pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Charged particle multiplicities in heavy and light quark initiated
  events above the Z0 peak

We have measured the mean charged particle multiplicities separately for
bbbar, ccbar and light quark (uubar, ddbar, ssbar) initiated events produced in
e+e- annihilations at LEP. The data were recorded with the OPAL detector at
eleven different energies above Z0 peak, corresponding to the full statistics
collected at LPE1.5 and LEP2. The difference in mean charged and particle
multiplicities for bbbar and light quark events, delta_bl, measured over this
energy range is consistent with an energy independent behaviour, as predicted
by QCD, but is inconsistent with the prediction of a more phenomenological
approach which assumes that the multiplicity accompanying the decay of a heavy
quark is independent of the quark mass itself. Our results, which can be
combined into the single measurement delta_bl = 3.44+-0.40(stat)+-0.89(syst) at
a luminosity weighted average centre-of mass energy of 195 GeV, are also
consistent with an energy independent behaviour as extrapolated from lower
energy data.Comment: 18 pages, 5 figure
(1+1)-dimensional Baryons from the SU(N) Color-Flavor Transformation

The color-flavor transformation, an identity that connects two integrals,
each of which is over one of a dual pair of Lie groups acting in the fermionic
Fock space, is extended to the case of the special unitary group. Using this
extension, a toy model of lattice QCD is studied: N_f species of spinless
fermions interacting with strongly coupled SU(N_c) lattice gauge fields in 1+1
dimensions. The color-flavor transformed theory is expressed in terms of gauge
singlets, the meson fields, organized into sectors distinguished by the
distribution of baryonic flux. A comprehensive analytical and numerical search
is made for saddle-point configurations of the meson fields, with various
topological charges, in the vacuum and single-baryon sectors. Two definitions
of the static baryon on the square lattice, straight and zigzag, are
investigated. The masses of the baryonic states are estimated using the
saddle-point approximation for large N_c.Comment: LateX, 53 pages, 13 figure
From Black Holes to Glueballs: The QCD_3 Tensor Glueball at Strong
  Coupling

A strong coupling calculation of glueball masses based on the duality between
supergravity and Yang-Mills theory is presented. Earlier work is extended to
non-zero spin. Fluctuations in the gravitational metric lead to the 2^{++}
state on the leading Pomeron trajectory with a mass relation: m(0^{++}) <
m(2^{++}) < m(1^{-+}). Contrary to expectation, the mass of our new 0^{++}
state (m^2=5.4573) associated with the graviton is smaller than the mass of the
${\tilde 0}^{++}$ state (m^2=11.588) from the dilaton, which in fact is exactly
degenerate with the tensor 2^{++}.Comment: 3 pages, 1 figure, Talk at Lattice 99 by R. Browe
UV and IR divergences within Dimensional Regularization in
  Non-Commutative theories and Phenomenological Implications

Using Dimensional Regularization (DR) for some two-point functions of a
prototype Non-Comutative (NC) \phi^4 scalar theory in 4-dimensions, we
explictly analyze, to one-loop, the IR and UV divergences of non-planar
diagrams having quadratic divergences and compare to the case of the
Pauli-Villars cut-off regularization (PVR). We also note that the IR structure
1/p0p obtained from DR is reproduced by PVR in the limit where the UV cut-off
\Lambda is set to infinity. We study the phenomenological implications of this
result by rederiving bounds from low-energy data on the violation of Lorentz
invariance based on the existence of the quadratic divergence. The most
stringent (and regularization independent) bound on Lorentz violation from
low-energy data is 1/\sqrt{\theta}\approx \nu\geq 10^{15} GeV for NCQCD and
10^{10} GeV for NCQED, which comes from the absence of sidereal variations
between the Cs and Hg atomic clocks.Comment: 5 pages latex file, espcrc2.sty, 2 eps.fig Revised and extended
  versio
Indirect Effect of Supersymmetric Triplets in Stop Decays

We study an extension of the minimal supersymmetric standard model with a
zero hypercharge triplet, and the effect that such a particle has on stop
decays. This model has the capability of predicting a 125.5 GeV Higgs even in
the presence of light stops and it can modify the diphoton rate by means of the
extra charged fermion triplet coupled to the Higgs. Working in the limit where
the scalar triplet decouples, and with small values of mA, we find that the
fermion triplet can greatly affect the branching ratios of the stops, even in
the absence of a direct stop-triplet coupling. We compare the triplet extension
with the MSSM and discuss how the additional fields affect the search for stop
pair production.Comment: pdfLateX, 16 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables, Typos, minor changes.
  Version published in JHE
Elements of proof for conjectures of Witte and Forrester about the
  combinatorial structure of Gaussian Beta Ensembles

The purpose of the article is to provide partial proofs for two conjectures
given by Witte and Forrester in "Moments of the Gaussian $\beta$ Ensembles and
the large $N$ expansion of the densities" with the use of the topological
recursion adapted for general $\beta$ Gaussian case. In particular, the paper
uses a version at coinciding points that provides a simple proof for some of
the coefficients involved in the conjecture. Additionally, we propose a
generalized version of the conjectures for all correlation functions evaluated
at coinciding points.Comment: 18 pages, version accepted in JHEP, minor mistakes correcte
3.5-keV X-ray line from nearly-degenerate WIMP dark matter decays

The unidentified emission line at the energy of $\sim$3.5~keV observed in
X-rays from galaxy clusters may originate from a process involving a dark
matter particle. On the other hand, a weakly interacting massive particle
(WIMP) has been an attractive dark matter candidate, due to its well-understood
thermal production mechanism and its connection to physics at the TeV scale. In
this paper, we pursue the possibility that the 3.5-keV X-ray arises from a late
time decay of a WIMP dark matter into another WIMP dark matter, both of which
have the mass of $O(100)$~GeV and whose mass splitting is about 3.5~keV. We
focus on the simplest case where there are two Majorana dark matter particles
and two charged scalars that couple with a standard model matter particle. By
assuming a hierarchical structure in the couplings of the two dark matter
particles and two charged scalars, it is possible to explain the 3.5-keV line
and realize the WIMP dark matter scenario at the same time. Since the effective
coupling of the two different Majorana dark matter particles and one photon
violates CP symmetry, the model always contains a new source of CP violation,
so the model's connection to the physics of electric dipole moments is
discussed. The model's peculiar signatures at the LHC are also studied. We show
the prospect of detecting the charged scalars through a detailed collider
simulation
The mysterious optical afterglow spectrum of GRB140506A at z=0.889

Context. Gamma-ray burst (GRBs) afterglows probe sightlines to star-forming
regions in distant star-forming galaxies. Here we present a study of the
peculiar afterglow spectrum of the z = 0.889 Swift GRB 140506A. Aims. Our aim
is to understand the origin of the very unusual properties of the absorption
along the line-of-sight. Methods. We analyse spectroscopic observations
obtained with the X-shooter spectrograph mounted on the ESO/VLT at two epochs
8.8 h and 33 h after the burst as well as imaging from the GROND instrument. We
also present imaging and spectroscopy of the host galaxy obtained with the
Magellan telescope. Results. The underlying afterglow appears to be a typical
afterglow of a long-duration GRB. However, the material along the line-of-
sight has imprinted very unusual features on the spectrum. Firstly, there is a
very broad and strong flux drop below 8000 AA (4000 AA in the rest frame),
which seems to be variable between the two spectroscopic epochs. We can
reproduce the flux-drops both as a giant 2175 AA extinction bump and as an
effect of multiple scattering on dust grains in a dense environment. Secondly,
we detect absorption lines from excited H i and He i. We also detect molecular
absorption from CH+ . Conclusions. We interpret the unusual properties of these
spectra as reflecting the presence of three distinct regions along the
line-of-sight: the excited He i absorption originates from an H ii-region,
whereas the Balmer absorption must originate from an associated
photodissociation region. The strong metal line and molecular absorption and
the dust extinction must originate from a third, cooler region along the
line-of-sight. The presence of (at least) three separate regions is reflected
in the fact that the different absorption components have different velocities
relative to the systemic redshift of the host galaxy.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures. Accepted for publications in A&
Supersymmetry algebras and Lorentz invariance for d = 10 super Yang-Mills

