pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Raman quantification factor calibration for CO-CO2 gas mixture in synthetic fluid inclusions: Application to oxygen fugacity calculation in magmatic systems.

International audienceWith a combined approach using Solid State 13C-MAS NMR and Laser Raman Microspectroscopy, we investigated the CO2-CO gas composition (X(CO2)) in fluid inclusions synthesised under high pressure (200-300 MPa), high temperature (1225-1250 °C) and reducing conditions (17 < P(H2) < 62 bars). Fluid inclusions are entrapped in a volatile-bearing basaltic glass which was characterized by FTIR for determining the water solubility (H2Om). 13C-MAS NMR is used as a standard analysis for determining the X(CO2). The Raman quantification factors between 13CO2 and 13CO is determined from peak area (F-factor), peak height (G-factor) and according to the Placzek's polarizability theory. The calibration is derived for both CO2 Fermi diad resonances: 2n2 and n1. We obtain similar values for the main CO2 resonance (2n2) with 1.956 and 1.809 for F and G respectively. Results are consistent with the fact that peak height and area will measure the same quantity. For n1, multiple calibration trends are observed. The different trends are explained by the different 13C/12C ratio observed in between the samples. However, we suggest that such resonance is not suitable for determining the fluid inclusion compositions. We extended the 13C results for calibrating the F- and G-factors for 12CO2-12CO gas mixture in the fluid inclusions and for the main CO2 resonance. For 12CO2-12CO mixture, F and G values are 1.856 and 1.756 which is in the same order as the derived values for 13C species. Thus, we propose that no significant 13C/12C fractionation occurs in the fluid phase and both isotopes will behave in a similar way. Using the derived calibration for 12C and 13C species, the X(CO2) in the fluid phase was recalculated. Results are similar for both isotopes witnessing the similar behaviour of 12C and 13C fluid species during the experiments. The log f(O2) experienced by each sample has been calculated through a thermodynamic approach using 2 independent methods. The log f(O2) calculated from the H2Om in the glass and the X(CO2) in the fluid phase are in good agreement. Large discrepancy is observed for low H2Om content which gives lower log f(O2) value than expected from experimental conditions. Large uncertainties on the H2Om measurements will induce a very approximate value for the log f(O2). This method may not be accurate enough at low H2Om and using the X(CO2) in the fluid phase would therefore provide a better estimate of the log f(O2)
Effect of guar gum on the physicochemical, thermal, rheological and textural properties of green edam cheese

In attempts to produce a low-fat cheese with a rheology and texture similar to that of a full-fat cheese, guar gum (within 0.0025–0.01%; w/v, final concentration) was added to low-fat milk. The obtained cheeses were characterised regarding their physicochemical, thermal, rheological and textural properties. Control cheeses were also produced with low and full-fat milk. The physicochemical properties of the guar gum modified cheeses were similar to those of the low-fat control. No significant differences were detected in the thermal properties (concerning the enthalpy and profile of water desorption) among all types of cheeses. The rheological behaviour of the 0.0025% modified cheese was very similar to the full-fat control. Overall, no trend was observed in the texture profile (hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess and elasticity) of the modified cheeses versus guar gum concentration, as well as in comparison with the control groups, suggesting that none of the studied polysaccharide concentrations simulated the textural functions of fat in Edam cheese
Primary cutaneous signet ring cell carcinoma expressing cytokeratin 20 immunoreactivity

Primary cutaneous signet ring cell carcinoma (PCSRCC) is a very unusual but distinctive clinicopathologic entity that can simulate metastatic adenocarcinomas. It is defined as a diffuse malignant epithelial neoplasia localized in the dermis and subcutis without epidermal involvement, showing variable amounts of signet ring cells, without evidence of visceral adenocarcinoma. We present 2 cases of PCSRCC, which involved eyelids and axilla respectively. Despite thorough systemic workup, primary sources could not be demonstrated in either case. The tumor cells are positive for gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 in addition to a variety of glandular markers. Furthermore, both cases were immunostained with cytokeratin 20 (CK20). In conclusion, we report 2 cases of PCSRCC expressing CK20 immunoreactivity. CK20-positive primary cutaneous tumors should include PCSRCC in addition to Merkel cell carcinoma
Variegation and space weathering on asteroid 21 Lutetia

During the flyby in 2010, the OSIRIS camera on-board Rosetta acquired
hundreds of high-resolution images of asteroid Lutetia's surface through a
range of narrow-band filters. While Lutetia appears very bland in the visible
wavelength range, Magrin et al. (2012) tentatively identified UV color
variations in the Baetica cluster, a group of relatively young craters close to
the north pole. As Lutetia remains a poorly understood asteroid, such color
variations may provide clues to the nature of its surface. We take the color
analysis one step further. First we orthorectify the images using a shape model
and improved camera pointing, then apply a variety of techniques (photometric
correction, principal component analysis) to the resulting color cubes. We
characterize variegation in the Baetica crater cluster at high spatial
resolution, identifying crater rays and small, fresh impact craters. We argue
that at least some of the color variation is due to space weathering, which
makes Lutetia's regolith redder and brighter
A comparison study of applying metallic coating on SiC\ud
particles for manufacturing of cast aluminum matrix\ud
composites

