pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Methionine regulates copper/hydrogen peroxide oxidation products of Aβ

Metal-catalysed oxidation (MCO) may play a causative role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u27s disease (AD). Amyloid peptide (A), the major biomarker of AD, in the presence of copper ions reduces Cu2+ to Cu+ and catalyses the formation of H2O2 that subsequently induces radicals through Fenton chemistry. A is also subject to attack by free radicals, where the presence of Cu2+ in conjunction with H2O2 catalyses oxygenation, primarily at the methionine sulfur atom. This work investigates MCO of A, to gain further insight into the role of oxidative stress in AD. By combining a fluorescence assay with gel electrophoresis to monitor MCO reactions of A (1-28) in the presence and absence of methionine it was determined that methionine can both protect some residues against MCO and promote the oxidation of Tyr(10) specifically. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometric analysis of methionine MCO products indicated the formation of methionine sulfoxide, methionine sulfone and related hydroxylated products. Similar products could be formed from the oxidation of Met(35) of A and may relate to changes in properties of the peptide following MCO. <br /
Design criteria for unified strut and tie models

In the past two decades, the concept of strut and tie models (STM) has been used as one of the most popular and rational approaches for the design of non-flexural members of reinforced concrete structures. Design guidelines based mainly on technology from past decades are given in many national codes. The review of recent advancement in strut and tie modelling given in this paper enables a new set of design criteria and design tables for the strength of strut, node and bearing to be derived and presented. The design formulae proposed for strut and node in this paper are in the form of the product of two partial safety factors which take into account: (i) the orientation of the strut-tie; (ii) the brittle effects as the strength of concrete increases; (iii) the strain state of both concrete and steel; and (iv) the stress state of the node boundary. The design values proposed for plain concrete with a bearing plate ensure that the node does not crack under service conditions and that it possesses sufficient strength under ultimate load conditions. To enhance the worldwide use of such design tables, both the concrete cylinder strength and the concrete cube strength have been used to define the strength of the concrete.postprin
Occupational characteristics, occupational sex segregation, and family migration decisions

This paper examines the effects of occupational characteristics on family migration within Britain. For the first time in the literature, we explicitly theorise and later test the impact of the sex composition of husbands\u27 and wives\u27 occupations on mobility decisions. The empirical analysis consists of panel regression models estimated on dyadic couple-level information from the British Household Panel Survey combined with occupational-level data from the UK Labour Force Survey. Results suggest that some occupational characteristics are significantly associated with family migration, whereas occupational sex segregation has limited impact. Although working in female-dominated occupations is related to a lower propensity to become a lead mover and a higher propensity to become a tied mover, these associations are mediated by the socio-economic and occupational characteristics of the spouses
Gendered Patterns of Migration in Rural South Africa

Gender is increasingly recognised as fundamental to understanding migration processes, causes, and consequences. In South Africa, it is intrinsic to the social transformations fueling high levels of internal migration and complex forms of mobility. Although female migration in Africa has often been characterised as less prevalent than male migration and primarily related to marriage, in South Africa, a feminisation of internal migration is underway, fueled by women's increasing labour market participation. In this paper, we report sex differences in patterns, trends, and determinants of internal migration based on data collected in a demographic surveillance system between 2001 and 2006 in rural KwaZulu‐Natal. We show that women were somewhat more likely than men to undertake any migration, but sex differences in migration trends differed by migration flow, with women more likely to migrate into the area than men and men more likely to out‐migrate. Out‐migration was suppressed by marriage, particularly for women, but most women were not married; both men's and women's out‐migrations were undertaken mainly for purposes of employment. Over half of female out‐migrations (vs 35% of male out‐migrations) were to nearby rural areas. The findings highlight the high mobility of this population and the extent to which gender is intimately related to the processes determining migration. We consider the implications of these findings for the measurement of migration and mobility, in particular for health and social policy and research among highly mobile populations in southern Africa. © 2013 The Authors.  Population, Space and Place  published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
How far do England's second-order cities emulate London as human-capital ‘escalators’?

In the urban resurgence accompanying the growth of the knowledge economy, second-order cities appear to be losing out to the principal city, especially where the latter is much larger and benefits from substantially greater agglomeration economies. The view that any city can make itself attractive to creative talent seems at odds with the idea of a country having just one 'escalator region' where the rate of career progression is much faster, especially for in-migrants. This paper takes the case of England, with its highly primate city-size distribution, and tests how its second-order cities (in size order, Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds, Newcastle, Bristol, Sheffield, Liverpool, Nottingham, and Leicester) compare with London as human-capital escalators. The analysis is based on the Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Survey of linked census records for 1991-2001 and uses one key indicator of upward social mobility - the transition from White Collar Non-core to White Collar Core. For non-migrants, the transition rate for the second-order cities combined is found to fall well short of London's, but in one case - Manchester - the rate is significantly higher than the rest of the country outside the Greater South East. Those moving to the second-order cities during the decade experienced much stronger upward social mobility than their non-migrants, but this 'migrant premium' was generally similar to that for London, suggesting that it results from people moving only after they have secured a better job. Second-order cities, therefore, cannot rely on the speculative migration of talented people but need suitable jobs ready for them to access
Understanding Family Migration in Rural South Africa: Exploring Children's Inclusion in the Destination Households of Migrant Parents

There is growing policy and academic interest in the conditions, experiences, and well-being of migrant families stretched across origin and destination households. In South Africa, the dispersal of children and migrant parents across multiple households is a commonplace childhood\ud
experience. However, in common with the broader international context, quantitative analyses of the social and residential connections between children and migrant parents in South Africa have been limited by the lack of\ud
available data that document family arrangements from the perspective of more than one household. This paper describes a new data collection effort in the origin and destination households of migrants from rural KwaZulu-\ud
Natal and explains the methodology for using this data to examine multiple household contexts for children and parents. In order to illustrate the contribution that this form of data collection effort could make to family migration studies, the paper also presents results on the\ud
living arrangements of children ‘left behind’ by migrant parents; a potentially vulnerable group whose arrangements are challenging to examine with existing data sources. The empirical results show the majority (75%) of left behind\ud
children have previously migrated and a significant\ud
proportion of migrants’ children (25%)were not living in their parent’s origin or destination household. The findings highlight the need for careful measurement of the\ud
circumstances of left behind children and demonstrate\ud
the contribution of linked data for providing insights into the residential arrangements ofmigrants’ children
An Approach to Measuring Dispersed Families with a Particular Focus on Children ‘Left Behind’ by Migrant Parents: Findings from Rural South Africa

There is growing policy and academic interest in the conditions, experiences, and well-being of migrant families stretched across origin and destination households. In South Africa, the dispersal of children and migrant parents across multiple households is a commonplace childhood experience. However, in common with the broader international context, quantitative analyses of the social and residential connections between children and migrant parents in South Africa have been limited by the lack of available data that document family arrangements from the perspective of more than one household. This paper describes a new data collection effort in the origin and destination households of migrants from rural KwaZulu-Natal and explains the methodology for using this data to examine multiple household contexts for children and parents. In order to illustrate the contribution that this form of data collection effort could make to family migration studies, the paper also presents results on the living arrangements of children ‘left behind’ by migrant parents; a potentially vulnerable group whose arrangements are challenging to examine with existing data sources. The empirical results show the majority (75%) of left behind children have previously migrated and a significant proportion of migrants' children (25%) were not living in their parent's origin or destination household. The findings highlight the need for careful measurement of the circumstances of left behind children and demonstrate the contribution of linked data for providing insights into the residential arrangements of migrants' children
Migration decision making as complex choice: Eliciting decision weights under conditions of imperfect and complex information through experimental methods

Migration decisions are complex, involving both economic and non-economic considerations, and are often made in conditions that depart significantly from the idealised information assumptions of many models. This paper uses a three-stage experimental research design to analyse migrant decision making in the face of complexity and varying information conditions (complete, imperfect, and overloading). It pays particular attention to differences based on previous migration experiences. It focuses on four main issues: (a) the balance between monetary and non-monetary factors; (b) the computation, via a range of methods, of relative decision weights attached to different factors; (c) the impact of country image in relation to information; and (d) the role of preferences in dealing with missing information. The research examines the decision weights for eight attributes of potential destination countries for a sample of 157 young, educated individuals in Slovakia. The relative advantages and challenges of utilising experimental methods in migration research are illustrated. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
‘I Already Know the City, I Don’t Have to Explore it’: Adjustments to ‘Sense of Place’ for ‘Local’ UK University Students

Recent conceptualisations of place have sought to reconsider place as being the sedentary equivalent to mobility, instead recognising its dynamism and its potential for evoking powerful emotional responses. These notions hold particular resonance in the realm of higher education, with discussions emerging of the important influence place may hold for students as they progress through university.Although this has been recognised from the perspective of ‘mobile’ students, what is less clear is how these notions of placemight influence the trajectories of ‘local’ students, specifically how feelings of place disruption or identity dislocation might spill out into their non-student lives and their wider sense of ‘being’ students (or nonstudents) within what are often highly emotive and memory-laden places. This is important as the process of ‘re-sensing’ place through the lens of a student may challenge long-established conceptions of the city for ‘local’ students
Talent mobility and the shifting geographies of Latourian knowledge hubs

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: JONS, H., 2015. Talent mobility and the shifting geographies of Latourian knowledge hubs. Population, Space and Place, 21(4), pp.372-389., which has been published in final form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/psp.1878. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.This paper outlines how the mobility of academic talent as a significant dimension of highly skilled migration has impacted on the formation and shifting of global knowledge centres. By conceptualising talent mobility as an integral part of multifold mobilisation processes in Latourian centres of calculation, the paper aims to contribute to an ongoing development of the theoretical resources underpinning migration studies. Using Latour's concept, it examines two case studies on the global circulation of researchers and academics in the 20th century to discuss what their insights imply for future geographies of knowledge production. The analysis shows how academic mobility from and to Europe has contributed to the emergence and reinforcement of an Anglo-American hegemony in science and higher education since the early 20th century. Based on these historical experiences, it is argued that the recent increase in transnational academic mobility from and to Asia-Pacific indicates future changes in the global geographies of knowledge production by shifting the emphasis from transatlantic to transpacific knowledge flows. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The Migration and Well-Being of the Zero Generation: Transgenerational Care, Grandparenting, and Loneliness amongst Albanian Older People

This paper focuses on the so-called ‘zero generation’: the parents of first-generation migrants who are initially left behind in the migrant country of origin and who may subsequently follow their children in migration or engage in transnational back-and-forth mobility. We challenge the prevailing optic on the left-behind older generation which sees them as dependent and in need of care, and stress instead their active participation both in migration and in the administration of care and support to their children and grandchildren. Drawing on interviews with mainly zero-generation Albanians, but also some first-generation migrants, in various geographical contexts – Albania, Italy, Greece and the UK – we trace their evolving patterns of mobility, intergenerational care, wellbeing and loneliness both in Albania and abroad. In telling the often-overlooked story of the zero generation, we highlight both their vulnerability and agency in different circumstances and at different times, shaped by family composition and the ageing process
Rethinking visiting friends and relatives mobilities

The increasing number of people leading more mobile lives, with spatially dispersed families, raises questions over how they maintain their family life and friendships, and how this is shaped and shapes different forms of migration, and different patterns of Visiting Friends and Relatives (VFR). This paper develops an explanatory framework for conceptualizing and analyzing VFR mobilities, seeking to draw together threads from migration, mobilities and tourism studies. In unpacking the notion of VFR, this paper understands VFR mobilities as being constituted of diverse practices, and discusses five of the most important of these: social relationships, the provision of care, affirmations of identities and roots, maintenance of territorial rights, and leisure tourism. While these five types of practices are considered sequentially in this paper, they are in practice often blurred and overlapping. The interweaving of these practices changes over time, as does the meaning and content of individual practices, reflecting changes in the duration of migration, life cycle stage, individual goals and values, and the broader sets of relationships with and social obligations to different kin and friends
Migration and the local transformation of overseas development aid : an analysis of migrants' access to ODA funds in Catalonia

This paper explores the linkages between migrant transnationality, locality, and the transformation of local government practices within the field of overseas development assistance (ODA). A growing literature critically analyses how migrants as development agents are embedded in, as well as challenge, local and transnational power hierarchies. This research field is not only centred on the dynamics in the countries of migrant origin but also includes the interaction between the social and institutional contexts in the receiving country and the transnational development practices of migrants. We explore these wider issues through an analysis of the overall trends in migrant access to ODA among Catalan local governments, which have dedicated a (small) part of their annual budget to ODA activities since the 1980s. We set up an original database with information from four consecutive comprehensive surveys of ODA practices of Catalan local governments between 1999 and 2008, each cohort representing more than 90% of the total Catalan population. Subsequently, we show that variation in migrant access to ODA funds across different local governments and migrant nationalities is related to both the size and diversity of municipalities and a range of institutional/political variables. These include the overall ODA spending of the local government, which party is in power, and the extent to which local governments pool their ODA resources within a regional development association for municipalities. In this way, the analysis contributes to our understanding of the potential of migration and migrant transnational practices to transform local institutional practices
Chronicling Kenyan Asian diasporic histories: ‘newcomers’, ‘established’ migrants, and the post-colonial practices of time-work

