pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Tuberculosis 2013:5 Drug-resistant tuberculosis: time for visionary political leadership

Two decades ago, WHO declared tuberculosis a global emergency, and invested in the highly cost-effective directly observed treatment short-course programme to control the epidemic. At that time, most strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were susceptible to first-line tuberculosis drugs, and drug resistance was not a major issue. However, in 2013, tuberculosis remains a major public health concern worldwide, with prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis rising. WHO estimates roughly 630 000 cases of MDR tuberculosis worldwide, with great variation in the frequency of MDR tuberculosis between countries. In the past 8 years, extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis has emerged, and has been reported in 84 countries, heralding the possibility of virtually untreatable tuberculosis. Increased population movement, the continuing HIV pandemic, and the rise in MDR tuberculosis pose formidable challenges to the global control of tuberculosis. We provide an overview of the global burden of drug-resistant disease; discuss the social, health service, management, and control issues that fuel and sustain the epidemic; and suggest specific recommendations for important next steps. Visionary political leadership is needed to curb the rise of MDR and XDR tuberculosis worldwide, through sustained funding and the implementation of global and regional action plans
The Most Metal-Poor Stars. II. Chemical Abundances of 190 Metal-Poor Stars Including 10 New Stars With [Fe/H] ≤ -3.5

We present a homogeneous chemical abundance analysis of 16 elements in 190 metal-poor Galactic halo stars (38 program and 152 literature objects). The sample includes 171 stars with [Fe/H] ≤ –2.5, of which 86 are extremely metal poor, [Fe/H] ≤ –3.0. Our program stars include 10 new objects with [Fe/H] ≤ –3.5. We identify a sample of "normal" metal-poor stars and measure the trends between [X/Fe] and [Fe/H], as well as the dispersion about the mean trend for this sample. Using this mean trend, we identify objects that are chemically peculiar relative to "normal" stars at the same metallicity. These chemically unusual stars include CEMP-no objects, one star with high [Si/Fe], another with high [Ba/Sr], and one with unusually low [X/Fe] for all elements heavier than Na. The Sr and Ba abundances indicate that there may be two nucleosynthetic processes at lowest metallicity that are distinct from the main r-process. Finally, for many elements, we find a significant trend between [X/Fe] versus T eff, which likely reflects non-LTE and/or three-dimensional effects. Such trends demonstrate that care must be exercised when using abundance measurements in metal-poor stars to constrain chemical evolution and/or nucleosynthesis predictions
Examining the unintended consequences of marketing\ud

While many firms engage in successful marketing activities with outcomes beneficial for both the firm and its stakeholders, a number of situations occur where these successful outcomes impact in an unanticipated negative fashion on consumers, society and other stakeholders. This article examines the importance of firms evaluating the entire network of exchanges. Such evaluations of the firm and other stakeholders are steps toward ensuring that any unintended consequences of marketing activities are not only considered, but are also appropriately addressed
Multilevel determinants of breast cancer survival : association with geographic remoteness and area-level socioeconomic disadvantage

A major priority for cancer control agencies is to reduce geographical inequalities in cancer outcomes. While the poorer breast cancer survival among socioeconomically disadvantaged women is well established, few studies have looked at the independent contribution that area- and individual-level factors make to breast cancer survival. Here we examine relationships between geographic remoteness, area-level socioeconomic disadvantage and breast cancer survival after adjustment for patients’ socio- demographic characteristics and stage at diagnosis.\ud
 \ud
Multilevel logistic regression and Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation were  used to analyze 18 568 breast cancer cases extracted from the Queensland Cancer Registry for women aged 30 to 70 years diagnosed between 1997 and 2006 from 478 Statistical Local Areas in Queensland, Australia. \ud
\ud
Independent of individual-level factors, area-level disadvantage was associated with breast-cancer survival (p=0.032). Compared to women in the least disadvantaged quintile (Quintile 5), women diagnosed while resident in one of the remaining four quintiles had significantly worse survival (OR 1.23, 1.27, 1.30, 1.37 for Quintiles 4, 3, 2 and 1 respectively).) Geographic remoteness was not related to lower survival after multivariable adjustment.  There was no evidence that the impact of area-level disadvantage varied by geographic remoteness. At the individual level, Indigenous status, blue collar occupations and advanced disease were important predictors of poorer survival. \ud
\ud
A woman’s survival after a diagnosis of breast cancer depends on the socio-economic characteristics of the area where she lives, independently of her individual-level characteristics. It is crucial that the underlying reasons for these inequalities be identified to appropriately target policies, resources and effective intervention strategies
Interaction between Vertical and Horizontal tax Competition: Theory and Evidence

