pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Path-following analysis of the dynamical response of a piecewise-linear capsule system

The dynamical response of a piecewise-linear capsule system is studied by means of path-following techniques in this paper. As the capsule model belongs to the class of piecewise-smooth dynamical systems involving impact and friction, a special care is taken in order to divide the trajectory of the system into a smooth vector field in each disjoint subregion. Specifically we study a two-sided drifting system focusing on directional control and energy consumption. We aim to address two practical problems which are maximizing the rate of progression and directional control of the system by following a typical period-1 trajectory. The one-parameter analysis shows that two types of bifurcations, grazing bifurcation and boundary-intersection crossing bifurcation are found, and the maximal rate of progression is achieved when the capsule performs the oscillations without sticking phases. In our two-parameter study, the control parameters for which the rate of progression is maximal are identified using fixed value of power consumption, and the curves which divide the motion of the capsule between forward and backward progression are obtained.The first author has been supported by a Georg Forster Research Fellowship granted by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Germany
From theory-inspired to theory-based interventions: A protocol for developing and testing a methodology for linking behaviour change techniques to theoretical mechanisms of action

BACKGROUND: Understanding links between behaviour change techniques (BCTs) and mechanisms of action (the processes through which they affect behaviour) helps inform the systematic development of behaviour change interventions. 

PURPOSE: This research aims to develop and test a methodology for linking BCTs to their mechanisms of action. 

METHODS: Study 1 Published explicit links:  Hypothesised links between 93 BCTs (from the 93-item BCT taxonomy, BCTTv1) and mechanisms of action will be identified from published interventions, and their frequency, explicitness, and precision documented.
Study 2 Expert-agreed explicit links: Behaviour change experts will identify links between 61 BCTs and 26 mechanisms of action in a formal consensus study. 
Study 3 Integrated matrix of explicit links: Agreement between Studies 1 and 2 will be evaluated and a new group of experts will discuss discrepancies. An integrated matrix of BCT- mechanism of action links, annotated to indicate strength of evidence, will be generated.
Study 4 Published implicit links: To determine whether groups of co-occurring BCTs can be linked to theories, we will identify groups of BCTs that are used together (i.e. BCT ‘clusters’) from the Study 1 literature. A consensus exercise will be used to rate strength of links between BCT clusters and theories. 

CONCLUSIONS: A formal methodology for linking BCTs to their hypothesised mechanisms of action can contribute to the development and evaluation of behaviour change interventions. This research is a step towards developing a behaviour change ‘ontology’, specifying relations between BCTs, mechanisms of action, modes of delivery, populations, settings and types of behaviour.Medical Research Council (Grant ID: MR/L011115/1)This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12160-016-9816-
Search for the standard model Higgs boson decaying into two photons in pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV

A search for a Higgs boson decaying into two photons is described. The analysis is performed using a dataset recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC from pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV, which corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 4.8 fb[superscript −1]. Limits are set on the cross section of the standard model Higgs boson decaying to two photons. The expected exclusion limit at 95% confidence level is between 1.4 and 2.4 times the standard model cross section in the mass range between 110 and 150 GeV. The analysis of the data excludes, at 95% confidence level, the standard model Higgs boson decaying into two photons in the mass range 128 to 132 GeV. The largest excess of events above the expected standard model background is observed for a Higgs boson mass hypothesis of 124 GeV with a local significance of 3.1σ  . The global significance of observing an excess with a local significance ⩾3.1σ anywhere in the search range 110–150 GeV is estimated to be 1.8σ. More data are required to ascertain the origin of this excess.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.
Search for diphoton events with large missing transverse momentum in 7 TeV proton–proton collision data with the ATLAS detector

A search for diphoton events with large missing transverse momentum has been performed using proton–proton collision data at √s = 7 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.8 fb[superscript −1]. No excess of events was observed above the Standard Model prediction and model-dependent 95% confidence level exclusion limits are set. In the context of a generalised model of gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking with a bino-like lightest neutralino of mass above 50 GeV, gluinos (squarks) below 1.07 TeV (0.87 TeV) are excluded, while a breaking scale Λ below 196 TeV is excluded for a minimal model of gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking. For a specific model with one universal extra dimension, compactification scales [1 over R] < 1.40 TeV are excluded. These limits provide the most stringent tests of these models to date.European Organization for Nuclear ResearchUnited States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Brookhaven National Laborator
Fiducial and differential cross sections of Higgs boson production measured in the four-lepton decay channel in pp collisions at √s = 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

