pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
What messages does social marketing advertising send? A content analysis of advertisements aiming to minimise harm from alcohol consumption

While excess alcohol consumption remains one of the most pressing problems for government and society in many countries, the role of social marketing as a tool for shaping a responsible alcohol consumption culture has grown in significance. This research focuses specifically on the communication aspect of social marketing in the form of social marketing advertising. This study seeks to explore what types of approaches and messages are most prevalent in social marketing advertising campaigns that aim to minimise harm from excess alcohol consumption. This study applies the content analysis method to identify the main themes and messages in a sample of social marketing advertisements. A total of 14 social marketing advertising campaigns, including 29 advertisements, was identified. The analytical framework for this research included both positive and negative consequences of alcohol consumption, and two main social marketing advertising approaches identified in the literature: empowering and patronising. This study found that the patronising approach and a strong focus on the negative consequences of alcohol consumption are prevalent in contemporary social marketing campaigns aimed at minimising harmful drinking behaviours. Social marketing too often takes a patronising approach to encouraging behavioural change. More social marketing efforts should be directed towards identifying how to facilitate and support behaviour change through empowerment by providing consumers with alternative behavioural options.Griffith Business School, Department of MarketingFull Tex
What are 'unpopular causes' and how can they achieve fundraising success?

Recent efforts to grow and strengthen the culture of philanthropy in the UK have largely focused on two dimensions: the total amount of money donated and the effectiveness of philanthropic spending. This paper explores a third dimension: the destination and distribution of donations. A defining characteristic of charitable giving is that it is voluntary rather than coerced, and the resulting respect for donor autonomy makes people wary of promoting one cause above another or implying that any beneficiary group is more or less ‘worthy’ of support. However, the absence of much comment on, or significant research into, the destination of donations does not alter the fact that some groups succeed in attracting significant philanthropic funds whilst others struggle to secure many—or any—donations. This paper explores the concept of ‘unpopularity’ in the charity sector, especially in relation to its impact on fundraising. We unpack what this loaded phrase means, identify good practice by those seeking support and present case studies of charities that have overcome perceived unpopularity to achieve success in raising voluntary income. We suggest that by investing organisational resources and effort in fundraising, by framing the cause to maximise the arousal of sympathy and minimise concerns about beneficiary culpability and by avoiding the unintended negative consequences of self-labelling as ‘unpopular’ no charity need assume it is their destiny to languish at the bottom of the fundraising league tables
Understanding the volunteer market: The what, where, who and why of volunteering

Although the work of the voluntary sector is growing, the number of people volunteering is not increasing at a comparable rate. This paper argues that the key to an organisation's success in recruiting and retaining its volunteers is to have an understanding of its target group. As a means to developing this understanding the paper reviews the prior research on volunteering and outlines the current situation in the voluntary sector with regard to the donation of time. The review shows that those who volunteer are an extremely diverse group, active in a wide variety of contexts. This makes the definition of a volunteer a more complex task than one would expect. It also demonstrates that individuals and organisations may volunteer for reasons other than purely altruistic motives. Finally, the paper identifies gaps in this area of research and presents topics for further research
Regional voices talk theatre: audience development for the performing arts

[Abstract]: Audience development is somewhat of a ‘buzz word’ within the Australian performing arts sector at present.  However, rather than actually engage with audiences and with non-attenders to discover how to best service the community, most performing arts organisations approach audience development from a product-centred viewpoint.  \ud
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In direct contrast to this, the Talking Theatre project (2004-2006) was implemented in regional Queensland and in the Northern Territory in Australia as an audience development initiative focused on the consumer.  The project sought to assist performing arts centres (PACs) to better engage with their local communities and to build new audiences for the future.  In particular, the research aimed to understand non-attenders; their reasons for non-attendance, and their reactions to a range of live performances they experienced under study conditions.\ud
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The Talking Theatre project provided the vehicle for introduction, communication and relationship building to occur to assist in attitudinal and behavioural change.  The non-attenders enjoyed their experiences at the PACs and have begun attending performances outside of study conditions.  Limited awareness of the performing arts’ relevance to their lives combined with a lack of positive peer influence to attend, were the chief deterrents to attendance for the participants in the study.\u
Reliable entertainment: Spanish consumers' preferences regarding a film's country of origin

This article contributes to the study of cinema audiences in Europe by analyzing the
actual behavior of Spanish moviegoers and their level of satisfaction. We modeled
moviegoers’ choice of film by country of origin (U.S.A., Spain, and other countries)
according to a set of determinants: (1) consumers’ interpretation of several sources of information, (2) motivations and (3) choice rules. We found three clear consumer
stereotypes related to each type of film: (1) U.S.A. films were preferred by almost everyone (especially families and younger audiences); (2) Spanish films had audiences composed of middle-age and middle-class moviegoers; and (3) European productions were preferred by a social or intellectual elite. U.S.A. films dominate the Spanish market for the reason that they provide most of what moviegoers prefer, namely, familiar, reliable entertainment in Spanish; three characteristics that are not satisfied by Spanish and European films. Additionally, we discuss the implications for the European cultural polic
Understanding young adult drink-driving behaviour: a value benefit perspective

剙oung adult novice drivers represent a key at-risk cohort for alcohol-related road fatalities. Little research has investigated the value perceptions of responsible drivers as compared to their risk-taking counterparts. Addressing the value-perception gap this qualitative research integrates identity theory and value expectancy theory to analyse the hedonic aspects and reward benefits of young adult drink-driving behavior.  剔he study identified three categories of young adult drink-drivers: under-the-limit, borderline and extreme. Motivation drink-drive was influenced by perceptions of driving as a right versus a privilege; fear versus fatalistic attitude of drink-driving consequences, and drink-driving as a connection for escape versus utilitarian activity. Future prevention strategies for at-risk drink-drivers must be relevant, convincing and consider the dynamic and changing landscape young adults inhabitFull Tex
How UK universities engage with their local communities: a study of employer supported volunteering

In 2000, the UK Prime Minister pledged that employers should be encouraged to release staff for 1 day a year to undertake volunteering activity. Many and varied programmes are being set up to assist employees to volunteer, whether during work hours or in their own time. This is called employer supported volunteering (ESV). This paper discusses the increasing use of ESV and aims to provide an understanding of the key concepts of this phenomenon. An E-mail survey was completed of all 122 universities in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. University websites linked to volunteering for staff and students were also examined. Responses were received from 65 institutions (a response rate of 53%). This initial research reveals that university commitment to ESV varies across the sector. Many universities support staff volunteering and informally encourage links with the local community through voluntary activity but only seven institutions had developed a formal policy allowing staff time off work to volunteer. From this initial research, three best practice universities have emerged and their activities are discussed. The next stage in this project is to research the areas identified and to explore the extent of volunteering by university staff and staff attitudes to volunteering with a view to provide a full picture of ESV in the UK university sector
Lack of early engagement: a pre-eminent barrier to Australian university bequest giving?

Decreased government funding has placed increasing financial pressure on Australian universities. Currently Australian universities receive 6.6% of all donations to nonprofit organisations in Australia while universities in the United States attract 14%. These figures suggest there is considerable room for improvement for Australian universities. Efforts directed towards adding to knowledge of philanthropy to universities in Australia are, therefore, very topical at present. Despite acknowledged differences between the types of literature on gift-giving it predominately centres on the motivation to donate to nonprofit organisations during an individual's lifetime (in vivo giving) with less focus on bequests. This exploratory study sought to gain insight into barriers to Australian University bequests. Lack of alumni engagement in Australian Universities was identified as a primary bequest barrier. Barriers identified previously in the literature (e.g. communications quality, performance, insensitive marketing) were considered secondary barriers to bequests. The results suggest a long term strategy is needed for Australian Universities seeking to improve donations. Universities need to engage students from the start of their academic tenure in order to be considered for a bequest. This paper proposes a model which highlights the consequences of this lack of early engagement and identifies key points in the academic and post-academic process where successive challenges increasingly diverge the student from the university's bequest prospects.Griffith Business School, Department of MarketingFull Tex
The giving standard: conditional cooperation in the case of charitable giving

In this study, we make a first attempt to investigate the mechanisms of conditional cooperation in giving outside experiments, using retrospective survey data on charitable giving (the Giving the Netherlands Panel Study 2005 (GINPS05, 2005 ; N  = 1474)). Our results show that in the case of door‐to‐door donations, social information affects perceived social norms for giving and, through this perception, influences the level of actual donations. The effect of social information on actual door‐to‐door donations is fully mediated by perceived social norms for giving. Furthermore, we found empirical support for the giving standard hypothesis. People in different income categories donate roughly the same amounts in separate instances (they use the same social information), and as a result people in lower income households donate a higher percentage of their income to charitable organizations
Print media portrayals of giving : exploring national ‘cultures of philanthropy’

Free to read\ud
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In their 2010 study drawing on 500 empirical philanthropy studies, Bekkers and Wiepking identified eight consistently significant giving mechanisms. The pilot study reported here extends what is known about one mechanism, values, as a giving driver, in particular considering how national cultural values apply to giving. Personal values are not formed in a vacuum. They are influenced by the wider culture and society: thus values have a socio-cultural dimension. Accordingly, this pilot research draws on media theory and cultural studies work on national ethos to explore how these national cultural values interact with giving. A directed qualitative content analysis has been undertaken to compare US and Australian print media coverage about philanthropy. The two nations share an Anglo–Saxon orientation but differ significantly in national character and philanthropic activity. This study posits that a nation's media coverage about giving will reflect its national cultural ethos. This coverage can also shape personal values, thus implications exist for theory about the antecedents of personal giving values. Wider national values may drive or stifle giving, so this wider view of values as a driver has implications also for philanthropy promotion and fundraising
Pictures of Me: User views on the representation of need in homelessness fundraising appeals

There is a long-standing ethical debate regarding the ‘right’ representation of recipients in charity marketing materials that are intended to accurately define and represent social problems whilst also prompting the maximum response in voluntary income. The study presented in this article makes a contribution to that debate by highlighting the views of charity beneficiaries regarding their representation in fundraising campaigns. Drawing on data from five focus groups conducted in cities across England, we explore the views of young homeless people regarding the images of homelessness that appeared in major charity campaigns aimed at raising money to fund homelessness services. Participants displayed a high level of reflexivity, demonstrating that they understood the issues involved with homelessness and the perceptions of people like themselves that exist in the public sphere and in the consciousness of potential donors. Although the participants held the view that maximising revenues through the use of simple, eye-catching images is the prime goal of fundraising, they also expressed a desire for more nuanced campaigns that tell the dynamic stories of how people become homeless and the use of imagery that elicits empathy rather than merely arouses sympathy
Syndactyly in pigs: a review of previous research and the presentation of eight archaeological specimens

This paper reviews evidence for the rare condition of porcine syndactyly. It describes eight\ud
archaeological examples from Britain, Northern Ireland and France. Syndactyly refers to the\ud
partial or complete fusion of two or more adjacent phalanges on the medio-lateral border. The\ud
degree and character of fusion is variable but phalanges frequently unite to create a single\ud
skeletal element. This condition has been identified by veterinarians, zoologists and\ud
naturalists in individuals and populations in a range of species but in spite of substantial\ud
research on the condition in humans and to a lesser extent cattle, it remains relatively poorly\ud
understood in other mammals. Syndactyly is generally agreed to be primarily congenital in\ud
origin, although factors affecting its incidence remain far from fully understood. In light of\ud
the general paucity of discussion of specific conditions of animal palaeopathology, this paper\ud
presents analysis of these newly discovered syndactyle pig specimens, offers a review of\ud
research with particular reference to pigs and discusses the aetiology of the condition
A Roman skeleton with possible treponematosis in the North-East of the Iberian Peninsula : a morphological and radiological study.

The main goal of this paper is to describe and discuss pathological lesions observed in a Roman skeleton (between 2nd and 3rd century AD) from the north-east region of the Iberian Peninsula (St Nicasi 18–24 site. Gavà, Barcelona), which may be compatible with treponematosis. Most of the skeleton, with the exception of the neurocranium, was recovered. Only the left tibia was affected, whereas the rest of the recovered skeletal remains were unaffected. Macroscopic examination revealed a male individual between 25 and 30 years of age at death with a sabre-shaped left tibia. The proximal half of the diaphysis was pitted and the bone overall enlarged. The surface of the tibia showed occasional vascular impressions where, in some instances, small raised plaques of new bone appeared to bridge over them, specifically in the most affected area of the proximal half of the tibia. No destructive lesions were observed. Radiographic examination and gross inspection at the cross section of the tibia showed encroachment into the medullary cavity of coarse cancellous bone and cancellization of the cortex. The observed lesions indicate that the tibia was affected by a chronic infectious disease. Differential diagnoses were considered, and these included other infectious diseases, fibrous dysplasia, Paget's disease, chronic varicose ulcers affecting bone and trauma, with the conclusion that the disease affecting the tibia could have been treponematosis.\ud
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This could be significant in the history of the treponematoses being one of the oldest examples of treponematosis in pre-Columbian Europe
Assessing post-traumatic time interval in human dry bone

The post-traumatic status of antemortem fractures in human dry bone remains is currently defined as being either ‘healing’ or ‘healed’. However, detailed ‘dating’ of the related post-traumatic time interval would be desirable, since it would aid in assessing individual medical status and care at the time of death. Within forensic pathology practice, fresh tissue healing phases are routinely used as an intrinsic parameter for the length of the post-traumatic time interval. Unfortunately, the direct application of such a method is hampered when applied to dry bone skeletal material.
This study explores the possibility of applying a fracture dating system, drawn forth from the traditional forensic pathology method, on dry bone remains. More specifically, the aims is to establish the extent to which various histo-morphological features indicative of specific time intervals of healing are consistently detectable. Human dry bones with fractures and amputations in various phases of healing were studied.
Results show that the complementary use of radiological and histological investigation techniques improves the differentiation between various healing phases and thus allow for a more detailed dating of lesions. For future use, healing features that have proven to be consistently detectable and their related post traumatic time intervals are listed. The system aids in demarcating a considerably more ”narrow” post-traumatic time interval than usual.The Leiden University Fund (LUF)/Van Trigt and the South Africa Netherlands research Programme for Alternatives in Development (SANPAD) for partial funding.http://www.interscience.wiley.com/hb2013ay201
Skeletal and Surgical Evidence for Acute Osteomyelitis in Non-Adult Individuals

Osteomyelitis is a non-specific infection of bone and bone marrow. In the past acute
osteomyelitis (AO) led to high mortality especially in non-adults. Nevertheless, its diagnosis
in archaeological populations is rare. Documented individuals with known cause of death
offer a unique opportunity to study this condition. This paper aims to describe the bone
lesions in non-adults diagnosed with AO at the Coimbra University Hospital (CUH) and now
belonging to the Coimbra Identified Skeletal Collection (CISC). Moreover, mortality rates
and demographic profiles for individuals aged ≤18 years old and diagnosed with AO in the
CUH, between 1923 and 1929, were also determined. The 5 (1%) non-adults in the CISC with
AO listed as cause of death were selected for this study and their bones were analysed
macroscopically and radiologically. The skeletal remains of one individual revealed a small
area of new bone formation in the shaft of the left femur. Radiography of this bone showed a
radio-opaque area in the diaphysis. The other four individuals show evidence of surgical
treatment, responsible for many cases of disability in the past. In the 7-year period under
analysis, 122 juveniles were diagnosed with osteomyelitis and admitted for surgery at the
CUH, 43 (35.2%) of which were diagnosed with AO. Sixty-five percent of the cases of AO
occurred between the ages of 8 and 15 years, with males twice as frequently affected as
females, and lower limb bones were involved in 91% of AO cases. AO was responsible for
76.9% of the deaths. This study of pre-antibiotic non-adults may help to recognize skeletal
signs of AO and their surgical treatment in unidentified skeletal remains
The Categorization of Occupation in Identified Skeletal Collections: A Source of Bias

Identified skeletal collections, i.e .skeletons for which sex, age at death and occupation at death are known, have been used to test methods for recording entheseal changes (EC). By testing methods on identified collections the sensitivity of EC for recording activity levels can be ascertained prior to applying the methods to test hypotheses in archaeological contexts. However, the definition of occupational categories used for this research may, in itself, be a source of bias. The aim in this study was to test how categorizing occupation affected the interpretation of EC. Male skeletons (n=211) from two Portuguese identified skeletal collections were used. Three methods for categorizing occupations, all of which have been previously published, were used each dividing occupations into 5, 3 and 2 categories, respectively. Fibrocartilaginous entheses were recorded and EC scored as present/absent. Results showed that the method for categorizing occupation affected the frequencies of EC found in occupational categories for specific entheses. Frequencies which were significantly different between occupational categories for one method were not necessarily significant for others. This demonstrates that the sensitivity of the occupational categorization does affect the results. However, using logistic regression age was found to have a greater effect than occupation. These results demonstrate the need for standardized occupational categories, as well as the importance of considering age.FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, reference: SFRH/BPD/43330/2008 and SFRH/BPD82559/201