pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Effect of Variations in Magma Supply on the Crustal Structure of Mid-Ocean Ridges: Insights from the Western Galápagos Spreading Center

We report results from a seismic refraction experiment across three sections of the Western Galápagos Spreading Center (WGSC) with contrasting axial morphology. Tomography models show the presence of an axial low velocity zone at the three study areas. After correcting for thermal effects, we estimate the melt content within these regions. At each of the three sites, the largest melt reservoir is located at or just below the Moho, which is 5.25 km deep at site GALA-1 within an axial-valley morphological domain, 6 km deep at GALA-2 in a morphological transitional domain, and 7.5 km deep at GALA-3 within the axial-high domain. The tomography model does not require melt above the Moho at GALA-1, nor at GALA-2, where we find little evidence for crustal melt between the Moho and a melt lens previously imaged at 2.8 km depth. In contrast, at GALA-3 the low velocity anomaly requires the presence of a few percent melt throughout the crust, with two distinct crustal reservoirs: one at the level of the seismically imaged melt lens reflector (1.6 km deep), and a deeper one at 3–4 km depth. The differences in axial melt content and distribution between the three sites are consequences of variations in magma supply, with lower magma supply resulting in less frequent upward migration of melt from the main Moho reservoir to crustal levels. At higher melt supply, transfer of melt to the crust above the main Moho reservoir becomes more frequent, resulting in the formation of distinct crustal melt reservoirs
Earth and Terrestrial Planet Formation

The growth and composition of Earth is a direct consequence of planet
formation throughout the Solar System. We discuss the known history of the
Solar System, the proposed stages of growth and how the early stages of planet
formation may be dominated by pebble growth processes. Pebbles are small bodies
whose strong interactions with the nebula gas lead to remarkable new accretion
mechanisms for the formation of planetesimals and the growth of planetary
embryos.
  Many of the popular models for the later stages of planet formation are
presented. The classical models with the giant planets on fixed orbits are not
consistent with the known history of the Solar System, fail to create a high
Earth/Mars mass ratio, and, in many cases, are also internally inconsistent.
The successful Grand Tack model creates a small Mars, a wet Earth, a realistic
asteroid belt and the mass-orbit structure of the terrestrial planets.
  In the Grand Tack scenario, growth curves for Earth most closely match a
Weibull model. The feeding zones, which determine the compositions of Earth and
Venus follow a particular pattern determined by Jupiter, while the feeding
zones of Mars and Theia, the last giant impactor on Earth, appear to randomly
sample the terrestrial disk. The late accreted mass samples the disk nearly
evenly.Comment: Accepted for publication in Early Earth an AGU Monograph edited by
  James Badro and Michael J. Walte
Asymmetric dynamical behavior of thermochemical plumes and implications for Hawaiian lava composition

The Hawaiian Kea and Loa volcano trends have commonly been interpreted as directly reflecting a compositional zonation within the Hawaiian plume stem, inherited from the lowermost mantle. As this zonation is often associated with variations in mafic material, and as such materials, especially eclogites, impact mantle flow, this study aims to characterize the ascent and melting of bilaterally-zoned thermochemical plumes. Our geodynamic models predict that plumes bearing ≿12% eclogite tend to stagnate as a deep eclogitic pool (DEP) in the mid upper mantle where phase changes lead to a maximum in eclogite excess density. This behavior can explain recent seismic-tomography results, and predicts thermal asymmetry of material rising out of the DEP to feed the hotspot. Thermal asymmetry is caused by the effects of ambient-mantle flow or plume-stem zonation on DEP dynamics, and ultimately boosts peridotite melting on the melting zone’s hotter side. This hotter side is hence less dominated by melting of mafic materials, despite being fed by equally or more such materials than the cooler side. These results suggest that the Kea side of the Hawaiian Plume is equally or more eclogitic than the Loa side, opposite to previous interpretations. Care should thus be taken in mapping geographical variations in lava chemistry into the deep mantle
Effect of batch initial velocity on the glass furnace efficiency

Glass manufacturing is a heat intensive process. There is a direct coloration between the batch distribution techniques and the furnace energy consumption, productivity, and quality of the glass manufactured. All four major segments (float, container, fibre, and specialty glasses) would benefit from using an optimised batch distribution technique where possible. Oscillating batch chargers (OBC) have been in use since the early 70s, despite their superior batch shape, coverage, and in turn positive effects on the energy consumption (Soleimanian, TMS 2013) and productivity of the furnace they are almost exclusively used in container glass manufacturing. The OBC’s main difference compared with other charging methods is its ability to directly influence the batch initial velocity. This paper reports on results achieved in two CFD models (in Flow 3D and GFM) used to study effect of the machine on the overall energy consumption in the doghouse and the melt space
Comparing characteristics of homicides in Finland, the Netherlands and Sweden.