The file associated with this record is under embargo until 24 months after publication, in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. The full text may be available through the publisher links provided above.Recent studies of international migration have observed its increasing\ud
complexity. Circular, return and temporary migration between India and Kenya,\ud
arising from the economic and political multi-polarities of increasing SouthSouth\ud
partnerships, is one example of such complexity. These flows are distinct\ud
from the migration patterns of the longer-established Kenyan Asian diaspora,\ud
who settled under the auspices of the British Empire from the 1890s until the\ud
beginning of the 1960s. This paper explores how these transformations are\ud
negotiated through the dynamics of Kenyan Asians’ ongoing post-colonial\ud
liminalities and ambiguities of citizenship, focusing in particular on the temporal\ud
production of distinctions between ‘newcomers’ and ‘established’ migrants, even\ud
when in practice these distinctions are much more fluid. This article highlights\ud
the regulatory practices of ‘time work’ that that enfold the migratory\ud
chronologies of ‘established’ migrants into the time of the nation, whilst\ud
excluding those of ‘newcomers’. It explores the selective remembering,\ud
forgetting and reworking of the colonial past, a process informed by the\ud
dynamics of modernity, diaspora, nation and postcoloniality in contemporary\ud
Kenya. It argues that whilst distinctions between ‘established’ and ‘newcomer’\ud
migrants might reflect different positionings in transnational social fields,\ud
differences are also negotiated in contradictions between the experiences,\ud
meanings and understandings of time. This demonstrates how space on its own\ud
is itself a inadequate conceptual lens with which to examine relationships\ud
between ‘newcomers’ and ‘established’ migrants, and that further research is\ud
needed that attends to the temporal dynamics mediating the temporal\ud
dissonances of contemporary transnational social fields.Peer-reviewedPost-prin
New mobilities across the lifecourse : a framework for analysing demographically-linked drivers of migration

Date of acceptance: 17/02/2015Taking the life course as the central concern, the authors set out a conceptual framework and define some key research questions for a programme of research that explores how the linked lives of mobile people are situated in time–space within the economic, social, and cultural structures of contemporary society. Drawing on methodologically innovative techniques, these perspectives can offer new insights into the changing nature and meanings of migration across the life course.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
Does neighbourhood ethnic concentration in early life affect subsequent labour market outcomes? A study across ethnicgroups in England and Wales

The impact of neighbourhood ethnic concentration on ethnic minorities’ outcomes is a contested topic, with mixed empirical results. In this paper, we use a large-scale longitudinal dataset of England and Wales, covering a 40-year period, to assess the impact of neighbourhood co-ethnic concentration in childhood on subsequent adult labour market outcomes. We distinguish the five main minority groups in the UK and develop theoretical expectations about how social interaction mechanisms in the neighbourhood might influence their employment and social class outcomes, given different group (cultural values and ethnic capital) and individual (gender) characteristics. By separating in time explanatory and outcome variables and by controlling for factors that mediate or confound co-ethnic concentration – such as neighbourhood deprivation, household resources in childhood (i.e. parental social class), and individuals’ own education – our analytical model tackles potential problems of selfselection and endogeneity. Among other findings, we show that greater concentration of co-ethnics in the neighbourhood results in substantially lower labour market participation and lower social class for Pakistani and Bangladeshi women but better social class outcomes for Indian men. We link the outcomes for Pakistani and Bangladeshi women to cultural maintenance of more traditional norms, facilitated by greater social interaction. The results for Indian men, instead, suggest the positive role that high levels of group resources or ‘ethnic capital’ can play. Our study is, we believe, the first to demonstrate a role for coethnic concentration in childhood in explaining Pakistani and Bangladeshi women’s low labour market participation and Indian men’s labour market success