pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
SALTMED model to simulate yield and dry matter for quinoa crop and soil moisture content under different irrigation strategies in south Italy

The aim of this research was to calibrate and validate the SALTMED model with soil moisture, total dry matter and yield data of Chenopodium quinoa Willd var. Titicaca grown in a Mediterranean environment of south Italy under different irrigation strategies. For this purpose the data used were obtained from a biannual field trial (2009-2010) performed at the experimental station of the CNR - Institute for Agricultural and Forest Mediterranean Systems (ISAFoM) on the Volturno river plain, an irrigated area of Southern Italy; a control irrigation treatment where water was given to restore the root zone layer (0.00 - 0.36 m) to 100% of its field capacity, and two other treatments where water given represented 50% and 25% of the water volume given for the control treatment. Two water qualities were used, saline and well water.\ud
SALTMED model was calibrated using yield, total dry matter (including roots) and soil moisture data from 100% well water treatment in 2009. After the calibration, the model was validated using the same set of crop and soil parameters. The results indicated the model ability to simulate with good precision, soil moisture values, total dry matter and grain yield for quinoa under different irrigation strategies with saline and fresh water for a two years experiment
The effect of saline irrigation water on the yield of pepper: experimental and modelling study

The present study investigates the impact of using saline water on pepper crop yield and the application of a numerical model in predicting soil moisture and relative yield under saline irrigation conditions. In the greenhouse experimental study conducted in Antalya, Turkey, the effects of different irrigation regimes with salinity treatments using a drip irrigation system were investigated for two pepper varieties. The irrigation regimes consisted of four irrigation treatments with four salinity levels in two cropping seasons—spring 2011 and autumn 2011. The numerical model SALTMED was used and calibrated using measured soil moisture of a control experiment run during spring 2011. After the calibration, the model was validated using other experimental treatments during spring 2011 and all the experimental treatments in autumn 2011, with appropriate salinity stress parameter π50 values which are calibrated versus the highest salinity treatments in the spring 2011 and autumn 2011 experiments. The predicted results show the ability of the model to reproduce the measured soil moisture at three soil layers 0–20, 20–40 and 40–60 cm. The predicted relative yield results are in good agreement with measured data. Although the numerical model SALTMED has been used in several studies in the past, this is the first study that illustrates the potential capacity of the model for use in managing greenhouse production
SALTMED model as an integrated management tool for water, crop, soil and N-fertilizer water management strategies and productivity: field and simulation study

This paper is a follow-up from a paper which described the SALTMED model. In this paper the focus is on the model application,using data of tomato and potato from field experiments in Italy, Greece (Crete) and Serbia. Drip full irrigation, drip deficit irrigation, drip as partial root drying (PRD), sprinkler and furrow irrigation were used in the 3-yr experiment between 2006 and 2008. In drip-irrigated experiments, the drip line was 10–12 cm below the surface. Dry matter, final yield, soil moisture and soil nitrogen were successfully simulated. The study showed that there is a great potential for saving water when using subsurface drip, PRD or drip deficit irrigation compared with sprinkler and furrow irrigation. Depending on the crop and irrigation system, the amount of fresh water that can be saved could vary between 14 and 44%. PRD and deficit drip irrigation have proved to be the most efficient water application strategies with the highest water productivity
Integrated management tool for water, crop, soil and N-fertilizers: the Saltmed model

Good management will be required to double food production by 2050. Testing management strategies is commonly carried\ud
out in the field. Such trials are costly and require quite a long time to produce consistent and reliable results. An alternative option to field trials would be the use of tested models. Models can run with ‘what-if’ scenarios depicting different types of field management. They are a less costly and faster alternative to field trials.\ud
In contrast to some existing models, the SALTMED 2013 model is designed for general applications that include various\ud
irrigation systems and water application strategies, water of different qualities, variety of crops and trees, different nitrogen based fertilizers and different soil types. The model can simulate up to 20 fields with different treatments, different crops, different\ud
irrigation systems and management as well as different N-fertilizer applications. The SALTMED model has been tested\ud
using field experiment data from Portugal, Italy, Denmark, Morocco, Egypt, Syria, Brazil and Iran. It successfully simulated soil moisture, salinity, nitrogen content, grain yield and total dry matter.\ud
The model provides academics, professionals and extension services with a management tool for crops, soil, water and nitrogen fertilizers. This paper describes the processes, the equations of the model and summarizes the different applications and results obtained
Evaluating the productivity potential of chickpea, lentil and faba bean under saline water irrigation systems

