pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
GPS-derived interseismic coupling on the subduction and seismic hazards in the Atacama region, Chile

International audienceThe Atacama region (between 29°S and 25°S) is located in the North-Central area of Chile, a tectonically complex transition area between North and Central Chile. Deformation in Atacama is due mainly to elastic loading on the subduction interface but also to diffuse shortening in the Sierras Pampeanas, Argentina. The seismicity of the subduction is complex in this region: seismic swarms often occur, moderate (Mw ∼ 6) to large (Mw ∼ 7) earthquakes occur repeatedly and finally, megathrust earthquakes of magnitudes significantly larger than 8 occur once in a while, the last one being in 1922—almost a century ago. We use new GPS data we collected in the Atacama region between 2008 and 2012 to complete and densify existing data we acquired since 2004 in North-Central Chile. These new data allow to quantify the motion of the Andean sliver and assess the kinematic coupling on the subduction interface at these latitudes. We find that only 7 per cent of the whole convergence motion is taken up by an eastward rotation of the rigid sliver. A large part of the remaining 93 per cent (approximately 6 cm/yr) gives way to accumulation of elastic deformation in the upper plate, due to locking on the plate interface. This accumulation shows important along-strike and along-dip variations, interpreted in terms of variable coupling which we correlate with seismicity. We identify two areas of low coupling near the 'La Serena' (30°S) and 'Baranquilla' (27.5°S) bays. Both are correlated with the subduction of singular bathymetric features and seem to stop the propagation of large seismic ruptures. These zones are also seismic swarm prone areas, which seem to occur rather on their edges. These low coupling areas separate two seismic segments where coupling is high: the Atacama segment ( ∼100 km long between 29◦S and 28◦S) and the Cha ̃naral segment (∼200 km long between 27◦S and 25◦S). Should they rupture alone, these segments are sufficiently coupled and apparently since long enough, to produce Mw∼8 events. However, a collective failure of both segments could generate a megathrust earthquake of magnitude close to 8.5, similar to the 1819 and 1922 complex events, which produced important tsunamis. Such giant events may occur in the area once a century
Pop-down tectonics, fluid channelling and ore deposits within ancient hot orogens

International audienceMany Archaean and Paleoproterozoic deformation zones, often rich in ore resources, show particular structural patterns in particularmarked by regional vertical stretch. These zones are not restricted to greenstone-bearing Archaean domains that may have suffered gravity-driven sagduction of heavy supra-crustals, as extensively discussed since the last twenties. Structures are actually best explained by pop-down tectonics of upper-crustal unitswithin an underlyingweak crust submitted to horizontal regional shortening.Herewe present three complementary examples fromtwo Archaean greenstone belts (Abitibi sub-Province, Quebec, andMurchison belt, South Africa) and one greenstone-lacking Paleoproterozoic belt (Thompson belt,Manitoba). In the three examples, ore is concentrated along steeply dipping deformation zones, rich in syntectonic deposits and marked by substantial sub-vertical crustal stretch. On the other hand, the three regions show differences in age, in metamorphic grade (from sub-greenschist facies to upper amphibolite facies), in metal contents (gold, antimony, nickel), in metal sources, transfers and concentration histories. Our compared analysis emphasizes that pop-down tectonics associatedwith horizontal shortening of weak lithospheres may account for observed geometric patterns and provide a new and promising frame for the analysis of relationships between structural patterns and ore concentrations within old cratons
Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry stable isotope analysis of dissolved organic carbon in stream and soil waters

