pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Measurement of isolated-photon pair production in pp collisions at root s=7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

The ATLAS experiment at the LHC has measured the production cross section of events with two isolated photons in the final state, in proton-proton collisions at s√=7TeV. The full data set collected in 2011, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.9 fb−1, is used. The amount of background, from hadronic jets and isolated electrons, is estimated with data-driven techniques and subtracted. The total cross section, for two isolated photons with transverse energies above 25 GeV and 22 GeV respectively, in the acceptance of the electromagnetic calorimeter (|η| < 1.37 and 1.52 < |η| < 2.37) and with an angular separation ΔR > 0.4, is 44.0+3.2−4.2 pb. The differential cross sections as a function of the di-photon invariant mass, transverse momentum, azimuthal separation, and cosine of the polar angle of the largest transverse energy photon in the Collins-Soper di-photon rest frame are also measured. The results are compared to the prediction of leading-order parton-shower and next-to-leading-order and next-to-next-to-leading-order parton-level generators
Charged-Higgs production in the Two-Higgs-doublet model — the τ ν channel

We update the allowed parameter space of the CP-violating 2HDM with Type II Yukawa couplings, that survives the current experimental and theoretical constraints on the model. For a representative set of allowed parameter points, we study the production of charged Higgs bosons, both at the LHC at 14 TeV and at a possible future hadronic collider at 30 TeV. Two classes of production mechanisms are considered, “bosonic” (pp → H ± W ∓ X) and “fermionic” (pp → H + t(b)X). After commenting on our previous H ± → W ± H 1 investigation, we focus on the tauonic decay mode, H ± → τ ν, performing a detailed signal-over-background analysis at the parton level. The increased features provided when considering CP violation, i.e., the extension of the parameter space and the mixing of the would-be CP-odd scalar boson, only marginally increase the discovery prospects, which remain very challenging both when increased luminosities and higher energies are considered
Search for supersymmetry at √s= 8 TeV in final states with jets and two same-sign leptons or three leptons with the ATLAS detector

A search for strongly produced supersymmetric particles is conducted using signatures involving multiple energetic jets and either two isolated leptons (e or μ) with the same electric charge, or at least three isolated leptons. The search also utilises jets originating from b-quarks, missing transverse momentum and other observables to extend its sensitivity. The analysis uses a data sample corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 20.3 fb‾¹ of TeX = 8 TeV proton-proton collisions recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider in 2012. No deviation from the Standard Model expectation is observed. New or significantly improved exclusion limits are set on a wide variety of supersymmetric models in which the lightest squark can be of the first, second or third generations, and in which R-parity can be conserved or violated
High-efficiency resonant amplification of weak magnetic fields for single spin magnetometry at room temperature

Magnetic resonance techniques not only provide powerful imaging tools that have revolutionized medicine, but they have a wide spectrum of applications in other fields of science such as biology, chemistry, neuroscience and physics. However, current state-of-the-art magnetometers are unable to detect a single nuclear spin unless the tip-to-sample separation is made sufficiently small. Here, we demonstrate theoretically that by placing a ferromagnetic particle between a nitrogen–vacancy magnetometer and a target spin, the magnetometer sensitivity is improved dramatically. Using materials and techniques that are already experimentally available, our proposed set-up is sensitive enough to detect a single nuclear spin within ten milliseconds of data acquisition at room temperature. The sensitivity is practically unchanged when the ferromagnet surface to the target spin separation is smaller than the ferromagnet lateral dimensions; typically about a tenth of a micrometre. This scheme further benefits when used for nitrogen–vacancy ensemble measurements, enhancing sensitivity by an additional three orders of magnitude
The impacts of climate change across the globe: a multi-sectoral assessment

