pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
A new frontier in digital activism: An\ud
exploration of digital feminism in Fiji

Social media has become a crucial feature of the Pacific islands in the 21st century, providing people with the means to demand greater accountability and transparency and offering an alternative platform through which to engage in policy processes, dialogue, and debate.Increasing social media access and use has altered the existing media and communications landscape,\ud
with implications for mainstream media reporting, censorship, and citizen voice. This paper explores this phenomenon through an examination of the digital activism practices of a group of women's rights activists in Fiji. In doing so, this paper explores how social media is being used as an online platform for information dissemination and debate, as well as the implications this is having “offline” as part of efforts to influence policymaking
The Rentier State at Work: Comparative Experiences of the Resource Curse in East Asia and the Pacific

The article of record as published may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app5.26Countries rich in natural resources do not all
experience the resource curse in the same way.
The rentier state logic holds that the main
political–economic impacts of resource
dependence rest on how the state handles
windfall resource rents. I differentiate how
countries experience the resource curse by disaggregating
the rentier effect into how governments
generate and distribute resource rents. A
simple typology of variation in rentier state
experiences explains how the overall credibility
of intertemporal commitment and degree of
political inclusiveness in a country determine
its distinct experience of the resource curse.
Four brief country cases—comparing the
micro political economy of natural resource
governance in Laos, Papua New Guinea,
Mongolia, and Timor-Leste—illustrate how
intertemporal credibility and political inclusiveness
affect patterns of resource rent generation
and rent distribution. Different countries
experience the resource curse in different
ways, with implications for policy attempts at
mitigation
How Income Segmentation Affects Income Mobility: Evidence from Panel Data in the Philippines

Despite vibrant economic growth, the Philippines confronts persistently high income inequality. Using household-level panel data collected for the years 2003, 2006 and 2009, we investigate how income segmentation affects Filipinos\u27 income mobility prospects. The results of the multinomial logistic models suggest that if households are grouped according to initial income (in 2003), richer households had the lowest propensity to experience slow to moderate income changes and were most likely to experience consistently downward mobility from 2003 to 2009, while initially poorer households had the highest propensity to experience consistently upward mobility. On the other hand, if households are grouped according to permanent income, we still find that lower income households experienced (slightly) better income mobility outcomes; however, their edge over higher income households was much smaller than when initial income was used. This result could indicate that convergence on the basis of initial income may be in part random variation. The findings are robust to heuristic and model-based methods of grouping households into different income segments
Species distribution modeling based on the automated identification of citizen observations

Premise of the Study: A species distribution model computed with automatically identified plant observations was developed and evaluated to contribute to future ecological studies. Methods: We used deep learning techniques to automatically identify opportunistic plant observations made by citizens through a popular mobile application. We compared species distribution modeling of invasive alien plants based on these data to inventories made by experts. Results: The trained models have a reasonable predictive effectiveness for some species, but they are biased by the massive presence of cultivated specimens. Discussion: The method proposed here allows for fine‐grained and regular monitoring of some species of interest based on opportunistic observations. More in‐depth investigation of the typology of the observations and the sampling bias should help improve the approach in the future
Characterization of microsatellite markers for <i>Moricandia moricandioides</i> (Brassicaceae) and related species.

Polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed to study population structure and mating patterns of the monocarpic herb  &lt;i&gt;Moricandia moricandioides&lt;/i&gt;  (Brassicaceae).
Illumina MiSeq sequencing was used to develop a panel of 15 polymorphic microsatellite markers that were tested across 77 individuals from three populations on the Iberian Peninsula. All markers were polymorphic in at least two studied populations, and the number of alleles ranged from one to 11 per locus. The levels of observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.000 to 1.000 and from 0.153 to 0.865, respectively. Nine and 11 loci were successfully amplified in the congeneric species  &lt;i&gt;M. arvensis&lt;/i&gt;  and  &lt;i&gt;M. foetida&lt;/i&gt; , respectively.
The 15 microsatellite markers will be useful for population genetic studies of the genus  &lt;i&gt;Moricandia&lt;/i&gt; . These markers will serve as a useful tool for exploring population structure and mating patterns of  &lt;i&gt;M. moricandioides&lt;/i&gt;
Development of microsatellite markers for the\ud
resin-yielding, non-timber forest product species\ud
Boswellia serrata (Burseraceae)

PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Boswellia serrata (Burseraceae) is an economically important aromatic,gum-resin–yielding, non-timber forest tree species. Microsatellite markers were developed for B. serrata for the first time to study genetic diversity and population structure.\ud
METHODS AND RESULTS: A magnetic bead enrichment method was used to develop 16 microsatellite markers, of which 11 were polymorphic. The number of alleles per locus in\ud
the 60 individuals studied ranged from three to 10, and the levels of observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.50 to 0.90 and 0.666 to 0.861, respectively. The primers successfully amplified in the congeneric species B. ovalifoliolata.\ud
CONCLUSIONS: These microsatellite markers can be used to study the genetic variation and population structure of B. serrata and to provide crucial information on population and ecological issues for management and conservation of the species
Advances in genotyping microsatellite markers through sequencing and consequences of scoring methods for Ceratonia siliqua (Leguminosae)

Premise of the Study: Simple sequence repeat (SSR) or microsatellite markers have been used in a broad range of studies mostly scoring alleles on the basis of amplicon size as a proxy for the number of repeat units of an SSR motif. However, additional sources of variation within the SSR or in the flanking regions have largely remained undetected. Methods: In this study, we implemented a next‐generation sequencing–based genotyping approach in a newly characterized set of 18 nuclear SSR markers for the carob tree, Ceratonia siliqua. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of three different methods of scoring molecular variation present within microsatellite markers on the genetic diversity and structure results. Results: The analysis of the sequences of 77 multilocus genotypes from four populations revealed SSR variation and additional sources of polymorphism in 87% of the loci analyzed (42 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms and five insertion/deletion polymorphisms), as well as divergent paralog copies in two loci. Ignoring sequence variation under standard amplicon size genotyping resulted in incorrect identification of 69% of the alleles, with important effects on the genetic diversity and structure estimates. Discussion: Next‐generation sequencing allows the detection and scoring of SSRs, single‐nucleotide polymorphisms, and insertion/deletion polymorphisms to increase the resolution of population genetic studies
Morphological characteristics of on-farm water storages and their similarity to natural water bodies in the Border Rivers Catchment, Australia

1. Natural wetlands throughout the world are under threat from water resource development required to support an ever increasing population. In the Border Rivers Catchment in Queensland, Australia, a large irrigation industry and highly variable flow regime have necessitated the building of large on-farm water storages.  With the decline in number and size of natural wetlands, the presence of these storages on the floodplain has raised the question of their suitability as alternative habitat for aquatic fauna. This paper explores the variety of water storage types in the Border Rivers  Catchment and how their morphology compares with that of natural wetlands - in particular, factors likely to influence aquatic biodiversity.  2. Storages and natural wetlands formed two distinct groups based on morphology. Storages tended to be large, deep structures with a more regular shape while natural wetlands were irregular and shallow with large perimeters. Although there was a degree of variability amongst the storage sites, a large proportion fell into one group and were considered 'typical storages'. Typical storages contained tailwater and had the following characteristics: situated 3 km from the source river, 10 years old, embankment height of 5m, area of 400 000m2, perimeter of 2.5km and capacity of 1 700 000m3.   3. Due to their uniform structure we believe that most on-farm storages are unlikely to support as diverse or abundant an aquatic population as natural wetlands. The presence of tailwater and associated chemicals is also likely to reduce the aquatic biodiversity of storages compared with natural wetlands. While they may be unsuitable as replacement wetlands, given their numbers they could provide significant aquatic habitat across the landscape, if managed effectively.Griffith Sciences, Griffith School of EnvironmentFull Tex
Do network relationships matter? Comparing network and instream habitat variables to explain densities of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in mid-coastal Oregon, USA

This is a scanned version of a published article. The original can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291099-0755. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work.1.  Aquatic ecologists are working to develop theory and techniques for analysis of dynamic stream processes and communities of organisms. Such work is critical for the development of conservation plans that are relevant at the scale of entire ecosystems. The stream network is the foundation upon which stream systems are organized. Natural and human disturbances in streams alter the configuration of stream habitats such as pools, riffles, and glides across seasons, decades, or centuries. Thus, native aquatic species have developed mechanisms for adapting to the dynamic configuration of habitats in stream networks.\ud
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2.  At different spatial scales, stream network structure informs habitat connectivity for aquatic–obligate species. The movement of aquatic species both upstream and downstream is limited by stream channels and may be modified by the downstream flow of water, nutrients, and physical materials such as wood and substrate. Analysing streams as networks offers a realistic and holistic perspective for assessing movement and distribution by freshwater aquatic species in response to life-history needs and environmental conditions.\ud
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3.  In this study, network analysis was facilitated by automating, in a Geographic Information System, the calculation of network distances and variables that represent spatial configuration. A comparison between traditional instream habitat variables and network variables for juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in seven sub-basins of Oregon's mid-coast over a 5-year period revealed that network variables perform better at explaining juvenile coho salmon density than instream habitat variables. Moreover, analysis of network distances among seasonal habitats indicates that juvenile coho salmon density may be higher where the distance between critical seasonal habitats is short. This work furthers aquatic conservation, management, and restoration by including analysis of the proximity and connectivity among aquatic freshwater habitats. Published in 2012. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA
A qualitative ecological risk assessment of the invasive Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus in a sub-tropical African river system (Limpopo River, South Africa)

1. This study outlines the development of a qualitative risk assessment method and its application as a screening tool for determining the risk of establishment and spread of the invasive Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758), within the central sub-catchment of the Limpopo River basin in northern South Africa.
2. The assessment utilised known physiological tolerance limits of O. niloticus in relation to minimum water temperature, presence or absence of dams, seasonality of river flows and the presence of indigenous fish species of concern to identify river systems that would be suitable for O. niloticus establishment.
3. River sections along the Limpopo main river channel and the immediate reaches of its associated tributaries east of the Limpopo/Lephalala river confluence along the Botswana-South Africa-Zimbabwe border were identified as being highly vulnerable to O. niloticus invasion. Rivers in the upper Bushveld catchment (Upper Limpopo, Mogalakwena, Lephalala, Mokolo, Matlabas and Crocodile rivers) were categorised as of medium ecological risk, while headwater streams were considered to be of low ecological risk. The decrease in vulnerability between lowveld and highveld river sections was mainly a function of low water temperatures (8-12° C) associated with increasing altitude.
4. Oreochromis niloticus is already established in the lower catchment of the Limpopo River basin where indigenous congenerics are at an extinction risk through hybridization and competition exclusion. Oreochromis niloticus, therefore, poses an ecologically unacceptable risk to novel river systems in the upper catchment where it is yet to establish. The current risk assessment model provides a useful preliminary logistic framework for the identification of river systems that are vulnerable to an O. niloticus invasion where conservation measures should be directed and implemented to prevent its introduction and spread within the Limpopo river system.The South African Working for Water (WfW) Project through the DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology (CIB), University of Pretoria, South Africahttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1099-0755hb2013ab201
Conservation of a permanent hypersaline lake: management options evaluated from decadal variability of Coleofasciculus chthonoplastes microbial mats

International audienceLa Salada de Chiprana' (NE Spain) is a permanent athalassic saline lake, and as such unique in Western Europe. More than 20 years ago, it was recognized that this lake should be protected; particularly, because it supported extensive microbial mat communities built by the cyanobacterium Coleofasciculus (Microcoleus) chthonoplastes and submerged aquatic vegetation of an endemic form of the foxtail stonewort (Lamprothamnium papulosum var. papulosum f. aragonense). For centuries, the lake hydrology, salinity and water levels have been driven by the combined effects of anthropogenic activities (e.g. irrigation in the watershed) and climatic factors. In the early 1990s, the water level increased and salinity dropped as a consequence of excessive freshwater inputs from direct overflow via irrigation canals. As a result, the microbial mats and aquatic vegetation perished and water column turbidity increased. Based on these observations, since 1994 management measures were introduced aimed at reducing the freshwater input by stopping the direct overflow from irrigation canals. This resulted in a rapid recovery of the hypersaline features of the lake, particularly of the microbial mat communities and the aquatic vegetation. Since 2000, there has been a persistent trend of decreasing lake level and increasing salinity. The population of the endemic foxtail stonewort collapsed in 2006 and the area occupied by C. chthonoplastes mats has drastically decreased. This raises the important question on how to manage athalassic saline lakes in their agrocultural context and calls for a review of the management option taken in the early 1990s. While it could be argued that the current situation is closer to natural hydrological functioning than 20 years ago, we propose that management should seek to conserve the original microbial and aquatic vegetation communities
Ecology of southern European pearl mussels (Margaritifera margaritifera): first record of two new populations on the rivers Terva and Beça (Portugal)

