pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Soluble Antigen Therapy Induces Apoptosis Of Autoreactive T Cells Preferentially In The Target Organ Rather Than In The Peripheral Lymphoid Organs

The administration of soluble myelin proteins is an effective way of down-regulating the inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis. To shed more light on the mechanism of this antigen-specific therapy, we determined the effect of the intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of soluble myelin basic protein (MBP) on T cell apoptosis in the CNS and peripheral lymphoid organs of Lewis rats with EAE induced by inoculation with MBP and complete Freund\u27s adjuvant. In particular we assessed the level of apoptosis of V beta 8.2+ T cells, which constitute the predominant encephalitogenic MBP-reactive T cell population in the Lewis rat. The daily i.p. injection of MBP for 3 days from the onset of neurological signs inhibited the further development of neurological signs of EAE. Using two-colour flow cytometry we found that a single i.p. injection of MBP increased the level of apoptosis of the V beta 8.2+ T cell population in the CNS to 26.2% compared to 7.4% in saline-treated rats and 7.6% in ovalbumin-treated rats. In contrast, treatment with MBP did not increase the level of apoptosis of the V beta 8.2+ population in the popliteal lymph node draining the inoculation site (1.4%) or in the spleen (1.6%) above that occurring in saline-treated rats (1.6% and 1.1%, respectively). Limiting dilution analysis revealed that the frequency of T cells reactive to the major encephalitogenic epitope, MBP 72–89, was decreased in the CNS but not in the popliteal lymph node by this treatment. Three-colour flow cytometry in MBP-treated rats demonstrated that CNS V beta 8.2+T cells expressing Fas (CD95) and Fas ligand were highly vulnerable to apoptosis compared to V beta 8.2+ T cells not expressing these proteins. We conclude that the i.p. injection of MBP increases the spontaneously occurring Fas-mediated activation-induced apoptosis of autoreactive T cells in the CNS in EAE and that this contributes to the therapeutic effect of the injection
TWEAK can induce cell death via endogenous TNF and TNF receptor 1.

TWEAK is a recently cloned novel member of the TNF ligand family. Here we show that soluble TWEAK is sufficient to induce apoptosis in Kym-1 cells within 18 h. TWEAK-induced apoptosis is indirect and is mediated by the interaction of endogenous TNF and TNF receptor (TNFR)1, as each TNFR1-Fc, neutralizing TNF-specific antibodies and TNFR1-specific Fab fragments efficiently antagonize cell death induction. In addition to this indirect mode of action, co-stimulation of Kym-1 cells with TWEAK enhances TNFR1-mediated cell death induction. In contrast to TNF, TWEAK does only modestly activate NF-kappaB or c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in Kym-1 cells. Although TWEAK binding to Kym-1 cells is easily detectable by flow cytometric analysis, we found neither evidence for expression of the recently identified TWEAK receptor Apo3/TRAMP/wsl/DR3/LARD, nor indications for direct interactions of TWEAK with TNFR. Together, these characteristics of TWEAK-induced signaling in Kym-1 cells argue for the existence of an additional, still undefined non-death domain-containing TWEAK receptor in Kym-1 cells
Kohlenstoffbildung auf Nickel und Nickel-Kupfer-Legierungskatalysatoren

Equilibrium, kinetic and morphological studies of carbon formation
in CH4+H2, CO, and CO+H2 gases on silica supported nickel
and nickel-copper catalysts are reviewed. The equilibrium deviates
in all cases from graphite equilibrium and more so in CO+CO2
than in CH4+H2. A kinetic model based on information from surface
science results with chemisorption of CH4 and possibly also
the first dehydrogenation step as rate controlling describes carbon
formation on nickel catalyst in CH4+H2 well. The kinetics of
carbon formation in CO and CO+H2 gases are in agreement
with CO disproportionation as rate determining step. The presence
of hydrogen influences strongly the chemisorption of CO. Carbon
filaments are formed when hydrogen is present in the gas while
encapsulating carbon dominates in pure CO. Small amounts of
Cu alloying promotes while larger amounts (Cu : Ni ≥ 0.1) inhibits
carbon formation and changes the morphology of the filaments
("octopus" carbon formation). Adsorption induced nickel segregation
changes the kinetics of the alloy catalysts at high carbon activities.
Modifications suggested in some very recent papers on the
basis of new results are also briefly discussed.Center for Surface Reactivity
Cokebildung und Entcoking während der Methanbildung und des Methanzerfalls auf Ni-Cu-Trägerkatalysatoren