The overall global-scale consequences of climate change are dependent on the distribution of impacts across regions, and there are multiple dimensions to these impacts. This paper presents a global assessment of the potential impacts of climate change across several sectors, using a harmonised set of impacts models forced by the same climate and socio-economic scenarios. Indicators of impact cover the water resources, river and coastal flooding, agriculture, natural environment and built environment sectors. Impacts are assessed under four SRES socio-economic and emissions scenarios, and the effects of uncertainty in the projected pattern of climate change are incorporated by constructing climate scenarios from 21 global climate models. There is considerable uncertainty in projected regional impacts across the climate model scenarios, and coherent assessments of impacts across sectors and regions therefore must be based on each model pattern separately; using ensemble means, for example, reduces variability between sectors and indicators. An example narrative assessment is presented in the paper. Under this narrative approximately 1 billion people would be exposed to increased water resources stress, around 450 million people exposed to increased river flooding, and 1.3 million extra people would be flooded in coastal floods each year. Crop productivity would fall in most regions, and residential energy demands would be reduced in most regions because reduced heating demands would offset higher cooling demands. Most of the global impacts on water stress and flooding would be in Asia, but the proportional impacts in the Middle East North Africa region would be larger. By 2050 there are emerging differences in impact between different emissions and socio-economic scenarios even though the changes in temperature and sea level are similar, and these differences are greater in 2080. However, for all the indicators, the range in projected impacts between different climate models is considerably greater than the range between emissions and socio-economic scenarios
The effects of humidity on tin whisker growth by immersion tin\ud
plating and tin solder dipping surface finishes

The drive to replace lead (Pb) from electronics has led to the replacement of tin (Sn) alloys as the terminal plating for electronic devices. However, the deposition of Sn based alloys as the component surface finish tends to induce Sn whisker that causes unintended electric shorts when the conductive whiskers grow across to the adjacent conductor. Internal stress is considered as the driving force that causes the growth of Sn whiskers. In this study, stress type of elevated temperature/ humidity exposure at 55C/85%RH with the storage for up to 24 months was conducted to define the acceleration factor in samples with deposition of immersion Sn plating and Sn solder dipping. The addition of Nickel (Ni) under-layer was also applied to examine the correlation to field conditions. The results showed that the whisker length increased in high humidity irrespective of the deposition methods. It was also shown that pure Sn solder dipping mitigated the whisker growth but does not completely prevent it when alloying Sn with 0.4%wtCu. Additionally, Ni under-layer was indicated to be more efficient in mitigating the growth of whisker by\ud
prolonging the incubation time for whisker formation
Electroweak corrections to squark-antisquark production at the LHC

We present the calculation of the electroweak corrections for squark-antisquark pair production at the LHC within the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. Taking into account all possible chirality and light-flavor configurations, we evaluate the NLO EW corrections, which are of O(αs2α), as well as the subleading tree-level contributions of O(αsα) and Oα2. Numerical results are presented for several scans in the SUSY parameter space and relevant differential distributions are investigated. The impact of the electroweak corrections is nonnegligible and strongly depends on the chirality configuration of the produced squarks. Our analysis includes a discussion of photon-gluon initiated processes with a focus on the impact of the corresponding large PDF uncertaintie
AGATA—Advanced GAmma Tracking Array

The Advanced GAmma Tracking Array (AGATA) is a European project to develop and operate the next generation γ-rayγ-ray spectrometer. AGATA is based on the technique of γ-rayγ-ray energy tracking in electrically segmented high-purity germanium crystals. This technique requires the accurate determination of the energy, time and position of every interaction as a γγ ray deposits its energy within the detector volume. Reconstruction of the full interaction path results in a detector with very high efficiency and excellent spectral response. The realisation of γ-rayγ-ray tracking and AGATA is a result of many technical advances. These include the development of encapsulated highly segmented germanium detectors assembled in a triple cluster detector cryostat, an electronics system with fast digital sampling and a data acquisition system to process the data at a high rate. The full characterisation of the crystals was measured and compared with detector-response simulations. This enabled pulse-shape analysis algorithms, to extract energy, time and position, to be employed. In addition, tracking algorithms for event reconstruction were developed. The first phase of AGATA is now complete and operational in its first physics campaign. In the future AGATA will be moved between laboratories in Europe and operated in a series of campaigns to take advantage of the different beams and facilities available to maximise its science output. The paper reviews all the achievements made in the AGATA project including all the necessary infrastructure to operate and support the spectrometer
Higgs boson mass, neutrino masses and mixing and keV dark matter in an U(1) R − lepton number model

