pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear Analysis of Irregular Variables

The Fourier spectral techniques that are common in Astronomy for analyzing
periodic or multi-periodic light-curves lose their usefulness when they are
applied to unsteady light-curves. We review some of the novel techniques that
have been developed for analyzing irregular stellar light or radial velocity
variations, and we describe what useful physical and astronomical information
can be gained from their use.Comment: 31 pages, to appear as a chapter in `Nonlinear Stellar Pulsation' in
  the Astrophysics and Space Science Library (ASSL), Editors: M. Takeuti & D.
  Sasselo
Stellar winds from Massive Stars

We review the various techniques through which wind properties of massive stars - O stars, AB supergiants, Luminous Blue Variables (LBVs), Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars and cool supergiants - are derived. The wind momentum-luminosity relation (e.g. Kudritzki et al. 1999) provides a method of predicting mass-loss rates of O stars and blue supergiants which is superior to previous parameterizations. Assuming the theoretical sqrt(Z) metallicity dependence, Magellanic Cloud O star mass-loss rates are typically matched to within a factor of two for various calibrations. Stellar winds from LBVs are typically denser and slower than equivalent B supergiants, with exceptional mass-loss rates during giant eruptions Mdot=10^-3 .. 10^-1 Mo/yr (Drissen et al. 2001). Recent mass-loss rates for Galactic WR stars indicate a downward revision of 2-4 relative to previous calibrations due to clumping (e.g. Schmutz 1997), although evidence for a metallicity dependence remains inconclusive (Crowther 2000). Mass-loss properties of luminous (> 10^5 Lo) yellow and red supergiants from alternative techniques remain highly contradictory. Recent Galactic and LMC results for RSG reveal a large scatter such that typical mass-loss rates lie in the range 10^-6 .. 10^-4 Mo/yr, with a few cases exhibiting 10^-3 Mo/yr
The population of close double white dwarfs in the Galaxy

We present a new model for the Galactic population of close double white dwarfs. The model accounts for the suggestion of the avoidance of a substantial spiral-in during mass transfer between a giant and a main-sequence star of comparable mass and for detailed cooling models. It agrees well with the observations of the local sample of white dwarfs if the initial binary fraction is close to 50% and an ad hoc assumption is made that white dwarfs with mass less than about 0.3 solar mass cool faster than the models suggest. About 1000 white dwarfs brighter than V=15 have to be surveyed for detection of a pair which has total mass greater than the Chandrasekhar mass and will merge within 10 Gyr
Binary Population Synthesis: Low- and Intermediate-Mass X-Ray Binaries

As has only recently been recognized, X-ray binaries with intermediate-mass secondaries are much more important than previously believed. To assess the relative importance of low- and intermediate-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs and IMXBs), we have initiated a systematic study of these systems consisting of two parts: an exploration of the evolution of LMXBs and IMXBs for a wide range of initial masses and orbital periods using detailed binary stellar evolution calculations, and an integration of these results into a Monte-Carlo binary population synthesis code. Here we present some of the main results of our binary calculations and some preliminary results of the population synthesis study for a ``standard'' reference model. While the inclusion of IMXBs improves the agreement with the observed properties of ``LMXBs'', several significant discrepancies remain, which suggests that additional physical processes need to be included in the model
Binaries and Globular Cluster Dynamics

We summarize the results of recent theoretical work on the dynamical evolution of globular clusters containing primordial binaries. Even a very small initial binary fraction (e.g., 10%) can play a key role in supporting a cluster against gravothermal collapse for many relaxation times. Inelastic encounters between binaries and single stars or other binaries provide a very significant energy source for the cluster. These dynamical interactions also lead to the production of large numbers of exotic systems such as ultracompact X-ray binaries, recycled radio pulsars, double degenerate systems, and blue stragglers. Our work is based on a new parallel supercomputer code implementing Henon's Monte Carlo method for simulating the dynamical evolution of dense stellar systems in the Fokker-Planck approximation. This new code allows us to calculate very accurately the evolution of a cluster containing a realistic number of stars (N ~ 10^5 - 10^6) in typically a few hours to a few days of computing time. The discrete, star-by-star representation of the cluster in the simulation makes it possible to treat naturally a number of important processes, including single and binary star evolution, all dynamical interactions of single stars and binaries, and tidal interactions with the Galaxy
Binary Population Synthesis: Methods, Normalization, and Surprises

In this paper we present a brief overview of population synthesis methods with a discussion of their main advantages and disadvantages. In the second part, we present some recent results from synthesis models of close binary compact objects with emphasis on the predicted rates, their uncertainties, and the model input parameters the rates are most sensitive to. We also report on a new evolutionary path leading to the formation of close double neutron stars (NS), with the unique characteristic that none of the two NS ever had the chance to be recycled by accretion. Their formation rates turn out to be comparable to or maybe even higher than those of recycled NS-NS binaries (like the ones observed), but their detection probability as binary pulsars is much smaller because of their short lifetimes. We discuss the implications of such a population for gravitational-wave detection of NS-NS inspiral events, and possibly for gamma-ray bursts and their host galaxies
Hypernova Nucleosynthesis and Galactic Chemical Evolution