The information on salinity threshold levels for food legumes when irrigating with saline water is limited and old. In a multi-year study at two sites in the Euphrates Basin, we aimed at (i) evaluating the potential of saline water irrigation for chickpea, faba bean and lentil production; and (ii) using the SALTMED model to determine threshold crop yields based on irrigation water salinity in equilibrium with ambient soil solution salinity. To evaluate 15 accessions each of lentil and chickpea, and 11 accessions of faba bean, three irrigation treatments were used with salinity levels of 0.87, 2.50 and 3.78 dS m-1 at Hassake and 0.70, 3.0 and 5.0 dS m-1 at Raqqa. Aggregated grain yields showed significant differences (p < 0.05) among crop accessions. Calibration and validation of the SALTMED model revealed a close relationship between actual grain yields from the field sites and those predicted by the model. The 50% yield reduction (π50 value) in chickpea, lentil, and faba bean occurred at salinity levels of 4.2, 4.4 and 5.2 dS m-1, respectively. These results suggest that of the three food legume crops, faba bean can withstand relatively high levels of irrigation water salinity, followed by lentil and chickpea
Tolerance of faba bean, chickpea and lentil to salinity: accessions' salinity response functions

The productivity of crops irrigated with saline water or grown on salt-affected soils depends on the salt tolerance of the crops, their accessions, and various environmental and cultural conditions such as soil properties, climate and irrigation methods. The level and ability of plants to tolerate salt stress is the most critical information for the successful management of salt-affected agricultural lands and saline irrigation waters. In this paper, responses of three food legume crops (faba bean, chickpea and lentil) to salinity stress were analysed using the threshold-slope linear response function and modified discount function. The response functions are calibrated using the 2009–2010 season data and validated using the 2010–2011 season data from faba bean, chickpea and lentil experiments conducted in Raqqa, Syria. The comparison was also made through SALTMED model predictions. The results of this study show that the salinity response functions and productivity of grain yield are highly variable within the accessions of the same crop. For optimum outcome, practitioners need to consider salinity response functions and also the productivity of different accessions and their response to salinity in relation to the soil and available irrigation water salinity level
Assessing performance of small-scale pumped irrigation systems in Sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from a systematic review

Small-scale irrigation (SSI) has significant potential to increase crop productivity in Sub Saharan
Africa (SSA). Pumped irrigation systems are one of the technologies increasingly being used by
smallholder farmers. The aim of this study was to systematically review evidence on the
performance of SSI pumped systems, including motorized, treadle, rope and washer, solar and
wind pumps. The study revealed a lack of standardization and use of a wide range of indicators
to assess performance. Most evidence related to motorized pumps, these studies confirmed mixed
levels of performance; studies relating to other types of pumped system mostly reported a positive
impact, although the method of assessment used was critical. Studies reporting positive impacts
tended to be those that used socio-economic based factors such as yield and profitability, whereas
studies reporting mixed performance tended to be those that relied more on technically based
indicators such as pumping and irrigation system efficiency. The analysis highlights the
sensitivity of interpreting findings from different studies, and how caution should be exercised
when comparing performance within and between different types of irrigation system. The
implications for supporting policy development and identifying future research gaps are
discussed
Hydrochemical Effect of Different Quality of Water on the Behaviour of an Expansive Soil During Wetting and Drying Cycles

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Wiley via the DOI in this record.The effect of quality of water on deformation, pH, EC (electrical conductivity) and osmotic suction was studied for an expansive soil during wetting and drying tests. The cyclic wetting and drying tests were conducted on samples of an expansive soil in a modified oedometer flooded with distilled, acidic and saline water. During the tests axial deformation of the samples was recorded continuously. pH and EC of pore water and reservoir water were measured through duplicated samples in a conventional oedometer. Osmotic suction was calculated based on the values of EC. The results show that the magnitude of deformation depends on the quality of the water and the deformation attained an equilibrium condition after almost four cycles. pH, EC and osmotic suction decreased with increasing suction. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Profitability assessment of potato production applying different irrigation methods

