pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
A population of highly energetic transient events in the centres of active galaxies

Recent all-sky surveys have led to the discovery of new types of transients. These include stars disrupted by the central supermassive black hole, and supernovae that are 10–100 times more energetic than typical ones. However, the nature of even more energetic transients that apparently occur in the innermost regions of their host galaxies is hotly debated1,2,3. Here we report the discovery of the most energetic of these to date: PS1-10adi, with a total radiated energy of ~2.3 × 1052 erg. The slow evolution of its light curve and persistently narrow spectral lines over ∼ 3 yr are inconsistent with known types of recurring black hole variability. The observed properties imply powering by shock interaction between expanding material and large quantities of surrounding dense matter. Plausible sources of this expanding material are a star that has been tidally disrupted by the central black hole, or a supernova. Both could satisfy the energy budget. For the former, we would be forced to invoke a new and hitherto unseen variant of a tidally disrupted star, while a supernova origin relies principally on environmental effects resulting from its nuclear location. Remarkably, we also discover that PS1-10adi is not an isolated case. We therefore surmise that this new population of transients has previously been overlooked due to incorrect association with underlying central black hole activity
Searches for W' bosons decaying to a top quark and a bottom quark in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV

Searches are presented for heavy gauge bosons decaying into a top and a bottom quark in data collected by the CMS experiment at sqrt(s) = 13 TeV that correspond to an integrated luminosity of 2.2 and 2.6 inverse femtobarns in the leptonic and hadronic analyses, respectively. Two final states are analyzed, one containing a single electron, or muon, and missing transverse momentum, and the other containing multiple jets and no electrons or muons. No evidence is found for a right-handed W' boson (W'[R]) and the combined analyses exclude at 95% confidence level W'[R] with masses below 2.4 TeV if M[W'[R]] &gt;&gt; M[nu[R]] (mass of the right-handed neutrino), and below 2.6 TeV if M[W'[R]] &lt; M[nu[R]]. The results provide the most stringent limits for right-handed W' bosons in the top and bottom quark decay channel
Search for light bosons in decays of the 125 GeV Higgs boson in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 8 TeV

A search is presented for decays beyond the standard model of the 125 GeV Higgs bosons to a pair of light bosons, based on models with extended scalar sectors. Light boson masses between 5 and 62.5 GeV are probed in final states containing four $\tau$ leptons, two muons and two b quarks, or two muons and two τ leptons. The results are from data in proton-proton collisions corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 $fb^{−1}$, accumulated by the CMS experiment at the LHC at a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV. No evidence for such exotic decays is found in the data. Upper limits are set on the product of the cross section and branching fraction for several signal processes. The results are also compared to predictions of two-Higgs-doublet models, including those with an additional scalar singlet
LONG-TERM VARIATION OF THE SOLAR DIURNAL ANISOTROPY OF GALACTIC COSMIC RAYS OBSERVED WITH THE NAGOYA MULTI-DIRECTIONAL MUON DETECTOR

We analyze the three-dimensional anisotropy of the galactic cosmic ray (GCR) intensities observed independently with a muon detector at Nagoya in Japan and neutron monitors over four solar activity cycles. We clearly see the phase of the free-space diurnal anisotropy shifting toward earlier hours around solar activity minima in A > 0 epochs, due to the reduced anisotropy component parallel to the mean magnetic field. This component is consistent with a rigidity-independent spectrum, while the perpendicular anisotropy component increases with GCR rigidity. We suggest that this harder spectrum of the perpendicular component is due to contribution from the drift streaming. We find that the bi-directional latitudinal density gradient is positive in theA > 0 epoch, while it is negative in the A < 0 epoch, in agreement with the drift model prediction. The radial density gradient of GCRs, on the other hand, varies with a similar to 11 yr cycle with maxima (minima) in solar maximum (minimum) periods, but we find no significant difference between the radial gradients in the A > 0 and A < 0 epochs. The corresponding parallel mean free path is larger in A < 0 than in A > 0. We also find, however, that the parallel mean free path (radial gradient) appears to persistently increase (decrease) in the last three cycles of weakening solar activity. We suggest that simple differences between these parameters in A > 0 and A < 0 epochs are seriously biased by these long-term trends
Performance evaluation of lighting and daylighting retrofits : results from IEA SHC task 50

This article presents some results from a large monitoring campaign performed in 22 buildings around the world as part of International Energy Agency (IEA) Task 50 “Advanced lighting solutions for retrofitting buildings”. This article mainly addresses the work of Subtask D, which aims to demonstrate sound lighting retrofit solutions in a selection of representative, typical Case Studies. In order to evaluate the Case Studies, a monitoring protocol was developed to assess the overall lighting performance taking into consideration: 1) Energy use, 2) Retrofit costs, 3) Photometric assessment, and 4) User assessment. The monitoring was carried out from June 2014 to December 2015 in 22 non-residential buildings in ten countries. This article presents results from selected Case Studies, drawing conclusions regarding retrofit solutions as well as reflecting on methodological procedures for the measurements and data collection. Measured data as well as key conclusions from Subtask D will be summarized in an electronic web and portable sourcebook at the end of the IEA Task 50 (December 2015), which will be freely available through the Internet
Hybrid quantum computing with ancillas.

In the quest to build a practical quantum computer, it is important to use efficient schemes for enacting the elementary quantum operations from which quantum computer programs are constructed. The opposing requirements of well-protected quantum data and fast quantum operations must be balanced to maintain the integrity of the quantum information throughout the computation. One important approach to quantum operations is to use an extra quantum system – an ancilla – to interact with the quantum data register. Ancillas can mediate interactions between separated quantum registers, and by using fresh ancillas for each quantum operation, data integrity can be preserved for longer. This review provides an overview of the basic concepts of the gate model quantum computer architecture, including the different possible forms of information encodings – from base two up to continuous variables – and a more detailed description of how the main types of ancilla-mediated quantum operations provide efficient quantum gates
Irritability in pre-clinical Huntington's disease.

Irritability, together with depression and anxiety, form three salient clinical features of pre-symptomatic Huntington's disease (HD). To date, the understanding of irritability in HD suffers from a paucity of experimental data and is largely based on questionnaires or clinical anecdotes. Factor analysis suggests that irritability is related to impulsivity and aggression and is likely to engage the same neuronal circuits as these behaviours, including areas such as medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and amygdala. 16 pre-symptomatic gene carriers (PSCs) and 15 of their companions were asked to indicate the larger of two squares consecutively shown on a screen while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Despite correct identification of the larger square, participants were often told that they or their partner had given the wrong answer. Size differences were subtle to make negative feedback credible but detectable. Although task performance, baseline irritability, and reported task-induced irritation were the same for both groups, fMRI revealed distinct neuronal processing in those who will later develop HD. In controls but not PSCs, task-induced irritation correlated positively with amygdala activation and negatively with OFC activation. Repetitive negative feedback induced greater amygdala activations in controls than PSCs. In addition, the inverse functional coupling between amygdala and OFC was significantly weaker in PSCs compared to controls. Our results argue that normal emotion processing circuits are disrupted in PSCs via attenuated modulation of emotional status by external or internal indicators. At later stages, this dysfunction may increase the risk for developing recognised, HD-associated, psychiatric symptoms such as irritability
Assessing the risk of climate change for buildings: A comparison between multi-year and probabilistic reference year simulations

Copyright © 2011 Elsevier.  NOTICE: this is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Building and Environment . Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Building and Environment  Vol. 46 (2011), DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.12.018Given a changing climate, there is a need to provide data for future years so that practicing engineers can investigate the impact of climate change on particular designs and examine any risk the client might be exposed to. In addition, such files are of use to building scientists in developing generic solutions to problems such as elevated internal temperatures and poor thermal comfort. With the release of the UK Climate Projections (UKCP09) [1], and the publication of a methodology for the creation of probabilistic future reference years using the UKCP09 weather generator [2], it is possible to model future building performance. However, the collapse of the distribution of possibilities inherent in the UKCP09 method into a single reference year or a small number of reference years, potentially means the loss of most of the information about the potential range of the response of the building and of the risk occupants might be subject to. In this paper we model for the first time the internal conditions and energy use of a building with all 3000 example years produced by the UKCP09 weather generator in an attempt to study the full range of response and risk. The resultant histograms and cumulative distribution functions are then used to examine whether single reference years can be used to answer questions about response and risk under a changing climate, or whether a more probabilistic approach is unavoidable
Mechanical properties and microstructure of AZ31B magnesium alloy processed by I-ECAP

Incremental equal channel angular pressing (I-ECAP) is a severe plastic deformation process used to refine grain size of metals, which allows processing very long billets. As described in the current article, an AZ31B magnesium alloy was processed for the first time by three different routes of I-ECAP, namely, A, Bc, and C, at 523 K (250 °C). The structure of the material was homogenized and refined to ~5 microns of the average grain size, irrespective of the route used. Mechanical properties of the I-ECAPed samples in tension and compression were investigated. Strong influence of the processing route on yield and fracture behavior of the material was established. It was found that texture controls the mechanical properties of AZ31B magnesium alloy subjected to I-ECAP. SEM and OM techniques were used to obtain microstructural images of the I-ECAPed samples subjected to tension and compression. Increased ductility after I-ECAP was attributed to twinning suppression and facilitation of slip on basal plane. Shear bands were revealed in the samples processed by I-ECAP and subjected to tension. Tension–compression yield stress asymmetry in the samples tested along extrusion direction was suppressed in the material processed by routes Bc and C. This effect was attributed to textural development and microstructural homogenization. Twinning activities in fine- and coarse-grained samples have also been studied
Model-independent extraction of two-photon effects in elastic
  electron-proton scattering

We address the discrepancy between the Rosenbluth and polarization transfer
data for the electromagnetic form factors of the nucleon. Assuming that the
effect of two-photon corrections on the polarization transfer data is
negligible, we obtain a model-independent estimate of the two-photon correction
Delta^(2\gamma). We analyze the polarization transfer data and the cross
section data separately using dispersion relations. A central value as well as
an error estimate for Delta^(2\gamma) is then obtained from a comparison of the
two analyses. The resulting values for Delta^(2\gamma) are in good agreement
with direct calculations available in the literature.Comment: 7 pages, 2 figure
First measurement of time-dependent CP violation in Bs -> K+K- decays

Direct and mixing-induced CP-violating asymmetries in B0s→K+K− decays are measured for the first time using a data sample of pp collisions, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.0 fb−1, collected with the LHCb detector at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV. The results are C KK  = 0.14 ± 0.11 ± 0.03 and S KK  = 0.30 ± 0.12 ± 0.04, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second systematic. The corresponding quantities are also determined for B 0 → π + π − decays to be C ππ  = −0.38 ± 0.15 ± 0.02 and S ππ  = −0.71 ± 0.13 ± 0.02, in good agreement with existing measurements
Probing quantum gravity using photons from a flare of the active galactic nucleus Markarian 501 observed by the MAGIC telescope\ud

We analyze the timing of photons observed by the MAGIC telescope during a flare of the active galactic nucleus Mkn 501 for a possible correlation with energy, as suggested by some models of quantum gravity (QG), which predict a vacuum refractive index similar or equal to 1 + (E/M-QGn)(n), n = 1, 2. Parametrizing the delay between gamma-rays of different energies as Delta t = +/-tau E-1 or Delta t = +/-tau E-q(2), we find tau(1) = (0.030 +/- 0.012) s/GeV at the 2.5-sigma level, and tau(q) = (3.71 +/- 2.57) x 10(-6) s/GeV2, respectively. We use these results to establish lower limits M-QG1 > 0.21 X 10(18) GeV and M-QG2 > 0.26 x 10(11) GeV at the 95% C.L. Monte Carlo studies confirm the MAGIC sensitivity to propagation effects at these levels. Thermal plasma effects in the source are negligible, but we cannot exclude the importance of some other source effect. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.\u
The effect of autonomous and controlled motives on eating\ud
dysregulation: Implications for individuals classified as underweight, overweight or obese

Introduction. – Controlled and autonomous motivational factors from self-determination theory have previously been highlighted as key factors in eating regulation. The present study examined controlled motives as an overarching motivational factor in eating dysregulation and examined its effects on dieting behaviour for those who are underweight, overweight or obese. Objective. – To examine whether the influence of controlled motives on dieting behaviour would bemoderated by body mass index (BMI). Specifically, it was hypothesised that controlled motives would be associated with high levels of dieting behaviour in underweight individuals and low levels of dieting behaviour in individuals classified as overweight or obese. \ud
Method. – One hundred and thirty-seven participants completed the measures of height, weight, and motivation and intentions towards watching their diet and subsequently completed a measure of dieting behaviour two weeks later.\ud
Results. – Moderated regression and simple slopes analyses provided support for the hypothesised effects at underweight, overweight, and obese range BMIs.\ud
Conclusion. – The effect of controlled motives on dieting behaviour is dependent upon BMI and therefore varies across underweight, overweight, and obese individuals. The implications of controlled motives and external pressures to watch one’s diet are discussed
Supporting the development of inclusive products: the effects of everyday ambient illumination levels and contrast on older adults’ near visual acuity

This is an accepted manuscript of an article published by Taylor and Francis Group in Ergonomics on 25/03/13 available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2013.770926Current older adult capability data-sets fail to account for the effects of everyday environmental conditions on capability. This article details a study that investigates the effects of everyday ambient illumination conditions (overcast, 6000 lx; in-house lighting, 150 lx and street lighting, 7.5 lx) and contrast (90%, 70%, 50% and 30%) on the near visual acuity (VA) of older adults (n = 38, 65–87 years). VA was measured at a 1-m viewing distance using logarithm of minimum angle of resolution (LogMAR) acuity charts. Results from the study showed that for all contrast levels tested, VA decreased by 0.2 log units between the overcast and street lighting conditions. On average, in overcast conditions, participants could detect detail around 1.6 times smaller on the LogMAR charts compared with street lighting. VA also significantly decreased when contrast was reduced from 70% to 50%, and from 50% to 30% in each of the ambient illumination conditions
Quasi 1D Bose-Einstein condensate flow past a nonlinear barrier

The problem of a quasi 1D {\it repulsive} BEC flow past through a nonlinear
barrier is investigated. Two types of nonlinear barriers are considered, wide
and short range ones. Steady state solutions for the BEC moving through a wide
repulsive barrier and critical velocities have been found using hydrodynamical
approach to the 1D Gross-Pitaevskii equation. It is shown that in contrast to
the linear barrier case, for a wide {\it nonlinear} barrier an interval of
velocities $0 < v < v_-$ {\it always} exists, where the flow is superfluid
regardless of the barrier potential strength. For the case of the $\delta$
function-like barrier, below a critical velocity two steady solutions exist,
stable and unstable one. An unstable solution is shown to decay into a gray
soliton moving upstream and a stable solution. The decay is accompanied by a
dispersive shock wave propagating downstream in front of the barrier.Comment: 6 pages, 7 figures, extended abstract, revised arguments in Sects 2,3
  results unchanged, added reference
An ``outside-in'' outburst of Aql X--1

We present optical spectroscopy and optical and infrared photometry of the
neutron star soft X-ray transient Aql X--1 during its X-ray outburst of August
1997. By modelling the X-ray, optical, and IR light curves, we find a 3 day
delay between the IR and X-ray rise times, analogous to the UV-optical delay
seen in dwarf novae outbursts and black hole X-ray transients. We interpret
this delay as the signature of an ``outside-in'' outburst, in which a thermal
instability in the outer disc propagates inward. This outburst is the first of
this type definitively identified in a neutron star X-ray transient.Comment: 6 pages latex, 2 figures, Accepted by MNRA
Spectroscopy of a single semiconductor quantum dot at negative and
  positive discrete charge states

We study optically single self-assembled quantum dots embedded within the
wide quantum well of a mixed type quantum structure. We compare the steady
state and pulsed photoluminescence spectra of these dots to those of previously
studied "regular" dots. We unambiguously identify experimentally emission from
various discrete charge state of the dots. We provide means for optically tune
the charge state of the dot, both negatively and positively. Our observations
are used to accurately determine the asymmetry between the quantum dots'
confined electron and hole envelope wavefunctions.Comment: accepted to Proceedings of the 25-th International Conference on the
  Physics of Semiconductors (ICPS 25), 17-22 September (2000),Osaka, Japa
Moving Stationary State of Exciton-Phonon Condensate in Cu2O

We explore a simple theoretical model to describe the properties of Bose
condensed para-excitons in Cu2O. Taking into account the exciton-phonon
interaction and introducing a coherent phonon part of the moving condensate, we
derive the dynamic equations for the exciton-phonon condensate. Within the Bose
approximation for excitons, we discuss the conditions for the moving
inhomogeneous condensate to appear in the crystal. We calculate the condensate
wave function and energy and a collective excitation spectrum in the
semiclassical approximation. The stability conditions of the moving condensate
are analyzed by use of Landau arguments, and two critical velocities appear in
the theory. Finally, we apply our model to describe the recently observed
interference between two coherent exciton-phonon packets in Cu2O.Comment: 20 pages (LaTeX), one figure (.ps) incorporated by epsf. Submitted to
  Phys. Stat. Sol (B
Spin Network States in Gauge Theory

Given a real-analytic manifold M, a compact connected Lie group G and a
principal G-bundle P -> M, there is a canonical `generalized measure' on the
space A/G of smooth connections on P modulo gauge transformations. This allows
one to define a Hilbert space L^2(A/G). Here we construct a set of vectors
spanning L^2(A/G). These vectors are described in terms of `spin networks':
graphs phi embedded in M, with oriented edges labelled by irreducible unitary
representations of G, and with vertices labelled by intertwining operators from
the tensor product of representations labelling the incoming edges to the
tensor product of representations labelling the outgoing edges. We also
describe an orthonormal basis of spin networks associated to any fixed graph
phi. We conclude with a discussion of spin networks in the loop representation
of quantum gravity, and give a category-theoretic interpretation of the spin
network states.Comment: 19 pages, LaTe