We consider ways in which conventional supersymmetry can be embedded in the set of more general fermionic transformations proposed recently [\Ref{B}] as a framework in which to study d=10 super Yang-Mills. Solutions are exhibited which involve closed algebras of various numbers of supersymmetries together with their invariance groups: nine supersymmetries with \GT {\times}\SO (1,1) invariance; eight supersymmetries with \SO (7){\times}\SO (1,1) invariance; four supersymmetries with \SO (3,1){\times}\U (3) invariance. We recover in this manner all previously known ways of adding finite numbers of bosonic auxiliary fields so as to partially close the d=10 superalgebra. A crucial feature of these solutions is that the auxiliary fields transform non-trivially under the residual Lorentz symmetry, even though they are originally introduced as Lorentz scalars
W-algebras from Heisenberg subalgebras

We derive sufficient conditions under which the ``second'' Hamiltonian structure of a class of generalized KdV-hierarchies defines one of the classical \cal W-algebras obtained through Drinfel'd-Sokolov Hamiltonian reduction. These integrable hierarchies are associated to the Heisenberg subalgebras of an untwisted affine Kac-Moody algebra. When the principal Heisenberg subalgebra is chosen, the well known connection between the Hamiltonian structure of the generalized Drinfel'd-Sokolov hierarchies ---the Gel'fand-Dickey algebras--- and the \cal W-algebras associated to the Casimir invariants of a Lie algebra is recovered. After carefully discussing the relations between the embeddings of A_1=sl(2,{\Bbb C}) into a simple Lie algebra g and the elements of the Heisenberg subalgebras of g^{(1)}, we identify the class of \cal W-algebras that can be defined in this way. For A_n, this class only includes those associated to the embeddings labelled by partitions of the form n+1= (m+1)+\cdots+ (m+1) +(m)+\cdots+(m) +(1)+\cdots+(1)
Final results of the searches for neutral Higgs bosons in $e^{+}e^{-}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ up to 209 GeV

The final results of the ALEPH search for the Standard Model Higgs boson at LEP, with data collected in the year 2000 at centre-of-mass energies up to 209,GeV, are presented. The changes with respect to the preceding publication are described and a complete study of systematic effects is reported. The findings of this final analysis confirm the preliminary results published in November 2000 shortly after the closing down of the LEP collider: a significant excess of events is observed, consistent with the production of a $115, Gcs$ Standard Model Higgs boson.% The final results of the searches for the neutral Higgs bosons of the MSSM are also reported, in terms of limits on $mh$, $mA$ and $anb$.% Limits are also set on $mh$ in the case of invisible decays
Analysis on the minimal representation of O(p,q) -- I. Realization via
  conformal geometry

This is the first in a series of papers devoted to an analogue of the
metaplectic representation, namely, the minimal unitary representation of an
indefinite orthogonal group; this representation corresponds to the minimal
nilpotent coadjoint orbit in the philosophy of Kirillov-Kostant.
  We begin by applying methods from conformal geometry of pseudo-Riemannian
manifolds to a general construction of an infinite-dimensional representation
of the conformal group on the solution space of the Yamabe equation. By
functoriality of the constructions, we obtain different models of the unitary
representation, as well as giving new proofs of unitarity and irreducibility.
  The results in this paper play a basic role in the subsequent papers, where
we give explicit branching formulae, and prove unitarization in the various
models
Spectrum and Analytical Indices of the C*-Algebra of Wiener-Hopf
  Operators

We study multivariate generalisations of the classical Wiener--Hopf algebra,
which is the C$^*$-algebra generated by the Wiener--Hopf operators, given by
the convolutions restricted to convex cones. By the work of Muhly and Renault,
this C$^*$-algebra is known to be isomorphic to the reduced C$^*$-algebra of a
certain restricted action groupoid, given by the action of Euclidean space on a
certain compactification. Using groupoid methods, we construct composition
series for the Wiener--Hopf C$^*$-algebra by a detailed study of this
compactification. We compute the spectrum, and express homomorphisms in
$K$-theory induced by the symbol maps which arise by the subquotients of the
composition series in analytical terms. Namely, these symbols maps turn out to
be given by an analytical family index of a continuous family of Fredholm
operators. In a subsequent paper, we also obtain a topological expression of
these indices.Comment: 34 pages, 2 figures; last version prior to publication, journal
  reference adde
Mobility impairment is associated with reduced microstructural integrity of the inferior and superior cerebellar peduncles in elderly with no clinical signs of cerebellar dysfunction☆

While the cerebellum plays a critical role in motor coordination and control no studies have investigated its involvement in idiopathic mobility impairment in community-dwelling elderly. In this study we tested the hypothesis that structural changes in the cerebellar peduncles not detected by conventional magnetic resonance imaging are associated with reduced mobility performance. The analysis involved eighty-five subjects (age range: 75–90 years) who had no clinical signs of cerebellar dysfunction. Based on the short physical performance battery (SPPB) score, we defined mobility status of the subjects in the study as normal (score 11–12, n = 26), intermediate (score 9–10, n = 27) or impaired (score < 9, n = 32). We acquired diffusion tensor imaging data to obtain indices of white matter integrity: fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD) and radial diffusivity (RD). Using a parcellation atlas, regional indices within the superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles (ICP, MCP, SCP) were calculated and their associations with mobility performance were analyzed. Subjects with impaired mobility showed reduced FA and AD values in the ICP and SCP but not in the MCP. The ICP-FA, ICP-AD and SCP-FA indices showed a significant association with the SPPB score. We also observed significant correlation between ICP-FA and walk time (r = − 0.311, p = 0.004), as well as between SCP-AD and self-paced maximum walking velocity (r = 0.385, p = 0.003) and usual walking velocity (r = 0.400, p = 0.002). In logistic regression analysis ICP-FA and ICP-AD together explained 51% of the variability in the mobility status of a sample comprising the normal and impaired subgroups, and correctly classified more than three-quarters of those subjects. Our findings suggest that presence of microstructural damage, likely axonal, in afferent and efferent connections of the cerebellum contributes to the deterioration of motor performance in older people
Adolescents with a history of specific language impairment (SLI) : strengths and difficulties in social, emotional and behavioral functioning

Adolescents with specific language impairment (SLI) are at a greater risk of emotional and behavioral problems compared to their typically developing (TD) peers, but little is known about their self-perceived strengths and difficulties. In this study, the self-reported social, emotional and behavioral functioning of 139 adolescents with a history of SLI and 124 TD individuals at age 16 was examined. The self-report version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was used to assess their prosocial behavior and levels of peer, emotional and behavioral difficulties. Associations of these areas of functioning with gender, verbal and non-verbal skills were also investigated. Adolescents with a history of SLI were more likely than their TD peers to report higher levels of peer problems, emotional symptoms, hyperactivity and conduct problems. The majority of adolescents in both groups (87% SLI and 96% TD), however, reported prosocial behavior within the typical range. Difficulty with peer relations was the strongest differentiator between the groups, with the odds of reporting borderline or abnormally high levels of peer problems being 12 times higher for individuals with a history of SLI. Adolescents with poorer receptive language skills were also more likely to report higher levels of emotional and behavioral difficulties. The findings of this study identify likely traits that may lead to referral to services
Key components of increased drug expenditure in South Korea : implications for the future

