pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Are Wikipedia Citations Important Evidence of the Impact of Scholarly Articles and Books?

Individual academics and research evaluators often need to assess the value of published research. Whilst citation counts are a recognised indicator of scholarly impact, alternative data is needed to provide evidence of other types of impact, including within education and wider society. Wikipedia is a logical choice for both of these because the role of a general encyclopaedia is to be an understandable repository of facts about a diverse array of topics and hence it may cite research to support its claims. To test whether Wikipedia could provide new evidence about the impact of\ud
scholarly research, this article counted citations to 302,328 articles and 18,735 monographs in English indexed by Scopus in the period 2005 to 2012. The results show that citations from Wikipedia to articles are too rare for most research evaluation purposes, with only 5% of articles being cited in all fields. In contrast, a third of monographs have at least one citation from Wikipedia, with the most in the arts and humanities. Hence, Wikipedia citations can provide extra impact evidence for academic monographs. Nevertheless, the results may be relatively easily manipulated and so Wikipedia is not recommended for evaluations affecting stakeholder interests
Users and uses of a global union catalog: A mixed‐methods study of WorldCat.org

This paper presents the first large‐scale investigation of the users and uses of WorldCat.org, the world's largest bibliographic database and global union catalog. Using a mixed‐methods approach involving focus group interviews with 120 participants, an online survey with 2,918 responses, and an analysis of transaction logs of approximately 15 million sessions from WorldCat.org, the study provides a new understanding of the context for global union catalog use. We find that WorldCat.org is accessed by a diverse population, with the three primary user groups being librarians, students, and academics. Use of the system is found to fall within three broad types of work‐task (professional, academic, and leisure), and we also present an emergent taxonomy of search tasks that encompass known‐item, unknown‐item, and institutional information searches. Our results support the notion that union catalogs are primarily used for known‐item searches, although the volume of traffic to WorldCat.org means that unknown‐item searches nonetheless represent an estimated 250,000 sessions per month. Search engine referrals account for almost half of all traffic, but although WorldCat.org effectively connects users referred from institutional library catalogs to other libraries holding a sought item, users arriving from a search engine are less likely to connect to a library
Comparative Opinion Mining: A Review

Opinion mining refers to the use of natural language processing, text
analysis and computational linguistics to identify and extract subjective
information in textual material. Opinion mining, also known as sentiment
analysis, has received a lot of attention in recent times, as it provides a
number of tools to analyse the public opinion on a number of different topics.
Comparative opinion mining is a subfield of opinion mining that deals with
identifying and extracting information that is expressed in a comparative form
(e.g.~"paper X is better than the Y"). Comparative opinion mining plays a very
important role when ones tries to evaluate something, as it provides a
reference point for the comparison. This paper provides a review of the area of
comparative opinion mining. It is the first review that cover specifically this
topic as all previous reviews dealt mostly with general opinion mining. This
survey covers comparative opinion mining from two different angles. One from
perspective of techniques and the other from perspective of comparative opinion
elements. It also incorporates preprocessing tools as well as dataset that were
used by the past researchers that can be useful to the future researchers in
the field of comparative opinion mining
Metrics for openness

The characterization of scholarly communication is dominated by citation-based measures. In this paper we propose several metrics to describe different facets of open access and open research. We discuss measures to represent the public availability of articles along with their archival location, licenses, access costs, and supporting information. Calculations illustrating these new metrics are presented using the authors’ publications. We argue that explicit measurement of openness is necessary for a holistic description of research outputs
Analysis of change in users' assessment of search results over time

We present the first systematic study of the influence of time on user judgements for rankings and relevance grades of web search engine results. The goal of this study is to evaluate the change in user assessment of search results and explore how users' judgements change. To this end, we conducted a large-scale user study with 86 participants who evaluated two different queries and four diverse result sets twice with an interval of two months. To analyse the results we investigate whether two types of patterns of user behaviour from the theory of categorical thinking hold for the case of evaluation of search results: (1) coarseness and (2) locality. To quantify these patterns we devised two new measures of change in user judgements and distinguish between local (when users swap between close ranks and relevance values) and non-local changes. Two types of judgements were considered in this study: 1) relevance on a 4-point scale, and 2) ranking on a 10-point scale without ties. We found that users tend to change their judgements of the results over time in about 50% of cases for relevance and in 85% of cases for ranking. However, the majority of these changes were local
Web citations in patents: Evidence of technological impact?

Patents sometimes cite web pages either as general background to the problem being addressed or to identify prior publications that will limit the scope of the patent granted. Counts of the number of patents citing an organisation’s website may therefore provide an indicator of its technological capacity or relevance. This article introduces methods to extract URL citations from patents and evaluates the usefulness of counts of patent web citations as a technology indicator. An analysis of patents citing 200 US universities or 177 UK universities found computer science and engineering departments to be frequently cited, as well as research-related web pages, such as Wikipedia, YouTube or Internet Archive. Overall, however, patent URL citations seem to be frequent enough to be useful for ranking major US and the top few UK universities if popular hosted subdomains are filtered out, but the hit count estimates on the first search engine results page should not be relied upon for accuracy
Ontology for cultural variations in interpersonal communication: building on theoretical models and crowdsourced knowledge

YesThe domain of cultural variations in interpersonal communication is becoming increasingly
important in various areas, including human-human interaction (e.g. business settings) and humancomputer
interaction (e.g. during simulations, or with social robots). User generated content (UGC)
in social media can provide an invaluable source of culturally diverse viewpoints for supporting the
understanding of cultural variations. However, discovering and organizing UGC is notoriously
challenging and laborious for humans, especially in ill-defined domains such as culture. This calls for
computational approaches to automate the UGC sensemaking process by using tagging, linking and
exploring. Semantic technologies allow automated structuring and qualitative analysis of UGC, but
are dependent on the availability of an ontology representing the main concepts in a specific
domain. For the domain of cultural variations in interpersonal communication, no ontological model
exists. This paper presents the first such ontological model, called AMOn+, which defines cultural
variations and enables tagging culture-related mentions in textual content. AMOn+ is designed
based on a novel interdisciplinary approach that combines theoretical models of culture with
crowdsourced knowledge (DBpedia). An evaluation of AMOn+ demonstrated its fitness-for-purpose
regarding domain coverage for annotating culture-related concepts mentioned in text corpora. This
ontology can underpin computational models for making sense of UGC
Benford's law: a 'sleeping beauty' sleeping in the dirty pages of
  logarithmic tables

Benford's law is an empirical observation, first reported by Simon Newcomb in
1881 and then independently by Frank Benford in 1938: the first significant
digits of numbers in large data are often distributed according to a
logarithmically decreasing function. Being contrary to intuition, the law was
forgotten as a mere curious observation. However, in the last two decades,
relevant literature has grown exponentially, - an evolution typical of
"Sleeping Beauties" (SBs) publications that go unnoticed (sleep) for a long
time and then suddenly become center of attention (are awakened). Thus, in the
present study, we show that Newcomb (1881) and Benford (1938) papers are
clearly SBs. The former was in deep sleep for 110 years whereas the latter was
in deep sleep for a comparatively lesser period of 31 years up to 1968, and in
a state of less deep sleep for another 27 years up to 1995. Both SBs were
awakened in the year 1995 by Hill (1995a). In so doing, we show that the waking
prince (Hill, 1995a) is more often quoted than the SB whom he kissed, - in this
Benford's law case, wondering whether this is a general effect, - to be
usefully studied.Comment: 18 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables, 79 references, Accepted for
  publication in Journal of the Association for Information Science and
  Technolog
Shangri-La: a medical case-based retrieval tool

Large amounts of medical visual data are produced in hospitals daily and made available continuously via publications in the scientific literature, representing the medical knowledge. However, it is not always easy to find the desired information and in clinical routine the time to fulfil an information need is often very limited. Information retrieval systems are a useful tool to provide access to these documents/images in the biomedical literature related to information needs of medical professionals. Shangri–La is a medical retrieval system that can potentially help clinicians to make decisions on difficult cases. It retrieves articles from the biomedical literature when querying a case description and attached images. The system is based on a multimodal retrieval approach with a focus on the integration of visual information connected to text. The approach includes a query–adaptive multimodal fusion criterion that analyses if visual features are suitable to be fused with text for the retrieval. Furthermore, image modality information is integrated in the retrieval step. The approach is evaluated using the ImageCLEFmed 2013 medical retrieval benchmark and can thus be compared to other approaches. Results show that the final approach outperforms the best multimodal approach submitted to ImageCLEFmed 2013
Triaging Content Severity in Online Mental Health Forums

Mental health forums are online communities where people express their issues
and seek help from moderators and other users. In such forums, there are often
posts with severe content indicating that the user is in acute distress and
there is a risk of attempted self-harm. Moderators need to respond to these
severe posts in a timely manner to prevent potential self-harm. However, the
large volume of daily posted content makes it difficult for the moderators to
locate and respond to these critical posts. We present a framework for triaging
user content into four severity categories which are defined based on
indications of self-harm ideation. Our models are based on a feature-rich
classification framework which includes lexical, psycholinguistic, contextual
and topic modeling features. Our approaches improve the state of the art in
triaging the content severity in mental health forums by large margins (up to
17% improvement over the F-1 scores). Using the proposed model, we analyze the
mental state of users and we show that overall, long-term users of the forum
demonstrate a decreased severity of risk over time. Our analysis on the
interaction of the moderators with the users further indicates that without an
automatic way to identify critical content, it is indeed challenging for the
moderators to provide timely response to the users in need.Comment: Accepted for publication in Journal of the Association for
  Information Science and Technology (2017
Modelling transition phenomena of scientific coauthorship networks

In a range of scientific coauthorship networks, transitions emerge in degree
distributions, correlations between degrees and local clustering coefficients,
etc. The existence of those transitions could be regarded as a result of the
diversity in collaboration behaviours of scientific fields. A growing geometric
hypergraph built on a cluster of concentric circles is proposed to model two
specific collaboration behaviours, namely the behaviour of leaders and that of
other members in research teams. The model successfully predicts the
transitions, as well as many common features of coauthorship networks.
Particulary, it realizes a process of deriving the complex "scale-free"
property from the simple "yes/no" experiments. Moreover, it gives a reasonable
explanation for the emergence of transitions with the difference of
collaboration behaviours between leaders and other members. The difference
emerges in the evolution of research teams, which synthetically addresses
several specific factors of generating collaborations, namely the
communications between research teams, the academic impacts and homophily of
authors.Comment: 19 Pages, 8 figure
Co-saved, co-tweeted, and co-cited networks

Counts of tweets and Mendeley user libraries have been proposed as altmetric alternatives to citation counts for the impact assessment of articles. Although both have been investigated to discover whether they correlate with article citations, it is not known whether users tend to tweet or save (in Mendeley) the same kinds of articles that they cite. In response, this article compares pairs of articles that are tweeted, saved to a Mendeley library, or cited by the same user, but possibly a different user for each source. The study analyzes 1,131,318 articles published in 2012, with minimum tweeted (10), saved to Mendeley (100), and cited (10) thresholds. The results show surprisingly minor overall overlaps between the three phenomena. The importance of journals for Twitter and the presence of many bots at different levels of activity suggest that this site has little value for impact altmetrics. The moderate differences between patterns of saving and citation suggest that Mendeley can be used for some types of impact assessments, but sensitivity is needed for underlying differences
Categorical relevance judgment

In this study we aim to explore users' behaviour when assessing search results relevance based on the hypothesis of categorical thinking. In order to investigate how users categorise search engine results, we perform several experiments where users are asked to group a list of 20 search results into a number of categories, while attaching a relevance judgment to each formed category. Moreover, to determine how users change their minds over time, each experiment was repeated three times under the same conditions, with a gap of one month between rounds. The results show that on average users form 4-5 categories. Within each round the size of a category decreases with the relevance of a category. To measure the agreement between the search engine’s ranking and the users’ relevance judgments, we defined two novel similarity measures, the average concordance and the MinMax swap ratio. Similarity is shown to be the highest for the third round as the users' opinion stabilises. Qualitative analysis uncovered some interesting points, in particular, that users tended to categorise results by type and reliability of their source, and particularly, found commercial sites less trustworthy, and attached high relevance to Wikipedia when their prior domain knowledge was limited
'Irrational' searchers and IR-rational researchers

In this article we look at the prescriptions advocated by Web search textbooks in the light of a selection of empirical data of real Web information search processes. We use the strategy of disjointed incrementalism, which is a theoretical foundation from decision making, to focus on how people face complex problems, and claim that such problem solving can be compared to the tasks searchers perform when interacting with the Web. The findings suggest that textbooks on web searching should take into account that searchers only tend to take a certain number of sources into consideration, that the searchers adjust their goals and objectives during searching, and that searchers reconsider the usefulness of sources at different stages of their work tasks as well as their search tasks
A New Class of Substrates for Nucleophilic 5-endo-trig Cyclization, 2-Trifluoromethyl-1-alkenes: Synthesis of Five-Membered Hetero- and Carbocycles That Bear Fluorinated One-Carbon Units

Disfavored 5-endo-trig cyclizations were achieved in 2-trifluoromethyl-1-alkenes with a nucleophilic nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or carbon atom through 1) intramolecular SN2 reaction with loss of a fluoride ion or 2) intramolecular nucleophilic addition to the vinylic group. This reaction manifold provides a versatile method for the synthesis of indolines, indoles, pyrrolidines, tetrahydrofurans, 2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]thiophenes, tetrahydrothiophenes, and cyclopentanes that bear a fluorinated one-carbon unit such as a difluoromethylene, difluoromethyl, or trifluoromethyl group
Thermodynamic stability versus kinetic lability of ZnS4 core

International audienceDensity Functional Theory and post-Hartree Fock calculations reveal an unusual energy profile for Zn-S and Zn-N bond dissociation reactions in several Zn(SR)4(2–) and Zn(Im)(SR)3(–) complexes. The Zn-S bond dissociation in tetrathiolate dianions, which is highly exothermic in the gas phase, proceeds through a late transition state which can be rationalised on the basis of an avoided-crossing resulting from Coulomb repulsion between the anionic fragments and ligand-to-metal charge-transfer in the Zn(SR)4(2–) complexes. When solvation models for water, DMSO or acetonitrile are included, some complexes become stable while others are metastable, so this constitutes the first theoretical model which is in full agreement with the experimental data for various Zn(SR)4(2–), Zn(SR)3(–) and Zn(Im)(SR)3(–) complexes. The analysis given here indicates that the Zn(Cys)4 and Zn(His)(Cys)3 cores of numerous proteins are metastable with respect to Zn-S and Zn-N bond dissociation respectively; this is consistent with the kinetic lability at the zinc-centres and illustrates that, in nature, thermodynamic stability is imparted upon the zinc cores by the protein environment
Nickel-Catalyzed Allylic Substitution of Simple Alkenes

This report describes a nickel-catalyzed allylic substitution process of simple alkenes whereby an important structural motif, a 1,4-diene, was prepared. The key to success is the use of an appropriate nickel–phosphine complex and a stoichiometric amount of silyl triflate. Reactions of 1-alkyl-substituted alkenes consistently provided 1,1-disubstituted alkenes with high selectivity. Insight into the reaction mechanism as well as miscellaneous application of the developed catalytic process is also documented.National Institute of General Medical Sciences (U.S.) (GM-63755)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. Postdoctoral Fellowship for Research Abroa
Functionalized carbon nanoparticles, blacks and soots as electron-transfer building blocks and conduits

Functionalized carbon nanoparticles (or blacks) have promise as novel active high-surface-area electrode materials, as conduits for electrons to enzymes or connections through lipid films, or as nano-building blocks in electroanalysis. With previous applications of bare nanoblacks and composites mainly in electrochemical charge storage and as substrates in fuel cell devices, the full range of benefits of bare and functionalized carbon nanoparticles in assemblies and composite (bio)electrodes is still emerging. Carbon nanoparticles are readily surface-modified, functionalized, embedded, or assembled into nanostructures, employed in bioelectrochemical systems, and incorporated into novel electrochemical sensing devices. This focus review summarizes aspects of a rapidly growing field and some of the recent developments in carbon nanoparticle functionalization with potential applications in (bio)electrochemical, photoelectrochemical, and electroanalytical processes
Sequence-specific DNA alkylation by tandem Py-Im polyamide conjugates.

Tandem N-methylpyrrole-N-methylimidazole (Py-Im) polyamides with good sequence-specific DNA-alkylating activities have been designed and synthesized. Three alkylating tandem Py-Im polyamides with different linkers, which each contained the same moiety for the recognition of a 10 bp DNA sequence, were evaluated for their reactivity and selectivity by DNA alkylation, using high-resolution denaturing gel electrophoresis. All three conjugates displayed high reactivities for the target sequence. In particular, polyamide 1, which contained a β-alanine linker, displayed the most-selective sequence-specific alkylation towards the target 10 bp DNA sequence. The tandem Py-Im polyamide conjugates displayed greater sequence-specific DNA alkylation than conventional hairpin Py-Im polyamide conjugates (4 and 5). For further research, the design of tandem Py-Im polyamide conjugates could play an important role in targeting specific gene sequences
Synthesis of pyrrolophenanthridine alkaloids based on C(sp³)[BOND]H and C(sp²)[BOND]H functionalization reactions.

Article first published online: 14 JUL 2014Assoanine, pratosine, hippadine, and dehydroanhydrolycorine belong to the pyrrolophenanthridine family of alkaloids, which are isolated from plants of the Amaryllidaceae species. Structurally, these alkaloids are characterized by a tetracyclic skeleton that contains a biaryl moiety and an indole core, and compounds belonging to this class have received considerable interest from researchers in a number of fields because of their biological properties and the challenges associated with their synthesis. Herein, a strategy for the total synthesis of these alkaloids by using C-H activation chemistry is described. The tetracyclic skeleton was constructed in a stepwise manner by C(sp(3))[BOND]H functionalization followed by a Catellani reaction, including C(sp(2))[BOND]H functionalization. A one-pot reaction involving both C(sp(3))[BOND]H and C(sp(2))[BOND]H functionalization was also attempted. This newly developed strategy is suitable for the facile preparation of various analogues because it uses simple starting materials and does not require protecting groups
Water-soluble gold nanoparticles : from catalytic selective nitroarene reduction in water to refractive index sensing

Water-soluble gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) stabilized by a nitrogen-rich PEG-tagged substrate have been prepared by reduction of HAuCl₄ with NaBH₄ in water at room temperature. The morphology and size of the nanoparticles can be controlled by simply varying the gold/stabilizer ratio. The nanoparticles have been fully characterized by TEM, HRTEM, ED, EDS, UV-vis, p-XRD and elemental analysis. The material is efficient as a recyclable catalyst for the selective reduction of nitroarenes with NaBH₄ to yield the corresponding anilines in water at room temperature. Furthermore, the potential ability of the Au NPs as a refractive index sensor due to their localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect has also been assessed