pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Motivational interviewing for substance abuse.

Motivational interviewing is a short psychological treatment that can help people cut down on drugs and alcohol\ud
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More than 76 million people worldwide have alcohol problems, and another 15 million have drug problems. Motivational interviewing (MI) is a psychological treatment that aims to help people cut down or stop using drugs and alcohol. The drug abuser and counsellor typically meet between one and four times for about one hour each time. The counsellor expresses that he or she understands how the clients feel about their problem and supports the clients in making their own decisions. He or she does not try to convince the client to change anything, but discusses with the client possible consequences of changing or staying the same. \ud
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Finally, they discuss the clients' goals and where they are today relative to these goals. We searched for studies that had included people with alcohol or drug problems and that had divided them by chance into MI or a control group that either received nothing or some other treatment. We included only studies that had checked video or sound recordings of the therapies in order to be certain that what was given really was MI. The results in this review are based on 59 studies. The results show that people who have received MI have reduced their use of substances more than people who have not received any treatment. However, it seems that other active treatments, treatment as usual and being assessed and receiving feedback can be as effective as motivational interviewing. There was not enough data to conclude about the effects of MI on retention in treatment, readiness to change, or repeat convictions.The quality of the research forces us to be careful about our conclusions, and new research may change them
Larvivorous fish for preventing malaria transmission

Adult anopheline mosquitoes transmit Plasmodium parasites that cause malaria. Some fish species eat mosquito larvae and pupae. In disease control policy documents, the World Health Organization includes biological control of malaria vectors by stocking ponds, rivers, and water collections near where people live with larvivorous fish to reduce Plasmodium parasite transmission. The Global Fund finances larvivorous fish programmes in some countries, and, with increasing efforts in eradication of malaria, policy makers may return to this option. We therefore assessed the evidence base for larvivorous fish programmes in malaria control
Pramlintide for diabetes mellitus

'This review is published as a Cochrane Review in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 2. Cochrane Reviews are regularly updated as new evidence emerges and in response to comments and criticisms, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews should be consulted for the most recent version of the Review.??? Please include reference to the Review and hyperlink to the original version using the following format e.g. Authors. Title of Review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD008383. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008383 (insert persistent link to the article by using the URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008383)'Description of the condition: The World Health Organisation defines diabetes mellitus as a metabolic disorder characterised by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. The effects of diabetes mellitus include long-term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs (WHO 1998). Of the major aetiological forms of diabetes mellitus, type 1 and type 2 diabetes account for the majority of cases. In both type 1 and type 2 diabetes there is a decline in the secretory function of pancreatic beta-cells. In type 1 diabetes the decline in insulin secretion to an absolute deficit of insulin is usually rapid and it is due to an autoimmune process or, less frequently, to unknown, idiopathic destruction of pancreatic beta-cells. In type 2 diabetes mellitus two processes coexist and interact over the course of the disease: insulin resistance - that is a diminished effect of insulin - and insulin deficiency (Kahn 2003). Insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes is frequently related to overweight and obesity. In type 2 diabetes insulin secretion failure is usually slow compared to type 1 diabetes with a progressive loss of beta-cells function and beta-cells mass due to yet unknown causes, other than autoimmunity but eventually determining the need for exogenous insulin administration to correct chronic hyperglycaemia (Weir 2004). Since the discovery of insulin made survival in diabetes possible accumulating epidemiological evidence demonstrated the causal relationship between hyperglycaemia and diabetes specific complications like retinopathy with the potential evolution to blindness, nephropathy potentially leading to end-stage renal failure and neuropathy. The effect of treating hyperglycaemia in preventing the development and progression of diabetes complications was convincingly demonstrated by two landmark trials - the DCCT in type 1 diabetes (DCCT 1993) and the UKPDS in type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 1998
Minimally invasive surgery versus open surgery for the treatment of solid abdominal and thoracic neoplasms in children.

