pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Trapped Magnetic Field Properties in Superconducting MgB2 Bulk Magnets of Various Shapes by Finite Element Method

AbstractThe trapped magnetic field properties of superconducting MgB2 bulk magnets with various shapes such as a triangular, a quadrangular, a hexangular bulk were calculated by the Finite Elements Method (FEM). The effect for the combination of several numbers of bulks was also investigated for several kinds of shapes to obtain large area of bulk surface in spite of one large bulk. In this calculation, the simple magnetization process replaced by the field-cool magnetization was used to obtain the equivalent distribution of the magnetic field, and the thermal equation in FEM was omitted. The trapped magnetic field for the triangular bulk by FEM was compared with the experimental result. It was found that the calculated results agreed well with the experimental result. The maximum trapped magnetic field was obtained in the cylindrical shape among several kinds of shapes. The trapped magnetic field was increased by the combination of multi-bulks. It was confirmed that the trapped magnetic field of the multi-bulks was larger than that of the single bulk. The trapped magnetic field increases with increasing the number of the bulks
Human-Chimpanzee Differences in a FZD8 Enhancer Alter Cell-Cycle Dynamics in the Developing Neocortex

SummaryThe human neocortex differs from that of other great apes in several notable regards, including altered cell cycle, prolonged corticogenesis, and increased size [1–5]. Although these evolutionary changes most likely contributed to the origin of distinctively human cognitive faculties, their genetic basis remains almost entirely unknown. Highly conserved non-coding regions showing rapid sequence changes along the human lineage are candidate loci for the development and evolution of uniquely human traits. Several studies have identified human-accelerated enhancers [6–14], but none have linked an expression difference to a specific organismal trait. Here we report the discovery of a human-accelerated regulatory enhancer (HARE5) of FZD8, a receptor of the Wnt pathway implicated in brain development and size [15, 16]. Using transgenic mice, we demonstrate dramatic differences in human and chimpanzee HARE5 activity, with human HARE5 driving early and robust expression at the onset of corticogenesis. Similar to HARE5 activity, FZD8 is expressed in neural progenitors of the developing neocortex [17–19]. Chromosome conformation capture assays reveal that HARE5 physically and specifically contacts the core Fzd8 promoter in the mouse embryonic neocortex. To assess the phenotypic consequences of HARE5 activity, we generated transgenic mice in which Fzd8 expression is under control of orthologous enhancers (Pt-HARE5::Fzd8 and Hs-HARE5::Fzd8). In comparison to Pt-HARE5::Fzd8, Hs-HARE5::Fzd8 mice showed marked acceleration of neural progenitor cell cycle and increased brain size. Changes in HARE5 function unique to humans thus alter the cell-cycle dynamics of a critical population of stem cells during corticogenesis and may underlie some distinctive anatomical features of the human brain
An extended class of orthogonal polynomials defined by a Sturm–Liouville problem

AbstractWe present two infinite sequences of polynomial eigenfunctions of a Sturm–Liouville problem. As opposed to the classical orthogonal polynomial systems, these sequences start with a polynomial of degree one. We denote these polynomials as X1-Jacobi and X1-Laguerre and we prove that they are orthogonal with respect to a positive definite inner product defined over the compact interval [−1,1] or the half-line [0,∞), respectively, and they are a basis of the corresponding L2 Hilbert spaces. Moreover, we prove a converse statement similar to Bochner's theorem for the classical orthogonal polynomial systems: if a self-adjoint second-order operator has a complete set of polynomial eigenfunctions {pi}i=1∞, then it must be either the X1-Jacobi or the X1-Laguerre Sturm–Liouville problem. A Rodrigues-type formula can be derived for both of the X1 polynomial sequences
Radiotherapy staffing in the European countries: Final results from the ESTRO-HERO survey

AbstractBackgroundThe ESTRO Health Economics in Radiation Oncology (HERO) project has the overall aim to develop a knowledge base of the provision of radiotherapy in Europe and build a model for health economic evaluation of radiation treatments at the European level. The first milestone was to assess the availability of radiotherapy resources within Europe. This paper presents the personnel data collected in the ESTRO HERO database.Materials and methodsAn 84-item questionnaire was sent out to European countries, through their national scientific and professional radiotherapy societies. The current report includes a detailed analysis of radiotherapy staffing (questionnaire items 47–60), analysed in relation to the annual number of treatment courses and the socio-economic status of the countries. The analysis was conducted between February and July 2014, and is based on validated responses from 24 of the 40 European countries defined by the European Cancer Observatory (ECO).ResultsA large variation between countries was found for most parameters studied. Averages and ranges for personnel numbers per million inhabitants are 12.8 (2.5–30.9) for radiation oncologists, 7.6 (0–19.7) for medical physicists, 3.5 (0–12.6) for dosimetrists, 26.6 (1.9–78) for RTTs and 14.8 (0.4–61.0) for radiotherapy nurses. The combined average for physicists and dosimetrists is 9.8 per million inhabitants and 36.9 for RTT and nurses. Radiation oncologists on average treat 208.9 courses per year (range: 99.9–348.8), physicists and dosimetrists conjointly treat 303.3 courses (range: 85–757.7) and RTT and nurses 76.8 (range: 25.7–156.8). In countries with higher GNI per capita, all personnel categories treat fewer courses per annum than in less affluent countries. This relationship is most evident for RTTs and nurses. Different clusters of countries can be distinguished on the basis of available personnel resources and socio-economic status.ConclusionsThe average personnel figures in Europe are now consistent with, or even more favourable than the QUARTS recommendations, probably reflecting a combination of better availability as such, in parallel with the current use of more complex treatments than a decade ago. A considerable variation in available personnel and delivered courses per year however persists among the highest and lowest staffing levels. This not only reflects the variation in cancer incidence and socio-economic determinants, but also the stage in technology adoption along with treatment complexity and the different professional roles and responsibilities within each country. Our data underpin the need for accurate prediction models and long-term education and training programmes
Changing system interfaces consistently: A new refinement strategy for CSP∥B

AbstractThis paper is concerned with event refinement in the context of CSP∥B. Our motivation to include this notion within the CSP∥B framework is the desire to increase flexibility in the refinement process. This approach provides the ability to change the events of CSP processes and B machines when refining a system. Notions of refinement based on traces and on traces/divergences allow abstract events to be refined by sequences of concrete events. A complementary notion of refinement between B machines is also proposed, yielding compositionality results for refinement of CSP∥B controlled components. The paper also introduces a notion of I/O refinement into our event refinement framework
Partitioned PLTL model-checking for refined transition systems

AbstractThis paper is about the verification of dynamic properties by model-checking for finite state reactive systems. Properties are expressed as PLTL formulae. Systems are specified through a top-down refinement process. In order to cope with the state explosion problem, we propose partitioning the state space to be verified and to verify the properties independently on each part. Properties that are such that if they hold on every part then they hold for the whole system are called verifiable by parts.In a previous paper, we presented a class of interesting PLTL properties that are always verifiable by parts. That is, they are verifiable by parts with any partitioning of the state space. In addition to these properties, some properties are verifiable by parts on a system provided with a particular partitioning.In this paper, we propose a partitioning of the state space of a system that is guided by the refinement process. We introduce an extended class of PLTL properties that are verifiable by parts with regard to this partitioning. This class includes the first one. In particular, the new class includes liveness properties under fairness assumptions. This class is defined from Büchi automata that accept the language of the negations of the properties.Our work is illustrated by its application to a chip card protocol called T=1. This protocol is specified through successive refinements
Active travel intervention and physical activity behaviour: An evaluation

