pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Towards the introduction of the ‘Immunoscore’ in the classification of malignant tumours

The American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union Internationale Contre le Cancer (AJCC/UICC) TNM staging system provides the most reliable guidelines for the routine prognostication and treatment of colorectal carcinoma. This traditional tumour staging summarizes data on tumour burden (T), the presence of cancer cells in draining and regional lymph nodes (N) and evidence for distant metastases (M). However, it is now recognized that the clinical outcome can vary significantly among patients within the same stage. The current classification provides limited prognostic information and does not predict response to therapy. Multiple ways to classify cancer and to distinguish different subtypes of colorectal cancer have been proposed, including morphology, cell origin, molecular pathways, mutation status and gene expression-based stratification. These parameters rely on tumour-cell characteristics. Extensive literature has investigated the host immune response against cancer and demonstrated the prognostic impact of the in situ immune cell infiltrate in tumours. A methodology named ‘Immunoscore’ has been defined to quantify the in situ immune infiltrate. In colorectal cancer, the Immunoscore may add to the significance of the current AJCC/UICC TNM classification, since it has been demonstrated to be a prognostic factor superior to the AJCC/UICC TNM classification. An international consortium has been initiated to validate and promote the Immunoscore in routine clinical settings. The results of this international consortium may result in the implementation of the Immunoscore as a new component for the classification of cancer, designated TNM-I (TNM-Immune). © 2013 The Authors. Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland
The dark side of the rural idyll: stories of illegal/illicit economic activity in the UK countryside

Abstract In rural sociology and rural studies, rurality in many countries is commonly constructed as an idyllic space in which crime is perceived as an urban problem. In other countries, however, rurality is constructed as a place where the individual is vulnerable and the population is socially beyond the urban. This article questions the construction of rurality as idyllic by reporting on research in rural areas which demonstrates that crime, in particular illicit and illegal enterprise based crime, is becoming more prevalent in the {UK} countryside. In urban areas, illicit and illegal forms of entrepreneurship are distinctive in terms of how they are construed and enacted so why would it not be similar in rural areas? The paper presents a theoretical framework based on the work of Ferdinand Tonnies which demonstrates that contemporary examples of roguery exist in the {UK} countryside. We make more visible what previously was invisible, or ignored in the literature. Five stories of illegal rural enterprise are presented which provide a counterargument to Mingay's rural idyll. Since illicit and/or illegal rural enterprise is under-researched this constitutes an original attempt to frame an emerging phenomenon of interest
High-precision acoustic helium signatures in 18 low-mass low-luminosity
  red giants. Analysis from more than four years of Kepler observations

High-precision frequencies of acoustic modes in red giant stars are now
available thanks to the long observing length and high-quality of the light
curves provided by the NASA Kepler mission, thus allowing to probe the interior
of evolved cool low-mass stars with unprecedented level of detail. We
characterize the acoustic signature of the helium second ionization zone in a
sample of 18 low-mass low-luminosity red giants by exploiting new mode
frequency measurements derived from more than four years of Kepler
observations. We analyze the second frequency differences of radial acoustic
modes in all the stars of the sample by using the Bayesian code Diamonds. We
find clear acoustic glitches due to the signature of helium second ionization
in all the stars of the sample. We measure the acoustic depth and the
characteristic width of the acoustic glitches with a precision level on average
around $\sim$2% and $\sim$8%, respectively. We find good agreement with
theoretical predictions and existing measurements from the literature. Lastly,
we derive the amplitude of the glitch signal at $\nu_\mathrm{max}$ for the
second differences and for the frequencies with an average precision of
$\sim$6%, obtaining values in the range 0.14-0.24 $\mu$Hz, and 0.08-0.33
$\mu$Hz, respectively, which can be used to investigate the helium abundance in
the stars.Comment: 12 pages, 19 figures, 3 tables. Accepted for publication in A&
Search for supersymmetry in events with photons, bottom quarks, and missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

