pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Implications of crop model ensemble size and composition for estimates of adaptation effects and agreement of recommendations

Climate change is expected to severely affect cropping systems and food production in many parts of the world unless local adaptation can ameliorate these impacts. Ensembles of crop simulation models can be useful tools for assessing if proposed adaptation options are capable of achieving target yields, whilst also quantifying the share of uncertainty in the simulated crop impact resulting from the crop models themselves. Although some studies have analysed the influence of ensemble size on model outcomes, the effect of ensemble composition has not yet been properly appraised. Moreover, results and derived recommendations typically rely on averaged ensemble simulation results without accounting sufficiently for the spread of model outcomes. Therefore, we developed an Ensemble Outcome Agreement (EOA) index, which analyses the effect of changes in composition and size of a multi-model ensemble (MME) to evaluate the level of agreement between MME outcomes with respect to a given hypothesis (e.g. that adaptation measures result in positive crop responses). We analysed the recommendations of a previous study performed with an ensemble of 17 crop models and testing 54 adaptation options for rainfed winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at Lleida (NE Spain) under perturbed conditions of temperature, precipitation and atmospheric CO2 concentration. Our results confirmed that most adaptations recommended in the previous study have a positive effect. However, we also showed that some options did not remain recommendable in specific conditions if different ensembles were considered. Using EOA, we were able to identify the adaptation options for which there is high confidence in their effectiveness at enhancing yields, even under severe climate perturbations. These include substituting spring wheat for winter wheat combined with earlier sowing dates and standard or longer duration cultivars, or introducing supplementary irrigation, the latter increasing EOA values in all cases. There is low confidence in recovering yields to baseline levels, although this target could be attained for some adaptation options under moderate climate perturbations. Recommendations derived from such robust results may provide crucial information for stakeholders seeking to implement adaptation measures
Probabilistic skill in ensemble seasonal forecasts.

Simulation models are widely employed to make probability forecasts of future conditions on seasonal to annual lead times. Added value in such forecasts is reflected in the information they add, either to purely empirical statistical models or to simpler simulation models. An evaluation of seasonal probability forecasts from the Development of a European Multimodel Ensemble system for seasonal to inTERannual prediction (DEMETER) and ENSEMBLES multi‐model ensemble experiments is presented. Two particular regions are considered: Nino3.4 in the Pacific and the Main Development Region in the Atlantic; these regions were chosen before any spatial distribution of skill was examined. The ENSEMBLES models are found to have skill against the climatological distribution on seasonal time‐scales. For models in ENSEMBLES that have a clearly defined predecessor model in DEMETER, the improvement from DEMETER to ENSEMBLES is discussed. Due to the long lead times of the forecasts and the evolution of observation technology, the forecast‐outcome archive for seasonal forecast evaluation is small; arguably, evaluation data for seasonal forecasting will always be precious. Issues of information contamination from in‐sample evaluation are discussed and impacts (both positive and negative) of variations in cross‐validation protocol are demonstrated. Other difficulties due to the small forecast‐outcome archive are identified. The claim that the multi‐model ensemble provides a ‘better’ probability forecast than the best single model is examined and challenged. Significant forecast information beyond the climatological distribution is also demonstrated in a persistence probability forecast. The ENSEMBLES probability forecasts add significantly more information to empirical probability forecasts on seasonal time‐scales than on decadal scales. Current operational forecasts might be enhanced by melding information from both simulation models and empirical models. Simulation models based on physical principles are sometimes expected, in principle, to outperform empirical models; direct comparison of their forecast skill provides information on progress toward that goal
Measurement of the transverse momentum spectrum of the Higgs boson produced in pp collisions at √s=8 TeV using H → WW decays

