pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Functionalization, preparation and use of cell-laden gelatin methacryloyl-based hydrogels as modular tissue culture platforms

Progress in advancing a system-level understanding of the complexity of human tissue development and regeneration is hampered by a lack of biological model systems that recapitulate key aspects of these processes in a physiological context. Hence, growing demand by cell biologists for organ-specific extracellular mimics has led to the development of a plethora of 3D cell culture assays based on natural and synthetic matrices. We developed a physiological microenvironment of semisynthetic origin, called gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)-based hydrogels, which combine the biocompatibility of natural matrices with the reproducibility, stability and modularity of synthetic biomaterials. We describe here a step-by-step protocol for the preparation of the GelMA polymer, which takes 1–2 weeks to complete, and which can be used to prepare hydrogel-based 3D cell culture models for cancer and stem cell research, as well as for tissue engineering applications. We also describe quality control and validation procedures, including how to assess the degree of GelMA functionalization and mechanical properties, to ensure reproducibility in experimental and animal studies.Full Tex
Planck intermediate results. XII: Diffuse Galactic components in the Gould Belt system

We perform an analysis of the diffuse low-frequency Galactic components in the southern part of the Gould Belt system (130° ≤ l ≤ 230° and -50° ≤ b ≤ -10°). Strong ultra-violet flux coming from the Gould Belt super-association is responsible for bright diffuse foregrounds that we observe from our position inside the system and that can help us improve our knowledge of the Galactic emission. Free-free emission and anomalous microwave emission (AME) are the dominant components at low frequencies (ν < 40 GHz), while synchrotron emission is very smooth and faint. We separated diffuse free-free emission and AME from synchrotron emission and thermal dust emission by using Planck data, complemented by ancillary data, using the correlated component analysis (CCA) component-separation method and we compared our results with the results of cross-correlation of foreground templates with the frequency maps. We estimated the electron temperature Te from Hα and free-free emission using two methods (temperature-temperature plot and cross-correlation) and obtained Te ranging from 3100 to 5200K for an effective fraction of absorbing dust along the line of sight of 30% (fd = 0.3). We estimated the frequency spectrum of the diffuse AME and recovered a peak frequency (in flux density units) of 25.5 ± 1.5 GHz. We verified the reliability of this result with realistic simulations that include biases in the spectral model for the AME and in the free-free template. By combining physical models for vibrational and rotational dust emission and adding the constraints from the thermal dust spectrum from Planck and IRAS, we are able to present a good description of the AME frequency spectrum for plausible values of the local density and radiation field. Copyright ES
Nonzero |Ue3| from charged lepton corrections and the atmospheric neutrino mixing angle

After the successful determination of the reactor neutrino mixing angle \theta_13 ~ 0.16 \neq 0, a new feature suggested by the current neutrino oscillation data is a sizeable deviation of the atmospheric neutrino mixing angle \theta_23 from \pi/4. Using the fact that the neutrino mixing matrix U = U_e^\dagger U_\nu, where U_e and U_\nu result from the diagonalisation of the charged lepton and neutrino mass matrices, and assuming that U_\nu has a i) bimaximal (BM), ii) tri-bimaximal (TBM) form, or else iii) corresponds to the conservation of the lepton charge L' = L_e - L_\mu - L_\tau (LC), we investigate quantitatively what are the minimal forms of U_e, in terms of angles and phases it contains, that can provide the requisite corrections to U_\nu so that \theta_13, \theta_23 and the solar neutrino mixing angle \theta_12 have values compatible with the current data. Two possible orderings of the 12 and the 23 rotations in U_e, "standard" and "inverse", are considered. The results we obtain depend strongly on the type of ordering. In the case of "standard" ordering, in particular, the Dirac CP violation phase \delta, present in U, is predicted to have a value in a narrow interval around i) \delta ~ \pi in the BM (or LC) case, ii) \delta ~ 3\pi/2 or \pi/2 in the TBM case, the CP conserving values \delta = 0, \pi, 2\pi being excluded in the TBM case at more than 4\sigma
Three-body dN interaction in the analysis of the 12c (d, d\u27) reaction at 270 MeV

We have measured the cross sections and analyzing powers Ay and Ayy for the elastic and inelastic scattering of deuterons from the 0+(g.s.), 2+(4.44 MeV), 3−(9.64 MeV), 1+(12.71 MeV), and 2−(18.3 MeV) states in 12C at an incident energy of 270 MeV. The data are compared with microscopic distorted-wave impulse approximation calculations where the projectile-nucleon effective interaction is taken from the three-nucleon t-matrix given by rigorous Faddeev calculations presently available at intermediate energies. The agreement between theory and data compares well with that for the (p,p′) reactions at comparable incident energies/nucleon
New analysis of ηπ tensor resonances measured at the COMPASS experiment

We present a new amplitude analysis of the eta pi D-wave in the reaction pi(-) p -> eta pi(-) p measured by COMPASS. Employing an analytical model based on the principles of the relativistic S-matrix, we find two resonances that can be identified with the a(2)(1320) and the excited a(2)(1700), and perform a comprehensive analysis of their pole positions. For the mass and width of the a(2) we find M = (1307 +/- 1 6) MeV and Gamma=(112 +/- 1 +/- 8) MeV, and for the excited state a(2)' we obtain M = (1720 +/- 10 +/- 60) MeV and Gamma = (280 +/- 10 +/- 70) MeV, respectively
Inclusive, prompt and non-prompt J/ψ production at mid-rapidity in Pb-Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV

The transverse momentum (pT) dependence of the nuclear modification factor RAA and the centrality dependence of the average transverse momentum hpTi for inclusive J/  have been measured with ALICE for Pb-Pb collisions at p sNN = 2.76TeV in the e+e− decay channel at mid-rapidity (|y| < 0.8). The hpTi is significantly smaller than the one observed for pp collisions at the same centre-of-mass energy. Consistently, an increase of RAA is observed towards low pT. These observations might be indicative of a sizable contribution of charm quark coalescence to the J/  production. Additionally, the fraction of non-prompt J/  from beauty hadron decays, fB, has been determined in the region 1.5 < pT < 10 GeV/c in three centrality intervals. No significant centrality dependence of fB is observed. Finally, the RAA of non-prompt J/  is discussed and compared with model predictions. The nuclear modification in the region 4.5 < pT < 10 GeV/c is found to be stronger than predicted by most models
Response to “Comment on ‘Indications of energetic consequences of decoherence at short times for scattering from open quantum systems’” [AIP Advances 1, 049101 (2011)]

The Comment by Mayers and Reiter criticizes our work on two counts. Firstly, it is claimed that the quantum decoherence effects that we report in consequence of our experimental analysis of neutron Compton scattering from H in gaseous H2 are not, as we maintain, outside the framework of conventional neutron scattering theory. Secondly, it is claimed that we did not really observe such effects, owing to a faulty analysis of the experimental data, which are claimed to be in agreement with conventional theory. We focus in this response on the critical issue of the reliability of our experimental results and analysis. Using the same standard Vesuvio instrument programs used by Mayers et al., we show that, if the experimental results for H in gaseous H2 are in agreement with conventional theory, then those for D in gaseous D2 obtained in the same way cannot be, and vice-versa. We expose a flaw in the calibration methodology used by Mayers et al. that leads to the present disagreement over the behaviour of H, namely the ad hoc adjustment of the measured H peak positions in TOF during the calibration of Vesuvio so that agreement is obtained with the expectation of conventional theory. We briefly address the question of the necessity to apply the theory of open quantum systems
Beyond 'predict and provide': UK transport, the growth paradigm and climate change

Thirty years ago, Adams (1981) depicted a future UK where everyone was a millionaire lorry driver, simply by extrapolating from contemporary official transport growth assumptions. These assumptions underpinned the ‘predict and provide’ approach which then characterised transport planning. Twenty years later, the New Deal for Transport White Paper (1998) abandoned ‘predict and provide’ as unsustainable. This paper argues that the same growth assumptions that Adams took to their logical (absurd) conclusion have re-emerged to define both transport and the drivers of transport demand. While non-aviation transport is supposed to be carbon-neutral by 2050, the implied reductions in emissions rely on an absolute decoupling of transport demand and its drivers for which there is no evidence in current planning. Targets rely on optimistic, narrowly framed technology forecasts and behaviour change assumptions which appear highly unlikely in the present socio-political climate. Moreover, such is the cost of mitigating these tensions between economic growth and other concerns, it is argued that the targeted outcomes of current policy are as undesirable as they are unlikely. The paper concludes by calling for a transport policy which considers mobility in an integrated, holistic fashion, rather than merely as a dimension of economic growth.Full Tex
Iron fertilization enhanced net community production but not downward particle flux during the Southern Ocean iron fertilization experiment LOHAFEX\ud

A closed eddy core in the Atlantic Subantarctic Southern Ocean was fertilized twice with two tons of iron (as FeSO4) to test whether iron addition enhances downward particle flux into the deep ocean. The ~300 km2 fertilized patch was occupied for 39 d. Chlorophyll-a and primary productivity doubled after fertilization, and photosynthetic quantum yield (FV/FM) increased from 0.33 to ≥0.40. Silicic acid was at limiting concentrations (<2 µmol L-1), diatoms contributed <10% of phytoplankton biomass, and copepods exerted high grazing pressure. This is the first study of downward particle flux out of an artificially-fertilized bloom with very low diatom biomass. Net community production (NCP) inside the patch estimated from O2:Ar ratios averaged 21 mmol POC m−2 d−1, probably ±20%. Export flux at 100 m calculated from 234Th profiles remained constant inside the patch (∼6.3 mmol POC m−2 d−1) and was similar to unfertilized adjacent waters. The difference between NCP and 234Th-derived export implies organic carbon accumulation in the mixed layer, and remineralization between the mixed layer and 100 m. Fluxes caught in neutrally buoyant sediment traps at 200 m and 450 m inside and outside the patch were mostly <1.1 mmol POC m−2 d−1, predominantly of fecal material, and did not increase upon fertilization. Our data thus indicate intense flux attenuation between 100 and 200 m, and probably between the mixed layer and 100 m. We attribute the lack of fertilization-induced export to silicon-limitation of diatoms and reprocessing of sinking particles by detritus feeders. Our data are consistent with the view that nitrate-rich but silicate-deficient waters are not poised for enhanced particle export upon iron addition
The impact of North Atlantic sea surface temperature errors on the simulation of North Atlantic European region climate

Current state-of-the-art climate models fail to capture accurately the path of the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Current. This leads to a warm bias near the North\ud
American coast, where the modelled Gulf Stream separates from the coast further north, and a cold anomaly to the east of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, where the North Atlantic Current remains too zonal in this region. Using an atmosphere-only model forced with the sea surface temperature (SST) biases in the North Atlantic, we consider the impact they have on the mean state and the variability in the North Atlantic European region in winter. Our results show that the SST errors produce\ud
a mean sea-level pressure response that is similar in magnitude and pattern to the atmospheric circulation errors in the coupled climate model. The work also suggests that errors in the coupled model storm tracks and North Atlantic Oscillation, compared to reanalysis data, can also be explained partly by these SST errors. Our results suggest that both the error in the Gulf Stream separation location and the path of the North Atlantic Current around the Grand Banks play important roles in affecting the atmospheric circulation. Reducing these coupled model errors could improve significantly the representation of the large-scale atmospheric circulation of the North Atlantic and European region
An autonomous system for maintenance scheduling data-rich complex infrastructure: Fusing the railways' condition, planning and cost

National railways are typically large and complex systems. Their network infrastructure usually includes extended track sections, bridges, stations and other supporting assets. In recent years, railways have also become a data-rich environment.

Railway infrastructure assets have a very long life, but inherently degrade. Interventions are necessary but they can cause lateness, damage and hazards. Every day, thousands of discrete maintenance jobs are scheduled according to time and urgency. Service disruption has a direct economic impact. Planning for maintenance can be complex, expensive and uncertain.

Autonomous scheduling of maintenance jobs is essential. The design strategy of a novel integrated system for automatic job scheduling is presented; from concept formulation to the examination of the data to information transitional level interface, and at the decision making level. The underlying architecture configures high-level fusion of technical and business drivers; scheduling optimized intervention plans that factor-in cost impact and added value.

A proof of concept demonstrator was developed to validate the system principle and to test algorithm functionality. It employs a dashboard for visualization of the system response and to present key information. Real track incident and inspection datasets were analyzed to raise degradation alarms that initiate the automatic scheduling of maintenance tasks. Optimum scheduling was realized through data analytics and job sequencing heuristic and genetic algorithms, taking into account specific cost & value inputs from comprehensive task cost modelling. Formal face validation was conducted with railway infrastructure specialists and stakeholders. The demonstrator structure was found fit for purpose with logical component relationships, offering further scope for research and commercial exploitation
Compact lattice formulation of Cho-Faddeev-Niemi decomposition: gluon
  mass generation and infrared Abelian dominance

This paper complements a new lattice formulation of SU(2) Yang-Mills theory
written in terms of new variables in a compact form proposed in the previous
paper. The new variables used in the formulation were once called the
Cho--Faddeev--Niemi or Cho--Faddeev--Niemi--Shabanov decomposition. Our
formulation enables us to explain the infrared ``Abelian'' dominance, in
addition to magnetic monopole dominance shown in the previous paper, in the
gauge invariant way without relying on the specific gauge fixing called the
maximal Abelian gauge used in the conventional investigations. In this paper,
especially, we demonstrate by numerical simulations that gluon degrees of
freedom other than the ``Abelian'' part acquire the mass to be decoupled in the
low-energy region leading to the infrared Abelian dominance.Comment: 14 pages 5 figures,[v2]explanations added and improved, a reference
  adde
MAGIC TeV Gamma-Ray Observations of Markarian 421 during Multiwavelength
  Campaigns in 2006

The Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cerenkov (MAGIC) telescope participated
in three multiwavelength (MWL) campaigns, observing the blazar Markarian (Mkn)
421 during the nights of 2006 April 28, 29, and 2006 June 14. We analyzed the
corresponding MAGIC very-high energy observations during 9 nights from 2006
April 22 to 30 and on 2006 June 14. We inferred light curves with sub-day
resolution and night-by-night energy spectra. A strong gamma-ray signal was
detected from Mkn 421 on all observation nights. The flux (E > 250 GeV) varied
on night-by-night basis between (0.92+-0.11)10^-10 cm^-2 s^-1 (0.57 Crab units)
and (3.21+-0.15)10^-10 cm^-2 s^-1 (2.0 Crab units) in 2006 April. There is a
clear indication for intra-night variability with a doubling time of
36+-10(stat) minutes on the night of 2006 April 29, establishing once more
rapid flux variability for this object. For all individual nights gamma-ray
spectra could be inferred, with power-law indices ranging from 1.66 to 2.47. We
did not find statistically significant correlations between the spectral index
and the flux state for individual nights. During the June 2006 campaign, a flux
substantially lower than the one measured by the Whipple 10-m telescope four
days later was found. Using a log-parabolic power law fit we deduced for some
data sets the location of the spectral peak in the very-high energy regime. Our
results confirm the indications of rising peak energy with increasing flux, as
expected in leptonic acceleration models.Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication by Astron. Astrophy
The dust morphology of the elliptical Galaxy M86 with SPIRE

We present Herschel-SPIRE observations at 250-500um of the giant elliptical
galaxy M86 and examine the distribution of the resolved cold dust emission and
its relation with other galactic tracers. The SPIRE images reveal three dust
components: emission from the central region; a dust lane extending
north-south; and a bright emission feature 10kpc to the south-east. We estimate
that approximately 10^6 solar masses of dust is spatially coincident with
atomic and ionized hydrogen, originating from stripped material from the nearby
spiral NGC4438 due to recent tidal interactions with M86. The gas-to-dust ratio
of the cold gas component ranges from ~20-80. We discuss the different heating
mechanisms for the dust features.Comment: 5 pages and 3 figures, accepted for A & A Herschel special issu
Observational constraints on $f(T)$ theory