The effect of the composition of silica supported Ni-Cu alloy
catalysts on the process of coking and decoking during methane
decomposition and during methanation was considered. The kinetics
of methanation was studied and compared to those of carbon
deposition and of strong adsorption of hydrogen. Initiation of the
formation of filamentous carbon formation on mono-metallic surfaces
may take place if the ratio of the partial pressures, pCO/pH2, is
larger than 2 (T < 673 K) or 1 (T > 673 K). Once the process starts,
the chemical potential of the gas phase may be reduced to lower
values without interruption of filament growth. Besides, it was concluded
that the methanation reaction includes two steps: the dissociative
adsorption of CO and the hydrogenation of the adsorbed
species. It was possible to establish the mechanism through which
Cu affects the activity of Ni. The effect of the composition of the
alloy catalysts on the methane formation and on the simultaneous
carbon deposition indicates that those reactions belong to group I
and to group II, respectively, following Ponec's classification. It
was possible to find the optimal Cu concentration that maximises
methanation and minimises carbon deposition. The kinetics of
methane decomposition was also considered and is well described
by adapting a model developed by other authors for Fe catalysts
Characterization and quantitation of soybean proteins in commercial soybean products by capillary electrophoresis

Capillary electrophoresis was applied for the first time to determine soybean proteins\ud
in commercial soybean products. The most suitable conditions for the analysis of these\ud
products in less than 7 min were 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH 8) with 1 M urea; detection\ud
wavelength, 254 nm; applied voltage, 20 kV; and temperature, 30o\ud
C. Quantitation\ud
of soybean proteins was achieved using referenced conditions by means of the method\ud
of standard additions, using as standard a soybean protein isolate. This method\ud
was validated and applied to the quantitation of soybean proteins in commercial products\ud
derived from soybean protein isolate and soybean seeds.The authors thank the University of Alcalµ de Henares\ud
(project E002/98) and the Comunidad Autónoma de\ud
Madrid (project COR 0035/94 and 06G/047/96) for financial\ud
support and C. Marina for linguistic assistance
Is after-hours trading informative?

This article investigates price and trading volume relations for near term crude oil contracts at the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX). The study investigates the informativeness of after-hours trading under the prior assumption that daytime and after-hours trading sessions are completely segmented. The research methodology uses a vector autoregressive (VAR) structural model to identify the lead/lag structure between the leading overnight session and the lagging daytime session.  This framework permits us to impose testable restrictions in considering the view that after-hours price changes and trading volumes
provide contemporaneous information in the daytime price discovery process. Furthermore, the reduced-form VAR allows testing whether innovations (surprises) in daytime prices and trading activity influence overnight price/volume behavior.
The effect of radiation screens on Nordic time series of mean temperature

