pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Population pharmacokinetics of single-dose amikacin in critically-ill patients with suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia

International audienceAims Modifications of antimicrobials’ pharmacokinetic parameters have been reported in critically ill patients, resulting in a risk of treatment failure. We characterized amikacin pharmacokinetic variability in critically ill patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia  VAP) and evaluated several dosing regimens. Methods We conducted a prospective multicenter study in critically ill patients with presumptive diagnosis of Gram-negativebacilli (GNB) VAP. Patients empirically received imipenem and a single-dose of amikacin, which was administered as a 30-min infusion (20 mg/kg). Concentrations were measured 0.5, 1, 8, 16, and 24 h after beginning of infusion. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using a population approach. Main pharmacodynamic target was a ratio ≥10between the concentration achieved 1 h after beginning of infusion (C1h) and the minimal inhibitory concentration of the liable bacteria (MIC).We simulated individual C1h for severaldosing regimens by Monte Carlo method and computed C1h/MIC ratios for MICs from 0.5 to 64 mg/L. Results Sixty patients (47 males), median (range) age, and body weight, 61.5 years (28–84) and 78 kg (45–126), respectively, were included. Amikacin median C1h was 45 mg/L (22–87). Mean value (between-patients variability) for CL, V1, Q, and V2 were 4.3 L/h (31 %), 15.9 L (22 %), 12.1 L/h (27 %), and 21.4 L (47 %), respectively. CL increased with CrCL (p<0.001) and V1 with body weight (p<0.001) and PaO2/FIO2 ratio (p<0.001). With a 25 mg/kg regimen, the pharmacodynamic target was achieved in 20 and 96 % for aMICs of 8 and 4 mg/L, respectively. Conclusion Amikacin clearance was decreased and its volume of distribution was increased as previously reported. A ≥25 mg/kg single-dose is needed for empirical treatment of GNB-VAP
The beat Cepheids in the Magellanic Clouds: an analysis from the EROS-2 database

Context: A number of microlensing dark-matter surveys have produced tens of millions of light curves of individual background stars. These data provide an unprecedented opportunity for systematic studies of whole classes of variable stars and their host galaxies. Aims: We aim to use the EROS-2 survey of the Magellanic Clouds to detect and study the population of beat Cepheids (BCs) in both Clouds. BCs pulsating simultaneously in the first overtone and fundamental modes (FO/F) or in the second and first overtone modes (SO/FO) are of particular interest. Methods: Using special software designed to search for periodic variables, we have scanned the EROS-2 data base for variables in the typical period range of Cepheids. Metallicities of FO/F objects were then calculated from linear nonadiabatic convective stellar models. Results: We identify 74 FO/F BCs in the LMC and 41 in the SMC, and 173 and 129 SO/FO pulsators in the LMC and SMC, respectively; 185 of these stars are new discoveries. For nearly all the FO/F objects we determine minimum, mean, and maximum values of the metallicity. Conclusions: The EROS data have expanded the samples of known BCs in the LMC by 31%, in the SMC by 110%. The FO/F objects provide independent measures of metallicities in these galaxies. The mean value of metallicity is 0.0045 in the LMC and 0.0018 in the SMC. Based on observations made by the EROS-2 collaboration with the MARLY telescope at the European Southern Observatory, La Silla, Chile. Data tables are only available in electronic form at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/495/24
Proposition of a modal filtering method to enhance heat source computation within heterogeneous thermomechanical problems

International audienceThis paper presents a new approach to evaluate heat sources from thermal field measurements. A modal projection based on dynamics (Discrete Modal Decomposition) is used to estimate the spatial term of a heat diffusion problem. A numerical example is presented in order to validate this approach and compare it to a more classical spectral decomposition (based on thermal considerations). Results show that the proposed projection basis not only provides closer assessment of the heat sources but is also more stable to noise and side effects. Finally, a basis enrichement method is presented and tested. It shows that \textit{a priori} knowledge of the heat sources shape though approximated (e.g. from strain measurement) enhances the assessement of calorific effects accompanying material deformation
Product and Process Innovations in Subcontracting: Empirical Evidence from the French "Sillon Alpin"

