pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Radiative energy loss and radiative p ⊥ -broadening of high-energy partons in QCD matter

We study the connection between radiative energy loss and radiative p ⊥ - roadening of a high-energy quark or gluon passing through QCD matter. The generalized Baier-Dokshitzer-Mueller-Peigne-Schiff-Zakharov (BDMPS-Z) formalism is used to calculate energy loss due to multiple gluon emission. With L the length of the matter and l 0 the size of constituents of the matter we find a double logarithmic correction ∝ ln 2 L l 0 $$ \propto { \ln}^2\frac{L}{l_0} $$ to parton energy loss due to two-gluon emission. We also show that the radiative energy loss per unit length − d E d z = α s N c 12 p ⊥ 2 $$ -\frac{dE}{dz}=\frac{\alpha_s{N}_c}{12}\left\langle {p}_{{}_{\perp}}^2\right\rangle $$ by carrying out a resummation of the double logarithmic terms. Here, the transverse momentum broadening p ⊥ 2 $$ \left\langle {p}_{\perp}^2\right\rangle $$ is obtained by resumming terms ∝ α s ln 2 L l 0 $$ \propto {\alpha}_s{ \ln}^2\frac{L}{l_0} $$ in ref. [11]. Our result agrees with that by the renormalization of q ^ $$ \widehat{q} $$ proposed in refs. [15, 16]
Matching the D 6 ℛ 4 interaction at two-loops

The coefficient of the D 6 ℛ 4 interaction in the low energy expansion of the two-loop four-graviton amplitude in type II superstring theory is known to be proportional to the integral of the Zhang-Kawazumi (ZK) invariant over the moduli space of genus-two Riemann surfaces. We demonstrate that the ZK invariant is an eigenfunction with eigenvalue 5 of the Laplace-Beltrami operator in the interior of moduli space. Exploiting this result, we evaluate the integral of the ZK invariant explicitly, finding agreement with the value of the two-loop D 6 ℛ 4 interaction predicted on the basis of S-duality and super-symmetry. A review of the current understanding of the D 2 p ℛ 4 interactions in type II superstring theory compactified on a torus T d with p ≤ 3 and d ≤ 4 is included
Extensive, water-rich magma reservoir beneath southern Montserrat

South Soufriere Hills and Soufriere Hills volcanoes are two km apart at the southern end of the island of Montserrat, West Indies. Their magmas are distinct geochemically, despite these volcanoes having been active contemporaneously at 131-129 ka. We use the water content of pyroxenes and melt inclusion data to reconstruct the bulk water contents of magmas and their depth of storage prior to eruption. Pyroxenes contain up to 281 ppm H2O, with significant variability between crystals and from core to rim in individual crystals. The Al content of the enstatites from Soufriere Hills Volcano (SHV) is used to constrain melt-pyroxene partitioning for H2O. The SHV enstatite cores record melt water contents of 6-9 wt%. Pyroxene and melt inclusion water concentration pairs from South Soufriere Hills basalts independently constrain pyroxene-melt partitioning of water and produces a comparable range in melt water concentrations. Melt inclusions recorded in plagioclase and in pyroxene contain up to 6.3 wt% H2O. When combined with realistic melt CO2 contents, the depth of magma storage for both volcanoes ranges from 5 to 16 km. The data are consistent with a vertically protracted crystal mush in the upper crust beneath the southern part of Montserrat which contains heterogeneous bodies of eruptible magma. The high water contents of the magmas suggest that they contain a high proportion of exsolved fluids, which has implications for the rheology of the mush and timescales for mush reorganisation prior to eruption. A depletion in water in the outer 50-100 microns of a subset of pyroxenes from pumices from a Vulcanian explosion at Soufriere Hills in 2003 is consistent with diffusive loss of hydrogen during magma ascent over 5-13 hours. These timescales are similar to the mean time periods between explosions in 1997 and in 2003, raising the possibility that the driving force for this repetitive explosive behaviour lies not in the shallow system, but in the deeper parts of a vertically protracted crustal magma storage system.ME acknowledges NERC grant NE/I016694/1 and NERC ion probe facility grant IMF429/0511 and Cees-Jan de Hoog, who provided invaluable assistance with SIMS measurements and calibration. MC acknowledges an Alexander Von Humboldt fellowship.This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Elsevier via https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2016.02.02
Optimization of telescope scheduling: algorithmic research and scientific policy

The use of very expensive facilities in Modern Astronomy has demonstrated the importance of automatic modes\ud
in the operation of large telescopes. As a consequence, several mathematical tools have been applied and developed to solve\ud
the (NP − hard) scheduling optimization problem: from simple heuristics to the more complex genetic algorithms or neural\ud
networks. In this work, the basic scheduling problem is translated into mathematical language and two main methods are used\ud
to solve it: neighborhood search methods and genetic algorithms; both of them are analysed. It is shown that the algorithms\ud
are sensitive to the scientific policy by means of the definition of the objective function (F) and also by the assignment of\ud
scientific priorities to the projects. The definition of F is not trivial and requires a detailed discussion among the Astronomical\ud
Community.Peer reviewe
Plant degreening: evolution and expression of tomato\ud
(Solanum lycopersicum) dephytylation enzymes

Chlorophyll is the most abundant pigment on earth and even though it is known that its high photo-excitability necessitates a tight regulation of its degradation pathway, to date there are still several steps in chlorophyll breakdown that remain obscure. In order to better understand the ‘degreening’ processes that accompany leaf senescence and fruit ripening, we characterized the enzyme-encoding genes involved in dephytylation from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). A single pheophytinase (PPH) gene and four chlorophyllase (CLH) genes were identified in the tomato genome. A phenetic analysis revealed two groups of CLHs in eudicot species and further evolutionary analysis indicated that these enzymes are under diverse selection pressures. A comprehensive expression profile analysis also suggested functional specificity for these dephytylating enzymes. The integrated analysis allows us to propose three general roles for chlorophyll dephytylation: i) PPH, which is under high selective constraint, is responsible for chlorophyll degradation during developmentally programed physiological processes; ii) Group I CLHs, which are under relaxed selection constraint, respond to environmental and hormonal stimuli and play a role in plant adaptation plasticity; and iii) Group II CLHs, which are also under high selective constraint, are mostly involved in chlorophyll recycling.BSL and JA were recipients of FAPESP fellowships and MR was funded by a fellowship from CNPq. This work was supported by FAPESP2012-12531-8 (Brazil). The authors thank Rohm and Haas Company for generous donation of the 1-methylcyclopropene (SmartFresh®) used for the experiments
Focal points in tacit bargaining problems:Experimental evidence

We use a new experimental design to test Schelling's hypotheses about the nature and effectiveness of focal points in tacit bargaining problems. In our design, as in many real-world bargaining problems, each player's strategies are framed as proposals about what part of a stock of valuable objects she is to take, and there are payoff-irrelevant cues which define relations between players and objects. In line with Schelling's hypotheses, we find that such cues serve as powerful focal points. Their presence increases efficiency even in games where there is no efficient and equal division, and induces systematically unequal payoff distributions
Fetal brain development in chimpanzees versus humans.

世界で初めてチンパンジー胎児の脳成長が明らかに : ヒトの脳の巨大化はすでに胎児期からスタート. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2012-09-25.It is argued that the extraordinary brain enlargement observed in humans is due to not only the human-specific pattern of postnatal brain development, but also to that of prenatal brain development [1, 2]. However, the prenatal trajectory of brain development has not been explored in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), even though they are our closest living relatives. To address this lack of information, we tracked fetal development of the chimpanzee brain from approximately 14 to 34 weeks of gestation (just before birth) in utero using three-dimensional ultrasound imaging. The results were compared with those obtained for the human brain during approximately the same period. We found that the brain volume of chimpanzee fetuses was only half that of human fetuses at 16 weeks of gestation. Moreover, although the growth velocity of brain volume increased until approximately 22 weeks of gestation in both chimpanzees and humans, chimpanzee fetuses did not show the same accelerated increase in brain volume as human fetuses after that time. This suggests that maintenance of fast development of the human brain during intrauterine life has contributed to the remarkable brain enlargement observed in humans
Voxel-based clustered imaging by multiparameter diffusion tensor images for glioma grading.