We study nucleosynthesis in 'hypernovae', i.e., supernovae with very large explosion energies ($ \gsim 10^{52} $ ergs) for both spherical and aspherical explosions. The hypernova yields compared to those of ordinary core-collapse supernovae show the following characteristics: 1) Complete Si-burning takes place in more extended region, so that the mass ratio between the complete and incomplete Si burning regions is generally larger in hypernovae than normal supernovae. As a result, higher energy explosions tend to produce larger [(Zn, Co)/Fe], small [(Mn, Cr)/Fe], and larger [Fe/O], which could explain the trend observed in very metal-poor stars. 2) Si-burning takes place in lower density regions, so that the effects of $\alpha$-rich freezeout is enhanced. Thus $^{44}$Ca, $^{48}$Ti, and $^{64}$Zn are produced more abundantly than in normal supernovae. The large [(Ti, Zn)/Fe] ratios observed in very metal poor stars strongly suggest a significant contribution of hypernovae. 3) Oxygen burning also takes place in more extended regions for the larger explosion energy. Then a larger amount of Si, S, Ar, and Ca ("Si") are synthesized, which makes the "Si"/O ratio larger. The abundance pattern of the starburst galaxy M82 may be attributed to hypernova explosions. Asphericity in the explosions strengthens the nucleosynthesis properties of hypernovae except for "Si"/O. We thus suggest that hypernovae make important contribution to the early Galactic (and cosmic) chemical evolution
Decision Making: Social and Creative Dimensions

This volume presents research that integrates decision making and creativity within the social contexts in which these processes occur. The volume is an essential addition to and expansion of recent approaches to decision making. Such approaches attempt to incorporate more of the psychological and socio-cultural context in which human decision making takes place. The authors come from different disciplines and also belong to a broad spectrum of research traditions. They present innovative chapters dealing with both theoretical and empirical aspects of decision making in different personal and organizational contexts. All chapters are written from the perspective that human decision making is inherently social and more or less creative. The volume addresses fundamental questions about the nature of human decision making as it occurs in different social contexts. Thereby, it becomes essential reading for researchers in decision making and for advanced students in psychology, management science, informatics, and related disciplines.The present volume deals with social and creative aspects of decision making. Such
aspects have, to some extent, been neglected in previous behavioral research. The volume
contributes to the integration of theories, concepts and empirical results from different
research traditions and in this way helps to better our understanding of the decision making
process. The chapters hereby complements research achievements that have been presented
under different headings such as 'naturalistic decision making', 'distributed decision
making', and 'applied creativity' . Most of the contributing authors are from psychology,
other come from management science, health science, education, policy and planning, and
informatics. Several of the chapters address basic and general issues with regard to the
social and creative dimensions of decision making. Other chapters deal with personal
decision making and different aspects of decision making in organizations
SEARCH OF CONTACT IN DYNAMIC FINITE ELEMENT CODE: PRESENTATION OF AN ANALYTICAL METHOD

International audienceThe purpose of this communication is to develop a method of analytic contact search applied to a finite element code and to present the first numerical results. This method is based on the construction of geometrical entities being sufficiently continuous to get rid off the facetisation problems due to the spatial discretisation of the studied structure by finite elements. These geometrical entities are built up using the mathematical notion of spline applied to some nodes of the mesh. The search of contact is then realised with these entities, and then the obtained results are projected on the initial mesh. Our method, developed in the particular context of contact studies between casing and blades of turbojet engine, has been implemented in two finite element codes of different nature: Samcef (implicit formulation) and Plexus (explicit formulation), and then tested on some configurations
Bare strange quark stars: formation and emission

Recent achievements of bare strange stars are briefly reviewed. A nascent protostrange star should be bare because of strong mass ejection and high temperature after the supernova detonation flame, and a crust can also hardly form except for a super-Eddington accretion. The magnetosphere of a bare strange star is composed mainly of electron-positron pair plasma, where both inner and outer vacuum gaps work for radio as well as high energy nonthermal emission. A featureless thermal spectrum is expected since no ion is above the quark surface, whilst electron cyclotron lines could appear in some bare strange stars with suitable magnetic fields. Various astrophysical implications of bare strange stars are discussed
Young stars at large distances from the galactic plane: mechanisms of formation