A short survey of the historical development of temperature radiation screens is given based upon research in the archives of
the Nordic meteorological institutes. In the middle of the nineteenth century most thermometer stands were open shelters,
free-standing or fastened to a window or wall. Most of these were soon replaced by wall or window screens, i.e. small wooden
or metal cages. Large free-standing screens were also introduced in the nineteenth century, but it took to the 1980s before they
had replaced the wall screens completely in all Nordic countries. During recent years, small cylindrical screens suitable for
automatic weather stations have been introduced. At some stations they have replaced the ordinary free-standing screen as part
of a gradual move towards automation.
The first free-standing screens used in the Nordic countries were single louvred. They were later improved by double
louvres. Compared with observations from ventilated thermometers the monthly mean temperatures in the single louvred
screens were 0.2-0.4°C higher during May-August, whereas in the double louvred screens the temperatures were unbiased.
Unless the series are adjusted, this improvement may lead to inhomogeneities in long climatic time series.
The change from wall screen to free-standing screen also involved a relocation from the microclimatic influence of a house
to a location free from obstacles. Tests to evaluate the effect of relocation by parallel measurements yielded variable results.
However, the bulk of the tests showed no effect of the relocation in winter, whereas in summer the wall screen tended to be
slightly warmer (0.0-0.3°C) than the double louvred screen. At two Norwegian sites situated on steep valley slopes, the wall
screen was ca. 0.5°C colder in midwinter.
The free-standing Swedish shelter, which was used at some stations up to 1960, seems to have been overheated in spring
and summer (maximum overheating of about 0.4°C in early summer).
The new screen for automatic sensors appears to be unbiased compared with the ordinary free-standing screen concerning
monthly mean temperature
Immunohistochemical detection of p53 in non-malignant and malignant oral lesions associated with snuff dipping in the Sudan and Sweden

Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the expression of p53 in pre-malignant oral lesions and oral squamous-cell carcinomas (SCCs) from Swedish and Sudanese snuff-dippers, as well as in pre-malignant oral lesions and oral SCCs from non-snuff-dippers from the Sudan, Sweden and Norway. Of the 14 SCCs from Sudanese snuff-dippers, 21% (3/14) expressed p53. Of the 14, 60 and 41 SCCs from non-snuff-dippers from the Sudan, Sweden and Norway, 64% (9/14), 65% (39/60) and 68% (28/41) expressed p53, respectively. A statistically significant difference in expression of p53 was found in SCCs from Sudanese snuff-dippers compared to those from non-snuff-dippers from all/or any of the 3 countries. None of the suspected pre-malignant oral lesions from Sudanese snuff dippers or non-snuff-dippers expressed p53. Only 2 out of the 15 oral fibro-epithelial hyperplastic lesions from Swedish snuff-dippers expressed p53. Some of the oral epithelial dysplastic lesions, as well as the carcinoma in situ lesions from Norwegian non-snuffdippers, expressed p53, while the oral fibro-epithelial hyperplastic lesions did not. The low relative frequency of p53 expression found in oral SCCs from snuff-dippers compared to those from non-snuff-dippers might suggest differences in mechanisms of oncogenic action induced by snuff. Alternatively, the pathogenesis of malignant oral lesions from snuff-dippers may follow a p53-independent pathway. In view of the unusually high levels of the tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA) found in the type of snuff used in the Sudan, investigations of p53 mutations or oncogenes are needed
Linguistic reflection in Java

This work is partially supported by the EPSRC through Grant GR/J 67611 ‘Delivering the Benefits of Persistence to System Construction’Reflective systems allow their own structures to be altered from within. Here we are concerned with a style of reflection, called linguistic reflection, which is the ability of a running program to generate new program fragments and to integrate these into its own execution. In particular we describe how this kind of reflection may be provided in the compiler-based, strongly typed object-oriented programming language Java. The advantages of the programming technique include attaining high levels of genericity and accommodating system evolution. These advantages are illustrated by an example taken from persistent programming which shows how linguistic reflection allows functionality (program code) to be generated on demand (Just-In-Time) from a generic specification and integrated into the evolving running program. The technique is evaluated against alternative implementation approaches with respect to efficiency, safety and ease of use.PreprintPeer reviewe
Identification of Prognostic Factors with Censored Data

A major issue in the analysis of diseases is the identification and assessment of prognostic factors relevant to the development of the illness. Statistical analyses within the proportional hazards framework suffer from a lack flexibility due to stringent model assumptions such as additivity and time-constancy of effects. In this paper we use tree based models and varying coefficient models to allow for detectability of prognostic factors with possibly nonadditive, nonlinear and time-varying impact on disease development. Questions concerning model and smoothing-parameter selection are addressed. An analysis of a dataset of breast cancer patients demonstrates the ability of these methods to reveal additional insight into the disease influencing mechanisms.
Toxic action of copper on the membrane system of a marine diatom measured by flow cytometry