Ceramic particles typically do not have a sufficiently high wettability for incorporation into molten metal during aluminum matrix composite manufacturing. Metallic coatings on ceramic particles could improve their wettability by the molten aluminum and hence provide a better bonding between the reinforcement and matrix. In this study, micrometer-sized SiC particles were coated by copper, nickel, and cobalt metallic layers using electroless deposition method. These metallic layers were produced separately prior to ceramic incorporation into molten pure aluminum, in order to compare their effects on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the produced composites. The experimental results showed that copper was the most effective and nickel the least effective of these coating metals for incorporation of the SiC particles into the molten aluminum. It was additionally found that the composite, which contained the copper coated SiC particles, produced the highest microhardness and tensile strength, while that fabricated with the cobalt-coated SiC particles produced the lowest microhardness and tensile strength
Logistic groups in the Republic of Panama

A map of the logistic groups in the Republic of Panama and complementary maps of the distribution of the population density, GDP density, the economic activity "transport, storage and communications", and the primary and secondary road network are presented. The clusters of territorial groups on each map were analyzed and created using the "decision tree" data mining method in order to determine territorial groups with similar characteristics, including logistics infrastructure and nodes, socioeconomics and the environmental situation. At the reference scale of 1:800,000 these maps represent a planning tool to decision makers in land use matters
Transition systems and non-standard employment in early career: comparing Japan and Switzerland

Even though Japan and Switzerland are characterised by comparatively low youth unemployment rates, non-standard forms of employment are on the rise, posing a risk to the stable integration of young labour market entrants. Drawing on the French approach of societal analysis, this paper investigates how country-specific school-to-work transition systems stratify the risk of non-standard employment in early career differently in Japan and Switzerland. Our results reveal that in Japan, young entrants who completed university education are least at risk of becoming employed in non-standard work. On the contrary, it is the highly educated university graduates who mainly enter the labour market via non-standard employment in Switzerland, where vocational education promotes smooth transitions into standard employment relationships. Our findings suggest that the transition systems of the two countries differ in the way they revert to non-standard forms of employment. However, while job insecurities may not endanger labour market integration of highly skilled university graduates holding good career prospects in Switzerland, they may go hand in hand with social exclusion processes for the low-educated young entrants lacking bargaining power in the segmented Japanese labour market
Plasma modeling for a nonsymmetric capacitive discharge driven by a nonsinusoidal radio frequency current

An analytical solution for the sheath dynamics of an asymmetrically driven capacitively coupled plasma is obtained under the assumptions of time-independent, collisionless ion motion, inertialess electrons, and uniform current density. Modeling is performed considering that the plasma is driven by a nonsinusoidal radio frequency (rf) current which can be resolved into a finite number of harmonic components. Together with different sheath parameters the equation for the bulk plasma impedance is also obtained to calculate the overall plasma impedance and the overall rf voltage. Assuming equal plate areas the solution for a symmetric discharge is also obtainable from this model. We have found that the even harmonic components of rf voltage and impedance are always present, even in a symmetric discharge. Experimental results are shown to be in qualitative agreement with the theoretical model. The values of normalized rf voltage and impedance harmonics assume lower values as the asymmetry of the plasma chamber decreases
Treebanks gone bad: parser evaluation and retraining using a treebank of ungrammatical sentences

This article describes how a treebank of ungrammatical sentences can be created from a treebank of well-formed sentences. The treebank creation procedure involves the automatic introduction of frequently occurring grammatical errors into the sentences in an existing treebank, and the minimal transformation of the original analyses in the treebank so that they describe the newly created ill-formed sentences. Such a treebank can be used to test how well a parser is able to ignore grammatical errors in texts (as people do), and can be used to induce a grammar capable of analysing such sentences. This article demonstrates these two applications using the Penn Treebank. In a robustness evaluation experiment, two state-of-the-art statistical parsers are evaluated on an ungrammatical version of Sect. 23 of the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) portion of the Penn treebank. This experiment shows that the performance of both parsers degrades with grammatical noise. A breakdown by error type is provided for both parsers. A second experiment retrains both parsers using an ungrammatical version of WSJ Sections 2–21. This experiment indicates that an ungrammatical treebank is a useful resource in improving parser robustness to grammatical errors, but that the correct combination of grammatical and ungrammatical training data has yet to be determined
Root trenching: a useful tool to estimate autotrophic soil\ud
respiration? A case study in an Austrian mountain forest