The present research was conducted during the dry and warm growing seasons of 2011, 2012 and 2013 at Guča, which is a\ud
well-known potato-growing region of Serbia. Potato was grown under both rainfed conditions and with irrigation, applying\ud
two methods: sprinkler and subsurface drip irrigation. The objective of the research was to conduct a comparative analysis\ud
and assess the profitability of potato production under rainfed conditions and with irrigation by these two methods. The main\ud
outcome of the research showed that higher yields and more profitable production are achievable with irrigation, compared to\ud
rainfed conditions. Subsurface drip irrigation was found to be more profitable than sprinkler irrigation. The results provided\ud
insight into the structure and distribution of income and expenses, the income and expense growth trend, the percentage profit\ud
growth in the case of sprinkler and subsurface drip irrigation, as well as potential income losses at the national level if the\ud
irrigation methods considered are not used. A detailed analysis of the production costs provided insight into the feasibility\ud
of optimizing potato-growing approaches for all three types of production. The higher profitability of irrigated potato production\ud
opens the question of the need to increase irrigation coverage in Serbia
Participation in a complex and conflicting context: Implementing a shared diagnosis in a Northern Tunisia irrigation scheme

Promoting innovation to improve both productivity and sustainability of irrigated farming systems is crucial for the first question addressed within the Sustainable Development Goals process led by the United Nations. This is a complex task that requires methods and processes which include a diversity of knowledge. For this reason, participatory approaches have been increasingly encouraged. A broad range of methods have been developed in the literature. However, debates on the effectiveness of the results, including questions on how different stakeholders influence results and how the context influences platform processes, remain theoretical. In this article, the authors evaluate the results of a participatory diagnosis aiming to identify the constraints and possible innovations to improve agricultural production in the Brahmi irrigation scheme in Tunisia. The process was implemented with individual interviews and focus groups operationalized through two types of platforms, 'Community of Practice (CoP)' and 'Learning and Practice Alliance (LPA)'. We highlighted that both CoP and LPA offer fruitful platforms for the interaction of all stakeholders. However, the results could be biased by the context and the expectations and strategies of powerful participants. Individual interviews are complementary to focus group results, especially in situations where open or latent conflicts exist
Key and Smart Actions to Alleviate Hunger and Poverty Through Irrigation and Drainage

In the pursuit of information to support policies and actions to alleviate hunger and poverty through irrigation and drainage, this\ud
paper attempts to provide correlations between water scarcity, communities and poverty. Many reviews have found strong\ud
direct and indirect relationships between irrigation and poverty. One of the main goals of the international community is to\ud
eliminate hunger and poverty and in this perspective, through the Millennium Development Goals, much progress has been\ud
achieved and evidence obtained. Sustainable Development Goals and various other United Nations initiatives intend to move\ud
forward this agenda by making it a part of broader development frameworks. In this paper, the important elements of irrigation\ud
and drainage that affect the alleviation of hunger and poverty are discussed. These elements are grouped into governance,\ud
rights-based developments, water rights and pricing, management, efficiency improvement, and the role of technology. Both\ud
the potential and the need for innovative technology and solutions in irrigation are underlined, which can be used to cater\ud
for the challenges in different subsectors. The main focus of these solutions is on maximizing productivity and efficiency,\ud
reducing water losses, achieving sustainable intensification and managing demands on water resources and the associated\ud
trade-offs
Strengthening the capacity of irrigation schemes to cope with flood through improved maintenance: A collaborative approach to analySe the case of Chókwè, Mozambique

Large‐scale irrigation schemes, which are often developed in flood plains, overvalue technical expertise and the control of natural hazards and are particularly vulnerable to flooding, but there has been limited study on the impact of floods on irrigation functioning. Using a transdisciplinary approach developed in the Chokwe Irrigation Scheme during the 2013 post‐flood recovery period, we analysed the impact of flooding on the scheme with a focus on maintenance. We argue that the flood crisis provided windows of opportunity to reconsider maintenance procedures by rethinking the relations and responsibilities between actors in this large‐scale irrigation scheme; but the robustness of the system can only be increased if the changes strengthen the collective action capacity
Toward a simple real-time control system for efficient management of furrow irrigation

A simple real-time control system for furrow irrigation is proposed that: predicts the infiltration characteristic of the soil in real time using data measured during an irrigation event, simulates the irrigation, and determines the optimum time to cut-off for that irrigation. The basis of the system is a new method for estimating the soil infiltration characteristic under furrow irrigation, developed previously by the authors, that uses a model infiltration curve, and a scaling process to predict the infiltration characteristic for each furrow and each irrigation event. Using the new method, infiltration parameters were calculated for two different fields.  The SIRMOD simulation model was then used to simulate irrigation performance under different model strategies. These were framed to assess the feasibility of and demonstrate the gains from the real time control strategy. The simulation results showed that the system is feasible. The scaled infiltration gave predictions of the irrigation performance comparable to the measured performance, clearly establishing the suitability of this method for use in real-time control. The results further indicated that under simple real time control the irrigation performance for the two fields could be improved greatly with reductions in the total volume of water applied to the two fields of 20% and 60% respectively, indicating the scale of benefits that can be achieved in the irrigation sector by implementing simple real-time control
Developing capacity for agricultural water management: Current practice and future directions

YesThis paper defines concepts of capacity and capacity development for agricultural water management, and particularly the contributions made by ICID in this area in the recent past. Working from a theoretical framework of overlapping domains of capacity development ¿ the enabling environment, the organisational and the individual domains, with knowledge management as a cross-cutting theme ¿ the paper reviews previous work in the field and then summarises a range of case studies from the sector which illuminate key aspects of these different domains.

