pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Dietary level of fibre and age at weaning affect the proliferation of Clostridium perfrigens in the caecum, the incidence of Epizootic Rabbit Enteropathy and the performance of fattening rabbits

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary fibre content and weaning age on Clostridium perfringens proliferation in the caecum and fattening mortality in growing rabbits farmed in a facility having Epizootic Rabbit Enteropathy. The experiment consisted in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with two weaning ages (28 days vs. 42 days) and two levels of dietary neutral detergent fibre assayed with a heat stable amylase and expressed exclusive of residual ash (aNDFom; 330 g/kg vs. 425 g/kg). Controls were made during two consecutive experimental periods that differed in hygienic environmental conditions by modifying the intensity of cleaning and disinfection in the farm previous to the trial. An interaction (P<0.001) was detected among the independent variables studied on Cl. perfringens enumeration in the caecal contents, as minimal values for this trait were obtained in non-medicated animals reared in a clean environment, and especially when they were weaned at a later age and fed the diet with the lower fibre content. The treatments studied also led to a variation in fattening mortality (from 4.7% to 34.0%), which was highly and positively correlated (P<0.001) to the average Cl. perfringens caecal counts in each combination of treatments. The results of the current study indicate that high counts of Cl. perfringens in the caecum can be used as an indicator of Epizootic Rabbit Enteropathy, and suggest that strategies designed to control its proliferation in the caecum might help to limit fattening mortality in rabbit fed diets not-medicated with antibiotics
Thermal body patterns for healthy Brazilian adults (male and female)

The aim of this study was to establish the skin temperature (Tsk) thermal profile for the Brazilian population and to compare the differences between female and male Brazilian adults. A total of 117 female and 103 male were examined with a thermographic camera. The Tsk of 24 body regions of interest (ROI) were recorded and analyzed. Male Tsk results were compared to female and 10 ROI were evaluated with respect to the opposite side of the body (right vs. left) to identify the existence of significant contralateral Tsk differences (?Tsk). When compared right to left, the largest contralateral ?Tsk was 0.3 °C. The female vs. male analysis yielded significant differences (p menor que0.05) in 13 of the 24 ROI. Thigh regions, both ventral and dorsal, had the highest ?Tsk by sex (? 1.0 °C). Tsk percentile below P5 or P10 and over P9o or P95 may be used to characterize hypothermia and hyperthermia states, respectively. Thermal patterns and Tsk tables 2 were established for Brazilian adult men and women for each ROI. There is a low Tsk variation between sides of the body and gender differences were only significant for some ROIs
Finite element simulation of dispersion in the Bay of Santander

Two mathematical models are used to simulate pollution in the Bay of Santander. The first is the hydrodynamic model that provides the velocity field and height of the water. The second gives the pollutant concentration field as a resultant. Both models are formulated in two-dimensional equations. Linear triangular finite elements are used in the Galerkin procedure for spatial discretization. A finite difference scheme is used for the time integration. At each time step the calculated results of the first model are input to the second model as field data. The efficiency and accuracy of the models are tested by their application to a simple illustrative example. Finally a case study in simulation of pollution evolution in the Bay of Santander is presente
3-D modeling of perimeter recombination in GaAs diodes and its influence on concentrator solar cells

This paper describes a complete modelling of the perimeter recombination of GaAs diodes which solves most unknowns and suppresses the limitations of previous models. Because of the three dimensional nature of the implemented model, it is able to simulate real devices. GaAs diodes on two epiwafers with different base doping levels, sizes and geometries, namely square and circular are manufactured. The validation of the model is achieved by fitting the experimental measurements of the dark IV curve of the manufactured GaAs diodes. A comprehensive 3-D description of the occurring phenomena affecting the perimeter recombination is supplied with the help of the model. Finally, the model is applied to concentrator GaAs solar cells to assess the impact of their doping level, size and geometry on the perimeter recombination
Experimental demonstration of the effect of field damping layers in quantum-dot intermediate band solar cells

