pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Dust and gas in luminous proto-cluster galaxies at z=4.05: the case for
  different cosmic dust evolution in normal and starburst galaxies

We measure the dust and gas content of the three sub-millimeter galaxies
(SMGs) in the GN20 proto-cluster at $z=4.05$ using new IRAM Plateau de Bure
interferometer (PdBI) CO(4-3) and 1.2-3.3 mm continuum observations. All these
three SMGs are heavily dust obscured, with UV-based star formation rate (SFR)
estimates significantly smaller than the ones derived from the bolometric
infrared (IR), consistent with the spatial offsets revealed by HST and CO
imaging. Based also on evaluations of the specific SFR, CO-to-H$_2$ conversion
factor and gas depletion timescale, we classify all the three galaxies as
starbursts (SBs), although with a lower confidence for GN20.2b that might be a
later stage merging event. We place our measurements in the context of the
evolutionary properties of main sequence (MS) and SB galaxies. ULIRGs have 3-5
times larger $L'_{\rm CO}/M_{\rm dust}$ and $M_{\rm dust}/M_\star$ ratios than
$z=0$ MS galaxies, but by $z\sim2$ the difference appears to be blurred,
probably due to differential metallicity evolution. SB galaxies appear to
slowly evolve in their $L'_{\rm CO}/M_{\rm dust}$ and $M_{\rm dust}/M_\star$
ratios all the way to $z>6$ (consistent with rapid enrichment of SB events),
while MS galaxies rapidly increase in $M_{\rm dust}/M_\star$ from $z=0$ to 2
(due to gas fraction increase, compensated by a decrease of metallicities).
While no IR/submm continuum detection is available for indisputably normal
massive galaxies at $z>2.5$, we show that if metallicity indeed decrease
rapidly for these systems at $z>3$ as claimed in the literature, we should
expect a strong decrease of their $M_{\rm dust}/M_\star$, consistent with
recent PdBI and ALMA upper limits. We conclude that the $M_{\rm dust}/M_\star$
ratio could be a powerful tool for distinguishing starbursts from normal
galaxies at $z>4$.Comment: 17 pages, 9 figures. Updated to A&A accepted versio
Noncompact Heisenberg spin magnets from high-energy QCD: I. Baxter
  Q-operator and Separation of Variables

We analyze a completely integrable two-dimensional quantum-mechanical model
that emerged in the recent studies of the compound gluonic states in
multi-color QCD at high energy. The model represents a generalization of the
well-known homogenous Heisenberg spin magnet to infinite-dimensional
representations of the SL(2,C) group and can be reformulated within the Quantum
Inverse Scattering Method. Solving the Yang-Baxter equation, we obtain the
R-matrix for the SL(2,C) representations of the principal series and discuss
its properties. We explicitly construct the Baxter Q-operator for this model
and show how it can be used to determine the energy spectrum. We apply
Sklyanin's method of the Separated Variables to obtain an integral
representation for the eigenfunctions of the Hamiltonian. We demonstrate that
the language of Feynman diagrams supplemented with the method of uniqueness
provide a powerful technique for analyzing the properties of the model.Comment: 61 pages, 19 figures; version to appear in Nucl.Phys.
Type II NS Five-Branes: Non Critical Strings and their Topological Sectors

The near-horizon geometry of parallel NS5-branes is described by an exact superconformal 2d field theory based on K^10 = W(k)^4 x M^6, with M^6 a flat 5+1 space time and W(k)^4 =U(1) x SU(2)(k), a four dimensional background with non-trivial dilaton. The ten-dimensional ``BULK'' spectrum of excitations of K^10 can be derived combining unitary representations of the N=4 superconformal theory of W(k)^4 and M^6 in a modular-invariant way. All Bulk states are massive and belong to the long representations of the N=2 six dimensional space-time supersymmetry. The NS5-brane states, propagating on M^6, belong to the short representations of N=2. Both the bulk and the brane spectrum is derived using the powerful worldsheet technics of the N=4 superconformal theories. We claim that both bulk and brane states are necessary to well define the theory. The non abelian U(n) or SO(2n) structure of the 5-brane fields follows from the fusion coefficients appearing in the correlation functions involving SU(2)(k) conformal fields
Stabilizing dilaton and moduli vacua in string and M--Theory cosmology

