pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Alcohol production from cheese whey permeate using genetically modified flocculent yeast cells

Alcoholic fermentation of cheese whey permeate
was investigated using a recombinant flocculating
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, expressing the LAC4 (coding
for β-galactosidase) and LAC12 (coding for lactose permease)
genes of Kluyveromyces marxianus enabling for
lactose metabolization. Data on yeast fermentation and
growth on cheese whey permeate from a Portuguese
dairy industry is presented. For cheese whey permeate
having a lactose concentration of 50 gLˉ¹, total lactose
consumption was observed with a conversion yield of
ethanol close to the expected theoretical value. Using a
continuously operating 5.5-L bioreactor, ethanol productivity
near 10 g Lˉ¹ hˉ¹ (corresponding to 0.45 hˉ¹ dilution
rate) was obtained, which raises new perspectives for the
economic feasibility of whey alcoholic fermentation. The
use of 2-times concentrated cheese whey permeate, corresponding
to 100 gLˉ¹ of lactose concentration, was
also considered allowing for obtaining a fermentation
product with 5% (w/v) alcohol.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) – PRAXIS XXI/BD/11306/97.Instituto de Biotecnologia e Química Fina (IBQF)
Robustness versus accuracy in shock-wave computations

Despite constant progress in the development of upwind schemes, some failings still remain. Quirk recently reported  that approximate Riemann solvers, which share the exact capture of contact discontinuities, generally suffer from such failings. One of these is the odd – even decoupling that occurs along planar shocks aligned with the mesh. First, a few results on some failings are given, namely the carbuncle phenomenon and the kinked Mach stem. Then, following Quirk’s analysis of Roe’s scheme, general criteria are derived to predict the odd – even decoupling. This analysis is applied to Roe’s scheme, the Equilibrium Flux Method, the Equilibrium Interface Method and the AUSM scheme. Strict stability is shown to be desirable to avoid most of these flaws. Finally, the link between marginal stability and accuracy on shear waves is established
The Lagrange-Galerkin method for the two-dimensional shallow water equations on adaptive grids

The article of record as published may be located at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0363(20000730)33:6<789The weak Lagrange-Galerkin finite element method for the two-dimensional shallow water equations on adaptive unstructured grids is presented. The equations are written in conservation form and the domains are discretized using triangular elements. Lagrangian methods integrate the governing equations along the characteristic curves, thus being well suited for resolving the non-linearities introduced by the advection operator of the fluid dynamics equations. An additional fortuitous consequence of using Lagrangian methods is that the resulting spatial operator is self-adjoint, thereby justifying the use of a Galerkin formulation; this formulation has been proven to be optimal for such differential operators. The weak Lagrange-Galerkin method automatically takes into account the dilation of the control volume, thereby resulting in a conservative scheme. The use of linear triangular elements permits the construction of accurate (by virtue of the second-order spatial and temporal accuracies of the scheme) and efficient (by virtue of the less stringent Courant-Friedrich-Lewy (CFL) condition of Lagrangian methods) schemes on adaptive unstructured triangular grids. Lagrangian methods are natural candidates for use with adaptive unstructured grids because the resolution of the grid can be increased without having to decrease the time step in order to satisfy stability. An advancing front adaptive unstructured triangular mesh generator is presented. The highlight of this algorithm is that the weak Lagrange-Galerkin method is used to project the conservation variables from the old mesh onto the newly adapted mesh. In addition, two new schemes for computing the characteristic curves are presented: a composite mid-point rule and a general family of Runge-Kutta schemes. Results for the two-dimensional advection equation with and without time-dependent velocity fields are illustrated to confirm the accuracy of the particle trajectories. Results for the two-dimensional shallow water equations on a non-linear soliton wave are presented to illustrate the power and flexibility of this strategy. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
An arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian finite element approach to non-steady state turbulent fluid flow with application to mould filling in casting

