pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Connection between the Dielectric and the Ballistic Treatment of
  Collisional Absorption

In this work two important models of treating collisional absorption in a
laser driven plasma are compared, the dielectric and the ballistic model. We
will see that there exists a remarkable connection between these basic
approaches which could give a hint how to overcome the inherent limitations.
The approximations made in the models are not identical and lead to different
advantages and disadvantages. We notice that the dieletric model is able to
handle screening in a selfconsistent manner, but is limited to first order in
the electron-ion interaction. The ballistic model calculates the electron-ion
collision exactly in each order of the interaction, but has to introduce a
cut-off to incorporate screening effects. This means in the context of kinetic
theory that the electron-ion correlation has to be calculated either in random
phase or in ladder approximation, or, in other words, the linearized
Lenard-Balescu or Boltzmann collision term has to be used.Comment: 3 pages, 2 figures, submitted to Contrib. Plasma Phy
Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies 11 new loci for anthropometric traits and provides insights into genetic architecture

Approaches exploiting extremes of the trait distribution may reveal novel loci for common traits, but it is unknown whether such loci are generalizable to the general population. In a genome-wide search for loci associated with upper vs. lower 5th percentiles of body mass index, height and waist-hip ratio, as well as clinical classes of obesity including up to 263,407 European individuals, we identified four new loci (IGFBP4, H6PD, RSRC1, PPP2R2A) influencing height detected in the tails and seven new loci (HNF4G, RPTOR, GNAT2, MRPS33P4, ADCY9, HS6ST3, ZZZ3) for clinical classes of obesity. Further, we show that there is large overlap in terms of genetic structure and distribution of variants between traits based on extremes and the general population and little etiologic heterogeneity between obesity subgroups
Online chromatic and scale-space microvessel-tracing analysis for transmitted light optical images

Limited contrast in transmitted light optical images from intravital microscopy is problematic for analysing tumour vascular morphology. Moreover, in some cases, changes in vasculature are visible to a human observer but are not easy to quantify. In this paper two online algorithms are presented: scale-space vessel tracing and chromatic decomposition for analysis of the vasculature of SW1222 human colorectal carcinoma xenografts growing in dorsal skin-fold "window" chambers in mice. Transmitted light optical images of tumours were obtained from mice treated with the tumour vascular disrupting agent, combretastatin-A-4-phosphate (CA4P), or saline. The tracing algorithm was validated against hand-traced vessels with accurate results. The measurements extracted with the algorithms confirmed the known effects of CA4P on tumour vascular topology. Furthermore, changes in the chromaticity suggest a deoxygenation of the blood with a recovery to initial levels in CA4P-treated tumours relative to the controls. The algorithms can be freely applied to other studies through the CAIMAN website (CAncer IMage ANalysis: http://www.caiman.org.uk)
Planck 2015 results. XIV. Dark energy and modified gravity

We study the implications of Planck data for models of dark energy (DE) and
modified gravity (MG), beyond the cosmological constant scenario. We start with
cases where the DE only directly affects the background evolution, considering
Taylor expansions of the equation of state, principal component analysis and
parameterizations related to the potential of a minimally coupled DE scalar
field. When estimating the density of DE at early times, we significantly
improve present constraints. We then move to general parameterizations of the
DE or MG perturbations that encompass both effective field theories and the
phenomenology of gravitational potentials in MG models. Lastly, we test a range
of specific models, such as k-essence, f(R) theories and coupled DE. In
addition to the latest Planck data, for our main analyses we use baryonic
acoustic oscillations, type-Ia supernovae and local measurements of the Hubble
constant. We further show the impact of measurements of the cosmological
perturbations, such as redshift-space distortions and weak gravitational
lensing. These additional probes are important tools for testing MG models and
for breaking degeneracies that are still present in the combination of Planck
and background data sets. All results that include only background
parameterizations are in agreement with LCDM. When testing models that also
change perturbations (even when the background is fixed to LCDM), some tensions
appear in a few scenarios: the maximum one found is \sim 2 sigma for Planck
TT+lowP when parameterizing observables related to the gravitational potentials
with a chosen time dependence; the tension increases to at most 3 sigma when
external data sets are included. It however disappears when including CMB
lensing.Comment: 33 pages, 22 figures. Minor changes after journal acceptanc
Dynamical masses of the low-mass stellar binary ABDoradusB