We develop a model with two provinces, producing two goods: one mobile and the other not.
The mobile good is taxed according to the destination principle by the local government; it is also federally taxed. People decide to buy the good at the most advantageous price. Namely they can buy bootlegged cigarettes and, if the price is very high in both provinces, they can decide to buy smuggled cigarettes, on which no tax is levied. The two provinces engage in tax competition. The province tax-reaction function are non linear because of scale economies in the cost of bootlegging. An increase in federal tax offsets the non linearity, because it decreases the magnitude of the horizontal externality. We test the theoretical results by using Canada-US data set from 1984-1994.
Capital inflows to Latin America with reference to the Asian experience

This essay has four objectives. The first is to document the current episode of capital inflows to Latin America based on data for ten Latin American countries. 6 The second is to compare the Latin American experience
with that of a number of Asian countries that have also been the recipients of sizable capital inflows and examine to what extent the nature of the capital inflows and macroeconomic consequences are similar in the two
cases. The third is to assess the role of external factors in accounting for the observed capital inflows and the real exchange rate appreciation in Latin America. Last, the chapter discusses the implications of capital inflows
for economic policy.
Aspects of service-dominant logic and its implications for tourism management: examples from the hotel industry.

Author's draft of article submitted to Tourism Management, also available on Surrey University e-prints repository. The definitive version was subsequently published by Elsevier and is available online at http://www.sciencedirect.com/This paper introduces the concept of service-dominant logic as a research paradigm in marketing management. It does so in the context of tourism management‟s need to engage with wider debates within the mainstream management literature. Moreover it demonstrates the importance of service-dominant logic in uncovering the role played by co-production and co-creation in the tourism industry. These ideas are developed in detail through a case study of the UK hotel industry that draws on new empirical research undertaken by the authors.Funding provided by ESRC and the Advanced Institute of Managemen
Knowledge and risk perceptions of the Ebola virus in the United States.

OBJECTIVES: The Ebola epidemic has received extensive media coverage since the first diagnosed cases of the virus in the US. We investigated risk perceptions of Ebola among individuals living in the US and measured their knowledge of the virus. METHOD: US residents completed an online survey (conducted 14-18 November 2014) that assessed their Ebola knowledge and risk perceptions. RESULTS: Respondents who were more knowledgeable of Ebola perceived less risk of contracting the virus and were less worried about the virus, but also regarded Ebola as more serious than less knowledgeable respondents. The internet served as a major source of additional information among knowledgeable respondents. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that the provision of health information about Ebola may be effective in informing the public about Ebola risks and of preventive measures without curtailing the seriousness of the virus. Policymakers may seek to further exploit the internet as a means of delivering information about Ebola in the US and worldwide
Econometric estimation in long–range dependent volatility models: theory and practice

It is commonly accepted that some financial data may exhibit long-range dependence, while other financial data exhibit intermediate-range dependence or short-range dependence. These behaviours may be fitted to a continuous-time fractional stochastic model. The estimation procedure proposed in this paper is based on a continuous-time version of the Gauss–Whittle objective function to find the parameter estimates that minimize the discrepancy between the spectral density and the data periodogram. As a special case, the proposed estimation procedure is applied to a class of fractional stochastic volatility models to estimate the drift, standard deviation and memory parameters of the volatility process under consideration. As an application, the volatility of the Dow Jones, S&P 500, CAC 40, DAX 30, FTSE 100 and NIKKEI 225 is estimated
Asymmetric heat transfer in liquid–liquid segmented flow in microchannels

Heat transfer in segmented flow in microchannels can be significantly enhanced by recirculating vortices, due to the presence of interfaces. The processes of heat transfer in segmented flow subjecting to asymmetric boundary conditions are studied. Two types of boundary conditions are considered, asymmetric constant surface temperature and asymmetric constant surface heat flux. The paths of heat flow and the effects of the thermal conductivity, the plug length, and the Peclet number are studied. The results show different features from those at symmetric boundary conditions. The heat transfer process at asymmetric boundary conditions is controlled by both thermal advection and diffusion at the mid-plane of the channel. The coupling effects between the adjacent plugs complicate the process by the heat transfer across plug-plug interfaces.Full Tex
Increasing Loyalty to Breastfeeding: Investigating a Product Development Strategy

This paper demonstrates how social marketing insights were used to influence women's loyalty to breastfeeding. The paper reports on a social marketing campaign undertaken by the Australian Breastfeeding Association and a government health department, which used a product development strategy in order to increase breastfeeding loyalty. Seeking new approaches to support breastfeeding behaviors is critical and timely, because while initiation rates of breastfeeding are high in developed countries such as the UK, Australia, Canada, and the USA, duration rates are significantly lower. Results indicate that a product focused strategy influences pregnant women's loyalty to exclusively breastfeeding.Full Tex
Arene ruthenium dithiolato-carborane complexes for boron neutron capture theory (BNCT)

YesWe report the effect of low-energy thermal neutron irradiation on the antiproliferative activities of a
highly hydrophobic organometallic arene ruthenium dithiolatoecarborane complex [Ru(p-cymene) (1,2-
dicarba-closo-dodecarborane-1,2-dithiolato)] (1), and of its formulation in Pluronic® triblock copolymer
P123 coreeshell micelles (RuMs). Complex 1 was highly active, with and without neutron irradiation,
towards human ovarian cancer cells (A2780; IC50 0.14 mM and 0.17 mM, respectively) and cisplatinresistant
human ovarian cancer cells (A2780cisR; IC50 0.05 and 0.13 mM, respectively). Complex 1 was
particularly sensitive to neutron irradiation in A2780cisR cells (2.6   more potent after irradiation
compared to non-irradiation). Although less potent, the encapsulated complex 1 as RuMs nanoparticles
resulted in higher cellular accumulation (2.5 ), and was sensitive to neutron irradiation in A2780 cells
(1.4  more potent upon irradiation compared to non-irradiation).We thank the Leverhulme Trust (Early Career Fellowship No. ECF-2013-414 to NPEB), the University of Warwick (Grant No. RD14102 to NPEB), the University of Birmingham/EPSRC Follow-on- Fund (Grant No UOBFOF026 to BP), the ERC (Grant No. 247450 to PJS), EPSRC (EP/F034210/1 to PJS).Gol
Observation of the decay $\Lambda^0_b \to pK^- \mu^+ \mu^-$ and a search for $CP$ violation

A search for CP violation in the decay $\Lambda^0_b \to pK^- \mu^+ \mu^-$ is presented. This decay is mediated by flavour-changing neutral-current transitions in the Standard Model and is potentially sensitive to new sources of $CP$ violation. The study is based on a data sample of proton-proton collisions recorded with the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3 fb$^{−1}$. The $\Lambda^0_b \to pK^- \mu^+ \mu^-$ decay is observed for the first time, and two observables that are sensitive to different manifestations of CP violation are measured, \ud
$\Delta\mathcal{A}_{CP} ≡ \mathcal{A}_{CP}(\Lambda^0_b \to pK^- \mu^+ \mu^-) − \mathcal{A}_{CP}(\Lambda^0_b \to pK^−J/\psi)$ and a $\mathcal{a}^{\hat{T}-odd}_{CP}$, where the latter is based on asymmetries in the angle between the $\mu^+\mu^-$ and $pK^-$ decay planes.\ud
These are measured to be\ud
$\Delta\mathcal{A}_{CP} = (−3.5 \pm 5.0(stat) \pm 0.2(syst)) \times 10^{−2}$,\ud
$\mathcal{a}^{\hat{T}-odd}_{CP} = (1.2 \pm 5.0(stat) \pm 0.7(syst)) \times 10^{−2}$,\ud
and no evidence for CP violation is found
It’s not just the Therapist: Therapist and Country-Wide Experience Predict Therapist Adherence and Adolescent Outcome