We discuss neutrino masses and mixing in the framework of a supersymmetric model with an U(1) R symmetry, consisting of a single right handed neutrino superfield with an appropriate R charge. The lepton number ( L ) of the standard model fermions are identified with the negative of their R-charges. As a result, a subset of leptonic R-parity violating operators can be present and are consistent with the U(1) R symmetry. This model can produce one light Dirac neutrino mass at the tree level without the need of introducing a very small neutrino Yukawa coupling. We analyze the scalar sector of this model in detail paying special attention to the mass of the lightest Higgs boson. One of the sneutrinos might acquire a substantial vacuum expectation value leading to interesting phenomenological consequences. Different sum rules involving the physical scalar masses are obtained and we show that the lightest Higgs boson mass receives a contribution proportional to the square of the neutrino Yukawa coupling f . This allows for a 125 GeV Higgs boson at the tree level for f ~ $ \mathcal{O}(1) $ and still having a small tree level mass for the active neutrino. In order to fit the experimental results involving neutrino masses and mixing angles we introduce a small breaking of U(1) R symmetry, in the context of anomaly mediated supersymmetry breaking. In the presence of this small R-symmetry breaking, light neutrino masses receive contributions at the one-loop level involving the R-parity violating interactions. We also identify the right handed neutrino as a warm dark matter candidate in our model. In the case of R-symmetry breaking, the large f case is characterized by a few hundred MeV lightest neutralino as an unstable lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP) and we brieflydiscuss the cosmological implications of such a scenario
The inflaton as an MSSM Higgs and open string modulus monodromy inflation

It has been recently pointed out that high scale inflation, as recently hinted by the BICEP2 results, is consistent with the identification of an inflaton mass mI≃1013 GeV with the SUSY breaking scale in an MSSM with a fine-tuned SM Higgs. This identification leads to a Higgs mass mh≃126 GeV , consistent with LHC measurements. Here we propose that this naturally suggests to identify the inflaton with the heavy MSSM Higgs system. The fact that the extrapolated Higgs coupling λSM≃0 at scales below the Planck scale suggests the Higgs degrees of freedom could be associated with a Wilson line or D-brane position modulus in string theory. The Higgs system then has a shift symmetry and an N=2 structure which guarantees that its potential has an approximate quadratic chaotic inflation form. These moduli in string compactifications, being compact, allow for trans-Planckian inflaton field range analogous to a version of monodromy inflation
Analysis of the small- x behavior of gluon distribution and a search for gluon recombination

The behavior of gluon distributions in the small- x region are semi-numerically predicted by using the nonlinear Gribov–Levin–Ryskin and Mueller–Qiu (GLR–MQ) evolution equation with the nonlinear shadowing term incorporated. It is interesting to observe that gluon recombination at the twist-4 level lowers the rapid growth of gluon densities with decreasing x compared to the linear DGLAP evolution. The nonlinear gluon density functions are calculated and compared with different parameterizations as well as models. Results show that our predictions for the gluon density function are comparable with different parameterizations. We make a deliberate attempt to explore the effect of nonlinear or shadowing corrections and we observe that nonlinear effects play a vital role in the kinematic region of small- x ( <math altimg="si1.gif" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi><mo>≤</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></math> ) and <math altimg="si2.gif" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mrow><mi>Q</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math> ( <math altimg="si3.gif" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>2</mn><mo>≤</mo><msup><mrow><mi>Q</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>≤</mo><mn>20</mn><msup><mrow><mtext> GeV</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math> )
Non-geometric backgrounds based on topological interfaces

We study simple models of the world-sheet CFTs describing non-geometric backgrounds based on the topological interfaces, the ‘gluing condition’ of which imposes T-duality- or analogous twists. To be more specific, we start with the torus partition function on a target space S 1 [base] × ( S 1 × S 1 )[fiber] with rather general values of radii. The fiber CFT is defined by inserting the twist operators consisting of the topological interfaces which lie along the cycles of the world-sheet torus according to the winding numbers of the base circle. We construct the partition functions involving such duality twists. The modular invariance is achieved straightforwardly, whereas ‘unitarization’ is generically necessary to maintain the unitarity. We demonstrate it in the case of the equal fiber radii. The resultant models are closely related to the CFTs with the discrete torsion. The unitarization is also physically interpreted as multiple insertions of the twist/interface operators along various directions
The KK¯π decay of the f1(1285) and its nature as a K⁎K¯−cc molecule

We investigate the decay of f1(1285)→πKK¯ with the assumption that the f1(1285) is dynamically generated from the K⁎K¯−cc interaction. In addition to the tree level diagrams that proceed via f1(1285)→K⁎K¯−cc→πKK¯ , we take into account also the final state interactions of KK¯→KK¯ and πK→πK . The partial decay width and mass distributions of f1(1285)→πKK¯ are evaluated. We get a value for the partial decay width which, within errors, is in fair agreement with the experimental result. The contribution from the tree level diagrams is dominant, but the final state interactions have effects in the mass distributions. The predicted mass distributions are significantly different from phase space and tied to the K⁎K¯−cc nature of the f1(1285) state
A numerical study of the RG equation for the deformed $O(3)$ nonlinear
  sigma model

The Renormalization Group equation describing the evolution of the metric of
the nonlinear sigma model poses some nice mathematical problems involving
functional analysis, differential geometry and numerical analysis. In this
article we briefly report some results obtained from the numerical study of the
solutions in the case of a two dimensional target space (deformation of the
$O(3)$ sigma model). In particular, our analysis shows that the so-called
sausages define an attracting manifold in the $U(1)$-symmetric case, at
one-loop level. Moreover, data from two-loop evolution are used to test the
association put forward in Nucl. Phys., B406 (1993) 521 between the so-called
$SSM_{\nu}$ field theory and a certain $U(1)$-symmetric, factorized scattering
theory (FST)
Increasing cognitive inhibition with a difficult prior task:implications for mathematical thinking

Dual-process theories posit two distinct types of cognitive processing: Type 1, which does not use working memory making it fast and automatic, and Type 2, which does use working memory making it slow and effortful. Mathematics often relies on the inhibition of pervasive Type 1 processing to apply new skills or knowledge that require Type 2 processing. In two studies, we demonstrate that giving participants a difficult task (Raven’s Matrices) before a task that requires the inhibition of intuitive responses (the Cognitive Reflection Test) significantly improves performance. Our findings suggest that encountering a difficult task that requires Type 2 processing before completing a task that requires inhibition of Type 1 processing may encourage an enduring ‘Type 2’ mindset, whereby participants are more likely to spontaneously use Type 2 processing for a period of time. Implications for mathematics education are discussed
Electronic topological transitions in Nb3X (X = Al, Ga, In, Ge, and Sn) under compression investigated by first principles calculations

First principles electronic structure calculations of A-15 type Nb3X (X = Al, Ga, In, Ge, and Sn) compounds are performed at ambient and high pressures. Mechanical stability is confirmed in all the compounds both at ambient as well as under compression from the calculated elastic constants. We have observed four holes and two electron Fermi surfaces (FS) for all the compounds studied and FS nesting feature is observed at M and along X-Γ in all the compounds. A continuous change in the FS topology is observed under pressure in all the compounds which is also reflected in the calculated elastic constants and density of states under pressure indicating the Electronic topological transitions (ETT). The ETT observed at around 21.5 GPa, 17.5 GPa in Nb3Al and Nb3Ga are in good agreement with the anomalies observed by the experiments
Evaluating city logistics measure in e-commerce with multi-agent systems

