous functions $(\mathbb{C}^n,0)\to (\mathbb{C},0)$ for which the
{\L}ojasiewicz of its gradient map $\nabla f$ attains the maximum possible
value.Comment: 25 pages. Updated with minor change
Stimuli-responsive polymers and their applications in nanomedicine

This review focuses on smart nano-materials built of stimuli-responsive (SR) polymers and will discuss their numerous applications in the biomedical field. The authors will first provide an overview of different stimuli and their corresponding, responsive polymers. By introducing myriad functionalities, SR polymers present a wide range of possibilities in the design of stimuli-responsive devices, making use of virtually all types of polymer constructs, from self-assembled structures (micelles, vesicles) to surfaces (polymer brushes, films) as described in the second section of the review. In the last section of this review the authors report on some of the most promising applications of stimuli-responsive polymers in nanomedicine. In particular, we will discuss applications pertaining to diagnosis, where SR polymers are used to construct sensors capable of selective recognition and quantification of analytes and physical variables, as well as imaging devices. We will also highlight some examples of responsive systems used for therapeutic applications, including smart drug delivery systems (micelles, vesicles, dendrimers ... ) and surfaces for regenerative medicine
Localized instabilities of the Wigner equation as a model for the emergence of Rogue Waves

In this paper, we model Rogue Waves as localized instabilities emerging from homogeneous and stationary background wavefields, under NLS dynamics. This is achieved in two steps: given any background Fourier spectrum P(k), we use the Wigner transform and Penrose’s method to recover spatially periodic unstable modes, which we call unstable Penrose modes. These can be seen as generalized Benjamin–Feir modes, and their parameters are obtained by resolving the Penrose condition, a system of nonlinear equations involving P(k). Moreover, we show how the superposition of unstable Penrose modes can result in the appearance of localized unstable modes. By interpreting the appearance of an unstable mode localized in an area not larger than a reference wavelength λ0 as the emergence of a Rogue Wave, a criterion for the emergence of Rogue Waves is formulated. Our methodology is applied to δ spectra, where the standard Benjamin–Feir instability is recovered, and to more general spectra. In that context, we present a scheme for the numerical resolution of the Penrose condition and estimate the sharpest possible localization of unstable modes. Keywords: Rogue Waves; Wigner equation; Nonlinear Schrodinger equation; Penrose modes; Penrose conditio
Deep neural architectures for prediction in healthcare

This paper presents a novel class of systems assisting diagnosis and personalised assessment of diseases in healthcare. The targeted systems are end-to-end deep neural architectures that are designed (trained and tested) and subsequently used as whole systems, accepting raw input data and producing the desired outputs. Such architectures are state-of-the-art in image analysis and computer vision, speech recognition and language processing. Their application in healthcare for prediction and diagnosis purposes can produce high accuracy results and can be combined with medical knowledge to improve effectiveness, adaptation and transparency of decision making. The paper focuses on neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Parkinson’s, as the development model, by creating a new database and using it for training, evaluating and validating the proposed systems. Experimental results are presented which illustrate the ability of the systems to detect and predict Parkinson’s based on medical imaging information
Integration of weakly heterogeneous semistructured data

While most business applications typically operate on structured data that can be effectively managed using relational databases, some applications use more complex semistructured data that lacks a stable schema. XML techniques are available for the management of semistructured data, but such techniques tend to be ineffective when applied to large amounts of heterogeneous data, in particular in applications with complex query requirements. In this paper we describe an approach that relies on the mapping of multiple semistructured data sets to objectrelational structures and uses an object-relational database to support complex query requirements. We illustrate this approach using weakly heterogeneous oceanographic data
Elaborating the WARE method for eParticipation requirements