Context. ABDoradus is the main system of the ABDoradus moving group. It is a
quadruple system formed by two widely separated binaries of pre-main-sequence
(PMS) stars: ABDor A/C and ABDor Ba/Bb. The pair ABDor A/C has been extensively
studied and its dynamical masses have been determined with high precision, thus
making of ABDor C a benchmark for calibrating PMS stellar models. If the orbit
and dynamical masses of the pair ABDor Ba/Bb can be determined, they could not
only play a similar role to that of ABDor C in calibrating PMS models, but
would also help to better understand the dynamics of the whole ABDoradus
system. Aims. We aim to determine the individual masses of the pair ABDor Ba/Bb
using VLBI observations and archive infrared data, as part of a larger program
directed to monitor binary systems in the ABDoradus moving group. Methods. We
observed the system ABDor B between 2007 and 2013 with the Australian Long
Baseline Array (LBA), at a frequency of 8.4 GHz in phase-reference mode.
Results. We detected, for the first time, compact radio emission from both
stars in the binary, ABDor Ba and ABDor Bb. This result allowed us to determine
the orbital parameters of both the relative and absolute orbits and,
consequently, their individual dynamical masses: 0.28+/-0.05 Msun and
0.25+/-0.05 Msun, respectively. Conclusions. Comparisons of the dynamical
masses with the prediction of PMS evolutionary models show that the models
underpredict the dynamical masses of the binary components Ba and Bb by 10-30%
and 10-40%, respectively, although they all still agree at the 2-sigma level.
Some of stellar models considered favour an age between 50 and 100 Myr for this
system, meanwhile others predict older ages. We also discuss the evolutionary
status of ABDor Ba/Bb in terms of an earlier double-double star scenario that
might explain the strong radio emission detected in both components.Comment: 9 pages, 4 tables, 5 figures. Accepted for publication by Astronomy &
  Astrophysic
AMBER/VLTI high spectral resolution observations of the Br$\gamma$
  emitting region in HD 98922. A compact disc wind launched from the inner disc
  region

We analyse the main physical parameters and the circumstellar environment of
the young Herbig Be star HD 98922. We present AMBER/VLTI high spectral
resolution (R =12000) interferometric observations across the Br$\gamma$ line,
accompanied by UVES high-resolution spectroscopy and SINFONI-AO assisted
near-infrared integral field spectroscopic data. To interpret our observations,
we develop a magneto-centrifugally driven disc-wind model. Our analysis of the
UVES spectrum shows that HD 98922 is a young (~5x10^5 yr) Herbig Be star
(SpT=B9V), located at a distance of 440(+60-50) pc, with a mass accretion rate
of ~9+/-3x10^(-7) M_sun yr^(-1). SINFONI K-band AO-assisted imaging shows a
spatially resolved circumstellar disc-like region (~140 AU in diameter) with
asymmetric brightness distribution. Our AMBER/VLTI UT observations indicate
that the Br$\gamma$ emitting region (radius ~0.31+/-0.04 AU) is smaller than
the continuum emitting region (inner dust radius ~0.7+/-0.2 AU), showing
significant non-zero V-shaped differential phases (i.e. non S-shaped, as
expected for a rotating disc). The value of the continuum-corrected pure
Br$\gamma$ line visibility at the longest baseline (89 m) is ~0.8+/-0.1, i.e.
the Br$\gamma$ emitting region is partially resolved. Our modelling suggests
that the observed Br$\gamma$ line-emitting region mainly originates from a disc
wind with a half opening angle of 30deg, and with a mass-loss rate of ~2x10(-7)
M_sun yr^(-1). The observed V-shaped differential phases are reliably
reproduced by combining a simple asymmetric continuum disc model with our
Br$\gamma$ disc-wind model. The Br$\gamma$ emission of HD 98922 can be modelled
with a disc wind that is able to approximately reproduce all interferometric
observations if we assume that the intensity distribution of the dust continuum
disc is asymmetric.Comment: Accepted for publication on Astronomy \& Astrophysics. High
  resolution figures published on the main journal (see Astronomy &
  Astrophysics: Forthcoming) or at
  www.researchgate.net/profile/Alessio_Caratti_o_Garatti/publication
On exact correlation functions in SU(N) ${\cal N} = 2$ superconformal
  QCD

We consider the exact coupling constant dependence of extremal correlation
functions of ${\cal N} = 2$ chiral primary operators in 4d ${\cal N} = 2$
superconformal gauge theories with gauge group SU(N) and N_f=2N massless
fundamental hypermultiplets. The 2- and 3-point functions, viewed as functions
of the exactly marginal coupling constant and theta angle, obey the tt*
equations. In the case at hand, the tt* equations form a set of complicated
non-linear coupled matrix equations. We point out that there is an ad hoc
self-consistent ansatz that reduces this set of partial differential equations
to a sequence of decoupled semi-infinite Toda chains, similar to the one
encountered previously in the special case of SU(2) gauge group. This ansatz
requires a surprising new non-renormalization theorem in ${\cal N} = 2$
superconformal field theories. We derive a general 3-loop perturbative formula
for 2- and 3-point functions in the ${\cal N} = 2$ chiral ring of the SU(N)
theory, and in all explicitly computed examples we find agreement with the tt*
equations, as well as the above-mentioned ansatz. This is suggestive evidence
for an interesting non-perturbative conjecture about the structure of the
${\cal N} = 2$ chiral ring in this class of theories. We discuss several
implications of this conjecture. For example, it implies that the holonomy of
the vector bundles of chiral primaries over the superconformal manifold is
reducible. It also implies that a specific subset of extremal correlation
functions can be computed in the SU(N) theory using information solely from the
S^4 partition function of the theory obtained by supersymmetric localization.Comment: 33 page
Very high-energy gamma-ray observations of novae and dwarf novae with the MAGIC telescopes

Context. In the last five years the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) instrument detected GeV γ-ray emission from five novae. The GeV emission can be interpreted in terms of an inverse Compton process of electrons accelerated in a shock. In this case it is expected that protons in the same conditions can be accelerated to much higher energies. Consequently they may produce a second component in the γ-ray spectrum at TeV energies.\ud
Aims. We aim to explore the very-high-energy domain to search for γ-ray emission above 50 GeV and to shed light on the acceleration process of leptons and hadrons in nova explosions.\ud
Methods. We have performed observations with the MAGIC telescopes of the classical nova V339 Del shortly after the 2013 outburst, triggered by optical and subsequent GeV γ-ray detections. We also briefly report on VHE observations of the symbiotic nova YY Her and the dwarf nova ASASSN-13ax. We complement the TeV MAGIC observations with the analysis of contemporaneous Fermi-LAT data of the sources. The TeV and GeV observations are compared in order to evaluate the acceleration parameters for leptons and hadrons.\ud
Results. No significant TeV emission was found from the studied sources. We computed upper limits on the spectrum and night-bynight flux. The combined GeV and TeV observations of V339 Del limit the ratio of proton to electron luminosities to Lp . 0.15 Le
Abrupt community transitions and cyclic evolutionary dynamics in complex food webs

Understanding the emergence and maintenance of biodiversity ranks among the most fundamental challenges in evolutionary ecology. While processes of community assembly have frequently been analyzed from an ecological perspective, their evolutionary dimensions have so far received less attention. To elucidate the eco-evolutionary processes underlying the long-term build-up and potential collapse of community diversity, here we develop and examine an individual-based model describing coevolutionary dynamics driven by trophic interactions and interference competition, of a pair of quantitative traits determining predator and prey niches. Our results demonstrate the (1) emergence of communities with multiple trophic levels, shown here for the first time for stochastic models with linear functional responses, and (2) intermittent and cyclic evolutionary transitions between two alternative community state. In particular, our results indicate that the interplay of ecological and evolutionary dynamics often results in extinction cascades that remove the entire trophic level of consumers from a community. Finally, we show the (3) robustness of our results under variations of model assumptions underscoring that processes of consumer collapse and subsequent rebound could be important elements of understanding biodiversity dynamics in natural communities
Abduction in logic programming