There are many challenges when conducting European cross-national research on homicide. In particular, European cross-national knowledge on lethal violence has been hampered for a long time because European countries tend to differ in the data sources they used and in their definitions of homicide. To stimulate cross-national research efforts in Europe, this chapter compares the characteristics of homicides in Finland, the Netherlands and Sweden. More specifically, in a three-year research project, financed by the European Union, Finland, the Netherlands and Sweden joined forces to build a first joint database on homicide in Europe, referred to as the European Homicide Monitor, EHM. This Monitor exclusively contains data from the three countries on 1,577 homicide cases, involving 1,666 victims and 1,917 offenders. On the basis of these data, first findings indicate evidence of cross-national differences between Finnish, Dutch and Swedish homicides, and especially in (a) the average homicide rate, (b) location of homicides, (c) offenders’ modus operandi, (d) the average age of homicide victims and offenders, and (e) the birth country of offenders and victims. Although this chapter shows that building a joint European Monitor is feasible, it also indicates that several methodological issues still exist when conducting cross-national research on homicide
Novel approaches for genuine single phase room temperature magnetoelectric multiferroics

This chapter reviews approaches currently under investigation for the fabrication of single‐phase magnetoelectric multiferroics, from bulk ceramics to those in thin‐film form. It presents an approach of inserting magnetic ions into the Aurivillius phase, layer‐structured ferroelectric materials, whereby thin films of average composition Bi6Ti2.8Fe1.52Mn0.68O18 (B6TFMO) demonstrate room temperature ferroelectricity, ferromagnetism, and magnetoelectric coupling. The chapter also discusses the importance of careful microstructural analysis of the materials and the application of a statistical model to determine a confidence level that the observed effects are from genuine single‐phase magnetoelectric multiferroics. It reviews how careful phase analysis and statistical treatment of the data confirmed that the B6TFMO phase is a single‐phase multiferroic to a confidence level of 99.5%. Finally, it summarizes how direct evidence of magnetoelectric coupling in the B6TFMO thin films was obtained. This review demonstrates that with materials development and design, the development of room temperature multiferroic materials can be achieved
The Numbers Behind Mushroom Biodiversity

Fungi are among the most diverse groups of organisms on Earth. with a global diversity estimated at 0.8 million to 5.1 million species. They play fundamental ecological roles as decomposers, mutualists, and pathogens, growing in almost all habitats and being important as sources of food and health benefits, income, and to maintain forest health. Global assessment of wild edible fungi indicate the existence of 2327 useful wild species; 2166 edible and 1069 used as food; 470 medicinal species. Several million tonnes are collected, consumed, and sold each year in over 80 countries. The major mushroom-producing countries in 2012 were China, Italy, USA, and The Netherlands, with 80% of the world production, 64% of which came from China. The European Union produces 24% of the world production. Italy is the largest European producer, Poland is the largest exporter, UK the largest importer.Fungi are difficult to preserve and fossilize and due to the poor preservation of most
fungal structures, it has been difficult to interpret the fossil record of fungi. Hyphae,
the vegetative bodies of fungi, bear few distinctive morphological characteristicss,
and organisms as diverse as cyanobacteria, eukaryotic algal groups, and oomycetes
can easily
be mistaken for them (Taylor & Taylor 1993). Fossils provide minimum
ages for divergences and genetic lineages can be much older than even the oldest
fossil representative found. According to Berbee and Taylor (2010), molecular clocks
(conversion of molecular changes into geological time) calibrated by fossils are the
only available tools to estimate timing of evolutionary events in fossil‐poor groups,
such as fungi.
The arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiotic fungi from the division Glomeromycota, generally
accepted as the phylogenetic sister clade to the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota,
have left the most ancient fossils in the Rhynie Chert of Aberdeenshire in the north of
Scotland (400 million years old). The Glomeromycota and several other fungi have been
found associated with the preserved tissues of early vascular plants (Taylor et al. 2004a).
Fossil spores from these shallow marine sediments from the Ordovician that closely
resemble Glomeromycota spores and finely branched hyphae arbuscules within plant
cells were clearly preserved in cells of stems of a 400 Ma primitive land plant,
Aglaophyton, from Rhynie chert 455–460 Ma in age (Redecker et al. 2000; Remy et al.
1994) and from roots from the Triassic (250–199 Ma) (Berbee & Taylor 2010; Stubblefield
et al. 1987).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
The Consumption of Wild Edible Plants

Wild edible plants are of great importance in both former and current human societies. Their use embodies evolutionary trends, continuing interactions between men and nature, relevant traditional knowledge, and cultural heritage. A conceptual approach to wild edible plants, including the contribution of such species to people's diets and daily lives, focusing on nutritional and cultural value, food sovereignty and security, as well as the huge legacy for future generations, leads to a general overview of new tendencies and availability of wild plant resources according to geographic regions. The potential benefits and the continual need for conservation strategies of plants, habitats, and associated knowledge are also discussed, enhancing biodiversity and biocultural patrimony. Finally, some examples of culturally significant edible wild plants are described, emphasizing the importance of knowledge transmission and sustainable uses in a changing world.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Actor-Network Theory

