pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamical String Fragmentation

The observation of heavy-ion-like behaviour in pp collisions at the LHC
suggests that more physics mechanisms are at play than traditionally assumed.
The introduction e.g. of quark-gluon plasma or colour rope formation can
describe several of the observations, but as of yet there is no established
paradigm. In this article we study a few possible modifications to the Pythia
event generator, which describes a wealth of data but fails for a number of
recent observations. Firstly, we present a new model for generating the
transverse momentum of hadrons during the string fragmentation process,
inspired by thermodynamics, where heavier hadrons naturally are suppressed in
rate but obtain a higher average transverse momentum. Secondly, close-packing
of strings is taken into account by making the temperature or string tension
environment-dependent. Thirdly, a simple model for hadron rescattering is
added. The effect of these modifications is studied, individually and taken
together, and compared with data mainly from the LHC. While some improvements
can be noted, it turns out to be nontrivial to obtain effects as big as
required, and further work is called for
Non-standard interactions with high-energy atmospheric neutrinos at
  IceCube

Non-standard interactions in the propagation of neutrinos in matter can lead
to significant deviations from expectations within the standard neutrino
oscillation framework and atmospheric neutrino detectors have been considered
to set constraints. However, most previous works have focused on relatively
low-energy atmospheric neutrino data. Here, we consider the one-year
high-energy through-going muon data in IceCube, which has been already used to
search for light sterile neutrinos, to constrain new interactions in the
$\mu\tau$-sector. In our analysis we include several systematic uncertainties
on both, the atmospheric neutrino flux and on the detector properties, which
are accounted for via nuisance parameters. After considering different primary
cosmic-ray spectra and hadronic interaction models, we obtain the most
stringent bound on the off-diagonal $\varepsilon_{\mu \tau}$ parameter to date,
with the 90\% credible interval given by $-6.0 \times 10^{-3} <
\varepsilon_{\mu \tau} < 5.4 \times 10^{-3}$. In addition, we also estimate the
expected sensitivity after 10~years of collected data in IceCube and study the
precision at which non-standard parameters could be determined for the case of
$\varepsilon_{\mu \tau}$ near its current bound.Comment: 18 pages, 8 figure
Complete factorization in minimal N=4 Chern-Simons-matter theory

We investigate an N=4 U(N)_k x U(N+M)_{-k} Chern-Simons theory coupled to one
bifundamental hypermultiplet by employing its partition function, which is
given by 2N+M dimensional integration via localization. Surprisingly, by
performing the integration explicitly we find that the partition function
completely factorizes into that of the pure Chern-Simons theory for two gauge
groups and an analogous contribution for the bifundamental hypermultiplet.
Using the factorized form of the partition function we argue the level/rank
duality, which is also expected from the Hanany-Witten transition in the type
IIB brane realization. We also present the all order 't Hooft expansion of the
partition function and comment on the connection to the higher-spin theory.Comment: 1+20 pages, 5 figures, v2: comments on the convergence and
  regularization of the partition function, one figure, references added, some
  other minor improvements, v3: typos corrected, published versio
Tensorial Gross-Neveu models

We define and study various tensorial generalizations of the Gross-Neveu
model in two dimensions, that is, models with four-fermion interactions and
$G^3$ symmetry, where we take either $G=U(N)$ or $G=O(N)$. Such models can also
be viewed as two-dimensional generalizations of the Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model, or
more precisely of its tensorial counterpart introduced by Klebanov and
Tarnopolsky, which is in part our motivation for studying them. Using the
Schwinger-Dyson equations at large-$N$, we discuss the phenomenon of dynamical
mass generation and possible combinations of couplings to avoid it. For the
case $G=U(N)$, we introduce an intermediate field representation and perform a
stability analysis of the vacua. It turns out that the only apparently viable
combination of couplings that avoids mass generation corresponds to an unstable
vacuum. The stable vacuum breaks $U(N)^3$ invariance, in contradiction with the
Coleman-Mermin-Wagner theorem, but this is an artifact of the large-$N$
expansion, similar to the breaking of continuous chiral symmetry in the chiral
Gross-Neveu model.Comment: 45 pages, 9 figures; v2: new discussion of beta function and IR fixed
  point in d=2-\epsilon (section 3.2 and appendix C), minor corrections, and
  references added; v3: minor corrections (mainly concerning figures 3 and 4
Non-conformal entanglement entropy

We explore the behaviour of renormalized entanglement entropy in a variety of
holographic models: non-conformal branes; the Witten model for QCD; UV
conformal RG flows driven by explicit and spontaneous symmetry breaking and
Schr\"odinger geometries. Focussing on slab entangling regions, we find that
the renormalized entanglement entropy captures features of the previously
defined entropic c-function but also captures deep IR behaviour that is not
seen by the c-function. In particular, in theories with symmetry breaking, the
renormalized entanglement entropy saturates for large entangling regions to
values that are controlled by the symmetry breaking parameters.Comment: 33 pages, 4 figure
Entanglement, Replicas, and Thetas

We compute the single-interval Renyi entropy (replica partition function) for
free fermions in 1+1d at finite temperature and finite spatial size by two
methods: (i) using the higher-genus partition function on the replica Riemann
surface, and (ii) using twist operators on the torus. We compare the two
answers for a restricted set of spin structures, leading to a non-trivial
proposed equivalence between higher-genus Siegel $\Theta$-functions and Jacobi
$\theta$-functions. We exhibit this proposal and provide substantial evidence
for it. The resulting expressions can be elegantly written in terms of Jacobi
forms. Thereafter we argue that the correct Renyi entropy for modular-invariant
free-fermion theories, such as the Ising model and the Dirac CFT, is given by
the higher-genus computation summed over all spin structures. The result
satisfies the physical checks of modular covariance, the thermal entropy
relation, and Bose-Fermi equivalence.Comment: 34 page
Numerical solution of open string field theory in Schnabl gauge

Using traditional Virasoro $L_0$ level-truncation computations, we evaluate
the open bosonic string field theory action up to level $(10,30)$. Extremizing
this level-truncated potential, we construct a numerical solution for tachyon
condensation in Schnabl gauge. We find that the energy associated to the
numerical solution overshoots the expected value $-1$ at level $L=6$.
Extrapolating the level-truncation data for $L\leq 10$ to estimate the vacuum
energies for $L > 10$, we predict that the energy reaches a minimum value at $L
\sim 12$, and then turns back to approach $-1$ asymptotically as $L \rightarrow
\infty$. Furthermore, we analyze the tachyon vacuum expectation value (vev),
for which by extrapolating its corresponding level-truncation data, we predict
that the tachyon vev reaches a minimum value at $L \sim 26$, and then turns
back to approach the expected analytical result as $L \rightarrow \infty$.Comment: 37 pages, 9 figures, some typos correcte
Lepton number violation phenomenology of d=7 neutrino mass models

We study the phenomenology of d=7 1-loop neutrino mass models. All models in
this particular class require the existence of several new $SU(2)_L$
multiplets, both scalar and fermionic, and thus predict a rich phenomenology at
the LHC. The observed neutrino masses and mixings can easily be fitted in these
models. Interestingly, despite the smallness of the observed neutrino masses,
some particular lepton number violating (LNV) final states can arise with
observable branching ratios. These LNV final states consists of leptons and
gauge bosons with high multiplicities, such as 4l+4W, 6l+2W, etc. We study
current constraints on these models from upper bounds on charged lepton flavour
violating decays, existing lepton number conserving searches at the LHC and
discuss possible future LNV searches
Generalized conformal structure, dilaton gravity and SYK

A theory admits generalized conformal structure if the only scale in the
quantum theory is set by a dimensionful coupling. SYK is an example of a theory
with generalized conformal structure and in this paper we investigate the
consequences of this structure for correlation functions and for the
holographic realization of SYK. The Ward identities associated with the
generalized conformal structure of SYK are implemented holographically in
gravity/multiple scalar theories, which always have a parent AdS$_3$ origin.
For questions involving only the graviton/running scalar sector, one can always
describe the bulk running in terms of a single scalar but multiple running
scalars are in general needed once one includes the bulk fields corresponding
to all SYK operators. We then explore chaos in holographic theories with
generalized conformal structure. The four point function explored by Maldacena,
Shenker and Stanford exhibits exactly the same chaotic behaviour in any such
theory as in holographic realizations of conformal theories i.e. the
dimensionful coupling scale does not affect the chaotic exponential growth.Comment: 42 pages, 3 figure
Modular Hamiltonians of excited states, OPE blocks and emergent bulk
  fields

We study the entanglement entropy and the modular Hamiltonian of slightly
excited states reduced to a ball shaped region in generic conformal field
theories. We set up a formal expansion in the one point functions of the state
in which all orders are explicitly given in terms of integrals of multi-point
functions along the vacuum modular flow, without a need for replica index
analytic continuation. We show that the quadratic order contributions in this
expansion can be calculated in a way expected from holography, namely via the
bulk canonical energy for the entanglement entropy, and its variation for the
modular Hamiltonian. The bulk fields contributing to the canonical energy are
defined via the HKLL procedure. In terms of CFT variables, the contribution of
each such bulk field to the modular Hamiltonian is given by the OPE block
corresponding to the dual operator integrated along the vacuum modular flow.
These results do not rely on assuming large $N$ or other special properties of
the CFT and therefore they are purely kinematic.Comment: 40 pages, 2 figures. v3: some typos corrected, references added,
  extended discussion on convergence and holographic interpretatio
Operator product expansion for conformal defects

We study the operator product expansion (OPE) for scalar conformal defects of
any codimension in CFT. The OPE for defects is decomposed into "defect OPE
blocks", the irreducible representations of the conformal group, each of which
packages the contribution from a primary operator and its descendants. We use
the shadow formalism to deduce an integral representation of the defect OPE
blocks. They are shown to obey a set of constraint equations that can be
regarded as equations of motion for a scalar field propagating on the moduli
space of the defects. By employing the Radon transform between the AdS space
and the moduli space, we obtain a formula of constructing an AdS scalar field
from the defect OPE block for a conformal defect of any codimension in a scalar
representation of the conformal group, which turns out to be the Euclidean
version of the HKLL formula. We also introduce a duality between conformal
defects of different codimensions and prove the equivalence between the defect
OPE block for codimension-two defects and the OPE block for a pair of local
operators.Comment: 47 pages, v2: a reference adde
Asymptotic Symmetries, Holography and Topological Hair

Asymptotic symmetries of AdS$_4$ quantum gravity and gauge theory are derived
by coupling the dual CFT$_3$ to Chern-Simons gauge theory and 3D gravity in a
"probe" large-level limit. The infinite-dimensional symmetries are shown to
arise when one is restricted to boundary subspaces with effectively
two-dimensional geometry. A canonical example of such a restriction occurs
within the 4D subregion described by a Wheeler-DeWitt wavefunctional of AdS$_4$
quantum gravity. An AdS$_4$ analog of Minkowski "super-rotation" asymptotic
symmetry is probed by 3D Einstein gravity, yielding CFT$_2$ structure, via
AdS$_3$ foliation of AdS$_4$ and the AdS$_3$/CFT$_2$ correspondence. The
maximal asymptotic symmetry is however probed by 3D conformal gravity. Both 3D
gravities have Chern-Simons formulation, manifesting their topological
character. Chern-Simons structure is also shown to be emergent in the Poincare
patch of AdS$_4$, as soft/boundary limits of 4D gauge theory, rather than "put
in by hand", with a finite effective Chern-Simons level. Several of the
considerations of asymptotic symmetry structure are found to be simpler for
AdS$_4$ than for Mink$_4$, such as non-zero 4D particle masses, 4D
non-perturbative "hard" effects, and consistency with unitarity. The last of
these, in particular, is greatly simplified, because in some set-ups the time
dimension is explicitly shared by each level of description: Lorentzian
AdS$_4$, CFT$_3$ and CFT$_2$. The CFT$_2$ structure clarifies the sense in
which the infinite asymptotic charges constitute a useful form of "hair" for
black holes and other complex 4D states. An AdS$_4$ (holographic) "shadow"
analog of Minkowski "memory" effects is derived. Lessons from AdS$_4$ provide
hints for better understanding Minkowski asymptotic symmetries, the 3D
structure of its soft limits, and Minkowski holography.Comment: typos corrected, references added, discussions of boundary conditions
  corrected and clarifie
Note on gauge and gravitational anomalies of discrete $Z_N$ symmetries

In this note, we discuss the consistency conditions which a discrete $Z_N$
symmetry should satisfy in order that it is not violated by gauge and
gravitational instantons. As examples, we enlist all the $Z_N$ ${\cal
R}$-symmetries as well as non-${\cal R}$ $Z_N$ symmetries (N=2,3,4) in the
minimally supersymmetric standard model (MSSM) that are free from gauge and
gravitational anomalies. We show that there exists non-anomalous discrete
symmetries that forbid Baryon number violation up to dimension 6 level (in
superspace). We also observe that there exists no non-anomalous $Z_3$ ${\cal
R}$-symmetry in the MSSM. Furthermore, we point out that in a theory with one
Majorana spin 3/2 gravitino, a large class of $Z_4$ ${\cal R}$-symmetries are
violated in the presence of Eguchi-Hanson (EH) gravitational instanton. This is
also in general true for higher $Z_N$ ${\cal R}$-symmetries. We also notice
that in 4 dimensional ${\cal N}=1$ supergravity, the global $U(1)$ ${\cal
R}$-symmetry is always violated by the EH instanton irrespective of the matter
content of the theory.Comment: Version to appear in JHE
Unwinding the Amplituhedron in Binary

We present new, fundamentally combinatorial and topological characterizations
of the amplituhedron. Upon projecting external data through the amplituhedron,
the resulting configuration of points has a specified (and maximal) generalized
'winding number'. Equivalently, the amplituhedron can be fully described in
binary: canonical projections of the geometry down to one dimension have a
specified (and maximal) number of 'sign flips' of the projected data. The
locality and unitarity of scattering amplitudes are easily derived as
elementary consequences of this binary code. Minimal winding defines a natural
'dual' of the amplituhedron. This picture gives us an avatar of the
amplituhedron purely in the configuration space of points in vector space
(momentum-twistor space in the physics), a new interpretation of the canonical
amplituhedron form, and a direct bosonic understanding of the scattering
super-amplitude in planar N = 4 SYM as a differential form on the space of
physical kinematical data.Comment: 42 pages, 13 figure
Lagrange multiplier and Wess-Zumino variable as large extra dimensions
  in the torus universe

We study the effect of the topology of universe by gauging the
non-relativistic particle model on the torus and 3-torus, using the symplectic
formalism of constrained systems and embedding those models on extended
phase-spaces. Also, we obtain the generators of the gauge transformations for
gauged models. Extracting the corresponding Poisson structure of the existed
constraints, we show the effect of the topology on the canonical structure of
the phase-spaces of those models and suggest some phenomenology to prove the
topology of the universe and probable non-commutative structure of the space.
In addition, we show that the number of large extra dimensions in the
Phase-spaces of the gauged embeded models are exactly two. Moreover, in the
classical form, we talk over MOND theory in order to study the origin of the
terms appeared in the gauged theory, which modify the Newton's second law.Comment: Major revision: text and contents corrected and recovered thanks to
  unknown journal referee. Many refs added. Final version which will be
  published in the journa
Defects in the supersymmetric mKdV hierarchy via Backlund
  transformations

The integrability of the ${\cal N}=1$ supersymmetric modified Korteweg
de-Vries (smKdV) hierarchy in the presence of defects is investigated through
the construction of its super B\"acklund transformation. The construction of
such transformation is performed by using essentially two methods: the
B\"acklund-defect matrix approach and the superfield approach. Firstly, we
employ the defect matrix associated to the hierarchy which turns out to be the
same for the supersymmetric sinh-Gordon (sshG) model. The method is general for
all flows and as an example we derive explicitly the B\"acklund equations in
components for the first few flows of the hierarchy, namely $t_3$ and $t_5$.
Secondly, the supersymmetric extension of the B\"acklund transformation in the
superspace formalism is constructed for those flows. Finally, this super
B\"acklund transformation is employed to introduce type I defects for the
supersymmetric mKdV hierarchy. Further integrability aspects by considering
modified conserved quantities are derived from the defect matrix.Comment: 40 pages. Some comments and references added. Version accepted for
  publication in JHE
Theta Expansion of First Massive Vertex Operator in Pure Spinor

We provide the covariant superspace equations that are sufficient to
determine the complete $\theta$ expansion of the vertex operator of the open
string massive states with $(mass)^2=1/\alpha'$ in pure spinor formalism of
superstring theory. These equations get rid of the redundant degrees of freedom
in superfields and are consistent with the BRST conditions derived in [1].
Further, we give the explicit $\theta$ expansion of the superfields appearing
in the unintegrated vertex to $O(\theta^3)$. Finally, we compute the
contribution to a 3-point tree amplitude with the resulting vertex operator
upto $O(\theta^3)$ and find its kinematic structure to be identical to the
corresponding RNS computation.Comment: 32 page
Strongly self-interacting vector dark matter via freeze-in

We study a vector dark matter (VDM) model in which the dark sector couples to
the Standard Model sector via a Higgs portal. If the portal coupling is small
enough the VDM can be produced via the freeze-in mechanism. It turns out that
the electroweak phase transition have a substantial impact on the prediction of
the VDM relic density. We further assume that the dark Higgs boson which gives
the VDM mass is so light that it can induce strong VDM self-interactions and
solve the small-scale structure problems of the Universe. As illustrated by the
latest LUX data, the extreme smallness of the Higgs portal coupling required by
the freeze-in mechanism implies that the dark matter direct detection bounds
are easily satisfied. However, the model is well constrained by the indirect
detections of VDM from BBN, CMB, AMS-02, and diffuse $\gamma$/X-rays.
Consequently, only when the dark Higgs boson mass is at most of ${\cal O}({\rm
keV})$ does there exist a parameter region which leads to a right amount of VDM
relic abundance and an appropriate VDM self-scattering while satisfying all
other constraints simultaneously.Comment: 29 pages, 8 figure
Quantum transfer-matrices for the sausage model

In this work we revisit the problem of the quantization of the
two-dimensional O(3) non-linear sigma model and its one-parameter integrable
deformation -- the sausage model. Our consideration is based on the so-called
ODE/IQFT correspondence, a variant of the Quantum Inverse Scattering Method.The
approach allowed us to explore the integrable structures underlying the quantum
O(3)/sausage model. Among the obtained results is a system of non-linear
integral equations for the computation of the vacuum eigenvalues of the quantum
transfer-matrices.Comment: 89 pages, 10 figures, v2: misprints corrected, some comments added,
  v3, v4: minor corrections, references adde
Refined geometric transition and $qq$-characters

We show the refinement of the prescription for the geometric transition in
the refined topological string theory and, as its application, discuss a
possibility to describe $qq$-characters from the string theory point of view.
Though the suggested way to operate the refined geometric transition has passed
through several checks, it is additionally found in this paper that the
presence of the preferred direction brings a nontrivial effect. We provide the
modified formula involving this point. We then apply our prescription of the
refined geometric transition to proposing the stringy description of doubly
quantized Seiberg--Witten curves called $qq$-characters in certain cases.Comment: 44 pages, 11 figures; v2: references corrected, text corrected,
  published in JHE
Toward Microstate Counting Beyond Large N in Localization and the Dual
  One-loop Quantum Supergravity

The topologically twisted index for ABJM theory with gauge group $U(N)_k
\times U(N)_{-k}$ has recently been shown, in the large-$N$ limit, to reproduce
the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of certain magnetically charged asymptotically
AdS$_4$ black holes. We numerically study the index beyond the large-$N$ limit
and provide evidence that it contains a subleading logarithmic term of the form
$-1/2\log N$. On the holographic side, this term naturally arises from a
one-loop computation. However, we find that the contribution coming from the
near horizon states does not reproduce the field theory answer. We give some
possible reasons for this apparent discrepancy.Comment: 17 pages, 2 figures, discussion improve
Inside Out: Meet The Operators Inside The Horizon

Based on the work of Heemskerk, Marolf, Polchinski and Sully (HMPS), we study
the reconstruction of operators behind causal horizons in time dependent
geometries obtained by acting with shockwaves on pure states or thermal states.
These geometries admit a natural basis of gauge invariant operators, namely
those geodesically dressed to the boundary along geodesics which emanate from
the bifurcate horizon at constant Rindler time. We outline a procedure for
obtaining operators behind the causal horizon but inside the entanglement wedge
by exploiting the equality between bulk and boundary time evolution, as well as
the freedom to consider the operators evolved by distinct Hamiltonians. This
requires we carefully keep track of how the operators are gravitationally
dressed and that we address issues regarding background dependence. We compare
this procedure to reconstruction using modular flow, and illustrate some formal
points in simple cases such as AdS$_2$ and AdS$_3$.Comment: 48 pages, 14 figure