pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
N=1 supersymmetric Proca–Stueckelberg mechanism for extra vector multiplet

AbstractWe present a variant formulation of N=1 supersymmetric Proca–Stueckelberg mechanism for an arbitrary non-Abelian group in four dimensions. This formulation resembles our previous variant supersymmetric compensator mechanism in 4D. Our field content consists of the three multiplets: (i) a non-Abelian Yang–Mills multiplet (AμI,λI), (ii) a tensor multiplet (BμνI,χI,φI) and (iii) an extra vector multiplet (KμI,ρI,CμνρI) with the index I for the adjoint representation of a non-Abelian gauge group. The CμνρI is originally an auxiliary field dual to the conventional auxiliary field DI for the extra vector multiplet. The vector KμI and the tensor CμνρI get massive, after absorbing respectively the scalar φI and the tensor BμνI. The superpartner fermion ρI acquires a Dirac mass shared with χI. We fix non-trivial quartic interactions in the total lagrangian, with corresponding cubic interaction terms in field equations
Neuroendocrine and neurotrophic signaling in Huntington’s disease: Implications for pathogenic mechanisms and treatment strategies

AbstractHuntington’s disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by an extended polyglutamine tract in the huntingtin protein. Circadian, sleep and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis disturbances are observed in HD as early as 15 years before clinical disease onset. Disturbances in these key processes result in increased cortisol and altered melatonin release which may negatively impact on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and contribute to documented neuropathological and clinical disease features. This review describes the normal interactions between neurotrophic factors, the HPA-axis and circadian rhythm, as indicated by levels of BDNF, cortisol and melatonin, and the alterations in these intricately balanced networks in HD. We also discuss the implications of these alterations on the neurobiology of HD and the potential to result in hypothalamic, circadian, and sleep pathologies. Measurable alterations in these pathways provide targets that, if treated early, may reduce degeneration of brain structures. We therefore focus here on the means by which multidisciplinary therapy could be utilised as a non-pharmaceutical approach to restore the balance of these pathways
Cosmic birefringence fluctuations and cosmic microwave background B-mode polarization

AbstractRecently, BICEP2 measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) B-mode polarization has indicated the presence of primordial gravitational waves at degree angular scales, inferring the tensor-to-scalar ratio of r=0.2 and a running scalar spectral index, provided that dust contamination is low. In this Letter, we show that the existence of the fluctuations of cosmological birefringence can give rise to CMB B-mode polarization that fits BICEP2 data with r<0.11 and no running of the scalar spectral index. When dust contribution is taken into account, we derive an upper limit on the cosmological birefringence, Aβ2<0.0075, where A is the amplitude of birefringence fluctuations that couple to electromagnetism with a coupling strength β
Measurement of the t dependence in exclusive photoproduction of ϒ(1S) mesons at HERA

AbstractThe exclusive photoproduction reaction γp→ϒ(1S)p has been studied with the ZEUS detector in ep collisions at HERA using an integrated luminosity of 468 pb−1. The measurement covers the kinematic range 60<W<220 GeV and Q2<1 GeV2, where W is the photon–proton centre-of-mass energy and Q2 is the photon virtuality. The exponential slope, b, of the t dependence of the cross section, where t is the squared four-momentum transfer at the proton vertex, has been measured, yielding b=4.3−1.3+2.0(stat.)−0.6+0.5(syst.) GeV−2. This constitutes the first measurement of the t dependence of the γp→ϒ(1S)p cross section
The transverse momentum dependence of charged kaon Bose–Einstein correlations in the SELEX experiment

AbstractWe report the measurement of the one-dimensional charged kaon correlation functions using 600GeV/c Σ−, π− and 540GeV/c p beams from the SELEX (E781) experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron. K±K± correlation functions are studied for three transverse pair momentum, kT, ranges and parameterized by a Gaussian form. The emission source radii, R, and the correlation strength, λ, are extracted. The analysis shows a decrease of the source radii with increasing kaon transverse pair momentum for all beam types
Aptamer–MIP hybrid receptor for highly sensitive electrochemical detection of prostate specific antigen