A search has been performed for the experimental signature of an isolated photon with high transverse momentum, at least one jet identified as originating from a bottom quark, and high missing transverse momentum. Such a final state may originate from supersymmetric models with gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking in events in which one of a pair of higgsino-like neutralinos decays into a photon and a gravitino while the other decays into a Higgs boson and a gravitino. The search is performed using the full dataset of 7 TeV proton-proton collisions recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC in 2011, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.7 fb(-1). A total of 7 candidate events are observed while 7.5 +/- 2.2 events are expected from the Standard Model background. The results of the search are interpreted in the context of general gauge mediation to exclude certain regions of a benchmark plane for higgsino-like neutralino production
“Peter is a dumb nut”: Status updates and reactions to them as 'acts of positioning' in Facebook

This paper applies the theoretical concept of ‘acts of positioning’ (Davis and Harré, 1990) to a qualitative and quantitative analysis of 474 Status Updates (SUs) taken from the Facebook Walls of twenty individuals living in Switzerland and the UK. Our aim is to analyze how individuals construct their identities through the use of language. The results show that individuals position themselves in five central ways, i.e., they stress aspects of their personality, pastime endeavors, sense of humor, work and relationship. Through a subsequent analysis of 228 Reactions to Status Updates (RSUs), we also address how these acts are responded to, and thereby demonstrate that individuals predominantly support identity claims made in the SUs. Our paper contributes to existing research on language and identity in Social Network Sites (SNSs), and demonstrates the fruitful application of the concept of ‘acts of positioning’
Foehn warming distributions in non-linear and linear flow regimes: A focus on the Antarctic Peninsula

The structure of leeside warming during foehn events is investigated as a function of cross-barrier flow regime linearity. Two contrasting cases of westerly flow over the Antarctic Peninsula (AP) are considered – one highly non-linear, the other relatively linear. Westerly flow impinging on the AP provides one of the best natural laboratories in the world for the study of foehn, owing to its maritime setting and the Larsen C Ice Shelf (LCIS) providing an expansive, homogenous and smooth surface on its east side. Numerical simulations with the Met Office Unified Model (at 1.5 km grid size) and aircraft observations are utilised.\ud
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In case A relatively weak southwesterly cross-Peninsula flow and an elevated upwind inversion dictate a highly non-linear foehn event. The consequent strongly-accelerated downslope flow leads to high amplitude warming and ice shelf melt in the immediate lee of the AP. However, this foehn warming diminishes rapidly downwind, due to upward ascent of the foehn flow via a hydraulic jump. In case C strong northwesterly winds dictate a relatively linear flow regime. There is no laterally extensive hydraulic jump and strong foehn winds are able to flow at low levels across the entire ice shelf, mechanically mixing the near-surface flow, preventing the development of a strong surface inversion and delivering large fluxes of sensible heat to the ice shelf. Consequently in case C ice melt rates are considerably greater over the LCIS as a whole than in case A.\ud
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Our results imply that whilst non-linear foehn events cause intense warming in the immediate lee of mountains, linear foehn events will commonly cause more extensive leeside warming and, over an ice surface, higher melt rates. This has major implications for the AP, where recent east coast warming has led to the collapse of two ice shelves immediately north of the LCIS.\u
Centrality dependence of the pseudorapidity density distribution for charged particles in Pb–Pb collisions at sqrt(sNN)=2.76 TeV

We present the first wide-range measurement of the charged-particle pseudorapidity density distribution, for different centralities (the 0–5%, 5–10%, 10–20%, and 20–30% most central events) in Pb–Pb collisions at sqrt(sNN)=2.76 TeV at the LHC. The measurement is performed using the full coverage of the ALICE detectors, −5.0&lt;η&lt;5.5, and employing a special analysis technique based on collisions arising from LHC ‘satellite’ bunches. We present the pseudorapidity density as a function of the number of participating nucleons as well as an extrapolation to the total number of produced charged particles (View the MathML source for the 0–5% most central collisions). From the measured dNch/dη distribution we derive the rapidity density distribution, dNch/dy, under simple assumptions. The rapidity density distribution is found to be significantly wider than the predictions of the Landau model. We assess the validity of longitudinal scaling by comparing to lower energy results from RHIC. Finally the mechanisms of the underlying particle production are discussed based on a comparison with various theoretical models
Singlet-to-triplet ratio in the deuteron breakup reaction pd pnp at 585 MeV