The cross section for Higgs boson production in pp collisions is studied using the H → W[superscript +]W[superscript −] decay mode, followed by leptonic decays of the W bosons to an oppositely charged electron-muon pair in the final state. The measurements are performed using data collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.4 fb[superscript −1]. The Higgs boson transverse momentum (p[subscript T]) is reconstructed using the lepton pair p[subscript T] and missing p[subscript T]. The differential cross section times branching fraction is measured as a function of the Higgs boson pTin a fiducial phase space defined to match the experimental acceptance in terms of the lepton kinematics and event topology. The production cross section times branching fraction in the fiducial phase space is measured to be 39 ± 8 (stat) ± 9 (syst) fb. The measurements are found to agree, within experimental uncertainties, with theoretical calculations based on the standard model. Keywords: Hadron-Hadron scattering (experiments), Higgs physicsNational Science Foundation (U.S.)United States. Department of Energ
Moduli Stabilization, Large-Volume dS Minimum Without anti-D3-Branes,
  (Non-)Supersymmetric Black Hole Attractors and Two-Parameter Swiss Cheese
  Calabi-Yau's

We consider issues of moduli stabilization and "area codes" for type II flux
compactifications, and the "Inverse Problem" and "Fake Superpotentials" for
extremal (non)supersymmetric black holes in type II compactifications on
(orientifold of) a compact two-parameter Calabi-Yau expressed as a degree-18
hypersurface in WCP^4[1,1,1,6,9] which has multiple singular loci in its moduli
space. We argue the existence of extended "area codes" [1] wherein for the same
set of large NS-NS and RR fluxes, one can stabilize all the complex structure
moduli and the axion-dilaton modulus (to different sets of values) for points
in the moduli space away as well as near the different singular conifold loci
leading to the existence of domain walls. Using techniques of [3] we explicitly
show that given a set of moduli and choice of a gauge(the superpotential)
corresponding to an extremal black hole, one can actually work out the
corresponding charges (of the extremal black hole) - the so-called "inverse
problem". We also show the existence of "fake superpotentials" [4]
corresponding to non-BPS extremal black-hole solutions corresponding to the
aforementioned Calabi-Yau three-fold. By including non-perturbative alpha' and
instanton corrections in the Kaehler potential and superpotential [2], we show
the possibility of getting a large-volume non-supersymmetric (A)dS minimum - a
dS minimum without the addition of anti-D3 branes a la KKLT. The chosen
Calabi-Yau has been of relevance also from the point of other studies of
stabilization of the Kaehler moduli via nonperturbative instanton contributions
[5] and the possibility of getting non-supersymmetric AdS vacua (and their
subsequent dS-uplifts) using (alpha')^3 corrections to the Kaehler potential
[6,7,8].Comment: 1+32 pages, LaTeX; published (in NPB) version - title changed and
  some cosmetic changes made on the reviewer's suggestion
Geometrical tests of cosmological models. III. The cosmology-evolution
  diagram at z=1

The rotational velocity of distant galaxies, when interpreted as a size
(luminosity) indicator, may be used as a tool to select high redshift standard
rods (candles) and probe world models and galaxy evolution via the classical
angular diameter-redshift or Hubble diagram tests. We implement the proposed
testing strategy using a sample of 30 rotators spanning the redshift range
0.2<z<1 with high resolution spectra and images obtained by the VIMOS/VLT Deep
Redshift Survey (VVDS) and the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODs).
We show that by applying at the same time the angular diameter-redshift and
Hubble diagrams to the same sample of objects (i.e. velocity selected galactic
discs) one can derive a characteristic chart, the cosmology-evolution diagram,
mapping the relation between global cosmological parameters and local
structural parameters of discs such as size and luminosity. This chart allows
to put constraints on cosmological parameters when general prior information
about discs evolution is available. In particular, by assuming that equally
rotating large discs cannot be less luminous at z=1 than at present (M(z=1) <
M(0)), we find that a flat matter dominated cosmology (Omega_m=1) is excluded
at a confidence level of 2sigma and an open cosmology with low mass density
(Omega_m = 0.3) and no dark energy contribution is excluded at a confidence
level greater than 1 sigma. Inversely, by assuming prior knowledge about the
cosmological model, the cosmology-evolution diagram can be used to gain useful
insights about the redshift evolution of the structural parameters of baryonic
discs hosted in dark matter halos of nearly equal masses.Comment: 14 pages and 11 figures. A&A in pres
Simultaneous multiwavelength observation of Mkn 501 in a low state in 2006\ud

We present results of the multiwavelength campaign on the TeV blazar Mkn 501 performed in 2006 July, including MAGIC for the very-high-energy (VHE) gamma-ray band and Suzaku for the X-ray band. A VHE gamma-ray signal was clearly detected with an average flux above 200 GeV of similar to 20% of the Crab Nebula flux, which indicates a low state of source activity in this energy range. No significant variability has been found during the campaign. The VHE gamma-ray spectrum can be described by a simple power law from 80 GeV to 2 TeV with a photon index of 2.8 +/- 0.1, which corresponds to one of the steepest photon indices observed in this energy range so far for this object. The X-ray spectrum covers a wide range from 0.6 to 40 keV, and is well described by a broken power law, with photon indices of 2.257 +/- 0.004 and 2.420 +/- 0.012 below and above the break energy of 3.24(-0.12)(+0.13) keV. No apparent high-energy cut-off is seen above the break energy. Although an increase of the flux of about 50% is observed in the X-ray band within the observation, the data indicate a consistently low state of activity for this source. Time-resolved spectra show an evidence for spectral hardening with a flux level. A homogeneous one-zone synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model can adequately describe the spectral energy distribution (SED) from the X-ray to the VHE gamma-ray bands with a magnetic field intensity B = 0.313 G and a Doppler beaming factor delta = 20, which are similar to the values in the past multiwavelength campaigns in high states. Based on our SSC parameters derived for the low state, we are able to reproduce the SED of the high state by just changing the Lorentz factor of the electrons corresponding to the break energy in the primary electron spectrum. This suggests that the variation of the injected electron population in the jet is responsible for the observed low-high state variation of the SED.\u
The Nornir run-time system for parallel programs using Kahn process networks on multi-core machines-a flexible alternative to MapReduce

Even though shared-memory concurrency is a paradigm frequently used for developing parallel applications on small- and middle-sized machines, experience has shown that it is hard to use. This is largely caused by synchronization primitives which are low-level, inherently non-deterministic, and, consequently, non-intuitive to use. In this paper, we present the Nornir run-time system. Nornir is comparable to well-known frameworks such as MapReduce and Dryad that are recognized for their efficiency and simplicity. Unlike these frameworks, Nornir also supports process structures containing branches and cycles. Nornir is based on the formalism of Kahn process networks, which is a shared-nothing, message-passing model of concurrency. We deem this model a simple and deterministic alternative to shared-memory concurrency. Experiments with real and synthetic benchmarks on up to 8 CPUs show that performance in most cases scales almost linearly with the number of CPUs, when not limited by data dependencies. We also show that the modeling flexibility allows Nornir to outperform its MapReduce counterparts using well-known benchmark
Biodiversity, cultural pathways, and human health: a framework.

This is a freely-available open access publication. Please cite the published version which is available via the DOI link in this record.Direct contact with biodiversity is culturally important in a range of contexts. Many people even join conservation organisations to protect biodiversity that they will never encounter first-hand. Despite this, we have little idea how biodiversity affects people's well-being and health through these cultural pathways. Human health is sensitive to apparently trivial psychological stimuli, negatively affected by the risk of environmental degradation, and positively affected by contact with natural spaces. This suggests that well-being and health should be affected by biodiversity change, but few studies have begun to explore these relationships. Here, we develop a framework for linking biodiversity change with human cultural values, well-being, and health. We argue that better understanding these relations might be profoundly important for biodiversity conservation and public health.Natural Environment Research CouncilEuropean Regional Development Fund Programme 2007 to 2013European Social Fund Convergence Programme for Cornwall and the
Isles of Scilly
Evolution in predator-prey systems

We study the adaptive dynamics of predator-prey systems modeled by a
dynamical system in which the traits of predators and prey are allowed to
evolve by small mutations. When only the prey are allowed to evolve, and the
size of the mutational change tends to 0, the system does not exhibit long term
prey coexistence and the trait of the resident prey type converges to the
solution of an ODE. When only the predators are allowed to evolve, coexistence
of predators occurs. In this case, depending on the parameters being varied, we
see (i) the number of coexisting predators remains tight and the differences in
traits from a reference species converge in distribution to a limit, or (ii)
the number of coexisting predators tends to infinity, and we calculate the
asymptotic rate at which the traits of the least and most "fit" predators in
the population increase. This last result is obtained by comparison with a
branching random walk killed to the left of a linear boundary and a finite
branching-selection particle system.Comment: Major revisions to the introduction and definitions of the
  evolutionary processes considered, minor revisions to the proofs of
  Propositions 1.1 and 1.
Electron transport through Al-ZnO-Al: an {\it ab initio} calculation

The electron transport properties of ZnO nano-wires coupled by two aluminium
electrodes were studied by {\it ab initio} method based on non-equilibrium
Green's function approach and density functional theory. A clearly rectifying
current-voltage characteristics was observed. It was found that the contact
interfaces between Al-O and Al-Zn play important roles in the charge transport
at low bias voltage and give very asymmetric I-V characteristics. When the bias
voltage increases, the negative differential resistance occurs at negative bias
voltage. The charge accumulation was calculated and its behavior was found to
be well correlated with the I-V characteristics. We have also calculated the
electrochemical capacitance which exhibits three plateaus at different bias
voltages which may have potential device application.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figure
Empirical parameterization of the K+- -> pi+- pi0 pi0 decay Dalitz plot

As first observed by the NA48/2 experiment at the CERN SPS, the $\p0p0$
invariant mass (M00) distribution from $\kcnn$ decay shows a cusp-like anomaly
at M00=2m+, where m+ is the charged pion mass. An analysis to extract the pi pi
scattering lengths in the isospin I=0 and I=2 states, a0 and a2, respectively,
has been recently reported. In the present work the Dalitz plot of this decay
is fitted to a new empirical parameterization suitable for practical purposes,
such as Monte Carlo simulations of K+- -> pi+- pi0 pi0 decays.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures
New chemical profiles for the asteroseismology of ZZ Ceti stars

We compute new chemical profiles for the core and envelope of white dwarfs
appropriate for pulsational studies of ZZ Ceti stars. These profiles are
extracted from the complete evolution of progenitor stars, evolved through the
main sequence and the thermally-pulsing asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stages,
and from time-dependent element diffusion during white dwarf evolution. We
discuss the importance of the initial-final mass relationship for the white
dwarf carbon-oxygen composition. In particular, we find that the central oxygen
abundance may be underestimated by about 15% if the white dwarf mass is assumed
to be the hydrogen-free core mass before the first thermal pulse. We also
discuss the importance for the chemical profiles expected in the outermost
layers of ZZ Ceti stars of the computation of the thermally-pulsing AGB phase
and of the phase in which element diffusion is relevant. We find a strong
dependence of the outer layer chemical stratification on the stellar mass. In
particular, in the less massive models, the double-layered structure in the
helium layer built up during the thermally-pulsing AGB phase is not removed by
diffusion by the time the ZZ Ceti stage is reached. Finally, we perform
adiabatic pulsation calculations and discuss the implications of our new
chemical profiles for the pulsational properties of ZZ Ceti stars. We find that
the whole $g-$mode period spectrum and the mode-trapping properties of these
pulsating white dwarfs as derived from our new chemical profiles are
substantially different from those based on chemical profiles widely used in
existing asteroseismological studies. Thus, we expect the asteroseismological
models derived from our chemical profiles to be significantly different from
those found thus far.Comment: 12 pages, 11 figures, 1 table. To be published in Ap
Global uniqueness and reconstruction for the multi-channel
  Gel'fand-Calder\'on inverse problem in two dimensions

We study the multi-channel Gel'fand-Calder\'on inverse problem in two
dimensions, i.e. the inverse boundary value problem for the equation $-\Delta
\psi + v(x) \psi = 0$, $x\in D$, where $v$ is a smooth matrix-valued potential
defined on a bounded planar domain $D$. We give an exact global reconstruction
method for finding $v$ from the associated Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator. This
also yields a global uniqueness results: if two smooth matrix-valued potentials
defined on a bounded planar domain have the same Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator
then they coincide
A single-frequency test for one-parameter models of the linear
  thermo-visco-elastic response of glass-forming liquids

A master equation description of the inherent dynamics is used to calculate
the frequency-dependent linear thermo-visco-elastic response functions of a
glass-forming liquid. From the imaginary parts of the isobaric specific heat,
isothermal bulk modulus, and isobaric thermal expansion coefficient, we define
a quantity $\Lambda_{Tp}(\omega)$ with the property that
$\Lambda_{Tp}(\omega)=1$ is equivalent to having a one-parameter description of
the linear thermo-visco-elastic response. This provides an alternative to the
well-known criterion based on the Prigogine-Defay ratio
Search for Colour Reconnection Effects in e+e- -> W+W- -> hadrons
  through Particle-Flow Studies at LEP

A search for colour reconnection effects in hadronic decays of W pairs is
performed with the L3 detector at centre-of-mass energies between 189 and 209
GeV. The analysis is based on the study of the particle flow between jets
associated to the same W boson and between two different W bosons in qqqq
events. The ratio of particle yields in the different interjet regions is found
to be sensitive to colour reconnection effects implemented in some
hadronisation models. The data are compared to different models with and
without such effects. An extreme scenario of colour reconnection is ruled out
Impact of the three-loop corrections on the QCD analysis of the
  deep-inelastic-scattering data

We perform the analysis of the existing inclusive deep inelastic scattering
(DIS) data within NNLO QCD approximation. The parton distributions functions
(PDFs) and the value of strong coupling constant
$\alpha_{s}(M_Z)=0.1143\pm0.0013 (exp)$ are obtained. The sensitivity of the
PDFs to the uncertainty in the value of the NNLO corrections to the splitting
functions is analyzed. It is shown that the PDFs errors due to this uncertainty
is generally less than the experimental uncertainty in PDFs through the region
of $x$ spanned by the existing DIS data.Comment: 9 pages, LATEX, 4 figures (EPS). After fixing bug, which caused
  incomplete account of the NNLO corrections in the fitting program, the fitted
  value of \alpha_s(M_Z)(NNLO) decreased by 0.002. The PDFs values changed
  within their experimental errors, the conclusions remain unchange
Vacuum structure in 5D SO(10) GUT on $S^1/Z_2$

We study the vacuum structure in 5D SO(10) grand unified theory (GUT)
compactified on $S^1/Z_2$ orbifold, where SO(10) is broken into $SU(3)\times
SU(2)\times U(1)^2$ through the boundary conditions. Although a lot of people
extended to 6D to avoid massless colored particle, we can show they obtain
finite masses by the radiative corrections. In a supersymmetric case, the
fermionic partner of the zero-mode can also acquire non-vanishing mass through
the SUSY breaking effects, and the gauge coupling unification can be recovered
by use of brane localized kinetic terms.Comment: 9 page
New Quark Relations for Hadron Masses and Magnetic Moments - A Challenge
  for Explanation from QCD

Prompted by the recent surprising results in QCD spectroscopy, we extend the
treatment of the constituent quark model showing that mass differences and
ratios have the same values when obtained from mesons and baryons. We obtain
several new successful relations involving hadrons containing two and three
strange quarks and hadrons containing heavy quarks and give a new prediction
regarding spin splitting between doubly charmed baryons. We provide numerical
evidence for an effective supersymmetry between mesons and baryons related by
replacing a light antiquark by a light diquark. We also obtain new relations
between quark magnetic moments and hadron masses. Limits of validity of this
approach and disagreements with experiment in properties of the Sigma and Xi
baryons are discussed as possible clues to a derivation from QCD.Comment: Presentation improved, references added, typos correcte