pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Stochastic prediction of offshore wind farm LCOE through an integrated cost model

Common deterministic cost of energy models applied in offshore wind energy installations usually disregard the effect of uncertainty of key input variables - associated with OPEX, CAPEX, energy generation and other financial variables - on the calculation of levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). The present study aims at expanding a deterministic cost of energy model to systematically account for stochastic inputs. To this end, Monte Carlo simulations are performed to derive the joint probability distributions of LCOE, allowing for the estimation of probabilities of exceeding set thresholds of LCOE, determining certain confidence intervals. The results of this study stress the importance of appropriate statistical modelling of stochastic variables in order to reduce modelling uncertainties and contribute to a better informed decision making in renewable energy investments
How much does the treatment of each major disease cost? A decomposition of Swiss National Health Accounts

In most countries, surprisingly little is known on how national healthcare spending is distributed across diseases. Single-disease cost-of-illness studies cover only a few of the diseases affecting a population and in some cases lead to untenably large estimates. The objective of this study was to decompose healthcare spending in 2011, according to Swiss National Health Accounts, into 21 collectively exhaustive and mutually exclusive major disease categories. Diseases were classified following the Global Burden of Disease Study. We first assigned the expenditures directly mapping from National Health Accounts to the 21 diseases. The remaining expenditures were assigned based on diagnostic codes and clues contained in a variety of microdata sources. Expenditures were dominated by non-communicable diseases with a share of 79.4%. Cardiovascular diseases stood out with 15.6% of total spending, followed by musculoskeletal disorders (13.4%), and mental and substance use disorders (10.6%). Neoplasms (6.0% of the total) ranked only sixth, although they are the leading cause of premature death in Switzerland. These results may be useful for the design of health policies, as they illustrate how healthcare spending is influenced by the epidemiological transition and increasing life expectancy. They also provide a plausibility check for single cost-of-illness studies. Our study may serve as a starting point for further research on the drivers of the constant growth of healthcare spending
Why the Social Sciences are Irreducible

It is often claimed that the social sciences cannot be reduced to a lower-level individualistic science. The standard argument for this position (usually labelled explanatory holism) is the Fodorian multiple realizability argument. Its defenders endorse token-token(s) identities between “higher-level” social objects and pluralities/sums of “lower-level” individuals (a position traditionally called ontological individualism), but they maintain that the properties expressed by social science predicates are often multiply realizable, entailing that type-type identities between social and individualistic properties are ruled out. In this paper I argue that the multiple realizability argument for explanatory holism is unsound. The social sciences are indeed irreducible, but the principled reason for this is that the required token-token(s) identifications cannot in general be carried through. In consequence, paradigmatic social science predicates cannot be taken to apply to the objects quantified over in the lower-level sciences. The result is that typical social science predicates cannot even be held to be co-extensive with individualistic predicates, which means type-type identifications are ruled out too. Multiple realizability has nothing to do with this failure of co-extensiveness, because the relevant social science predicates are not multiply realized in the sense intended by the explanatory holists, a sense which presupposes reductive token-token(s) identifications
Propagation mechanism modelling in the near region of circular tunnels

Artículo sobre comunicaciones ferroviarias.\ud
Abstract: Along with the increase in operating frequencies in advanced radio communication systems utilised inside tunnels, the location of the break point is further and further away from the transmitter. This means that the near region lengthens considerably and even occupies the whole propagation cell or the entire length of some short tunnels. To begin with, this study analyses the\ud
propagation loss resulting from the free-space mechanism and the multi-mode waveguide mechanism in the near region of circular tunnels, respectively. Then, by conjunctive employing the propagation theory and the three-dimensional solid geometry, a general analytical model of the dividing point between two propagation mechanisms is presented for the first time. Moreover, the model is validated by a wide range of measurement campaigns in different tunnels at different frequencies. Finally, discussions on the\ud
simplified formulae of the dividing point in some application situations are made. The results in this study can be helpful to grasp the essence of the propagation mechanism inside tunnels
Numerical simulation of titanium alloy dry machining with a strain softening constitutive law