Flow cytometric measurements were used to investigate the toxic action of copper on some Phaeodactylum tricornutum membrane systems. Throughout the time of metal exposure, the percentage of viable cells decreased as copper concentration increased. The forward scatter signal increased as a result of copper exposure. After 72 h of metal exposure, cultures with 0.5 and 1 mg l−1 of copper showed an important increase in the peroxidase activity in comparison with control cells. Cells cultured with copper presented alterations in the membrane potential, increasing as copper concentration increased, after 96 h of metal exposure. Results obtained in this work showed that copper induced a degenerative process in P. tricornutum cells, closely related with alterations or disorders in membrane systems.Consellería de Educación e Ordenación Universitaria (XUGA 10301B94
Synthetic and spectroscopic studies of 1,4-benzodiazepine analogues

In this project, an extensive range of benzodiazepine analogues have been synthesised via Schmidt reaction of specially prepared flavanone, 4-quinolone and l-thioflavanone precursors; nitrogen insertion being effected by use of trimethylsilyl azide in trifluoroacetic acid. In some cases, several of the benzodiazepine analogues have also been prepared by alternative cyclisation routes. A detailed kinetic-mechanistic study of the Schmidt reaction of flavanones has been carried out using 'H NMR spectroscopy to explain the observed regiochemistry of nitrogen insertion. The reaction rates, for the formation of both amide and tetrazolo derivatives
have been found to be influenced by the electronic effects of the A- and B-ring substituents. A series of benzodiazepine analogues have been shown to undergo regioselective A-ring chlorination with t-butylhypochlorite; the products being characterised by 'H NMR, IR and mass spectroscopy. The mass spectrometric fragmentation patterns of series of 2-aryl-4-quinolones, and 2-aryl-l ,4-benzodiazepinones and their tetrazolo[l ,5-dl analogues have been elucidated using a combination of low-resolution, high-resolution and metastable-peak analyses. The binding affinities of various benzodiazepine analogues for rat brain benzodiazepine receptors have been evaluated using a radioreceptor assay technique. Structure-activity relationships were investigated to establish the effects of various A-, B- and Coring substituents on binding
affinity. The conformational preferences of selected systems have been studied using a combination of multi-pulse 'H NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography and computer modelling techniques with a view to establishing the influence of conformation on binding affinity.
Synthesis of Pyridinium Amphiphiles Used for Transfection and Some Characteristics of Amphiphile/DNA Complex Formation

Pyridinium amphiphiles have found practical use for the delivery of DNA into cells. Starting from 4-methylpyridine, a general synthesis has been devised for the production of pyridinium amphiphiles which allows variation in both the hydrophobic part and in the headgroup area of the compounds. By means of differential scanning microcalorimetry, zeta potential, particle size measurements and cryo electron microscopy, some characteristics of the pyridinium amphiphile/ DNA complexes have been determined.
On the use of reserve requirements in dealing with capital flow problems

In recent years, many developing countries have intervened in foreign exchange markets to offset to
some extent the effect on their economies of large capital flows. Often, changes in reserve requirements
were used to mitigate the impact of that intervention on domestic money supplies. Because reserve
requirements are a tax, however, changes in reserve requirements can have real effects. This paper shows
that the exact implications for output, the real exchange rate, and the capital and current accounts depend
importantly on who--whether depositors or borrowers--pays the tax. In any case, foreign exchange
intervention matched by changes in reserve requirements that keep the money supply fixed do influence
the exchange rate in the short and, sometimes, the long run. The recent experiences of ten developing
countries establish that, while the incidence of the tax varies considerably across countries and time, both
deposit and lending rates of interest respond to changes in reserve requirements.
Opening Pandora's Box:  Studying the Accuracy of Managers' Perceptions