International audienceThis paper investigates the role that subcontracting relationships (collaborative outsourcing vs. traditional subcontracting) can have on a subcontractor's ability to innovate in process and product. In order to measure the "full" impact of subcontracting relationships on innovation, we take into account the possible interaction between process and product innovations. The empirical test is based on 93 small ﬁrms operating in "pure subcontracting industries". Using a bivariate probit model, we give evidence that process and product innovations are not independent choices. The test conﬁrms the positive impact of collaborative outsourcing agreement on the subcontractor's probability to innovate whatever the type of innovation. Finally, the results show that process and product innovations are reinforced by different inter-organizational practices and tools as well as distinct absorptive capabilities. This suggests important implications for subcontractors' competitive position
Preliminary results of the organic residue analysis of 13th century cooking wares from a household in Frankish Paphos (Cyprus)

International audienceOrganic residue analysis was carried out on kitchen wares from a Medieval household at Paphos (Cyprus) in the framework of the POMEDOR Project, which aims to gain insight into food practices in the Eastern Mediterranean during the Medieval period. The samples were selected from a household assemblage which included nearly two hundred table, cooking and storage vessels, and provided a rare insight into everyday life in Frankish-period Paphos. Both glazed and unglazed vessels were chosen for this first step towards the study of foodways at the site: 4 glazed vessels (3 pans/baking dishes and 1 cooking pot) and 7 unglazed vessels (3 cooking pots, 1 jug and 3 pans/baking dishes). Samples were analysed using gas chromatography – mass spectrometry, following different extraction methods to identify the residues preserved. The preliminary study confirmed that glazed ceramics absorb residues. Animal products were identified in the unglazed pots and in glazed pans/baking dishes. Only one unglazed pan shows residues of possible wine or its derivatives, that may have been used to flavor the foodstuff cooked
Activities to Address Challenges in Digital Innovation

Part 3: Structures and NetworksInternational audienceBased on a literature review, this paper identifies four socio-technical challenges relating to innovation actor’s interactions in digital innovation. Furthermore, the paper explores how these challenges can be addressed. The challenges are investigated in a case study of digital innovation. The study is based on a two year long research and development project where an e-newspaper concept and a demonstrator based on e-paper technology was developed. Based on empirical findings, the paper presents eight activities which address the identified socio-technical challenges with digital innovation. The activities are: 1) support transparent digital ecosystem relationships, 2) facilitate cross-organizational communication, 3) create digital value blueprints, 4) translate heterogeneous knowledge, 5) involve all relevant user groups, 6) identify, design for, and authenticate digital user values, 7) design for multiple contexts of use, and 8) prototype iteratively
The New Ethical Trilemma: Security, Privacy and Transparency

International audienceNumerous ethical and societal issues are related to the development of nanotechnology. Among them, the risk for privacy has long been discussed. Some people say that technology is neutral and that it does not really change the nature of problems, which are mainly political, while others state that its contemporary developments considerably amplify them; there are even persons who assert that it will make privacy protection obsolete. This paper discusses those different positions by making reference to the classical Panopticon that is an architecture for surveillance, which characterizes the total absence of privacy. It envisages the possible evolutions of the Panopticon due to the development of nanotechnologies. It shows that the influence of nanotechnology on privacy concerns cannot be dissociated from the influence of computers and biotechnologies, i.e. from what is currently called the NBIC convergence. Lastly, it concludes on the new ethical trade-off that has to be made between three contradictory requirements that are security, transparency and privacy
Tuition fees, self-esteem and social heterogeneity