This is the pre-peer reviewed version of the following article : An arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian finite element approach to non-steady state turbulent fluid flow with application to mould filling in casting, Gaston L., Kamara A., Bellet M. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 34, 4 (2000) pages 341-369, which has been published in final form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0363(20001030)34:4%3C341::AID-FLD64%3E3.0.CO;2-KInternational audienceThis paper presents a two-dimensional Lagrangian-Eulerian finite element approach of non-steady state turbulent fluid flows with free surfaces. The proposed model is based on a velocity-pressure finite element Navier-Stokes solver, including an augmented Lagrangian technique and an iterative resolution of Uzawa type. Turbulent effects are taken into account with the k-epsilon two-equation statistical model. Mesh updating is carried out through an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) method in order to describe properly the free surface evolution. Three comparisons between experimental and numerical results illustrate the efficiency of the method. The first one is turbulent flow in an academic geometry, the second one is a mould filling in effective casting conditions and the third one is a precise confrontation to a water model
A spectral element shallow water model on spherical geodesic grids

The article of record as published may be located at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0363(20010430)35:8<869The spectral element method for the two-dimensional shallow water equations on the sphere is presented. The equations are written in conservation form and the domains are discretized using quadrilateral elements obtained from the generalized icosahedral grid introduced previously (Giraldo FX. Lagrange-Galerkin methods on spherical geodesic grids: the shallow water equations. Journal of Computational Physics 2000; 160: 336-368). The equations are written in Cartesian co-ordinates that introduce an additional momentum equation, but the pole singularities disappear. This paper represents a departure from previously published work on solving the shallow water equations on the sphere in that the equations are all written, discretized, and solved in three-dimensional Cartesian space. Because the equations are written in a three-dimensional Cartesian co-ordinate system, the algorithm simplifies into the integration of surface elements on the sphere from the fully three-dimensional equations. A mapping (Song Ch, Wolf JP. The scaled boundary finite element method-alias consistent infinitesimal finite element cell method-for diffusion. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1999; 45: 1403-1431) which simplifies these computations is described and is shown to contain the Eulerian version of the method introduced previously by Giraldo (Journal of Computational Physics 2000; 160: 336-368) for the special case of triangular elements. The significance of this mapping is that although the equations are written in Cartesian co-ordinates, the mapping takes into account the curvature of the high-order spectral elements, thereby allowing the elements to lie entirely on the surface of the sphere. In addition, using this mapping simplifies all of the three-dimensional spectral-type finite element surface integrals because any of the typical two-dimensional planar finite element or spectral element basis functions found in any textbook (for example, Huebner et al. The Finite Element Method for Engineers. Wiley, New York, 1995; Karniadakis GE, Sherwin SJ. Spectral/hp Element Methods for CFD. Oxford University Press, New York, 1999; and Szabo B, Babuska I. Finite Element Analysis. Wiley, New York, 1991) can be used. Results for six test cases are presented to confirm the accuracy and stability of the new method. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Activation of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors increases the activity of the somatostatin receptor-effector system in the rat frontoparietal cortex

The role of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor subtypes in the regulation, in vivo, of the somatostatin (SRIF) receptor-effector system in rat frontoparietal cortex was investigated. The D1-receptor agonist SKF 38393 (4 mg/kg) or the D2-receptor agonist bromocriptine (2 mg/kg), administered intraperitoneally to rats, increased the number of SRIF receptors without altering the affinity constant, an effect antagonized by both SCH 23390 (0.25 mg/kg) and raclopride (5 mg/kg), D1 and D2 receptor antagonists, respectively. These antagonists alone had no effect on [125I]Tyr3 octreotide binding to its receptors. No change in binding was detected when the dopamine agonists were added in vitro. Basal adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity was increased by SKF 38393 treatment and decreased by bromocriptine. Octreotide (SMS 201-995)-mediated inhibition of basal and forskolin-stimulated AC was increased by SKF 38393 or bromocriptine treatment. In frontoparietal cortical slices, basal inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) levels were decreased by bromocriptine treatment but were unaffected by SKF 38393. SMS 201-995 increased the IP3 accumulation in control, SKF 38393-, and bromocriptine-treated rats. Insofar as SRIF and dopamine appear to be involved in motor regulation and could well modulate somatosensory functions in frontal and parietal cortex, respectively, heterologous receptor regulation may have important repercussions regarding the control exerted by these neurotransmitters on frontal and parietal cortical function in the intact animal. J. Neurosci. Res. 62:91–98, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.We thank Martin Lexell from Centro de Lenguas Extranjeras of the Universidad de Alcala´, Angela Martı´n Espinosa for her excellent technical assistance, and Lilian Puebla and Jerry Keller for their linguistic assistance. We express our sincere thanks to Astra Ifesa (Barcelona, Spain) for the supply of raclopride and to Sandoz (Basel, Switzerland) for the supply of SMS 201-995 and SDZ 204- 090
Low-wavenumber Raman scattering in glycerol

Analysis of the low-wavenumber Raman data of glycerol as a function of temperature is presented. For temperatures lower than the glass transition temperature the scattering intensity is interpreted on the basis
of a model starting from the analogies between the density of vibrational states for the crystalline and the glassy phases and taking into account multiple-order scattering. Experimental results on depolarized Raman spectra are shown to be in good agreement with the model. For temperatures higher than the glass transition temperature, the quasi-elastic scattering is interpreted in terms of degrees of freedom released by H-bond breaking
Searching the web : the public and their queries

In studying actual Web searching by the public at large, we analyzed over one million Web queries by users of the Excite search engine. We found that most people use few search terms, few modified queries, view few Web pages, and rarely use advanced search features. A small number of search terms are used with high frequency, and a great many terms are unique; the language of Web queries is distinctive. Queries about recreation and entertainment rank highest. Findings are compared to data from two other large studies of Web queries. This study provides an insight into the public practices and choices in Web searching
Injection molding of a starch/EVOH blend aimed as an alternative biomaterial for temporary applications

Biodegradable polymers show great potential to be used as materials for temporary implants and bone replacement applications in orthopedics. However, its use in high load-bearing applications will depend on the successful development of biodegradable implants with a mechanical performance matching that of human bone. This article describes the optimization of the injection molding process of an alternative biodegradable starch-based polymer aimed at biomedical applications. A blend of starch with a copolymer of ethylene-vinyl alcohol (SEVA-C) was studied. Both conventional injection molding and shear controlled orientation (SCORIM) were optimized with the support of design of experiments and analysis of variance techniques. The mechanical characterization was performed by tensile testing. The structure developed within the moldings was assessed by wide-angle X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. Increases up to 30% in the tangent modulus and 20% in the ultimate tensile strength compared with conventional molding were achieved with the application of SCORIM. The holding pressure and the frequency of the shear applied have the strongest influence on the morphology development and consequently on the mechanical performance. The solidification of SEVA-C at high cavity pressures enhances stiffness for long durations of the shearing stage in SCORIM. However, the effect of viscous heating of SEVA-C is important and ought to be considered. A decrease of the material phase miscibility in SEVA-C occurs as result of the shear fields imposed. The microstructure evaluation suggests that the mechanical properties enhancement in SCORIM molded SEVA-C is attributable to preferred orientation developed during processin
In defense of psychosomatic theory: A critical analysis of Allison and Heshkas critical analysis

Contains fulltext :
                  28694.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)This article analyses Allison and Heshka's (International Journal of Eating Disorders, 13, 289–295, 1993.) critical analysis of studies supporting psychosomatic theory. Questionned first is, Allison and Heshka's contention that the obese overreport emotional eating as a result of effects of demand characteristics, social desirability, and interpersonal expectancies. These effects, however, indicate that a more plausible response would be an underreport of emotional eating. Also addressed is Allison and Heshka's (Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention, 1, 31–38, 1993.) contention that a high correlation between a measurement instrument and a measure of social desirability invalidates that measurement instrument. Finally, in a rebuttal of Allison and Heshka's critical analysis of studies supporting psychosomatic theory, it is elaborated why emotional eating explains so little variance in weight gain and obesity
Solvent diffusion in amorphous polymers: polystyrene-solvent systems