Both researchers and managers depend on the accuracy of managers' perceptions. Yet, few studies compare subjective with
"objective" data, perhaps because it is very difficult to do well. These difficulties also muddy interpretations of results. On
one hand, studies suggest that managers' perceptions may be very inaccurate. On the other hand, the observed errors in
managerial perceptions may arise from research methods instead of managers.
Because perceptual data are so significant for both researchers and managers, researchers need to understand both the
potential contaminants of perceptual research and the determinants of perceptual errors and biases. This article reviews
studies of the accuracies of managers' perceptions, points out hazards in such research, and suggests various ways to
improve studies of perceptions. The suggestions encompass improvements in gathering more valid subjective data, locating
more appropriate "objective" data, finding appropriate respondents, and using statistical methods that provide accurate and
reliable estimates with small samples.Information Systems Working Papers Serie
Assessing the Risk due to Software Faults: Estimates of Failure Rate versus Evidence of Perfection.

In the debate over the assessment of software reliability (or safety), as applied to critical software, two extreme positions can be discerned: the ‘statistical’ position, which requires that the claims of reliability be supported by statistical inference from realistic testing or operation, and the ‘perfectionist’ position, which requires convincing indications that the software is free from defects. These two positions naturally lead to requiring different kinds of supporting evidence, and actually to stating the dependability requirements in different ways, not allowing any direct comparison. There is often confusion about the relationship between statements about software failure rates and about software correctness, and about which evidence can support either kind of statement. This note clarifies the meaning of the two kinds of statement and how they relate to the probability of failure-free operation, and discusses their practical merits, especially for high required reliability or safety
A graphical chain model derived from a model selection strategy for the sociologists graduates study

This paper objects to the arising problems due to fitting graphical chain models to multidimensional data sets. This multivariate statistical tool is used to cope with complex research questions concerning not only direct, but also indirect associations  between the variables of interest. Due to this high complexity sensible strategies for fitting such models are required. Here, a data--driven selection strategy is discussed. Its application is illustrated for an empirical data example in detail.
Discrete failure time models

Most methods for analyzing failure time or event history data are based on time as a continuously measured variate. A basic assumption for large parts of theory is that failure times are untied, see Andersen et al. (1993). In practice, there is always some smallest time unit, so that ties can occur. A moderate number of ties, while banned in theory, can be treated by appropriate modifications. If many ties occur, e.g. due to grouping in larger time units or intervals, or if time is truly discrete, then discrete survival or failure time models are more consistent with the data. Such situations arise in medical work when patients are followed up at fixed intervals like months, in certain biostatistical problems, for example human fertility studies and time to pregnancy (Scheike and Jensen, 1997), or in labor market studies where duration of unemployment is measured in weeks, at best, or in months. We review parametric models and outline recent nonparametric approaches. More details, in particular for parametric models, are given e.g. in Fahrmeir and Tutz (1994), ch. 9, and further references cited there.
Computational Methods: Modeling of Reactivity in Zn-Containing Enzymes

Computation is increasingly well placed to offer insight into a range of structural and spectroscopic properties of Zn-containing enzymes, as well as into their reactivity. The latter aspect is the focus of this chapter. Molecular dynamics simulations provide insight into substrate binding and active site relaxation around the metal and substrate. A significant challenge in such studies is the representation of the zinc centre. Quantum mechanical methods, either on their own using small active site models, or for whole enzymes using hybrid techniques, provide insight into reaction paths and hence into transition states and intermediates. Examples of these applications are reviewed for carbonic anhydrase, carboxypeptidase A, thermolysin, type B β-lactamase, and farnesyltransferase.status: publishe
In vivo measurement of intragastric pressure with a rubber balloon in the anesthetized rat.

The protocols described in this unit are designed to measure the intragastric pressure in anesthetized rats by a water-filled low-compliance rubber balloon. The balloon is introduced into the stomach either orally (by passing the balloon  down the esophagus) or directly via a small incision of the fundus after laparotomy. The effects of both stimulatory (e.g., carbachol) and inhibitory (e.g., oxymetazoline) agents can be evaluated on the gastric tone and phasic contractions. The model allows the evaluation of dose-response curves and also the time-course of the effects. Furthermore, by combining centrally or peripherally acting agents the site of action can also be determined. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 57:21.12.1-21.12.11. (c) 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc