pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Global dynamics above the ground state energy for the focusing nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation

The analysis of global dynamics of nonlinear dispersive equations has a long history starting from small solutions. In this paper we study the focusing, cubic, nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation in R3 with large radial data in the energy space. This equation admits a unique positive stationary solution Q, called the ground state. In 1975 Payne and Sattinger showed that solutions u(t) with energy E[u, u˙ ] strictly below that of the ground state are divided into two classes, depending on a suitable functional K(u): If K(u) < 0, then one has finite time blow-up, if K(u) ≥ 0 global existence; moreover, these sets are invariant under the flow. Recently, Ibrahim, Masmoudi and the first author [22] improved this result by establishing scattering to zero for K[u] ≥ 0 by means of a variant of the Kenig-Merle method [25], [26]. In this paper we go slightly beyond the ground state energy and we give a complete description of the evolution in that case. For example, in a small neighborhood of Q one encounters the following trichotomy: on one side of a center-stable manifold one has finite-time blow-up for t ≥ 0, on the other side scattering to zero, and on the manifold itself one has scattering to Q, both as t → +∞. In total, the class of data with energy at most slightly above that of Q is divided into nine disjoint nonempty sets each displaying different asymptotic behavior as t → ±∞, which includes solutions blowing up in one time direction and scattering to zero on the other. The analogue of the solutions found by Duyckaerts, Merle [13], [14] for the energy critical wave and Schr¨odinger equations appear here as the unique one-dimensional stable/unstable manifolds approaching ±Q exponentially as t → ∞ or t → −∞, respectively. The main technical ingredient in our proof is a "one-pass" theorem which excludes the existence of (almost) homoclinic orbits between Q (as well as −Q) and (almost) heteroclinic orbits connecting Q with −Q. In a companion paper [31] we establish analogous properties for the NLS equation
The 2009 L’Aquila (Central Italy) Seismic Sequence.

On April 6 (01:32 UTC) 2009 a MW 6.1 normal faulting earthquake struck the axial area of the Abruzzo region in Central Italy. The earthquake heavily damaged the city of L’Aquila and its surroundings, causing 308 casualties, 70,000 evacuees and incalculable losses to the cultural heritage.
We present the geometry of the fault system composed by two main normal fault planes, reconstructed by means of  seismicity distribution: almost 3000 events with ML≥1.9 occurred in the area during the 2009. The events have been located with a 1D velocity model we computed for the area by using data of the seismic sequence.
The mainshock, located at around 9.3 km of depth beneath the town of L’Aquila, activated a 50° (+/- 3) SW-dipping and ~135° NW-trending normal fault with a length of about 16 km. The aftershocks activated the whole 10 km of the upper crust up to the surface. The geometry of the fault is coherent with the mapped San Demetrio-Paganica and Mt. Stabiata normal faults. 
The whole normal fault system that reached about 50 km of length by the end of December in the NW-trending direction, was activated within the first few days of the sequence when most of the energetic events occurred.
The main shock fault plane was activated by a foreshock sequence culminated with a  MW 4.0 on the 30th of March (13:38 UTC), showing extensional kinematic with a minor left lateral component. The second major structure, located to the north close to Campotosto village, is  controlled by a MW 5.0 which occurred on the same day of the main shock (the 6th of April at 23:15 UTC) and by a MW 5.2 event (9th of April - 00:53 UTC). The fault plane shows a shallower dip angle with respect to the main fault plane, of about 35° with a tendency to flattening towards the deepest portion. Due to the lack of seismicity above 5 km depth, the connection between this structure and the mapped Monti della Laga fault is not straightforward. This northern segment is recognisable for about 12-14 km of length, always NW-trending and forming a right lateral step with the main fault plane. The result is a en-echelon system overlapping for about 6 km.
Seismicity pattern also highlights the activation of numerous minor normal fault segments  within the whole fault system. The deepest is located at around 13-15 km of depth, south of the L’Aquila mainshock, and it seems to be antithetic to the main fault plane
HLA-DRB1 amino acid positions 11/13, 71 and 74 are associated with inflammation level, disease activity and the Health Assessment Questionnaire disability index in patients with inflammatory polyarthritis

Objective: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) susceptibility HLA–DRB1 haplotypes based on amino acid positions 11/13, 71, and 74 predict radiographic damage. The mechanism of action is unknown, but it may be mediated by inflammation. We undertook this study to systematically investigate the effect of these amino acids on nonradiographic measures of disease activity/outcomes. Methods: We tested the association of RA susceptibility HLA–DRB1 amino acids with the C-reactive protein (CRP) level, the tender joint count (TJC), the swollen joint count (SJC), the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28), and the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) score in the Norfolk Arthritis Register (NOAR) and Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Study (ERAS) cohorts. Longitudinal modeling of disease activity/outcomes was performed using generalized linear latent and mixed models. Mediation analysis was performed using directed acyclic graphs to investigate the paths from genetic factors to outcome. Results: A total of 2,158 patients were available for analysis in the NOAR cohort. Valine at position 11 showed the strongest association with the CRP level (P = 2.21 × 10−6), the SJC (P = 7.51 × 10−6), and the DAS28 (P = 0.002); it was marginally associated with the HAQ score (P = 0.044) but not with the TJC. The same amino acid and haplotype risk hierarchy observed for susceptibility and radiographic severity was observed for the CRP level and nonradiographic measures of disease activity/outcome, apart from the TJC. The results were replicated in the ERAS cohort. The effect of valine at position 11 on the SJC was mainly mediated by anti–citrullinated protein antibody status, the effect of which was mainly mediated by inflammation; however, the effect of valine at position 11 was also independent of the CRP level (P = 1.6 × 10−4). Conclusion: Genetic markers of RA susceptibility located within HLA–DRB1 determine the levels of clinical and systemic inflammation independently, and also determine all objective measures of disease activity and outcome
Black holes as bubble nucleation sites.

We consider the effect of inhomogeneities on the rate of false vacuum decay. Modelling the inhomogeneity by a black hole, we construct explicit Euclidean instantons which describe the nucleation of a bubble of true vacuum centred on the inhomogeneity. We find that inhomogeneity significantly enhances the nucleation rate over that of the Coleman-de Luccia instanton — the black hole acts as a nucleation site for the bubble. The effect is larger than previously believed due to the contributions to the action from conical singularities. For a sufficiently low initial mass, the original black hole is replaced by flat space during this process, as viewed by a single causal patch observer. Increasing the initial mass, we find a critical value above which a black hole remnant survives the process. This resulting black hole can have a higher mass than the original black hole, but always has a lower entropy. We compare the process to bubble-to-bubble transitions, where there is a semi-classical Lorentzian description in the WKB approximation
Control of emitted light polarization in a 1310 nm dilute nitride spin-vertical cavity surface emitting laser subject to circularly polarized optical injection

We experimentally demonstrate the control of the light polarization emitted by a 1310 nm dilute nitride spin-Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) at room temperature. This is achieved by means of a combination of polarized optical pumping and polarized optical injection. Without external injection, the polarization of the optical pump controls that of the spin-VCSEL. However, the addition of the externally injected signal polarized with either left- (LCP) or rightcircular polarization (RCP) is able to control the polarization of the spin-VCSEL switching it at will to left- or right-circular polarization. A numerical model has been developed showing a very high degree of agreement with the experimental findings
(Sub)millimetre interferometric imaging of a sample of COSMOS/AzTEC
  submillimetre galaxies - II. The spatial extent of the radio-emitting regions

Radio emission at cm wavelengths from highly star-forming galaxies, such as
SMGs, is dominated by synchrotron radiation arising from supernova activity.
Using deep, high-resolution ($1\sigma=2.3$ $\mu$Jy beam$^{-1}$; $0.75^{"}$) cm
radio-continuum observations taken by the VLA-COSMOS 3 GHz Large Project, we
studied the radio-emitting sizes of a flux-limited sample of SMGs in the COSMOS
field. Of the 39 SMGs studied here, 3 GHz emission was detected towards 18 of
them ($\sim46\pm11\%$) with S/N ratios in the range of ${\rm S/N=4.2-37.4}$.
Using 2D elliptical Gaussian fits, we derived a median deconvolved major axis
FWHM size of $0.54^{"}\pm 0.11^{"}$ for our 18 SMGs detected at 3 GHz. For the
15 SMGs with known redshift we derived a median linear major axis FWHM of
$4.2\pm0.9$ kpc. No clear correlation was found between the radio-emitting size
and the 3 GHz or submm flux density, or the redshift of the SMG. However, there
is a hint of larger radio sizes at $z\sim2.5-5$ compared to lower redshifts.
The sizes we derived are consistent with previous SMG sizes measured at 1.4 GHz
and in mid-$J$ CO emission, but significantly larger than those seen in the
(sub)mm continuum emission. One possible scenario is that SMGs have i) an
extended gas component with a low dust temperature, and which can be traced by
low- to mid-$J$ CO line emission and radio continuum emission, and ii) a
warmer, compact starburst region giving rise to the high-$J$ line emission of
CO, which could dominate the dust continuum size measurements. Because of the
rapid cooling of CR electrons in dense starburst galaxies ($\sim10^4-10^5$ yr),
the more extended synchrotron radio-emitting size being a result of CR
diffusion seems unlikely. Instead, if SMGs are driven by galaxy mergers the
radio synchrotron emission might arise from more extended magnetised ISM around
the starburst region.Comment: 18 pages (incl. 5 appendices), 7 figures, and 5 tables; accepted for
  publication in A&A; abstract abridged for arXi
Ranks of finite semigroups of one-dimensional cellular automata

Since first introduced by John von Neumann, the notion of cellular automaton
has grown into a key concept in computer science, physics and theoretical
biology. In its classical setting, a cellular automaton is a transformation of
the set of all configurations of a regular grid such that the image of any
particular cell of the grid is determined by a fixed local function that only
depends on a fixed finite neighbourhood. In recent years, with the introduction
of a generalised definition in terms of transformations of the form $\tau : A^G
\to A^G$ (where $G$ is any group and $A$ is any set), the theory of cellular
automata has been greatly enriched by its connections with group theory and
topology. In this paper, we begin the finite semigroup theoretic study of
cellular automata by investigating the rank (i.e. the cardinality of a smallest
generating set) of the semigroup $\text{CA}(\mathbb{Z}_n; A)$ consisting of all
cellular automata over the cyclic group $\mathbb{Z}_n$ and a finite set $A$. In
particular, we determine this rank when $n$ is equal to $p$, $2^k$ or $2^kp$,
for any odd prime $p$ and $k \geq 1$, and we give upper and lower bounds for
the general case.Comment: 12 page
Dark matter and muon $(g-2)$ in local $U(1)_{L_\mu-L_\tau}$-extended Ma
  Model

We consider right-handed neutrino dark matter $N_1$ in local
$U(1)_{L_\mu-L_\tau}$-extended Ma model. With the light $U(1)_{\mu-\tau}$ gauge
boson ($m_{Z'} \sim {\cal O}(100)$ MeV) and small $U(1)_{\mu-\tau}$ gauge
coupling ($g_{Z'}\sim 10^{-4}-10^{-3}$) which can accommodate the muon $(g-2)$
anomaly and is still allowed by other experimental constraints, we show that we
can get correct relic density of dark matter for wide range of dark matter mass
($M_1 \sim 10-100$ GeV), although the gauge coupling constant $g_{Z'}$ is
small. This is due to the fact that the annihilation cross section of dark
matter pair is enhanced by $M_1^4/m_{Z'}^4$ in the processes $N_1 N_1 \to Z'
Z'$ or $N_1 N_1 \to Z' H_2$. We also consider the constraints from direct
detection, collider searches.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figure
A Large Scale, Low Frequency Murchison Widefield Array Survey of
  Galactic HII regions between 260< l <\340

We have compiled a catalogue of HII regions detected with the Murchison
Widefield Array (MWA) between 72 and 231MHz. The multiple frequency bands
provided by the MWA allow us identify the characteristic spectrum generated by
the thermal Bremsstrahlung process in HII regions. We detect 302 HII regions
between 260 < l < 340 and report on the positions, sizes, peak, integrated flux
density, and spectral indices of these HII regions. By identifying the point at
which HII regions transition from the optically thin to thick regime we derive
the physical properties including the electron density, ionised gas mass and
ionising photon flux, towards 61 HII regions. This catalogue of HII regions
represents the most extensive and uniform low frequency survey of HII regions
in the Galaxy to date.Comment: 20 pages, 9 figures, 3 table
Hawking radiation and the Stefan-Boltzmann law: The effective radius of
  the black-hole quantum atmosphere

