pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Recency Tendency: Responses to Forced-Choice Questions

The present study was conducted to investigate whether forced-choice questions would lead to any particular tendency in young children’s responses. Two experiments were conducted in which 3- to 5-year-olds children were shown a short animation and then were asked a set of two-option, forced-choice questions. Consistent findings were obtained: (i) Forced-choice questions influenced children’s responses; (ii) Children displayed a consistent ‘recency tendency.’ That is, they tended to choose the second option in forced-choice questions; (iii) This tendency grew weaker as children aged. The findings suggest that forced-choice questions carry some suggestibility load and can bias children’s responses
Changed responses under cross-examination: The role of anxiety and individual differences in child witnesses

The present study explored whether levels of anxiety, and a range of individual differences measures (age, IQ, and suggestibility), could predict performance during crossexamination questioning. Eighty-three children (aged 4-11 years) witnessed a staged event before being interviewed (3-6 days later) and cross-examined (ten months later). Results demonstrated that cross-examination induced a significant rise in anxiety levels. Further, recall of unchallenged details (based on children’s initial testimony, which they reviewed prior to cross-examination) and anxiety levels were the only significant predictors of crossexamination performance. Further research is needed to explore the inter-relationship between anxiety and other individual difference measures on cross-examination performance, and to determine how to alleviate the anxiety of child witnesses (to enable them to achieve their best evidence in court). Preparation to ensure children understand the importance of attending to the recording of their original evidence may improve children’s resilience under cross-examination and reduce anxiety levels
Incremental View on Intelligence and High Intrinsic Motivation Increase Working Memory Training Compliance

Working memory (WM) training is demanding both regarding time and cognitive endurance. Many participants who could benefit from completing the training lose their motivation to do so. Hence, it is valuable to address compliance with the training protocol from a motivational angle. Studies have shown that subjective views on intelligence influence motivation, where individuals believing that intelligence can increase with training, that is, an incremental mind-set, tend to try harder after setbacks and that high-intrinsic motivation relates to higher academic performance. We used questionnaires to measure the extent to which mind-set and intrinsic motivation influenced compliance to complete a WM training program of a minimum of 20 sessions of WM training. Only 53 out of 112 recruited participants, (13years old (SD=.61)) completed the training. Our results showed that mind-set and motivation significantly predicted compliance to training, with high motivation and incremental mind-set being associated with more completed sessions
Reshaping memories through conversations : considering the influence of others on historical memories of abuse

As readers of Applied Cognitive Psychology, we are all familiar with the controversies of the ‘memory wars’ of the late 20th century (see, e.g., Davies & Dalgleish 2001; Ost 2013; Patihis, Ho, Tingen, Lilienfeld & Loftus 2014; and Read & Lindsay 1997, for reviews). While some of us believe ﬁrmly that this controversy was resolutely resolved others maintain that there remains many unanswered questions. At the very least, for the individuals and their families directly caught up in this battle, the result was ultimately a pyrrhic victory. In the last few years, however, the issues surrounding memories of abuse have resurfaced, but in a new form: while in the 20th century the battle was contained within families; in the 21st century the battle has taken on a much more public nature. Speciﬁcally, celebrities, politicians and high proﬁle individuals have found themselves publically accused of molesting children in previous decades, sometimes as long ago as half a century, and are referred to as ‘historical memories of abuse’ (e.g., recent allegations against Jimmy Savile in the UK and Bill Cosby in the USA)
The social and cultural context of remembering : implications for recalling childhood sexual abuse

Remembering is a social cultural activity. Contributors to this Special Issue were asked to address how conversations about personally experienced past events might or might not influence subsequent memory, especially in light of current controversies regarding historical memories of sexual abuse. For many years, the study of human memory focused on the individual engaging in a cognitive activity that produced a specific representation of a past event at a specific time point. But as the papers in this issue make clear, memory is an active ongoing social process that has cascading effects over time, an idea first developed by Bartlett (1932) and championed by Neisser (1982). Even when reminiscing to ourselves, there is an imagined audience, a way of expressing memories of our past selves to our current selves (Halbwachs, 1925/1952). What is remembered about any given event on any given day will depend on both the history of that memory, the specific local context within which the individual is remembering, and the larger sociocultural developmental history within which the individual is embedded (Nelson & Fivush, 2004). In this commentary, we pull the threads through these contributions, and discuss three major factors that contribute to remembering: language, emotion and time. These are, obviously, “big” constructs, but we try to weave together arguments and findings presented across the contributions to this issue. We end with some thoughts on what this might mean specifically for remembering childhood sexual abuse
Reading Without Words: Eye Movements in the Comprehension of Comic Strips