Published version of a chapter in the book Information Systems Developement, 2010, 785-792. Also available from the publisher at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b137171_82eParticipation systems are often directly targeted at citizens. However, as a group of potential users, citizens form a heterogeneous and unpredictable group, which makes requirements elicitation a challenging issue. Based on recently developed ideas for wide audience requirement engineering (WARE), this chapter discusses and elaborates a method for eliciting citizen requirements for eParticipation. The method elaboration was conducted in connection with a project in southern Norway, where young people’s requirements for becoming active e-participants in society were mapped. Based on these experiences, we discuss the use and usefulness of the WARE method and suggest ideas on how to further develop the WARE method for eParticipation purposes
Metabolomic Characterization of Human Rectal Adenocarcinoma with Intact Tissue Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

PURPOSE: This study was designed to test whether metabolic characterization of intact, unaltered human rectal adenocarcinoma specimens is possible using the high-resolution magic angle spinning proton (1H) magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique. METHODS: The study included 23 specimens from five patients referred for ultrasonographic staging of suspected rectal cancer. Multiple biopsies of macroscopically malignant rectal tumors and benign rectal mucosa were obtained from each patient for a total of 14 malignant and 9 benign samples. Unaltered tissue samples were spectroscopically analyzed. Metabolic profiles were established from the spectroscopy data and correlated with histopathologic findings. RESULTS: Metabolomic profiles represented by principle components of metabolites measured from spectra differentiated between malignant and benign samples and correlated with the volume percent of cancer (P = 0.0065 and P = 0.02, respectively) and benign epithelium (P = 0.0051 and P = 0.0255, respectively), and with volume percent of stroma, and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of rectal biopsies has the ability to metabolically characterize samples and differentiate between pathological features of interest. Future studies should determine its utility in in vivo applications for non-invasive pathologic evaluations of suspicious rectal lesions
(Un)Higgsing the M2-brane

We study various aspects of N=2 quiver-Chern-Simons theories, conjectured to be dual to M2-branes at toric Calabi-Yau four-fold singularities, under Higgsing. In particular we study in detail the orbifold C^4/Z_2^3, obtaining a number of different quiver-Chern-Simons phases for this model, and all 18 toric partial resolutions thereof. In the process we develop a general un-Higgsing algorithm that allows one to construct quiver-Chern-Simons theories by blowing up, thus obtaining a plethora of new models. In addition we explain how turning on torsion G-flux non-trivially affects the supergravity dual of Higgsing, showing that the supergravity and field theory analyses precisely match in an example based on the Sasaki-Einstein manifold Y^(1,2)(CP^2)
Matter and singularities

We analyze the structure of matter representations arising from codimension two singularities in F-theory, focusing on gauge groups SU(N). We give a detailed local description of the geometry associated with several types of singularities and the associated matter representations. We also construct global F-theory models for 6D and 4D theories containing these matter representations. The codimension two singularities encountered include examples where the apparent Kodaira singularity type does not need to be completely resolved to produce a smooth Calabi-Yau, examples with rank enhancement by more than one, and examples where the 7-brane configuration is singular. We identify novel phase transitions, in some of which the gauge group remains fixed but the singularity type and associated matter content change along a continuous family of theories. Global analysis of 6D theories on ℙ[superscript 2] with 7-branes wrapped on curves of small degree reproduces the range of 6D supergravity theories identified through anomaly cancellation and other consistency conditions. Analogous 4D models are constructed through global F-theory compactifications on ℙ[superscript 3], and have a similar pattern of SU(N) matter content. This leads to a constraint on the matter content of a limited class of 4D supergravity theories containing SU(N) as a local factor of the gauge group.United States. Dept. of Energy (Contract DE-FC02-94ER40818)National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant DMS-1007414
Measurement of the production cross section for pairs of isolated photons in pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV

The integrated and differential cross sections for the production of pairs of isolated photons is measured in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV with the CMS detector at the LHC. A data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36 pb[superscript −1] is analysed. A next-to-leading-order perturbative QCD calculation is compared to the measurements. A discrepancy is observed for regions of the phase space where the two photons have an azimuthal angle difference Δφ ≲ 2.8 rad.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio