pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Etale groupoids and their quantales

We establish a close and previously unknown relation between quantales and
groupoids, in terms of which the notion of etale groupoid is subsumed in a
natural way by that of quantale. In particular, to each etale groupoid, either
localic or topological, there is associated a unital involutive quantale. We
obtain a bijective correspondence between localic etale groupoids and their
quantales, which are given a rather simple characterization and are here called
inverse quantal frames. We show that the category of inverse quantal frames is
equivalent to the category of complete and infinitely distributive inverse
monoids, and as a consequence we obtain a correspondence between these and
localic etale groupoids that generalizes more classical results concerning
inverse semigroups and topological etale groupoids. This generalization is
entirely algebraic and it is valid in an arbitrary topos. As a consequence of
these results we see that a localic groupoid is etale if and only if its
sublocale of units is open and its multiplication map is semiopen, and an
analogue of this holds for topological groupoids. In practice we are provided
with new tools for constructing localic and topological etale groupoids, as
well as inverse semigroups, for instance via presentations of quantales by
generators and relations. The characterization of inverse quantal frames is to
a large extent based on a new quantale operation, here called a support, whose
properties are thoroughly investigated, and which may be of independent
interest.Comment: Version 3 contains 16 additional pages (now the total is 75) and
  completes the characterization of etale groupoid quantales; in particular it
  is proved that every inverse quantal frame is multiplicativ
Hidden Glashow resonance in neutrino-nucleus collisions

Today it is widely believed that $s$-channel excitation of an on-shell~$W$
boson, commonly known as the Glashow resonance, can be initiated in matter only
by the electron antineutrino in the process $\bar\nu_ee^-\rightarrow W^-$ at
the laboratory energy around~6.3~PeV. In this paper we argue that the Glashow
resonance within the Standard Model also occurs in neutrino--nucleus
collisions. The main conclusions are as follows. 1)~The Glashow resonance can
be excited by both~neutrinos and~antineutrinos of all the three flavors
scattering in the Coulomb field of a nucleus. 2)~The Glashow resonance in a
neutrino--nucleus reaction does not manifest itself as a Breit--Wigner-like
peak in the cross section but the latter exhibits instead a slow
logarithmic-law growth with the neutrino energy. The resonance turns thus out
to be hidden. 3)~More than~$98\%$ of~$W$ bosons produced in the sub-PeV region
in neutrino-initiated reactions in water/ice will be from the Glashow
resonance. 4)~The vast majority of the Glashow resonance events in a neutrino
detector is expected at energies from a few TeV to a few tens of TeV, being
mostly initiated by the conventional atmospheric neutrinos dominant in this
energy range. Calculations of the cross sections for Glashow resonance
excitation on the oxygen nucleus as well as on the proton are carried out in
detail. The results of this paper can be useful for studies of neutrino
interactions at large volume water/ice neutrino detectors. For example, in the
IceCube detector one can expect~0.3 Glashow resonance events with shower-like
topologies and the deposited energies above~$300~\text{TeV}$ per year. It is
therefore likely already to have at least one Glashow resonance event in the
IceCube data set.Comment: 32 pages, 8 figures. Version accepted for publication in PL
Elliptic Genera and Characteristic $q$-Series of Superconformal Field
  Theory

We analyze the characteristic series, the $KO$ series and the series
associated with the Witten genus, and their analytic forms as the $q$-analogs
of classical special functions (in particular $q$-analog of the beta integral
and the gamma function). $q$-series admit an analytic interpretation in terms
of the spectral Ruelle functions, and their relations to appropriate elliptic
modular forms can be described. We show that there is a deep correspondence
between the characteristic series of the Witten genus and $KO$ characteristic
series, on one side, and the denominator identities and characters of $N=2$
superconformal algebras, and the affine Lie (super)algebras on the other. We
represent the characteristic series in the form of double series using the
Hecke-Rogers modular identity.Comment: 15 page
An entangled-LED driven quantum relay over 1 km

Quantum cryptography allows confidential information to be communicated
between two parties, with secrecy guaranteed by the laws of nature alone.
However, upholding guaranteed secrecy over quantum communication networks poses
a further challenge, as classical receive-and-resend routing nodes can only be
used conditional of trust by the communicating parties. Here, we demonstrate
the operation of a quantum relay over 1 km of optical fiber, which teleports a
sequence of photonic quantum bits to a receiver by utilizing entangled photons
emitted by a semiconductor LED. The average relay fidelity of the link is
0.90+/-0.03, exceeding the classical bound of 0.75 for the set of states used,
and sufficiently high to allow error correction. The fundamentally low
multi-photon emission statistics and the integration potential of the source
present an appealing platform for future quantum networks.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, and appendi
Novel Electronic Structures of Ru-Pnictides Ru$Pn$ ($Pn$ = P, As, Sb)

Density-functional-theory-based electronic structure calculations are made to
consider the novel electronic states of Ru-pnictides RuP and RuAs where the
intriguing phase transitions and superconductivity under doping of Rh have been
reported. We find that there appear nearly degenerate flat bands just at the
Fermi level in the high-temperature metallic phase of RuP and RuAs; the
flat-band states come mainly from the $4d_{xy}$ orbitals of Ru ions and the Rh
doping shifts the Fermi level just above the flat bands. The splitting of the
flat bands caused by their electronic instability may then be responsible for
the observed phase transition to the nonmagnetic insulating phase at low
temperatures. We also find that the band structure calculated for RuSb
resembles that of the doped RuP and RuAs, which is consistent with experiment
where superconductivity occurs in RuSb without Rh doping.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures, to appear in Physics Procedia (Proceedings of
  ICM2015-Barcelona
The neural correlates of sex differences in left-right confusion

Difficulties in left–right discrimination (LRD) are commonly experienced in everyday life situations. Here we investigate the neurocognitive mechanisms of LRD and the specific role of left angular gyrus. Given that previous behavioral research reported women to be more susceptible to left–right confusion, the current study focuses particularly on the neural basis of sex differences in LRD while controlling for potential menstrual cycle effects (repeated measures design). 16 women and 15 men were presented pictures of pointing hands in various orientations (rotated versus non-rotated) and were asked to identify them as left or right hands. Results revealed that LRD was particularly associated with activation in inferior parietal regions, extending into the right angular gyrus. Irrespective of menstrual cycle phase, women, relative to men, recruited more prefrontal areas, suggesting higher top-down control in LRD. For the subset of rotated stimuli as compared to the non-rotated, we found leftward asymmetry for both men and women, although women scored significantly lower. We conclude that there are sex differences in the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying LRD. Although the angular gyrus is involved in LRD, several other parietal areas are at least as critical. Moreover, the hypothesis that more left–right confusion is due to more bilateral activation (in women) can be rejected
Performance of jet substructure techniques for large-ℝ jets in proton-proton collisions at sqrts = 7 TeV using the ATLAS detector

This paper presents the application of a variety of techniques to study jet substructure. The performance of various modified jet algorithms, or jet grooming techniques, for several jet types and event topologies is investigated for jets with transverse momentum larger than 300 GeV. Properties of jets subjected to the mass-drop filtering, trimming, and pruning algorithms are found to have reduced sensitivity to multiple proton-proton interactions, are more stable at high luminosity and improve the physics potential of searches for heavy boosted objects. Studies of the expected discrimination power of jet mass and jet substructure observables in searches for new physics are also presented. Event samples enriched in boosted W and Z bosons and top-quark pairs are used to study both the individual jet invariant mass scales and the efficacy of algorithms to tag boosted hadronic objects. The analyses presented use the full 2011 ATLAS dataset, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.7 +/- 0.1 /fb from proton-proton collisions produced by the Large Hadron Collider at a center-of-mass energy of sqrt(s) = 7 TeV
Centrality dependence of inclusive J/ψ production in p-Pb collisions at √sNN=5.02 TeV

We present a measurement of inclusive J/ψ production in p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV as a function of the centrality of the collision, as estimated from the energy deposited in the Zero Degree Calorimeters. The measurement is performed with the ALICE detector down to zero transverse momentum, p T, in the backward (−4.46 &lt; y cms &lt; −2.96) and forward (2.03 &lt; y cms &lt; 3.53) rapidity intervals in the dimuon decay channel and in the mid-rapidity region (−1.37 &lt; y cms &lt; 0.43) in the dielectron decay channel. The backward and forward rapidity intervals correspond to the Pb-going and p-going direction, respectively. The p T-differential J/ψ production cross section at backward and forward rapidity is measured for several centrality classes, together with the corresponding average p T and p T2 values. The nuclear modification factor is presented as a function of centrality for the three rapidity intervals, and as a function of p T for several centrality classes at backward and forward rapidity. At mid- and forward rapidity, the J/ψ yield is suppressed up to 40% compared to that in pp interactions scaled by the number of binary collisions. The degree of suppression increases towards central p-Pb collisions at forward rapidity, and with decreasing p T of the J/ψ. At backward rapidity, the nuclear modification factor is compatible with unity within the total uncertainties, with an increasing trend from peripheral to central p-Pb collisions
Nucleon electric dipole moments and the isovector parity- and time-reversal-odd pion–nucleon coupling

The isovector time-reversal- and parity-violating pion–nucleon coupling g¯π(1) is uniquely sensitive to dimension-six interactions between right-handed light quarks and the Standard Model Higgs doublet that naturally arises in left-right symmetric models. Recent work has used the g¯π(1) -induced one-loop contribution to the neutron electric dipole moment dn , together with the present experimental dn bound, to constrain the CP-violating parameters of the left-right symmetric model. We show that this and related analyses are based on an earlier meson theory dn computation that is not consistent with the power-counting appropriate for an effective field theory. We repeat the one-loop calculation using heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory and find that the resulting dn sensitivity to g¯π(1) is suppressed, implying more relaxed constraints on the parameter space of the left-right symmetric model. Assuming no cancellations between this loop contribution and other contributions, such as the leading order EDM low-energy constant, the present limit on dn implies |g¯π(1)|≲1.1×10−10
Re-examining sin⁡2β and Δmd from evolution of Bd0 mesons with decoherence

In the time evolution of neutral meson systems, a perfect quantum coherence is usually assumed. The important quantities of the Bd0 system, such as sin⁡2β and Δmd , are determined under this assumption. However, the meson system interacts with its environment. This interaction can lead to decoherence in the mesons even before they decay. In our formalism this decoherence is modelled by a single parameter λ . It is desirable to re-examine the procedures of determination of sin⁡2β and Δmd in meson systems with decoherence. We find that the present values of these two quantities are modulated by λ . Re-analysis of Bd0 data from B-factories and LHCb can lead to a clean determination of λ , sin⁡2β and Δmd
In-season calcium-spray formulations improve calcium balance and fruit quality traits of peach

25 Pag., 5 Tabl.  The definitive version is available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1522-2624Experiments to evaluate the effect of in-season calcium (Ca) sprays on late-season peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch cv. Calrico) were carried out for a 2-year period. Calcium formulations (0.5% and 1.0% in 2008 and only 0.5% tested in 2009) supplied either as CaCl2 or Ca propionate in combination with two or three adjuvants (0.05% of the nonionic surfactants Tween 20 and Break Thru, and 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose, CMC) were sprayed four to five times over the growing season. Peach mesocarp and endocarp Ca concentrations were determined on a 15-day basis from the beginning of May until the end of June. Further tissue analyses were performed at harvest. A decreasing trend in fruit Ca concentrations over the growing season was always observed regardless of the Ca treatments. Both in 2008 and 2009, significant tissue Ca increments associated with the application of Ca-containing sprays in combination with adjuvants were only observed in June, which may be coincident with the period of pit hardening. In 2008, both at harvest and after cold storage, the total soluble-solids concentration (° Brix) of fruits supplied with Ca propionate (0.5% and 1.0% Ca) was always lower as compared to the rest of treatments. The application of multiple Ca-containing sprays increased firmness at harvest and after cold storage, especially when CaCl2 was the active ingredient used. Supplying the adjuvants Tween 20 and CMC increased fruit acidity both at harvest and after cold storage. Evaluation of the development of physiological disorders after cold storage (2 weeks at 0°C) indicated a lower susceptibility of Ca-treated fruits to internal browning. Fruits treated with multiple CaCl2-, CMC-, and Break Thru®-containing sprays during the growing season were significantly less prone to the development of chilling injuries as compared to untreated peaches.Dr. V. Fernández is supported by a “Torres Quevedo contract” (MICINN-PTQ) co-financed\ud
by the European Social Fund. Work was financed by AGL2009-08501/AGR (Programa\ud
Nacional de Proyectos de Investigación Fundamental), and INIA (PET2007-09-C5), cofinanced by the European Social Fund.Peer reviewe
'影子'教育: 课外辅导的扩大与影响的比较研究

This journal vol. entitled: The Harmony of Civilization and Prosperity for All: Selected Papers of Beijing Forum (2009-2010)主題：文明的和諧與共同繁榮 — 為了我們共同的家園：責任與行動Theme: The Harmony of Civilizations and Prosperity for All - Commitments and Responsibilities for a Better WorldRecent decades have brought intensification of what in some settings has been called the shadow education system of supplementary private tutoring. Pupils in regular fee-free public schools attend supplementary fee-paying classes after school, at week-ends and during vacations. This practice has received official comment in China as well as in other countries. Tutoring is especially evident during the period leading up to major examinations, but for some pupils occurs at all levels of education systems. The practice has long been ingrained in the cultures of East Asia, and is now increasingly evident in West and Central Asia, in Europe, in North America, and in Africa. Moreover, new types of tutoring over the internet are being provided across national boundaries. In this respect, tutoring is blurring geographic boundaries. © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.published_or_final_versio
Dynamic feeder dyke systems in basaltic volcanoes

In this paper, we describe the 1809 eruption of Mt. Etna, Italy, which represents one historical rare case in which it is possible to observe details of the internal structure of the feeder system. This is possible thanks to the presence of two large pit craters located in the middle of the eruptive fracture field that allow studying a section of the shallow feeder system. Along the walls of one of these craters, we analysed well-exposed cross sections of the uppermost 15–20 m of the feeder system and related volcanic products. Here, we describe the structure, morphology and lithology of this portion of the 1809 feeder system, including the host rock which conditioned the propagation of the dyke, and compare the results with other recent eruptions. Finally, we propose the dynamic model of the magma behaviour inside a laterally-propagating feeder dyke, demonstrating how this dynamic triggered important changes in the eruptive style (from effusive/Strombolian to phreatomagmatic) during the same eruption. Our results are also useful for hazard assessment related to the development of flank eruptions, potentially the most hazardous type of eruption from basaltic volcanoes in densely urbanized areas, such as Mt. Etna
Nitric oxide is a volume transmitter regulating postsynaptic excitability at a glutamatergic synapse.

Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is broadly expressed in the brain and associated with synaptic plasticity through NMDAR -mediated calcium influx. However, its physiological activation and the mechanisms by which nitric oxide (NO) influences synaptic transmission have proved elusive. Here, we exploit the unique input-specificity of the calyx of Held to characterize NO modulation at this glutamatergic synapse in the auditory pathway. NO is generated in an activity-dependent manner by principle neurons receiving a calyceal synaptic input. It acts in the target and adjacent inactive neurons to modulate excitability and synaptic efficacy, inhibiting postsynaptic Kv3 potassium currents (via phosphorylation), reducing EPSCs and so increasing action potential duration and reducing the fidelity of transmission. We conclude that NO serves as a volume transmitter and slow dynamic modulator, integrating spontaneous and evoked neuronal firing, providing an index of global activity and regulating information transmission across a population of active and inactive neurons
Cloud structure and composition of Jupiter's troposphere from 5-mu m Cassini VIMS spectroscopy

The file associated with this record is under a 24-month embargo from publication in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy, available at https://www.elsevier.com/about/company-information/policies/sharing. The full text may be available through the publisher links provided above.Jupiter’s tropospheric composition and cloud structure are studied using Cassini VIMS 4.5–5.1 μμm thermal emission spectra from the 2000–2001 flyby. We make use of both nadir and limb darkening observations on the planet’s nightside, and compare these with dayside observations. Although there is significant spatial variability in the 5-μμm brightness temperatures, the shape of the spectra remain very similar across the planet, suggesting the presence of a spectrally-flat, spatially inhomogeneous cloud deck. We find that a simple cloud model consisting of a single, compact cloud is able to reproduce both nightside and dayside spectra, subject to the following constraints: (i) the cloud base is located at pressures of 1.2 bar or lower; (ii) the cloud particles are highly scattering; and (iii) the cloud is sufficiently spectrally flat. Using this cloud model, we search for global variability in the cloud opacity and the phosphine deep volume mixing ratio. We find that the vast majority of the 5-μμm inhomogeneity can be accounted for by variations in the thickness of the cloud decks, with huge differences between the cloudy zones and the relatively cloud-free belts. The relatively low spectral resolution of VIMS limits reliable retrievals of gaseous species, but some evidence is found for an enhancement in the abundance of phosphine at high latitudes.Peer-reviewedPost-prin
Inhomogeneous theory of dual Diophantine approximation on manifolds.\ud

The theory of inhomogeneous Diophantine approximation on manifolds is developed. In particular, the notion of nice manifolds is introduced and the divergence part of the Groshev type theory is established for all such manifolds. Our results naturally incorporate and generalize the homogeneous measure and dimension theorems for non-degenerate manifolds established to date. The results have natural applications beyond the standard inhomogeneous theory such as Diophantine approximation by algebraic integers
Absence of molybdenum isotope fractionation during magmatic differentiation at Hekla volcano, Iceland.

This study investigates the behaviour of molybdenum (Mo) isotopes during magmatic differentiation. Molybdenum isotope compositions, as well as concentrations of rare earth elements and a selection of trace elements, have been determined for a well characterised sequence of lavas from Hekla volcano, Iceland, covering a compositional range from basalt to rhyolite (46–72 wt.% SiO2), and thought to have developed by differentiation and mixing of melts derived from a cogenetic source. All samples have identical Mo isotopic compositions with an average δ98Mo of −0.15 ± 0.05‰ (2 s.d.; n = 23). There is therefore no resolvable Mo isotope fractionation during magmatic differentiation at Hekla. This finding is supported by the fact that Mo remains highly incompatible in Hekla lavas, increasing from 1.3 to 4.6 μg/g from basalt to rhyolite, indicating that the crystallising phases are extracting only limited amounts of Mo from the magma and therefore that significant fractionation of Mo isotopes is unlikely. It has previously been proposed that cerium (Ce) and Mo have similar bulk distribution coefficients and are equally incompatible during mantle melting. While both Ce and Mo remain incompatible in Hekla lavas, the Ce/Mo ratio decreases from 50 to 36 during magmatic differentiation indicating that Mo is more incompatible than Ce. Comparison of Mo with other incompatible trace elements indicates that Mo is as incompatible as La and slightly less incompatible than K. Sulphur (S) decreases strongly from ∼200 to as low as ∼2 μg/g from basalt to andesite and more evolved compositions, yet this has no effect on the Mo isotopes. Therefore, Mo does not exhibit significant chalcophile behaviour in Hekla magmas. The Mo isotopic signature therefore may be used as an indicator of parent magma composition and a potential discriminant of assimilation processes