AbstractA physically active lifestyle is an important contributor to individual health and well-being. The evidence linking higher physical activity levels with better levels of morbidity and mortality is well understood. Despite this, physical inactivity remains a major global risk factor for mortality and, consequently, encouraging individuals to pursue physically active lifestyles has been an integral part of public health policy in many countries. Physical activity promotion and interventions are now firmly on national health policy agendas, including policies that promote active travel such as walking and cycling. This study evaluates one such active travel initiative, the Smarter Choices, Smarter Places programme in Scotland, intended to encourage uptake of walking, cycling and the use of public transport as more active forms of travel. House to house surveys were conducted before and after the programme intervention, in May/June 2009 and 2012 (12,411 surveys in 2009 and 9542 in 2012), for the evaluation of the programme. This paper analyses the physical activity data collected, focussing on what can be inferred from the initiative with regards to adult uptake of physical activity participation and whether, for those who participated in physical activity, the initiative impacted on meeting recommended physical activity guidelines. The results suggest that the initiative impacted positively on the likelihood of physical activity participation and meeting the recommended physical activity guidelines. Individuals in the intervention areas were on average 6% more likely to meet the physical activity guidelines compared to individuals in the non intervention areas. However, the absolute prevalence of physical activity participation declined in both intervention and control areas over time.Our evaluation of this active transport initiative indicates that similar programmes may aid in contributing to achieving physical activity targets and adds to the international evidence base on the benefits of active travel interventions
Search for high-mass states with one lepton plus missing transverse momentum in proton–proton collisions at s=7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

AbstractThe ATLAS detector is used to search for high-mass states, such as heavy charged gauge bosons (W′,W⁎), decaying to a charged lepton (electron or muon) and a neutrino. Results are presented based on the analysis of pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36 pb−1. No excess beyond standard model expectations is observed. A W′ with sequential standard model couplings is excluded at 95% confidence level for masses below 1.49 TeV, and a W⁎ (charged chiral boson) for masses below 1.35 TeV
Does Chemical Cross-Linking with NHS Esters Reflect the Chemical Equilibrium of Protein–Protein Noncovalent Interactions in Solution?

Chemical cross-linking in combination with mass spectrometry has emerged as a powerful tool to study noncovalent protein complexes. Nevertheless, there are still many questions to answer. Does the amount of detected cross-linked complex correlate with the amount of protein complex in solution? In which concentration and affinity range is specific cross-linking possible? To answer these questions, we performed systematic cross-linking studies with two complexes, using the N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester disuccinimidyl suberate (DSS): (1) NCoA-1 and mutants of the interacting peptide STAT6Y, covering a KD range of 30 nM to >25 μM, and (2) α-thrombin and basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI), a system that shows a buffer-dependent KD value between 100 and 320 μM. Samples were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). For NCoA-1•STAT6Y, a good correlation between the amount of cross-linked species and the calculated fraction of complex present in solution was observed. Thus, chemical cross-linking in combination with MALDI-MS can be used to rank binding affinities. For the mid-affinity range up to about KD ≈ 25 μM, experiments with a nonbinding peptide and studies of the concentration dependence showed that only specific complexes undergo cross-linking with DSS. To study in which affinity range specific cross-linking can be applied, the weak α-thrombin•BPTI complex was investigated. We found that the detected complex is a nonspecifically cross-linked species. Consequently, based on the experimental approach used in this study, chemical cross-linking is not suitable for studying low-affinity complexes with KD ⪢ 25 μM
A Human Endogenous Retroviral Superantigen as Candidate Autoimmune Gene in Type I Diabetes

AbstractMicrobial superantigens (SAGs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of human autoimmune diseases. Preferential expansion of the Vβ7 T cell receptor positive T cell subset in patients suffering from acute-onset type I diabetes has indicated the presence of a surface membrane–bound SAG. Here, we have isolated a novel mouse mammary tumor virus–related human endogenous retrovirus. We further show that the N-terminal moiety of the envelope gene encodes an MHC class II–dependent SAG. We propose that expression of this SAG, induced in extrapancreatic and professional antigen-presenting cells, leads to β-cell destruction via the systemic activation of autoreactive T cells. The SAG encoded by this novel retrovirus thus constitutes a candidate autoimmune gene in type I diabetes
The Value of the Follow-Through Derives from Motor Learning Depending on Future Actions

