pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Insights into the High-energy γ-ray Emission of Markarian 501 from Extensive Multifrequency Observations in the Fermi Era

We report on the γ-ray activity of the blazar Mrk501 during the first 480 days of Fermi operation. We find that the average Large Area Telescope (LAT) -ray spectrum of Mrk501 can be well described by a single power-law function with a photon index of 1.78 0.03. While we observe relatively mild flux variations with the Fermi-LAT (within less than a factor of two), we detect remarkable spectral variability where the hardest observed spectral index within the LAT energy range is 1.52 0.14, and the softest one is 2.51 0.20. These unexpected spectral changes do not correlate with the measured flux variations above 0.3GeV. In this paper, we also present the first results from the 4.5 month long multifrequency campaign (2009 March 15August 1) on Mrk501, which included the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), Swift, RXTE, MAGIC, and VERITAS, the F-GAMMA, GASP-WEBT, and other collaborations and instruments which provided excellent temporal and energy coverage of the source throughout the entire campaign. The extensive radio to TeV data set from this campaign provides us with the most detailed spectral energy distribution yet collected for this source during its relatively low activity. The average spectral energy distribution of Mrk501 is well described by the standard one-zone synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model. In the framework of this model, we find that the dominant emission region is characterized by a size r0.1pc (comparable within a factor of few to the size of the partially resolved VLBA core at 15-43 GHz), and that the total jet power (C1044ergs1) constitutes only a small fraction (<103) of the Eddington luminosity. The energy distribution of the freshly accelerated radiating electrons required to fit the time-averaged data has a broken power-law form in the energy range 0.3 GeV-10 TeV, with spectral indices 2.2 and 2.7 below and above the break energy of 20GeV. We argue that such a form is consistent with a scenario in which the bulk of the energy dissipation within the dominant emission zone of Mrk501 is due to relativistic, proton-mediated shocks. We find that the ultrarelativistic electrons and mildly relativistic protons within the blazar zone, if comparable in number, are in approximate energy equipartition, with their energy dominating the jet magnetic field energy by about two orders of magnitude
Mutations causing medullary cystic kidney disease type 1 lie in a large VNTR in MUC1 missed by massively parallel sequencing

Although genetic lesions responsible for some mendelian disorders can be rapidly discovered through massively parallel sequencing of whole genomes or exomes, not all diseases readily yield to such efforts. We describe the illustrative case of the simple mendelian disorder medullary cystic kidney disease type 1 (MCKD1), mapped more than a decade ago to a 2-Mb region on chromosome 1. Ultimately, only by cloning, capillary sequencing and de novo assembly did we find that each of six families with MCKD1 harbors an equivalent but apparently independently arising mutation in sequence markedly under-represented in massively parallel sequencing data: the insertion of a single cytosine in one copy (but a different copy in each family) of the repeat unit comprising the extremely long (~1.5–5 kb), GC-rich (>80%) coding variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) sequence in the MUC1 gene encoding mucin 1. These results provide a cautionary tale about the challenges in identifying the genes responsible for mendelian, let alone more complex, disorders through massively parallel sequencing.National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Intramural Research Program)National Human Genome Research Institute (U.S.)Charles University (program UNCE 204011)Charles University (program PRVOUK-P24/LF1/3)Czech Republic. Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports (grant NT13116-4/2012)Czech Republic. Ministry of Health (grant NT13116-4/2012)Czech Republic. Ministry of Health (grant LH12015)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, grant DK34854
Crustal structure below Popocat\'epetl Volcano (Mexico) from analysis of
  Rayleigh waves

An array of ten broadband stations was installed on the Popocat\'epetl
volcano (Mexico) for five months between October 2002 and February 2003. 26
regional and teleseismic earthquakes were selected and filtered in the
frequency time domain to extract the fundamental mode of the Rayleigh wave. The
average dispersion curve was obtained in two steps. Firstly, phase velocities
were measured in the period range [2-50] s from the phase difference between
pairs of stations, using Wiener filtering. Secondly, the average dispersion
curve was calculated by combining observations from all events in order to
reduce diffraction effects. The inversion of the mean phase velocity yielded a
crustal model for the volcano which is consistent with previous models of the
Mexican Volcanic Belt. The overall crustal structure beneath Popocat\'epetl is
therefore not different from the surrounding area, and the velocities in the
lower crust are confirmed to be relatively low. Lateral variations of the
structure were also investigated by dividing the network into four parts and by
applying the same procedure to each sub-array. No well-defined anomalies
appeared for the two sub-arrays for which it was possible to measure a
dispersion curve. However, dispersion curves associated with individual events
reveal important diffraction for 6 s to 12 s periods which could correspond to
strong lateral variations at 5 to 10 km depth
The Deuteron Spin-dependent Structure Function g1d and its First Moment

