pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Transient formation of intermediate conformational states of amyloid-β peptide revealed by heteronuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

A detailed analysis of the NMR spectra of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide revealed a decrease in signal intensity at higher temperature, due to a reversible conformational change of the molecule. Although peak intensity did not depend on peptide concentrations, the intensity in the region from D23 to A30 depended significantly on temperature. During the early stages of Aβ aggregation, each molecule might adopt transiently a turn conformation at around D23-A30, which converts mutually with a random coil. Stabilization of a turn by further conformational change and/or molecular association would lead to the formation of a "nucleus" for amyloid fibrils
Gravity changes due to overpressure sources in 3D heterogeneous media: application to Campi Flegrei caldera, Italy

Employing a 3D finite element method, we develop an algorithm to calculate gravity changes due to pressurized
sources of any shape in elastic and inelastic heterogeneous media. We consider different source models, such as
sphere, spheroid and sill, dilating in elastic media (homogeneous and heterogeneous) and in elasto-plastic media.
The models are oriented to reproduce the gravity changes and the surface deformation observed at Campi
Flegrei caldera (Italy), during the 1982-1984 unrest episode. The source shape and the characteristics of the
medium have great influence on the calculated gravity changes, leading to very different values for the source
densities. Indeed, the gravity residual strongly depends upon the shape of the source. Non negligible contributions
also come from density and rigidity heterogeneities within the medium. Furthermore, if the caldera is elasto-
plastic, the resulting gravity changes exhibit a pattern similar to that provided by a low effective rigidity. Even
if the variation of the source volumes is quite similar for most of the models considered, the density inferred for
the source ranges from ∼400 kg/m3 (super critical water) to ∼3300 kg/m3 (higher than trachytic basalts), with
drastically different implications for risk assessment
Flux investigations on composite (La0.8Sr0.2)0.95Cr0.5Fe0.5O3 − δ–Sc0.198Ce0.012Zr0.789O1.90 oxygen transport membranes

The authors would like to thank Praxair for funding and Jonathan Lane for helpful discussions, we also acknowledge support from EPSRC for Platform Grant EP/K015540/1and the Royal Society for Wolfson Merit Award WRMA 2012/R2.Oxygen permeation measurements were performed on planar membranes of (La0.8Sr0.2)0.95Cr0.5Fe0.5O3 − δ (LSCrF)–Sc0.198Ce0.012Zr0.789O1.90 (10Sc1CeSZ) with various exchange layers and membrane thicknesses. Addition of a fuel side exchange layer capable of nickel exsolution provided approximately twice the performance compared with no exsolved catalyst for a 300 μm thick membrane at 900 °C. Use of a 20 μm thick membrane with a porous support structure produced a further 7 fold improvement in oxygen flux at 900 °C to yield 3.54 ml cm− 2 min− 1.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
Source of a prominent poleward surge during Solar Cycle 24.

As an observational case study, we consider the origin of a prominent poleward surge of leading polarity, visible in the magnetic butterfly diagram during Solar Cycle 24. A new technique is developed for assimilating individual regions of strong magnetic flux into a surface-flux transport model. By isolating the contribution of each of these regions, the model shows the surge to originate primarily in a single high-latitude activity group consisting of a bipolar active region present in Carrington Rotations 2104 – 05 (November 2010 – January 2011) and a multipolar active region in Rotations 2107 – 08 (February – April 2011). This group had a strong axial dipole moment opposed to Joy’s law. On the other hand, the modelling suggests that the transient influence of this group on the butterfly diagram will not be matched by a large long-term contribution to the polar field because it is located at high latitude. This is in accordance with previous flux-transport models
ElecSus : a program to calculate the electric susceptibility of an atomic ensemble.

