pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
The changing face of cognitive gender differences in Europe

Cognitive gender differences and the reasons for their origins have fascinated researchers for decades. Using nationally representative data to investigate gender differences in cognitive performance in middle-aged and older populations across Europe, we show that the magnitude of these differences varies systematically across cognitive tasks, birth cohorts, and regions, but also that the living conditions and educational opportunities individuals are exposed to during their formative years are related to their later cognitive performance. Specifically, we demonstrate that improved living conditions and less gender-restricted educational opportunities are associated with increased gender differences favoring women in some cognitive functions (i.e., episodic memory) and decreases (i.e., numeracy) or elimination of differences in other cognitive abilities (i.e., category fluency). Our results suggest that these changes take place due to a general increase in women's cognitive performance over time, associated with societal improvements in living conditions and educational opportunities
Formal Analysis of Key Integrity in PKCS#11

PKCS#11 is a standard API to cryptographic devices such as smarcards, hardware security modules and usb crypto-tokens. Though widely adopted, this API has been shown to be prone to attacks in which a malicious user gains access to the sensitive keys stored in the devices. In 2008, Delaune, Kremer and Steel proposed a model to formally reason on this kind of attacks. We extend this model to also describe flaws that are based on integrity violations of the stored keys. In particular, we consider scenarios in which a malicious overwriting of keys might fool honest users into using attacker’s own keys, while performing sensitive operations. We further enrich the model with a trusted key mechanism ensuring that only controlled, non-tampered keys are used in cryptographic operations, and we show how this modified API prevents the above mentioned key-replacement attacks
The contribution of grain boundary barriers to the electrical conductivity of titanium oxide thin films

Titanium oxide thin films were prepared by reactive magnetron sputtering. The reactive gas pulsing process was implemented to control the oxygen injection in the deposition process and,consequently, to tune the oxygen concentration in the films from pure titanium to stoichiometric TiO2, maintaining a homogeneous in-depth concentration. The electrical conductivity of the films was investigated as a function of the oxygen injection time, the metalloid concentration and temperature, in the range 90-600 K. The curved Arrhenius plots of the conductivity were examined taking into account the grain boundary limited transport model of Werner J. H. Werner Solid State Phenom. 37-38, 213 1994 . The grain barrier heights were found to depend significantly on the oxygen supplied into the deposition process and thus, on the oxygen-to-titanium atomic ratio in the films. The analysis as a function of temperature showed that the conduction mechanism in the coatings was not solely limited by the oxygen-to-titanium atomic ratio, but also by the grain boundary scattering
Integrating regional-scale connectivity in habitat restoration: An application for amphibian conservation in eastern France

International audienceHabitat restoration is one way of reducing landscape fragmentation, which is seen as a threat to biodiversity. It consists in renovating disused or degraded habitat patches or in creating new habitat patches in suitable areas. Currently, most restoration measures draw on the local knowledge of experts for selecting the best locations. For amphibian metapopulations like the European tree frog (Hyla arborea), the search for such locations must include regional-scale connectivity in order to maintain their viability. We set up a systematic and cumulative protocol for adding new habitat patches to a pond network. Graph modelling is used to include regional-scale connectivity as a criterion to be maximized. Successive locations are tested systematically and connectivity is compared before and after the virtual addition of each new pond. The location that increases connectivity most is identified. The results show that the priority areas identified by the model are similar to those suggested by local experts from a wildlife conservation association. The two approaches are complementary because they are applied on two different scales. The patch addition method can identify strategic areas for improving global connectivity by taking into account the regional scale. Experts' knowledge can target the precise location within the identified area for creating new habitats based on local factors of the surrounding context. In addition, our method can be also used to prioritize locations already decided on by landscape managers. Consequently, this protocol appears to be a useful tool for guiding habitat restoration in the field
Manipulating textures of rotating superfluid 3 He- A phase in a single narrow cylinder

We investigated order parameter textures of the rotating superfluid 3 He-A phase in a single narrow cylinder with
a diameter of about 10 times the dipole coherence length by the cw-NMR method. It is theoretically proposed
that in such a narrow cylinder, a few special textures will appear due to the confinement in a cylindrical geometry.
We observed three types of NMR spectra in the A phase. The NMR spectra of the textures were identified by
a comparison with the spin waves excited in the NMR potential using their numerically calculated resonance
frequencies and relative intensities. We have established a method to selectively generate each one of the textures
by controlling the conditions when the A phase was formed, such as the applied magnetic field, rotation angular
velocity, and temperature
Pattern formation of chevrons in the conduction regime in homeotropically aligned liquid crystals

