pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Photosensitization of lymphoblastoid cells with phthalocyanines at different saturating incubation times

Photodynamic therapy of cancer is a promising treatment based on the tumor-specific accumulation of photosensitizers followed by irradiation with visible light which induces tumor cell death. The effect of different preincubation times on the photosensitization efficiency of the phthalocyanines AlPc and AlPcS4 was investigated in lymphoblastoid CCRF-CEM cells under conditions that allow maximal uptake of the sensitizers. First, the time course for the uptake of AlPcS4 and AlPc by CCRF-CEM cells and by the pheochromocytoma PC12 cells was compared. The uptake of AlPcS4 by CCRF-CEM cells was not significantly different after 6 h or 24 h incubation, but the photosensitization efficiency of the phthalocyanine was much higher when a 24 h preincubation period was used, with a fluence rate of 5 mW/cm2. However, for a fluence rate of 10 mW/cm2, the photosensitization efficiency of AlPcS4 was almost completely independent of the preincubation time (6 h vs. 24 h) with the phthalocyanine. When the cells were preincubated with 1 µmol/L AlPc for 10 min or 6 h, which allows the same accumulation of sensitizer by the cells, no significant effect of the incubation time on the photodynamic inactivation of CCRF-CEM cells was observed, with fluence rates of 5 mW/cm2 or 10 mW/cm2, for different light doses. Confocal fluorescence microscopy studies did not reveal differences in the localization of the phthalocyanines after maximal uptake was reached. The results show that the preincubation time with AlPcS4, after the maximal uptake is reached, affects cell growth to an extent depending on the fluence rate used, and this effect was not due to a major redistribution of the sensitizer during incubation. However, this was not observed when AlPc was used.http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:100761581318
A new implementation of Yen’s ranking loopless paths algorithm

Yen’s algorithm is a classical algorithm for ranking the K shortest loopless paths between a pair of nodes in a network. In this paper an implementation of Yen’s algorithm is presented. Both the original algorithm and this implementation present ${\cal O}(Kn(m + n\log n))$ computational complexity order when considering a worst-case analysis. However, computational experiments are reported, which allow to conclude that in practice this new implementation outperforms two other, Perko’s implementation and a straightforward one.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10288-002-0010-
Evaluating a bioremediation tool for atrazine contaminated soils in open soil microcosms: The effectiveness of bioaugmentation and biostimulation approaches

A previously developed potential cleanup tool for atrazine contaminated soils was evaluated
in larger open soil microcosms for optimization
under more realistic conditions, using a natural
crop soil spiked with an atrazine commercial formulation (Atrazerba FL). The doses used were 20£ or 200£ higher than the recommended dose (RD) for an agricultural
application, mimicking over-use or spill situations. Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP was used for bioaugmentation (around 107 or 108 viable cells g¡1 of soil) and citrate for biostimulation (up to 4.8 mg g¡1 of soil). Bioremediation treatments providing fastest
and higher atrazine biodegradation proved to differ according to the initial level of soil ontamination. For 20£ RD of Atrazerba FL, a unique inoculation with Pseudomonas sp. ADP (9 ± 1 £ 107 CFU g¡1) resulted in rapid atrazine removal (99% of the initial 7.2 ± 1.6 lg g¡1 after 8 d), independent of citrate.
For 200£ RD, an inoculation with the atrazine-
degrading bacteria (8.5 ± 0.5 £ 107 CFU g¡1) supplemented with citrate amendment (2.4 mg g¡1) resulted in improved biodegradation
(87%) compared with bioaugmentation alone (79%), even though 7.8 ± 2.1 lg of atrazine
g¡1 still remained in the soil after 1 wk. owever, the same amount of inoculum, distributed over three successive inoculations
and combined with citrate, increased  Pseudomonas sp. ADP survival and atrazine
biodegradation (to 98%, in 1 wk). We suggest
that this bioremediation tool may be valuable
for efficient removal of atrazine from  contaminated field soils thus minimizing atrazine and its chlorinated derivatives from reaching water compartments.FEDER, POCI Programme, PPCDT Programme and Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia,
Portuga
Hydrothermal extraction of hemicellulose: from lab to pilot scale

A flow-through reactor for hemicelluloses extraction with hot pressurized water was scaled with a factor of 73. System performance was evaluated by comparing the temperature profile, extraction yield and kinetics of the two systems, performing experiments at 160 and 170 °C, 11 barg for 90 min, using catalpa wood as raw material. Hemicellulose yields were 33.9% and 38.8% (lab scale 160 °C and 170 °C) and 35.7% and 41.7% (pilot scale 160 °C and 170 °C). The pilot reactor was upgraded by designing a manifold system capable to provide samples with different liquid residence time during the same experiment. Tests at 140, 150, 160 and 170 °C were carried for 90 min. Increasing yields (9.3–40.6%) and decreasing molecular weights (4078–1417 Da) were obtained at increasing the temperature. Biomass/water ratio of 1/27 gave total average concentration of xylose of 0.4 g/L (140 °C) to 1.8 g/L (170 °C).MINECO and FEDER Funds, Project CTQ2015-64892-R (BioFraHynery
Geometric Scaling above the Saturation Scale

We show that the evolution equations in QCD predict geometric scaling for quark and gluon distribution functions in a large kinematical window, which extends above the saturation scale up to momenta $Q^2$ of order $100 {\rm GeV}^2$. For $Q^2 < Q^2_s$, with $Q_s$ the saturation momentum, this is the scaling predicted by the Colour Glass Condensate and by phenomenological saturation models. For $1 \simle \ln(Q^2/Q_s^2) \ll \ln(Q_s^2/\Lambda^2_{\rm QCD})$, we show that the solution to the BFKL equation shows approximate scaling, with the scale set by $Q_s$. At larger $Q^2$, this solution does not scale any longer. We argue that for the intermediate values of $Q^2$ where we find scaling, the BFKL rather than the double logarithmic approximation to the DGLAP equation properly describes the dynamics. We consider both fixed and running couplings, with the scale for running set by the saturation momentum. The anomalous dimension which characterizes the approach of the gluon distribution function towards saturation is found to be close to, but lower than, one half
Cavitation regime detection through Proper Orthogonal Decomposition: dynamics analysis of the sheet cavity on a grooved convergent-divergent nozzle

The unsteady character of the sheet cavity dynamics on the suction side of hydrofoils, on convergent–divergent nozzles or on blades in turbines and propellers is responsible for many issues like erosion, noise and vibrations. This two-phase flow dynamics is investigated using a robust method based on Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD). This method is applied to sequences of sheet cavity images, in order to identify the cavitation regimes (sheet cavity or cloud cavitation regimes). Once this method is validated on a reference case, POD calculation is used to evaluate the efficiency of a passive control method. Different longitudinal grooved surfaces are machined on the diverging wall of a Venturi. The grooves geometry allows to change the cavitation regime for a fixed cavitation number, and even to avoid the cloud cavitation shedding, which may damage structures
On methodology and myths : Exploring the International Crisis Group's organisational culture

Bliesemann DeGuevara, B. (2014). On methodology and myths: exploring the international Crisis Group's organisational culture. Third World Quarterly, 35 (4), 616-633Exploring the historiography of the International Crisis Group (ICG), this article looks critically at the narratives surrounding the organisation?s self-declared success. The focus is specifically on the so-called icg methodology, consisting of field-based research and analysis, practical policy recommendations and high-level advocacy. Combining a three-level approach to the analysis of organisational cultures with Yanow?s concept of organisational myths, the article argues that the icg methodology contains a number of organisational myths that are meant to mask tensions and contradictions in the organisation?s underpinning basic assumptions and values, which, if publicly discussed, could have the power to undermine its expert authority. The four myths looked at in detail are the ?field facts myth?, the ?myth of flexible pragmatism?, the ?myth of uniqueness? and the ?neutrality/independence myth?.authorsversionPeer reviewe
Laminar-turbulent transition induced by a discrete roughness element in a supersonic boundary layer

The linear instability and breakdown to turbulence induced by an isolated roughness element in a boundary layer at Mach 2:5, over an isothermal flat plate with laminar adiabatic wall temperature, have been analysed by means of direct numerical simulations, aided by spatial BiGlobal and three-dimensional parabolized (PSE-3D) stability analyses. It is important to understand transition in this flow regime since the process can be slower than in incompressible flow and is crucial to prediction\ud
of local heat loads on next-generation flight vehicles. The results show that the roughness element, with a height of the order of the boundary layer displacement\ud
thickness, generates a highly unstable wake, which is composed of a low-velocity streak surrounded by a three-dimensional high-shear layer and is able to sustain the\ud
rapid growth of a number of instability modes. The most unstable of these modes are associated with varicose or sinuous deformations of the low-velocity streak; they are\ud
a consequence of the instability developing in the three-dimensional shear layer as a whole (the varicose mode) or in the lateral shear layers (the sinuous mode). The most\ud
unstable wake mode is of the varicose type and grows on average 17% faster tan the most unstable sinuous mode and 30 times faster than the most unstable boundary\ud
layer mode occurring in the absence of a roughness element. Due to the high growthrates registered in the presence of the roughness element, an amplification factor of\ud
N D 9 is reached within 50 roughness heights from the roughness trailing edge. The independently performed Navier–Stokes, spatial BiGlobal and PSE-3D stability results\ud
are in excellent agreement with each other, validating the use of simplified theories for roughness-induced transition involving wake instabilities. Following the linear stages\ud
of the laminar–turbulent transition process, the roll-up of the three-dimensional shear layer leads to the formation of a wedge of turbulence, which spreads laterally at a rate\ud
similar to that observed in the case of compressible turbulent spots for the same Mach number
XPAD3: A new photon counting chip for X-ray CT-scanner

International audienceThe X-ray pixel chip with adaptable dynamics (XPAD3) circuit is the next generation of 2D X-ray photon counting imaging chip to be connected to a pixel sensor using the bump and flip-chip technologies. This circuit, designed in IBM 0.25 μm technology, contains 9600 pixels (130 μm×130 μm) distributed into 80 columns of 120 elements each. Its features have been improved to provide high-counting rate over $10^9$ ph/pixel/mm$^2$, high-dynamic range over 60 keV, very low-noise detection level of 100e− rms, energy window selection and fast image readout less than 2 ms/frame. An innovative architecture has been designed in order to prevent the digital circuits from bothering the very sensitive analogue parts placed in their neighbourhood. This allows to read the chip during acquisition while conserving the precise setting of the thresholds over the pixel array. Finally, the aim of this development is to combine several XPAD3 to form the PIXSCAN detector
Breast tumor PDXs are genetically plastic and correspond to a subset of aggressive cancers prone to relapse.

The authors wish to thank the personnel of the IRCM animal facility team, the histology (RHEM) platform, the Affymetrix platform of Montpellier and Dr Caroline Mollevi from the Biostatistics platform at ICM for their help in this project. The constant support of ICM and SIRIC Montpellier-Cancer is gratefully acknowledged.International audiencePatient derived xenografts (PDXs) are increasingly appreciated models in cancer research, particularly for preclinical testing, as they reflect the patient's tumor biology more accurately than cancer cell lines. We have established a collection of 20 breast PDXs and characterized their biological and clinical features, as well as their genetic stability. While most PDXs originated from triple negative breast cancers (70%), our collection comprised five ER + cases (25%). Remarkably, the tumors that produced PDXs derived from a subset of aggressive breast cancers with a high proportion of grade 3 tumors and reduced recurrence-free survival. Consistent with this, we found significant differences between the transcriptomic signatures of tumors that produced a PDX (Take) and those that did not (No Take). The PDXs faithfully recapitulate the histological features of their primary tumors, and retain an excellent conservation of molecular classification assignment and Copy Number Change (CNC). Furthermore, the CNC profiles of different PDXs established from the same tumor overlap significantly. However, a small fraction of CNCs in the primary tumor that correspond to oligoclonal events were gradually lost during sequential passaging, suggesting that the PDXs' genetic structure eventually stabilizes around a dominant clone present in the tumor of origin. Finally, de novo occurring genetic events covering up to 9% of the genome were found in only a minority of the PDXs, showing that PDXs have limited genetic instability. These data show that breast cancer PDXs represent a subset of aggressive tumors prone to relapse, and that despite of an excellent conservation of original features, they remain genetically dynamic elements
Formaldehyde around 3.5 and 5.7-µm: measurement and calculation of broadening coefficients