SummaryIn ball sports, we are taught to follow through, despite the inability of events after contact or release to influence the outcome [1, 2]. Here we show that the specific motor memory active at any given moment critically depends on the movement that will be made in the near future. We demonstrate that associating a different follow-through movement with two motor skills that normally interfere [3–7] allows them to be learned simultaneously, suggesting that distinct future actions activate separate motor memories. This implies that when learning a skill, a variable follow-through would activate multiple motor memories across practice, whereas a consistent follow-through would activate a single motor memory, resulting in faster learning. We confirm this prediction and show that such follow-through effects influence adaptation over time periods associated with real-world skill learning. Overall, our results indicate that movements made in the immediate future influence the current active motor memory. This suggests that there is a critical time period both before [8] and after the current movement that determines motor memory activation and controls learning
Predicting the values of the leptonic CP violation phases in theories with discrete flavour symmetries

AbstractUsing the fact that the neutrino mixing matrix U=Ue†Uν, where Ue and Uν result from the diagonalisation of the charged lepton and neutrino mass matrices, we consider a number of forms of Uν associated with a variety of discrete symmetries: i) bimaximal (BM) and ii) tri-bimaximal (TBM) forms, the forms corresponding iii) to the conservation of the lepton charge L′=Le−Lμ−Lτ (LC), iv) to golden ratio type A (GRA) mixing, v) to golden ratio type B (GRB) mixing, and vi) to hexagonal (HG) mixing. Employing the minimal form of Ue, in terms of angles and phases it contains, that can provide the requisite corrections to Uν so that reactor, atmospheric and solar neutrino mixing angles θ13, θ23 and θ12 have values compatible with the current data, including a possible sizable deviation of θ23 from π/4, we discuss the possibility to obtain predictions for the CP violation phases in the neutrino mixing matrix. Considering the “standard ordering” of the 12 and the 23 rotations in Ue and following the approach developed in [1] we derive predictions for the Dirac phase δ and the rephasing invariant JCP in the cases of GRA, GRB and HG forms of Uν (results for the TBM and BM (LC) forms were obtained in [1]). We show also that under rather general conditions within the scheme considered the values of the Majorana phases in the PMNS matrix can be predicted for each of the forms of Uν discussed. We give examples of these predictions and of their implications for neutrinoless double beta decay. In the GRA, GRB and HG cases, as in the TBM one, relatively large CP violation effects in neutrino oscillations are predicted (|JCP|∼(0.031–0.034)). Distinguishing between the TBM, BM (LC), GRA, GRB and HG forms of Uν requires a measurement of cos⁡δ or a relatively high precision measurement of JCP
Heavy neutrinos and the pp→lljj CMS data

AbstractWe show that the excess in the pp→eejj CMS data can be naturally interpreted within the Minimal Left–Right Symmetric model (MLRSM), keeping gL=gR, if CP phases and non-degenerate masses of heavy neutrinos are taken into account. As an additional benefit, a natural interpretation of the reported ratio (14:1) of the opposite-sign (OS) pp→l±l∓jj to the same-sign (SS) pp→l±l±jj lepton signals is possible. Finally, a suppression of muon pairs with respect to electron pairs in the pp→lljj data is obtained, in accordance with experimental data. If the excess in the CMS data survives in the future, it would be a first clear hint towards presence of heavy neutrinos in right-handed charged currents with specific CP phases, mixing angles and masses, which will have far reaching consequences for particle physics directions
Affleck–Dine leptogenesis with triplet Higgs

AbstractWe study an extension of the supersymmetric standard model including a pair of electroweak triplet Higgs Δ and Δ̄. The neutrinos acquire Majorana masses mediated by these triplet Higgs fields rather than the right-handed neutrinos. The successful leptogenesis for baryogenesis can be realized after the inflation through the Affleck–Dine mechanism on a flat manifold consisting of Δ, Δ̄, ẽc (anti-slepton), even if the triplet Higgs mass MΔ is much larger than the gravitino mass m3/2∼103 GeV. Specifically, due to the effects of the potential terms provided with the superpotential terms MΔΔ̄Δ, (λL//2M)Δ̄Δ̄ecec, (λΔ/2M)Δ̄ΔΔ̄Δ (λL//λΔ∼0.3–3), the phases of Δ, Δ̄, ẽc are rotated at the time with the Hubble parameter H∼MΔ, producing generally the asymmetry with fraction ϵL∼0.1. If MΔ is large enough, this early leptogenesis can be completed before the thermal effects take place
Elastic anisotropy and extreme Poisson’s ratios in single crystals

AbstractThe relationship between elastic anisotropy and extreme Poisson’s ratio behaviour (either positive or negative) in single-crystalline materials has been investigated using experimentally determined single-crystal elastic constants for a wide range of solid materials. This makes use of a recently proposed elastic anisotropy index that is applicable to all crystal symmetries. For many real materials we find a striking correlation between the value of the elastic anisotropy index and the magnitudes of maximum and minimum Poisson’s ratios this is independent of crystal symmetry. This structure–property relationship provides new examples of auxetics and shows that negative Poisson’s ratios are actually not uncommon among many classes of inorganic (and organic) materials, including elemental metals, alloys, ionic solids, molecular solids and giant covalent networks
Enhanced group analysis and conservation laws of variable coefficient reaction–diffusion equations with power nonlinearities

AbstractA class of variable coefficient (1+1)-dimensional nonlinear reaction–diffusion equations of the general form f(x)ut=(g(x)unux)x+h(x)um is investigated. Different kinds of equivalence groups are constructed including ones with transformations which are nonlocal with respect to arbitrary elements. For the class under consideration the complete group classification is performed with respect to convenient equivalence groups (generalized extended and conditional ones) and with respect to the set of all local transformations. Usage of different equivalences and coefficient gauges plays the major role for simple and clear formulation of the final results. The corresponding set of admissible transformations is described exhaustively. Then, using the most direct method, we classify local conservation laws. Some exact solutions are constructed by the classical Lie method
Strong annihilating pairs for the Fourier–Bessel transform

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to prove two new uncertainty principles for the Fourier–Bessel transform (or Hankel transform). The first of these results is an extension of a result of Amrein, Berthier and Benedicks, it states that a non-zero function f and its Fourier–Bessel transform Fα(f) cannot both have support of finite measure. The second result states that the supports of f and Fα(f) cannot both be (ε,α)-thin, this extending a result of Shubin, Vakilian and Wolff. As a side result we prove that the dilation of a C0-function are linearly independent. We also extend Faris's local uncertainty principle to the Fourier–Bessel transform
Untreated hypertension in the UK household population — Who are missed by the general health checks?

AbstractHypertension is an age-related, long-term condition and a leading risk factor for premature death and disability worldwide. Due to its asymptomatic nature it can often be left undiagnosed. Long-term treatment is available, but blood pressure can also be reduced through health behaviour changes in weight control, smoking cessation, higher physical activity levels, reduced salt and alcohol intake, and healthful diets if discovered early. This paper investigates the prevalence and characteristics of those with untreated (compared to treated) hypertension who did not have a history of cardiovascular disease (CVD); a group who is in effect missed by general health checks.Untreated hypertension was studied in 8933 individuals aged 40–74years representative of the UK household population, who were interviewed and underwent a physical health examination in their home, 2010–2012. The prevalence of untreated hypertension without a history of CVD was 7% for men, 2% for women, and 5% overall. Untreated hypertension was particularly high among the 55–64year age group.Age and sex-adjusted analyses found strong positive associations with male gender, smoking, self-reported good–excellent health, full fat dairy preference, white bread preference, higher alcohol consumption, and living alone. Strong negative associations were found for possessing 5+ prescription drugs, statins or antiplatelets, being diagnosed with diabetes or possessing antidiabetics, and long-term limiting illness status.Notably, many reported their health as good to excellent. A fact which emphasises the importance of motivating individuals to take part in the general health checks for an asymptomatic condition such as hypertension