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                  88925.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)BACKGROUND: Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) is an accepted surgical technique for the treatment of a variety of benign diseases. Presently, the use of MIS in patients with cancer is progressing. However, the role of MIS in children with solid neoplasms is less clear than it is in adults. Diagnostic MIS to obtain biopsy specimens for pathology has been accepted as a technique in paediatric surgical oncology, but there is limited experience with the use of MIS for the resection of malignancies. OBJECTIVES: To ascertain the differences in outcome between the minimally invasive and open approach in the treatment of solid intra-thoracic and intra-abdominal neoplasms in children, regarding overall survival, event-free survival, port-site metastases, recurrence rate and surgical morbidity. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the electronic databases of MEDLINE/PubMed (from 1966 to March 2008), EMBASE/Ovid (from 1980 to March 2008) and CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2008, Issue 1) with pre-specified terms. In addition, we searched reference lists of relevant articles and reviews, conference proceedings and ongoing trial databases. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or controlled clinical trials (CCTs) comparing MIS and open surgery for the treatment of solid intra-thoracic or intra-abdominal neoplasms in children (aged 0 to 18 years). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors performed the study selection independently. MAIN RESULTS: No studies that met the inclusion criteria of this review were identified. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: No RCTs or CCTs evaluating MIS in the treatment of solid intra-thoracic or intra-abdominal neoplasms in children could be identified, therefore no definitive conclusions could be made about the effects of MIS in these patients. Based on the currently available evidence we are not able to give recommendations for the use of MIS in the treatment of solid intra-thoracic or intra-abdominal neoplasms in children. More high quality studies (RCTs and/or CCTs) are needed. To accomplish this, centres specialising in MIS in children should collaborate
Melatonin for non-respiratory sleep disorders in visually impaired children (Review)

Background  Exogenous melatonin helps in regulating the circadian rhythm and is widely used for the management of sleep disorders in visually  impaired children.  Objectives  The aim of the review was to assess melatonin therapy for treatment of non-respiratory sleep disorders in visually impaired children,  with regard to improvement in sleep habit, sleep scheduling and sleep maintenance, when compared with placebo or no treatment.  Search strategy  We searched the following databases between February 2011 and July 2011: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials  (CENTRAL) 2011(1) searched on 4th February 2011;MEDLINE (1950 to JuneWeek 3, 2011) searched on 20th June 2011; EMBASE  (1980 to June Week 4, 2011) searched on 7th July 2011; CINAHL (1937 to 21 September 2011); the metaRegister of Controlled  Trials (this includes ClinicalTrial.gov) searched 20 July 2011, and reference lists of papers identified after initial screening.  Selection criteria  We planned to include randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs, including cross-over studies.Treatmentwould be exogenous  melatonin. Control groups could be placebo, other medication for sleep disorders or no treatment. Outcomes sought were improved  sleep with regard to timing and duration, quality of life and adverse events.  Data collection and analysis  Three review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion in the review.  Main results  We did not find any studies fulfilling the inclusion criteria, therefore no outcome data are reported.  We identified nine studies after initial screening and, after further evaluation, we excluded these. The excluded studies involved a total  of 163 individuals aged two years to 18 years. We excluded studies for three main reasons: they were non-randomized or case series  studies, they were studies of people over 18 years of age or even where the study was randomised, the study population was mixed and  results pertaining to the visually impaired cohort could not be independently evaluated. No significant adverse effects of melatonin  were reported in these excluded studies.  Authors' conclusions  There is currently no high quality data to support or refute the use of melatonin for sleep disorders in visually impaired children.  Placebo-controlled trials examining important clinical outcomes such as sleep quality, sleep latency, duration of sleep and night-time  awakenings are needed. As the numbers of children meeting study inclusion criteria are likely to be low at individual sites, multicentre  collaboration between developmental paediatricians, sleep physicians and other health care professionals is essential to achieve sufficient  sample size for controlled studies. Such collaboration would help facilitate local recruitment atmultiple sites, with study oversight being  provided by paediatricians with expertise in sleep disorders. Participation of collaborators with experience in evidence-based practice  research is also desirable due to the lack of protocols on melatonin therapy in the target population.Full Tex
Computer-assisted versus oral-and-written dietary history taking for diabetes mellitus