We show how non-trivial form fields can induce an effective potential for the
dilaton and metric moduli in compactifications of type II string theory and
M-theory. For particular configurations, the potential can have a stable
minimum. In cosmological compactifications of type II theories, we demonstrate
that, if the metric moduli become fixed, this mechanism can then lead to the
stabilization of the dilaton vacuum. Furthermore, we show that for certain
cosmological M-theory solutions, non-trivial forms lead to the stabilization of
moduli. We present a number of examples, including cosmological solutions with
two solitonic forms and examples corresponding to the infinite throat of
certain p-branes.Comment: 25 pages, Late
Quark-hadron duality constraints on \gamma Z box corrections to
  parity-violating elastic scattering

We examine the interference \gamma Z box corrections to parity-violating
elastic electron--proton scattering in the light of the recent observation of
quark-hadron duality in parity-violating deep-inelastic scattering from the
deuteron, and the approximate isospin independence of duality in the
electromagnetic nucleon structure functions down to Q^2 \approx 1 GeV^2.
Assuming that a similar behavior also holds for the \gamma Z proton structure
functions, we find that duality constrains the \gamma Z box correction to the
proton's weak charge to be \Re e\, \square_{\gamma Z}^V = (5.4 \pm 0.4) \times
10^{-3} at the kinematics of the Q_{\text{weak}} experiment. Within the same
model we also provide estimates of the \gamma Z corrections for future
parity-violating experiments, such as MOLLER at Jefferson Lab and MESA at
Mainz.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures. Final version to be published in Phys. Lett.
Subleading Terms in the Collinear Limit of Yang-Mills Amplitudes

For two massless particles i and j, the collinear limit is a special
kinematic configuration in which the particles propagate with parallel
four-momentum vectors, with the total momentum P distributed as p_i=xP and
p_j=(1-x)P, so that s_{ij}=(p_i+p_j)^2=P^2=0. In Yang-Mills theory, if i and j
are among N gauge bosons participating in a scattering process, it is well
known that the partial amplitudes associated to the (single trace) group
factors with adjacent i and j are singular in the collinear limit and factorize
at the leading order into N-1-particle amplitudes times the universal,
x-dependent Altarelli-Parisi factors. We give a precise definition of the
collinear limit and show that at the tree level, the subleading, non-singular
terms are related to the amplitudes with a single graviton inserted instead of
two collinear gauge bosons. To that end, we argue that in one-graviton
Einstein-Yang-Mills amplitudes, the graviton with momentum P can be replaced by
a pair of collinear gauge bosons carrying arbitrary momentum fractions xP and
(1-x)P.Comment: 8 page
An Activity-Rotation Relationship and Kinematic Analysis of Nearby
  Mid-to-Late-type M Dwarfs

Using spectroscopic observations and photometric light curves of 238 nearby M
dwarfs from the MEarth exoplanet transit survey, we examine the relationships
between magnetic activity (quantified by H-alpha emission), rotation period,
and stellar age. Previous attempts to investigate the relationship between
magnetic activity and rotation in these stars were hampered by the limited
number of M dwarfs with measured rotation periods (and the fact that vsini
measurements probe only rapid rotation). However, the photometric data from
MEarth allows us to probe a wide range of rotation periods for hundreds of M
dwarf stars (from shorter than than one to longer than 100 days). Over all M
spectral types that we probe, we find that the presence of magnetic activity is
tied to rotation, including for late-type, fully convective M dwarfs. We also
find evidence that the fraction of late-type M dwarfs that are active may be
higher at longer rotation periods compared to their early-type counterparts,
with several active, late-type, slowly rotating stars present in our sample.
Additionally, we find that all M dwarfs with rotation periods shorter than 26
days (early-type; M1-M4) and 86 days (late-type; M5-M8) are magnetically
active. This potential mismatch suggests that the physical mechanisms that
connect stellar rotation to chromospheric heating may be different in fully
convective stars. A kinematic analysis suggests that the magnetically active,
rapidly rotating stars are consistent with a kinematically young population,
while slow-rotators are less active or inactive and appear to belong to an
older, dynamically heated stellar population.Comment: 13 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in the
  Astrophysical Journal (full tables are available in online journal or by
  request
Multiplicity of Solutions for Linear Partial Differential Equations
  Using (Generalized) Energy Operators