Actor–network theory (ANT) began at the end of the 1970s as an attempt to account for scientific activity without distinguishing a priori between its so-called social and technical aspects. The concept of actor–network captures the idea that for any actor to act, many others must act as well. In other words, action is shared with a multitude of people and things – for, indeed, things play a part in our collective lives. Actors, whether individual or collective, whether human or not, are therefore a mystery whose constitution must be explained; they are not at all the obvious starting point of action. Those few premises have had a significant impact on some organizational communication scholars, in particular those interested in interorganizational networks and partnerships, in questions of agency, or in the ability of communication to constitute organizations
Agricultural production in Roman Italy.

This chapter considers the practice and organization of agricultural production in Roman Italy drawing on textual, archaeological, and ethnoarchaeological evidence. As well as reviewing the types of crops cultivated and animals husbanded, it considers broader questions about the scale of production and the social organization of labor (e.g. peasants, slaves, tenants). The chapter outlines the significance of critical new approaches to ancient texts and recent archaeological discoveries for established narratives of agricultural production and agrarian relations. This includes questioning the extent to which peasant farmers were systematically pushed from the land and the significance of oil and wine production in the economic fortunes of the Republican aristocracy. Throughout, examples are used to demonstrate how powerful ancient and modern assumptions (e.g. the self-sufficient peasant, “decline”) shape interpretation of texts and archaeological evidence
Reasoning on the response of logical signaling networks with Answer Set Programming

International audienceThis chapter focuses on modeling the response of logical signaling networks by means of automated reasoning using answer set programming (ASP). In this context, the problem consisting of learning logical networks is crucial in order to achieve unbiased and robust discoveries. Furthermore, it shows that many networks can be compatible with a given set of experimental observations. The chapter discusses how ASP can be used to exhaustively enumerate all these logical networks. Next, in order to gain control over the system, it look for intervention strategies that force a set of target species into a desired steady state. Altogether, this constitutes a pipeline for reasoning on logical signaling networks providing robust insights to system biologists. The chapter illustrates the usage of ASP for solving the aforementioned problems and discusses the novelty of our approach with respect to existing methods
Plastic deformation and cracking resistance of SiC ceramics measured by indentation

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: WADE, J., CLAYDON, P. and WU, H., 2014. Plastic deformation and cracking resistance of SiC ceramics measured by indentation. Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings.  Mechanical Properties and Performance of Engineering Ceramics and Composites IX, 35 (2), pp. 91 - 100, which has been published in final form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119031192.ch10. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving. Presented at the 38th International Conference and Expo on Advanced Ceramics and Composites (ICACC'14) Daytona Beach, Florida.Hardness is deemed as a measurement of resistance to plastic deformation of materials, but cracking, accompanying the deformation of ceramics, has recently been reasonably interpreted as one of the essential contributors to the widely known size effect of hardness, also called the indentation size effect. On the basis of the physical activities behind the indentation size effect, we intend to have the indentation size effect measurement adapted as a means to quantitatively measure the plastic deformation and the cracking damage of ceramics. We studied three types silicon carbide ceramics that were manufactured from same chemical formulation and processing route. Two of the three were given a post-sintering annealing at different dwell times, giving a distinctive microstructure from homogeneous equiaxial grains to highly heterogeneous elongated grains. By fitting the indentation size effect data with proportional specimen resistance model, the a1 and a2 parameters are extracted with good confidence. The a2 value is interpreted as the “true hardness”, the determined values of which were found to be similar for all samples. However, the a1, relatable to the indentation size effect, increased dramatically together with the indentation-induced cracking around Vickers indents observed under SEM. Considering that the cracking resistances of all three samples showed limited variance, we discuss, using a simple illustrative model, the possible microstructural factors which may contribute to the cracking damage exhibited under a defined loading condition
Financial flows : spatial imaginaries of speculative circulations.

Viewed from the vantage points provided by political economy and a range of allied critical theories, a spatiality of circulation is a defining feature of capitalist money and finance. For financial markets in particular, it is the capacity to commodify credit–debt relations, and thereby render them transferable and exchangeable, which is crucial to the opportunities they afford for speculation. The chapter theorizes and analyses how speculative circulations are also the object of an array of spatial imaginaries, constitutive representations of financial flows that position them as vital to wealth, well-being and security in contemporary Anglo-American, neoliberal life. It focuses on three particular spatial imaginaries of speculative circulations that loomed large in the governance of the global financial crisis; namely, the ‘liquidity’ of money markets, the ‘toxicity’ of capital markets and the ‘casino’ practices of banking
Global Coronal Waves

After the {\em Solar and Heliospheric Observatory} ({\em SOHO}) was launched
in 1996, the aboard Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT) observed a
global coronal wave phenomenon, which was initially named "EIT wave" after the
telescope. The bright fronts are immediately followed by expanding dimmings. It
has been shown that the brightenings and dimmings are mainly due to plasma
density increase and depletion, respectively. Such a spectacular phenomenon
sparked long-lasting interest and debates. The debates were concentrated on two
topics, one is about the driving source, and the other is about the nature of
this wavelike phenomenon. The controversies are most probably because there may
exist two types of large-scale coronal waves that were not well resolved before
the {\em Solar Dynamics Observatory} ({\em SDO}) was launched: one is a
piston-driven shock wave straddling over the erupting coronal mass ejection
(CME), and the other is an apparently propagating front, which may correspond
to the CME frontal loop. Such a two-wave paradigm was proposed more than 13
years ago, and now is being recognized by more and more colleagues. In this
paper, we review how various controversies can be resolved in the two-wave
framework and how important it is to have two different names for the two types
of coronal waves.Comment: 14 pages, 6 figures, a review pape
MHD Waves in the coronal holes

Coronal holes are the dark patches in the solar corona associated with
relatively cool, less dense plasma and unipolar fields. The fast component of
the solar wind emanates from these regions. Several observations reveal the
presence of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves in coronal holes which are believed
to play a key role in the acceleration of fast solar wind. The recent advent of
high-resolution instruments had brought us many new insights on the properties
of MHD waves in coronal holes which are reviewed in this article. The advances
made in the identification of compressive slow MHD waves in both polar and
equatorial coronal holes, their possible connection with the recently
discovered high- speed quasi-periodic upflows, their dissipation, and the
detection of damping in Alfven waves from the spectral line width variation are
discussed in particular.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures. Chapter in AGU Monograph (in press), Review
  articl
MHD wave modes resolved in fine-scale chromospheric magnetic structures

Within the last decade, due to significant improvements in the spatial and
temporal resolution of chromospheric data, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) wave
studies in this fascinating region of the Sun's atmosphere have risen to the
forefront of solar physics research. In this review we begin by reviewing the
challenges and debates that have manifested in relation to MHD wave mode
identification in fine-scale chromospheric magnetic structures, including
spicules, fibrils and mottles. Next we go on to discuss how the process of
accurately identifying MHD wave modes also has a crucial role to play in
estimating their wave energy flux. This is of cardinal importance for
estimating what the possible contribution of MHD waves is to solar atmospheric
heating. Finally, we detail how such advances in chromospheric MHD wave studies
have also allowed us, for the first time, to implement cutting-edge
magnetoseismological techniques that provide new insight into the
sub-resolution plasma structuring of the lower solar atmosphere.Comment: 16 pages, 6 figures, to appear as a chapter in the upcoming AGU/Wiley
  book "Low-frequency Waves in Space Plasmas
Ultra-high-resolution Observations of MHD Waves in Photospheric Magnetic
  Structures

Here we review the recent progress made in the detection, examination,
characterisation and interpretation of oscillations manifesting in small-scale
magnetic elements in the solar photosphere. This region of the Sun's atmosphere
is especially dynamic, and importantly, permeated with an abundance of magnetic
field concentrations. Such magnetic features can span diameters of hundreds to
many tens of thousands of km, and are thus commonly referred to as the
`building blocks' of the magnetic solar atmosphere. However, it is the smallest
magnetic elements that have risen to the forefront of solar physics research in
recent years. Structures, which include magnetic bright points, are often at
the diffraction limit of even the largest of solar telescopes. Importantly, it
is the improvements in facilities, instrumentation, imaging techniques and
processing algorithms during recent years that have allowed researchers to
examine the motions, dynamics and evolution of such features on the smallest
spatial and temporal scales to date. It is clear that while these structures
may demonstrate significant magnetic field strengths, their small sizes make
them prone to the buffeting supplied by the ubiquitous surrounding convective
plasma motions. Here, it is believed that magnetohydrodynamic waves can be
induced, which propagate along the field lines, carrying energy upwards to the
outermost extremities of the solar corona. Such wave phenomena can exist in a
variety of guises, including fast and slow magneto-acoustic modes, in addition
to Alfven waves. Coupled with rapid advancements in magnetohydrodynamic wave
theory, we are now in an ideal position to thoroughly investigate how wave
motion is generated in the solar photosphere, which oscillatory modes are most
prevalent, and the role that these waves play in supplying energy to various
layers of the solar atmosphere.Comment: 17 pages, 7 figures, to appear as a chapter in the AGU/Wiley book
  "Low-frequency Waves in Space Plasmas