We have collected from the literature a list of early-type stars, situated at large distances from the galactic plane, for which evidence of youth seems convincing. We discuss two possible formation mechanisms for these stars: ejection from the plane by dynamical interactions within small clusters, and formation away from the plane, via induced shocks created by spiral density waves. We identify the stars that could be explained by each mechanism. We conclude that the ejection mechanism can account for about two thirds of the stars, while a combination of star formation at z = 500-800 pc from the plane and ejection, can account for 90 percent of these stars. Neither mechanism, nor both together, can explain the most extreme examples
Magnetars and pulsars: a missing link

There is growing evidence that soft gamma-ray repeaters (SGRs) and anomalous X-ray pulsars (AXPs) are isolated neutron stars with superstrong magnetic fields, i.e., magnetars, marking them a distinguished species from the conventional species of spindown-powered isolated neutron stars, i.e., radio pulsars. The current arguments in favor of the magnetar interpretation of SGR/AXP phenomenology will be outlined, and the two energy sources in magnetars, i.e. a magnetic dissipation energy and a spindown energy, will be reviewed. I will then discuss a missing link between magnetars and pulsars, i.e., lack of the observational evidence of the spindown-powered behaviors in known magnetars. Some recent theoretical efforts in studying such behaviors will be reviewed along with some predictions testable in the near future
Beaming Effects in Gamma-Ray Bursts

Based on a refined generic dynamical model, we investigate afterglows from jetted gamma-ray burst (GRB) remnants numerically. In the relativistic phase, the light curve break could marginally be seen. However, an obvious break does exist at the transition from the relativistic phase to the non-relativistic phase, which typically occurs at time 10 to 30 days. It is very interesting that the break is affected by many parameters, especially by the electron energy fraction (xi_e), and the magnetic energy fraction (xi_B^2). Implication of orphan afterglow surveys on GRB beaming is investigated. The possible existence of a kind of cylindrical jets is also discussed
Distance Determination of Variable Galactic Sources

We have developed a timing analysis method to determine the distances of variable galactic X-ray sources based on the method advanced by Tr\"{u}mper and Sch\"{o}nfelder in 1973. The light-curve of the halo produced by the scattering of X-rays off the interstellar dust is delayed and smeared by the dust grains. This method utilizes the differences between the power density spectra of the point source and the halo. We present the details of this method and our first applications of this method to the Chandra data of X-ray binary Cyg X-3
Boreal Forests and Global Change

Boreal forests form Earth's largest terrestrial biome. They are rich in ecosystem and landscape diversity, though characterized by relatively few plant species, as compared to other forested regions. The long term viability and sustainability of boreal forests is influenced by many factors. They are subject to interruptions at intervals by large-scale natural disturbances, and increasingly by human activities. Boreal ecosystem development is typically a slow process; hence rapid changes in the global environment may invoke complex responses. Many industrial nations border, or lie within, boreal regions, deriving much of their economic wealth and culture from the forests. The response of boreal forests to changes in the global environment - whether caused by direct human activity or by indirect changes such as the anticipated changes in climate - are therefore of considerable international interest, both for their policy implications and their scientific challenges.\ud
This book which contains almost 50 peer-reviewed papers from a world-wide group of experts assembled under the auspices of IBFRA, the International Boreal Forest Research Association, covers topics which will stimulate further research and the development of constructive policies for improved management and conservation of global boreal forest resources
Spectro-consistent discretization of Navier-Stokes: a challenge to RANS and LES

In this paper, we discuss the results of a fourth-order, spectro-consistent discretization of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. In such an approach the discretization of a (skew-)symmetric operator is given by a (skew-)symmetric matrix. Numerical experiments with spectro-consistent discretizations and traditional methods are presented for a one-dimensional convection-diffusion equation. LES and RANS are challenged by giving a number of examples for which a fourth-order, spectro-consistent discretization of the Navier-Stokes equations without any turbulence model yields better (or at least equally good) results as large-eddy simulations or RANS computations, whereas the grids are comparable. The examples are taken from a number of recent workshops on complex turbulent flows.
From DNA sequence to application: possibilities and complications

The development of sophisticated genetic tools during the past 15 years have facilitated a tremendous increase of fundamental and application-oriented knowledge of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and their bacteriophages. This knowledge relates both to the assignments of open reading frames (ORF’s) and the function of non-coding DNA sequences. Comparison of the complete nucleotide sequences of several LAB bacteriophages has revealed that their chromosomes have a fixed, modular structure, each module having a set of genes involved in a specific phase of the bacteriophage life cycle. LAB bacteriophage genes and DNA sequences have been used for the construction of temperature-inducible gene expression systems, gene-integration systems, and bacteriophage defence systems.
The function of several LAB open reading frames and transcriptional units have been identified and characterized in detail. Many of these could find practical applications, such as induced lysis of LAB to enhance cheese ripening and re-routing of carbon fluxes for the production of a specific amino acid enantiomer. More knowledge has also become available concerning the function and structure of non-coding DNA positioned at or in the vicinity of promoters. In several cases the mRNA produced from this DNA contains a transcriptional terminator-antiterminator pair, in which the antiterminator can be stabilized either by uncharged tRNA or by interaction with a regulatory protein, thus preventing formation of the terminator so that mRNA elongation can proceed. Evidence has accumulated showing that also in LAB carbon catabolite repression in LAB is mediated by specific DNA elements in the vicinity of promoters governing the transcription of catabolic operons.
Although some biological barriers have yet to be solved, the vast body of scientific information presently available allows the construction of tailor-made genetically modified LAB. Today, it appears that societal constraints rather than biological hurdles impede the use of genetically modified LAB.
Anchoring of proteins to lactic acid bacteria