Southern European populations of Margaritifera margaritifera (L., 1758) are under-studied. From 1986 to
2001 this species was considered extinct in Portugal but between 2001 and 2002 six northern populations were found, five of which were previously unknown.
2. This study comprises a comparative study of the ecology and habitat requirements of two new populations in the rivers Beça and Terva (tributaries of the River Tâmega, northern Portugal) with non-Iberian populations.
3. Surveys were conducted in 2010/2011 to characterize ecological status and propose possible conservation measures. Both rivers were in good environmental condition, but the River Beça had higher biological, physicochemical and hydromorphological quality.
4. Both populations are highly susceptible to extirpation – in particular the River Terva population, given the very low number of specimens found and no sign of recent recruitment. The low number of juveniles and the existence of several threats in both rivers (e.g. fragmentation and loss of habitat caused by the presence of physical obstacles, organic pollution and bank erosion due to fires) imply the need for urgent, effective, conservation measures.
5. Southern European M. margaritifera populations have similar ecological and habitat requirements compared with those of northern and central Europe. However, functional populations may endure higher phosphate content, pH and temperature values. As expected they present faster growth rates and reduced life spans
Development and multiplexing of microsatellite loci for the near threatened freshwater mussel Potomida littoralis (Cuvier, 1798) using 454 sequencing

1. The Unionidae are among the most endangered fauna in the world and globally in decline. They are particularly vulnerable to habitat loss and fragmentation, susceptible to flow, pollution and climatic disturbances and introduction of invasive species. Despite their well-recognized ecological and conservation importance, there is a surprising lack of genomic resources currently available for European species.
2. The aim of this study was to develop and characterize microsatellites for the near threatened freshwater mussel, Potomida littoralis using 454 sequencing.
3. In order to improve genotyping throughput as well as cost-effectiveness, two multiplex-PCR reactions were designed to amplify 16 new loci. All the new 16 microsatellites were successfully combined in two multiplexed PCR with the number of alleles ranging from 2 to 25 per locus (with a mean of 10), confirming the utility of the new markers.
4. The new genetic markers can therefore be used for studying the population genetic structure and evolution of this species, e.g. to examine current levels of genetic variability within and between populations and thus to contribute to conservation and management
Genetic structure and diversity of the endangered bath sponge Spongia lamella.

15 páginas, 5 tablas, 4 figuras.1.Natural populations of Mediterranean commercial sponges have declined substantially over recent decades.\ud
The present study explored the distribution of genetic diversity of the endangered bath sponge Spongia lamella along the western Mediterranean and the Portuguese coast.\ud
Seven microsatellite markers were used to genotype 231 individuals scattered over nine populations. Basic genetic descriptors and population genetic analyses based on FST test, analyses of the molecular variance (AMOVA), Bayesian clustering, dissimilarity analysis of principal components, and demographic analyses were performed.\ud
Genetic differentiation between populations was large and highly significant (global FST = 0.236, P < 0.001). AMOVA and Bayesian analyses showed genetic differentiation among the Atlantic, Balearic, and North Mediterranean areas (FCT = 0.129, P = 0.003).\ud
Restricted gene flow owing to short-distance larval dispersal and hydrographical barriers may be playing an important role in genetic differentiation.\ud
Recent bottlenecks were also detected for most populations of this sponge.\ud
The high levels of inbreeding, sub-structuring, and modest levels of genetic diversity that characterized populations of S. lamella (mean value of genetic diversity 0.512), may compromise its long-term survival. Only one population, from the Gibraltar Strait, presented high levels of genetic diversity (Ceuta, genetic diversity = 0.657), indicating a hotspot of genetic diversity for this species with special relevance for its conservation.\ud
Disease outbreaks and overexploitation may be the most important causes of genetic diversity impoverishment of S. lamella.\ud
Future conservation guidelines should focus on preserving genetic diversity within genetically impoverished populations by limiting exploitation, and increasing population size. Transplanting specimens from areas with high values of genetic diversity to areas with low diversity values or to areas that have recently experienced demographic declines could reverse the local and global recession of this species.Research funded by grants from the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ECIMAR), a ‘Beatriu de Pinós’ contract (Comissionat per a Universitats i Recerca from Departament d'Innovació, Universitats i Empresa, Generalitat de Catalunya) and a ‘Juan de la Cierva’ contract (Ministry of Science from the Spanish Government) to R. P-P. Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (projects BENTHOMICS: CTM2010-22218 and SOLID: CTM2010-17755), and the BIOCAPITAL project (MRTN-CT-2004-512301) of the European Union. This is a contribution of the Consolidated Research Group ‘Grupo de Ecología Bentónica’, SGR2009-655 of Generalitat de Catalunya.Peer reviewe