pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Paradoxical Interpretations of Urban Scaling Laws

Scaling laws are powerful summaries of the variations of urban attributes
with city size. However, the validity of their universal meaning for cities is
hampered by the observation that different scaling regimes can be encountered
for the same territory, time and attribute, depending on the criteria used to
delineate cities. The aim of this paper is to present new insights concerning
this variation, coupled with a sensitivity analysis of urban scaling in France,
for several socio-economic and infrastructural attributes from data collected
exhaustively at the local level. The sensitivity analysis considers different
aggregations of local units for which data are given by the Population Census.
We produce a large variety of definitions of cities (approximatively 5000) by
aggregating local Census units corresponding to the systematic combination of
three definitional criteria: density, commuting flows and population cutoffs.
We then measure the magnitude of scaling estimations and their sensitivity to
city definitions for several urban indicators, showing for example that simple
population cutoffs impact dramatically on the results obtained for a given
system and attribute. Variations are interpreted with respect to the meaning of
the attributes (socio-economic descriptors as well as infrastructure) and the
urban definitions used (understood as the combination of the three criteria).
Because of the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem and of the heterogeneous
morphologies and social landscapes in the cities internal space, scaling
estimations are subject to large variations, distorting many of the conclusions
on which generative models are based. We conclude that examining scaling
variations might be an opportunity to understand better the inner composition
of cities with regard to their size, i.e. to link the scales of the city-system
with the system of cities
Observation of Ultrafast Free Carrier Dynamics in Single Layer MoS$_2$

The dynamics of excited electrons and holes in single layer (SL) MoS$_2$ have
so far been difficult to disentangle from the excitons that dominate the
optical response of this material. Here, we use time- and angle-resolved
photoemission spectroscopy for a SL of MoS$_2$ on a metallic substrate to
directly measure the excited free carriers. This allows us to ascertain a
direct quasiparticle band gap of 1.95 eV and determine an ultrafast (50 fs)
extraction of excited free carriers via the metal in contact with the SL
MoS$_2$. This process is of key importance for optoelectronic applications that
rely on separated free carriers rather than excitons.Comment: 15 pages, 4 Figures. To appear in Nano Letters, 201
The influence of pre-treatment gas mixture upon the ammonia synthesis activity of Co-Re catalysts

KMcA and JSJH would like to thank the EPSRC and the School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow for the provision of a DTA Studentship to KM. ARMcF and JSJH gratefully acknowledge the EPSRC for funding through project EP/J018384/1.Abstract CoRe4 catalysts highly active for ammonia synthesis at ambient pressure and 400 °C can be prepared without an ammonolysis stage. Pre-treatments under 3:1 H2:N2 and 3:1 H2:Ar atmospheres are shown to influence catalytic performance with the latter treatment leading to an induction period prior to development of activity upon switching to an ammonia synthesis feedstream providing indirect evidence for formation of an active nitride phase. The difference in behaviour between the two pre-treatment atmospheres is manifested in temperature programmed isotopic exchange experiments where H2:Ar treated material is inactive and its H2:N2 treated counterpart active.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
Community treatment orders for patients with psychosis (OCTET): a randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Compulsory supervision outside hospital has been developed internationally for the treatment of mentally ill people following widespread deinstitutionalisation but its efficacy has not yet been proven. Community treatment orders (CTOs) for psychiatric patients became available in England and Wales in 2008. We tested whether CTOs reduce admissions compared with use of Section 17 leave when patients in both groups receive equivalent levels of clinical contact but different lengths of compulsory supervision. METHODS: OCTET is a non-blinded, parallel-arm randomised controlled trial. We postulated that patients with a diagnosis of psychosis discharged from hospital on CTOs would have a lower rate of readmission over 12 months than those discharged on the pre-existing Section 17 leave of absence. Eligible patients were those involuntarily admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of psychosis, aged 18-65 years, who were deemed suitable for supervised outpatient care by their clinicians. Consenting patients were randomly assigned (1:1 ratio) to be discharged from hospital either on CTO or Section 17 leave. Randomisation used random permuted blocks with lengths of two, four, and six, and stratified for sex, schizophrenic diagnosis, and duration of illness. Research assistants, treating clinicians, and patients were aware of assignment to randomisation group. The primary outcome measure was whether or not the patient was admitted to hospital during the 12-month follow-up period, analysed with a log-binomial regression model adjusted for stratification factors. We did all analyses by intention to treat. This trial is registered, number ISRCTN73110773. FINDINGS: Of 442 patients assessed, 336 patients were randomly assigned to be discharged from hospital either on CTO (167 patients) or Section 17 leave (169 patients). One patient withdrew directly after randomisation and two were ineligible, giving a total sample of 333 patients (166 in the CTO group and 167 in the Section 17 group). At 12 months, despite the fact that the length of initial compulsory outpatient treatment differed significantly between the two groups (median 183 days CTO group vs 8 days Section 17 group, p<0Â·001) the number of patients readmitted did not differ between groups (59 [36%] of 166 patients in the CTO group vs 60 [36%] of 167 patients in the Section 17 group; adjusted relative risk 1Â·0 [95% CI 0Â·75-1Â·33]). INTERPRETATION: In well coordinated mental health services the imposition of compulsory supervision does not reduce the rate of readmission of psychotic patients. We found no support in terms of any reduction in overall hospital admission to justify the significant curtailment of patients' personal liberty. FUNDING: National Institute of Health Research
Myers-Perry black holes with scalar hair and a mass gap: Unequal spins

We construct rotating boson stars and Myers-Perry black holes with scalar hair (MPBHsSH) as fully non-linear solutions of five dimensional Einstein gravity minimally coupled to a complex, massive scalar field. The MPBHsSH are, in general, regular on and outside the horizon, asymptotically flat, and possess angular momentum in a single rotation plane. They are supported by rotation and have no static limit. Such hairy BHs may be thought of as bound states of boson stars and singly spinning, vacuum MPBHs and inherit properties of both these building blocks. When the horizon area shrinks to zero, the solutions reduce to (in a single plane) rotating boson stars; but the extremal limit also yields a zero area horizon, as for singly spinning MPBHs. Similarly to the case of equal angular momenta, and in contrast to Kerr black holes with scalar hair, singly spinning MPBHsSH are disconnected from the vacuum black holes, due to a mass gap. We observe that for the general case, with two unequal angular momenta, the equilibrium condition for the existence of MPBHsSH is w = m(1)Omega(1)+m(2)Omega(2), where Omega(i) are the horizon angular velocities in the two independent rotation planes and w, m(i), i = 1, 2, are the scalar field's frequency and azimuthal harmonic indices
Increased nuclear suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 in asthmatic bronchial epithelium suppresses rhinovirus induction of innate interferons.

BACKGROUND\ud
\ud
Rhinovirus infections are the dominant cause of asthma exacerbations, and deficient virus induction of IFN-α/β/λ in asthmatic patients is important in asthma exacerbation pathogenesis. Mechanisms causing this interferon deficiency in asthmatic patients are unknown.\ud
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OBJECTIVE\ud
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We sought to investigate the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 1 in tissues from asthmatic patients and its possible role in impaired virus-induced interferon induction in these patients.\ud
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METHODS\ud
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We assessed SOCS1 mRNA and protein levels in vitro, bronchial biopsy specimens, and mice. The role of SOCS1 was inferred by proof-of-concept studies using overexpression with reporter genes and SOCS1-deficient mice. A nuclear role of SOCS1 was shown by using bronchial biopsy staining, overexpression of mutant SOCS1 constructs, and confocal microscopy. SOCS1 levels were also correlated with asthma-related clinical outcomes.\ud
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RESULTS\ud
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We report induction of SOCS1 in bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) by asthma exacerbation-related cytokines and by rhinovirus infection in vitro. We found that SOCS1 was increased in vivo in bronchial epithelium and related to asthma severity. SOCS1 expression was also increased in primary BECs from asthmatic patients ex vivo and was related to interferon deficiency and increased viral replication. In primary human epithelium, mouse lung macrophages, and SOCS1-deficient mice, SOCS1 suppressed rhinovirus induction of interferons. Suppression of virus-induced interferon levels was dependent on SOCS1 nuclear translocation but independent of proteasomal degradation of transcription factors. Nuclear SOCS1 levels were also increased in BECs from asthmatic patients.\ud
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CONCLUSION\ud
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We describe a novel mechanism explaining interferon deficiency in asthmatic patients through a novel nuclear function of SOCS1 and identify SOCS1 as an important therapeutic target for asthma exacerbations
Search for squarks and gluinos with the ATLAS detector in final states with jets and missing transverse momentum using √s=8 TeV proton--proton collision data

A search for squarks and gluinos in final states containing high-pT jets, missing\ud
transverse momentum and no electrons or muons is presented. The data were recorded\ud
in 2012 by the ATLAS experiment in √s = 8TeV proton-proton collisions at the Large\ud
Hadron Collider, with a total integrated luminosity of 20.3 fb−1. Results are interpreted in\ud
a variety of simplified and specific supersymmetry-breaking models assuming that R-parity\ud
is conserved and that the lightest neutralino is the lightest supersymmetric particle. An\ud
exclusion limit at the 95% confidence level on the mass of the gluino is set at 1330GeV for\ud
a simplified model incorporating only a gluino and the lightest neutralino. For a simplified\ud
model involving the strong production of first- and second-generation squarks, squark\ud
masses below 850GeV (440GeV) are excluded for a massless lightest neutralino, assuming\ud
mass degenerate (single light-flavour) squarks. In mSUGRA/CMSSM models with\ud
tan β = 30, A0 = −2m0 and μ > 0, squarks and gluinos of equal mass are excluded for\ud
masses below 1700GeV. Additional limits are set for non-universal Higgs mass models\ud
with gaugino mediation and for simplified models involving the pair production of gluinos,\ud
each decaying to a top squark and a top quark, with the top squark decaying to a charm\ud
quark and a neutralino. These limits extend the region of supersymmetric parameter space\ud
excluded by previous searches with the ATLAS detector
Hint of lepton flavour non-universality in B meson decays

The LHCb collaboration has recently presented their result on R K = ℬ( B + → K + μ + μ − ) / ℬ( B + → K + e + e − ) for the dilepton invariant mass bin m ℓℓ 2 = 1 − 6 GeV 2 ( ℓ = μ, e ). The measurement shows an intriguing 2 . 6 σ deviation from the Standard Model (SM) prediction. In view of this, we study model independent New Physics (NP) explanations of R K consistent with other measurements involving b → sℓ + ℓ − transition, relaxing the assumption of lepton universality. We perform a Bayesian statistical fit to the NP Wilson Coefficients and compare the Bayes Factors of the different hypotheses in order to quantify their goodness-of-fit. We show that the data slightly favours NP in the muon sector over NP in the electron sector
String corrected spacetimes and SU(N) -structure manifolds

Using an effective field theory approach and the language of SU(N) -structures, we study higher derivative corrections to the supersymmetry constraints for compactifications of string or M-theory to Minkowski space. Our analysis is done entirely in the target space and is thus very general, and does not rely on theory-dependent details such as the amount of worldsheet supersymmetry. For manifolds of real dimension n<4 we show that internal geometry remains flat and uncorrected. For n=4,6 , Kähler manifolds with SU(N) -holonomy can become corrected to SU(N) -structure, while preserving supersymmetry, once corrections are included
Anti-de-Sitter regular electric multipoles: Towards Einstein–Maxwell-AdS solitons

We discuss electrostatics in Anti-de-Sitter ( AdS ) spacetime, in global coordinates. We observe that the multipolar expansion has two crucial differences to that in Minkowski spacetime. First, there are everywhere regular solutions, with finite energy, for every multipole moment except for the monopole. Second, all multipole moments decay with the same inverse power of the areal radius, 1/r , as spatial infinity is approached. The first observation suggests there may be regular, self-gravitating, Einstein–Maxwell solitons in AdS spacetime. The second observation, renders a Lichnerowicz-type no-soliton theorem inapplicable. Consequently, we suggest Einstein–Maxwell solitons exist in AdS , and we support this claim by computing the first order metric perturbations sourced by test electric field multipoles, which are obtained analytically in closed form
Association of genetic variation in FTO with risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes with data from 96,551 East and South Asians

Aims/hypothesis FTO harbours the strongest known obesity-susceptibility locus in Europeans. While there is growing evidence for a role for FTO in obesity risk in Asians, its association with type 2 diabetes, independently of BMI, remains inconsistent. To test whether there is an association of the FTO locus with obesity and type 2 diabetes, we conducted a meta-analysis of 32 populations including 96,551 East and South Asians. Methods All studies published on the association between FTO-rs9939609 (or proxy [r2>0.98]) and BMI, obesity or type 2 diabetes in East or South Asians were invited. Each study group analysed their data according to a standardised analysis plan. Association with type 2 diabetes was also adjusted for BMI. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed to pool all effect sizes. Results The FTO-rs9939609 minor allele increased risk of obesity by 1.25-fold/allele (p=9.0×10 -19), overweight by 1.13-fold/allele (p=1.0×10 -11) and type 2 diabetes by 1.15-fold/allele (p=5.5×10 -8). The association with type 2 diabetes was attenuated after adjustment for BMI (OR 1.10-fold/allele, p=6.6×10 -5). The FTO-rs9939609 minor allele increased BMI by 0.26 kg/m 2 per allele (p=2.8×10 -17), WHR by 0.003/allele (p=1.2×10 -6), and body fat percentage by 0.31%/allele (p=0.0005). Associations were similar using dominant models. While the minor allele is less common in East Asians (12-20%) than South Asians (30-33%), the effect of FTO variation on obesity-related traits and type 2 diabetes was similar in the two populations. Conclusions/interpretation FTO is associated with increased risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes, with effect sizes similar in East and South Asians and similar to those observed in Europeans. Furthermore, FTO is also associated with type 2 diabetes independently of BMI. © 2012 Springer-Verlag.published_or_final_versionSpringer Open Choice, 25 May 201
The Lifetime Earnings Premium in the Public Sector:The View from Europe

In a context of widespread concern about budget deficits, it is important to assess whether public sector pay is in line with the private sector. Our paper proposes an estimation of differences in lifetime values of employment between public and private sectors for five European countries. We use data from the European Community House- hold Panel over the period 1994–2001 for Germany, the Netherlands, France, Italy and Spain. We look at lifetime values instead of wage levels because, as we show in our results, differences in earnings mobility, earnings volatility and job loss risk across sectors occur in many instances and these will matter to forward-looking individuals. When aggregated into a measure of lifetime value of employment in either sector, these differences yield estimates of the lifetime premium in the public sector for these five countries. We also present differences in the institutional and labour market structures in these countries and find that countries for which we estimate a positive lifetime premium in the public sector, i.e. France and Spain, are also the countries where access to the public sector requires costly entry procedures. This paper is to the best of our knowledge the first to use this dynamic approach applied to Europe, which we are able to do with a common dataset, time-period and model
EU–NATO cooperation:a case of institutional fatigue?

Although EU–NATO institutional relations have been evolving since the Saint-Malo Declaration in 1998, efficient and coherent cooperation is still lacking. This article goes beyond the narrative of blockage caused purely at the political level in order to illustrate both formal and informal EU–NATO cooperation at both the centre (Brussels) and on the ground (missions). This article addresses cooperation in terms of the actors involved at three different levels: state actors, international staff, and military personnel. Although, much has been done to advance cooperation between international staffers in Brussels and between those on the ground in common mission areas, the lack of a political agreement – one that moves beyond the limited scope of Berlin Plus – is causing severe fatigue, most notably at the level of international staff. Furthermore, the informal and ad hoc cooperation that has been the underlying facilitator of synergy between the two organisations could start to atrophy if a grand or intermediary bargain is not achieved in the near futur
Comparison of theoretical white dwarf cooling timescales (Research Note)

Context. An accurate assessment of white dwarf cooling times is paramount so that white dwarf cosmochronology of Galactic populations can be put on more solid grounds. This issue is particularly relevant in view of the enhanced observational capabilities provided by the next generation of extremely large telescopes, that will offer more avenues to use white dwarfs as probes of Galactic evolution and test-beds of fundamental physics. Aims. We estimate for the first time the consistency of results obtained from independent evolutionary codes for white dwarf models with fixed mass and chemical stratification, when the same input physics is employed in the calculations. Methods. We compute and compare cooling times obtained from two independent and widely used stellar evolution codes, BaSTI and LPCODE evolutionary codes, using exactly the same input physics for 0.55 M-circle dot white dwarf models with both pure carbon and uniform carbon-oxygen (50/50 mass fractions) cores, and pure hydrogen layers with mass fraction q(H) = 10(-4) M-WD on top of pure helium buffers of mass q(He) = 10(-2) M-WD. Results. Using the same radiative and conductive opacities, photospheric boundary conditions, neutrino energy loss rates, and equation of state, cooling times from the two codes agree within similar to 2% at all luminosities, except when log(L/L-circle dot) > -1.5 where differences up to similar to 8% do appear, because of the different thermal structures of the first white dwarf converged models at the beginning of the cooling sequence. This agreement is true for both pure carbon and uniform carbon-oxygen stratification core models, and also when the release of latent heat and carbon-oxygen phase separation are considered. We have also determined quantitatively and explained the effect of varying equation of state, low-temperature radiative opacities, and electron conduction opacities in our calculations. ..Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version
Hard to miss, easy to blame? Peacelines, interfaces and political deaths in Belfast during the Troubles.

As Northern Ireland moves further from the period of conflict known as the ‘Troubles’, attention has increasingly focussed on the social and material vestiges of that conflict; Northern Ireland is still a deeply-divided society in terms of residential segregation between Catholic nationalists and Protestant unionists, and urban areas are still, indeed increasingly, characterised by large defensive walls, known as ‘peacelines’, which demark many of the dividing lines between the two communities. In recent years a body of literature has emerged which has highlighted the spatial association between patterns of conflict fatality and proximity to peacelines. This paper assesses that relationship, arguing that previous analyses have failed to fully take account of the ethnic complexity of inner-city Belfast in their calculations. When this is considered, patterns of fatality were more intense within the cores or ‘sanctuaries’ of highly segregated Catholic and Protestant communities rather than at the fracture zones or ‘interfaces’ between them where peacelines have always been constructed. Using census data at a high spatial resolution, this paper also provides the first attempt to provide a definition of the ‘interface’ in clear geographic terms, a spatial concept that has hitherto appeared amorphous in academic studies and media coverage of Belfast during and since the Troubles. In doing so it embodies both the material and demographic aspects of social division in Northern Ireland, and suggests an urgent need to reappraise the true role of these forms of social boundary in influencing patterns of violent conflict