Families of energy operators and generalized energy operators have recently
been introduced in the definition of the solutions of linear Partial
Differential Equations (PDEs) with a particular application to the wave
equation [Montillet, 2014, doi: 10.1007/s10440-014-9978-9]. To do so, the
author has introduced the notion of energy spaces included in the Schwartz
space $\mathbf{S}^-(\mathbb{R})$. In this model, the key is to look at which
ones of these subspaces are reduced to {0} with the help of energy operators
(and generalized energy operators). It leads to define additional solutions for
a nominated PDE. Beyond that, this work intends to develop the concept of
multiplicity of solutions for a linear PDE through the study of these energy
spaces (i.e. emptiness). The main concept is that the PDE is viewed as a
generator of solutions rather than the classical way of solving the given
equation with a known form of the solutions together with boundary conditions.
The theory is applied to the wave equation with the special case of the
evanescent waves. The work ends with a discussion on another concept, the
duplication of solutions and some applications in a closed cavity.Comment: 11 pages, 2 figures. Accepted for publication in Bulletin of
  Mathematical Analysis and Application
Allometry and growth of eight tree taxa in United Kingdom woodlands.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articleâ\u80\u99s Creative\ud
Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0As part of a project to develop predictive ecosystem models of United Kingdom woodlands we have collated data from two United Kingdom woodlands - Wytham Woods and Alice Holt. Here we present data from 582 individual trees of eight taxa in the form of summary variables relating to the allometric relationships between trunk diameter, height, crown height, crown radius and trunk radial growth rate to the tree's light environment and diameter at breast height. In addition the raw data files containing the variables from which the summary data were obtained. Large sample sizes with longitudinal data spanning 22 years make these datasets useful for future studies concerned with the way trees change in size and shape over their life-span
The effect of oil sands process-affected water and model naphthenic acids on photosynthesis and growth in Emiliania huxleyi and Chlorella vulgaris

Naphthenic acids (NAs) are among the most toxic organic pollutants present in oil sands process waters (OSPW) and enter marine and freshwater environments through natural and anthropogenic sources. We investigated the effects of the acid extractable organic (AEO) fraction of OSPW and individual surrogate NAs, on maximum photosynthetic efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) (FV/FM) and cell growth in Emiliania huxleyi and Chlorella vulgaris as representative marine and freshwater phytoplankton. Whilst FV/FM in E. huxleyi and C. vulgaris was not inhibited by AEO, exposure to two surrogate NAs: (4?-n-butylphenyl)-4-butanoic acid (n-BPBA) and (4?-tert-butylphenyl)-4-butanoic acid (tert-BPBA), caused complete inhibition of FV/FM in E. huxleyi (?10 mg L?1n-BPBA; ?50 mg L?1tert-BPBA) but not in C. vulgaris. Growth rates and cell abundances in E. huxleyi were also reduced when exposed to ?10 mg L?1n- and tert-BPBA; however, higher concentrations of n- and tert-BPBA (100 mg L?1) were required to reduce cell growth in C. vulgaris. AEO at ?10 mg L?1 stimulated E. huxleyi growth rate (p ? 0.002), yet had no apparent effect on C. vulgaris. In conclusion, E. huxleyi was generally more sensitive to NAs than C. vulgaris. This report provides a better understanding of the physiological responses of phytoplankton to NAs which will enable improved monitoring of NA pollution in aquatic ecosystems in the future.publishersversionPeer reviewe
Dissipation and mixing during the onset of stratification in a\ud
temperate lake, Windermere

Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers and chains of temperature sensors were used to observe the spring transition to stable stratification over a 55 day period in a temperate lake. Observations of the flow structure were complemented by measurements of dissipation, based on the Structure Function method, near the lake bed and in the upper part of the water column.  During complete vertical mixing, wind-driven motions had horizontally isotropic velocities with roughly equal barotropic and baroclinic kinetic energy. Dissipation was closely correlated with the wind-speed cubed, indicating law of the wall scaling, and had peak values of ~1 x 10-5.5 W kg-1 at 10 m depth during maximum wind forcing (W~ 15 m s-1). As stratification developed, the flow evolved into a predominantly baroclinic regime dominated by the first mode internal seiche, with root mean square (rms) axial flow speeds of ~2-3 cm-1; ~ 2.5-times the transverse component. At 2.8 m above the bed, most of the dissipation occurred in a number of strong maxima coinciding with peaks of near-bed flow. In the pycnocline, dissipation was low most of the time, but with pronounced maxima (reaching ~1 x 10-5 W kg-1) closely related to the local velocity shear. The downward diffusive heat flux across the pycnocline over 27.5 days accounted for ~ 70% of the temperature rise in the water column below. Total lake kinetic energy increased by a factor of 3 between mixed and stratified regimes, in spite of reduced wind forcing, indicating less efficient damping in stable conditions
Allometry and growth of eight tree taxa in United Kingdom woodlands