Background: Diabetes is a chronic illness characterised by insulin resistance or deficiency, resulting in elevated glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels. Diet and adherence to dietary advice is associated with lower HbA1c levels and control of disease. Dietary history may be an effective clinical tool for diabetes management and has traditionally been taken by oral-and-written methods, although it can also be collected using computer-assisted history taking systems (CAHTS). Although CAHTS were first described in the 1960s, there remains uncertainty about the impact of these methods on dietary history collection, clinical care and patient outcomes such as quality of life.\ud
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Objectives: To assess the effects of computer-assisted versus oral-and-written dietary history taking on patient outcomes for diabetes mellitus.\ud
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Search methods: We searched The Cochrane Library (issue 6, 2011), MEDLINE (January 1985 to June 2011), EMBASE (January 1980 to June 2011) and CINAHL (January 1981 to June 2011). Reference lists of obtained articles were also pursued further and no limits were imposed on languages and publication status.\ud
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Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials of computer-assisted versus oral-and-written history taking in patients with diabetes mellitus.\ud
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Data collection and analysis: Two authors independently scanned the title and abstract of retrieved articles. Potentially relevant articles were investigated as full text. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were abstracted for relevant population and intervention characteristics with any disagreements resolved by discussion, or by a third party. Risk of bias was similarly assessed independently.\ud
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Main results: Of the 2991 studies retrieved, only one study with 38 study participants compared the two methods of history taking over a total of eight weeks. The authors found that as patients became increasingly familiar with using CAHTS, the correlation between patients' food records and computer assessments improved. Reported fat intake decreased in the control group and increased when queried by the computer. The effect of the intervention on the management of diabetes mellitus and blood glucose levels was not reported. Risk of bias was considered moderate for this study.\ud
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Authors' conclusions: Based on one small study judged to be of moderate risk of bias, we tentatively conclude that CAHTS may be well received by study participants and potentially offer time saving in practice. However, more robust studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm these. We cannot draw on any conclusions in relation to any other clinical outcomes at this stage
Surgical repair of spontaneous perineal tears that occur during childbirth versus no intervention

Background    Perineal tears commonly occur during childbirth. They are sutured most of the time. Surgical repair can be associated with adverse outcomes, such as pain, discomfort and interference with normal activities during puerperium and possibly breastfeeding. Surgical repair also has an impact on clinical workload and human and financial resources.  Objectives    To assess the evidence for surgical versus non-surgical management of first- and second-degree perineal tears sustained during childbirth.  Search strategy    We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (1 May 2011), CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2011, Issue 2 of 4) and MEDLINE (Jan 1966 to 2 May 2011). We also searched the reference lists of reviews, guidelines and other publications and contacted authors of identified eligible trials.  Selection criteria    Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effect on clinical outcomes of suturing versus non-suturing techniques to repair first- and second-degree perineal tears sustained during childbirth.  Data collection and analysis    Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and assessed trial quality. Three review authors independently extracted data.  Main results    We included two RCTs (involving 154 women) with a low risk of bias. It was not possible to pool the available studies. The two studies do not consistently report outcomes defined in the review. However, no significant differences were observed between the two groups (surgical versus non-surgical repair) in incidence of pain and wound complications, self-evaluated measures of pain at hospital discharge and postpartum and re-initiation of sexual activity. Differences in the use of analgesia varied between the studies, being high in the sutured group in one study. The other trial showed differences in wound closure and poor wound approximation in the non-suturing group, but noted incidentally also that more women were breastfeeding in this group.  Authors' conclusions    There is limited evidence available from RCTs to guide the choice between surgical or non-surgical repair of first- or second-degree perineal tears sustained during childbirth. Two studies find no difference between the two types of management with regard to clinical outcomes up to eight weeks postpartum. Therefore, at present there is insufficient evidence to suggest that one method is superior to the other with regard to healing and recovery in the early or late postnatal periods. Until further evidence becomes available, clinicians' decisions whether to suture or not can be based on their clinical judgement and the women's preference after informing them about the lack of long-term outcomes and the possible chance of a slower wound healing process, but possible better overall feeling of well being if left un-sutured.Full Tex
Exercise rehabilitation following intensive care unit discharge for recovery from critical illness

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Skeletal muscle wasting and weakness are significant complications of critical illness, associated with degree of illness severity and periods of reduced mobility during mechanical ventilation. They contribute to the profound physical and functional deficits observed in survivors. These impairments may persist for many years following discharge from the intensive care unit (ICU) and can markedly influence health-related quality of life. Rehabilitation is a key strategy in the recovery of patients after critical illness. Exercise-based interventions are aimed at targeting this muscle wasting and weakness. Physical rehabilitation delivered during ICU admission has been systematically evaluated and shown to be beneficial. However, its effectiveness when initiated after ICU discharge has yet to be established.\ud
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Objectives\ud
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To assess the effectiveness of exercise rehabilitation programmes, initiated after ICU discharge, for functional exercise capacity and health-related quality of life in adult ICU survivors who have been mechanically ventilated longer than 24 hour
Antiepileptic drugs for the primary and secondary prevention of seizures after subarachnoid haemorrhage