Objective: Therapist adherence is a quality indicator in routine clinical care when evaluating the success of the implementation of an intervention. The current study investigated whether therapist adherence mediates the association between therapist, team, and country-wide experience (i.e. number of years since implementation in the country) on the one hand, and treatment outcome on the other hand. We replicated and extended a study by Löfholm et al. (2014). Method: Data over a 10-year period were obtained from 4290 adolescents (12–17 years) with antisocial or delinquent problem behavior, who were treated with Multisystemic Therapy (MST) by 222 therapists, working in 27 different teams in the Netherlands. Multilevel structural equation modeling was used to assess the associations between experience, therapist adherence, and post-treatment outcomes. Results: Treatment outcomes were directly predicted by therapist experience, countrywide experience, and therapist adherence, but not by team experience. Moreover, therapist adherence mediated the association between therapist and country-wide experience, and treatment outcomes. The association between therapist experience and therapist adherence was not affected by the number of years of team experience or country-wide experience. Conclusion: The effect of country-wide experience on outcome may reflect increasing experience of training and supporting the therapists. It suggests that nation-wide quality control may relate to better therapist adherence and treatment outcome for adolescents treated with systemic therapy
Middle to late Holocene paleoproductivity reconstructionsfor the western Barents Sea: a model-data comparison

In this study we focus on late Holocene primary
productivity (PP) variability in the western Barents Sea and its
response to variable sea ice coverage by combining PP
reconstructed from several sediment cores with regional PP
trends simulated with a well-constrained organic facies
model, OF-Mod 3D. We find that modern production rates
reconstructed from buried marine organic matter (‘‘bottomup’’)
resemble simulated export production at 50 m water
depth inferred from numerical simulations of surface water
PP in a 3D ocean model, SINMOD (‘‘top-down’’). Paleoproductivity
rates in the northern Barents Sea are more variable
and generally higher (30–150 gC m-2 year-1) than in
the SWBarents Sea region (\75 gC m-2 year-1) throughout
the last 6000 years BP. In the SW Barents Sea, PP rates and
terrestrial organic matter (TOM) supply remain constantly
low indicating present-day-like oceanographic conditions with only marginal influence of sea ice related processes
during the last 6000 years BP. PP rates in the northern Barents
Sea indicate a shift from stable modern-like conditions prior
to 2800 BP to denser, more permanent sea ice coverage along
the marginal ice zone (MIZ) between 2800 and 1000 years
BP and low PP rates. PP rates increase around 1000 years BP
indicating a northward shift of the MIZ and accelerated export
towards the seabed. During the last 500 years a pronounced
decline in PP rates towards the present day indicates reduced
annual duration of the MIZ in the area due to global warming.
Our results suggest that a combination of first-year ice and
higher PP in a warming pan-Arctic may point to a potential
Arctic carbon sink while sea ice is still present.(c) The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.co
Cross sections for elastic scattering of electrons by CF₃Cl, CF₂Cl₂, and CFCl₃

Differential, integral, and momentum transfer cross sections have been determined for the elastic scattering of electrons from the molecules CF₃Cl, CF₂Cl₂, and CFCl₃.With the help of a crossed electron beam-molecular beam apparatus using the relative flow technique, the ratios of the elastic differential cross sections (DCSs) of CF₃Cl, CF₂Cl₂, and CFCl₃ to those of He were measured in the energy region from 1.5 to 100 eV and at scattering angles in the range 15° to 130°. From those ratios, the absolute DCSs were determined by utilizing the known DCS of He. For CF₃Cl and CF₂Cl₂, at the common energies of measurement, we find generally good agreement with the results from the independent experiments of Mann and Linder [J. Phys. B 25, 1621 (1992); and ibid. 25, 1633 (1992)]. In addition, as a result of progressively substituting a Cl-atom, undulations in the angular distributions have been found to vary in a largely systematic manner in going from CF₄ to CF₃Cl to CF₂Cl₂ to CFCl₃ and to CCl₄. These observed features suggest that the elastic scattering process is, in an independently additive manner, dominated by the atomic-Cl atoms of the molecules. The present independent atom method calculation typically supports the experimental evidence, within the screened additivity rule formulation, for each species and for energies greater than about 10-20 eV. Integral elastic and momentum transfer cross sections were also derived from the measured DCSs, and are compared to the other available theoretical and experimental results. The elastic integral cross sections are also evaluated as a part of their contribution to the total cross section.The present work has been conducted under the support
by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Sport, Culture,
and Technology and supported in part by the Australian Research
Council through its Centres of Excellence Program.
F.B. and G.G. acknowledge partial financial support from the
Spanish Ministerio de Economica y Competitividad through
Project No. FIS2009-10245, as well as the EU/ESF COST
Action MP1002. M.J.B. thanks the JSPS for the provision of
a short-term Fellowship and the University of Malaya for a
Visiting Professorship. P.L.-V. acknowledges his Visiting Professor
position at Sophia University and also the Portuguese
PEst-OE/FIS/UI0068/2011 grant
A Transcriptomic Signature of the Hypothalamic Response to Fasting and BDNF Deficiency in Prader-Willi Syndrome.

Transcriptional analysis of brain tissue from people with molecularly defined causes of obesity may highlight disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets. We performed RNA sequencing of hypothalamus from individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), a genetic obesity syndrome characterized by severe hyperphagia. We found that upregulated genes overlap with the transcriptome of mouse Agrp neurons that signal hunger, while downregulated genes overlap with the expression profile of Pomc neurons activated by feeding. Downregulated genes are expressed mainly in neuronal cells and contribute to neurogenesis, neurotransmitter release, and synaptic plasticity, while upregulated, predominantly microglial genes are involved in inflammatory responses. This transcriptional signature may be mediated by reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression. Additionally, we implicate disruption of alternative splicing as a potential molecular mechanism underlying neuronal dysfunction in PWS. Transcriptomic analysis of the human hypothalamus may identify neural mechanisms involved in energy homeostasis and potential therapeutic targets for weight loss
Enhancement of T[c] due to pressure application in LaFeAsO[1-x]H[x] studied by NMR

The prototypical iron-based high-Tc pnictide LaFeAsO1−xHx has superconducting double domes in the electronic phase diagram. Pressure application merges the double domes into a single dome, and the minimum Tc of 26 K observed at x=0.2 goes up to 45 K by applying a pressure of 3.0 GPa. 75As nuclear magnetic resonance was performed at 3.0 GPa to investigate the high-Tc mechanism. The relaxation rate divided by temperature, 1/T1T exhibits a plateau just above Tc and the value is enhanced by applying pressure. The plateau indicates that 1/T1 can be described by the Korringa relation, which suggests that a key factor to raise Tc is the density of states. So far as our results are concerned, spin fluctuations are not essential to achieve high Tc over 45 K
Interaction cross section study of the two-neutron halo nucleus 22C

The interaction cross sections (σI) of the very neutron-rich carbon isotopes [19]C, [20]C and [22]C have been measured on a carbon target at 307, 280, and 235 MeV/nucleon, respectively. A σI of 1.280±0.023 b was obtained for [22]C, significantly larger than for [19, 20]C, supporting the halo character of [22]C. A [22]C root-mean-squared matter radius of 3.44±0.08 fm was deduced using a four-body Glauber reaction model. This value is smaller than an earlier estimate (of 5.4±0.9 fm) derived from a σImeasurement on a hydrogen target at 40 MeV/nucleon. These new, higher-precision σI data provide stronger constraints for assessing the consistency of theories describing weakly bound nuclei