In this study, the commercial finite element software FORGE2005, able to solve complex thermo-mechanical problems is used to model titanium alloy dry machining. One of the main machining characteristics of titanium alloys is to produce a special chip morphology named “saw-tooth chip” or serrated chip for a wide range of cutting speeds and feeds. The mechanism of saw-tooth chip formation is still not completely understood. Among the two theories about its formation, this study assumes that chip segmentation is only induced by adiabatic shear band formation and thus no material failure occurs in the primary shear zone. Based on the assumption of material strain softening, a new material law was developed. The aim of this study is to analyze the newly developed model’s capacity to correctly simulate the machining process. The model validation is based on the comparison of experimental and simulated results, such as chip formation, global chip morphology, cutting forces and geometrical chip characteristics. A good correlation was found between the experimental and numerical results, especially for cutting speeds generating low tool wear
On the Degree of Team Cooperation in CD Grammar Systems.

In this paper, we introduce a dynamical complexity measure, namely the degree of team cooperation, in the aim of investigating "how much" the components of a grammar system cooperate when forming a team in the process of generating terminal words. We present several results which strongly suggest that this measure is trivial in the sense that the degree of team cooperation of any language is bounded by a constant. Finally, we prove that the degree of team cooperation of a given cooperating/distributed grammar system cannot be algorithmically computed and discuss a decision problem
Spectroscopic Study of the Hydration Equilibria and Water Exchange Dynamics of Lanthanide(III) Complexes of 1,7-Bis(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (DO2A)

The hydration state of a series of [Ln(DO2A)(H2O)n]+ complexes in aqueous solution at pH = 6.4-7.0 was studied by measuring the lanthanide-induced 17O shifts (LIS) of water [Ln includes elements from Ce to Yb; DO2A = 1,7-bis(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane]. Their contact contribution, obtained from Reilley plots, indicated a decrease in the inner-sphere water coordination number of the [Ln(DO2A)(H2O)n]+ complexes from n = 3 (Ce-Eu), to n = 2 (Tb-Yb). A temperature-dependent UV/Vis absorption study of the 578-582 nm 7F0 rarr 5D0 transition band of [Eu(DO2A)(H2O)n]+ in aqueous solution showed that this complex is present in an equilibrium between eight- and nine-coordinate species with n = 2 and n = 3, respectively. The hydration equilibrium parameters (2 harr 3), K2-3298 = 4.0 ± 0.2, ΔH2-30 = -12.1 ± 1 kJ mol-1 and ΔS2-30 = -28.9 ± 3 J mol-1 K-1,correspond to an average hydration number of 2.65-2.85 in the temperature range 273-363 K. A variable temperature, multiple field 17O NMR study combined with direct EPR measurements of the transverse electronic relaxation rates has been used to obtain the parameters characterizing water exchange, rotation and electronic relaxation, all influencing the proton relaxivity of [Gd(DO2A)(H2O)2-3]+. The small increase in the water exchange rate of [Gd(DO2A)(H2O)2-3]+ (kex298 = (10 ± 5) × 106s-1) relative to that of[Gd(DOTA)(H2O)]- (4.8 × 106 s-1) is a consequence of an unfavorable interplay of charge and hydration equilibria. The value of τR298 = 40 ± 1 ps is short, and the electronic relaxation rate (1/T2e asymp 1.2 × 1010 s-1) is fast relative to [Gd(DOTA)(H2O)]- (1.3-2.4 × 109 s-1 for B = 0.34 T). These parameters negate to some extent the expected increase in proton relaxivity of the [Gd(DO2A)(H2O)2-3]+ complex.http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0682(200005)2000:5<1001::AID-EJIC1001>3.0.CO;2-
Thermal stability in oxidative and protective environments of a-C:H cap layer on a functional gradient coating