The $f(T)$ theory, which is an extension of teleparallel, or torsion scalar
$T$, gravity, is recently proposed to explain the present cosmic accelerating
expansion with no need of dark energy. In this Letter, we first perform the
statefinder analysis and $Om(z)$ diagnostic to two concrete $f(T)$ models,
i.e., $f(T)=\alpha (-T)^n$ and $f(T)=-\alpha T(1-e^{p {T_0}/T})$, and find that
a crossing of phantom divide line is impossible for both models. This is
contrary to an existing result where a crossing is claimed for the second
model. We, then, study the constraints on them from the latest Union 2 Type Ia
Supernova (Sne Ia) set, the baryonic acoustic oscillation (BAO), and the cosmic
microwave background (CMB) radiation. Our results show that at the 95%
confidence level $\Omega_{m0}=0.272_{-0.032}^{+0.036}$,
$n=0.04_{-0.33}^{+0.22}$ for Model 1 and $\Omega_{m0}=0.272_{-0.034}^{+0.036}$,
$p=-0.02_{-0.20}^{+0.31}$ for Model 2. A comparison of these two models with
the $\Lambda$CDM by the $\chi^2_{Min}/dof$ (dof: degree of freedom) criterion
indicates that $\Lambda$CDM is still favored by observations. We also study the
evolution of the equation of state for the effective dark energy in the theory
and find that Sne Ia favors a phantom-like dark energy, while Sne Ia + BAO +
CMB prefers a quintessence-like one.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures; statefinder diagnostic added, Om(z) analysis
  added; references added; accepted by PL
RASOR: An advanced instrument for soft x-ray reflectivity and
  diffraction

We report the design and construction of a novel soft x-ray diffractometer
installed at Diamond Light Source. The beamline endstation RASOR is constructed
for general users and designed primarily for the study of single crystal
diffraction and thin film reflectivity. The instrument is comprised of a
limited three circle ({\theta}, 2{\theta}, {\chi}) diffractometer with an
additional removable rotation ({\phi}) stage. It is equipped with a liquid
helium cryostat, and post-scatter polarization analysis. Motorised motions are
provided for the precise positioning of the sample onto the diffractometer
centre of rotation, and for positioning the centre of rotation onto the x-ray
beam. The functions of the instrument have been tested at Diamond Light Source,
and initial test measurements are provided, demonstrating the potential of the
instrument.Comment: 10 pages, 9 figure
Time-dependent approach to transport and scattering in atomic and
  mesoscopic physics

Transport and scattering phenomena in open quantum-systems with a continuous
energy spectrum are conveniently solved using the time-dependent Schrodinger
equation. In the time-dependent picture, the evolution of an initially
localized wave-packet reveals the eigenstates and eigenvalues of the system
under consideration. We discuss applications of the wave-packet method in
atomic, molecular, and mesoscopic systems and point out specific advantages of
the time-dependent approach. In connection with the familiar initial value
formulation of classical mechanics, an intuitive interpretation of transport
emerges. For interacting many-particle systems, we discuss the efficient
calculation of the self-consistent classical transport in the presence of a
magnetic field.Comment: Based on the course presented at the XL Latin American School of
  Physics - Marcos Moshinsky, Symmetries in Physics, 2010 in Mexico D.
Entanglement in two-mode continuous variable open quantum systems

In the framework of the theory of open systems based on completely positive
quantum dynamical semigroups, we give a description of the continuous-variable
entanglement for a system consisting of two noninteracting modes embedded in a
thermal environment. By using the Peres-Simon necessary and sufficient
criterion for separability of two-mode Gaussian states, we describe the
evolution of entanglement in terms of the covariance matrix for Gaussian input
states. For all values of the temperature of the thermal reservoir, an initial
separable Gaussian state remains separable for all times. In the case of an
entangled initial Gaussian state, entanglement suppression (entanglement sudden
death) takes place, for non-zero temperatures of the environment. Only for a
zero temperature of the thermal bath the initial entangled state remains
entangled for finite times. We also show that, independent of its type -
separable or entangled, the initial state evolves asymptotically to an
equilibrium state which is always separable.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures; contribution at the 17th Central European
  Workshop on Quantum Optics (CEWQO 2010), St. Andrews, Great Britain (2010