Available experimental data on the exclusive pd --> pnp reaction at 585 MeV show a narrow peak in the proton-neutron final-state interaction region. It was supposed previously, on the basis of a phenomenological analysis of the shape of this peak, that the final spin-singlet pn state provided about one third of the observed cross section. By comparing the absolute value of the measured cross section with that of pd elastic scattering using the Faldt-Wilkin extrapolation theorem, it is shown here that the pd --> pnp data can be explained mainly by the spin-triplet final state with a singlet admixture of a few percent. The smallness of the singlet contribution is compatible with existing pN --> PNpi data and the one-pion exchange mechanism of the pd --> pnp reaction. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved
Is toric duality a Seiberg-like duality in (2 + 1)-d ?

We show that not all (2 + 1) dimensional toric phases are Seiberg-like duals. Particularly, we work out superconformal indices for the toric phases of Fanos C 3 $$ {\mathcal{C}}_3 $$ , C 5 $$ {\mathcal{C}}_5 $$ and ℬ 2 $$ {\mathrm{\mathcal{B}}}_2 $$ . We find that the indices for the two toric phases of Fano ℬ 2 $$ {\mathrm{\mathcal{B}}}_2 $$ do not match, which implies that they are not Seiberg-like duals. We also take the route of acting Seiberg-like duality transformation on toric quiver Chern-Simons theories to obtain dual quivers. We study two examples and show that Seiberg-like dual quivers are not always toric quivers
Integrable S-matrices, massive and massless modes and the AdS 2 × S 2 superstring

We derive the exact S-matrix for the scattering of particular representations of the centrally-extended p s u 1 | 1 2 $$ \mathfrak{p}\mathfrak{s}\mathfrak{u}{\left(1\Big|1\right)}^2 $$ Lie superalgebra, conjectured to be related to the massive modes of the light-cone gauge string theory on AdS 2 × S 2 × T 6 . The S-matrix consists of two copies of a centrally-extended p s u 1 | 1 $$ \mathfrak{p}\mathfrak{s}\mathfrak{u}\left(1\Big|1\right) $$ invariant S-matrix and is in agreement with the tree-level result following from perturbation theory. Although the overall factor is left unfixed, the constraints following from crossing symmetry and unitarity are given. The scattering involves long representations of the symmetry algebra, and the relevant representation theory is studied in detail. We also discuss Yangian symmetry and find it has a standard form for a particular limit of the aforementioned representations. This has a natural interpretation as the massless limit, and we investigate the corresponding limits of the massive S-matrix. Under the assumption that the massless modes of the light-cone gauge string theory transform in these limiting representations, the resulting S-matrices would provide the building blocks for the full S-matrix. Finally, some brief comments are given on the Bethe ansatz
Higher derivative corrections to charged fluids in 2n dimensions

We study anomalous charged fluid in 2 n -dimensions ( n ≥ 2) up to sub-leading derivative order. Only the effect of gauge anomaly is important at this order. Using the Euclidean partition function formalism, we find the constraints on different sub-leading order transport coefficients appearing in parity-even and odd sectors of the fluid. We introduce a new mechanism to count different fluid data at arbitrary derivative order. We show that only the knowledge of independent scalar-data is sufficient to find the constraints. In appendix we further extend this analysis to obtain fluid data at sub-sub-leading order (where both gauge and gravitational anomaly contribute) for parity-odd fluid
Relaxed singular vectors, Jack symmetric functions and fractional level slˆ(2) models

The fractional level models are (logarithmic) conformal field theories associated with affine Kac–Moody (super)algebras at certain levels k∈Q . They are particularly noteworthy because of several longstanding difficulties that have only recently been resolved. Here, Wakimoto's free field realisation is combined with the theory of Jack symmetric functions to analyse the fractional level slˆ(2) models. The first main results are explicit formulae for the singular vectors of minimal grade in relaxed Wakimoto modules. These are closely related to the minimal grade singular vectors in relaxed (parabolic) Verma modules. Further results include an explicit presentation of Zhu's algebra and an elegant new proof of the classification of simple relaxed highest weight modules over the corresponding vertex operator algebra. These results suggest that generalisations to higher rank fractional level models are now within reach
BICEP2, non-Bunch–Davies and entanglement

BICEP2 result on the tensor to scalar ratio r indicates a blue tilt in the primordial gravitational wave spectrum. This blue tilt and the observed large value r=0.2 are difficult to accommodate within the single field inflationary scenarios under standard conditions. Non-Bunch–Davies vacuum states have been proposed as a possibility. Such vacua are known to lead to pathologies. In this note we point out that it is known that these states ought to be interpreted as excited/squeezed states built over the standard Bunch–Davies vacuum in order to avoid pathological issues. We discuss the associated entanglement properties due to de Sitter horizon, and how such an approach may be more natural in the context of inflation. In particular, we suggest to employ entanglement considerations in de Sitter background to study the nature and intrinsic properties of modified initial states
Search for a heavy bottom-like quark in pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV

20 páginas, 3 figuras, 2 tablas.-- Open access: \ud
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution\ud
License 3.0.-- CMS Collaboration: et al.A search for pair-produced bottom-like quarks in pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV is conducted with the CMS\ud
experiment at the LHC. The decay b' →tW is considered in this search. The b' ¯b' →tW−¯tW+ process\ud
can be identified by the distinctive signature of trileptons and same-sign dileptons. With a data sample\ud
corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 34 pb−1, no excess above the standard model background\ud
predictions is observed and a b' quark with a mass between 255 and 361 GeV/c2 is excluded at the 95%\ud
confidence level.Acknowledge support from: FMSR (Austria);\ud
FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP\ud
(Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China);\ud
COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); Academy\ud
of Sciences and NICPB (Estonia); Academy of Finland, ME, and\ud
HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF\ud
(Germany); GSRT (Greece); OTKA and NKTH (Hungary); DAE and\ud
DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); NRF and WCU\ud
(Korea); LAS (Lithuania); CINVESTAV, CONACYT, SEP, and UASLPFAI\ud
(Mexico); PAEC (Pakistan); SCSR (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR\ud
(Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan); MST and MAE\ud
(Russia); MSTD (Serbia); MICINN and CPAN (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); NSC (Taipei); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey);\ud
STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA).Peer reviewe
H2FC SUPERGEN:an overview of the hydrogen and fuel cell research across the UK

The United Kingdom has a vast scientific base across the entire Hydrogen and Fuel Cell research landscape, with a world class academic community coupled with significant industrial activity from both UK-based Hydrogen and Fuel Cell companies and global companies with a strong presence within the country. The Hydrogen and Fuel Cell (H2FC) SUPERGEN Hub, funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), was established in 2012 as a five-year programme to bring the UK's H2FC research community together. Here we present the UK's current Hydrogen and Fuel Cell activities along with the role of the H2FC SUPERGEN Hub
Purinergic-mediated Ca2+ influx in Dictyostelium discoideum.

The presence of five P2X-like genes (p2xA–E) in Dictyostelium suggests that nucleotides other than cAMP may act as extracellular signalling molecules in this model eukaryote. However, p2xA was found to have an exclusively intracellular localisation making it unclear whether Dictyostelium utilise P2 receptors in a manner analogous to vertebrates. Using an apoaequorin expressing strain we show here that Dictyostelium do possess cell surface P2 receptors that facilitate Ca2+ influx in response to extracellular ATP and ADP (EC50 = 7.5 μM and 6.1 μM, respectively). Indicative of P2X receptor activation, responses were rapid reaching peak within 2.91 ± 0.04 s, required extracellular Ca2+, were inhibited by Gd3+, modified by extracellular pH and were not affected by deletion of either the single Gβ or iplA genes. Responses also remained unaffected by disruption of p2xA or p2xE showing that these genes are not involved. Cu2+ and Zn2+ inhibited purine-evoked Ca2+ influx with IC50 values of 0.9 and 6.3 μM, respectively. 300 μM Zn2+ completely abolished the initial large rapid rise in intracellular Ca2+ revealing the presence of an additional smaller, slower P2Y-like response. The existence of P2 receptors in Dictyostelium makes this organism a valuable model to explore fundamental aspects of purinergic signalling
Energies, Group Invariant Kernels and Numerical Integration on Compact Manifolds.