Intermediate band solar cells must demonstrate the principle of voltage preservation in order to achieve high conversion efficiencies. Tunnel escape of carriers has proved deleterious for this purpose in quantum dot intermediate band solar cells. In previous works, thick spacers between quantum dot layers were demonstrated as a means of reducing tunnel escape, but this approach is unrealistic if a large number of quantum dot layers have to be grown. In this work we report experimental proof that the use of field damping layers is equally effective at reducing tunnel carrier escape, by reducing the potential drop in the QD-stack and the associated electric field. Moreover, we demonstrate that the fact that tunnel carrier escape takes place under short-circuit conditions does not imply that voltage preservation cannot be achieved. We describe a theory that relates the evolution of the tunnel escape to bias voltage and the preservation of the voltage in an IBSC. Temperature and voltage-dependent quantum efficiency measurements, temperature dependent open-circuit voltage measurements and calculations of the internal electric field in IBSCs serve as the basis of the proposed theory
A conceptual model of compensation / decompensation in lumbar segmental instability

Lumbar spinal instability (LSI) is a common spinal disorder and can be associated with substantial disability. The concept of defining clinically relevant classifications of disease or ‘target condition’ is used in diagnostic research. Applying this concept to LSI we hypothesize that a set of clinical and radiological criteria can be developed to identify patients with this target condition who are at high risk of ‘irreversible’ decompensated LSI for whom surgery becomes the treatment of choice. In LSI, structural deterioration of the lumbar disc initiates a degenerative cascade of segmental instability. Over time, radiographic signs become visible: traction spurs, facet joint degeneration, misalignment, stenosis, olisthesis and de novo scoliosis. Ligaments, joint capsules, local and distant musculature are the functional elements of the lumbar motion segment. Influenced by non-functional factors, these functional elements allow a compensation of degeneration of the motion segment. Compensation may happen on each step of the degenerative cascade but cannot reverse it. However, compensation of LSI may lead to an alleviation or resolution of clinical symptoms. In return, the target condition of decompensation of LSI may cause the new occurrence of symptoms and pain. Functional compensation and decompensation are subject to numerous factors that can change which makes estimation of an individual’s long-term prognosis difficult. Compensation and decompensation may influence radiographic signs of degeneration, e.g. the degree of misalignment and segmental angulation caused by LSI is influenced by the tonus of the local musculature. This conceptual model of compensation/decompensation may help solve the debate on functional and psychosocial factors that influence low back pain and to establish a new definition of non-specific low back pain. Individual differences of identical structural disorders could be explained by compensated or decompensated LSI leading to changes in clinical symptoms and pain. Future spine surgery will have to carefully define and measure functional aspects of LSI, e.g. to identify a point of no return where multidisciplinary interventions do not allow a re-compensation and surgery becomes the treatment of choice
Basic problems in self-assembling robots and a case study of segregation on tribolon platform

It has been a quite while since people realized that self-assembly technique may be a strong method to manufacture 3D micro products. In this contribution, we investigate some major concerns about realizing such a small sized robot. First we introduce the concept of self-assembly and introduce examples both from nature and artificial products. Followed by the main problems in self-assembly which can be seen in various scales, we classify them into four groups – (A) assembly constraint issues, (B) stochastic motion issues, (C) interactions on physical property issues, and (D) engineering issues. Then we show a segregation effect with our developed platform as an example of self-organizing behavior achieved in a distributed manner
Absolute cross sections for the dissociation of hydrogen cluster ions in high-energy collisions with helium atoms

To be published in Physical Review A - To be published in Physical Review A, IPMAbsolute dissociation cross sections are reported for Hn+ clusters of varied mass (n = 3, 5, ..., 35) following collisions with He atoms at 60 keV / amu. Initial results have been published in a previous brief report for a smaller range of cluster sizes [Ouaskit et al., Phys. Rev. A 49, 1484 (1994)]. The present extended study includes further experimental results, reducing the statistical errors associated with the absolute cross sections. The previously suggested quasi-linear dependence of the Hn+ dissociation cross sections upon n is developed with reference to expected series of geometrical shells of H2 molecules surrounding an H3+ core. Recent calculations identify n = 9 as corresponding to the first closed H2 shell [e.g. Stich et al., J. Chem. Phys. 107, 9482 (1997)]. Recurrence of the distinct characteristics observed in the dissociation cross section dependence upon cluster size around n = 9 provides the basis for the presently proposed subsequent closed shells at n = 15, 21, 27, and 33, in agreement with the calculations of Nagashima et al. [J. Phys. Chem. 96, 4294 (1992)]
Stability properties of a heat equation with state-dependent parameters and asymmetric boundary conditions

In this work the stability properties of a partial differential equation (PDE) with statedependent parameters and asymmetric boundary conditions are investigated. The PDE describes the temperature distribution inside foodstuff, but can also hold for other applications and phenomena. We show that the PDE converges to a stationary solution given by (fixed) boundary conditions which explicitly diverge from each other. Numerical simulations illustrate the results.© 2015, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. This is the authors’ accepted and refereed manuscript to the articl
What Should I Believe About What Would Have Been the Case?

The question I am addressing in this paper is the following: how is it possible to empirically test, or confirm, counterfactuals? After motivating this question in section 1, I will look at two approaches to counterfactuals, and at how counterfactuals can be empirically tested, or confirmed, if at all, on these accounts in section 2. I will then digress into the philosophy of probability in section 3. The reason for this digression is that I want to use the way observable absolute and relative frequencies, two empirical notions, are used to empirically test, or confirm, hypotheses about objective chances, a metaphysical notion, as a role-model. Specifically, I want to use this probabilistic account of the testing of chance hypotheses as a role-model for the account of the testing of counterfactuals, another metaphysical notion, that I will present in sections 4 to 8. I will conclude by comparing my proposal to one non-probabilistic and one probabilistic alternative in section 9
Prediction of steam burns severity using raman spectroscopy on ex vivo porcine skin

Skin burns due to accidental exposure to hot steam have often been reported to be more severe than the ones occurring from dry heat. While skin burns due to flames or radiant heat have been thoroughly characterized, the mechanisms leading to steam burns are not well understood and a conundrum still exists: can second degree burns occur without destruction of the epidermis, i.e. even before first degree burns are detected? Skin permeability is dependent both on temperature and on the kinetic energy of incoming water molecules. To investigate the mechanism underlying the injuries related to steam exposure, we used porcine skin as an ex vivo model. This model was exposed to either steam or dry heat before measuring the skin hydration via confocal Raman microspectroscopy. The results show that during the first minute of exposure to steam, the water content in both the epidermis and dermis increases. By analyzing different mechanisms of steam diffusion through the multiple skin layers, as well as the moisture-assisted bio-heat transfer, we provide a novel model explaining why steam burns can be more severe, and why steam can penetrate deeper and much faster than an equivalent dry heat
Climate, conflict and forced migration

Despite the lack of robust empirical evidence, a growing number of media reports attempt to link climate change to the ongoing violent conflicts in Syria and other parts of the world, as well as to the migration crisis in Europe. Exploiting bilateral data on asylum seeking applications for 157 countries over the period 2006-2015, we assess the determinants of refugee flows using a gravity model which accounts for endogenous selection in order to examine the causal link between climate, conflict and forced migration. Our results indicate that climatic conditions, by affecting drought severity and the likelihood of armed conflict, played a significant role as an explanatory factor for asylum seeking in the period 2011-2015. The effect of climate on conflict occurrence is particularly relevant for countries in Western Asia in the period 2010-2012 during when many countries were undergoing political transformation. This finding suggests that the impact of climate on conflict and asylum seeking flows is limited to specific time period and contexts
Multipartite entanglement swapping and mechanical cluster states