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The study of attention in pictures is mostly limited to individual images. When we ‘read’ a visual narrative (e.g., a comic strip), the pictures have a coherent sequence, but it is not known how this affects attention. In two experiments, we eyetracked participants in order to investigate how disrupting the visual sequence of a comic strip would affect attention. Both when panels were presented one at a time (Experiment 1) and when a sequence was presented all together (Experiment 2), pictures were understood more quickly and with fewer fixations when in their original order. When order was randomised, the same pictures required more attention and additional ‘regressions’. Fixation distributions also differed when the narrative was intact, showing that context affects where we look. This reveals the role of top-down structures when we attend to pictorial information, as well as providing a springboard for applied research into attention within image sequences.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Dynamics of repeated interviews with children

Concerns regarding repeat interviews with child witnesses include greater use of suggestive questions in later interviews due to bias, and that children may appear inconsistent and, therefore, be judged as less reliable in court. UK transcripts of first and second interviews with 21 child victims/witnesses (conducted by qualified interviewers) were coded for question types and child responses. Interviewers were consistent in their proportional use of question types across interviews. Furthermore, children were as informative in second interviews as in first, mostly providing new details consistent with their prior recall. Despite the apparent lack of training in conducting repeated interviews, no negative effects were found; second interviews appeared to be conducted as well as initial interviews, and children provided new details without many contradictions. It is suggested that when a child's testimony is paramount for an investigation, a well-conducted supplementary interview may be an effective way of gaining further investigative leads.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Disguising Superman: how glasses affect unfamiliar face matching

Could a simple pair of glasses really fool us into thinking Superman and Clark Kent are two different people? Here, we\ud
investigated the perception of identity from face images with a task that relies on visual comparison rather than memory. Participants\ud
were presented with two images simultaneously and were asked whether the images depicted the same person or two different\ud
people. The image pairs showed neither image with glasses, both images with glasses, and ‘mixed’ pairs of one image\ud
with and one without glasses. Participants’ accuracies, measured by both percentage correct and d′ sensitivity, were significantly\ud
lower for ‘mixed’ trials. Analysis of response bias showed that when only one face wore glasses, people tended to respond ‘different’.\ud
We demonstrate that glasses affect face matching ability using unconstrained images, and this has implications for both disguise\ud
research and authenticating identity in the real world
'Look this way': Using gaze maintenance to facilitate the detection of children's false reports

In two experiments, we investigated whether imposing a secondary task is an effective technique for detecting child deceit. Firstly, 85 children aged 8 to 11 years old provided either a true or false report of a recent school event. At interview, some children were asked to gaze towards either the interviewer’s face (IF) or a teddy bear’s face (TF), whereas some children were given no gaze instruction. In both the IF and TF conditions, lie-tellers provided significantly fewer details than truth-tellers. 192 adult evaluators then judged the credibility of ten children’s reports from one of the three ‘gaze’ conditions with and without guidance on level of detail. Evaluators discriminated truths from lies successfully when judging children instructed to look at IF, but not when children were asked to gaze towards TF. Evaluators who received guidance demonstrated better discrimination between true and false reports than evaluators who received no such information
CCTV Observation: The Effects of Event Type and Instructions on Fixation Behaviour in an Applied Change Blindness Task

Little is known about how observers' scanning strategies affect performance when monitoring events in closed-circuit television (CCTV) footage. We examined the fixation behaviour of change detectors and non-detectors monitoring dynamic scenes. One hundred forty-seven participants observed mock CCTV videos featuring either a mock crime or no crime. Participants were instructed to look for a crime, to look for something unusual or simply to watch the video. In both videos, two of the people depicted switched locations. Eye movements (the number of fixations on the targets and the average length of each fixation on targets) were recorded prior to and during the critical change period. Change detection (24% overall) was unaffected by event type or task instruction. Fixation behaviour differed significantly between the criminal and non-criminal event conditions. There was no effect of instructions on fixation behaviour. Change detectors fixated for longer on the target directly before the change than did non-detectors. Although fixation behaviour before change predicted change detection, fixation count and durations during the critical change period did not. These results highlight the potential value of studying fixation behaviour for understanding change blindness during complex, cognitively demanding tasks (e.g. CCTV surveillance)
The impact of contextual information and a secondary task on anticipation performance: An interpretation using Cognitive Load Theory