International audienceSelf- and N2-broadening coefficients of H2CO have been retrieved in both the 3.5 and 5.7-μm spectral regions. These coefficients have been measured in FT spectra for transitions with various J (from 0 to 25) and K values (from 0 to 10), showing a clear dependence with both rotational quantum numbers J and K. First, an empirical model is presented to reproduce the rotational dependence of the measured self- and N2-broadening coefficients. Then, calculations of N2-broadening of H2CO were made for some for 3296 2 transitions using the semi-classical Robert-Bonamy formalism. These calculations have been done for various temperatures in order to obtain the temperature dependence of the line widths. Finally, self- and N2-broadening coefficients, as well as temperature dependence of the N2-widths has been generated to complete the whole HITRAN 2008 version of formaldehyde (available as supplementary materials)
Diversification and hybridization in firm knowledge bases in nanotechnologies

http://www.nanoeconomics.eu/International audienceThe paper investigates the linkages between the characteristics of technologies and the structure of a firms' knowledge base. Nanotechnologies have been defined as converging technologies that operate at the nanoscale, and which require integration to fulfill their economic promises. Based on a worldwide database of nanofirms, the paper analyses the degree of convergence and the convergence mechanisms within firms. It argues that the degree of convergence in a firm's nano-knowledge base is relatively independent from the size of the firm's nano-knowledge base. However, while firms with small nano-knowledge bases tend to exploit convergence in each of their patents/publications, firms with large nano-knowledge bases tend to separate their nano-R&D activities in the different established fields and achieve diversity through the juxtaposition of the output of these independent activities For more informations http://www.nanoeconomics.eu
Enforcement of (Timed) Properties with Uncontrollable Events

International audienceThis paper deals with runtime enforcement of untimed and timed properties with uncontrollable events. Runtime enforcement consists in modifying the executions of a running system to ensure their correctness with respect to a desired property. We introduce a framework that takes as input any regular (timed) property over an alphabet of events, with some of these events being uncontrollable. An uncontrollable event cannot be delayed nor intercepted by an enforcement mechanism. Enforcement mechanisms satisfy important properties, namely soundness and compliance, meaning that enforcement mechanisms output correct executions that are close to the input execution. We discuss the conditions for a property to be enforceable with uncontrollable events, and we define enforcement mechanisms that modify executions to obtain a correct output, as soon as possible. Moreover, we synthesize sound and compliant descriptions of runtime enforcement mechanisms at two levels of abstraction to facilitate their design and implementation
Faster Statistical Model Checking by Means of Abstraction and Learning

International audienceThis paper investigates the combined use of abstraction and probabilistic learning as a means to enhance statistical model checking performance. We are given a property (or a list of properties) for verification on a (large) stochastic system. We project on a set of traces generated from the original system, and learn a (small) abstract model from the projected traces, which contain only those labels that are relevant to the property to be verified. Then, we model-check the property on the reduced, abstract model instead of the large, original system. In this paper, we propose a formal definition of the projection on traces given a property to verify. We also provide conditions ensuring the correct preservation of the property on the abstract model. We validate our approach on the Herman's Self Stabilizing protocol. Our experimental results show that (a) the size of the abstract model and the verification time are drastically reduced, and that (b) the probability of satisfaction of the property being verified is correctly estimated by statistical model checking on the abstract model with respect to the concrete system
Deconvolving Strain Maps Obtained With the Grid Method

International audienceThe use of various deconvolution techniques to enhance strain maps obtained with the grid method is addressed in this study. Since phase derivative maps obtained with this measurement technique can be approximated by their actual counterparts convolved by the envelope of the kernel used to extract phases and phase derivatives, non-blind restoration techniques can be used to perform deconvolution. Six deconvolution techniques are compared here in order to restore a synthetic phase derivative map. Obtained results are analyzed and discussed
Calculation of river sediment fluxes from uncertain and infrequent measurements

International audienceThis paper addresses feasibility issues in the calculation of fluxes of suspended particulate matter (SPM) from degraded-quality data for flow discharge (Q) and sediment concentration (C) under the additional constraints of infrequent and irregular sediment concentration samplings. A crucial setting of the scope involves establishing the number of data required to counterbalance limitations in the measurement accuracy and frequency of data collection. This study also compares the merits and drawbacks of the classical rating curve (C= aQb) with those of an improved rating curve approach (IRCA: C= aQb+. a1. ?S) in which the correction term is an indicator of the variations in sediment storage, thus relating it to flow dynamics. This alternative formulation remedies the known systematic underestimations in the classical rating curve and correctly resists the degradation in data quality and availability, as shown in a series of problematic though realistic cases. For example, monthly concentration samplings (in average) with a random relative error in the [-30%, +30%] range combined with daily discharge records with a systematic relative error in the [-5%, +5%] range still yield SPM fluxes within factors of 0.60-1.65 of the real value, provided that 15. years of data are available. A shorter 5-day time interval (on average) between samplings lowers the relative error in the SPM fluxes to below 10%, a result directly related to the increased number of Q-C pairs available for fitting. For regional-scale applications, this study may be used to define the data quality level (uncertainty, frequency and/or number) compatible with reliable computation of river sediment fluxes. Provided that at least 200 concentration samplings are available, the use of a sediment rating curve model augmented to account for storage effects fulfils this purpose with satisfactory accuracy under real-life conditions
No Weak Local Rules for the 4p-Fold Tilings

International audiencePlanar tilings with n-fold rotational symmetry are commonly used to model the long range order of quasicrystals. In this context, it is important to know which tilings are characterized only by local rules. Local rules are constraints on the way neighboor tiles can fit together. They aim to model finite-range energetic interactions which stabilize quasicrystals. They are said to be weak if they moreover allow the tilings to have small variations which do not affect the long range order. On the one hand, Socolar showed in 1990 that the n-fold planar tilings do admit weak local rules when n is not divisible by 4 (the n = 5 case corresponds to the Penrose tilings and is known since 1974). On the other hand, Burkov showed in 1988 that the 8-fold tilings do not admit weak local rules, and Le showed the same for the 12-fold tilings (unpublished). We here finally close the matter of weak local rules for the n-fold tilings by showing that they do not admit weak local rules as soon as n is divisible by 4
Multiscale approach including microﬁbril scale to assess elastic constants of cortical bone based on neural network computation and homogenization method

20International audienceThe complexity and heterogeneity of bone tissue require a multiscale modelling to understand its mechanical behaviour and its remodelling mechanisms. In this paper, a novel multiscale hierarchical approach including microfibril scale based on hybrid neural network computation and homogenisation equations was developed to link nanoscopic and macroscopic scales to estimate the elastic properties of human cortical bone. The multiscale model is divided into three main phases: (i) in step 0, the elastic constants of collagen-water and mineral-water composites are calculated by averaging the upper and lower Hill bounds; (ii) in step 1, the elastic properties of the collagen microfibril are computed using a trained neural network simulation. Finite element (FE) calculation is performed at nanoscopic levels to provide a database to train an in-house neural network program; (iii) in steps 2 to 10 from fibril to continuum cortical bone tissue, homogenisation equations are used to perform the computation at the higher scales. The neural network outputs (elastic properties of the microfibril) are used as inputs for the homogenisation computation to determine the properties of mineralised collagen fibril. The mechanical and geometrical properties of bone constituents (mineral, collagen and cross-links) as well as the porosity were taken in consideration. This paper aims to predict analytically the effective elastic constants of cortical bone by modelling its elastic response at these different scales, ranging from the nanostructural to mesostructural levels. Our findings of the lowest scale's output were well integrated with the other higher levels and serve as inputs for the next higher scale modelling. Good agreement was obtained between our predicted results and literature data