We present a protocol for generating multipartite quantum correlations across a quantum network with a continuous-variable architecture. An arbitrary number of users possess two-mode entangled states, keeping one mode while sending the other to a central relay. Here a suitable multipartite detection is implemented, by multiple homodyne detections at the outputs of the interferometer, to conditionally generate a cluster state on the retained modes. This cluster state can be suitably manipulated by the parties and used for tasks of quantum communication in a fully optical scenario. More interestingly, the protocol can be used to create a purely-mechanical cluster state starting from a supply of optomechanical systems. We show that detecting the optical parts of optomechanical cavities may efficiently swap entanglement into their mechanical modes, creating cluster states up to five modes under suitable cryogenic conditions
Radial Combustion Propagation in Iron(III) Oxide/Aluminum Thermite Mixtures

The self-sustained thermite reaction between iron oxide (Fe2O3) and aluminum is a classical source of energy. In this work the radial combustion propagation on thin circular samples of stoichiometric and over aluminized Fe2O3/Al thermite mixtures is studied. The radial geometry allows an easy detection of sample heterogeneities and the observation of the combustion behavior in their vicinity. The influence of factors like reactant mixtures stoichiometry, samples green density and system geometry on the rate of propagation of the combustion front is analyzed. The radial combustion front profiles are registered by digital video-crono-photography. Combustion thermograms are obtained for two sample radii. Theoretical calculations, based on the impurity levels reported by the reactants manufacturers and on the thermite reaction stoichiometry, were used to define the stoichiometric mixture with unitary equivalence ratio (E. R.). However, it was found from the experimental results that the excess of aluminum only starts for E. R. values between 1.12 and 1.27. This was explained by the further oxidation of aluminum during storage and/or by the reaction incompleteness. In the range studied, the combustion rates of the thermite mixtures did not show any significant dependence on the green density. Combustion rates obtained in this work were slightly higher than those obtained in an earlier work for long square channel geometry. A considerable dispersion of temperature values was observed and attributed to thermocouples sensitivity to micro-scale variations.http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.20060000
Tribological behaviour of C-alloyed transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) coatings in different environments

Abstract  W-S-C films were deposited by non-reactive sputtering from a carbon target incrusted with WS2 pellets in the eroded zone. This process allows depositing coatings with a wide range of compositions, with a precise control of their carbon content. Before the deposition, a Ti interlayer was interposed between the film and the substrate to improve the final adhesion. The carbon content in W-S-C system was varied from 29 at.% to 70 at.%, which led to an hardness enhancement from 4 GPa up to 10 GPa where the maximum hardness was reached in films with a carbon content between 40 at.% and 50 at.%. The tribological behaviour of the coatings was evaluated by pin-on-disk testing, in environments with different humidity levels. Generally, the tribological performance of W-S-C coatings in environments with moderate to high humidity is better for coatings with high carbon content. Friction coefficients, as 0.05 or lower could be reached at low humidity ranges (&lt;7%) to all compositions. However, for higher humidity values, friction coefficient increased up to 0.30 in the W-S-C film with low carbon content whereas it was kept approximately constant for the others compositions.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10999-007-9034-
A laboratory study on feeding plasticity of the shredder Sericostoma vittatum Rambur (Sericostomatidae)

Abstract  Since litter input and availability of leaves in many streams is highly seasonal in Portugal, we investigated whether Sericostoma vittatum, a typical shredder, was able to grow using alternative food sources. To test this hypothesis we fed S. vittatum with Alnus glutinosa (alder, CPOM, coarse particulate organic matter), leaf powder from A. glutinosa and Acacia dealbata and FPOM (fine particulate organic matter) from a 5th and a &gt;6th order river, the macrophyte Myriophyllum aquaticum and biofilm. Growth in S. vittatum was significantly influenced by the food item given (ANOVA, P = 0.0082). The food item promoting the highest growth was A. glutinosa, in the form of FPOM (6.48% day-1) and CPOM (4.24% day-1); all other forms of FPOM and biofilm provided relatively low growth rates (0.77–1.77% day-1). The macrophyte M. aquaticum was also used as food source by S. vittatum and promoted intermediate growth (1.96% day-1). Neither nitrogen, phosphorus nor caloric content was correlated with growth. However, since higher growth was achieved with alder, in the form of CPOM and FPOM, we concluded that the chemical content of food was more important for S. vittatum than the physical form of such food. This may partially explain why shredders are able to survive when leaves are scarce in streams.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-006-0383-
Grids of stellar evolution models for asteroseismology (cesam  + posc )

Abstract  In this paper we present a grid of stellar evolution models, computed with an up-to-date physical description of the internal structure, using the Code d’Évolution Stellaire Adaptatif et Modulaire (cesam). The evolutionary sequences span from the pre-main sequence to the beginning of the Red Giant Branch and cover an interval of mass typical for low and intermediate mass stars. The chemical composition (both helium and metal abundance) is the solar one. The frequencies of oscillation, computed for specific stellar models of the grid using the Porto Oscillations Code (posc), are also provided.  This work was accomplished in order to support the preparation of the CoRoT mission within the Evolution and Seismic Tools Activity (CoRoT/ESTA). On the other hand, the grid can also be used, more generally, to interpret the observational properties of either individual stars or stellar populations. The grids (data and documentation) can be found at http://www.astro.up.pt/corot/models/cesam.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10509-008-9786-
When Expert Disagreement Supports the Consensus

It is often suggested that disagreement among scientific experts is a reason not to trust those experts, even about matters on which they are in agreement. In direct opposition to this view, I argue here that the very fact that there is disagreement among experts on a given issue provides a positive reason for non-experts to trust that the experts really are justified in their attitudes towards consensus theories. I show how this line of thought can be spelled out in three distinct frameworks for non-deductive reasoning, viz. Bayesian Confirmation Theory, Inference to the Best Explanation, and Inferential Robustness Analysis
Experimental determination of viscosities and densities of mixtures carbon dioxide+1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. Viscosity correlation

Producción CientíficaThe effect of viscosity reduction caused by the solubilization of CO2 is studied in order to improve the biomass processing in ionic liquids. To do so, densities and viscosities of the pure ionic liquid 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and its mixtures with CO2 up molar fractions of 0.25 and temperatures between 333 and 372 K have been experimentally determined. Viscosities were correlated as a function of temperature and CO2 molar fractions with an average relative error of 2.5%. The viscosities of other mixtures CO2 + ionic liquids were also correlated for other ionic liquids with an average relative error between 4.4 and 13%. In general these ionic liquids present a linear decrease of viscosity with CO2 molar fractions up to around 0.5 that is more pronounced at lower temperatures and depends of each ionic liquid, and can reach between 60 and 100% viscosity reduction with respect the viscosity of the pure ionic liquid, making the CO2 a promising co-solvent for viscosity reduction in process with ionic liquids.2018-01-29Junta de Castilla y León  VA295U14Marie Curie Program. Project DoHipMinisterio de Economía. Programa Ramon y Cajal, RyC RYC-2013-13976Cluster of Excellence RESOLV (EXC 1069) funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Density and viscosity measurements of aqueous amines at high pressures: DEA-water, DMAE-water and TEA-water mixtures

Producción CientíficaIn this paper, density and viscosity measurements at pressures up to 140 MPa are presented in a temperatura range from (293.15 to 393.15) K for diethanolamine (DEA) + water, triethanolamine (TEA) + wáter and 2-dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) + water in amine weight concentrations from 10% to 40%. Densities were measured using a vibrating tube densimeter (Anton Paar DMA HPM) with an expanded uncertainty (k = 2) less than ±0.7 kg m 3. Viscosity measurements were obtained using a falling body viscometer which was calibrated with water and dodecane. The viscosity expanded uncertainty (k = 2) ranges from ±2.5% for the highest viscosity to ±3.2% for the lowest.2019/05/05Regional Government of Castilla y León through the Project VA295U1