The purpose of this paper is to derive quadrature estimates on compact, homogeneous manifolds embedded in Euclidean spaces, via energy functionals associated with a class of group-invariant kernels which are generalizations of zonal kernels on the spheres or radial kernels in euclidean spaces. Our results apply, in particular, to weighted Riesz kernels defined on spheres and certain projective spaces. Our energy functionals describe both uniform and perturbed uniform distribution of quadrature point sets
High-latitude HP Doppler observations of ULF waves. 1. Waves with large spatial scale sizes

A quantitative study of observations of the ionospheric signatures of magnetospheric ultra low frequency (ULF) waves by a high-latitude (geographic: 69.6°N 19.2°E) high-frequency Doppler sounder has been undertaken. The signatures, which are clearly correlated with pulsations in ground magnetometer data, exhibit periods in the range 100–400 s and have azimuthal wave numbers in the range 3–8. They are interpreted here as local field line resonances. Phase information provided by O- and X-mode Doppler data support the view that these are associated with field line resonances having large azimuthal scale sizes. The relative phases and amplitudes of the signatures in the Doppler and ground magnetometer data are compared with a model for the generation of Doppler signatures from incident ULF waves. The outcome suggests that the dominant mechanism involved in producing the Doppler signature is the vertical component of an E × B bulk motion of the local plasma caused by the electric field perturbation of the ULF wave.4185
A photometric and spectroscopic study of the new dwarf spheroidal galaxy in Hercules Metallicity, velocities, and a clean list of RGB members

Context. Dwarf spheroidal (dSph) galaxies are the least luminous, least massive galaxies known. Recently, the number of observed galaxies in this class has greatly increased thanks to large surveys. Determining their properties, such as mass, luminosity and metallicity, provides key information in our understanding of galaxy formation and evolution.\ud
Aims. Our aim is to provide as clean and as complete a sample as possible of red giant branch stars that are members of the Hercules dSph galaxy. With this sample we explore the velocity dispersion and the metallicity of the system.\ud
Methods. Strömgren photometry and multi-fibre spectroscopy are combined to provide information about the evolutionary state of the stars (via the Strömgren c1 index) and their radial velocities. Based on this information we have selected a clean sample of red giant branch stars, and show that foreground contamination by Milky Way dwarf stars can greatly distort the results.\ud
Results. Our final sample consists of 28 red giant branch stars in the Hercules dSph galaxy. Based on these stars we find a mean photometric metallicity of $-2.35 \pm 0.31$ dex which is consistent with previous studies. We find evidence for an abundance spread. Using those stars for which we have determined radial velocities we find a systemic velocity of $45.20 \pm 1.09 {\rm\, km\, s^{-1}}$ with a dispersion of 3.72 km s-1, this is lower than values found in the literature. Furthermore we identify the horizontal branch and estimate the mean magnitude of the horizontal branch of the Hercules dSph galaxy to be $V_0=21.17 \pm 0.05$, which corresponds to a distance of 147+8-7 kpc.\ud
Conclusions. When studying sparsely populated and/or heavily foreground contaminated dSph galaxies it is necessary to include knowledge about the evolutionary stage of the stars. This can be done in several ways. Here we have explored the power of the $c_{{\rm 1}}$ index in Strömgren photometry. This index is able to clearly identify red giant branch stars redder than the horizontal branch, enabling a separation of red giant branch dSph stars and foreground dwarf stars. Additionally, this index is also capable of correctly identifying both red and blue horizontal branch stars. We have shown that a proper cleaning of the sample results in a smaller value for the velocity dispersion of the system. This has implications for galaxy properties derived from such velocity dispersions.Peer-reviewedPublisher Version829