Seventh International Conference on City Logistics which was held on June 7- 9, 2011, Mallorca, SpainThis paper presents a multi-agent systems (MAS) model to evaluate City Logistics measure for an urban road network in an e-commerce delivery system environment. Most notable contribution of this evaluation methodology is the combination of vehicle routing and scheduling problem with time window (VRPTW), auction theory and reinforcement learning in a multi-agent framework. This approach seeks to represent the behaviour of each stakeholder involved in the delivery of goods between producers and customers. The preliminary results of the model shows that Government-driven City Logistics measures such as freight vehicle road pricing has the potential of reducing truck emission when the administrator learns and price the road links
Seismological and geotechnical aspects of the Mw=6.3 l’Aquila earthquake in central Italy on 6 April 2009

The L’Aquila earthquake occurred on April 6 2009 at 03:32:39 local time. The earthquake (Mw=6.3) was located in the central Italy region of Abruzzo. Much of the damage occurred in the capital city of L’Aquila, a city of approximate population 73000, although many small villages in the surrounding region of the middle Aterno river valley were also significantly damaged. In the weeks following the earthquake, the Geo-Engineering Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) international team, comprised of members from different European countries and the U.S., was
assembled to provide post-earthquake field reconnaissance. The GEER team focused on the geological, seismological, and geotechnical engineering aspects of the event. We describe the principal seismological findings related to this earthquake
including moment tensors of the main shock and two triggered events, the aftershock pattern and its variation with time,
tectonic deformations associated with the main shock, surface fault rupture, and the inferred fault rupture plane. We describe damage patterns on a village-to-village scale and on a more local scale within the city of L’Aquila. In many cases the damage patterns imply site effects, as neighbouring villages on rock and soil had significantly different damage intensities (damage more pronounced on softer sediments). The April 6 mainshock was the best-recorded event to date in Italy. We present metadata related to the recording sites and then present preliminary comparisons of the data to GMPEs.
Those comparisons support the notion of faster distance attenuation in Italy relative to the average for active regions as
reflected in NGA GMPEs. Several incidents of ground failure are then discussed, including a number of rockfalls and minor landslides. Perhaps the most significant incidents of ground failure occurred at Lake Sinizzo, for which we describe a number of slumps and spreads around the lake perimeter. This is documented using field observations as well as LIDAR and bathymetric data
Experimental and theoretical studies of quadrupolar oligothiophene-cored chromophores containing dimesitylboryl moieties as π-accepting end-groups : syntheses, structures, fluorescence, and one- and two-photon absorption.

Quadrupolar oligothiophene chromophores composed of four to five thiophene rings with two terminal (E)-dimesitylborylvinyl groups (4 V–5 V), and five thiophene rings with two terminal aryldimesitylboryl groups (5 B), as well as an analogue of 5 V with a central EDOT ring (5 VE), have been synthesized via Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions in high yields (66–89 %). Crystal structures of 4 V, 5 B, bithiophene 2 V, and five thiophene-derived intermediates are reported. Chromophores 4 V, 5 V, 5 B and 5 VE have photoluminescence quantum yields of 0.26–0.29, which are higher than those of the shorter analogues 1 V–3 V (0.01–0.20), and short fluorescence lifetimes (0.50–1.05 ns). Two-photon absorption (TPA) spectra have been measured for 2 V–5 V, 5 B and 5 VE in the range 750–920 nm. The measured TPA cross-sections for the series 2 V–5 V increase steadily with length up to a maximum of 1930 GM. We compare the TPA properties of 2 V–5 V with the related compounds 5 B and 5 VE, giving insight into the structure–property relationship for this class of chromophore. DFT and TD-DFT results, including calculated TPA spectra, complement the experimental findings and contribute to their interpretation. A comparison to other related thiophene and dimesitylboryl compounds indicates that our design strategy is promising for the synthesis of efficient dyes for two-photon-excited fluorescence applications