Gliomas are the most common intra-axial primary brain tumour; therefore, predicting glioma grade would influence therapeutic strategies. Although several methods based on single or multiple parameters from diagnostic images exist, a definitive method for pre-operatively determining glioma grade remains unknown. We aimed to develop an unsupervised method using multiple parameters from pre-operative diffusion tensor images for obtaining a clustered image that could enable visual grading of gliomas. Fourteen patients with low-grade gliomas and 19 with high-grade gliomas underwent diffusion tensor imaging and three-dimensional T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging before tumour resection. Seven features including diffusion-weighted imaging, fractional anisotropy, first eigenvalue, second eigenvalue, third eigenvalue, mean diffusivity and raw T2 signal with no diffusion weighting, were extracted as multiple parameters from diffusion tensor imaging. We developed a two-level clustering approach for a self-organizing map followed by the K-means algorithm to enable unsupervised clustering of a large number of input vectors with the seven features for the whole brain. The vectors were grouped by the self-organizing map as protoclusters, which were classified into the smaller number of clusters by K-means to make a voxel-based diffusion tensor-based clustered image. Furthermore, we also determined if the diffusion tensor-based clustered image was really helpful for predicting pre-operative glioma grade in a supervised manner. The ratio of each class in the diffusion tensor-based clustered images was calculated from the regions of interest manually traced on the diffusion tensor imaging space, and the common logarithmic ratio scales were calculated. We then applied support vector machine as a classifier for distinguishing between low- and high-grade gliomas. Consequently, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and area under the curve of receiver operating characteristic curves from the 16-class diffusion tensor-based clustered images that showed the best performance for differentiating high- and low-grade gliomas were 0.848, 0.745, 0.804 and 0.912, respectively. Furthermore, the log-ratio value of each class of the 16-class diffusion tensor-based clustered images was compared between low- and high-grade gliomas, and the log-ratio values of classes 14, 15 and 16 in the high-grade gliomas were significantly higher than those in the low-grade gliomas (p < 0.005, p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). These classes comprised different patterns of the seven diffusion tensor imaging-based parameters. The results suggest that the multiple diffusion tensor imaging-based parameters from the voxel-based diffusion tensor-based clustered images can help differentiate between low- and high-grade gliomas
Parameter estimation of squirrel-cage motors with parasitic torques in the torque–slip curve

This paper studies parasitic torques in steady-state torque–slip curves of squirrel-cage induction motors. The\ud
curves of nine motors (small, medium and large size units), three of which were measured in the range s = 2 to 0, are\ud
analysed. The torque–slip curves of eight of these nine motors differ significantly from the smooth curves predicted by the\ud
classical single- and double-cage models: a torque dip at large slips in the motoring regime and a notable torque increase\ud
in the braking regime occur. As parasitic torques have been traditionally associated with space harmonics, two singlecage\ud
chain models (which consider the space harmonics) are tested to fit the measured torque and current of the three\ud
measured motors: one neglects the skin effect, leading to the wrong torque prediction, whereas the other (the chain\ud
model proposed in the early 60s in the literature) considers the skin effect, leading to an accurate torque prediction.Postprint (author's final draft
The dichotomy of memantine treatment for ischemic stroke: dose-dependent protective and detrimental effects

Excitotoxicity is a major contributor to cell death during the acute phase of ischemic stroke but aggressive pharmacological targeting of excitotoxicity has failed clinically. Here we investigated whether pretreatment with low doses of memantine, within the range currently used and well tolerated for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, produce a protective effect in stroke. A coculture preparation exposed to modeled ischemia showed cell death associated with rapid glutamate rises and cytotoxic Ca(2+) influx. Cell death was significantly enhanced in the presence of high memantine concentrations. However, low memantine concentrations significantly protected neurons and glia via excitotoxic cascade interruption. Mice were systemically administered a range of memantine doses (0.02, 0.2, 2, 10, and 20 mg/kg/day) starting 24 hours before 60 minutes reversible focal cerebral ischemia and continuing for a 48-hour recovery period. Low dose (0.2 mg/kg/day) memantine treatment significantly reduced lesion volume (by 30% to 50%) and improved behavioral outcomes in stroke lesions that had been separated into either small/striatal or large/striatocortical infarcts. However, higher doses of memantine (20 mg/kg/day) significantly increased injury. These results show that clinically established low doses of memantine should be considered for patients 'at risk' of stroke, while higher doses are contraindicated.Peer-reviewedPublisher Versio
Oculomotor preparation as a rehearsal mechanism in spatial working memory.