As part of a project to develop predictive ecosystem models of United Kingdom woodlands we have collated data from two United Kingdom woodlands - Wytham Woods and Alice Holt. Here we present data from 582 individual trees of eight taxa in the form of summary variables relating to the allometric relationships between trunk diameter, height, crown height, crown radius and trunk radial growth rate to the tree’s light environment and diameter at breast height. In addition the raw data files containing the variables from which the summary data were obtained. Large sample sizes with longitudinal data spanning 22 years make these datasets useful for future studies concerned with the way trees change in size and shape over their life-span
Centrality dependence of high-pT D meson suppression in Pb-Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76 TeV

The nuclear modification factor, R AA, of the prompt charmed mesons D0, D+ and D∗+, and their antiparticles, was measured with the ALICE detector in Pb-Pb collisions at a centre-of-mass energy sNN−−−−√=2.76 TeV in two transverse momentum intervals, 5 < p T < 8 GeV/c and 8 < p T < 16 GeV/c, and in six collision centrality classes. The R AA shows a maximum suppression of a factor of 5-6 in the 10% most central collisions. The suppression and its centrality dependence are compatible within uncertainties with those of charged pions. A comparison with the R AA of non-prompt J/ψ from B meson decays, measured by the CMS Collaboration, hints at a larger suppression of D mesons in the most central collisions
Termination of logic programs - the never-ending story

We survey termination analysis techniques for Logic Programs. We give an extensive introduction to the topic. We recall several motivations for the work, and point out the intuitions behind a number of LP-specific issues that turn up, such as: the study of different classes of programs and LP languages, of different classes of queries and of different selection rules, the difference between existential and universal termination, and the treatment of backward unification and local variables. Then, we turn to more technical aspects: the structure of the termination proofs, the selection of well-founded orderings, norms and level mappings, the inference of interargument relations, and special treatments proposed for dealing with mutual recursion. For each of these, we briefly sketch the main approaches presented in the literature, using a fixed example as a file rouge. We conclude with some comments on loop detection and cycle unification and state some open problems.status: publishe
Diffractive dissociation of gluons into heavy quark–antiquark pairs in proton–proton collisions

We discuss diffractive dissociation of gluons into heavy quark pairs. The particular mechanism is similar to the diffractive dissociation of virtual photons into quarks, which drives diffractive deep inelastic production of charm in the low-mass diffraction, or large β-region. There, it can be understood, with some reservations, in terms of a valence heavy quark content of the Pomeron. The amplitude for the <math altimg="si1.gif" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>g</mi><mi>p</mi><mo>→</mo><mi>Q</mi><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>Q</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>¯</mo></mrow></mover><mi>p</mi></math> is derived in the impact parameter and momentum space. The cross section for single diffractive <math altimg="si2.gif" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>p</mi><mi>p</mi><mo>→</mo><mi>Q</mi><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>Q</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>¯</mo></mrow></mover><mi>p</mi><mi>X</mi></math> is calculated as a convolution of the elementary cross section and gluon distribution in the proton. Integrated cross section and the differential distributions in e.g. transverse momentum and rapidity of the charm and bottom quark and antiquark, as well as the quark–antiquark invariant mass are calculated for the nominal LHC energy for different unintegrated gluon distributions from the literature. The ratio of the bottom-to-charm cross sections are shown and discussed as a function of several kinematical variables
Neutron spectroscopic factors of 55 Ni hole-states from (p,d) transfer reactions

