pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Ethnic differences in mental health among incarcerated youths: do Moroccan immigrant boys show less psychopathology than native Dutch boys?

Psychiatric disorders are highly prevalent among incarcerated youth. However, whereas ethnic minority youths are overrepresented in the juvenile justice system, limited research is available on their mental health. In this study, differences in mental health problems between incarcerated adolescents of native Dutch and Moroccan origin, were examined. Child Behavior Checklist and Youth Self-Report scores were compared between incarcerated adolescents of native Dutch and Moroccan origin. Their scores were also compared to those of native Dutch and Moroccan immigrant youths in the general, non-incarcerated population. Native Dutch incarcerated adolescents showed higher levels of various mental health problems than incarcerated adolescents with a Moroccan background. Compared to the general population, incarcerated youths showed higher levels of mental health problems, but this deviation was much larger for native Dutch than for Moroccan immigrant youths. These ethnic differences in mental health problems could not be explained by ethnic differences in socio-economic background and social desirable answering tendencies. Incarcerated youths of Moroccan origin show less psychopathology than incarcerated native Dutch youths, which might be explained by disparities in sentencing procedures
Dynamic Modelling of Nickel Complexation in Xylem Sap of Quercus ilex: A Voltammetric Study

Holm oak (Quercus ilex) is the dominant tree growing on serpentine soils of northeast Portugal, characterized by elevated soil concentrations of Ni and Mg, combined with low Ca concentrations. Apparently Q. ilex does not suffer from excessive concentrations of Ni in the soil. In this work we report a complexation study of nickel by the relevant ligands present in xylem sap: histidine, aspartic acid, oxalic and citric acids, at 0.10 M ionic strength and pH 5.5. Single and mixed complexes were characterized. To validate the proposed complexation model, diluted solutions of Q. ilex xylem sap were titrated with nickel. All studies were done using square-wave voltammetry (SWV) at a hanging mercury drop electrode. Due to the dynamic nature of SWV, it is possible to obtain the conditional stability constants of the complexes formed but also to have knowledge on the kinetics of the interconversion of the species present.http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.20050344
Electrophoretic properties of complexes between DNA and the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

We use agarose gel electrophoresis to characterize how the monovalent catioinic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) compacts double-stranded DNA, which is detected as a reduction in electrophoretic DNA velocity. The velocity reaches a plateau at a ratio R = 1.8 of CTAB to DNA-phosphate charges, i.e., above the neutralization point, and the complexes retain a net negative charge at least up to R = 200. Condensation experiments on a mixture of two DNA sizes show that the complexes formed contain only one condensed DNA molecule each. These CTAB-DNA globules were further characterized by time-resolved measurements of their velocity inside the gel, which showed that CTAB does not dissociate during the migration but possibly upon entry into the gel. Using the Ogston-model for electrophoresis of spherical particles, the measured in-gel velocity of the globule is quantitatively consistent with CTAB having two opposite effects, reduction of both the electrophoretic charge and DNA coil size. In the case of CTAB the two effects nearly cancel, which can explain why opposite velocity shifts (globule faster than uncomplexed DNA) have been observed with some catioinic condensation agents. Dissociation of the complexes by addition of anionic surfactants was also studied. The DNA release from the globule was complete at a mixing ratio between anionic and cationic surfactants equal to 1, in agreement with equilibrium studies. Circular DNA retained its supercoiling, and this demonstrates a lack of DNA nicking in the compaction-release cycle which is important in DNA transfection and purification applications.http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.20040018
Computationally-Assisted Approach to the Vibrational Spectra of Molecular Crystals: Study of Hydrogen-Bonding and Pseudo-Polymorphism13

A new computationally-assisted methodology (PiMM), which accounts for the effects of intermolecular interactions in the crystal, is applied to the complete assignment of the Raman and infrared vibrational spectra of room temperature forms of crystalline caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline. The vibrational shifts due to crystal packing interactions are evaluated from ab initio calculations for a set of suitable molecular pairs, using the B3LYP/6-31G* approach.The proposed methodology provides an answer to the current demand for a reliable assignment of the vibrational spectra of these methyl-xanthines, and clarifies several misleading assignments. The most relevant intermolecular interactions in each system and their effect on the vibrational spectra are considered and discussed. Based on these results, significant insights are obtained for the structure of caffeine in the anhydrous form (stable at room temperature), for which no X-ray structure has been reported. A possible structure based on C(8)-H...N(9) and C(1,3)-H...O intermolecular interactions is suggested.http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cphc.20060030
A Class of Mathematical Programs with Equilibrium Constraints: A Smooth Algorithm and Applications to Contact Problems

We discuss a special mathematical programming problem with equilibrium constraints (MPEC), that arises in material and shape optimization problems involving the contact of a rod or a plate with a rigid obstacle. This MPEC can be reduced to a nonlinear programming problem with independent variables and some dependent variables implicity defined by the solution of a mixed linear complementarity problem (MLCP). A projected-gradient algorithm including a complementarity method is proposed to solve this optimization problem. Several numerical examples are reported to illustrate the efficiency of this methodology in practice.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11081-005-6796-
Influence of polymer processing technique on long term degradation of poly(ε-caprolactone) constructs

Films, fibers, sponges and disks, based on poly(ε-caprolactone), PCL were prepared using solvent-casting, electrospinning, supercritical fluid processing and melt-compression, respectively. The extent of degradation was determined by measuring the change in morphology, crystallinity and molecular weight (MW). The influence of processing method, MW and drug presence on degradation rate was also evaluated. The different processing techniques produced samples of various morphology and crystallinity. Nevertheless, the differences in degradation rate were not so significant during the advanced stage (18–36 months), while some differences existed during the initial stage (up to 18 months). MW had an important effect on degradation rate, while drug did not. The low MW disks had a degradation rate that was lower by one order of magnitude than high MW constructs
Everyday concept detection in visual lifelogs: validation, relationships and trends

The Microsoft SenseCam is a small lightweight wearable camera used to passively capture photos and other sensor readings from a user's day-to-day activities. It can capture up to 3,000 images per day, equating to almost 1 million images per year. It is used to aid memory by creating a personal multimedia lifelog, or visual recording of the wearer's life. However the sheer volume of image data captured within a visual lifelog creates a number of challenges, particularly for locating relevant content. Within this work, we explore the applicability of semantic concept detection, a method often used within video retrieval, on the novel domain of visual lifelogs. A concept detector models the correspondence between low-level visual features and high-level semantic concepts (such as indoors, outdoors, people, buildings, etc.) using supervised machine learning. By doing so it determines the probability of a concept's presence. We apply detection of 27 everyday semantic concepts on a lifelog collection composed of 257,518 SenseCam images from 5 users. The results were then evaluated on a subset of 95,907 images, to determine the precision for detection of each semantic concept. We conduct further analysis on the temporal consistency, co-occurance and trends within the detected concepts to more extensively investigate the robustness of the detectors within this novel domain. We additionally present future applications of concept detection within the domain of lifelogging
Document expansion, query translation and language modeling for ad-hoc IR

For the multilingual ad-hoc document retrieval track (TEL)\ud
at CLEF, Trinity College Dublin and Dublin City University participated in collaboration. Our retrieval experiments focused on i) document expansion using an entry vocabulary module, ii) query translation with Google translate and a statistical MT system, and iii) a comparison of the retrieval models BM25 and language modeling (LM). The major results are that document expansion did not increase MAP; topic translation using the statistical MT system resulted in about 70% of the mean average precision (MAP) achieved compared to Google translate, and LM performs equally or slightly better than BM25. The bilingual retrieval French and German to English experiments obtained 89% and 90% of the best MAP for monolingual English
The Forgotten Tradition. How the Logical Empiricists missed the Philosophical Significance of the work of Riemann, Christoffel and Ricci

Abstract. The paper attempts to show how the Logical Empiricists’ interpretation of the relation between geometry and reality emerges from a “collision” of mathematical traditions. Considering Riemann’s work as the initiator of a 19th century geometrical tradition, whose main protagonists were Helmholtz and Poincaré, the Logical Empiricists neglected the fact that Riemann’s revolutionary insight flourished rather in a non-geometrical tradition dominated by the works of Christoffel and Ricci-Curbastro roughly in the same years. I will argue that in the attempt to draw the line Riemann-Helmholtz-Poincaré-Einstein Logical Empiricists were led to argue that General Relativity raised mainly a problem of mathematical under-determination, i.e. the discovery that there are physical differences that cannot be expressed in the relevant mathematical structure of the theory. However, a historical reconstruction of the alternative line of development Riemann-Chritoffel-Ricci-Einstein shows on the contrary that the main philosophical issue raised by Einstein’s theory was rather that of mathematical over-determination, i.e. the recognition of the presence of redundant mathematical differences that do not have any correspondence in physical reality
Local vibration modes and nitrogen incorporation in AlGaAs: N layers

Raman scattering measurements in dilute AlGaAs:N films grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy on (100) GaAs substrates reveal strong local vibration modes (LVM) associated to N complexes. The LVM observed frequencies between 325 and 540 cm–1 are in good agreement with density functional theory supercell calculations of AlnGa4–nN complexes (n = 1,2,3,4). We find that the observed LVMs correspond to all n values including Al4N. The LVMs spectra are resonant at energies around 1.85 eV. The values of the extended phonon frequencies of the ternary compound (GaAs and AlAs-like) reveal changes in the N distribution depending on the growth conditions: A transition from random- to nonrandom nitrogen distribution is observed upon increasing the growth temperature. Our results confirm the preferential bonding of N to Al in AlGaAs:N, due to the higher Al-N bond strength as compared to the Ga-N bond
Implosion Experiments using Glass Ablators for Direct-Drive Inertial Confinement Fusion.

Direct-drive implosions with 20-μm-thick glass shells were conducted on the Omega Laser Facility to test the performance of high-Z glass ablators for direct-drive, inertial confinement fusion. The x-ray signal caused by hot electrons generated by two-plasmon-decay instability was reduced by more than ∼40× and hot-electron temperature by ∼2× in the glass compared to plastic ablators at ignition-relevant drive intensities of ∼1×1015  W/cm2, suggesting reduced target preheat. The measured absorption and compression were close to 1D predictions. The measured soft x-ray production in the spectral range of ∼2 to 4 keV was ∼2× to 3× lower than 1D predictions, indicating that the shell preheat caused by soft x-rays is less than predicted. A direct-drive-ignition design based on glass ablators is introduced
Critical analysis of the European Union directive which regulates the use of biofuels: An approach to the Spanish case.

For more than a decade we have lived in a period where the so-called “sustainability” is crucial and is motivated primarily by the social awareness of achieving a balance between human development and the conservation of the environment. This philosophy has a direct and inevitable impact on business and politics. Governments have long since been developing standards and encouraging various diverse initiatives whose aim is to defend the environment.\ud
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In recent times, the global debate on the environment has been centred on CO2 emissions. This gas is the major cause of the “greenhouse effect” and people are more concerned with the idea that the emissions of this gas should be minimized. As a result of this concern, the Kyoto Protocol was enacted and subscribed to by many countries, setting the maximum gas emissions for them.\ud
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Fossil fuels are a major source of CO2 emissions. In 2003 the European Union (EU) directive 2003/30/EC [2003/30/EC Directive of the European Parliament and the Council—8th may 2003. On the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport] was developed with the aim of promoting the use of biofuels as a substitute for diesel or petrol among European Union countries as well as to contribute to fulfilling the commitments on climate change, security of supply in environmentally friendly conditions and the promotion of renewable energy sources.\ud
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In order to achieve these goals, the directive forces all EU members to ensure that at least 5.75% of all petrol and diesel fuels sold for transport purposes are biofuels before December 31 of 2010. European Union countries have social and economic characteristics unique to themselves. The energy dependence from foreign sources, the features of the agricultural sector or the degree of industrialization varies greatly from one country to another. In this context, it is questionable whether the obligation imposed by this directive applies to achieve uniform and/or identical goals in each of the countries involved and whether the actions of the various governments are also aligned with these goals
Metabolomics demonstrates divergent responses of two Eucalyptus species to water stress

Past studies of water stress in Eucalyptus spp. generally highlighted the role of fewer than five “important” metabolites, whereas recent metabolomic studies on other genera have shown tens of compounds are affected. There are currently no metabolite profiling data for responses of stress-tolerant species to water stress. We used GC–MS metabolite profiling to examine the response of leaf metabolites to a long (2 month) and severe (Ψpredawn < −2 MPa) water stress in two species of the perennial tree genus Eucalyptus (the mesic Eucalyptus pauciflora and the semi-arid Eucalyptus dumosa). Polar metabolites in leaves were analysed by GC–MS and inorganic ions by capillary electrophoresis. Pressure–volume curves and metabolite measurements showed that water stress led to more negative osmotic potential and increased total osmotically active solutes in leaves of both species. Water stress affected around 30–40% of measured metabolites in E. dumosa and 10–15% in E. pauciflora. There were many metabolites that were affected in E. dumosa but not E. pauciflora, and some that had opposite responses in the two species. For example, in E. dumosa there were increases in five acyclic sugar alcohols and four low-abundance carbohydrates that were unaffected by water stress in E. pauciflora. Re-watering increased osmotic potential and decreased total osmotically active solutes in E. pauciflora, whereas in E. dumosa re-watering led to further decreases in osmotic potential and increases in total osmotically active solutes. This experiment has added several extra dimensions to previous targeted analyses of water stress responses in Eucalyptus, and highlights that even species that are closely related (e.g. congeners) may respond differently to water stress and re-waterin
Ultra intense laser/plasma interaction at normal incidence: Relativistic mirrors effects, high harmonics generation and absorption.

An analytical study of the relativistic interaction of a linearly-polarized laser-field of w frequency with highly overdense plasma is presented. Very intense high harmonics are generated produced by relativistic mirrors effects due to the relativistic electron plasma oscillation. Also, in agreement with 1D Particle-In-Cell Simulations (PICS), the model self-consistently explains the transition between the sheath inverse bremsstrahlung (SIB) absorption regime and the J×B heating (responsible for the 2w electron bunches), as well as the mean electron energy
Analytical properties of horizontal visibility graphs in the Feigenbaum scenario

Time series are proficiently converted into graphs via the horizontal visibility (HV) algorithm, which prompts interest in its capability for capturing the nature of different classes of series in a network context. We have recently shown [B. Luque et al., PLoS ONE 6, 9 (2011)] that dynamical systems can be studied from a novel perspective via the use of this method. Specifically, the period-doubling and band-splitting attractor cascades that characterize unimodal maps transform into families of graphs that turn out to be independent of map nonlinearity or other particulars. Here, we provide an in depth description of the HV treatment of the Feigenbaum scenario, together with analytical derivations that relate to the degree distributions, mean distances, clustering\ud
coefficients, etc., associated to the bifurcation cascades and their accumulation points. We describe how the resultant families of graphs can be framed into a renormalization group scheme in which fixed-point graphs reveal their scaling properties. These fixed points are then re-derived from an entropy optimization process defined for the graph sets, confirming a suggested connection between renormalization group and entropy optimization. Finally, we provide analytical and numerical\ud
results for the graph entropy and show that it emulates the Lyapunov exponent of the map independently of its sign
Plasma–wall interaction in laser inertial fusion reactors: novel proposals for radiation tests of first wall materials

Dry-wall laser inertial fusion (LIF) chambers will have to withstand strong bursts of fast charged particles which will deposit tens of kJ m−2 and implant more than 1018 particles m−2 in a few microseconds at a repetition rate of some Hz. Large chamber dimensions and resistant plasma-facing materials must be combined to guarantee the chamber performance as long as possible under the expected threats: heating, fatigue, cracking, formation of defects, retention of light species, swelling and erosion. Current and novel radiation resistant materials for the first wall need to be validated under realistic conditions. However, at present there is a lack of facilities which can reproduce such ion environments.\ud
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This contribution proposes the use of ultra-intense lasers and high-intense pulsed ion beams (HIPIB) to recreate the plasma conditions in LIF reactors. By target normal sheath acceleration, ultra-intense lasers can generate very short and energetic ion pulses with a spectral distribution similar to that of the inertial fusion ion bursts, suitable to validate fusion materials and to investigate the barely known propagation of those bursts through background plasmas/gases present in the reactor chamber. HIPIB technologies, initially developed for inertial fusion driver systems, provide huge intensity pulses which meet the irradiation conditions expected in the first wall of LIF chambers and thus can be used for the validation of materials too
Short-term effects of four tillage practices on soil physical properties, soil water potential, and maize yield

The area cultivated using conservation tillage has recently increased in central Spain. However, soil compaction\ud
and water retention with conservation tillage still remains a genuine concern for landowners in this region be-\ud
cause of its potential effect on the crop growth and yield. The aim of this research is to determine the short-\ud
term influences of four tillage treatments on soil physical properties. In the experiment, bulk density, cone\ud
index, soil water potential, soil temperature and maize (Zea mays L.) productivity have been measured. A field\ud
experiment was established in spring of 2013 on a loamy soil. The experiment compared four tillage methods\ud
(zero tillage, ZT; reservoir tillage, RT; minimum tillage, MT; and conventional tillage, CT). Soil bulk density and\ud
soil cone index were measured during maize growing season and at harvesting time. Furthermore, the soil\ud
water potential was monitored by using a wireless sensors network with sensors at 20 and 40 cm depths. Also,\ud
soil temperatures were registered at depths of 5 and 12 cm. Results indicated that there were significant differ-\ud
ences between soil bulk density and cone index of ZT method and those of RT, MT, and CT, during the growing\ud
season; although, this difference was not significant at the time of harvesting in some soil layers. Overall, in\ud
most soil layers, tillage practice affected bulk density and cone index in the order: ZT N RT N MT N CT. Regardless\ud
oftheentireobservationperiod,results exhibited that soils under ZT and RT treatments usually resulted in higher\ud
water potential and lower soil temperature than the other two treatments at both soil depths. In addition, clear\ud
differences in maize grain yield were observed between ZT and CT treatments, with a grain yield (up to 15.4%)\ud
increase with the CT treatment. On the other hand, no significant differences among (RT, MT, and CT) on\ud
maizeyieldwerefound.Inconclusion,the impact of soil compaction increase and soil temperature decrease,pro-\ud
duced by ZT treatment is a potential reason for maize yield reduction in this tillage method. We found that RT\ud
could be certainly a viable option for farmers incentral Spain,particularly when switching to conservation tillage from conventional tillage. This technique showed a moderate and positive effect on soil physical properties and\ud
increased maize yields compared to ZT and MT, and provides an opportunity to stabilize maize yields compared\ud
to CT