BACKGROUND: Subarachnoid haemorrhage may result in seizures both acutely and in the longer term. The use of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in the primary and secondary prevention of seizures after subarachnoid haemorrhage is uncertain, and there is currently no consensus on treatment. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of AEDs for the primary and secondary prevention of seizures after subarachnoid haemorrhage. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Epilepsy Group Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (2013, Issue 1) in The Cochrane Library, and MEDLINE (1946 to 12th March 2013). We checked the reference lists of articles retrieved from these searches. SELECTION CRITERIA: We considered all randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials in which patients were assigned to a treatment (one or more AEDs) or placebo. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors (RM and JK) independently screened and assessed the methodological quality of the studies. If studies were included, one author extracted the data and the other checked it. MAIN RESULTS: No relevant studies were found. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There was no evidence to support or refute the use of antiepileptic drugs for the primary or secondary prevention of seizures related to subarachnoid haemorrhage. Well-designed randomised controlled trials are urgently needed to guide clinical practice.published_or_final_versio
The effect of varying practitioner communication on patients' health status and treatment outcomes

This is the protocol for a review and there is no abstract. The objectives are as follows: To assess the effects of interventions in which healthcare practitioner communication in face-to-face consultations with patients is experimentally varied in comparison to usual care or contrasted active control interventions, on patient health and treatment outcomes. A secondary aim is to investigate if the intervention effect is modified by intervention type, type of illness, length of follow-up, type of outcome and the way the subjects are exposed to communication in studies (real versus simulated)
Universal school-based prevention programs for alcohol misuse in young people.

Background\ud
Alcohol misuse in young people is cause of concern for health services, policy makers, prevention workers, criminal justice system, youth workers, teachers, parents. This is one of three reviews examining the effectiveness of (1) school-based, (2) family-based, and (3) multi-component prevention programs.\ud
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Objectives\ud
To review evidence on the effectiveness of universal school-based prevention programs in preventing alcohol misuse in school-aged children up to 18 years of age.\ud
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Search strategy\ud
Relevant evidence (up to 2002) was selected from the previous Cochrane review. Later studies, to July 2010, were identified from MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, Project CORK, and PsycINFO.\ud
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Selection criteria\ud
Randomized trials evaluating universal school-based prevention programs and reporting outcomes for alcohol use in students 18 years of age or younger were included. Two reviewers screened titles/abstracts and full text of identified records.\ud
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Data collection and analysis\ud
Two reviewers extracted relevant data independently using an a priori defined extraction form. Risk of bias was assessed.\ud
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Main results\ud
53 trials were included, most of which were cluster-randomised. The reporting quality of trials was poor, only 3.8% of them reporting adequate method of randomisation and program allocation concealment. Incomplete data was adequately addressed in 23% of the trials. Due to extensive heterogeneity across interventions, populations, and outcomes, the results were summarized only qualitatively.\ud
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Six of the 11 trials evaluating alcohol-specific interventions showed some evidence of effectiveness compared to a standard curriculum. In 14 of the 39 trials evaluating generic interventions, the program interventions demonstrated significantly greater reductions in alcohol use either through a main or subgroup effect. Gender, baseline alcohol use, and ethnicity modified the effects of interventions. Results from the remaining 3 trials with interventions targeting cannabis, alcohol, and/or tobacco were inconsistent.\ud
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Authors' conclusions\ud
This review identified studies that showed no effects of preventive interventions, as well as studies that demonstrated statistically significant effects. There was no easily discernible pattern in characteristics that would distinguish trials with positive results from those with no effects. Most commonly observed positive effects across programs were for drunkenness and binge drinking. Current evidence suggests that certain generic psychosocial and developmental prevention programs can be effective and could be considered as policy and practice options. These include the Life Skills Training Program, the Unplugged program, and the Good Behaviour Game. A stronger focus of future research on intervention program content and delivery context is warranted