Spectroscopic information has been extracted on the hole-states of 55 Ni, the least known of the quartet of nuclei ( 55 Ni, 57 Ni, 55 Co and 57 Cu), one nucleon away from 56 Ni, the N=Z=28 double magic nucleus. Using the H1(Ni56,d)Ni55 transfer reaction in inverse kinematics, neutron spectroscopic factors, spins and parities have been extracted for the f7/2 , p3/2 and the s1/2 hole-states of 55 Ni. These new data provide a benchmark for large basis calculations that include nucleonic orbits in both the sd and pf shells. State of the art calculations have been performed to describe the excitation energies and spectroscopic factors of the s1/2 hole-state below Fermi energy
Localisation on Sasaki-Einstein manifolds from holomorphic functions on the cone

We study super Yang-Mills theories on five-dimensional Sasaki-Einstein manifolds. Using localisation techniques, we find that the contribution from the vector multiplet to the perturbative partition function can be calculated by counting holomorphic functions on the associated Calabi-Yau cone. This observation allows us to use standard techniques developed in the context of quiver gauge theories to obtain explicit results for a number of examples; namely S 5 , T 1,1 , Y 7,3 , Y 2,1 , Y 2,0 , and Y 4,0 . We find complete agreement with previous results obtained by Qiu and Zabzine using equivariant indices except for the orbifold limits Y p ,0 with p > 1
Charge symmetry breaking in Λ hypernuclei revisited

The large charge symmetry breaking (CSB) implied by the Λ binding energy difference ΔBΛ4(0g.s.+)≡BΛ(HeΛ4)−BΛ(HΛ4)=0.35±0.06 MeV of the A=4 mirror hypernuclei ground states, determined from emulsion studies, has defied theoretical attempts to reproduce it in terms of CSB in hyperon masses and in hyperon–nucleon interactions, including one pion exchange arising from Λ– Σ0 mixing. Using a schematic strong-interaction ΛN↔ΣN coupling model developed by Akaishi and collaborators for s -shell Λ hypernuclei, we revisit the evaluation of CSB in the A=4 Λ hypernuclei and extend it to p -shell mirror Λ hypernuclei. The model yields values of ΔBΛ4(0g.s.+)∼0.25 MeV . Smaller size and mostly negative p -shell binding energy differences are calculated for the A=7–10 mirror hypernuclei, in rough agreement with the few available data. CSB is found to reduce by almost 30 keV the 110 keV BΛ10 g.s. doublet splitting anticipated from the hyperon–nucleon strong-interaction spin dependence, thereby explaining the persistent experimental failure to observe the 2exc−→1g.s.− γ -ray transition
Microarray time-series data classification via multiple alignment of gene expression profiles

Pairwise alignment approaches for time-varying gene expression profiles have been recently developed for the detection of co-expressions in time-series microarray data sets. In this paper, we analyze multiple expression profile alignment (MEPA) methods for classifying microarray time-course data. We apply a nearest centroid classification technique, in which the centroid of each class is computed by means of a MEPA algorithm. MEPA aligns the expression profiles in such a way to minimize the total area between all aligned profiles. We propose four MEPA approaches whose effectiveness are demonstrated on the well-known budding yeast, S. cerevisiae, data set.PRIB 2008 proceedings found at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-88436-
Differentiated, promoter-specific response of [4Fe-4S] NsrR DNA-binding to reaction with nitric oxide

NsrR is an iron-sulfur cluster protein that regulates the nitric oxide (NO) stress response of many bacteria. NsrR from Streptomyces coelicolor regulates its own expression and that of only two other genes, hmpA1 and hmpA2, which encode HmpA enzymes predicted to detoxify NO. NsrR binds promoter DNA with high affinity only when coordinating a [4Fe-4S] cluster. Here we show that reaction of [4Fe-4S] NsrR with NO affects DNA-binding differently depending on the gene promoter. Binding to the hmpA2 promoter was abolished at ~2 NO per cluster, while for the hmpA1 and nsrR promoters, ~4 and ~8 NO molecules, respectively, were required to abolish DNA binding. Spectroscopic and kinetic studies of the NO reaction revealed a rapid, multi-phase, non-concerted process involving up to 8 – 10 NO molecules per cluster, leading to the formation of several iron-nitrosyl species. A distinct intermediate was observed at ~2 NO per cluster, along with two further intermediates at ~4 and ~6 NO. The NsrR nitrosylation reaction was not significantly affected by DNA-binding. These results show that NsrR regulates different promoters in response to different concentrations of NO. Spectroscopic evidence indicates that this is achieved by different NO-FeS complexes