We present a measurement of the deuteron spin-dependent structure function
g1d based on the data collected by the COMPASS experiment at CERN during the
years 2002-2004. The data provide an accurate evaluation for Gamma_1^d, the
first moment of g1d(x), and for the matrix element of the singlet axial
current, a0. The results of QCD fits in the next to leading order (NLO) on all
g1 deep inelastic scattering data are also presented. They provide two
solutions with the gluon spin distribution function Delta G positive or
negative, which describe the data equally well. In both cases, at Q^2 = 3
(GeV/c)^2 the first moment of Delta G is found to be of the order of 0.2 - 0.3
in absolute value.Comment: fits redone using MRST2004 instead of MRSV1998 for G(x), correlation
  matrix adde
10 D Euclidean dynamical triangulations

We investigate numerically 10 - dimensional Euclidean quantum gravity (with
discretized Einstein - Hilbert action) in the framework of the dynamical
triangulation approach. For the considered values of the gravitational coupling
we observed two phases, the behavior of which is found to be similar to that of
the crumpled and elongated phases of 3, 4 and 5 dimensional models.
Surprisingly, (for the observed lattice sizes) the natural state of the 10 D
system (when the Einstein - Hilbert action is turned off) is found to resemble
branched polymer while in the low dimensional systems the natural state belongs
to the crumpled phase.Comment: accepted for the publication in Phys.Lett.
Continuum limit of string formation in 3-d SU(2) LGT

We study the continuum limit of the string-like behaviour of flux tubes
formed between static quarks and anti-quarks in three dimensional SU(2) lattice
gauge theory. We compare our simulation data with the predictions of both
effective string models as well as perturbation theory. On the string side we
obtain clear evidence for convergence of data to predictions of Nambu-Goto
theory. We comment on the scales at which the static potential starts departing
from one loop perturbation theory and then again being well described by
effective string theories. We also estimate the leading corrections to the
one-loop perturbative potential as well as the Nambu-Goto effective string. In
the intermediate regions we find that a modified Lennard-Jones type potential
gives surprisingly good fits.Comment: 13 pages, 3 figures and 6 table
Origin of electron cyclotron maser-induced radio emissions at ultra-cool
  dwarfs: magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling currents

A number of ultra-cool dwarfs emit circularly polarised radio waves generated
by the electron cyclotron maser instability. In the solar system such radio is
emitted from regions of strong auroral magnetic field-aligned currents. We thus
apply ideas developed for Jupiter's magnetosphere, being a well-studied
rotationally-dominated analogue in our solar system, to the case of
fast-rotating UCDs. We explain the properties of the radio emission from UCDs
by showing that it would arise from the electric currents resulting from an
angular velocity shear in the fast-rotating magnetic field and plasma, i.e. by
an extremely powerful analogue of the process which causes Jupiter's auroras.
Such a velocity gradient indicates that these bodies interact significantly
with their space environment, resulting in intense auroral emissions. These
results strongly suggest that auroras occur on bodies outside our solar system.Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journa
Role of Glueballs in Non-Perturbative Quark-Gluon Plasma

Discussed is how non-perturbative properties of quark gluon plasma, recently
discovered in RHIC experiment, can be related to the change of properties of
scalar and pseudoscalar glueballs. We set up a model with the Cornwall-Soni's
glueball-gluon interaction, which shows that the pseudoscalar glueball becomes
massless above the critical temperature of deconfinement phase transition. This
change of properties gives rise to the change of sign of the gluon condensate
at $T > T_c$. We discuss the other physical consequences resulting from the
drastic change of the pseudoscalar glueball mass above the critical
temperature.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figure
Lepton Flavor Violating $\tau$ Decays in TeV Scale Type I See-Saw and
  Higgs Triplet Models