It has recently been suggested [S. B. Giddings, Phys. Lett. B {\bf 754}, 39
(2016)] that the Hawking black-hole radiation spectrum originates from an
effective quantum "atmosphere" which extends well outside the black-hole
horizon. In particular, comparing the Hawking radiation power of a
$(3+1)$-dimensional Schwarzschild black hole of horizon radius $r_{\text{H}}$
with the familiar Stefan-Boltzmann radiation power of a $(3+1)$-dimensional
flat space perfect blackbody emitter, Giddings concluded that the source of the
Hawking semi-classical black-hole radiation is a quantum region outside the
Schwarzschild black-hole horizon whose effective radius $r_{\text{A}}$ is
characterized by the relation $\Delta r\equiv r_{\text{A}}-r_{\text{H}}\sim
r_{\text{H}}$. It is of considerable physical interest to test the general
validity of Giddings's intriguing conclusion. To this end, we study the Hawking
radiation of $(D+1)$-dimensional Schwarzschild black holes. We find that the
dimensionless radii $r_{\text{A}}/r_{\text{H}}$ which characterize the
black-hole quantum atmospheres, as determined from the Hawking black-hole
radiation power and the $(D+1)$-dimensional Stefan-Boltzmann radiation law, are
a decreasing function of the number $D+1$ of spacetime dimensions. In
particular, it is shown that radiating $(D+1)$-dimensional Schwarzschild black
holes are characterized by the relation
$(r_{\text{A}}-r_{\text{H}})/r_{\text{H}}\ll1$ in the large $D\gg1$ regime. Our
results therefore suggest that, at least in some physical cases, the Hawking
emission spectrum originates from quantum excitations very near the black-hole
horizon.Comment: 6 page
Prevalence of refractive error in Europe: the European Eye Epidemiology (E(3)) Consortium

The final publication is also available at Springer via <a herf=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10654-015-0010-0>http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10654-015-0010-0</a>To estimate the prevalence of refractive error in
adults across Europe. Refractive data (mean spherical
equivalent) collected between 1990 and 2013 from fifteen
population-based cohort and cross-sectional studies of the
European Eye Epidemiology (E3
) Consortium were combined
in a random effects meta-analysis stratified by 5-year
age intervals and gender. Participants were excluded if they
were identified as having had cataract surgery, retinal detachment, refractive surgery or other factors that might
influence refraction. Estimates of refractive error prevalence
were obtained including the following classifications:
myopia B-0.75 diopters (D), high myopia B-6D, hyperopia
C1D and astigmatism C1D. Meta-analysis of refractive
error was performed for 61,946 individuals from
fifteen studies with median age ranging from 44 to 81 and
minimal ethnic variation (98 % European ancestry). The
age-standardised prevalences (using the 2010 European
Standard Population, limited to those C25 and \90 years
old) were: myopia 30.6 % [95 % confidence interval (CI)
30.4–30.9], high myopia 2.7 % (95 % CI 2.69–2.73), hyperopia
25.2 % (95 % CI 25.0–25.4) and astigmatism 23.9 % (95 % CI 23.7–24.1). Age-specific estimates revealed
a high prevalence of myopia in younger participants
[47.2 % (CI 41.8–52.5) in 25–29 years-olds]. Refractive
error affects just over a half of European adults. The
greatest burden of refractive error is due to myopia, with
high prevalence rates in young adults. Using the 2010
European population estimates, we estimate there are 227.2
million people with myopia across Europe
Evolutionary divergence of enzymatic mechanisms for posttranslational polyglycylation.

International audiencePolyglycylation is a posttranslational modification that generates glycine side chains on proteins. Here we identify a family of evolutionarily conserved glycine ligases that modify tubulin using different enzymatic mechanisms. In mammals, two distinct enzyme types catalyze the initiation and elongation steps of polyglycylation, whereas Drosophila glycylases are bifunctional. We further show that the human elongating glycylase has lost enzymatic activity due to two amino acid changes, suggesting that the functions of protein glycylation could be sufficiently fulfilled by monoglycylation. Depletion of a glycylase in Drosophila using RNA interference results in adult flies with strongly decreased total glycylation levels and male sterility associated with defects in sperm individualization and axonemal maintenance. A more severe RNAi depletion is lethal at early developmental stages, indicating that protein glycylation is essential. Together with the observation that multiple proteins are glycylated, our functional data point towards a general role of glycylation in protein functions
Towards the Continuous Limit of Cluster Integrable Systems

We initiate the study of how to extend the correspondence between dimer
models and (0+1)-dimensional cluster integrable systems to (1+1) and
(2+1)-dimensional continuous integrable field theories, addressing various
points that are necessary for achieving this goal. We first study how to glue
and split two integrable systems, from the perspectives of the spectral curve,
the resolution of the associated toric Calabi-Yau 3-folds and Higgsing in
quiver theories on D3-brane probes. We identify a continuous parameter
controlling the decoupling between the components and present two complementary
methods for determining the dependence on this parameter of the dynamical
variables of the integrable system. Interested in constructing systems with an
infinite number of degrees of freedom, we study the combinatorics of integrable
systems built up from a large number of elementary components, and introduce a
toy model capturing important features expected to be present in a continuous
reformulation of cluster integrable systems.Comment: 32 pages, 19 figure
Reception of N. S. Leskov's Religious and Philosophical Worldview in English-speaking Critic

The monograph of American researcher Irmhild Christina Sperrle ‘The organic worldview of Nikolai Leskov’ focuses on the philosophical foundations of the writer's worldview. The aim of this article is to clarify religious and philosophical aspects of literary works of the writer, which allows obtaining a complete picture of the Leskov's work as an integral literary system. Journalistic and artistic creativity of the writer contains a wealth of material to prove the thesis of organicity in Leskov's worldview. In our article we focus on the concept of organic integrity and its realization on the stylistic level of Leskov's journalistic texts
Measurement of the t-channel single-top-quark production cross section and of the |Vtb| CKM matrix element in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV

Measurements are presented of the t-channel single-top-quark production cross section in proton-proton collisions at s√ = 8 TeV. The results are based on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb−1 recorded with the CMS detector at the LHC. The cross section is measured inclusively, as well as separately for top (t) and antitop (t¯), in final states with a muon or an electron. The measured inclusive t-channel cross section is σt-ch. = 83.6 ± 2.3 (stat.) ± 7.4 (syst.) pb. The single t and t¯ cross sections are measured to be σt-ch.(t) = 53.8 ± 1.5 (stat.) ± 4.4 (syst.) pb and σt-ch.(t¯) = 27.6 ± 1.3 (stat.) ± 3.7 (syst.) pb, respectively. The measured ratio of cross sections is Rt-ch. = σt-ch.(t)/σt-ch.(t¯) = 1.95 ± 0.10 (stat.) ± 0.19 (syst.), in agreement with the standard model prediction. The modulus of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix element Vtb is extracted and, in combination with a previous CMS result at s√ = 7 TeV, a value |Vtb| = 0.998 ± 0.038 (exp.) ± 0.016 (theo.) is obtained
Search for a heavy narrow resonance decaying to eμ, eτ, or μτ with the ATLAS detector in s√=7 TeV pp collisions at the LHC

This Letter presents the results of a search for a heavy particle decaying into an e±μ∓, e±τ∓, or μ±τ∓ final state in pp   collisions at View the MathML source. The data were recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC during 2011 and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 4.6 fb−1. No significant excess above the Standard Model expectation is observed, and exclusions at 95% confidence level are placed on the cross section times branching ratio for the production of an R-parity-violating supersymmetric tau sneutrino. For a sneutrino mass of 500 (2000) GeV, the observed limits on the production cross section times branching ratio are 3.2 (1.4) fb, 42 (17) fb, and 40 (18) fb for the eμ, eτ, and μτ modes, respectively. These results considerably extend constraints from Tevatron experiments.We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, DNSRC and Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark; ARTEMIS, European Union; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNAS, Georgia; BMBF, DFG, HGF, MPG and AvH Foundation, Germany; GSRT, Greece; ISF, MINERVA, GIF, DIP and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, Poland; GRICES and FCT, Portugal; MERYS (MECTS), Romania; MES of Russia and ROSATOM, Russian Federation; JINR; MSTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MVZT, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MICINN, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SER, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; NSC, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America