We report on chevrons (herringbonelike patterns) observed in homeotropically aligned liquid crystals with high electric conductivity. We focus our attention on two types of chevrons observed in the conduction regime. The threshold voltage and the characteristic double periodicity of chevrons (i.e., the short wavelength λ1 of the striated rolls and the long wavelength λ2 of the chevron bands) have been measured as functions of the applied electric frequency f. With the aid of a crossed polarizer set, we have, in addition, determined the director field which shows a periodic in-plane rotation for our chevrons (with a wavelength λ2). We arrived at the types of chevrons after qualitatively different bifurcation sequences with increasing voltage. The frequency dependence of λ2 also shows a qualitatively different behavior with respect to the two types of chevrons. The experimental results are discussed in terms of recent theoretical investigations
Creep mechanism of highly purified V-4Cr-4Ti alloys during thermal creep in a vacuum

Pressurized thermal creep tubes of highly purified V-4Cr-4Ti, the
	NIFS-Heat2 alloy have been examined following testing in the range 700 to
	850°C. It was found that the creep stress exponent of the NIFS-Heat2 alloy is
	about 5 and that the characteristic creep mechanism was the dislocation creep
	usually observed in pure metals. The apparent activation energy of creep
	deformation is about 210kJ/mol in the temperature range 700 to 850°C. Creep
	deformation was considered to be controlled by climb-controlled dislocation glide
	at 850°C, where sub-grain boundary structure predominates and consists of
	dislocation dipole structures and pile-ups of dislocations
Bifidobacterium longum 1714 as a translational psychobiotic: modulation of stress, electrophysiology and neurocognition in healthy volunteers

The emerging concept of psychobiotics—live microorganisms with a potential mental health benefit—represents a novel approach for the management of stress-related conditions. The majority of studies have focused on animal models. Recent preclinical studies have identified the B. longum 1714 strain as a putative psychobiotic with an impact on stress-related behaviors, physiology and cognitive performance. Whether such preclinical effects could be translated to healthy human volunteers remains unknown. We tested whether psychobiotic consumption could affect the stress response, cognition and brain activity patterns. In a within-participants design, healthy volunteers (N=22) completed cognitive assessments, resting electroencephalography and were exposed to a socially evaluated cold pressor test at baseline, post-placebo and post-psychobiotic. Increases in cortisol output and subjective anxiety in response to the socially evaluated cold pressor test were attenuated. Furthermore, daily reported stress was reduced by psychobiotic consumption. We also observed subtle improvements in hippocampus-dependent visuospatial memory performance, as well as enhanced frontal midline electroencephalographic mobility following psychobiotic consumption. These subtle but clear benefits are in line with the predicted impact from preclinical screening platforms. Our results indicate that consumption of B. longum 1714 is associated with reduced stress and improved memory. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the benefits of this putative psychobiotic in relevant stress-related conditions and to unravel the mechanisms underlying such effects
Cost of abortions in Zambia: a comparison of safe abortion and post abortion care

Unsafe abortion is a significant but preventable cause of maternal mortality. Although induced abortion has been legal in Zambia since 1972, many women still face logistical, financial, social, and legal obstacles to access safe abortion services, and undergo unsafe abortion instead. This study provides the first estimates of costs of post abortion care (PAC) after an unsafe abortion and the cost of safe abortion in Zambia. In the absence of routinely collected data on abortions, we used multiple data sources: key informant interviews, medical records and hospital logbooks. We estimated the costs of providing safe abortion and PAC services at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka and then projected these costs to generate indicative cost estimates for Zambia. Due to unavailability of data on the actual number of safe abortions and PAC cases in Zambia, we used estimates from previous studies and from other similar countries, and checked the robustness of our estimates with sensitivity analyses. We found that PAC following an unsafe abortion can cost 2.5 times more than safe abortion care. The Zambian health system could save as much as US$0.4 million annually if those women currently treated for an unsafe abortion instead had a safe abortion
One central oscillatory drive is compatible with experimental motor unit behaviour in essential and Parkinsonian tremor