The inverse gas chromatography (IGC) technique was used to obtain the partition and diffusion coefficients of solvents in polystyrene over a wide range of temperatures. Infinite dilution experiments were performed with three solvents: toluene, benzene, and hexane. Finite concentration data were measured for the polystyrene-toluene system at various concentrations from 110 to 180 °C. For the finite concentration region, the modified capillary column model used by Tihminlioglu and Danner (J Chromatogr A 1999, 845, 93-101) was used to calculate diffusion and thermodynamic data. Finite concentration thermodynamic data were also calculated with the retention theory approach and compared with the capillary column model. The experimental IGC results are in good agreement with data from other experimental techniques
Solvent diffusion in amorphous polymers: Polyvinyl acetate-toluene system

In a previous publication (Tihminlioglu et al., J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 1997, 35, 1279), we presented an extensive analysis of the polyvinyl acetate-toluene system. The inverse gas chromatography (IGC) technique was used to measure phase equilibria and diffusion coefficients above and near the glass-transition temperature of a polymer. At temperatures above the glass transition, the capillary column model developed by Pawlisch et al. (Macromolecules 1987, 20, 1564) was used. For the finite concentration region, the modified model of Tihminlioglu and Danner (J Chromatogr A 1999, 845, 93) was applied. Data obtained with the IGC method were in agreement with data measured with the gravimetric and piezoelectric sorption techniques. In this work, we revisit the partition coefficient issue and provide some new data at lower temperatures. At temperatures near the glass-transition temperature, the modification of the capillary column model proposed by Vrentas et al. (Macromolecules 1993, 26, 6670) was used for the infinite dilution region. The diffusion data correlated well with the Vrentas-Duda free-volume model
Modification, Degradation, and Stability of Polymeric Surfaces Treated with Reactive Plasmas

The degradation, modification, and stability of polymeric surfaces exposed to chemically reactive O2 and H2O-vapor plasmas were investigated. Specifically, the effects of these plasmas on etching rate, surface morphology, wetting instability, and fluid-holding capability were studied. Wetting instability is reflected by hydrophobic recovery and can be examined by the Wilhelmy balance method. Although hydrophobic recovery is usually attributed to surface configuration change, there are actually two types: reversible and permanent. Reversible hydrophobic recovery is caused by surface configuration change, whereas permanent hydrophobic recovery is caused by the creation of oxidized surface oligomers. This study distinguishes the two by identifying differences in the shapes of the corresponding Wilhelmy force loops and in the fluid-holding parameter. The presence of surface oligomers was most detrimental to wetting stability and fluid-holding capability but could be controlled via the type of reactive gas, the discharge conditions, and the polymer substrate. In general, polymers most susceptible to O2-plasma etching had the least surface oligomers and vice versa, whereas H2O-vapor plasma suppressed surface oligomers on polymers less susceptible to etching
Rate and Mechanism of the Oxidative Addition of Benzoic Anhydride to Palladium(0) Complexes in DMF

The rate constant of the oxidative addition of the benzoic anhydride (PhCO)2O to [Pd0(PPh3)4] has been determined in DMF and compared to that of phenyl halides and phenyl triflate. The following reactivity order has been established: PhI >> (PhCO)2O > PhOTf > PhBr. The oxidative addition of (PhCO)2O proceeds by activation of one C−O bond. Two acyl-PdII complexes are formed: a neutral complex trans-[(PhCO)Pd(OCOPh)(PPh3)2] and a cationic complex trans-[(PhCO)PdS(PPh3)2]+ (S = DMF) showing that the decarbonylation process is highly endergonic. The exchange of PPh3 by the bidentate ligand dppp does not favor the decarbonylation process.
Competitive insertion of isocyanide into tantalum-amido and tantalum-methyl bonds