International audienceA commercial interface coupling liquid chromatography (LC) to a continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry (CF-IRMS) instrument was used to determine the d13C of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in natural waters. Stream and soil waters from a farmland plot in a hedgerow landscape were studied. Based on wet chemical oxidation of dissolved organics the LC/IRMS interface allows the on-line injection of small volumes of water samples, an oxidation reaction to produce CO2 and gas transfer to the isotope ratio mass spectrometer. In flow injection analysis (FIA) mode, bulk DOC d13C analysis was performed on aqueous samples of up to 100 mL in volume in the range of DOC concentration in fresh waters (1-10 mg C.L-1). Mapping the DOC d13C spatial distribution at the plot scale was made possible by this fairly quick method (10 min for triplicate analyses) with little sample manipulation. The relative contributions of different plot sectors to the DOC pool in the stream draining the plot were tentatively inferred on the basis of d13C differences between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic components. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Syntheses, Crystal Structure and Physico-Chemical Studies of Sodium and Potassium Alcoholates Bearing Thienyl Substituents and their Derived Luminescent Sm(III) Alkoxides

International audienceThe synthesis, structural characterization, electrochemistry and luminescence properties of a series of alkali metal alcoholates and Sm(III) alkoxides with thiophene−based−OR substituents are presented. The alkali metal alcoholates 7-15 have been obtained by deprotonation of the carbinol with NaH or KH. Their molecular structures consist of tetranuclear alkali metal alcoholates with a distorted cubane−like M4O4 core (X-ray structure analyses). Each alkali metal is surrounded by three carbinolate ligands and (depending on the derivative) by additional tetrahydrofuran molecules. The mononuclear samarium alkoxides {Sm[OC(C4H3S)3]3(thf)3} * thf (16) and {Sm[OC(C16H13S)]3(thf)3} * thf (17) were synthesized by the salt metathesis reactions between {[KOC(C4H3S)3]4(thf)2} * thf (7), [NaOC(C4H3S)3]4(thf)2 (8) or {[KOC(C16H13S)]4(thf)3} * ½ thf (11), respectively, and SmCl3 in thf solution. The molecular structures of these air−sensitive base adducts have been determined by single−crystal X−ray crystallography and reveal an approximately octahedral coordination sphere around the samarium metal centres with three methoxido ligands and three facially arranged thf molecules. The electrochemical properties are essentially dominated by the oxidation of the thienyl units. The emission spectra of the carbinols and their derived potassium and sodium compounds display broad bands attributed to the π*→π transitions of the aromatic ligands. Luminescence studies performed on complexes 16 and 17 reveal the typical f−f transitions of the Sm(III) ion. The photophysical data suggest that an energy transfer from the ligand to the metal centre operates
Development of a liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressurephoto-ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry analytical method for the simultaneous determination of polybrominateddiphenyl ethers and their metabolites: application to BDE-47metabolism in human hepatocytes

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants widely used in electronic and domestic goods. Thesepersistent pollutants are present in the environment and in humans, and their toxicological properties are of growingconcern. PBDEs can be metabolised into compounds suspected to be responsible for their toxicity. These metaboliteshave been characterised quite well in rodents and fish, but available information in humans remains scarce. For theiridentification, an efficient method for the simultaneous analysis of PBDEs, hydroxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs), andother PBDE metabolites in a single run was needed and has been developed in this work. Atmospheric pressureionisation modes were compared, and Atmospheric Pressure Photo-Ionization (APPI) was selected. After carefulsetting of APPI parameters such as dopant and operating temperature, the optimised method was based on APPIionization coupled to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry operating in the full scan mode at a resolution of60 000. This provided excellent sensitivity and specificity, allowing the discrimination of signals which could notbe resolved on a triple quadrupole used as a reference. The full-scan high-resolution acquisition mode allowedmonitoring of both parent PBDEs and their metabolites, including hydroxylated PBDEs, with detection limitsranging from 0.1 pg to 4.5 pg injected on-column based on the investigated standard compounds. The method wasapplied to the study of BDE-47 metabolism after incubation with human primary cultures of hepatocytes, and provedto be efficient not only for monitoring the parent compound and expected hydroxylated metabolites, but also for theidentification of other non-targeted metabolites. In addition to hydroxy-BDE-47, several conjugated metabolitescould be located, and the formation of a dihydrodiol derivative was evidenced for the first time in the case of PBDEsin this work
Backtracking and exchange of information: Methods to enhance a beam search algorithm for assembly line scheduling

Cataloged from PDF version of article.Beam search (BS) is used as a heuristic to solve various combinatorial optimization problems, ranging from scheduling
to assembly line balancing. In this paper, we develop a backtracking and an exchange-of-information (EOI) procedure to
enhance the traditional beam search method. The backtracking enables us to return to previous solution states in the
search process with the expectation of obtaining better solutions. The EOI is used to transfer information accumulated
in a beam to other beams to yield improved solutions.
We developed six different versions of enhanced beam algorithms to solve the mixed-model assembly line scheduling
problem. The results of computational experiments indicate that the backtracking and EOI procedures that utilize problem
specific information generally improve the solution quality of BS.
 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
The missing link between flood risk awareness and preparedness: Findings from case studies in an Alpine Region

The low risk awareness of the residents living in flood-prone areas is usually considered among the main causes of their low preparedness, which in turns generates inadequate response to natural disasters. In this paper, we challenge this assumption by reporting on the results of a sociological research in four communities exposed to flood risk in the Eastern Italian Alps. The research design included semi-structured interviews and focus groups with key local stakeholders and a standardized questionnaire submitted to 400 residents. Results revealed that residents felt both slightly worried about flood risk and slightly prepared to face an event. Considerable differences were found between the evaluations of individual subjects as opposed to overall communities. There was also a clear discrepancy between the actual adoption of household preparatory measures and the willingness to take self-protection actions. Overall, the risk awareness was significantly higher among those residents who had been personally affected by a flood in the past, were living in isolated (vs. urban) communities, in the most risky areas or had a lower level of trust in local authorities. The improvement of residents knowledge about their environment and the residual risk seemed to be crucial to increase risk awareness, and the same was true for the strengthening of local support networks to foster preparedness. The link between risk awareness and preparedness was not at all straightforward. Results revealed instead the complexity of residents perspectives, attitudes, behaviours and decisions about risk-related issues
Testing nuclear forces by polarization transfer coefficients in d(p,p)d and d(p,d)p reactions at E=22.7 MeV

The proton to proton polarization transfer coefficients K,K, and K, and the proton to deuteron polarization transfer coefficients K,K,K, K,K,K,K, and K were measured in d(p,p)d and d(p,d)p reactions, respectively, at E=22.7 MeV. The data were compared to predictions of modern nuclear forces obtained by solving the three-nucleon Faddeev equations in momentum space. Realistic (semi)phenomenological nucleon-nucleon potentials combined with model three-nucleon forces and modern chiral nuclear forces were used. The AV18, CD Bonn, and Nijm I and II nucleon-nucleon interactions were applied alone or combined with the Tucson-Melbourne 99 three-nucleon force, adjusted separately for each potential to reproduce the triton binding energy. For the AV18 potential, the Urbana IX three-nucleon force was also used. In addition, chiral NN potentials in the next-to-leading order and chiral two- and three-nucleon forces in the next-to-next-to-leading order were applied. Only when three-nucleon forces are included does a satisfactory description of all data result. For the chiral approach, the restriction to the forces in the next-to-leading order is insufficient. Only when going over to the next-to-next-to-leading order does one get a satisfactory description of the data, similar to the one obtained with the (semi)phenomenological forces
Antifumonisin Efficacy of 2-Hydroxy-4-Methoxybenzaldehyde Isolated from Decalepis hamiltonii

Fumonisins are mycotoxins primarily produced by Fusarium verticillioides that grow on food and feedstuffs. In the present investigation, the antifumonisin activity of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde isolated from Decalepis hamiltonii was evaluated. The results demonstrated that the compound 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde exhibited dose-dependent antifungal activity with the zone of inhibition, minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration values 14.8 mm (at 500 μg/disc), 100 and 500 μg/mL, respectively. The fumonisin B1 production was completely inhibited at 400 mg/L under in vitro and 750 mg/kg under in vivo. There were no adverse effects observed in treated seed samples. The present findings indicate the possible use of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde as an alternative agent for management of fusarial growth and mycotoxins contamination
Using Functional Programming to recognize Named Structure in an Optimization Problem: Application to Pooling

Branch-and-cut optimization solvers typically apply generic algorithms, e.g., cutting planes or primal heuristics, to expedite performance for many mathematical optimization problems. But solver software receives an input optimization problem as vectors of equations and constraints containing no structural information. This article proposes automatically detecting named special structure using the pattern matching features of functional programming. Specifically, we deduce the industrially-relevant nonconvex nonlinear Pooling Problem within a mixed-integer nonlinear optimization problem and show that we can uncover pooling structure in optimization problems which are not pooling problems. Previous work has shown that preprocessing heuristics can find network structures; we show that we can additionally detect nonlinear pooling patterns. Finding named structures allows us to apply, to generic optimization problems, cutting planes or primal heuristics developed for the named structure. To demonstrate the recognition algorithm, we use the recognized structure to apply primal heuristics to a test set of standard pooling problems
High resolution profile of inorganic aqueous geochemistry and key redox zones in an arsenic bearing aquifer in Cambodia

Arsenic contamination of groundwaters in South and Southeast Asia is a major threat to public health. In order to better understand the geochemical controls on the mobility of arsenic in a heavily arsenic-affected aquifer in northern Kandal Province, Cambodia, key changes in inorganic aqueous geochemistry have been monitored at high vertical and lateral resolution along dominant groundwater flow paths along two distinct transects. The two transects are characterized by differing geochemical, hydrological and lithological conditions. Arsenic concentrations in groundwater are highly heterogenous, and are broadly positively associated with iron and negatively associated with sulfate and dissolved oxygen. The observed correlations are generally consistent with arsenic mobilization by reductive-dissolution of iron (hydr)oxides. Key redox zones, as identified using groupings of the PHREEQC model equilibrium electron activity of major redox couples (notably ammonium/nitrite; ammonium/nitrate; nitrite/nitrate; dissolved oxygen/water) have been identified and vary with depth, site and season. Mineral saturation is also characterized. Seasonal changes in groundwater chemistry were observed in areas which were (i) sandy and of high permeability; (ii) in close proximity to rivers; and/or (iii) in close proximity to ponds. Such changes are attributed to monsoonal-driven surface-groundwater interactions and are consistent with the separate provenance of recharge sources as identified using stable isotope mixing models
Stated preference survey for estimating passenger transfer penalties: design and application to Madrid

Transfers in multimodal urban trips imply a disutility for travellers, who perceive them as a penalty when using public transport. It is therefore important to estimate the utility associated to transfers and the main factors affecting it, to allow policymakers to reduce users´ perceived disutility and enhance their intention to use public transport. The aim of this paper is to develop a Stated Preference experiment to estimate the penalty perceived by commuters (workers and students) when making transfers in multimodal urban trips
Integrated Modeling Approach for the Transportation Disadvantaged

Transportation models have not been adequate in addressing severe long-term urban transportation problems that transportation disadvantaged groups overwhelmingly encounter, and the negative impacts of transportation on the disadvantaged have not been effectively considered in the modeling studies. Therefore this paper aims to develop a transportation modeling approach in order to understand the travel patterns of the transportation disadvantaged, and help in developing policies to solve the problems of the disadvantaged. Effectiveness of this approach is tested in a pilot study in Aydin, Turkey. After determining disadvantaged groups by a series of spatial and statistical analyses, the approach is integrated with a travel demand model. The model is run for both disadvantaged and nondisadvantaged populations to examine the differences between their travel behaviors. The findings of the pilot study reveal that almost two thirds of the population is disadvantaged, and this modeling approach could be particularly useful in disadvantage-sensitive planning studies to deploy relevant land use and transportation policies for disadvantaged groups
Pedestrian detection using stereo and biometric information

A method for pedestrian detection from real world outdoor scenes is presented in this paper. The technique uses disparity information, ground plane estimation and biometric information based on the golden ratio. It can detect pedestrians even in the presence of severe occlusion or a lack of reliable disparity data. It also makes reliable choices in ambiguous areas since the pedestrian regions are initiated using the disparity of head regions. These are usually highly textured and unoccluded, and therefore more reliable in a disparity image than homogeneous or occluded regions
Modeling causal structures: Volterra's struggle and Darwin's success

The Lotka-Volterra predator-prey-model is a widely known example of model-based science. Here we reexamine Vito Volterra's and Umberto D'Ancona's original publications on the model, and in particular their methodological reflections. On this basis we develop several ideas pertaining to the philosophical debate on the scientific practice of modeling. First, we show that Volterra and D'Ancona chose modeling because the problem in hand could not be approached by more direct methods such as causal inference. This suggests a philosophically insightful motivation for choosing the strategy of modeling. Second, we show that the development of the model follows a trajectory from a "how possibly" to a "how actually" model. We discuss how and to what extent Volterra and D'Ancona were able to advance their model along that trajectory. It turns out they were unable to establish that their model was fully applicable to any system. Third, we consider another instance of model-based science: Darwin's model of the origin and distribution of coral atolls in the Pacific Ocean. Darwin argued more successfully that his model faithfully represents the causal structure of the target system, and hence that it is a "how actually" model
Differential expression of pathogen-responsive genes encoding two types of glycine-rich proteins in barley

Gene-specific probes (3'' ends of cDNAs) were obtained from barley cDNAs encoding two types of glycine-rich proteins: HvGRP2, characterized by a cytokeratin-like and a cysteine-rich domain, and HvGRP3, whose main feature was an RNA-binding domain. Expression of genes Hvgrp2 and Hvgrp3, which are present at one (or two) copies per haploid genome, was ubiquitous and gene Hvgrp3 was under light/darkness modulation. Cold treatment increased Hvgrp2 and Hvgrp3 mRNA levels. Methyl jasmonate (10 M) switched off the two genes. Expression of Hvgrp2, but not that of Hvgrp3, was induced by ethylene treatment (100 ppm). Fungal pathogens Erysiphe graminis and Rhynchosporium secalis increased the mRNAs levels of the two genes, both in compatible and in incompatible interactions, while bacterial pathogens did no
Weakly nonlinear nonaxisymmetric oscillations of capillary bridges at small viscosity

Weakly nonlinear nonaxisymmetric oscillations of a capillary bridge are considered in the limit of small viscosity. The supporting disks of the liquid bridge are subjected to small amplitude mechanical vibrations with a frequency that is close to a natural frequency. A set of equations is derived for accounting the slow dynamics of the capillary bridge. These equations describe the coupled evolution of two counter-rotating capillary waves and an associated streaming flow. Our derivation shows that the effect of the streaming flow on the capillary waves cannot be a priori ignored because it arises at the same order as the leading (cubic) nonlinearity. The system obtained is simplified, then analyzed both analytically and numerically to provide qualitative predictions of both the relevant large time dynamics and the role of the streaming flow. The case of parametric forcing at a frequency near twice a natural frequency is also considere
Hierarchy of minimal flow units in the logarithmic layer

The minimal simulation boxes of the buffer layer of turbulent channels can be extended to the logarithmic and outer regions, where they contain a segment of streamwise velocity streak, and a vortex cluster. Smaller boxes restrict “healthy” turbulence closer to the wall, to a layer whose thickness scales with the spanwise size of the box. These minimal boxes burst quasiperiodically, and the bursting period for a band of wall distances grows linearly away from the wall, independently of the box size within the limits within which turbulence is well represented