There is little consensus regarding the specific processes responsible for encoding, maintenance, and retrieval of information in visuo-spatial working memory (VSWM). One influential theory is that VSWM may involve activation of the eye-movement (oculomotor) system. In this study we experimentally prevented healthy participants from planning or executing saccadic eye-movements during the encoding, maintenance, and retrieval stages of visual and spatial working memory tasks. Participants experienced a significant reduction in spatial memory span only when oculomotor preparation was prevented during encoding or maintenance. In contrast there was no reduction when oculomotor preparation was prevented only during retrieval. These results show that (a) involvement of the oculomotor system is necessary for optimal maintenance of directly-indicated locations in spatial working memory and (b) oculomotor preparation is not necessary during retrieval from spatial working memory. We propose that this study is the first to unambiguously demonstrate that the oculomotor system contributes to the maintenance of spatial locations in working memory independently from the involvement of covert attention
Extensive, water-rich magma reservoir beneath southern Montserrat.

South Soufrière Hills and Soufrière Hills volcanoes are 2 km apart at the southern end of the island of Montserrat, West Indies. Their magmas are distinct geochemically, despite these volcanoes having been active contemporaneously at 131–129 ka. We use the water content of pyroxenes and melt inclusion data to reconstruct the bulk water contents of magmas and their depth of storage prior to eruption. Pyroxenes contain up to 281 ppm H2O, with significant variability between crystals and from core to rim in individual crystals. The Al content of the enstatites from Soufrière Hills Volcano (SHV) is used to constrain melt-pyroxene partitioning for H2O. The SHV enstatite cores record melt water contents of 6–9 wt%. Pyroxene and melt inclusion water concentration pairs from South Soufriere Hills basalts independently constrain pyroxene-melt partitioning of water and produces a comparable range in melt water concentrations. Melt inclusions recorded in plagioclase and in pyroxene contain up to 6.3 wt% H2O. When combined with realistic melt CO2 contents, the depth of magma storage for both volcanoes ranges from 5 to 16 km. The data are consistent with a vertically protracted crystal mush in the upper crust beneath the southern part of Montserrat which contains heterogeneous bodies of eruptible magma. The high water contents of the magmas suggest that they contain a high proportion of exsolved fluids, which has implications for the rheology of the mush and timescales for mush reorganisation prior to eruption. A depletion in water in the outer 50–100 μm of a subset of pyroxenes from pumices from a Vulcanian explosion at Soufrière Hills in 2003 is consistent with diffusive loss of hydrogen during magma ascent over 5–13 h. These timescales are similar to the mean time periods between explosions in 1997 and in 2003, raising the possibility that the driving force for this repetitive explosive behaviour lies not in the shallow system, but in the deeper parts of a vertically protracted crustal magma storage system
Search for a very light NMSSM Higgs boson produced in decays of the 125
  GeV scalar boson and decaying into tau leptons in pp collisions at sqrt(s) =
  8 TeV

A search for a very light Higgs boson decaying into a pair of tau leptons is
presented within the framework of the next-to-minimal supersymmetric standard
model. This search is based on a data set corresponding to an integrated
luminosity of 19.7 inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collisions collected by
the CMS experiment at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV. The signal is defined
by the production of either of the two lightest scalars, h[1] or h[2], via
gluon-gluon fusion and subsequent decay into a pair of the lightest Higgs
bosons, a[1] or h[1]. The h[1] or h[2] boson is identified with the observed
state at a mass of 125 GeV. The analysis searches for decays of the a[1] (h[1])
states into pairs of tau leptons and covers a mass range for the a[1] (h[1])
boson of 4 to 8 GeV. The search reveals no significant excess in data above
standard model background expectations, and an upper limit is set on the signal
production cross section times branching fraction as a function of the a[1]
(h[1]) boson mass. The 95% confidence level limit ranges from 4.5 pb at m(a[1])
(m(h[1])) = 8 GeV to 10.3 pb at m(a[1]) (m(h[1])) = 5 GeV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO
Measurement of the total cross section from elastic scattering in $pp$
  collisions at $\sqrt{s}=8$ TeV with the ATLAS detector