Pathological tremors are symptomatic to several neurological disorders that are difficult to differentiate and the way by which central oscillatory networks entrain tremorogenic contractions is unknown. We considered the alternative hypotheses that tremor arises from one oscillator (at the tremor frequency) or, as suggested by recent findings from the superimposition of two separate inputs (at the tremor frequency and twice that frequency). Approach. Assuming one central oscillatory network we estimated analytically the relative amplitude of the harmonics of the tremor frequency in the motor neuron output for different temporal behaviors of the oscillator. Next, we analyzed the bias in the relative harmonics amplitude introduced by superimposing oscillations at twice the tremor frequency. These findings were validated using experimental measurements of wrist angular velocity and surface electromyography (EMG) from 22 patients (11 essential tremor, 11 Parkinson’s disease). The ensemble motor unit action potential trains identified from the EMG represented the neural drive to the muscles. Main results. The analytical results showed that the relative power of the tremor harmonics in the analytical models of the neural drive was determined by the variability and duration of the tremor bursts and the presence of the second oscillator biased this power towards higher values. The experimental findings accurately matched the analytical model assuming one oscillator, indicating a negligible functional role of secondary oscillatory inputs. Furthermore, a significant difference in the relative power of harmonics in the neural drive was found across the patient groups, suggesting a diagnostic value of this measure (classification accuracy: 86%). This diagnostic power decreased substantially when estimated from limb acceleration or the EMG. Signficance. The results indicate that the neural drive in pathological tremor is compatible with one central network providing neural oscillations at the tremor frequency. Moreover, the regularity of this neural oscillation varies across tremor pathologies, making the relative amplitude of tremor harmonics a potential biomarker for diagnostic use
Vortex pinning vs superconducting wire network: origin of periodic oscillations induced by applied magnetic fields in superconducting films with arrays of nanomagnets

Hybrid magnetic arrays embedded in superconducting films are ideal systems to study the competition between different physical (such as the coherence length) and structural length scales such as are available in artificially produced structures. This interplay leads to oscillation in many magnetically dependent superconducting properties such as the critical currents, resistivity and magnetization. These effects are generally analyzed using two distinct models based on vortex pinning or wire network. In this work, we show that for magnetic dot arrays, as opposed to antidot (i.e. holes) arrays, vortex pinning is the main mechanism for field induced oscillations in resistance R(H), critical current I-c(H), magnetization M(H) and ac-susceptibility chi(ac)(H) in a broad temperature range. Due to the coherence length divergence at T-c, a crossover to wire network behaviour is experimentally found. While pinning occurs in a wide temperature range up to T-c, wire network behaviour is only present in a very narrow temperature window close to T-c. In this temperature interval, contributions from both mechanisms are operational but can be experimentally distinguished
Deployment of titanium thermal barrier for low-temperature carbon nanotube growth

<p>Chemical vapor-synthesized carbon nanotubes are typically grown at temperatures around 600 degrees C. We report on the deployment of a titanium layer to help elevate the constraints on the substrate temperature during plasma-assisted growth. The growth is possible through the lowering of the hydrocarbon content used in the deposition, with the only source of heat provided by the plasma. The nanotubes synthesized have a small diameter distribution, which deviates from the usual trend that the diameter is determined by the thickness of the catalyst film. Simple thermodynamic simulations also show that the quantity of heat, that can be distributed, is determined by the thickness of the titanium layer. Despite the lower synthesis temperature, it is shown that this technique allows for high growth rates as well as better quality nanotubes.</p
The Rapamycin-sensitive Phosphoproteome Reveals That TOR Controls Protein Kinase A Toward Some But Not All Substrates

Regulation of cell growth requires extensive coordination of several processes including transcription, ribosome biogenesis, translation, nutrient metabolism, and autophagy. In yeast, the protein kinases Target of Rapamycin (TOR) and protein kinase A (PKA) regulate these processes and are thereby the main activators of cell growth in response to nutrients. How TOR, PKA, and their corresponding signaling pathways are coordinated to control the same cellular processes is not understood. Quantitative analysis of the rapamycin-sensitive phosphoproteome combined with targeted analysis of PKA substrates suggests that TOR complex 1 (TORC1) activates PKA but only toward a subset of substrates. Furthermore, we show that TORC1 signaling impinges on BCY1, the negative regulatory subunit of PKA. Inhibition of TORC1 with rapamycin leads to BCY1 phosphorylation on several sites including T129. Phosphorylation of BCY1 T129 results in BCY1 activation and inhibition of PKA. TORC1 inhibits BCY1 T129 phosphorylation by phosphorylating and activating the S6K homolog SCH9 that in turn inhibits the MAP kinase MPK1. MPK1 phosphorylates BCY1 T129 directly. Thus, TORC1 activates PKA toward some substrates by preventing MPK1-mediated activation of BCY1
Analysis of nested tube type energy absorbers with different indenters and exterior constraints

The present work presents both numerically and experimentally the quasi-static lateral compression of nested systems with vertical and inclined side constraints. The force-deflection response of mild steel short tubes compressed using two types of indenter’s is examined. The variation in response due to these indenters and external constraints are illustrated and how these can contribute to an increase the energy absorbing capacity of such systems. The implicit version of the Finite Element code via ANSYS is used to simulate these nested systems and comparison of results is made with those obtained in experiments and were found to be in good agreement
Calculating impact factor: how bibliographical classification of journal items affects the impact factor of large and small journals

As bibliographical classification of published journal items affects the denominator in this equation, we investigated how the numerator and denominator of the impact factor (IF) equation were generated for representative journals in two categories of the Journal Citation Reports (JCR). We performed a full text search of the 1st-ranked journal in 2004 JCR category "Medicine, General and Internal" (New England Journal of Medicine, NEJM, IF = 38.570) and 61st-ranked journal (Croatian Medical Journal, CMJ, IF = 0.690), 1st-ranked journal in category "Multidisciplinary Sciences" (Nature, IF = 32.182) and journal with a relative rank of CMJ (Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, AABC, IF = 0.435). Large journals published more items categorized by Web of Science (WoS) as non-research items (editorial material, letters, news, book reviews, bibliographical items, or corrections): 63% out of total 5,193 items in Nature and 81% out of 3,540 items in NEJM, compared with 31% out of 283 items in CMJ and only 2 (2%) out of 126 items in AABC. Some items classified by WoS as non-original contained original research data (9.5% in Nature, 7.2% in NEJM, 13.7% in CMJ and none in AABC). These items received a significant number of citations: 6.9% of total citations in Nature, 14.7% in NEJM and 18.5% in CMJ. IF decreased for all journals when only items presenting original research and citations to them were used for IF calculation. Regardless of the journal's size or discipline, publication of non-original research and its classification by the bibliographical database have an effect on both numerator and denominator of the IF equation
Stable high-order finite-difference methods based on non-uniform grid point distributions

It is well known that high-order finite-difference methods may become unstable due to the presence of boundaries and the imposition of boundary conditions. For uniform grids, Gustafsson, Kreiss, and Sundstr¨om theory and the summation-by-parts method provide sufficient conditions for stability. For non-uniform grids, clustering of nodes close to the boundaries improves the stability of the resulting finite-difference operator. Several heuristic explanations exist for the goodness of the clustering, and attempts have been made to link it to the Runge phenomenon present in polynomial interpolations of high degree. By following the philosophy behind the Chebyshev polynomials, a non-uniform grid for piecewise polynomial interpolations of degree q_N is introduced in this paper, where N + 1 is the total number of grid nodes. It is shown that when q = N, this polynomial interpolation coincides with the Chebyshev interpolation, and the resulting finite-difference schemes are equivalent to Chebyshev collocation methods. Finally, test cases are run showing how stability and correct transient behaviours are achieved for any degree q<N through the use of the proposed non-uniform grids. Discussions are complemented by spectra and pseudospectra of the finite-difference operators
Mapping Cumulative Environmental Risks: Examples from The EU NoMiracle Project

We present examples of cumulative chemical risk mapping methods developed within the NoMiracle project. The different examples illustrate the application of the concentration addition (CA) approach to pesticides at different scale, the integration in space of cumulative risks to individual organisms under the CA assumption, and two techniques to (1) integrate risks using data-driven, parametric statistical methods, and (2) cluster together areas with similar occurrence of different risk factors, respectively. The examples are used to discuss some general issues, particularly on the conventional nature of cumulative risk maps, and may provide some suggestions for the practice of cumulative risk mapping
Measured Stark widths of several spectral lines of Pb III

The Stark full widths at half of the maximal line intensity (FWHM, ω) have been measured for 25 spectrallines of PbIII (15 measured for the first time) arising from the 5d106s8s, 5d106s7p, 5d106s5f and 5d106s5g electronic configurations, in a lead plasma produced by ablation with a Nd:YAG laser. The optical emission spectroscopy from a laser-induced plasma generated by a 10 640 Å radiation, with an irradiance of 2 × 1010 W cm− 2 on a lead target (99.99% purity) in an atmosphere of argon was analysed in the wavelength interval between 2000 and 7000 Å. The broadening parameters were obtained with the target placed in argon atmosphere at 6 Torr and 400 ns after each laser light pulse, which provides appropriate measurement conditions. A Boltzmann plot was used to obtain the plasma temperature (21,400 K) and published values of the Starkwidths in Pb I, Pb II and PbIII to obtain the electron number density (7 × 1016 cm− 3); with these values, the plasma composition was determined by means of the Saha equation. Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE) conditions and plasma homogeneity has been checked. Special attention was dedicated to the possible self-absorption of the different transitions. Comparison of the new results with recent available data is also presented
A Prediction Model to Diabetes using Artificial Metaplasticity

Diabetes is the most common disease nowadays in all populations and in all age groups. Different techniques of artificial intelligence has been applied to diabetes problem. This research proposed the artificial metaplasticity on multilayer perceptron (AMMLP) as prediction model for prediction of diabetes. The Pima Indians diabetes was used to test the proposed model AMMLP. The results obtained by AMMLP were compared with other algorithms, recently proposed by other researchers, that were applied to the same database. The best result obtained so far with the AMMLP algorithm is 89.93