Introduction: The cost of pharmaceuticals has increased rapidly in Korea in recent years. Expenditure is likely to grow further with the policy of expanding NHI coverage for four disease areas including cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease, rare diseases and cancer. Consequently, there is a need to analyse the different components leading to this increased expenditure as a basis for suggesting future reforms in Korea. Objective: Quantify the impact of new and established drugs on the growth of total drug spending in South Korea in recent years, specially focusing on the differentiated components of drug spending. These include treatment expansion and drug mix effects (switching from cheaper drugs to expensive ones and vice versa). Materials and Method: A model was proposed and used to assess the impact of both new and existing drugs on changes in price, quantity, and drug mix over the 5-year period in Korea from 2006 to 2010. The database used was the National Health Insurance claims data, which covers about 97% of total population of Korea. Results: Overall drug spending increased1.43 fold from 2006 to 2010. Drug-mix effect ( =1.32) was the main contributing factor to increased drug spending, followed by increased drug utilization ( =1.26). For existing drugs, treatment expansion ( ) and drug mix effect ( ) were measured at 1.28 and 1.24, respectively, while those of new drugs were 1.02( ) and 1.03( ). Therefore, existing drugs have a much greater effect on drug spending than new drugs. According to the Anatomical Therapeutic Classifications, drug spending rose most significantly for the “sensory organs” class of drugs ( =1.78) followed by the “various” class ( =1.68). For existing drugs in the sensory organs class (S), drug mix effect ( ) was measured at 0.96. This implies that expensive drugs among existing drugs were replaced by cheaper ones. However, the quantity prescribed ( ) substantially increased by 1.88 fold. New drugs within this class that were more expensive than existing ones were also prescribed ( =1.09) further increasing drug expenditure in Korea. Conclusion: We found contrasting results from previous studies. The drug mix effect and existing drugs made the largest contribution to drug spending growth rather than new drugs. Policies targeting drug mix, such as promoting cost-effective prescription and rational use of drugs, including the use of cheaper cost generics without compromising care, should be primarily considered to help contain future drug expenditure
Bootstrap prediction for returns and volatilities in GARCH models.

A new bootstrap procedure to obtain prediction densities of returns and volatilities of GARCH processes is proposed. Financial market participants have shown an increasing interest in prediction intervals as measures of uncertainty. Furthermore, accurate predictions of volatilities are critical for many financial models. The advantages of the proposed method are that it allows incorporation of parameter uncertainty and does not rely on distributional assumptions. The finite sample properties are analyzed by an extensive Monte Carlo simulation. Finally, the technique is applied to the Madrid Stock Market index, IBEX-35.Acknowledgements: We are very grateful for their helpful comments by three anonymous referees, the editor Stephen Pollock and seminar participants at the Universities of Valladolid, New South Wales and Canterbury and the June 2001 Time Series Workshop of Arrabida, the September 2001 International Conference on Modelling Volatility (Perth) and the June 2002 International Symposium on Forecasting (Dublin). We are also grateful to Gregorio Serna for providing the data set analyzed in this paper and to Dolores Redondas for helping us with the figures. Financial support was provided by projects DGES PB96-0111 and BEC2002-03720 from the Spanish Government and Cátedra de Calidad from BBVAPublicad
Numerical and analytical modeling of orthogonal cutting: the link between local variables and global contact characteristics

The response of the tool–chip interface is characterized in the orthogonal cutting process by numerical and analytical means and compared to experimental results. We study the link between local parameters (chip temperature, sliding friction coefficient, tool geometry) and overall friction characteristics depicting the global response of the tool–chip interface. Sticking and sliding contact regimes are described. The overall friction characteristics of the tool are represented by two quantities: (i) the mean friction coefficient qualifies the global response of the tool rake face (tool edge excluded) and (ii) the apparent friction coefficient reflects the overall response of the entire tool face, the effect of the edge radius being included. When sticking contact is dominant the mean friction coefficient is shown to be essentially the ratio of the average shear flow stress along the sticking zone by the average normal stress along the contact zone. The dependence of overall friction characteristics is analyzed with respect to tool geometry and cutting conditions. The differences between mean friction and apparent friction are quantified. It is demonstrated that the evolutions of the apparent and of the mean friction coefficients are essentially controlled by thermal effects. Constitutive relationships are proposed which depict the overall friction characteristics as functions of the maximum chip temperature along the rake face. This approach offers a simple way for describing the effect of cutting conditions on the tool–chip interface response. Finally, the contact length and contact forces are analyzed. Throughout the paper, the consistency between numerical, analytical and experimental results is systematically checked.AM acknowledges the support of Carlos III University with a Catedra de Excelencia funded by Banco SantanderPublicad