The lepton flavour violating (LFV) $\tau$ decays $\tau\to (e,\mu)\gamma$ and
$\tau\to 3\mu$ are investigated in the frameworks of the TeV scale type I
see-saw and Higgs Triplet (or type II see-saw) models. Predictions for the
rates of these processes are obtained. The implications of the existing
stringent experimental upper bounds on the $\mu\to e + \gamma$ and $\mu\to 3e$
decay branching ratios for the predictions of the $\tau\to (e,\mu)\gamma$ and
$\tau\to 3\mu$ decay rates are studied in detail. The possibilities to observe
the indicated LFV $\tau$ decays in present and future experiments are analysed.Comment: 22 pages, Latex, 3 figures (to be published in JHEP
Phenomenology of a very light scalar (100 MeV $<m_h<$ 10 GeV) mixing
  with the SM Higgs

In this paper we investigate the phenomenology of a very light scalar, $h$,
with mass 100 MeV $<m_h<$ 10 GeV, mixing with the SM Higgs. As a benchmark
model we take the real singlet scalar extension of the SM. We point out
apparently unresolved uncertainties in the branching ratios and lifetime of $h$
in a crucial region of parameter space for LHC phenomenology. Bounds from LEP,
meson decays and fixed target experiments are reviewed. We also examine
prospects at the LHC. For $m_h \lesssim m_B$ the dominant production mechanism
is via meson decay; our main result is the calculation of the differential
$p_T$ spectrum of $h$ scalars originating from B mesons and the subsequent
prediction of up to thousands of moderate (triggerable) $p_T$ displaced dimuons
possibly hiding in the existing dataset at ATLAS/CMS or at LHCb. We also
demonstrate that the subdominant $Vh$ production channel has the best
sensitivity for $m_h \gtrsim m_B$ and that future bounds in this region could
conceivably compete with those of LEP.Comment: 13 pages, 9 figure
CO ro-vibrational lines in HD100546: A search for disc asymmetries and
  the role of fluorescence

We have studied the emission of CO ro-vibrational lines in the disc around
the Herbig Be star HD100546 with the final goal of using these lines as a
diagnostic to understand inner disc structure in the context of planet
formation. High-resolution IR spectra of CO ro-vibrational emission at eight
different position angles were taken with CRIRES at the VLT. From these spectra
flux tables, CO ro-vibrational line profiles, and population diagrams were
produced. We have investigated variations in the line profile shapes and line
strengths as a function of slit position angle. We used the thermochemical disc
modelling code ProDiMo based on the chemistry, radiation field, and temperature
structure of a previously published model for HD100546. Comparing observations
and the model, we investigated the possibility of disc asymmetries, the
excitation mechanism (UV fluorescence), the geometry, and physical conditions
of the inner disc. The observed CO ro-vibrational lines are largely emitted
from the inner rim of the outer disc at 10-13 AU. The line shapes are similar
for all v levels and line fluxes from all vibrational levels vary only within
one order of magnitude. All line profile asymmetries and variations can be
explained with a symmetric disc model to which a slit correction and pointing
offset is applied. Because the angular size of the CO emitting region (10-13
AU) and the slit width are comparable the line profiles are very sensitive to
the placing of the slit. The model reproduces the line shapes and the fluxes of
the v=1-0 lines as well as the spatial extent of the CO ro-vibrational
emission. It does not reproduce the observed band ratios of 0.5-0.2 with higher
vibrational bands. We find that lower gas volume densities at the surface of
the inner rim of the outer disc can make the fluorescence pumping more effcient
and reproduce the observed band ratios.Comment: 20 pages, 21 figure
Cross-Calibration of the XMM-Newton EPIC pn & MOS On-Axis Effective
  Areas Using 2XMM Sources