A measurement of the total $pp$ cross section at the LHC at $\sqrt{s}=8$ TeV
is presented. An integrated luminosity of $500$ $\mu$b$^{-1}$ was accumulated
in a special run with high-$\beta^{\star}$ beam optics to measure the
differential elastic cross section as a function of the Mandelstam momentum
transfer variable $t$. The measurement is performed with the ALFA sub-detector
of ATLAS. Using a fit to the differential elastic cross section in the $-t$
range from $0.014$ GeV$^2$ to $0.1$ GeV$^2$ to extrapolate $t\rightarrow 0$,
the total cross section, $\sigma_{\mathrm{tot}}(pp\rightarrow X)$, is measured
via the optical theorem to be: $\sigma_{\mathrm{tot}}(pp\rightarrow X) =
{96.07} \; \pm 0.18 \; ({{stat.}}) \pm 0.85 \; ({{exp.}}) \pm 0.31 \; ({extr.})
\; {mb} \;,$ where the first error is statistical, the second accounts for all
experimental systematic uncertainties and the last is related to uncertainties
in the extrapolation $t\rightarrow 0$. In addition, the slope of the
exponential function describing the elastic cross section at small $t$ is
determined to be $B = 19.74 \pm 0.05 \; ({{stat.}}) \pm 0.23 \; ({{syst.}}) \;
{GeV}^{-2}$.Comment: 17 pages plus author list + cover page (35 pages total), 4 figures, 2
  tables, submitted to PLB. All figures including auxiliary figures are
  available at
  https://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/PAPERS/STDM-2015-22
Early life adversity and serotonin transporter gene variation\ud
interact at the level of the adrenal gland to affect the adult\ud
hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis

The short allelic variant of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) promoter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) has been associated\ud
with the etiology of major depression by interaction with early life stress (ELS). Furthermore, 5-HTTLPR has been associated with\ud
abnormal functioning of the stress-responsive hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Here, we examined if, and at what level,\ud
the HPA-axis is affected in an animal model for ELS × 5-HTTLPR interactions. Heterozygous and homozygous 5-HTT knockout rats\ud
and their wild-type littermates were exposed daily at postnatal days 2–14 to 3 h of maternal separation. When grown to adulthood,\ud
plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and the major rat glucocorticoid, corticosterone (CORT), were measured.\ud
Furthermore, the gene expression of key HPA-axis players at the level of the hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal glands was\ud
assessed. No 5-HTT genotype × ELS interaction effects on gene expression were observed at the level of the hypothalamus or\ud
pituitary. However, we found significant 5-HTT genotype × ELS interaction effects for plasma CORT levels and adrenal mRNA levels\ud
of the ACTH receptor, such that 5-HTT deficiency was associated under control conditions with increased, but after ELS with\ud
decreased basal HPA-axis activity. With the use of an in vitro adrenal assay, naïve 5-HTT knockout rats were furthermore shown to\ud
display increased adrenal ACTH sensitivity. Therefore, we conclude that basal HPA-axis activity is affected by the interaction of 5-\ud
HTT genotype and ELS, and is programmed, within the axis itself, predominantly at the level of the adrenal gland. This study\ud
therefore emphasizes the importance of the adrenal gland for HPA-related psychiatric disorders
Transit spectrophotometry of the exoplanet HD 189733b. I. Searching for water but finding haze with HST NICMOS

Copyright © ESO 2009We present Hubble Space Telescope near-infrared transit photometry of the nearby hot-Jupiter HD189733b. The observations were
taken with the NICMOS instrument during five transits, with three transits executed with a narrowband filter at 1.87 μm and two
performed with a narrowband filter at 1.66 μm. Our observing strategy using narrowband filters is insensitive to the usual HST intraorbit
and orbit-to-orbit measurement of systematic errors, allowing us to accurately and robustly measure the near-IR wavelength
dependance of the planetary radius. Our measurements fail to reproduce the previously claimed detection of an absorption signature
of atmospheric H2O below2 μm at a 5σ confidence level.We measure a planet-to-star radius contrast of 0.15498±0.00035 at 1.66 μm
and a contrast of 0.15517 ± 0.00019 at 1.87 μm. Both of our near-IR planetary radii values are in excellent agreement with the levels
expected from Rayleigh scattering by sub-micron haze particles, observed at optical wavelengths, indicating that upper-atmospheric
haze still dominates the near-IR transmission spectra over the absorption from gaseous molecular species at least below 2 μm.CNESNASANSFTennessee State UniversityState of Tennesse