When performing under severe time constraints, sports performers use kinematic and contextual information to facilitate anticipation. We examined the relative importance of these two information sources and their impact on cognitive load and anticipation performance. Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) predicts that adding more information sources to a task will increase cognitive load in less-skilled but not skilled performers. Skilled and less-skilled cricket batters anticipated deliveries from bowlers on a life-size screen under four conditions that manipulated access to contextual information and included a secondary task. The presence of context enhanced anticipation accuracy for both skilled and less-skilled groups, without affecting cognitive load. Skilled performers used sequencing and game-related contextual information in addition to kinematic information to facilitate anticipation, while both groups reported using information pertaining to opponent positioning. Findings highlight the importance of context in anticipation and suggest that the addition of context may not necessarily negatively impact cognitive load
Training self-assessment and task-selection skills to foster self-regulated learning: Do trained skills transfer across domains?

Students' ability to accurately self-assess their performance and select a suitable subsequent learning task in response is imperative for effective self-regulated learning. Video modeling examples have proven effective for training self-assessment and task-selection skills, and-importantly-such training fostered self-regulated learning outcomes. It is unclear, however, whether trained skills would transfer across domains. We investigated whether skills acquired from training with either a specific, algorithmic task-selection rule or a more general heuristic task-selection rule in biology would transfer to self-regulated learning in math. A manipulation check performed after the training confirmed that both algorithmic and heuristic training improved task-selection skills on the biology problems compared with the control condition. However, we found no evidence that students subsequently applied the acquired skills during self-regulated learning in math. Future research should investigate how to support transfer of task-selection skills across domains
Electronic Medical Records for Discovery Research in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Objective:
Electronic medical records (EMRs) are a rich data source for discovery research but are underutilized due to the difficulty of extracting highly accurate clinical data. We assessed whether a classification algorithm incorporating narrative EMR data (typed physician notes) more accurately classifies subjects with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) compared with an algorithm using codified EMR data alone.

Methods:
Subjects with ≥1 International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision RA code (714.xx) or who had anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) checked in the EMR of 2 large academic centers were included in an “RA Mart” (n = 29,432). For all 29,432 subjects, we extracted narrative (using natural language processing) and codified RA clinical information. In a training set of 96 RA and 404 non-RA cases from the RA Mart classified by medical record review, we used narrative and codified data to develop classification algorithms using logistic regression. These algorithms were applied to the entire RA Mart. We calculated and compared the positive predictive value (PPV) of these algorithms by reviewing the records of an additional 400 subjects classified as having RA by the algorithms.

Results:
A complete algorithm (narrative and codified data) classified RA subjects with a significantly higher PPV of 94% than an algorithm with codified data alone (PPV of 88%). Characteristics of the RA cohort identified by the complete algorithm were comparable to existing RA cohorts (80% women, 63% anti-CCP positive, and 59% positive for erosions).
Conclusion:
We demonstrate the ability to utilize complete EMR data to define an RA cohort with a PPV of 94%, which was superior to an algorithm using codified data alone.National Library of Medicine (U.S.) (Award U54LM008748)National Institutes of Health (U.S.). i2b2 (Informatics for Integrating Biology and the Bedside) (Grant U54-LM008748
Assessment of structural lesions in sacroiliac joints enhances diagnostic utility of MRI in early spondyloarthritis

OBJECTIVE:: We aimed to compare the diagnostic utility of T1-weighted (T1w) and STIR MRI sequences in early spondyloarthritis (SpA) using a standardized approach to the evaluation of sacroiliac joints (SIJ) and to test whether systematic calibration of readers directed at recognition of abnormalities on T1w MRI would enhance diagnostic utility. METHODS:: Six readers independently assessed T1w and STIR MRI scans of the SIJ from 187 subjects: 75 AS and 27 preradiographic IBP patients; 26 mechanical back pain and 59 healthy volunteer controls aged </=45 years. The exercise was repeated 6 months later on a random selection of 30 AS patients and 34 controls after calibration directed at lesions visible on T1w MRI. Specific MRI lesions were recorded according to standardized definitions. In addition to deciding on the presence/absence of SpA readers were asked which MRI sequence and which type of lesion was the primary basis for their diagnostic conclusion. RESULTS:: Structural lesions were detected in 98% of AS and in 64% of IBP patients. A diagnosis of SpA was based on T1w or combined T1w/STIR sequences in 82% of AS and 41% of IBP patients. Calibration enhanced diagnostic utility of MRI in the majority of readers, especially those considered less experienced; mean (of 6 readers) pre-calibration likelihood ratio (LR) (+/-) was 14.5/0.08 and post-calibration was 22.2/0.02. CONCLUSION:: Recognition of structural lesions on T1w MRI contributes significantly to its diagnostic utility in early SpA. Rheumatologist training directed at detection of lesions visible on T1w MRI enhances diagnostic utility
Footwear characteristics and factors influencing footwear choice in patients with gout

OBJECTIVE. Gout is associated with foot pain, impairment and disability. The aim of this study was to assess footwear characteristics and key factors influencing footwear choice in patients with gout. We also wished to evaluate the relationship between footwear characteristics and foot disability.