International audienceModelling students' behaviour in relation to tuition fees is a complex task since students' "talent" is not common knowledge. Students observe a private noisy signal of their abilities, while university receives noisy information based on the quantitative and qualitative data provided by university applicants. In this article, we add the heterogeneity of the population to this model: we assume that this heterogeneity means that the perception of skills among a part of the population is biased and underestimates the capabilities of its members to succeed in the higher education system. Our conclusions differ from those derived in the literature and show in particular that the optimal tuition fees for a given number of students are lower than those obtained for a homogeneous population
Patient-specific numerical simulation of stent-graft deployment: Validation on three clinical cases

International audienceEndovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms faces some adverse outcomes, such as kinks or endoleaks related to incomplete stent apposition, which are difficult to predict and which restrain its use although it is less invasive than open surgery. Finite element simulations could help to predict and anticipate possible complications biomechanically induced, thus enhancing practitioners' stent-graft sizing and surgery planning, and giving indications on patient eligibility to endovascular repair. The purpose of this work is therefore to develop a new numerical methodology to predict stent-graft final deployed shapes after surgery. The simulation process was applied on three clinical cases, using preoperative scans to generate patient-specific vessel models. The marketed devices deployed during the surgery, consisting of a main body and one or more iliac limbs or extensions, were modeled and their deployment inside the corresponding patient aneurysm was simulated. The numerical results were compared to the actual deployed geometry of the stent-grafts after surgery that was extracted from postoperative scans. We observed relevant matching between simulated and actual deployed stent-graft geometries, especially for proximal and distal stents outside the aneurysm sac which are particularly important for practitioners. Stent locations along the vessel centerlines in the three simulations were always within a few millimeters to actual stents locations. This good agreement between numerical results and clinical cases makes finite element simulation very promising for preoperative planning of endovascular repair
Thermomechanical analysis of the singular behavior of rubber: entropic elasticity, reinforcement by fillers, strain-induced crystallization and the Mullins effect

International audienceThis paper deals with the calorimetric effects accompanying the deformation of rubbers. For this purpose, temperature variations are measured during the mechanical tests by means of infrared thermography. The heat sources produced or absorbed by the material due to deformation processes are deduced from the temperature variations by using the heat diffusion equation. The calorimetric signatures of the most important effects in rubber deformation, i.e. entropic elasticity, reinforcement by fillers, strain-induced crystallization and the Mullins effect, have been characterized. These results bring information of importance for the understanding and the modeling of physical phenomena involved in the rubber deformation
Computational modeling of high-frequency oscillations at the onset of neocortical partial seizures: from 'altered structure' to 'dysfunction'.

International audienceIn this paper, a neural mass model is proposed to analyze some mechanisms underlying the generation of fast oscillations (80 Hz and beyond) at the onset of seizures. This model includes one sub-population of pyramidal cells and one sub-population of interneurons targeting the perisomatic region of pyramidal cells where fast GABAergic currents are mediated. We identified some conditions for which the model can reproduce the features of high-frequency, chirp-like (from approximately 100 to approximately 70 Hz) signatures observed in real depth-EEG signals recorded in epileptic patients at seizure onset ("fast onset activity"). These conditions included appropriate alterations in (i) the strengths of GABAergic and glutamatergic connections, and (ii) the amplitude of average EPSPs/IPSPs. Results revealed that a subtle balance between excitatory and inhibitory feedbacks is required in the model for reproducing a 'realistic' fast activity, i.e., showing a reduction of frequency with a simultaneous increase in amplitude, as actually observed in epileptogenic cerebral cortex. Results also demonstrated that the number of scenarios (variation, in time, of model parameters) leading to chirp-like signatures was rather limited. First, to produce high-frequency output signals, the model should operate in a "resonance" region, at the frontier between a stable and an unstable region. Second both EPSP and IPSP amplitudes should decrease with time in order to obey the frequency/amplitude constraint. These scenarios obtained through a mathematical analysis of the model show how some alteration in the structure of neural networks can lead to dysfunction. They also provide insights into potentially important mechanisms for high-frequency epileptic activity generation
Pre-explosive conduit conditions of the 1997 Vulcanian explosions at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat: I. Pressure and vesicularity distributions