Computational Logic: Logic Programming and Beyond, Essays in Honour of Robert A. Kowalski, Part I (Eds. Antonis Kakas, Fariba Sadri)Abduction in Logic Programming started in the late 80s, early 90s, in an attempt to extend logic programming into a framework suitable for a variety of problems in Artificial Intelligence and other areas of Computer Science. This paper aims to chart out the main developments of the field over the last ten years and to take a critical view of these developments from several perspectives: logical, epistemological, computational and suitability to application. The paper attempts to expose some of the challenges and prospects for the further development of the field.status: publishe
Feature- versus rule-based generalization in rats, pigeons and humans

Humans can spontaneously create rules that allow them to efficiently generalize what they have learned to novel situations. An enduring question is whether rule-based generalization is uniquely human or whether other animals can also abstract rules and apply them to novel situations. In recent years, there have been a number of high-profile claims that animals such as rats can learn rules. Most of those claims are quite weak because it is possible to demonstrate that simple associative systems (which do not learn rules) can account for the behavior in those tasks. Using a procedure that allows us to clearly distinguish feature-based from rule-based generalization (the Shanks-Darby procedure), we demonstrate that adult humans show rule-based generalization in this task, while generalization in rats and pigeons was based on featural overlap between stimuli.  In brief, when learning that a stimulus made of two components (“AB”) predicts a different outcome than its elements (“A” and “B”), people spontaneously abstract an opposites rule and apply it to new stimuli (e.g. knowing that “C” and “D” predict one outcome, they will predict that “CD” predicts the opposite outcome). Rats and pigeons show the reverse behavior – they generalize what they have learned, but on the basis of similarity (e.g. “CD” is similar to “C” and “D”, so the same outcome is predicted for the compound stimulus as for the components). Genuinely rule-based behavior is observed in humans, but not in rats and pigeons, in the current procedure.status: publishe
Generalized causal set d’Alembertians

We introduce a family of generalized d’Alembertian operators in D -dimensional Minkowski spacetimes $ {\mathbb M} $ D which are manifestly Lorentz-invariant, retarded, and non-local, the extent of the nonlocality being governed by a single parameter ρ . The prototypes of these operators arose in earlier work as averages of matrix operators meant to describe the propagation of a scalar field in a causal set. We generalize the original definitions to produce an infinite family of “Generalized Causet Box (GCB) operators” parametrized by certain coefficients { a , b n }, and we derive the conditions on the latter needed for the usual d’Alembertian to be recovered in the infrared limit. The continuum average of a GCB operator is an integral operator in $ {\mathbb M} $ D , and it is these continuum operators that we mainly study. To that end, we compute their action on plane waves, or equivalently their Fourier transforms g ( p ) [ p being the momentum-vector]. For timelike p , g ( p ) has an imaginary part whose sign depends on whether p is past or future-directed. For small p , g ( p ) is necessarily proportional to p · p , but for large p it becomes constant, raising the possibility of a genuinely Lorentzian perturbative regulator for quantum field theory in $ {\mathbb M} $ D . We also address the question of whether or not the evolution defined by the GCB operators is stable, finding evidence that the original 4D causal set d’Alembertian is unstable, while its 2D counterpart is stable
Radiative μ and τ leptonic decays at NLO

We present the differential rates and branching ratios of the radiative decays τ → l ν ¯ ν γ $$ \tau \to l\overline{\nu}\nu \gamma $$ , with l = e or μ , and μ → e ν ¯ ν γ $$ \mu \to e\overline{\nu}\nu \gamma $$ in the Standard Model at next-to-leading order. Radiative corrections are computed taking into account the full depencence on the mass m l of the final charged leptons, which is necessary for the correct determination of the branching ratios. Only partial agreement is found with previous calculations performed in the m l → 0 limit. Our results agree with the measurements of the branching ratios ℬ μ → e ν ¯ ν γ $$ \mathrm{\mathcal{B}}\left(\mu \to e\overline{\nu}\nu \gamma \right) $$ and ℬ τ → μ ν ¯ ν γ $$ \mathrm{\mathcal{B}}\left(\tau \to \mu \overline{\nu}\nu \gamma \right) $$ for a minimum photon energy of 10 MeV in the μ and τ rest frames, respectively. B abar ’s recent precise measurement of the branching ratio ℬ τ → e ν ¯ ν γ $$ \mathrm{\mathcal{B}}\left(\tau \to e\overline{\nu}\nu \gamma \right) $$ , for the same photon energy threshold, differs from our prediction by 3.5 standard deviations
Introduction. New Public Management and Professionals in the Public Sector. What New Patterns Beyond Opposition ?