We aim to examine the relative cross-calibration accuracy of the on-axis
effective areas of the XMM-Newton EPIC pn and MOS instruments. Spectra from a
sample of 46 bright, high-count, non-piled-up isolated on-axis point sources
are stacked together, and model residuals are examined to characterize the EPIC
MOS-to-pn inter-calibration. The MOS1-to-pn and MOS2-to-pn results are broadly
very similar. The cameras show the closest agreement below 1 keV, with MOS
excesses over pn of 0-2% (MOS1/pn) and 0-3% (MOS2/pn). Above 3 keV, the MOS/pn
ratio is consistent with energy-independent (or only mildly increasing)
excesses of 7-8% (MOS1/pn) and 5-8% (MOS2/pn). In addition, between 1-2 keV
there is a `silicon bump' - an enhancement at a level of 2-4% (MOS1/pn) and
3-5% (MOS2/pn). Tests suggest that the methods employed here are stable and
robust. The results presented here provide the most accurate cross-calibration
of the effective areas of the XMM-Newton EPIC pn and MOS instruments to date.
They suggest areas of further research where causes of the MOS-to-pn
differences might be found, and allow the potential for corrections to and
possible rectification of the EPIC cameras to be made in the future.Comment: 8 Pages, 2 figures (3 panels), 1 table. Accepted for publication in
  A&
The ADHM-like Constructions for Instantons on CP^2 and Three Dimensional
  Gauge Theories

We study the moduli spaces of self-dual instantons on CP^2 in a simple group
G. When G is a classical group, these instanton solutions can be realised using
ADHM-like constructions which can be naturally embedded into certain three
dimensional quiver gauge theories with 4 supercharges. The topological data for
such instanton bundles and their relations to the quiver gauge theories are
described. Based on such gauge theory constructions, we compute the Hilbert
series of the moduli spaces of instantons that correspond to various
configurations. The results turn out to be equal to the Hilbert series of their
counterparts on C^2 upon an appropriate mapping, in agreement with the result
of [arXiv:0802.3120]. We check the former against the Hilbert series derived
from the blowup formula for the Hirzebruch surface F_1 and find an agreement.
The connection between the moduli spaces of instantons on such two spaces is
explained in detail.Comment: 40 pages; v2: references edite
Topological Soliton with Nonzero Hopf Invariant in Yang-Mills-Higgs
  Model

We propose a topological soliton or instanton solution with nonzero Hopf
invariant to the 3+1D non-Abelian gauge theory coupled with scalar fields. This
solution, which we call Hopf soliton, represents a spacetime event that makes a
$2\pi$ rotation of the monopole. Although the action of this Hopf soliton is
logarithmically divergent, it may still give relevant contributions in a
finite-sized system. Since the Chern-Simons term for the unbroken $U(1)$ gauge
field may appear in the low energy effective theory, the Hopf soliton may
possibly generate fractional statistics for the monopoles.Comment: 16 pages, 1 figure
7 keV Sterile neutrino dark matter in $U(1)_R-$ lepton number model

We study the phenomenology of a keV sterile neutrino in a supersymmetric
model with $U(1)_R-$ lepton number in the light of a very recent observation of
an X-ray line signal at around 3.5 keV, detected in the X-ray spectra of
Andromeda galaxy and various galaxy clusters including the Perseus galaxy
cluster. This model not only provides a small tree level mass to one of the
active neutrinos but also renders a suitable warm dark matter candidate in the
form of a sterile neutrino with negligible active-sterile mixing. Light
neutrino masses and mixing can be explained once one-loop radiative corrections
are taken into account. The scalar sector of this model can accommodate a Higgs
boson with a mass of $\sim$ 125 GeV. In this model gravitino is the lightest
supersymmetric particle (LSP) and we also study the cosmological implications
of this light gravitino with mass $\sim \mathcal O$(GeV).Comment: V2, minor modifications in the text, references added, published in
  JHE
Saturn's inner satellites : orbits, masses and the chaotic motion of
  Atlas from new Cassini imaging observations