Measurements of fiducial and differential cross sections of Higgs boson production in the H→ZZ*→4ℓ decay channel are presented. The cross sections are determined within a fiducial phase space and corrected for detection efficiency and resolution effects. They are based on 20.3 fb[superscript −1] of pp   collision data, produced at √s = 8 TeV centre-of-mass energy at the LHC and recorded by the ATLAS detector. The differential measurements are performed in bins of transverse momentum and rapidity of the four-lepton system, the invariant mass of the subleading lepton pair and the decay angle of the leading lepton pair with respect to the beam line in the four-lepton rest frame, as well as the number of jets and the transverse momentum of the leading jet. The measured cross sections are compared to selected theoretical calculations of the Standard Model expectations. No significant deviation from any of the tested predictions is found.European Organization for Nuclear ResearchUnited States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Brookhaven National Laborator
Search for heavy Majorana neutrinos in e$^{\pm}$e$^{\pm}$ + jets and e$^{\pm}\mu^{\pm}$ + jets events in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 8\mathrm{\,Te\kern -0.1em V}$

A search is performed for heavy Majorana neutrinos (N) decaying into a Wboson and a lepton using the CMS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. A signature of two jets and either two same sign electrons or a same sign electron-muon pair is searched for using 19.7 fb$^{−1}$ of data collected during 2012 in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV. The data are found to be consistent with the expected standard model (SM) background and, in the context of a Type-1 seesaw mechanism, upper limits are set on the cross section times branching fraction for production of heavy Majorana neutrinos in the mass range between 40 and 500 GeV. The results are additionally interpreted as limits on the mixing between the heavy Majorana neutrinos and the SM neutrinos. In the mass range considered, the upper limits range between 0.00015-0.72 for |V$_{eN}|^2$ and 6.6 × 10$^{−5}$-0.47 for |V$_{e N}$V$_{\mu N}$*|$^2$/(|V$_{e N}$|$^2$ + |V$_{\mu N}$|$^2$), where V$_{\ell N }$ is the mixing element describing the mixing of the heavy neutrino with the SM neutrino of flavour $\ell$. These limits are the most restrictive direct limits for heavy Majorana neutrino masses above 200 GeV
Teachers’ appraisals of adjectives relating to mathematics tasks

This is an Open Access Article. It is published by Springer under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported Licence (CC BY). Full details of this licence are available at: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Curricular implementations are unlikely to deliver the anticipated benefits for mathematics learners if written guidance to teachers is interpreted and enacted differently from the ways\ud
that policymakers and curriculum designers intend. One way in which this could happen is in relation to the mathematics tasks that teachers deploy in the classroom. Teachers and curriculum designers have developed an extensive vocabulary for describing tasks, using adjectives such as ‘rich’, ‘open’, ‘real-life’, ‘engaging’ and so on. But do teachers have a shared understanding of what these adjectives mean when they are applied to mathematics tasks? In Study 1 we investigated teachers’ appraisals of adjectives used to describe mathematics tasks, finding that task appraisals vary on seven dimensions, which we termed engagement, demand, routineness, strangeness, inquiry, context and interactivity. In Study 2, focusing on the five most prominent dimensions, we investigated whether teachers have a\ud
shared understanding of the meaning of adjectives when applied to mathematics tasks. We found that there was some agreement about inquiry and context, some disagreement about routineness, and clear disagreement about engagement and demand. We conclude that at least some adjectives commonly used to describe tasks are interpreted very differently by different teachers. Implications for how tasks might be discussed meaningfully by teachers, teacher educators and curriculum designers are highlighted
Measurement of the forward-backward asymmetry of electron and muon pair-production in pp  collisions at √s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

This paper presents measurements from the ATLAS experiment of the forward-backward asymmetry in the reaction pp→Z/γ ∗ →l + l −  , with l  being electrons or muons, and the extraction of the effective weak mixing angle. The results are based on the full set of data collected in 2011 in pp  collisions at the LHC at √ s = 7 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.8 fb¯¹. The measured asymmetry values are found to be in agreement with the corresponding Standard Model predictions. The combination of the muon and electron channels yields a value of the effective weak mixing angle of 0.2308±0.0005(stat.)±0.0006(syst.)±0.0009(PDF) , where the first uncertainty corresponds to data statistics,the second to systematic effects and the third to knowledge of the parton density functions. This result agrees with the current world average from the Particle Data Group fit
Survival with Newly Diagnosed Metastatic Prostate Cancer in the “Docetaxel Era”: Data from 917 Patients in the Control Arm of the STAMPEDE Trial (MRC PR08, CRUK/06/019)

AbstractBackgroundProstate cancer (PCa) is the second most common disease among men worldwide. It is important to know survival outcomes and prognostic factors for this disease. Recruitment for the largest therapeutic randomised controlled trial in PCa—the Systemic Therapy in Advancing or Metastatic Prostate Cancer: Evaluation of Drug Efficacy: A Multi-Stage Multi-Arm Randomised Controlled Trial (STAMPEDE)—includes men with newly diagnosed metastatic PCa who are commencing long-term androgen deprivation therapy (ADT); the control arm provides valuable data for a prospective cohort.ObjectiveDescribe survival outcomes, along with current treatment standards and factors associated with prognosis, to inform future trial design in this patient group.Design, setting, and participantsSTAMPEDE trial control arm comprising men newly diagnosed with M1 disease who were recruited between October 2005 and January 2014.Outcome measurements and statistical analysisOverall survival (OS) and failure-free survival (FFS) were reported by primary disease characteristics using Kaplan-Meier methods. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were derived from multivariate Cox models.Results and limitationsA cohort of 917 men with newly diagnosed M1 disease was recruited to the control arm in the specified interval. Median follow-up was 20 mo. Median age at randomisation was 66 yr (interquartile range [IQR]: 61–71), and median prostate-specific antigen level was 112 ng/ml (IQR: 34–373). Most men (n=574; 62%) had bone-only metastases, whereas 237 (26%) had both bone and soft tissue metastases; soft tissue metastasis was found mainly in distant lymph nodes. There were 238 deaths, 202 (85%) from PCa. Median FFS was 11 mo; 2-yr FFS was 29% (95% CI, 25–33). Median OS was 42 mo; 2-yr OS was 72% (95% CI, 68–76). Survival time was influenced by performance status, age, Gleason score, and metastases distribution. Median survival after FFS event was 22 mo. Trial eligibility criteria meant men were younger and fitter than general PCa population.ConclusionsSurvival remains disappointing in men presenting with M1 disease who are started on only long-term ADT, despite active treatments being available at first failure of ADT. Importantly, men with M1 disease now spend the majority of their remaining life in a state of castration-resistant relapse.Patient summaryResults from this control arm cohort found survival is relatively short and highly influenced by patient age, fitness, and where prostate cancer has spread in the body
Uraltsev sum rule in Bakamjian–Thomas quark models

AbstractWe show that the sum rule recently proved by Uraltsev in the heavy quark limit of QCD holds in relativistic quark models à la Bakamjian and Thomas, that were already shown to satisfy Isgur–Wise scaling and Bjorken sum rule. This new sum rule provides a rationale for the lower bound of the slope of the elastic IW function ρ2⩾3/4 obtained within the BT formalism some years ago. Uraltsev sum rule suggests an inequality |τ3/2(1)|>|τ1/2(1)|. This difference is interpreted in the BT formalism as due to the Wigner rotation of the light quark spin, independently of a possible LS force. In BT models, the sum rule convergence is very fast, the n=0 state giving the essential contribution in most of the phenomenological potential models. We underline that there is a serious problem, in the heavy quark limit of QCD, between theory and experiment for the decays B→D∗0,1(broad)ℓν, independently of any model calculation
Extremal equilibria for reaction–diffusion equations in bounded domains and applications

AbstractWe show the existence of two special equilibria, the extremal ones, for a wide class of reaction–diffusion equations in bounded domains with several boundary conditions, including non-linear ones. They give bounds for the asymptotic dynamics and so for the attractor. Some results on the existence and/or uniqueness of positive solutions are also obtained. As a consequence, several well-known results on the existence and/or uniqueness of solutions for elliptic equations are revisited in a unified way obtaining, in addition, information on the dynamics of the associated parabolic problem. Finally, we ilustrate the use of the general results by applying them to the case of logistic equations. In fact, we obtain a detailed picture of the positive dynamics depending on the parameters appearing in the equation
TRAIL Receptors 1 (DR4) and 2 (DR5) Signal FADD-Dependent Apoptosis and Activate NF-κB

AbstractTRAIL induces apoptosis through two closely related receptors, TRAIL-R1 (DR4) and TRAIL-R2 (DR5). Here we show that TRAIL-R1 can associate with TRAIL-R2, suggesting that TRAIL may signal through heteroreceptor signaling complexes. Both TRAIL receptors bind the adaptor molecules FADD and TRADD, and both death signals are interrupted by a dominant negative form of FADD and by the FLICE-inhibitory protein FLIP. The recruitment of TRADD may explain the potent activation of NF-κB observed by TRAIL receptors. Thus, TRAIL receptors can signal both death and gene transcription, functions reminiscent of those of TNFR1 and TRAMP, two other members of the death receptor family
The parity-preserving massive QED3: Vanishing β-function and no parity anomaly

AbstractThe parity-preserving massive QED3 exhibits vanishing gauge coupling β-function and is parity and infrared anomaly free at all orders in perturbation theory. Parity is not an anomalous symmetry, even for the parity-preserving massive QED3, in spite of some claims about the possibility of a perturbative parity breakdown, called parity anomaly. The proof is done by using the algebraic renormalization method, which is independent of any regularization scheme, based on general theorems of perturbative quantum field theory
Single top quark production in t-channel at the LHC in noncommutative space–time