We present a computer program and underlying model to calculate the electric susceptibility of a gas, which is essential to predict its absorptive and dispersive properties. Our program focuses on alkali-metal vapours where we use a matrix representation of the atomic Hamiltonian in the completely uncoupled basis in order to calculate transition frequencies and strengths. The program calculates various spectra for a weak-probe laser beam in an atomic medium with an applied axial magnetic field. This allows many optical devices to be designed, such as Faraday rotators/filters, optical isolators and circular polarisation filters. Fitting routines are also provided with the program which allows the user to perform optical metrology by fitting to experimental data.\ud
\ud
Program summary\ud
Program title: ElecSus\ud
\ud
Catalogue identifier: AEVD_v1_0\ud
\ud
Program summary URL:http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/AEVD_v1_0.html\ud
\ud
Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen’s University, Belfast, N. Ireland\ud
\ud
Licensing provisions: Apache License, version 2\ud
\ud
No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 191 270\ud
\ud
No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 309 4994\ud
\ud
Distribution format: tar.gz\ud
\ud
Programming language: Python.\ud
\ud
Computer: Any single computer running Python 2.\ud
\ud
Operating system: Linux, Mac OSX, Windows.\ud
\ud
RAM: Depends on the precision required and size of the data set, but typically not larger than 50 MiB.\ud
\ud
Classification: 2.2, 2.3.\ud
\ud
External routines: SciPy library [1] 0.12.0 or later, NumPy [1], matplotlib [2]\ud
\ud
Nature of problem:\ud
\ud
Calculating the weak-probe electric susceptibility of an alkali-metal vapour. The electric susceptibility can be used to calculate spectra such as transmission and Stokes parameters. Measurements of experimental parameters can be made by fitting the theory to data.\ud
\ud
Solution method:\ud
\ud
The transition frequencies and wavelengths are calculated using a matrix representation of the Hamiltonian in the completely uncoupled basis. A suite of fitting methods are provided in order to allow user supplied experimental data to be fit to the theory, thereby allowing experimental parameters to be extracted.\ud
\ud
Restrictions:\ud
\ud
Only describes a magnetic field parallel to the laser beam propagation direction. Results are only valid in the weak-probe regime.\ud
\ud
Running time:\ud
\ud
At standard precision less than a second for a theory curve, fitting will take 10 s to 20 min depending on the method used, the number of parameters to fit and the number of data points.\ud
\ud
References:\ud
\ud
[1] T.E. Oliphant, Comput. Sci. Eng. 9, 10 (2007). http://www.scipy.org/.\ud
\ud
[2] J.D. Hunter, Comput. Sci. Eng. 9, 10 (2007). http://matplotlib.org/
Cell competition modifies adult stem cell and tissue population dynamics in a JAKSTAT dependent manner

Through their lifetime cells may suffer insults that reduce their fitness and disrupt their function and it
is unclear how these potentially harmful cells are managed in adult tissues. We address this question
using the adult Drosophila posterior midgut as model of homeostatic tissue and ribosomal Minute
mutations to reduce fitness in groups of cells. We take a quantitative approach combining lineage
tracing and biophysical modeling and address how cell competition affects stem cell and tissue
population dynamics. We show that healthy cells induce clonal extinction in weak tissues, targeting
both stem and differentiated cells for elimination. We also find that competition induces stem cell
proliferation and self-renewal in healthy tissue, promoting selective advantage and tissue colonization.
Finally, we show that winner cell proliferation is fuelled by the JAK-STAT ligand Unpaired-3,
produced by Minute-/+ cells in response to chronic JNK stress signaling.This work was supported by a Cancer Research UK Programme Grant (E.P. and G.K. A12460), a
Royal Society University Research fellowship to E.P. (UF090580), an EMBO Long-Term
Fellowship (ALTF 1476-2012), NWO Rubicon grant (825.12.027) and a Dutch Cancer Society
Fellowship (BUIT-2013-5847) to S.J.E.S, a Wellcome Trust PhD studentships to IK and Core
grant funding from the Wellcome Trust Core (092096) and CRUK (C6946/A14492).This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Elsevier via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2015.06.01
Negotiating the dynamics of uncomfortable knowledge: The case of dual use and synthetic biology