International audienceAn authoritative case of Vulcanian eruptive dynamics is the series of 88 explosions that occurred between August and October 1997 at Soufrière Hills volcano on Montserrat Island. The state of the magmatic column just before a Vulcanian explosion is still poorly understood, but conditions the eruptive style. This study establishes such a pre-explosive stratigraphy by 1) documenting the textures covering the range of the 1997 products, 2) quantitative analysis of H2O content in interstitial glass measured by Karl–Fischer Titration, and 3) combining these data with a simple model linking pre- and post-explosive vesicularities. The model shows that syn-explosive degassing affects greatly the way porosity evolves by decompression during an explosion. The stratigraphy reconstruction shows a three-part vertical layering of the conduit prior to explosion with overall denser values than those previously suggested. A dense and strongly degassed plug caps the column. It is underlain by a shallow transition zone featuring complex mingling between vesicular and dense magma up to 10 MPa. At higher pressure, up to 80 MPa, lies a more homogeneous zone of relatively dense (10–20 vol.%) magma, which was emplaced under partly open-system degassing. This conduit stratigraphy gives the vision of a strongly heterogeneous magma column immediately prior to its disruption. Our analysis suggests that fragmenting such a composite magma cannot happen in a single coherent pulse, but rather as stages. The transition zone contains heterogeneous amounts of exsolved gas that could explain the pulsatory nature of the Vulcanian jets at the beginning of the explosions. This contrasts with the nearly constant vesicularities of the deeper part of the pre-explosive magma column, which are propitious to a general, short-lived disruption
Reliability Considerations on the LHC Beam Loss Monitors System

C. Santoni, coll. Atlas, présenté par Guaglio étudiant laboThe increase of beam energy and beam intensity, together with the use of super conducting magnets, opens new failure scenarios and brings new criticalities for the whole accelerator protection system. For the LHC beam loss protection system, the failure rate and the availability requirements have been evaluated using the Safety Integrity Level (SIL) approach [1]. A downtime cost evaluation is used as input for the SIL approach. The most critical systems, which contribute to the final SIL value, are the dump system, the interlock system, the beam loss monitors system, and the energy monitor system. The Beam Loss Monitors System (BLMS) is critical for short and intense particles losses at 7 TeV and assisted by the Beam Current Decay System at 450 GeV. At medium and higher loss time it is assisted by other systems, such as the quench protection system and the cryogenic system. For BLMS, hardware and software have been evaluated in detail. The reliability input figures have been collected using historical data from the SPS, using temperature and radiation damage experimental data as well as using standard databases. All the data has been processed by reliability software (Isograph). The analysis spaces from the components data to the system configuration
Tracking Holocene glacial and high-altitude alpine environments fluctuations from minerogenic and organic markers in proglacial lake sediments (Lake Blanc Huez, Western French Alps)