AbstractWe study the production cross section of the t-channel single top quark at the LHC in the noncommutative space–time. It is shown that the deviation of the t-channel single top cross section from the Standard Model value because of noncommutativity is significant when |θ→|≳10−4 GeV−2. Using the present experimental precision in measurement of the t-channel cross section, we apply upper limit on the noncommutative parameter. When a single top quark decays, there is a significant amount of angular correlation, in the top quark rest frame between the top spin direction and the direction of the charged lepton momentum from its decay. We study the effect of noncommutativity on the spin correlation and we find that depending on the noncommutative scale, the angular correlation can enhance considerably. Then, we provide limits on the noncommutative scale for various possible relative uncertainties on the spin correlation measurement
SU(n) symmetry breaking by rank three and rank two antisymmetric tensor scalars

AbstractWe study SU(n) symmetry breaking by rank three and rank two antisymmetric tensor fields. Using tensor analysis, we derive branching rules for the adjoint and antisymmetric tensor representations, and explain why for general SU(n) one finds the same U(1) generator mismatch that we noted earlier in special cases. We then compute the masses of the various scalar fields in the branching expansion, in terms of parameters of the general renormalizable potential for the antisymmetric tensor fields
Altered joint tribology in osteoarthritis: Reduced lubricin synthesis due to the inflammatory process. New horizons for therapeutic approaches

AbstractOsteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of joint disease. This review aimed to consolidate the current evidence that implicates the inflammatory process in the attenuation of synovial lubrication and joint tissue homeostasis in OA. Moreover, with these findings, we propose some evidence for novel therapeutic strategies for preventing and/or treating this complex disorder. The studies reviewed support that inflammatory mediators participate in the onset and progression of OA after joint injury. The flow of pro-inflammatory cytokines following an acute injury seems to be directly associated with altered lubricating ability in the joint tissue. The latter is associated with reduced level of lubricin, one of the major joint lubricants. Future research should focus on the development of new therapies that attenuate the inflammatory process and restore lubricin synthesis and function. This approach could support joint tribology and synovial lubrication leading to improved joint function and pain relief
A Symbolic Semantics for a Calculus for Service-Oriented Computing

AbstractWe introduce a symbolic characterisation of the operational semantics of COWS, a formal language for specifying and combining service-oriented applications, while modelling their dynamic behaviour. This alternative semantics avoids infinite representations of COWS terms due to the value-passing nature of communication in COWS and is more amenable for automatic manipulation by analytical tools, such as e.g. equivalence and model checkers. We illustrate our approach through a ‘translation service’ scenario
Low- and middle-income countries face many common barriers to implementation of maternal health evidence products

AbstractObjectivesTo explore similarities and differences in challenges to maternal health and evidence implementation in general across several low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and to identify common and unique themes representing barriers to and facilitators of evidence implementation in LMIC health care settings.Study DesignSecondary analysis of qualitative data.SettingMeeting reports and articles describing projects undertaken by the authors in five LMICs on three continents were analyzed. Projects focused on identifying barriers to and facilitators of implementation of evidence products: five World Health Organization maternal health guidelines, and a knowledge translation strategy to improve adherence to tuberculosis treatment. Data were analyzed using thematic content analysis.ResultsAmong identified barriers to evidence implementation, a high degree of commonality was found across countries and clinical areas, with lack of financial, material, and human resources most prominent. In contrast, few facilitators were identified varied substantially across countries and evidence implementation products.ConclusionBy identifying common barriers and areas requiring additional attention to ensure capture of unique barriers and facilitators, these findings provide a starting point for development of a framework to guide the assessment of barriers to and facilitators of maternal health and potentially to evidence implementation more generally in LMICs
Why Combining Interrelated Subjects does not Make a Global Subject – Lessons Learnt from the Latest Curriculum Reform of Austrian Commercial Schools

AbstractIn order to enhance students’ understanding of the interrelationships between business administration, business mathematics and accounting, the recently developed curriculum of Austrian commercial schools comprises one global subject in which the contents of these three subjects have been combined. A second subject called “business practice” has been introduced to provide sufficient time to apply the acquired business knowledge to practice-oriented tasks. The results of a formative evaluation study show that several teachers have considerable difficulties to put the main ideas of these two subjects into practice and that many students find it hard to understand the identity of these two subjects
Fatigue life prediction of components made of spheroidal graphite cast iron

AbstractIn many cast metals fatigue crack initiates from a defect. The lower bound of the fatigue life in cast components can be estimated based on the maximum defect size which is present in a component. In this research the distribution of defects in a ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron component was determined. Then, Gumbel distribution was used to estimate the maximum sizes of defects in cylindrical fatigue specimens with different dimensions. Based on estimated maximum defect size, the fracture mechanics approach was used to determine the lower bound of the fatigue life for fatigue specimens with different dimensions and the geometrical size effect was modeled