AbstractThis study reports the design and evaluation of a new synthetic receptor sensor based on the amalgamation of biomolecular recognition elements and molecular imprinting to overcome some of the challenges faced by conventional protein imprinting. A thiolated DNA aptamer with established affinity for prostate specific antigen (PSA) was complexed with PSA prior to being immobilised on the surface of a gold electrode. Controlled electropolymerisation of dopamine around the complex served to both entrap the complex, holding the aptamer in, or near to, it’s binding conformation, and to localise the PSA binding sites at the sensor surface. Following removal of PSA, it was proposed that the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) cavity would act synergistically with the embedded aptamer to form a hybrid receptor (apta–MIP), displaying recognition properties superior to that of aptamer alone. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to evaluate subsequent rebinding of PSA to the apta–MIP surface. The apta–MIP sensor showed high sensitivity with a linear response from 100pg/ml to 100ng/ml of PSA and a limit of detection of 1pg/ml, which was three-fold higher than aptamer alone sensor for PSA. Furthermore, the sensor demonstrated low cross-reactivity with a homologous protein (human Kallikrein 2) and low response to human serum albumin (HSA), suggesting possible resilience to the non-specific binding of serum proteins
Measurement of the total cross section from elastic scattering in pp collisions at s=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

AbstractA measurement of the total pp cross section at the LHC at s=8 TeV is presented. An integrated luminosity of 500 μb−1 was accumulated in a special run with high-β⋆ beam optics to measure the differential elastic cross section as a function of the Mandelstam momentum transfer variable t. The measurement is performed with the ALFA sub-detector of ATLAS. Using a fit to the differential elastic cross section in the −t range from 0.014 GeV2 to 0.1 GeV2 to extrapolate t→0, the total cross section, σtot(pp→X), is measured via the optical theorem to beσtot(pp→X)=96.07±0.18(stat.)±0.85(exp.)±0.31(extr.)mb, where the first error is statistical, the second accounts for all experimental systematic uncertainties and the last is related to uncertainties in the extrapolation t→0. In addition, the slope of the exponential function describing the elastic cross section at small t is determined to be B=19.74±0.05(stat.)±0.23(syst.)GeV−2
Renormalization group flow in large Nc

AbstractWe calculate renormalization group flow equations for the linear σ-model in large Nc approximation. The flow equations decouple and can be solved analytically. The solution is equal to a self consistent solution of the NJL model in the same approximation, which shows that flow equations are a promising method to extend the calculation to higher order in 1/Nc. Including explicit chiral symmetry breaking, the large Nc approximation describes physics reasonably well. We further compare the analytic solution to the usually used polynomial truncation and find consistency
The evolution of decision rules in complex environments

Models and experiments on adaptive decision-making typically consider highly simplified environments that bear little resemblance to the complex, heterogeneous world in which animals (including humans) have evolved. These studies reveal an array of so-called cognitive biases and puzzling features of behaviour that seem irrational in the specific situation presented to the decision-maker. Here we review an emerging body of work that highlights spatiotemporal heterogeneity and autocorrelation as key properties of most real-world environments that may help us understand why these biases evolved. Ecologically rational decision rules adapted to such environments can lead to apparently maladaptive behaviour in artificial experimental settings. We encourage researchers to consider environments with greater complexity to understand better how evolution has shaped our cognitive systems.Abandon the urge to simplify everything, to look for formulas and easy answers, and begin to think multidimensionally … appreciate the fact that life is complex (M. Scott Peck [1]
Exposure Assessment to Salmonella by Consumption of Informally Marketed Milk and Gouda Cheese in Musanze Town, Rwanda

AbstractThis study assesses the exposure to Salmonella by consumption of boiled milk and Gouda cheese in Musanze town, Rwanda. A consumer survey (n = 90) revealed that among milk buyers in milk shops, 40.0% were also buying boiled milk for their families resulting in consumption by 136 consumers, mainly adults aging between 19-29 years (32.3%). Among those interviewed consumers in households, 66.7% were re-boiling the milk and 33.3% were storing it refrigerated before consumption. Gouda cheese is usually sold in supermarkets belonging to the formal market. A cheese portion with a weight of 62.5g is mainly consumed (80.0%, n=370), and the weekly consumption frequency is most in practice (38.1%). A probabilistic exposure model was built up by taking into account prevalence data of Salmonella contamination in boiled milk and Gouda cheese in Rwanda, assumed concentration data of Salmonella, information of the milk chain gathered by observation, and collected consumption data and consumer behavior information. Finally, the risk of infection per day and per year were calculated for different categories of consumers. It appears that even though Salmonella is eliminated by milk boiling, the risk of infection still persists due to post-contamination in the milk shops (8.4% of consumers infected per year), but is decreased by additional boiling in households to 4.9% (children) and 4.6% (adults) per year. For cheese consumption, the risk of infection was lowered by multiple food safety interventions for cheese producers such as trainings on food hygiene and provision of modern equipments improving thus the situation from before to after 2012 by 30.0%% per year in case of adults. Those calculations demonstrate clearly that the additional efforts to reduce the occurrence of Salmonella in the Rwandan dairy chain will benefit the Rwandan population and decrease the burden of food borne disease
Dental caries and associated factors in mothers and their preschool and school children—A cross-sectional study

AbstractBackground/purposeDental caries remains a major health problem in many parts of the world. The present study aimed at describing the caries experience and caries-related factors in mothers and their preschool and school children.Materials and methodsA sample of 258 individuals (86 mothers and 2 of their children, 4–6 and 12–16 years old) was included. An interview was used to determine the socioeconomic status of the family, oral hygiene, and snacking habits. DMFT /dmft (decayed, missed, filled, teeth), plaque, and gingival indices were recorded. Chair-side tests were used to register salivary buffer capacity and bacterial counts.ResultsThe caries experience (DMFT/dmft) was high in mothers and their younger and older children (12.4 ± 5.3, 9.0 ± 5.0, and 5.8 ± 4.1, respectively). The DMFT/dmft increased with higher salivary mutans streptococci counts in all age groups (P < 0.05). The caries experiences of the children were correlated positively with those of their mothers (R24–6 = 0.12, R212–16 = 0.18, P < 0.01). A positive association between mothers and both children was evident for toothbrushing habits, snacking frequency, and gingival health (P < 0.05). An association between plaque scores, salivary buffer capacity, and mutans streptococci counts was found between mothers and older children (P < 0.05).ConclusionThe caries experience in Saudi mothers and their children is high, with similar contributory caries-related factors
Exact 1/4BPS loop—Chiral primary correlator

AbstractCorrelation functions of 1/4BPS Wilson loops with the infinite family of 1/2BPS chiral primary operators are computed in N=4 super-Yang–Mills theory by summing planar ladder diagrams. Leading loop corrections to the sum are shown to vanish. The correlation functions are also computed in the strong-coupling limit by examining the supergravity dual of the loop–loop correlator. The strong coupling result is found to agree with the extrapolation of the planar ladders. The result is related to known correlators of 1/2BPS Wilson loops and 1/2BPS chiral primaries by a simple re-scaling of the coupling constant, similar to an observation of Drukker [N. Drukker, hep-th/0605151] for the case of the 1/4BPS loop vacuum expectation value
Decay constants of the pion and B mesons with the Bethe–Salpeter equation

AbstractIn this Letter, we investigate the under-structures of the π and B mesons in the framework of the Bethe–Salpeter equation with the confining effective potential (infrared modified flat bottom potential). In bare quark–gluon vertex approximation, we obtain the algebraic expressions for the solutions of the coupled rainbow Schwinger–Dyson equation and ladder Bethe–Salpeter equation. Firstly, we neglect the rainbow Schwinger–Dyson equation, take the bare quark propagator and solve the Bethe–Salpeter equation numerically alone. Although the bare quark propagator cannot embody dynamical chiral symmetry breaking and has a mass pole in the time-like region, it can give reasonable results for the values of decay constants fπ and fB compared with the values of experimental data and other theoretical calculations, such as lattice simulations and QCD sum rules. Secondly, we explore those mesons within the framework of the coupled rainbow Schwinger–Dyson equation and ladder Bethe–Salpeter equation. The Schwinger–Dyson functions for the u and d quarks are greatly renormalized at small momentum region and the curves are steep at about q2=1 GeV2 which indicates an explicitly dynamical symmetry breaking. The Euclidean time Fourier-transformed quark propagator has no mass poles in the time-like region which naturally implements confinement. As for the b quark, the current mass is very large, the renormalization is more tender, however, mass pole in the time-like region is also absent. The Bethe–Salpeter wavefunctions for both the π and B mesons have the same type (Gaussian type) momentum dependence as the corresponding wavefunctions with the bare quark propagator, however, the quantitative values are changed and the values for the decay constants fπ and fB are changed correspondingly
A new Ricci-flat geometry

AbstractWe are proposing a new Ricci-flat metric constructed from an infinite family of Sasaki–Einstein, Y(p,q), geometries. This geometry contains a free parameter s and in the s→0 limit we get back the usual CY. When this geometry is probed both by a stack of D3 and fractional D3 branes then the corresponding supergravity solution is found which is a warped product of this new 6-dimensional geometry and the flat R3,1. This solution in the specific limit as mentioned above reproduces the solution found in hep-th/0412193. The integrated five-form field strength over S2×S3 goes logarithmically but the argument of Log function is different than has been found before
Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: a pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4·4 million participants

SummaryBackgroundOne of the global targets for non-communicable diseases is to halt, by 2025, the rise in the age-standardised adult prevalence of diabetes at its 2010 levels. We aimed to estimate worldwide trends in diabetes, how likely it is for countries to achieve the global target, and how changes in prevalence, together with population growth and ageing, are affecting the number of adults with diabetes.MethodsWe pooled data from population-based studies that had collected data on diabetes through measurement of its biomarkers. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in diabetes prevalence—defined as fasting plasma glucose of 7·0 mmol/L or higher, or history of diagnosis with diabetes, or use of insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs—in 200 countries and territories in 21 regions, by sex and from 1980 to 2014. We also calculated the posterior probability of meeting the global diabetes target if post-2000 trends continue.FindingsWe used data from 751 studies including 4 372 000 adults from 146 of the 200 countries we make estimates for. Global age-standardised diabetes prevalence increased from 4·3% (95% credible interval 2·4–7·0) in 1980 to 9·0% (7·2–11·1) in 2014 in men, and from 5·0% (2·9–7·9) to 7·9% (6·4–9·7) in women. The number of adults with diabetes in the world increased from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014 (28·5% due to the rise in prevalence, 39·7% due to population growth and ageing, and 31·8% due to interaction of these two factors). Age-standardised adult diabetes prevalence in 2014 was lowest in northwestern Europe, and highest in Polynesia and Micronesia, at nearly 25%, followed by Melanesia and the Middle East and north Africa. Between 1980 and 2014 there was little change in age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adult women in continental western Europe, although crude prevalence rose because of ageing of the population. By contrast, age-standardised adult prevalence rose by 15 percentage points in men and women in Polynesia and Micronesia. In 2014, American Samoa had the highest national prevalence of diabetes (>30% in both sexes), with age-standardised adult prevalence also higher than 25% in some other islands in Polynesia and Micronesia. If post-2000 trends continue, the probability of meeting the global target of halting the rise in the prevalence of diabetes by 2025 at the 2010 level worldwide is lower than 1% for men and is 1% for women. Only nine countries for men and 29 countries for women, mostly in western Europe, have a 50% or higher probability of meeting the global target.InterpretationSince 1980, age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adults has increased, or at best remained unchanged, in every country. Together with population growth and ageing, this rise has led to a near quadrupling of the number of adults with diabetes worldwide. The burden of diabetes, both in terms of prevalence and number of adults affected, has increased faster in low-income and middle-income countries than in high-income countries.FundingWellcome Trust
Study of W boson production in pPb collisions at sNN=5.02 TeV

AbstractThe first study of W boson production in pPb collisions is presented, for bosons decaying to a muon or electron, and a neutrino. The measurements are based on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 34.6 nb−1 at a nucleon–nucleon centre-of-mass energy of sNN=5.02 TeV, collected by the CMS experiment. The W boson differential cross sections, lepton charge asymmetry, and forward–backward asymmetries are measured for leptons of transverse momentum exceeding 25 GeV/c, and as a function of the lepton pseudorapidity in the |ηlab|<2.4 range. Deviations from the expectations based on currently available parton distribution functions are observed, showing the need for including W boson data in nuclear parton distribution global fits
Synthesis and crystal structure analysis of 2-(4-fluorobenzyl)-6-phenylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole and its chlorophenyl derivative

AbstractPreparations of 2-(4-fluorobenzyl)-6-phenylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole (3a) and its chlorophenyl derivative (3b) are described. Preliminary analysis was done spectroscopically by means of 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectra, mass spectra and elemental analyses. Further the structures were confirmed by X-ray crystal structure analyses. The compound (3a) has crystallized in a triclinic P-1 space group with three independent molecules in the asymmetric unit, while the compound (3b) belongs to P21/c space group with one molecule in the asymmetric unit. The molecule (3b) differs from molecule (3a) by the presence of chlorine substituent. Additionally, the imidazo-thiadiazole entity is as usual planar. Intramolecular C–H⋯N hydrogen bonding between the imidazole and the phenyl ring of the molecule can be observed in (3a) & (3b). The molecules of (3a) are linked into two dimensional supramolecular hexagonal hydrogen bonded network sustained by C–H⋯F interaction, while those of (3b) are linked by bifurcated C–H⋯N interactions. Further, the molecular packing of both the compounds is stabilized by π–π stacking interactions between the benzene and imidazo-thiadiazole ring systems
A Subleading Operator Basis and Matching for $gg \to H$

The Soft Collinear Effective Theory (SCET) is a powerful framework for
studying factorization of amplitudes and cross sections in QCD. While
factorization at leading power has been well studied, much less is known at
subleading powers in the $\lambda\ll 1$ expansion. In SCET subleading soft and
collinear corrections to a hard scattering process are described by power
suppressed operators, which must be fixed case by case, and by well established
power suppressed Lagrangians, which correct the leading power dynamics of soft
and collinear radiation. Here we present a complete basis of power suppressed
operators for $gg \to H$, classifying all operators which contribute to the
cross section at $\mathcal{O}(\lambda^2)$, and showing how helicity selection
rules significantly simplify the construction of the operator basis. We perform
matching calculations to determine the tree level Wilson coefficients of our
operators. These results are useful for studies of power corrections in both
resummed and fixed order perturbation theory, and for understanding the
factorization properties of gauge theory amplitudes and cross sections at
subleading power. As one example, our basis of operators can be used to
analytically compute power corrections for $N$-jettiness subtractions for $gg$
induced color singlet production at the LHC.Comment: v2. JHEP version. Minor clarifications and typos fixe
An Efficient Method for online Detection of\ud
Polychronous Patterns in Spiking Neural Networks

Polychronous neural groups are effective structures for the recognition of\ud
precise spike-timing patterns but the detection method is an inefficient\ud
multi-stage brute force process that works off-line on pre-recorded simulation\ud
data. This work presents a new model of polychronous patterns that\ud
can capture precise sequences of spikes directly in the neural simulation. In\ud
this scheme, each neuron is assigned a randomized code that is used to tag\ud
the post-synaptic neurons whenever a spike is transmitted. This creates a\ud
polychronous code that preserves the order of pre-synaptic activity and can\ud
be registered in a hash table when the post-synaptic neuron spikes. A polychronous\ud
code is a sub-component of a polychronous group that will occur,\ud
along with others, when the group is active. We demonstrate the representational\ud
and pattern recognition ability of polychronous codes on a direction\ud
selective visual task involving moving bars that is typical of a computation\ud
performed by simple cells in the cortex. By avoiding the structural and temporal\ud
analyses of polychronous group detection methods, the computational\ud
efficiency of the proposed algorithm is improved for pattern recognition by\ud
almost four orders of magnitude and is well suited for online detection