pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Evolution and CNO yields of Z = 10-5 stars and possible effects on carbon-enhanced metal-poor production

Aims. Our main goals are to get a deeper insight into the evolution and final fates of intermediate-mass, extremely metal-poor (EMP) stars. We also aim to investigate the C, N, and O yields of these stars.\ud
\ud
Methods. Using the Monash University Stellar Evolution code MONSTAR we computed and analysed the evolution of stars of metallicity Z = 10-5 and masses between 4 and 9 M¿, from their main sequence until the late thermally pulsing (super) asymptotic giant branch, TP-(S)AGB phase.\ud
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Results. Our model stars experience a strong C, N, and O envelope enrichment either due to the second dredge-up process, the dredge-out phenomenon, or the third dredge-up early during the TP-(S)AGB phase. Their late evolution is therefore similar to that of higher metallicity objects. When using a standard prescription for the mass loss rates during the TP-(S)AGB phase, the computed stars are able to lose most of their envelopes before their cores reach the Chandrasekhar mass (mCh), so our standard models do not predict the occurrence of SNI1/2 for Z = 10-5 stars. However, we find that the reduction of only one order of magnitude in the mass-loss rates, which are particularly uncertain at this metallicity, would prevent the complete ejection of the envelope, allowing the stars to either explode as an SNI1/2 or become an electron-capture SN. Our calculations stop due to an instability near the base of the convective envelope that hampers further convergence and leaves remnant envelope masses between 0.25 M¿ for our 4 M¿ model and 1.5 M¿ for our 9 M¿ model. We present two sets of C, N, and O yields derived from our full calculations and computed under two different assumptions, namely, that the instability causes a practically instant loss of the remnant envelope or that the stars recover and proceed with further thermal pulses.\ud
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Conclusions. Our results have implications for the early chemical evolution of the Universe and might provide another piece for the puzzle of the carbon-enhanced EMP star problem.Postprint (published version
A simple, reproducible method for monitoring the treatment of tumours using dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging.

Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging (DCE-MRI) may act as a biomarker for successful cancer therapy. Simple, reproducible techniques may widen this application. This paper demonstrates a single slice imaging technique. The image acquisition is performed in less than 500 ms making it relatively insensitive to respiratory motion. Data from phantom studies and a reproducibility study in solid human tumours are presented. The reproducibility study showed a coefficient of variation (CoV) of 19.1% for K(trans) and 15.8% for the initial area under the contrast enhancement curve (IAUC). This was improved to 16 and 13.9% if tumours of diameter less than 3 cm were excluded. The individual repeatability (the range within which individual measurements are expected to fall) was 30.6% for K(trans) and 26.5% for IAUC for tumours greater than 3 cm diameter. This approach to DCE-MRI image acquisition can be performed with standard clinical scanners, and data analysis is straightforward. For treatment trials with 10 patients in a cohort, the CoV implies that the method would be sensitive to a treatment effect of greater than 18%. The individual repeatability is well inside the 40% change shown to be important in clinical studies using this DCE-MRI technique.1699
Students' perceptions of assessment in undergraduate mathematics.

A consistent message emerges from research on undergraduate students' perceptions of assessment which describes traditional assessment as detrimental to learning. However this literature has not included students in the pure sciences. Mathematics education literature advocates the introduction of innovative assessment at university. In this literature however students' voices tend to be unheard. We investigate mathematics students' perceptions of assessment at one high-ranking UK University. We find that, in contrast to the message from the general literature, students perceive traditional assessment as the best discriminator of ability. We suggest that the drive towards the introduction of innovative assessment in mathematics should be considered in the light of students' perceptions and that further research is needed to investigate the origins of those perceptions as well as how those perceptions may be influenced by the subject of study
This divided land : an examination of regional inequalities in exposure to brownfield land and the association with morbidity and mortality in England.

This paper is the first empirical examination of the association between brownfield land and spatial inequalities in health. Linear mixed modelling of ward-level data suggests that there is higher exposure and susceptibility to brownfield land in the Northern compared to the Southern regions (with the exception of London); that brownfield exposure has an association with regional inequalities in mortality and morbidity within regions (particularly in the North West); that brownfield has an association with inequalities between regions (particularly between the North West and the South East); but that brownfield land only makes a small independent contribution to the North–South health divide in England. However, brownfield land could be a potentially important and previously overlooked independent environmental determinant of spatial inequalities in health in England
Why do adolescents self-harm? An investigation of motives in a community sample

Given the high rates of self-harm among adolescents, recent research has focussed on a better understanding of the motives for the behaviour. The present study had three aims: to investigate (i) which motives are most frequently endorsed by adolescents who report self-harm; (ii) whether motives reported at baseline predict repetition of self-harm over a 6 month period; and (iii) whether self- harm motives differ between boys and girls. 987 school pupils aged 14-16 years completed a lifestyle and coping questionnaire at two time points 6 months apart that recorded self-harm and the associated motives. The motive "to get relief from a terrible state of mind" was the most commonly endorsed reason for self-harm (in boys and girls). Interpersonal reasons (e.g. "to frighten someone") were least commonly endorsed. Regression analyses showed that adolescents who endorsed "wanting to get relief from a terrible state of mind" at baseline were significantly more likely to repeat self-harm at follow-up than those adolescents who did not cite this motive. The results highlight the complex nature of self-harm. They have implications for mental health provision in educational settings, especially in relation to encouraging regulation of emotions and help-seeking
First order limits of sparse graphs : plane trees and path-width\ud

Nesetril and Ossona de Mendez introduced the notion of first order convergence as an attempt to unify the notions of convergence for sparse and dense graphs. It is known that there exist first order convergent sequences of graphs with no limit modeling (an analytic representation of the limit). On the positive side, every first order convergent sequence of trees or graphs with no long path (graphs with bounded tree-depth) has a limit modeling. We strengthen these results by showing that every first order convergent sequence of plane trees (trees with embeddings in the plane) and every first order convergent sequence of graphs with bounded path-width has a limit modeling
Dynamic mineral clouds on HD 189733b I. 3D RHD with kinetic,
  non-equilibrium cloud formation

Observations of exoplanet atmospheres have revealed the presence of cloud
particles in their atmospheres. 3D modelling of cloud formation in atmospheres
of extrasolar planets coupled to the atmospheric dynamics has long been a
challenge. We investigate the thermo-hydrodynamic properties of cloud formation
processes in the atmospheres of hot Jupiter exoplanets. We simulate the dynamic
atmosphere of HD 189733b with a 3D model that couples 3D
radiative-hydrodynamics with a kinetic, microphysical mineral cloud formation
module designed for RHD/GCM exoplanet atmosphere simulations. Our simulation
includes the feedback effects of cloud advection and settling, gas phase
element advection and depletion/replenishment and the radiative effects of
cloud opacity. We model the cloud particles as a mix of mineral materials which
change in size and composition as they travel through atmospheric
thermo-chemical environments. All local cloud properties such as number
density, grain size and material composition are time-dependently calculated.
Gas phase element depletion as a result of cloud formation is included in the
model. In-situ \textit{effective medium theory} and Mie theory is applied to
calculate the wavelength dependent opacity of the cloud component. We present a
3D cloud structure of a chemically complex, gaseous atmosphere of the hot
Jupiter HD 189733b. Mean cloud particle sizes are typically sub-micron
(0.01-0.5 $\mu$m) at pressures less than 1 bar with hotter equatorial regions
containing the smallest grains. Denser cloud structures occur near terminator
regions and deeper ($\sim$ 1 bar) atmospheric layers. Silicate materials such
as MgSiO$_{3}$[s] are found to be abundant at mid-high latitudes, while
TiO$_{2}$[s] and SiO$_{2}$[s] dominate the equatorial regions.Comment: 24 pages, accepted to A&
Transverse momentum, rapidity, and centrality dependence of inclusive
  charged-particle production in $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.02$ TeV p+Pb collisions
  measured by the ATLAS experiment

Measurements of the per-event charged-particle yield as a function of the
charged-particle transverse momentum and rapidity are performed using $p+$Pb
collision data collected by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC at a centre-of-mass
energy of $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.02$ TeV. Charged particles are reconstructed over
pseudorapidity $|\eta|<2.3$ and transverse momentum between $0.1$ GeV and $22$
GeV in a dataset corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $1$ $\mu b^{-1}$.
The results are presented in the form of charged-particle nuclear modification
factors, where the $p+$Pb charged-particle multiplicities are compared between
central and peripheral $p+$Pb collisions as well as to charged-particle cross
sections measured in pp collisions. The $p+$Pb collision centrality is
characterized by the total transverse energy measured in $-4.9<\eta<-3.1$,
which is in the direction of the outgoing lead beam. Three different
estimations of the number of nucleons participating in the $p+$Pb collision are
carried out using the Glauber model and two Glauber-Gribov colour-fluctuation
extensions to the Glauber model. The values of the nuclear modification factors
are found to vary significantly as a function of rapidity and transverse
momentum. A broad peak is observed for all centralities and rapidities in the
nuclear modification factors for charged-particle transverse momentum values
around $3$ GeV. The magnitude of the peak increases for more central collisions
as well as rapidity ranges closer to the direction of the outgoing lead
nucleus.Comment: 24 pages plus author list (41 pages total), 9 figures, 4 tables,
  final version published in Phys. Lett. B, All figures including auxiliary
  figures are available at
  http://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/PAPERS/HION-2012-14
Early Decay of Peccei-Quinn Fermion and the IceCube Neutrino Events

IceCube observed high-energy neutrino flux in the energy region from TeV to
PeV. The decay of a massive long-lived particle in the early universe can be
the origin of the IceCube neutrino events, which we call an "early decay
scenario." In this paper, we construct a particle physics model that contains
such a massive long-lived particle based on the Peccei-Quinn model. We
calculate the present neutrino flux, taking account of realistic initial energy
distributions of particles produced by the decay of the massive long-lived
particle. We show that the early decay scenario naturally fits into the
Peccei-Quinn model, and that the neutrino flux observed by IceCube can be
explained in such a framework. We also see that, based on that model, a
consistent cosmological history that explains the abundance of the massive
long-lived particle is realized.Comment: 20 pages, 2 figures; v2: references added; v3: version accepted for
  publication in PL
PageRank Optimization by Edge Selection\ud

The importance of a node in a directed graph can be measured by its PageRank. The PageRank of a node is used in a number of application contexts – including ranking websites – and can be interpreted as the average portion of time spent at the node by an infinite random walk. We consider the problem of maximizing the PageRank of a node by selecting some of the edges from a set of edges that are under our control. By applying results from Markov decision theory, we show that an optimal solution to this problem can be found in polynomial time. Our core solution results in a linear programming formulation, but we also provide an alternative greedy algorithm, a variant of policy iteration, which runs in polynomial time, as well. Finally, we show that, under the slight modification for which we are given mutually exclusive pairs of edges, the problem of PageRank optimization becomes NP-hard.\u
A pipeline to quantify serum and cerebrospinal fluid microRNAs for diagnosis and detection of relapse in paediatric malignant germ-cell tumours

Background:The current biomarkers alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin have limited sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing malignant germ-cell tumours (GCTs). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) from the miR-371-373 and miR-302/367 clusters are overexpressed in all malignant GCTs, and some of these miRNAs show elevated serum levels at diagnosis. Here, we developed a robust technical pipeline to quantify these miRNAs in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The pipeline was used in samples from a cohort of exclusively paediatric patients with gonadal and extragonadal malignant GCTs, compared with appropriate tumour and non-tumour control groups.Methods:We developed a method for miRNA quantification that enabled sample adequacy assessment and reliable data normalisation. We performed qRT-PCR profiling for miR-371-373 and miR-302/367 cluster miRNAs in a total of 45 serum and CSF samples, obtained from 25 paediatric patients.Results:The exogenous non-human spike-in cel-miR-39-3p and the endogenous housekeeper miR-30b-5p were optimal for obtaining robust serum and CSF qRT-PCR quantification. A four-serum miRNA panel (miR-371a-3p, miR-372-3p, miR-373-3p and miR-367-3p): (i) showed high sensitivity/specificity for diagnosing paediatric extracranial malignant GCT; (ii) allowed early detection of relapse of a testicular mixed malignant GCT; and (iii) distinguished intracranial malignant GCT from intracranial non-GCT tumours at diagnosis, using CSF and serum samples.Conclusions:The pipeline we have developed is robust, scalable and transferable. It potentially promises to improve clinical management of paediatric (and adult) malignant GCTs
Development of local and regional forest based bioenergy in Norway – supply networks, financial support and political commitment

This is the postprint version of the article. The published article can be located at the publisher's webpageThis paper explore reasons and explanations of growth of new bioenergy firms in Norway: Norwegian authorities have a stated goal of doubling the use of bioenergy by 2020, as both a way of developing the renewable energy sector and providing opportunities for rural employment. However studies shows that there are difficulties concerning the profitability in the sector. We approach the question from a supply chain perspective using a comparative case method. Five cases representing small to medium sized supply chains (1–5 MW) for local heating selected from three geographical regions are studied. The focal firms in the supply chains normally specialize in one or two stages in the chain, for example fuel manufacturing and heat production. In all cases national funding was a critical factor and were directed to various stages in the chains and infrastructure. Also, local political involvement was vital for the establishment of the chains.. Moreover, economies of scope and links to supply chains outside bioenergy were essential. In fact, bioenergy providers drew their main income from other sources and may therefore tolerate sparse income from bioenergy for a period. Hence, the answer to the question of why bioenergy supply increases despite poor profitability seems to be actors’ pluriactivity backed by local political engagement and adequate economic support schemes at national level
Inclusive and differential measurements of the tt charge asymmetry in proton-proton collisions at √s=7 TeV

Artículo escrito por muchos autores, sólo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboración y los autores que firman como pertenecientes a la UAMThe tt charge asymmetry is measured in events containing a charged lepton (electron or muon) and at least four jets, one of which is identified as originating from b-quark hadronization. The analyzed dataset corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb−1 collected with the CMS detector at the LHC. An inclusive and three differential measurements of the tt charge asymmetry as a function of rapidity, transverse momentum, and invariant mass of the t.t system are presented. The measured inclusive t.t charge asymmetry is AC = 0.004 ± 0.010 (stat.) ± 0.011 (syst.). This result and the three differential measurements are consistent with zero asymmetry as well as with the predictions of the standard modelWe thank the technical and administrative staff at CERN and other CMS institutes, and acknowledge support from: FMSR (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); MoER, SF0690030s09 and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); OTKA and NKTH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); NRF and WCU (Republic of Korea); LAS (Lithuania); CINVESTAV, CONACYT, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MSI (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan); MON, RosAtom, RAS and RFBR (Russia); MSTD (Serbia); MICINN and CPAN (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); NSC (Taipei); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA).
 Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie programme and the European Research Council (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A.P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l’Industrie et dans l’Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; and the HOMING PLUS programme of Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fun
Measurement of the ZZ cross-section in e(+)e(-) interactions at 183-189 GeV

Measurements of on-shell ZZ production are described, using data collected by DELPHI in 1997 and 1998, at centre-of-mass energies sqrt(s) = 182.6 GeV and 188.6 GeV respectively. Results obtained in each of the final states q qbar q qbar, mu+mu- q qbar, e+e- q qbar, nu nubar q qbar, l+l-l+l-, and nu nubar l+l- are presented. The measured cross-sections for on-shell ZZ production via the tree-level doubly-resonant graphs (NC02) are: sigma_{NC02}(182.6 GeV) = 0.38 +- 0.18 (stat) +- 0.04 (syst) pb, sigma_{NC02}(188.6 GeV) = 0.60 +- 0.13 (stat) +- 0.07 (syst) pb. They are consistent with the Standard Model expectations of 0.25 pb and 0.65 pb at each energy
VALES: II. The physical conditions of interstellar gas in normal
  star-forming galaxies up to z=0.2 revealed by ALMA

We use new Band-3 CO(1-0) observations taken with the Atacama Large
Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) to study the physical conditions in the
interstellar gas of a sample of 27 dusty main-sequence star-forming galaxies at
0.03<$z$<0.2 present in the Valpara\'iso ALMA Line Emission Survey (VALES). The
sample is drawn from far-IR bright galaxies over $\sim$160 deg$^{2}$ in the
Herschel Astrophysical Terahertz Large Area Survey (HATLAS), which is covered
by Herschel [CII] 158 $\mu$m spectroscopy and far-infrared (FIR) photometry.
The [CII] and CO lines are both detected at >5$\sigma$ in 26 sources. We find
an average [CII] to CO(1-0) luminosity ratio of 3500$\pm$1200 for our sample
that is consistent with previous studies. Using the [CII], CO and FIR
measurements as diagnostics of the physical conditions of the interstellar
medium, we compare these observations to the predictions of a photodissociation
region (PDR) model to determine the gas density, surface temperature, pressure,
and the strength of the incident far-ultraviolet (FUV) radiation field,
$G_{0}$, normalised to the Habing Field. The majority of our sample exhibit
hydrogen densities of 4 < $\log n/\mathrm{cm}^{3}$ < 5.5 and experience an
incident FUV radiation field with strengths of 2 < $\log G_0$ < 3 when adopting
standard adjustments. A comparison to galaxy samples at different redshifts
indicates that the average strength of the FUV radiation field appears constant
up to redshift $z\sim$6.4, yet the neutral gas density increases with redshift
by a factor of $\sim$100, that persists regardless of various adjustments to
our observable quantities. This evolution could provide an explanation for the
observed evolution of the star formation rate density with cosmic time, yet
could arise from a combination of observational biases when using different
suites of emission lines as diagnostic tracers of PDR gas.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A. Abstract abridged for arXiv. 13
  pages, including 5 figures and 2 table
Experimental verification of the vibro-impact capsule model.

In this paper, an experimental verification of the vibro-impact capsule model proposed by Liu et al. in [1-3] is presented. The capsule dynamics is investigated experimentally by varying the stiffness of the support spring, and the frequency and the amplitude of excitation. The novel design of the experimental set-up is discussed, and comparisons between the experiments and numerical simulations are presented showing a good agreement. The conducted bifurcation analysis indicates that the behaviour of the system is mainly periodic and that a fine tuning of the control parameters can significantly improve the performance of the system. The main findings provide a better insight into the vibro-impact systems subject to nonlinear friction, and the experimental rig can be used to predict the dynamic behaviour of these systemsSmall Research Grant (31841) by the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland