pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Community-based population-level interventions for promoting child oral health

This review provides evidence of low certainty suggesting that community-based oral health promotion interventions that combine oral health education with supervised toothbrushing or professional preventive oral care can reduce dental caries in children. Other interventions, such as those that aim to promote access to fluoride, improve children\u27s diets or provide oral health education alone, show only limited impact. We found no clear indication of when is the most effective time to intervene during childhood. Cost-effectiveness, long-term sustainability and equity of impacts and adverse outcomes were not widely reported by study authors, limiting our ability to make inferences on these aspects. More rigorous measurement and reporting of study results would improve the quality of the evidence
Automated telephone communication systems for preventive healthcare and management of long-term conditions

The objectives are as follows:\ud
• To assess the effects of automated telephone communication systems (ATCS) compared with usual care, for improving primary\ud
preventive healthcare and management of long-term conditions in terms of: 1) behavioural change; 2) clinical outcomes; 3) process outcomes; 4) cognitive outcomes; and 5) adverse outcomes.\ud
• To determine which type of ATCS is most effective for primary preventive healthcare and management of long-term conditions.\ud
• To explore which interventional design components may contribute to positive consumer behavioural change
Lung recruitment manoeuvres for reducing respiratory morbidity in mechanically ventilated neonates

This is the protocol for a review and there is no abstract. The objectives are as follows:\ud
\ud
To determine the evidence supporting the use of recruitment manoeuvres in mechanically ventilated neonates and identify the optimal method of lung recruitment. To determine the effects of lung recruitment manoeuvres in neonates receiving ventilatory support on neonatal mortality and development of chronic lung disease when compared to no recruitment.\ud
\ud
If data are available, subgroup analyses will include:\ud
\ud
chronological age, gestational age, lung pathophysiology and pre-existing lung disease, mode and length of ventilation, timing and frequency of recruitment techniques
Training interventions for improving telephone consultation skills in clinicians (Review)

Since 1879, the year of the first documented medical telephone consultation, the ability to consult by telephone has become an integral part of modern patient-centred healthcare systems. Nowadays, up to a quarter of all care consultations are conducted by telephone. Studies have quantified the impact of medical telephone consultation on clinicians’ workload and detected the need for quality improvement. While doctors routinely receive training in communication and consultation skills, this does not necessarily include the specificities of telephone communication and consultation. Several studies assessed the short-term effect of interventions aimed at improving clinicians’ telephone consultation skills, but there is no systematic review reporting patient-oriented outcomes or outcomes of interest to clinicians
Electrical stimulation with non-implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults

A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S We would like to thank members of the Cochrane Incontinence Review Group (June Cody, Cathryn Glazener, Bronwyn Davidson, Suzanne MacDonald, Sheila Wallace, Muhammad Imran Omar, and Nicola Dean) for their relevant help during the preparation of this review. We would like to thank Mari Beagrie, Miriam Brazzelli, Clare de Labrusse, Beatriz Goulao, Anna Sierawska and Gavin Stewart for their invaluable help with translation. External sources • The National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), UK. This project was supported byNIHR via Cochrane Infrastructure, Cochrane Programme Grant or Cochrane Incentive funding to the Incontinence Group. The views and opinions expressed therein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Systematic Reviews Programme, NIHR, National Health Service (NHS) or the Department of Health. • NHS Grampian Endowment Research Grants, UK. This project was also supported by NHS Grampian Endowment Research Grants.Peer reviewedPublisher PD
Psychological therapies (Internet-delivered) for the management of chronic pain in adults

Chronic pain (i.e. pain lasting longer than three months) is common. Psychological therapies (e.g. cognitive behavioural therapy) can help people to cope with pain, depression and disability that can occur with such pain. Treatments currently are delivered via hospital out-patient consultation (face-to-face) or more recently through the Internet. This participants with headache conditions. Psychological therapies reduced pain and disability post-treatment; however, no clear evidence of benefit was found for depression and anxiety. For participants with non-headache conditions, psychological therapies delivered via the Internet reduced pain, disability, depression, and anxiety post-treatment. The positive effects on disability were maintained at follow-up. These effects are promising, but considerable uncertainty remains around the estimates of effect. These results come from a small number of trials, with mostly wait-list controls, no reports of adverse events, and non-clinical recruitment methods. Due to the novel method of delivery, the satisfaction and acceptability of these therapies should be explored in this population. These results are similar to those of reviews of traditional face-to-face therapies for chronic pain
Negative pressure wound therapy for treating foot wounds in people with diabetes mellitus (Review)

Diabetes mellitus is a common condition that leads to high blood glucose concentrations, with around 2.8 million people affected in the UK (approximately 4.3% of the population). Some people with diabetes can develop ulcers on their feet. These wounds can take a long time to heal, be painful and become infected. Ulceration of the foot in people with diabetes can also lead to a higher risk of amputation of parts of the foot or leg. Generally, people with diabetes are at a higher risk of lower-limb amputation than people without diabetes. Negative pressure wound therapy is a wound treatment which involves applying suction to a wound; it is used increasingly around the world but it is not clear how effective it is. It also expensive compared with treatments such as dressings. We found five randomised controlled trials that compared negative pressure wound therapy with other treatments. We found some preliminary evidence that negative pressure wound therapy increases the healing of foot wounds on people with diabetes compared with other treatments. However, the findings are not conclusive and more, better quality randomised controlled trials are required
Interventions for preventing abuse in the elderly (protocol)

This is the protocol for a review and there is no abstract. The objectives are as follows:The primary objective of the review is to assess the effectiveness of primary, secondary and tertiary intervention programmes utilised to reduce or prevent, or both, elderly abuse in organisational, institutional and community settings. We will also identify and report on adverse consequences or effects of the intervention/s in the review.The secondary objective is to investigate whether intervention?s effects are modified by types of abuse, types of participants, setting of intervention or cognitive status of the elderly
Interventions for the reduction of prescribed opioid use in chronic non-cancer pain

Background Patients with chronic non-cancer pain who are prescribed and are taking opioids can have a history of long term high dose opioid use without effective pain relief. In those without good pain relief, reduction of prescribed opioid dose may be the desired and shared goal of both patient and clinician. Simple unsupervised reduction of opioid use is clinically challenging, and very difficult to achieve and maintain. Objectives To investigate the effectiveness of different methods designed to achieve Authors’ conclusions Both included studies were at significant risk of bias because of their small size, together with other important issues, including blinding. Because of this risk and the paucity of relevant studies, no conclusions can be drawn regarding the effectiveness of interventions for opioid withdrawal in chronic non-cancer pain.reduction or cessation of prescribed opioid use for the management of chronic non-cancer pain. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL),MEDLINE, and EMBASE from inception to 8th April 2013, as well as bibliographies. Selection criteria Included studies had to be randomised controlled trials comparing opioid users receiving an intervention with a control group receiving treatment as usual, active control, or placebo. The aim of the study had to include a treatment goal of dose reduction or cessation of opioid medication. Data collection and analysis We sought data relating to prescribed opioid use, adverse events of opioid reduction, pain, and psychological and physical function. Main results Two studies provided information on 86 participants. One compared electroacupuncture with sham acupuncture for 20 minutes twice a week for six weeks; there was no difference between treatments. The other followed 11 weeks of cognitive behavioural therapy with either therapeutic interactive voice response through a computer for four months or usual treatment; the active group had a significant reduction in opioid use, while the usual care group had a significant increase. Authors’ conclusions Both included studies were at significant risk of bias because of their small size, together with other important issues, including blinding. Because of this risk and the paucity of relevant studies, no conclusions can be drawn regarding the effectiveness of interventions for opioid withdrawal in chronic non-cancer pain
Interventions for treating slipped upper femoral epiphysis (SUFE).

Although a rare condition, slipped upper femoral epiphysis (SUFE) is one of the most common types of paediatric and adolescent hip disorder. SUFE involves instability of the growth plate (often called the physis) at the junction between the head and neck of the thigh bone (femur) resulting in the head of the femur staying in the acetabulum and the neck slipping forward and outward. Although, the cause is poorly understood, several anatomical features and medical conditions have been implicated. The following features lead to an increase in the shear forces across the physis and can lead to SUFE (Herring 2008):\ud
 \ud
1.\ud
increased weight (> 80th centile);\ud
\ud
\ud
2.\ud
femoral retroversion (> 10º);\ud
\ud
\ud
3.\ud
increased physis height due to widened hypertrophic zone;\ud
\ud
\ud
4.\ud
more vertical slope of the physis; and\ud
\ud
\ud
5.\ud
trauma.\ud
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\ud
 \ud
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Medical conditions associated with SUFE include endocrine disorders, renal failure osteodystrophy and previous radiation therapy (Loder 2000). About 30% of SUFE patients subsequently develop bilateral SUFE with the other hip slipping as well.\u
Thromboelastography (TEG) and rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) for trauma‑induced coagulopathy in adult trauma patients with bleeding

This review is published as a Cochrane Review in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 2. Cochrane Reviews are regularly updated as new evidence emerges and in response to comments and criticisms, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews should be consulted for the most recent version of the Review.Trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC) is a disorder of the blood clotting process that occurs soon after trauma injury. A diagnosis of TIC on admission is associated with increased mortality rates, increased burdens of transfusion, greater risks of complications and longer stays in critical care. Current diagnostic testing follows local hospital processes and normally involves conventional coagulation tests including prothrombin time ratio/international normalized ratio (PTr/INR), activated partial prothrombin time and full blood count. In some centres, thromboelastography (TEG) and rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) are standard tests, but in the UK they are more commonly used in research settings
Surgical versus non-surgical interventions in people with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Background:\ud
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a three-dimensional deformity of the spine. While AIS can progress during growth and cause a surface deformity, it is usually not symptomatic. However, if the final spinal curvature surpasses a certain critical threshold, the risk of health problems and curve progression is increased. Interventions for the prevention of AIS progression include scoliosis-specific exercises, bracing, and surgery. The main aims of all types of interventions are to correct the deformity and prevent further deterioration of the curve and to restore trunk asymmetry and balance, while minimising morbidity and pain, allowing return to full function. Surgery is normally recommended for curvatures exceeding 40 to 50 degrees to stop curvature progression with a view to achieving better truncal balance and cosmesis. Short-term results of the surgical treatment of people with AIS demonstrate the ability of surgery to improve various outcome measures. However there is a clear paucity of information on long-term follow-up of surgical treatment of people with AIS.\ud
Objectives: To examine the impact of surgical versus non-surgical interventions in people with AIS who have severe curves of over 45 degrees, with a focus on trunk balance, progression of scoliosis, cosmetic issues, quality of life, disability, psychological issues, back pain, and adverse effects, at both the short term (a few months) and the long term (over 20 years).\ud
Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Back Review Group Trials Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, four other databases, and three trials registers up to August 2014 with no language limitations. We also checked the reference lists of relevant articles and conducted an extensive handsearch of the grey literature.\ud
Selection criteria: We searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and prospective controlled trials comparing spinal fusion surgery with non-surgical interventions in people with AIS with a Cobb angle greater than 45 degrees. We were interested in all types of instrumented surgical interventions with fusion that aimed to provide curve correction and spine stabilisation.\ud
Data collection and analysis: We found no RCTs or prospective controlled trials that met our inclusion criteria.\ud
Main results: We did not identify any evidence comparing surgical to non-surgical interventions for AIS with severe curves of over 45 degrees.\ud
Authors' conclusions: \ud
We cannot draw any conclusions
Intermittent Preventive Antimalarial Treatment for Children with Anaemia.

Anaemia is a global public health problem. Children under five years of age living in developing countries (mostly Africa and South-East Asia) are highly affected. Although the causes for anaemia are multifactorial, malaria has been linked to anaemia in children living in malaria-endemic areas. Administering intermittent preventive antimalarial treatment (IPT) to children might reduce anaemia, since it could protect children from new Plasmodium parasite infection (the parasites that cause malaria) and allow their haemoglobin levels to recover. To assess the effect of IPT for children with anaemia living in malaria-endemic areas. We searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register, Cochrane Central of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), published in The Cochrane Library; MEDLINE; EMBASE; and LILACS. We also searched the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trial Registry Platform and metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT) for ongoing trials up to 4 December 2014. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effect of IPT on children with anaemia. Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias. We analysed data by conducting meta-analyses, stratifying data according to whether participants received iron supplements or not. We used GRADE to assess the quality of evidence. Six trials with 3847 participants met our inclusion criteria. Trials were conducted in areas of low malaria endemicity (three trials), and moderate to high endemicity (three trials). Four trials were in areas of seasonal malaria transmission. Iron was given to all children in two trials, and evaluated in a factorial design in a further two trials.IPT for children with anaemia probably has little or no effect on the proportion anaemic at 12 weeks follow-up (four trials, 2237 participants, (moderate quality evidence).IPT in anaemic children probably increases the mean change in haemoglobin levels from baseline to follow-up at 12 weeks on average by 0.32 g/dL (MD 0.32, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.45; four trials, 1672 participants, moderate quality evidence); and may improve haemoglobin levels at 12 weeks (MD 0.35, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.64; four trials, 1672 participants, low quality evidence). For both of these outcomes, subgroup analysis did not demonstrate a difference between children receiving iron and those that did not.IPT for children with anaemia probably has little or no effect on mortality or hospital admissions at six months (three trials, 3160 participants moderate quality evidence). Subgroup analysis did not show a difference between those children receiving iron supplements and those that did not. Trials did show a small effect on average haemoglobin levels but this did not appear to translate into an effect on mortality and hospital admissions. Three of the six trials were conducted in low endemicity areas where transmission is low and thus any protective effect is likely to be modest
Educational programmes for primary prevention of skin cancer (Protocol)

This is the protocol for a review and there is no abstract. The objectives are as follows:\ud
\ud
To assess the effects of education programmes for skin cancer prevention in the general population.\ud
\ud
Description of the condition \ud
\ud
Skin cancer is a term that includes both melanoma and keratinocyte cancer. Keratinocyte cancer (also known as nonmelanoma skin cancer) generally refers to basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), although it also includes other rare cutaneous neoplasms (Madan 2010). Skin cancer is the most common cancer in populations of predominantly fair-skinned people (Donaldson 2011; Lomas 2012; Stern 2010), with incidence increasing (Garbe 2009; Leiter 2012). There are variations in annual incidence rates between these populations, with Australia reporting the highest rate of skin cancer in the world (Lomas 2012). In 2012, the estimated age-standardised incidence rate for melanoma was almost 63 per 100,000 people for Australian men, and 40 per 100,000 people for Australian women (AIHW 2012). In Europe, incidence rates range from 10 to 15 per 100,000 people (Garbe 2009; Lasithiotakis 2006), with rates highest amongst men (Stang 2006). In the United States, incidence rates are approximately 18 per 100,000 people (Garbe 2009),with the highest rates reported forwomen (Bradford 2010). Keratinocyte cancer is much more common than melanoma. In 2012, the estimated Australian age-standardised rates for BCCand SCC were 884 and 387 per 100,000 people, respectively (Staples 2006). The cumulative three-year risk of developing a subsequent keratinocyte cancer is 18% for SCC and 44% for BCC (Marcil 2000)
Strategies for the discontinuation of humidified high flow nasal cannula (HHFNC) in preterm infants (Review)

BACKGROUND: Humidified high flow nasal cannula (HHFNC) delivers humidified gas at increased flow rates via binasal prongs and is becoming widely accepted as a method of non-invasive respiratory support for preterm infants. While indications for the use of (HHFNC) and its associated risks and benefits are being investigated, the best strategy for the discontinuation of HHFNC remains unknown. At what point an infant is considered stable enough to attempt to start withdrawing their HHFNC is not known. The criteria for a failed attempt at HHFNC discontinuation is also unclear
Therapeutic exercises for affecting post-treatment swallowing in people treated for advanced-stage head and neck cancers.

Systematic review. Protocol is available from http://hdl.handle.net/10059/1670.Background - Head and neck cancer treatment has developed over the last decade, with improved mortality and survival rates, but the treatments often result in dysphagia (a difficulty in swallowing) as a side effect. This may be acute, resolving after treatment, or remain as a long-term negative sequela of head and neck cancer (HNC) treatment. Interventions to counteract the problems associated with dysphagia include swallowing exercises or modification of diet (bolus texture, size), or both. Objectives - To determine the effects of therapeutic exercises, undertaken before, during and/or immediately after HNC treatment, on swallowing, aspiration and adverse events such as chest infections, aspiration pneumonia and profound weight loss, in people treated curatively for advanced-stage (stage III, stage IV) squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.National Institute for Health Research via Cochrane funding to Cochrane ENT
Policies for replacing long-term indwelling urinary catheters in adults

We would also like to thank the foll owing Cochrane Incontinence editorial base staff members for their help and support with this re-view: Cathryn Glazener, Sheila Wallace, Mandy Fader, Peter Her-bison and Suzanne Macdonald. The review authors are grateful to Toby Lasseron for his advice. The review authors are thankful to Dr Beverly Priefer for responding to our query about Priefer 1982. Policies for replacing long‐term indwelling urinary catheters in adults, Protocol, Fergus PM Cooper, Cameron Edwin Alexander, Sanjay Sinha, Muhammad Imran Omar; https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011115; 14 May 2014Peer reviewedPublisher PD
Community pharmacy interventions for health promotion : effects on professional practice and health outcomes (Protocol).

This is the protocol for a review and there is no abstract. The objectives are as follows:\ud
Primary objective\ud
To assess the effectiveness of health promotion interventions in community pharmacy practice settings on pharmacy workers and pharmacy clients (including diagnosed patients) when compared to\ud
i) No treatment controls\ud
ii) Usual treatment controls\ud
iii) Other active intervention\ud
Secondary objectives\ud
To assess whether there are differences in effectiveness of health promotion interventions in community pharmacy practice settings on\ud
i) Pharmacy worker\ud
ii) Client (patient)\ud
with regard to:\ud
i) Ethnicity of patients\ud
ii) Country income level (World Bank Group 2009)\ud
iii) Extent of adverse health behaviour (defined according to national guidelines where available)\ud
iv) Type of pharmacy worker delivering the intervention (e.g. pharmacist versus pharmacist technician)\ud
v) Theoretical constructs/components and behaviour change techniques employed in the intervention\ud
vi) Costs of health car