The proliferation of reforms in public administration based on the principles and instruments of the “New Public Management” (NPM) have triggered protest from and collective action by many professional groups in various sectors (healthcare, education, justice, social work, research…) and raised questions about the future of professionals working in the public service, particularly as concerns their autonomy. However, after analyzing the situation, it seems that the opposition between NPM and certain professional groups is not the last word in the debate. Should changes be seen as the decline of professional groups and of their autonomy or as a transformation of professional models, an overhaul of professionalism, etc.? Such questions, which current events in France and Europe have brought to the fore, are food for ongoing sociological thought. They are broached here empirically, from the field, applying varied levels of analysis and research. The contributors to this dossier explore the different forms of tension existing between professional groups and NPM
Seeing the world of physical culture: the potential of visual methods for qualitative research in sport and exercise

Adopting visual methods can enhance our understanding of the social world. By encompassing a multitude of forms including photographs, videos, maps, diagrams, symbols and so forth, images can provide specific information about our existence. They can also act as powerful indicators regarding the multiple meanings embedded within our culture. One domain where the use of visual methods has been less well documented is that of physical culture. Physical culture is taken here to mean human physical movement occurring within recognised cultural domains such as sport, dance and, more broadly, outdoor and indoor recreational activities involving expression through physicality. Opening this special edition of Qualitative Research in Sport and Exercise on ‘Visual Methods in Physical Cultures’, I provide some broad responses to the following questions: What are visual methods? Why might they be useful? How can they be utilised? I then outline some ongoing debates within the field surrounding issues of interpretation, representation and ethics. I conclude by positioning this special edition as a resource to assist with the continued use of visual methods in physical culture
New subway-integrated city logistics system

Seventh International Conference on City Logistics which was held on June 7- 9, 2011, Mallorca, SpainIn this paper, we propose a new city logistics system by integrating public subway service with conventional freight vehicle operation to transport goods effectively from the suburbs to the city center. This system mitigates urban transport problems, such as traffic congestion, environmental impact, and delivery delay, particularly during winter when heavy snowfall impairs traffic operation. To verify the effectiveness of this system, we conducted a pilot project. From our pilot project, we found that this system can be expected to enhance the smooth flow of goods, reduce the number of on-street unloading vehicles, and protect the environment. We also confirmed that the public positively accepted this project
Continuous gravity measurementsr evealal ow-density lava lake at Kılauea Volcano, Hawai‘i

On 5 March 2011, the lava lake within the summit eruptive vent at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, began to drain as magma withdrew to feed a dike intrusion and fissure eruption on the volcano’s east rift zone. The draining was monitored by a variety of continuous geological and geophysical measurements, including deformation, thermal and visual imagery, and gravity. Over the first ~14 hours of the draining, the ground near the eruptive vent subsided by about 0.15 m, gravity dropped by more than 100 μGal, and the lava lake retreated by over 120 m. We used GPS data to correct the gravity signal for the effects of subsurface mass loss and vertical deformation in order to isolate the change in gravity due to draining of the lava lake alone. Using a model of the eruptive vent geometry based on visual observations and the lava level over time determined from thermal camera data, we calculated the best fit lava density to the observed gravity decrease—to our knowledge, the first geophysical determination of the density of a lava lake anywhere in the world. Our result, 950 ± 300 kg m-3, suggests a lava density less than that of water and indicates that Kīlauea’s lava lake is gas-rich, which can explain why rockfalls that impact the lake trigger small explosions. Knowledge of such a fundamental material property as density is also critical to investigations of lava-lake convection and degassing and can inform calculations of pressure change in the subsurface magma plumbing system