METHODS. Fifty patients with a history of acute gout were recruited from rheumatology clinics during the summer months. Clinical characteristics, global function, and foot impairment and disability measures were recorded. Footwear characteristics and the factors associated with choice of footwear were identified using validated assessment tools. Suitability of footwear was assessed using pre-determined criteria for assessing adequacy of footwear, based on a previous study of foot pain.
RESULTS. The patients had moderate to severe foot pain, impairment and disability. Poor footwear characteristics included poor cushioning, lack of support, lack of stability and motion control. Over 50% of shoes were ≥12 months old and demonstrated excessive wear patterns. Patients reported comfort (98%), fit (90%), support (79%) and cost (60%) as important factors in choosing their own footwear. No correlation was found between footwear characteristics (length and width) and foot characteristics (foot pain, impairment and disability). Patients with poor footwear reported higher foot-related impairment and disability.
CONCLUSION. Use of poor footwear is common in patients with chronic gout and is associated with foot disability and impairment
Association between pain, radiographic severity, and centrally‐mediated symptoms in women with knee osteoarthritis

Objective  To examine the relationship between pain, radiographic severity, and a common set of co‐occurring centrally‐mediated symptoms (fatigue, sleep quality, and depression) in women with knee osteoarthritis.    Methods  Participants underwent knee radiographs, and had repeated assessments of pain severity and other centrally‐mediated symptoms during a 5‐day home monitoring period. To examine associations between pain severity (the average of pain over the home monitoring period), measures of osteoarthritis radiographic severity (Kellgren/Lawrence grade, minimum joint space width), centrally‐mediated symptoms, and demographics (age) were used. Symptoms of fatigue, sleep efficiency, and depression were used in a composite measure representing centrally‐mediated symptoms.    Results  Using a series of linear regression models in which each variable was entered hierarchically (n = 54), the final model showed that 27% of the variance in pain severity was explained by age, radiographic severity, and centrally‐mediated symptoms. Centrally‐mediated symptoms explained an additional 10% of the variance in pain severity after the other 2 variables were entered.    Conclusion  Both radiographic severity and centrally‐mediated symptoms were independently and significantly associated with pain severity in women with knee osteoarthritis. In addition to more severe radiographic features, women with higher centrally‐mediated symptoms had greater pain severity. Treatments for women with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis may be optimized by addressing both peripheral and central sources of pain
Ovarian reserve diminished by oral cyclophosphamide therapy for granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's)

Objective  Standard treatment for severe granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) (GPA) is daily oral cyclophosphamide (CYC), a cytotoxic agent associated with ovarian failure. In this study, we assessed the rate of diminished ovarian reserve in women with GPA who received CYC versus methotrexate (MTX).    Methods  Patients in the Wegener's Granulomatosis Etanercept Trial received either daily CYC or weekly MTX and were randomized to etanercept or placebo. For all women ages <50 years, plasma samples taken at baseline or early in the study were evaluated against samples taken later in the study to compare levels of anti‐Müllerian hormone (AMH) and follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), endocrine markers of remaining egg supply. Diminished ovarian reserve was defined as an AMH level of <1.0 ng/ml.    Results  Of 42 women in this analysis (mean age 35 years), 24 had CYC exposure prior to enrollment and 28 received the drug during the study. At study entry, women with prior CYC exposure had significantly lower AMH, higher FSH, and a higher rate of early menstruation cessation. For women with normal baseline ovarian function, 6 of 8 who received CYC during the trial developed diminished ovarian reserve, compared to 0 of 4 who did not receive CYC ( P  < 0.05). Changes in AMH correlated inversely with cumulative CYC dose ( P  < 0.01), with a 0.74 ng/ml decline in AMH level for each 10 gm of CYC.    Conclusion  Daily oral CYC, even when administered for less than 6 months, causes diminished ovarian reserve, as indicated by low AMH levels. These data highlight the need for alternative treatments for GPA in women of childbearing age