The (amido)methyl complexes [Ta(η5-C5Me5)(NtBu)Me(NR2)] [R = Ph (3), SiMe3 (4)] were prepared by reaction of [Ta(η5-C5Me5)(NtBu)ClMe] (1) with the appropriate lithium amides. Attempts to isolate the analogous NHMe derivative afforded a mixture of complexes [Ta(η5-C5Me5)(NtBu)Me(NHMe)] (5) and [Ta(η5-C5Me5)(NMe)Me(NHtBu)] (6), resulting from hydrogen exchange between the amido and imido ligands. Insertion of CN(2,6-Me2C6H3) into the Ta−Me bond of complexes 3 and 4 gave the η1-iminoacyl derivatives [Ta(η5-C5Me5)(NtBu)(NR2){η1-C(Me)=N(2,6-Me2C6H3)}] [R = Ph (7), SiMe3 (8)], while insertion into the Ta−NRMe (R = H, Me) bond of the complexes [Ta(η5-C5Me5)(NtBu)Me(NRMe)] [R = H (5), Me (2)] gave the η2-iminocarbamoyl compounds [Ta(η5-C5Me5)(NtBu)Me{η2-C(NRMe)=N(2,6-Me2C6H3)}] [R = H (10), Me (9)]. All of the new compounds were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The X-ray crystal structure of 9 is reported. DFT calculations were carried out to justify the preference of the insertion either into the Ta−C or the Ta−N bond.Ministerio de Educación y Cienci
Improved Synthesis of C2-Symmetrical Pyridinediols and Synthesis of Cs-Symmetrical Pyridinediols

Base-induced reaction of 2,6-dimethylpyridine (2,6-lutidine) (1) with two equivalents of various ketones has been reported to provide C2-symmetrical pyridine diols 3. Closer examination reveals that competitive di-addition to a single methyl group can occur providing Cs-symmetrical pyridine diols 7. By varying the lithiation times, the formation of this side product could be maximized or minimized on the basis of a mechanistic proposal for the competing pathways. The formation of the Cs-diol 7 could be excluded completely by using potassium diisopropylamide as base; high yields of C2-symmetrical pyridine diols 3 are obtained. Regioselective additions of 1 to (R)-fenchone and (-)-menthone were also achieved.
An improved algorithm to smooth graded quadrilateral meshes preserving the prescribed element size

In the generation of quadrilateral unstructured meshes, special attention is focussed to the shape of the elements. This is because it is well known that the distortion of the elements and the accuracy of the analysis are closely related. However, in adaptive schemes it is also essential that the newly generated mesh meets the prescribed element sizes in order to obtain a solution with the desired precision. In 1982 Giuliani developed a robust rezoning algorithm based on geometrical criteria. It gives proven results in a smooth element size distribution, but elements do not verify the prescribed element size when sharp distributions appear. This paper presents a modification of the Giuliani method that generates non-distorted elements while preserving the element size. Similar to the original method, this modification can be extended to three-dimensional cases.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author’s final draft
Impacts of riparian vegetation on hydrological processes

The main impacts of riparian vegetation on hydrological processes are briefly reviewed in order to highlight needs and perspectives for research and management goals. This review is based upon three distinct influences of riparian vegetation on hydrological processes: (i) the control of runoff, i.e. the physical impact of living and dead plants on hydraulics, (ii) the impact of plant physiology on water uptake, storage and return to the atmosphere, and (iii) the impact of riparian vegetation functioning on water quality. Riparian vegetation influences runoff through complex hydraulic interactions during baseflows as well as overbank flows. The contribution of fine vegetational structures to landscape hydrological roughness needs to be considered in relation to the spatial complexity (patchiness, vertical stratification, rhizosphere) and temporal variability (phenology, succession) of plant communities. With the exception of some woody species, the uptake, storage and return of water to the atmosphere is poorly known for riparian communities, and therefore the assessment of the regional hydrological importance of the riparian corridor remains difficult to estimate. Although better understood than the above two influences of riparian vegetation on hydrological processes, there are still a number of unresolved issues concerning the role of riparian vegetation in controlling water quality. In particular, little is known about the coupling of microbial and vegetational functions in nutrient cycling and the dynamics of carbon release from coarse and fine plant debris. The influence of vegetation complexity and plant diversity on both qualitative and quantitative aspects of water cycling remains an important area for future research. Fundamental and management issues are identified in relation to the use of riparian vegetation as a model and as a tool