We present numerically-derived orbits and mass estimates for the inner
Saturnian satellites, Atlas, Prometheus, Pandora, Janus and Epimetheus from a
fit to 2580 new Cassini ISS astrometric observations spanning February 2004 to
August 2013. The observations are provided in a supplementary table. We
estimate GM_ Atlas=0.384+/-0.001 x 10^(-3)km^3s^(-2), a value 13% smaller than
the previously published estimate but with an order of magnitude reduction in
the uncertainty. We also find GM_ Prometheus=10.677+/-0.006x10(-3)km^3s^(-2),
GM_Pandora=9.133+/-0.009x10^(-3)km^3s^(-2),
GM_Janus=126.51+/-0.03x10^(-3)km^3s^(-2) and
GM_Epimetheus=35.110+/-0.009x10^(-3)km^3s^(-2), consistent with previously
published values, but also with significant reductions in uncertainties. We
show that Atlas is currently librating in both the 54:53
co-rotation-eccentricity resonance (CER) and the 54:53 inner Lindblad (ILR)
resonance with Prometheus, making it the latest example of a coupled CER-ILR
system, in common with the Saturnian satellites Anthe, Aegaeon and Methone, and
possibly Neptune's ring arcs. We further demonstrate that Atlas's orbit is
chaotic, with a Lyapunov time of ~10 years, and show that its chaotic behaviour
is a direct consequence of the coupled resonant interaction with Prometheus,
rather than being an indirect effect of the known chaotic interaction between
Prometheus and Pandora. We provide an updated analysis of the second-order
resonant perturbations involving Prometheus, Pandora and Epimetheus based on
the new observations, showing that these resonant arguments are librating only
when Epimetheus is the innermost of the co-orbital pair, Janus and Epimetheus.
We also find evidence that the known chaotic changes in the orbits of
Prometheus and Pandora are not confined to times of apse anti-alignement.Comment: 23 pages, 16 figures. Accepted for publication in The Astronomical
  Journal 23 September 2014 (corrected Fig. 11
Quantum mechanical stability of fermion-soliton systems

Topological objects resulting from symmetry breakdown may be either stable or
metastable depending on the pattern of symmetry breaking. However, if they
acquire zero-energy modes of fermions, and in the process acquire non-integer
fermionic charge, the metastable configurations also get stabilized. In the
case of Dirac fermions the spectrum of the number operator shifts by 1/2. In
the case of majorana fermions it becomes useful to assign negative values of
fermion number to a finite number of states occupying the zero-energy level,
constituting a \textit{majorana pond}. We determine the parities of these
states and prove a superselection rule. Thus decay of objects with half-integer
fermion number is not possible in isolation or by scattering with ordinary
particles. The result has important bearing on cosmology as well as condensed
matter physics.Comment: Old version withdrawn; New version, 6 pages, 1 eps figure; To appear
  in Phys.Lett.
Studying discrete dynamical systems trough differential equations

In this paper we consider dynamical systems generated by a diffeomorphism F
defined on U an open subset of R^n, and give conditions over F which imply that
their dynamics can be understood by studying the flow of an associated
differential equation, $\dot x=X(x),$ also defined on U. In particular the case
where F has n-1 functionally independent first integrals is considered. In this
case X is constructed by imposing that it shares with $F$ the same set of first
integrals and that the functional equation $\mu(F(x))=\det((DF(x))\mu(x),$ for
x in U has some non-zero solution. Several examples for n=2,3 are presented,
most of them coming from several well-known difference equations.Comment: 22 pages; 3 Figure
Quantum-mechanical tunneling: differential operators, zeta-functions and
  determinants

We consider in detail the quantum-mechanical problem associated with the
motion of a one-dimensional particle under the action of the double-well
potential. Our main tool will be the euclidean (imaginary time) version of the
path-integral method. Once we perform the Wick rotation, the euclidean equation
of motion is the same as the usual one for the point particle in real time,
except that the potential at issue is turned upside down. In doing so, our
double-well potential becomes a two-humped potential. As required by the
semiclassical approximation we may study the quadratic fluctuations over the
instanton which represents in this context the localised finite-action
solutions of the euclidean equation of motion. The determinants of the
quadratic differential operators are evaluated by means of the zeta-function
method. We write in closed form the eigenfunctions as well as the energy
eigenvalues corresponding to such operators by using the shape-invariance
symmetry. The effect of the multi-instantons configurations is also included in
this approach.Comment: 27 pages, RevTe
Semiclassical Tunneling of Wavepackets with Real Trajectories

Semiclassical approximations for tunneling processes usually involve complex
trajectories or complex times. In this paper we use a previously derived
approximation involving only real trajectories propagating in real time to
describe the scattering of a Gaussian wavepacket by a finite square potential
barrier. We show that the approximation describes both tunneling and
interferences very accurately in the limit of small Plank's constant. We use
these results to estimate the tunneling time of the wavepacket and find that,
for high energies, the barrier slows down the wavepacket but that it speeds it
up at energies comparable to the barrier height.Comment: 23 pages, 7 figures Revised text and figure