International audienceHolocene palaeoenvironmental evolution and glacial fluctuations at high-altitude in the western French Alps are reconstructed based on a multiproxy approach within Lake Blanc Huez (2550 m a.s.l.) drainage basin. The combination of seismic profiling (3.5 kHz), piston coring and radiocarbon dating in proglacial lacustrine sediments together with a detailed organic analysis of autochthonous and allochthonous supply allows documenting the evolution of glacier activity during the Holocene. Over the last 9700 years, the Holocene lake record has a bimodal pattern whose transition is progressive and occurring between 5400 and 4700 cal BP. During the Early Holocene, the organic lacustrine facies reflects reduced glacial activity in the catchment. This major glacial retreat seems to result from solar forcing and high summer insolation. After 5400 cal BP, lacustrine sedimentation is marked by the gradual increase both of minerogenic supply and soil erosion, suggesting a progressive transition to wetter climatic conditions. This climate change is synchronous both from the gradual decrease of summer insolation and the gradual reorganization of oceanic and atmospheric circulations, characterizing the beginning of the Neoglacial period. Both colder temperature and humid climate induced significant glacier advance, since 4700 cal BP. Over this global trend, three periods are particularly associated with higher runoff processes and higher soil erosion interpreted as wetter time intervals resulting from enhanced northern Westerlies regimes across the North Atlantic and Western Europe. They are dated from 8700 to 7000, 4700 to 2500 and 1200 to 200 cal BP. These wetter phases drastically contrast with periods of reduced glacial activities dated from the Early Bronze Age (ca 3870-3770 cal BP), the Iron Age (ca 2220-2150 cal BP), the Roman period (ca AD115-330) and the Medieval Warm Period (ca AD760-1160). In addition, these dryer periods are associated with mining activities at high-altitude
Experimental multiscale measurements for the mechanical identification of a cortical bone by digital image correlation

International audienceThe implementation of the experimental methodology by optical measurements of mechanical fields, the development of a test bench, the specimen preparation, the experimental measurements, and the digital image correlation (DIC) method, have already been the object of research in the context of biological materials. Nevertheless, in the framework of the experimental identification of a mesoscopic stochastic model of the random apparent elasticity field, measurements of one specimen is required at both the macroscopic scale and the mesoscopic scale under one single loading. The nature of the cortical bone induces some difficulties, as no single speckled pattern technique is available for simultaneously obtaining the displacement at the macroscopic scale and at the mesoscopic scale. In this paper, we present a multiscale experimental methodology based on (i) an experimental protocol for one specimen of a cortical bone, (ii) its measuring bench, (iii) optical field measurements by DIC method, (iv) the experimental results, and (v) the multiscale experimental identification by solving a statistical inverse problem
Physical modelling to remove hydrological effects at local and regional scale: application to the 100-m hydrostatic inclinometer in Sainte-Croix-aux-Mines (France)

International audienceNew inclinometers devoted to hydrological studies were set up in the Vosges Mountains (France). Two orthogonal 100-meter base hydrostatic inclinometers were installed in December 2004 as well as a hydrometeorological monitoring system for the 100-km² hydrological unit around the inclinometer. As inclinometers are very sensitive to environmental influences, this observatory is a test site to confront hydrological modelling and geodetic observations. Physical modelling to remove hydrological effects without calibrating on geodetic data is tested on these instruments. Specifically, two deformation processes are most important: fluid pressure variations in nearby hydraulically active fractures and surface loading at regional scale
Decentralized licensing of complementary patents: Comparing the royalty, fixed-fee and two-part tariff regimes

The authors are grateful to the publisher, Elsevier, for letting the manuscript being archived in this Open Access repository.International audienceThis paper explores the decentralized licensing of complementary patents reading on a technology standard. We develop a model in which manufacturers must buy licenses from different patent owners in order to enter the market for differentiated standard-compliant products. We consider three different types of licensing, namely, the fixed-fee, per-unit royalty and two-part tariff regimes, and compare their performances in terms of licensing revenue, price, product variety and welfare. We show that each regime entails different types of coordination failures. We establish that each of them may maximize the licensing revenue depending on the number of licensors, number of potential entrants and product differentiation
Preliminary results for the study of the Godunov Scheme Applied to the Linear Wave Equation with Porosity at Low Mach Number

International audienceWe introduce continuous tools to study the low Mach number behaviour of the Godunov scheme applied to the linear wave equation with porosity on cartesian meshes. More precisely, we extend the Hodge decomposition to a weighted L 2 space in the continuous case and we study the properties of the modified equation associated to this Godunov scheme. This allows to partly explain the inaccuracy of the Godunov scheme at low Mach number on cartesian meshes and to propose two corrections: a first one named low Mach and a second one named all Mach. These results are preliminary since it remains to prove them in the discrete case