Institutions need to ignore some knowledge in order to function. This is "uncomfortable knowledge" because it undermines the ability of those institutions to pursue their goals (Rayner, 2012). We identify three bodies of knowledge that are relevant to understandings of the dual use threat posed by synthetic biology but are excluded from related policy discussions. We demonstrate how these "unknown knowns" constitute uncomfortable knowledge because they disrupt the simplified worldview that underpins contemporary discourse on the potential misuse of synthetic biology by malign actors. We describe how these inconvenient truths have been systematically ignored and argue that this is because they are perceived as a threat by organisations involved in the promotion of synthetic biology as well as by those involved in managing biosecurity risks. This has led to a situation where concerns about the biosecurity threat posed by synthetic biology are not only exaggerated, but are, more importantly, misplaced. This, in turn, means that related policies are misdirected and unlikely to have much impact. We focus on the dynamics of discussions about synthetic biology and dual use to demonstrate how the same "knowns" that are denied or dismissed as "unknown knowns" in certain circumstances are sometimes mobilised as "known knowns" by the same category of actors in a different context, when this serves to sustain the goals of the individuals and institutions involved. Based on our own experience, we argue that negotiating the dynamics of uncomfortable knowledge is a difficult, but necessary, component of meaningful transdisciplinary collaborations
An X-ray characterization of the central region of the SNR G332.5-5.6

We present an X-ray analysis of the central region of supernova remnant (SNR)
G332.5-5.6 through an exhaustive analysis of XMM-Netwon observations with
complementary infrared observations. We characterize and discuss the origin of
the observed X-ray morphology, which presents a peculiar plane edge over the
west side of the central region. The morphology and spectral properties of the
X-ray supernova remnant were studied using a single full frame XMM-Newton
observation in the 0.3 to 10.0 keV energy band. Archival infrared WISE
observations at 8, 12 and 24 \mu m were also used to investigate the properties
of the source and its surroundings at different wavelengths. The results show
that the extended X-ray emission is predominantly soft (0.3-1.2 keV) and peaks
around 0.5 keV, which shows that it is an extremely soft SNR. X-ray emission
correlates very well with central regions of bright radio emission. On the west
side the radio/X-ray emission displays a plane-like feature with a terminal
wall where strong infrared emission is detected. Our spatially resolved X-ray
spectral analysis confirms that the emission is dominated by weak atomic
emission lines of N, O, Ne, and Fe, all of them undetected in previous X-ray
studies. These characteristics suggest that the X-ray emission is originated in
an optically thin thermal plasma, whose radiation is well fitted by a
non-equilibrium ionization collisional plasma (VNEI) X-ray emission model. Our
study favors a scenario where G332.5-5.6 is expanding in a medium with an
abrupt density change (the wall), likely a dense infrared emitting region of
dust on the western side of the source.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures and 2 tables. Accepted for publication in A&
Measurement of the production cross-section of a single top quark in
  association with a $W$ boson at 8 TeV with the ATLAS experiment

The cross-section for the production of a single top quark in association
with a $W$ boson in proton--proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}= 8$ TeV is measured.
The dataset corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 20.3 fb$^{-1}$,
collected by the ATLAS detector in 2012 at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN.
Events containing two leptons and one central $b$-jet are selected. The $Wt$
signal is separated from the backgrounds using boosted decision trees, each of
which combines a number of discriminating variables into one classifier.
Production of $Wt$ events is observed with a significance of $7.7 \sigma$. The
cross-section is extracted in a profile likelihood fit to the classifier output
distributions. The $Wt$ cross-section, inclusive of decay modes, is measured to
be $23.0 \pm 1.3$(stat.)$^{+3.2}_{-3.5}$(syst.)$\pm 1.1$(lumi.) pb. The
measured cross-section is used to extract a value for the CKM matrix element
$|V_{tb}|$ of $1.01 \pm 0.10$ and a lower limit of 0.80 at the 95\% confidence
level. The cross-section for the production of a top quark and a $W$ boson is
also measured in a fiducial acceptance requiring two leptons with
$p_{\textrm{T}}>25$ GeV and $|\eta|<2.5$, one jet with $p_{\textrm{T}}>20$ GeV
and $|\eta|<2.5$, and $E_{\textrm{T}}^{\textrm{miss}}>20$ GeV, including both
$Wt$ and top-quark pair events as signal. The measured value of the fiducial
cross-section is $0.85 \pm 0.01$(stat.)$^{+0.06}_{-0.07}$(syst.)$\pm
0.03$(lumi.) pb.Comment: 34 pages plus author list + cover page (51 pages total), 11 figures,
  6 tables, submitted to JHEP, All figures including auxiliary figures are
  available at
  http://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/PAPERS/TOPQ-2012-20
Fossil Group Origins VII. Galaxy substructures in fossil systems

Fossil groups are expected to be the final product of galaxy merging within
galaxy groups. In simulations, they are predicted to assemble their mass at
high redshift. This early formation allows for the innermost $M^\ast$ galaxies
to merge into a massive central galaxy. Then, they are expected to maintain
their fossil status because of the few interactions with the large-scale
structure. In this context, the magnitude gap between the two brightest
galaxies of the system is considered a good indicator of its dynamical status.
As a consequence, the systems with the largest gaps should be dynamically
relaxed. In order to examine the dynamical status of these systems, we
systematically analyze, for the first time, the presence of galaxy
substructures in a sample of 12 spectroscopically-confirmed fossil systems with
redshift $z \le 0.25$. We apply a number of tests in order to investigate the
substructure in fossil systems in the two-dimensional space of projected
positions out to $R_{200}$. Moreover, for a subsample of 5 systems with at
least 30 spectroscopically-confirmed members we also analyze the substructure
in the velocity and in the three-dimensional velocity-position spaces.
Additionally, we look for signs of recent mergers in the regions around the
central galaxies. We find that an important fraction of fossil systems show
substructure. The fraction depends critically on the adopted test, since each
test is more sensible to a particular type of substructure. Our interpretation
of the results is that fossil systems are not, in general, as relaxed as
expected from simulations. Our sample of 12 spectroscopically-confirmed fossil
systems need to be extended in order to compute an accurate fraction, but our
conclusion is that it is similar to the fraction of substructure detected in
non-fossil clusters. THIS ABSTRACT IS TRUNCATED.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in A&
Constraints on lepton number violating short-range interactions from
  $|\Delta L|=2$ processes

In this work we study the short-range contributions that induce effective
lepton number violating (LNV) interactions. We obtain a full set of constraints
on the effective short-range couplings from a large variety of low-energy
$|\Delta L|= 2$ processes of pseudoscalar mesons $K, D, D_s, B$, and
$\tau$-lepton. These constraints provide complementary and additional
information to the one obtained from the neutrinoless double-$\beta$
($0\nu\beta\beta$) decay. As expected, the bounds on electron-electron
short-range couplings are the only ones that are strongly constrained by the
$0\nu\beta\beta$ decay. Although weaker, LNV effective couplings with different
flavours are not accessible to $0\nu\beta\beta$ decay and these can be probe by
the $|\Delta L|= 2$ processes in consideration.Comment: 8 pages, 1 figure. v3: references added, discussion extended, section
  IV included, conclusions unchanged, matches with version published in Phys.
  Lett.
Buyer-seller relationships across cultures:
Conceptual, empirical and methodological issues

The papers of this thesis are not available in Munin:<br> I. Voldnes, G., Grønhaug, K. and Nilssen, F. (2012), Satisfaction in buyer-seller relationships – Influence of cultural differences. Industrial Marketing Management, Vol. 41, pp. 1081-1093. Available at <a href=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2012.03.001>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2012.03.001</a><br> II. Voldnes, G. and Grønhaug, K. (2014), Cultural Adaptation in Cross-National Buyer-Seller Relationships
- a study of Norwegian Sellers and Russian Buyers of Seafood. (In Review).<br> III. Voldnes, G., Grønhaug, K., and Sogn-Grundvåg, G. (2014), Conducting qualitative research in Russia: Challenges and advise. Journal of East-West Business, Vol. 20, Iss. 3, pp. 141-161. Available at <a href=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10669868.2014.935548>http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10669868.2014.935548</a>The aim of this dissertation was to examine the factors important in achieving success in cross-cultural business relationships, in this case between Russian buyers and Norwegian sellers of seafood. Emphasis was placed on exploring how cultural differences influence factors important in relationship satisfaction, how to attain the various factors, and how cultural differences are managed by buyers and sellers to achieve successful relationships. This study was based on the assumptions that the building and maintenance of satisfactory relationships and the ability to manage cultural differences between partners are good indicators of successful business relationships with a long-term orientation.
Cultural differences are often emphasized as reasons for the failure of many business relationships. 
Still, limited attention has been devoted to investigating relationship quality across cultural borders. The findings reveal that while culture influences relationship satisfaction, it does not necessarily affect the factors perceived as important for achieving relationship satisfaction; rather, it appears to influence the means of achieving the various factors. While the Russian reliance on informal personal networks leads to a focus on gaining personal trust, acquiring personal information, and forming personal relationships as ways of showing commitment, the Norwegian reliance on formal networks leads to a focus on gaining trust in the company, acquiring business information, and the completion of contracts. In spite of previous literature emphasizing mutual adaptation as a prerequisite for managing differences and gaining successful business relationships, the findings reveal more or less unilateral adaptation by the Norwegian side to Russian business practices. This can be explained by the large power asymmetry between the partners and the Russians’ lack of cultural sensitivity or awareness of cultural differences between them and their Norwegian partners. The study further addresses challenges that may be encountered by Westerners planning and conducting qualitative research in Russia
Can oxygen stable isotopes be used to track precipitation moisture

Variations in the isotopic composition of precipitation are determined by fractionation processes which occur during temperature- and humidity-dependent phase changes associated with evaporation and condensation. Oxygen stable isotope ratios have therefore been frequently used as a source of palaeoclimate data from a variety of proxy archives, which integrate this signal over time. Applications from ombrotrophic peatlands, where the source water used in cellulose synthesis is derived solely from precipitation, have been mostly limited to Northern Hemisphere Sphagnum-dominated bogs, with few in the Southern Hemisphere or in peatlands dominated by vascular plants. New Zealand (NZ) provides an ideal location to undertake empirical research into oxygen isotope fractionation in vascular peatlands because single taxon analysis can be easily carried out, in particular using the preserved root matrix of the restionaceous wire rush (Empodisma spp.) that forms deep Holocene peat deposits throughout the country. Furthermore, large gradients are observed in the mean isotopic composition of precipitation across NZ, caused primarily by the relative influence of different climate modes. Here, we test whether δ18O of Empodisma α-cellulose from ombrotrophic restiad peatlands in NZ can provide a methodology for developing palaeoclimate records of past precipitation δ18O. Surface plant, water and precipitation samples were taken over spatial (six sites spanning >10◦ latitude) and temporal (monthly measurements over one year) gradients. A link between the isotopic composition of root-associated water, the most likely source water for plant growth, and precipitation in both datasets was found. Back-trajectory modelling of precipitation moisture source for rain days prior to sampling showed clear seasonality in the temporal data that was reflected in root-associated water. The link between source water and plant cellulose was less clear, although mechanistic modelling predicted mean cellulose values within published error margins for both datasets. Improved physiological understanding and modelling of δ18O in restiad peatlands should enable use of this approach as a new source of palaeoclimate data to reconstruct changes in past atmospheric circulation
First tests of the applicability of gamma-ray imaging for background discrimination in time-of-flight neutron capture measurements

In this work we explore for the first time the applicability of using gamma-ray imaging in neutron capture measurements to identify and suppress spatially localized background. For this aim, a pinhole gamma camera is assembled, tested and characterized in terms of energy and spatial performance. It consists of a monolithic CeBr3 scintillating crystal coupled to a position-sensitive photomultiplier and readout through an integrated circuit AMIC2GR. The pinhole collimator is a massive carven block of lead. A series of dedicated measurements with calibrated sources and with a neutron beam incident on a Au-197 sample have been carried out at n_TOF, achieving an enhancement of a factor of two in the signal-to-background ratio when selecting only those events coming from the direction of the sample. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Postprint (author's final draft