The paper notes the need to accommodate a rapidly-changing context for agricultural water management to take account of the increasing demand for water resources in all sectors, and the consequent requirement for support of new approaches to capacity development. These new approaches emphasise the growing importance of authentic knowledge, internally-generated learning and self-development, whether at the level of the organisation or the individual. The paper also recognises the need for continuing and long-term support of capacity development, particularly in processes of organisational and institutional change, where there is no single set of guidelines or practices which will fit every situation. Specific directions for future work are suggested, including increased attention to monitoring and evaluation of capacity development, and closer links to emerging work on water governance.Non
Capacity development for smallholder irrigation in Kenya

This paper presents the experiences on capacity development for irrigation in Kenya, drawing from a study of seven smallholder irrigation schemes, namely: New Mutaro, Emening, Mitunguu, Ng’uuru Gakirwe, Lari, Mukuria- Kyambogo and Isiolo River Water Users Association. These schemes were selected for their apparent success in irrigation management, sustainability and poverty reduction among the beneficiaries. Although the seven schemes had diverse innovations and enterprises, common drivers of success were identified as: (i) introduction of new knowledge/technology, (ii) availability of markets, (iii) good governance structures, (iv) funding for infrastructure development, and (v) targeted capacity development. It was also found that initial investment costs for smallholder irrigation schemes ranged from about US $198 to $1744 per ha, which is much lower than reported for large public schemes. Generally, all the schemes had recorded improved food security and incomes, with net earnings ranging from US $200 to $1200 per month for single-crop enterprises. Capacity development had played a major role in the positive performance of the schemes. However, the respective schemes had experienced different modes of capacity building, which included government extension services, NGOs, private sector, research institutes, out-grower support schemes and farmer-to-farmer learning. This paper focuses on the role of capacity development
Head ditch hydraulics and the variability of inflows to irrigation furrows

The spatial variability and temporal variation of furrow inflows have a major impact on the performance of furrow irrigation, as indicated by the usual measures of application efficiency and uniformity.  They also cause difficulties in determining the soil infiltration characteristic through inverse solution techniques and in selecting preferred values for the operational variables of flow rate and time to cut-off to give maximum performance at the field scale.\ud
\ud
In this paper a steady spatially-varied flow analyses is performed to predict the steady water surface profiles in a typical head ditch and the subsequent spatial variability of the furrow inflows, for both pipe or siphon and sill or bank-less type water application systems.  The resulting patterns were very similar to those seen in the spatially varied pipe flow in gated pipe, with depths and outflows increasing toward the downstream end of the channel.  It is shown that it is feasible to design head ditches to minimise the variability in outflows.  An unsteady analysis of the same head ditch illustrated the variation of outflows with time caused by the time taken to fill the channel.\u
Spatial mapping of agricultural water productivity using the SWAT model in Upper Bhima catchment, India

The Upper Bhima River Basin is facing both episodic and chronic water shortages due to intensive irrigation development. The main objective of this study was to characterize the hydrologic processes of the Upper Bhima River Basin and assess crop water productivity using the distributed hydrologic model, SWAT. Rainfall within the basin varies from 450 to 5000 mm in a period of 3–4 months. The basin has an average rainfall of 711 mm (32 400 Mm3 (million cubic metres)) in a normal year, of which 12.8% (4150 Mm3) and 21% (6800 Mm3) are captured by the reservoirs and groundwater reserves, respectively, 7% (2260 Mm3) exported as runoff out of the basin and the rest (63%) used in evapotranspiration. Agricultural water productivity for sugarcane, sorghum and millet were estimated as 2.90, 0.51 and 0.30 kg m−3, respectively, which were significantly lower than the potential and global maximum in the basin and warrant further improvement. Various scenarios involving different cropping patterns were tested with the goal of increasing economic water productivity values in the Ujjani Irrigation Scheme. Analysis suggests that maximization of the area by provision of supplemental irrigation to rainfed areas as well as better on-farm water management practices can provide opportunities for improving water productivity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Lt