We conducted a trenching experiment in a mountain forest in order to assess the contribution of theautotrophic respiration to total soil respiration and evaluate trenching as a technique to achieve it. We hypothesised that the trenching experiment would alter both microbial biomass and microbial community structure and that Wne roots (less than 2 mm diameter) would be decomposed within one growing season. Soil CO2 eZux was measured roughlybiweekly over two growing seasons. Root presence and morphology parameters, as well as the soil microbial community were measured prior to trenching, 5 and 15 months after trenching. The trenched plots emitted about 20 and 30% less CO2 than the control plots in the Wrst and secondgrowing season, respectively. Roots died in trenched plots, but root decay was slow. After 5 and 15 months, Wne root biomass was decreased by 9% (not statistically diferent)and 30%, (statistically diVerent) respectively. When wecorrected for the additional trenched-plot CO2 eZux due to Wne root decomposition, the autotrophic soil respiration rose to »26% of the total soil respiration for the Wrst growing season, and to »44% for the second growing season.Soil microbial biomass and community structure was not altered by the end of the second growing season. We conclude that trenching can give accurate estimates of the autotrophic and heterotrophic components of soil respiration, ifmethodological side eVects are accounted for, only
Spectral and Photophysical Studies of Substituted Indigo Derivatives in Their Keto Forms

The spectral and photophysical properties of indigo derivatives with di-, tetra-, and hexa-substitution in their neutral (keto) form are investigated in solution. The study comprises absorption and emission spectra, together with quantitative measurements of quantum yields of fluorescence (φF) and singlet oxygen formation (φΔ) and fluorescence lifetimes. The energy difference between the HOMO and LUMO orbitals is dependent on the degree (number of groups) and relative position of substitution. The φF and φΔ values were found to be very low ≤10-3. Because of the absence of transient triplet-triplet signal, the intersystem crossing yields (φ τ) were estimated by assuming that all the triplet states formed give rise to singlet oxygen formation, that is, φΔ ≈ φ τ . It was then possible from φIC=1-φF-φT to estimate the S1simsimrarrS0 internal conversion yields and thus, with the other data, to determine the rate constants for all decay processes. From these, several conclusions are drawn. Firstly, the radiationless rate constants, kNR , clearly dominate over the radiative rate constants, kF , (and processes). Secondly, the main deactivation channel for the compounds in their keto form is the radiationless S1simsimrarrS0 internal conversion process. Finally, although the changes are relatively small, internal conversion yield seems to be independent of the overall pattern of substitution. A more detailed investigation of the decay profiles with collection at the blue and red emission of the fluorescence band of indigo and one di-substituted indigo reveals the decays to be bi-exponential and that at longer emission wavelengths these appear to be associated with both rise and decay times indicating that two excited species exist, which is consistent with a keto-excited form giving rise (by fast proton transfer) to the enol-form of indigo. Evidence is presented which supports the idea that intramolecular (and possibly some intermolecular) proton transfer can explain the high efficiency of internal conversion in indigo.http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cphc.20060020
Glibenclamide interferes with mitochondrial bioenergetics by inducing changes on membrane ion permeability

The interference of glibenclamide, an antidiabetic sulfonylurea, with mitochondrial bioenergetics was assessed on mitochondrial ion fluxes (H+, K+, and Cl-) by passive osmotic swelling of rat liver mitochondria in K-acetate, KNO3, and KCl media, by O2 consumption, and by mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Deltapsi). Glibenclamide did not permeabilize the inner mitochondrial membrane to H+, but induced permeabilization to Cl- by opening the inner mitochondrial anion channel (IMAC). Cl- influx induced by glibenclamide facilitates K+ entry into mitochondria, thus promoting a net Cl-/K+ cotransport, Deltapsi dissipation, and stimulation of state 4 respiration rate. It was concluded that glibenclamide interferes with mitochondrial bioenergetics of rat liver by permeabilizing the inner mitochondrial membrane to Cl- and promoting a net Cl-/K+ cotransport inside mitochondria, without significant changes on membrane permeabilization to H+. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 18:162-169, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20022http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbt.2002
Ultrafast Lateral 600 V Silicon SOI PiN Diode with Geometric Traps for Preventing Waveform Oscillation

An ultrafast lateral silicon PiN diode with traps is proposed using a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate with traps. The proposed diode successfully suppresses waveform oscillation because the trapped hole suppresses electric field penetration and prevents the oscillation trigger known as “dynamic punch-through.” Because of the short current path caused by the oscillation prevention, the reverse recovery speed was higher and the reverse recovery loss was strongly reduced. The proposed trap structure and design method would contribute to performance improvement of all power semiconductor devices including IGBTs and power MOSFETs
Numerical model for light propagation and light intensity distribution inside coated fused silica capillaries

Numerical simulations of light propagation through capillaries have been reported to a limited extent in the literature for uses such as flow-cell design. These have been restricted to prediction of light path for very specific cases to date. In this paper, a new numerical model of light propagation through multi-walled cylindrical systems, to represent coated and uncoated capillaries is presented. This model allows for light ray paths and light intensity distribution within the capillary to be predicted. Macro-scale (using PMMA and PC cylinders) and micro-scale (using PTFE coated fused silica capillaries) experiments were conducted to validate the model's accuracy. These experimental validations have shown encouragingly good agreement between theoretical predictions and measured results, which could allow for optimisation of associated regions for monolith synthesis and use in fluidic chromatography, optical detection systems and flow cells for capillary electrophoresis and flow injection analysis
Assessment of total arsenic and arsenic species stability in alga samples and their aqueous extracts

In order to achieve reliable information on speciation analysis, it is necessary to assess previously the species stability in the sample to analyse. Furthermore, in those cases where the sample treatment for species extraction is time-consuming, an assessment of the species integrity in the extracts is of paramount importance. Thus, the present paper reports total arsenic and arsenic species stability in alga samples (Sargassum fulvellum and Hizikia fusiformis), as well as in their aqueous extracts, which were stored in amber glass and polystyrene containers at different temperatures. Total arsenic determination was carried out by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), after sample acid digestion in a microwave oven, while arsenic speciation was conducted by anion exchange high performance liquid chromatography on-line coupled to ICPAES, with and without sample introduction by hydride generation (HPLC-ICP-AES and HPLC-HG-ICP-AES), after aqueous microwave-assisted extraction. The results obtained for solid alga samples showed that total arsenic (for Hijiki alga) and arsenic species present (As(V) for Hijiki and NIES No. 9 Sargasso) are stable for at least 12 months when samples are stored in polystyrene containers at +20 ◦C. On the other hand, a different behaviour was observed in the stability of total arsenic and As(V) species in aqueous extracts for both samples, being the best storage conditions for Sargasso extracts a temperature of −18 ◦C and polystyrene containers, under which they are stable for at least 15 days, while Hijiki extracts must be stored in polystyrene containers at +4 ◦C in order to ensure the stability for 10 days
Optimisation of post-drawing treatments by means of neutron diffraction

The mechanical properties and the durability of cold-drawn eutectoid wires (especially in aggressive environments) are influenced by the residual stresses generated during the drawing process. Steelmakers have devised procedures (thermomechanical treatments after drawing) attempting to relieve them in order to improve wire performance. In thiswork neutron diffraction measurements have been used to ascertain the role of temperature and applied force – during post-drawing treatments – on the residual stresses of five rod batches with different treatments. The results show that conventional thermomechanical treatments are successful in relieving the residual stresses created by cold-drawing, although these procedures can be improved by changing the temperature or the stretching force. Knowledge of the residual stress profiles after these changes is a useful tool to improve the thermomechanical treatments instead of the empirical procedures used currently
The coevolution of plants and viruses: Resistance and pathogenicity

Virus infection may damage the plant, and plant defenses are effective against viruses; thus, it is currently assumed that plants and viruses coevolve. However, and despite huge advances in understanding the mechanisms of pathogenicity and virulence in viruses and the mechanisms of virus resistance in plants, evidence in support of this hypothesis is surprisingly scant, and refers almost only to the virus partner. Most evidence for coevolution derives from the study of highly virulent viruses in agricultural systems, in which humans manipulate host genetic structure, what determines genetic changes in the virus population. Studies have focused on virus responses to qualitative resistance, either dominant or recessive but, even within this restricted scenario, population genetic analyses of pathogenicity and resistance factors are still scarce. Analyses of quantitative resistance or tolerance, which could be relevant for plant–virus coevolution, lag far behind. A major limitation is the lack of information on systems in which the host might evolve in response to virus infection, that is, wild hosts in natural ecosystems. It is presently unknown if, or under which circumstances, viruses do exert a selection pressure on wild plants, if qualitative resistance is a major defense strategy to viruses in nature, or even if characterized genes determining qualitative resistance to viruses did indeed evolve in response to virus infection. Here, we review evidence supporting plant–virus coevolution and point to areas in need of attention to understand the role of viruses in plant ecosystem dynamics, and the factors that determine virus emergence in crops
On-board and Ground Visual Pose Estimation Techniques for UAV Control

In this paper, two techniques to control UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles), based on visual information are presented. The first one is based on the detection and tracking of planar structures from an on-board camera, while the second one is based on the detection and 3D reconstruction of the position of the UAV based on an external camera system. Both strategies are tested with a VTOL (Vertical take-off and landing) UAV, and results show good behavior of the visual systems (precision in the estimation and frame rate) when estimating the helicopter¿s position and using the extracted information to control the UAV