The anchoring of proteins to the cell surface of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) using genetic techniques is an exciting and emerging research area that holds great promise for a wide variety of biotechnological applications. This paper reviews five different types of anchoring domains that have been explored for their efficiency in attaching hybrid proteins to the cell membrane or cell wall of LAB. The most exploited anchoring regions are those with the LPXTG box that bind the proteins in a covalent way to the cell wall. In recent years, two new modes of cell wall protein anchoring have been studied and these may provide new approaches in surface display. The important progress that is being made with cell surface display of chimaeric proteins in the areas of vaccine development and enzyme- or whole-cell immobilisation is highlighted.
Integrating Practice-based Experiences into Higher Education

This book advances understandings about and practices for effectively integrating practice-based (e.g. workplace) experiences in higher education programs. This issue is becoming of increasing salient because higher education programs globally are increasingly focussing on preparing students for specific occupations. Such imperatives are reflected in the cooperative education movement in North America, the foundation degree programs of the United Kingdom, the work integrated learning approach within Australian higher education and initiatives in a range of other countries. There are clear and growing expectations that graduates from such should be able to move smoothly into being effective in their occupational practice. These expectations rise from the imperatives and interest of government, employers, community and students themselves. The book achieves a number of important goals. Firstly, it identifies and delineates the educational worth of students and engagement in practice-based experiences and their integration within their programs of study. Secondly, it advances conceptions of the integration of such experiences that is essential to inform how these programs might be enacted. Thirdly, drawing on the findings of two teaching fellowships, it proposed bases and propositions for how experiences in higher education programs might be organised and augmented to support effective learning. Fourthly pedagogic practices seen to be effective in maximising the learning from those practice experiences and integrating them within the curriculum are identified and discussed. Fifthly, a particular focus is given to students' personal epistemologies and how these might be developed and directed towards supporting effective learning within practice settings and the integration of that learning in their university programs.Arts, Education & Law Group, School of Education and Professional StudiesFull Tex
Economics and ecology of diversification: the case of tropical tree crops

The monoculture systems that have been encouraged by governments since the 1960s have led to major socio-economic and environmental crises. Now the diversification of tree crop systems is advancing throughout the tropics. Why and when does diversification take place? What categories of farmers diversify? What obstacles do they have to overcome, and how do public and private policies interfere in this process? How do land use systems and landscapes evolve as a result of this diversification? According to the authors of this volume, diversification is certainly a response to market risks, but also to the depletion of environmental resources. Ecological changes such as declining soil fertility and increasing pressure from pests, diseases and weeds intensify at the end of monoculture cycles, driving crop change and diversification of farming systems. Through 15 case studies from Africa, Latin America, Asia and the Pacific, the authors provide us with in-depth insights into the economy and ecology of family agriculture and its recent developments. (Résumé d'auteur
Information-theoretic postulates for quantum theory

Why are the laws of physics formulated in terms of complex Hilbert spaces?
Are there natural and consistent modifications of quantum theory that could be
tested experimentally? This book chapter gives a self-contained and accessible
summary of our paper [New J. Phys. 13, 063001, 2011] addressing these
questions, presenting the main ideas, but dropping many technical details. We
show that the formalism of quantum theory can be reconstructed from four
natural postulates, which do not refer to the mathematical formalism, but only
to the information-theoretic content of the physical theory. Our starting point
is to assume that there exist physical events (such as measurement outcomes)
that happen probabilistically, yielding the mathematical framework of "convex
state spaces". Then, quantum theory can be reconstructed by assuming that (i)
global states are determined by correlations between local measurements, (ii)
systems that carry the same amount of information have equivalent state spaces,
(iii) reversible time evolution can map every pure state to every other, and
(iv) positivity of probabilities is the only restriction on the possible
measurements.Comment: 17 pages, 3 figures. v3: some typos corrected and references updated.
  Summarizes the argumentation and results of arXiv:1004.1483. Contribution to
  the book "Quantum Theory: Informational Foundations and Foils", Springer
  Verlag (http://www.springer.com/us/book/9789401773027), 201