pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Mutualistic viruses and the heteronomy of life.

Though viruses have generally been characterized by their pathogenic and more generally harmful effects, many examples of mutualistic viruses exist. Here I explain how the idea of mutualistic viruses has been defended in recent virology, and I explore four important conceptual and practical consequences of this idea. I ask to what extent this research modifies the way scientists might search for new viruses, our notion of how the host immune system interacts with microbes, the development of new therapeutic approaches, and, finally, the role played by the criterion of autonomy in our understanding of living things. Overall, I suggest that the recognition of mutualistic viruses plays a major role in a wider ongoing revision of our conception of viruses
Following the FAD: Folk Attributions and Theories of Actual Causation

In the last decade, several researchers have proposed theories of actual causation that make use of structural equations and directed graphs. Many of these researchers are committed to a widely-endorsed folk attribution desideratum (FAD), according to which an important constraint on the acceptability of a theory of actual causation is agreement between the deliverances of the theory with respect to specific cases and the reports of untutored individuals about those same cases. In the present article, we consider a small collection of related theories of actual causation: the purely structural theory developed in Halpern and Pearl (2005), and two theories that supplement the structural equations with considerations of defaults, typicality, and normality—Hitchcock (2007a) and Halpern and Hitchcock (2015). We argue that each of these three theories are meant to satisfy the FAD, then present empirical evidence that they fail to do so for several variations on a simple scenario from the literature. Drawing on the responsibility view of folk causal attributions suggested by Sytsma, Livengood, and Rose (2012), we conclude by offering a solution that allows the latter two theories to satisfy the FAD for these cases. The solution is to give up on concerns with typicality and focus on injunctive norms in supplementing the graphical modeling machinery
Measurement of Pion and Proton Response and Longitudinal Shower Profiles up to 20 Nuclear Interaction Lengths with the ATLAS Tile Calorimeter

The response of pions and protons in the energy range of 20 to 180 GeV produced at CERN's SPS H8 test beam line in the ATLAS iron-scintillator Tile hadron calorimeter has been measured. The test-beam configuration allowed to measure the longitudinal shower development for pions and protons up to 20 nuclear interaction lengths. It is found that pions penetrate deeper in the calorimeter than protons. However, protons induce showers that are wider laterally to the direction of the impinging particle. Including the measured total energy response, the pion to proton energy ratio and the resolution, all observations are consistent with a higher electromagnetic energy fraction in pion induced showers. The data are compared with GEANT4 simulations using several hadronic physics lists. The measured longitudinal shower profiles are described by an analytical shower parameterization within an accuracy of 5-10%. The amount of energy leaking out behind the calorimeter is determined and parameterised as a function of the beam energy and the calorimeter depth. This allows for a leakage correction of test-beam results in the standard projective geometry
Magnetocaloric effect and nature of magnetic transition in low dimensional DyCu2

In this manuscript, we propose a method to prepare small flakes of DyCu2. On top of that we also report on the magnetocaloric effect and nature of magnetic transition of a strongly anisotropic DyCu2 in its low dimension. Magnetization measurements were carried out in the temperature range of 5-100 K and up to the maximum magnetic field strength of 50 kOe. Magnetic entropy change (Delta S-M) is estimated using the well-known Maxwell's equations and is found to be -4.31 J/kg-K. Indeed, the Delta S-M peak broadened marginally compared with its bulk DyCu2 and such a broadening can be attributed to significant increase in the total grain boundary volume. As these small flakes consists larger DSM values at temperatures higher than the Neel temperature (T-N), one can use them as a magnetic refrigerant material in a broad temperature range. We also plotted the M-2 vs. H/M (which are called as the Arrott plots) in order to find the nature of magnetic transition. Arrott plots infer that indeed there exists nonlinearity in M-2 vs. H/M behavior and such nonlinear behavior is ascribed to the random anisotropy or a random field that is present in the system
Validity of the Wigner-Seitz approximation in neutron star crust

7 pages, with figures - PTH, version 2The inner crust of neutron stars formed of nuclear clusters immersed in a neutron sea has been widely studied in the framework of the Wigner-Seitz approximation since the seminal work of Negele and Vautherin. In this article, the validity of this approximation is discussed in the framework of the band theory of solids. For a typical cell of $^{200}$Zr, present in the external layers of the inner crust, it is shown that the ground state properties of the neutron gas are rather well reproduced by the Wigner-Seitz approximation, while its dynamical properties depend on the energy scale of the process of interest or on the temperature. It is concluded that the Wigner-Seitz approximation is well suited for describing the inner crust of young neutron stars and the collapsing core of massive stars during supernovae explosions. However the band theory is required for low temperature fluid dynamics
High-spin microsecond isomer in $^{98}$Zr

A high-spin isomer of $^{98}$Zr, of half-life 1.9(2) microsecond, has been observed using the Lohengrin mass spectrometer of the high-flux reactor of the Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble. The isomer was produced by the thermal-neutron induced fission of $^{239}$Pu. Measurements at the spectrometer focal point of $\gamma$-t and $\gamma -\gamma$ -t, relative to the arrival of a fission fragment, allowed the isomer to be identified and the level scheme constructed. The isomeric state at 6603.3 keV of excitation energy is tentatively assigned a spin and parity of (17$^-$) and is proposed to have a $[\pi (g^{2}_{9/2})\nu(g^{1}_{7/2}h^{1}_{11/2})]$ configuration
STEM and EDXS characterisation of physico-chemical reactions at the periphery of sol-gel derived Zn-substituted hydroxyapatites during interactions with biological fluids

With its good properties of biocompatibility and bioactivity hydroxyapatite (HA) is highly used as bone substitutes and as coatings on metallic prostheses. In order to improve bioactive properties of HA we have elaborated Zn2+ doped hydroxyapatite. Zn2+ ions substitute for Ca2+ cations in the HA structure and four Zn concentrations (Zn/Zn+Ca) were prepared 0.5, 1, 2, 5 % at. To study physico-chemical reactions at the materials periphery, we immersed the bioceramics into biological fluids for delays from 1 day to 20 days. The surface changes were studied at the nanometer scale by scanning transmission electron microscopy associated to energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. After 20 days of immersion we observed the formation of a calcium-phosphate layer at the periphery of the HA doped with 5% of zinc. This layer contains magnesium and its thickness was around 200 nm. Formation of this Ca-P-Mg layer represents bioactivity properties of the 5% Zn-substituted hydroxyapatite. This biologically active layer improves properties of HA and will permit a chemical bond between the ceramic and bone
Reflexive derivations in Thulung

This paper is under copyright and the publisher shloud be contacted for permission to re-use or re-print the material in any form.International audienceThulung Rai, an endangered Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Eastern Nepal, presents two derivational suffixes associated with reflexivization:-si and-s. The first,-si, is quite productive, found in complete paradigms, and derives reflexives, reciprocals, antipassives and anticausatives from transitive verbs (and occasionally from intransitive verbs). The second marker,-s, is more difficult to analyze: it has a limited distribution in verb paradigms, only appearing with 1PI and 3SG forms, and appears in a number of different contexts: it is found with the same types of derivations as-si but also-in some cases obligatorily, in others optionally-with verbs that do not have reflexive (or related) functions. It is even found with some transitive verbs. In this presentation, I will propose an analysis of the phenomena above based on elicited and narrative data I have collected in the field. The-s in fact has multiple, albeit related, origins: it is a phonological reduction of-si in certain circumstances, while in others it appears to be an older reflexivizing suffix which has been integrated, to different degrees, into verb morphology. With transitives, it appears to be a trace reflecting the complex derivational history of verbs which are derived from intransitives
Exploiting Linked Data in Financial Engineering

Part 3: Finance and Service ScienceInternational audienceIn this paper, we report on a recent initiative that exploiting Linked Data for financial data integration. Financial data present high heterogeneity. Linked Data helps to reveal the true data semantics and “hidden” connection, upon which meaningful mappings can be constructed. The work reported in this paper has been well-accepted at several public events and conferences, including the 26th XBRL conference, involving the realisation of the XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language) prototype called HIKAKU, which means “comparison” in Japanese. It demonstrates our approach to exploit the power of Linked Data in enhancing flexibility for data integration in the financial domain
Textural properties of synthetic nano-calcite produced by hydrothermal carbonation of calcium hydroxide

International audienceThe hydrothermal carbonation of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) at high pressure of CO2 (initial PCO2 1/4 55 bar) and moderate to high temperature (30 and 90 1C) was used to synthesize fine particles of calcite. This method allows a high carbonation efficiency (about 95% of Ca(OH)2-CaCO3 conversion), a significant production rate (48 kg/m3 h) and high purity of product (about 96%). However, the various initial physicochemical conditions have a strong influence on the crystal size and surface area of the synthesized calcite crystals. The present study is focused on the estimation of the textural properties of synthesized calcite (morphology, specific surface area, average particle size, particle size distribution and particle size evolution with reaction time), using Rietveld refinements of X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) measurements, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) observations. This study demonstrate that the pressure, the temperature and the dissolved quantity of CO2 have a significant effect on the average particle size, specific surface area, initial rate of precipitation, and on the morphology of calcium carbonate crystals. In contrast, these PTx conditions used herein have an insignificant effect on the carbonation efficiency of Ca(OH)2. Finally, the results presented here demonstrate that nano-calcite crystals with high specific surface area (SBET 1/4 6-10m2/g) can be produced, with a high potential for industrial applications such as adsorbents and/or filler in papermaking industry
Everyday vulnerabilities and ''social dispositions'' in the Malian Sahel, an indication for evaluating future adaptability to water crises?

International audienceSince the 1970s, precipitation in the Sahel has decreased and become very irregular, leading to widespread drought, whilst the human need for water has rapidly increased. A new ''dispositions''-based approach was adapted in order to analyse human interactions with environmental hazards and applied to the case of Hombori village in northeastern Mali. This article explores how the population and political stakeholders perceive, live with and respond to the increasing scarcity of water. It also explores how their current vulnerability and ability to cope with variations in available water resources indicate future adaptability to climate shocks. On the one hand, this research shows how the population copes with variations in water resource availability: the population's socio-spatial organisation explains the inhabitants' exposure to this problem and some of the factors affecting vulnerability, the elderly and women being the hardest hit. The water issue is generally managed on a ''day-to-day'' basis and considered a big problem only in the dry season, thus lowering any incentive for self-protection. The main two variables that could explain this kind of risk management are the conflicting local governance and current social rules. On the other hand, the discussion of results, based on a conceptual model of social responses, explains why these current ''social dispositions'' to cope with and even address the water scarcity issue do not guarantee future adaptability to climate change
Overview of identification methods of mechanical parameters based on full-field measurements

This article reviews recently developed methods for constitutive parameter identification based on kinematic full-field measurements, namely the finite element model updating method (FEMU), the constitutive equation gap method (CEGM), the virtual fields method (VFM), the equilibrium gap method (EGM) and the reciprocity gap method (RGM). Their formulation and underlying principles are presented and discussed. These identification techniques are then applied to full-field experimental data obtained on four different experiments, namely (i) a tensile test, (ii) the Brazilian test, (iii) a shear-flexural test, and (iv) a biaxial test. Test (iv) features a non-uniform damage field, and hence non-uniform equivalent elastic properties, while tests (i), (ii) and (iii) deal with the identification of uniform anisotropic elastic properties. Tests (ii), (iii) and (iv) involve non-uniform strain fields in the region of interest
Hepatitis C virus budding at lipid droplet-associated ER membrane visualized by 3D electron microscopy.

The original publication is available at www.springerlink.comInternational audienceThe mechanisms underlying hepatitis C virus (HCV) morphogenesis remain elusive, but lipid droplets have recently been shown to be important organelles for virus production. We investigated the interaction between HCV-like particles and lipid droplets by three-dimensional reconstructions of serial ultrathin electron microscopy sections of cells producing the HCV core protein. The budding of HCV-like particles was mostly initiated at membranes close to the lipid droplets rather than at membranes directly apposed to the lipid droplets. This may have important implications for our understanding of the complex relationship between HCV and lipids and may make easier to dissect out the HCV life cycle
Kalimucho: Contextual Deployment for QoS Management

International audienceThe increasing use of mobile technologies last years leads to face to new challenges in order to satisfy people using mobile devices. As they use their favorite applications on their personal computer at home, people wants to use it on their PDA or mobile phone and wants applications can be improve according to location, weather or any contextual information. However, addressing such context-aware systems deals with three main characteristics: context changes, mobility and limited resources of devices. In this article we respond to user requirements and changes of the environment with dynamic adaptations of application deployment guided by QoS respect. We are particularly interested in distributed applications QoS management facing with hardware limitations and mobility of devices, user requirements and usage constraints. We propose a service-based reconfiguration platform named Kalimucho, which implements a contextual-deployment heuristic to find a configuration that matches with context and QoS requirements. Kalimucho was tested on the Osagaia/Korrontea component model and the SunSpot platform; results confirm that Kalimucho provides a satisfying execution time to adapt applications
Ebola virus dynamics in mice treated with favipiravir

International audienceThe polymerase inhibitor favipiravir is a candidate for the treatment of Ebola virus disease. Here, we designed a mathematical model to characterize the viral dynamics in 20 mice experimentally infected with Ebola virus, which were either left untreated or treated with favipiravir at 6 or 8 days post infection. This approach provided estimates of kinetic parameters of Ebola virus reproduction, such as the half-life of productively infected cells, of about 6 hours, and the basic reproductive number which indicates that virus produced by a single infected cell productively infects about 9 new cells. Furthermore, the model predicted that favipiravir efficiently blocks viral production, reaching an antiviral effectiveness of 95% and 99.6% at 2 and 6 days after initiation of treatment, respectively. The model could be particularly helpful to guide future studies evaluating favipiravir in larger animals
Fucoidan promotes early step of cardiac differentiation from human embryonic stem cells and long term maintenance of beating areas.

International audienceSomatic stem cells require specific niches and 3D scaffolds may provide a way to mimic this microenvironment. Here, we tested a scaffold based on fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide known to influence morphogen gradients during embryonic development, to support human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESCs) differentiation towards the cardiac lineage. A macroporous (pore 200 µm) Fucoidan scaffold was selected to support hESCs attachment and proliferation. Using a protocol based on the cardiogenic morphogen BMP2 and TGFb followed by TNFa, an effector of cardiopoietic priming. we examined the cardiac differentiation in the scaffold compared to culture dishes and embryoid bodies (EBs). At day 8, Fucoidan scaffolds supported a significantly higher expression of all 3 genes encoding for transcription factors marking the early step of embryonic cardiac differentiation NKX2.5 (p<0.05), MEF2C (p<0.01) and GATA4 (p<0.01), confirmed by flow cytometry analysis for MEF2C and NKX2.5. Fucoidan scaffolds ability to locally concentrate and slowly release TGF and TNF was confirmed by Luminex technology. We also found that Fucoidan scaffolds supported the late stage of embryonic cardiac differentiation marked by a significantly higher ANF expression (p<0.001), although only rare beating areas were observed. We postulated that absence of mechanical stress in the soft hydrogel impaired sarcomere formation, as confirmed by molecular analysis of the cardiac muscle myosin MYH6 and immunohistological staining of sarcomeric -actinin. Nevertheless, Fucoidan scaffolds contributed to the development of thin filaments connecting beating areas through promotion of smooth muscle cells, thus enabling maintenance of beating areas for up to 6 months. In conclusion, Fucoidan scaffolds appear as a very promising biomaterial to control cardiac differentiation from hESCs that could be combined with mechanical stress to promote sarcomere formation at terminal stages of differentiation
Quasi-geostrophic modes in the Earth's fluid core with an outer stably stratified layer

International audienceSeismic waves sensitive to the outermost part of the Earth's liquid core seem to be affected by a stably stratified layer at the core-mantle boundary. Such a layer could have an observable signature in both long-term and short-term variations of the magnetic field of the Earth, which are used to probe the flow at the top of the core. Indeed, with the recent SWARM mission, it seems reasonable to be able to identify waves propagating in the core with period of several months, which may play an important role in the large-scale dynamics. In this paper, we characterize the influence of a stratified layer at the top of the core on deep quasi-geostrophic (Rossby) waves. We compute numerically the quasi-geostrophic eigenmodes of a rapidly rotating spherical shell, with a stably stratified layer near the outer boundary. Two simple models of stratification are taken into account, which are scaled with commonly adopted values of the Brunt-Väisälä frequency in the Earth's core. In the absence of magnetic field, we find that both azimuthal wavelength and frequency of the eigenmodes control their penetration into the stratified layer: the higher the phase speed, the higher the permeability of the stratified layer to the wave motion. We also show that the theory developed by Takehiro and Lister [2001] for thermal convection extends to the whole family of Rossby waves in the core. Adding a magnetic field, the penetrative behaviour of the quasi-geostrophic modes (the so-called fast branch) is insensitive to the imposed magnetic field and only weakly sensitive to the precise shape of the stratification. Based on these results, the large-scale and high frequency modes (1 to 2 month periods) may be detectable in the geomagnetic data measured at the Earth's surface, especially in the equatorial area where the modes can be trapped
A Multilayer Ontology of Instruments for Neurological, Behavioral and Cognitive Assessments.

International audience: Advances in neuroscience are underpinned by large, multicenter studies and a mass of heterogeneous datasets. When investigating the relationships between brain anatomy and brain functions under normal and pathological conditions, measurements obtained from a broad range of brain imaging techniques are correlated with the information on each subject's neurologic states, cognitive assessments and behavioral scores derived from questionnaires and tests. The development of ontologies in neuroscience appears to be a valuable way of gathering and handling properly these heterogeneous data - particularly through the use of federated architectures. We recently proposed a multilayer ontology for sharing brain images and regions of interest in neuroimaging. Here, we report on an extension of this ontology to the representation of instruments used to assess brain and cognitive functions and behavior in humans. This extension consists of a 'core' ontology that accounts for the properties shared by all instruments supplemented by 'domain' ontologies that conceptualize standard instruments. We also specify how this core ontology has been refined to build domain ontologies dedicated to widely used instruments and how various scores used in the neurosciences are represented. Lastly, we discuss our design choices, the ontology's limitations and planned extensions aimed at querying and reasoning across distributed data sources