Three types of hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) coatings were synthesized on stainless steel substrates by a Plasma Assisted CVD process, containing hydrogen contents in the range from 25 to 29 at.%. The effect of annealing up to 600 °C in two different environments on both the structure and the mechanical properties of the coatings were investigated by means of Differential Scanning Calorimetry/Thermogravimetry (DCS/TG), Raman Spectroscopy and Depth Sensing Indentation. The results indicate that the structural modifications occurred in the coatings in both protective and oxidative atmospheres up to 400 °C were due to a complex atomic rearrangement involving the dehydrogenation reaction. A small weight loss, detected by isothermal TG analysis confirmed the H2 effusion. This dense effect proceeds without a change of hardness which was maintained in the diamond-like regime. The annealing in non-oxidative ambiance at temperatures above 500 °C causes both gaseous products effusion and sp3 to sp2 transformation. Raman parameters and hardness values were, under these conditions, similar to those known for a typical graphite-like regime. While the onset temperature of the graphitization process was found to be almost independent of the H content range investigated, the situation was completely different in relation to the oxidation reaction. The highest oxidation resistance was found for coatings with the lowest H content
Central limit theorem for fluctuations in the high temperature region of
  the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick spin glass model

In a region above the Almeida-Thouless line, where we are able to control the
thermodynamic limit of the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick model and to prove replica
symmetry, we show that the fluctuations of the overlaps and of the free energy
are Gaussian, on the scale N^{-1/2}, for N large. The method we employ is based
on the idea, we recently developed, of introducing quadratic coupling between
two replicas. The proof makes use of the cavity equations and of concentration
of measure inequalities for the free energy.Comment: 18 page
Phenomenology of Non-Abelian Flat Directions in a Minimal Superstring
  Standard Model

Recently, we presented the first non-Abelian flat directions that produce
from a heterotic string model solely the three-generation MSSM states as the
massless spectrum in the observable sector of the low energy effective field
theory. In this paper we continue to develop the systematic techniques for the
analysis of nonrenormalizable superpotential terms and non-Abelian flat
direction in realistic string models. Some of our non-Abelian directions were
F-flat to all finite orders in the superpotential. We study for the same string
model the varying phenomenologies resulting from a large set of such all-order
flat directions. We focus on the quark, charged lepton, and Higgs doublet mass
matrices resulting for our phenomenologically superior non-Abelian flat
direction. We review and apply a string-related method for generating large
mass hierarchies between MSSM generations, first discussed in string-derived
flipped SU(5) models, when all generational mass terms are of renormalizable or
very low non-renormalizable order
Lattice ellipsoidal statistical BGK model for thermal non-equilibrium
  flows

A thermal lattice Boltzmann model is constructed on the basis of the
ellipsoidal statistical Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook (ES-BGK) collision operator via
the Hermite moment representation. The resulting lattice ES-BGK model uses a
single distribution function and features an adjustable Prandtl number.
Numerical simulations show that using a moderate discrete velocity set, this
model can accurately recover steady and transient solutions of the ES-BGK
equation in the slip-flow and early transition regimes in the small Mach number
limit that is typical of microscale problems of practical interest. In the
transition regime in particular, comparisons with numerical solutions of the
ES-BGK model, direct Monte Carlo and low-variance deviational Monte Carlo
simulations show good accuracy for values of the Knudsen number up to
approximately 0.5. On the other hand, highly non-equilibrium phenomena
characterized by high Mach numbers, such as viscous heating and force-driven
Poiseuille flow for large values of the driving force, are more difficult to
capture quantitatively in the transition regime using discretizations chosen
with computational efficiency in mind such as the one used here, although
improved accuracy is observed as the number of discrete velocities is
increased
Accidental Kähler moduli inflation

We study a model of accidental inflation in type IIB string   theory where inflation occurs near the inflection point of a small   Kähler modulus.  A racetrack structure helps to alleviate the   known concern that string-loop corrections may spoil Kähler Moduli   Inflation unless having a significant suppression via the string   coupling or a special brane setup.  Also, the hierarchy of gauge   group ranks required for the separation between moduli stabilization   and inflationary dynamics is relaxed.  The relaxation becomes more   significant when we use the recently proposed D-term generated   racetrack model
The Emerging Role of Exercise Testing and Stress Echocardiography in Valvular Heart Disease

Exercise testing has an established role in the evaluation of patients with valvular heart disease and can aid clinical decision making. Because symptoms may develop slowly and indolently in chronic valve diseases and are often not recognized by patients and their physicians, the symptomatic, blood pressure, and electrocardiographic responses to exercise can help identify patients who would benefit from early valve repair or replacement. In addition, stress echocardiography has emerged as an important component of stress testing in patients with valvular heart disease, with relevant established and potential applications. Stress echocardiography has the advantages of its wide availability, low cost, and versatility for the assessment of disease severity. The versatile applications of stress echocardiography can be tailored to the individual patient with aortic or mitral valve disease, both before and after valve replacement or repair. Hence, exercise-induced changes in valve hemodynamics, ventricular function, and pulmonary artery pressure, together with exercise capacity and symptomatic responses to exercise, provide the clinician with diagnostic and prognostic information that can contribute to subsequent clinical decisions. Nevertheless, there is a lack of convincing evidence that the results of stress echocardiography lead to clinical decisions that result in better outcomes, and therefore large-scale prospective randomized studies focusing on patient outcomes are needed in the future
Strong photonic crystal behavior in regular arrays of core-shell and quantum disc InGaN/GaN nanorod light-emitting diodes

We show that arrays of emissive nanorod structures can exhibit strong photonic crystal behavior, via observations of the far-field luminescence from core-shell and quantum disc InGaN/GaN nanorods. The conditions needed for the formation of directional Bloch modes characteristic of strong photonic behavior are found to depend critically upon the vertical shape of the nanorod sidewalls. Index guiding by a region of lower volume-averaged refractive index near the base of the nanorods creates a quasi-suspended photonic crystal slab at the top of the nanorods which supports Bloch modes. Only diffractive behavior could be observed without this region. Slab waveguide modelling of the vertical structure shows that the behavioral regime of the emissive nanorod arrays depends strongly upon the optical coupling between the nanorod region and the planar layers below. The controlled crossover between the two regimes of photonic crystal operation enables the design of photonic nanorod structures formed on planar substrates that exploit either behavior depending on device requirements
Match It or Die: Proving Integrity by Equality

Cryptographic hash functions are commonly used as modification detection codes. The goal is to provide message integrity assurance by comparing the digest of the original message with the hash of what is thought to be the intended message. This paper generalizes this idea by applying it to general expressions instead of just digests: success of an equality test between a tainted data and a trusted one can be seen as a proof of high-integrity for the first item. Secure usage of hash functions is also studied with respect to the confidentiality of digests by extending secret-sensitive noninterference of Demange and Sands
Optimisation of cancer drug treatments using cell population dynamics

International audienceCancer is primarily a disease of the physiological control on cell population proliferation. Tissue proliferation relies on the cell division cycle: one cell becomes two after a sequence of molecular events that are physiologically controlled at each step of the cycle at so-called checkpoints, in particular at transitions between phases of the cycle [105]. Tissue proliferation is the main physiological process occurring in development and later in maintaining the permanence of the organism in adults, at that late stage mainly in fast renewing tissues such as bone marrow, gut and skin
Genotype-phenotype correlation in hepatocellular adenoma: new classification and relationship with HCC.

Hepatocellular adenomas are benign tumors that can be difficult to diagnose. To refine their classification, we performed a comprehensive analysis of their genetic, pathological, and clinical features. A multicentric series of 96 liver tumors with a firm or possible diagnosis of hepatocellular adenoma was reviewed by liver pathologists. In all cases, the genes coding for hepatocyte nuclear factor 1alpha (HNF1alpha) and beta-catenin were sequenced. No tumors were mutated in both HNF1alpha and beta-catenin enabling tumors to be classified into 3 groups, according to genotype. Tumors with HNF1alpha mutations formed the most important group of adenomas (44 cases). They were phenotypically characterized by marked steatosis (P < 10(-4)), lack of cytological abnormalities (P < 10(-6)), and no inflammatory infiltrates (P < 10(-4)). In contrast, the group of tumors defined by beta-catenin activation included 13 lesions with frequent cytological abnormalities and pseudo-glandular formation (P < 10(-5)). The third group of tumors without mutation was divided into two subgroups based on the presence of inflammatory infiltrates. The subgroup of tumors consisting of 17 inflammatory lesions, resembled telangiectatic focal nodular hyperplasias, with frequent cytological abnormalities (P = 10(-3)), ductular reaction (P < 10(-2)), and dystrophic vessels (P = .02). In this classification, hepatocellular carcinoma associated with adenoma or borderline lesions between carcinoma and adenoma is found in 46% of the beta-catenin-mutated tumors whereas they are never observed in inflammatory lesions and are rarely found in HNF1alpha mutated tumors (P = .004). In conclusion, the molecular and pathological classification of hepatocellular adenomas permits the identification of strong genotype-phenotype correlations and suggests that adenomas with beta-catenin activation have a higher risk of malignant transformation
Petrography, geochemistry and U-Pb zircon age of the Matongo carbonatite Massif (Burundi): Implication for the Neoproterozoic geodynamic evolution of Central Africa

International audienceThe Matongo carbonatite intrusion belongs to the Neoproterozoic Upper Ruvubu alkaline plutonic complex (URAPC), that is located in Burundi along the western branch of the East African Rift. Beside the Matongo carbonatite, the URAPC alkaline complex comprises feldspathoidal syenites, diorites, quartz-bearing syenites and granites. Three main facies have been recognized in the Matongo carbonatite: (1) Sövites represent the dominant facies. Two varieties have been recognized. A scarce coarse-grained sövite (sövite I), which is altered and poorly enriched in REE (4 < ΣREE < 8 ppm), is encountered in highly fractured zones. A fine-grained sövite (sövite II), which is made of saccharoidal calcite, commonly associated with apatite, aegirine and amphibole, is abundant in the intrusion. Sövite II is enriched in LREE (442 < ΣREE < 1550 ppm, 49 < LaN/YbN < 175). (2) Ferrocarbonatites, that form decimeter-wide veins crosscutting the sövites, are characterized by a LREE enriched patterns (225 < ΣREE < 1048 ppm, 17 < LaN/YbN < 64). (3) K-feldspar and biotite-rich fenite facies (silicocarbonatites) have been recognized at the contact between the carbonatites and the country rock. They are likewise LREE-enriched (134 < ΣREE < 681 ppm, 25 < LaN/YbN < 46). Additionaly, "late" hydrothermal MREE-rich carbonatite veinlets can be found in sövite I. They are characterized by moderate enrichment in REE (ΣREE = 397 ppm), with a MREE-humped pattern (LaN/YbN = 3.7). The different facies represent the typical magmatic evolution of a carbonatite, while the silicocarbonatites are interpreted as resulting from the fenitisation of the country host-rocks. In addition, the most REE-depleted and fractionated facies, i.e. the coarse-grained sövite facies and the "late" calcite veinlets testify for hydrothermal processes that occurred after carbonatite emplacement and result from REE mobilization and redistribution. Large idiomorphic zircon crystals (megacrysts), found in the vicinity of the carbonatite can directly be related to the carbonatite evolution. They have been dated at 705.5 ± 4.5 Ma (U-Pb concordant age, LA-ICP-MS). Similar zircon megacrysts of the Lueshe carbonatite (DRCongo) have been dated and give a concordant age at 798.5 ± 4.9 Ma (U-Pb, LA-ICP-MS). Considering that an extensional tectonic regime occured at that time in Central Africa - what remains debated - both ages could relate to different stages of Rodinia breakup, with uprise of mantle-derived magmas along Palaeoproterozoic lithospheric zones of weakness