The recent decline in gallbladder cancer mortality in Europe

[Abstract] Mortality from gallbladder cancer has been traditionally high in Eastern Europe, and lower in northern countries. Trends in 18 European countries, including the European Union (EU) and selected Eastern European countries, have been updated using official death certification data abstracted from the WHO database over the period 1980-1999. In the EU, age-standardized rates declined by about 30% between the late 1980s and 1999 to reach 1.8/100 000 for women, and by about 10% to reach 1.4/100 000 for men. In the Czech Republic and Hungary, rates for women were over 6/100 000 until the early 1990s, and declined by about 25% thereafter. For males, gallbladder cancer mortality showed no consistent trend, with rates over 3/100 000. Thus, a high mortality area from gallbladder cancer is still evident for both sexes in Central and Eastern Europe. The trends in mortality from gallbladder cancer are probably influenced by changes in risk factor exposure, such as diet, nutrition or tobacco, but essentially reflect more widespread and earlier adoption of cholecystectomy in the EU, since gallstones are the major risk factor for gallbladder cancer. The data also indicate the scope for further improvement of the management of gallbladder disease in Eastern Europe. [Authors]]]></dc:description>
   <dc:subject>Gallbladder Neoplasms</dc:subject>
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   <dc:title>Optimal dividend strategies for two collaborating insurance companies</dc:title>
   <dc:identifier>info:doi:10.1017/apr.2017.11</dc:identifier>
   <dc:relation>info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1017/apr.2017.11</dc:relation>
   <dc:creator>Albrecher, H.</dc:creator>
   <dc:creator>Azcue, P.</dc:creator>
   <dc:creator>Muler, N.</dc:creator>
   <dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
   <dc:type>article</dc:type>
   <dc:date>2017-06</dc:date>
   <dc:source>Advances in Applied Probability, vol. 49, no. 02, pp. 515-548</dc:source>
   <dc:relation>info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/0001-8678</dc:relation>
   <dc:relation>info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1475-6064</dc:relation>
   <dc:description><![CDATA[We consider a two-dimensional optimal dividend problem in the context of two insurance companies with compound Poisson surplus processes, who collaborate by paying each other's deficit when possible. We solve the stochastic control problem of maximizing the weighted sum of expected discounted dividend payments (among all admissible dividend strategies) until ruin of both companies, by extending results of univariate optimal control theory. In the case that the dividends paid by the two companies are equally weighted, the value function of this problem compares favorably with the one of merging the two companies completely. We identify this optimal value function as the smallest viscosity supersolution of the respective Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation and provide an iterative approach to approximate it numerically. Curve strategies are identified as the natural analogue of barrier strategies in this two-dimensional context. A numerical example is given for which such a curve strategy is indeed optimal among all admissible dividend strategies, and for which this collaboration mechanism also outperforms the suitably weighted optimal dividend strategies of the two stand-alone companies