pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Invisible disagreement: an inverted qualia argument for realism

Scientific realists argue that a good track record of multi-agent, and multiple method, validation of empirical claims is itself evidence that those claims, at least partially and approximately, reflect ways nature actually is independent of the ways we conceptualize it. Constructivists contend that successes in validating empirical claims only suffice to establish that our ways of modelling the world, our ``constructions,'' are useful and adequate for beings like us. This essay presents a thought experiment in which beings like us intersubjectively validate claims about properties of particular things in nature under conditions in which those beings have profoundly different personal phenomenological experiences of those properties. I submit that the thought experiment scenario parallels our actual situation, and argue that this shows that successes in intersubjectively validating empirical claims are indeed enough to claim victory for the realist. More specifically, I champion a variation of realism that marries Ronald Giere's brand of `perspectival realism' with Philip Kitcher's `real realism,' and posits that causal relations between ourselves and properties instantiated in nature ground our references to the relevant properties even though our conceptions of them are perspective relative (or filtered through, and distorted by, a perspective)
Symptoms associated with the DSM IV diagnosis of depression in pregnancy and post partum

Erworben im Rahmen der Schweizer Nationallizenzen (http://www.nationallizenzen.ch)Pregnancy and the postpartum may affect symptoms of depression. However it has not yet been tested how the symptoms used for the DSM IV diagnosis of depression discriminate depressed from non depressed women perinatally. 
A modified version of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM IV (SCID interview) was used that allowed assessment of all associated DSM IV symptoms of depression with depressed and non depressed women in pregnancy and the postpartum period. Loss of appetite was not associated with depression either ante or postnatally. The antenatal symptom pattern was different from the postnatal. The sensitivity of the symptoms ranged from 0.7% to 51.6%, and specificity from 61.3% to 99.1%. The best discriminating symptoms were motor retardation/agitation and concentration antenatally, and motor retardation/agitation, concentration and fatigue postnatally. Depression in pregnancy and postpartum depression show significantly different symptom profiles. Appetite is not suitable for the diagnosis of depression in the perinatal period
Contextual Semantics in Quantum Mechanics from a Categorical Point of View

The category-theoretic representation of quantum event structures provides a canonical setting for confronting the fundamental problem of truth valuation in quantum mechanics as exemplified, in particular, by Kochen–Specker’s theorem. In the present study, this is realized on the basis of the existence of a categorical adjunction between the category of sheaves of variable local Boolean frames, constituting a topos, and the category of quantum event algebras. We show explicitly that the latter category is equipped with an object of truth values, or classifying object, which constitutes the appropriate tool for assigning truth values to propositions describing the behavior of quantum systems. Effectively, this category-theoretic representation scheme circumvents consistently the semantic ambiguity with respect to truth valuation that is inherent in conventional quantum mechanics by inducing an objective contextual account of truth in the quantum domain of discourse. The philosophical implications of the resulting account are analyzed. We argue that it subscribes neither to a pragmatic instrumental nor to a relative notion of truth. Such an account essentially denies that there can be a universal context of reference or an Archimedean standpoint from which to evaluate logically the totality of facts of nature
Voltage recovery in intermediate band solar cells

The intermediate band solar cell (IBSC) is based on a novel photovoltaic concept and has a limiting efficiency of 63.2%, which compares favorably with the 40.7% efficiency of a conventional, single junction solar cell. It is characterized by a material hosting a collection of energy levels within its bandgap, allowing the cell to exploit photons with sub-bandgap energies in a two-step absorption process, thus improving the utilization of the solar spectrum. However, these intermediate levels are often regarded as an inherent source of supplementary recombination, although this harmful effect can in theory be counteracted by the use of concentrated light. We present here a novel, low-temperature characterization technique using concentrated light that reveals how the initially enhanced recombination in the IBSC is reduced so that its open-circuit voltage is completely recovered and reaches that of a conventional solar cell
Minimum water requirement for social and economic development

There is no common understanding of the minimum per capita fresh water requirement for human health and economic and social development. Existing estimates vary between 20 litres and 4,654 litres per capita per day, however, these estimates are methodologically problematic as they consider only human consumptive and hygiene needs, or they consider economic needs but not the effects of trade. Reconsidering the components of a minimum water requirement estimate for human health and for economic and social development suggests that a country requires a minimum of 135 litres per person per day. With all countries except Kuwait having much greater water resources than this, water scarcity alone need not hinder development. Given the steadily decreasing cost of desalination together with the relatively small amount of water required per capita to permit social and economic development, desalination should be affordable where necessary for all but the very least economically developed countries where local naturally occurring freshwater resources are insufficient and saline water is available
Modelling of spectral properties and population kinetics studies of inertial fusión and laboratory astrophysical plasmas

Fundamental research and modelling in plasma atomic physics continue to be essential for providing basic understanding of many different topics relevant to high-energy-density plasmas. The Atomic Physics Group at the Institute of Nuclear Fusion has accumulated experience over the years in developing a collection of computational models and tools for determining the atomic energy structure, ionization balance and radiative properties of, mainly, inertial fusion and laser-produced plasmas in a variety of conditions. In this work, we discuss some of the latest advances and results of our research, with emphasis on inertial fusion and laboratory-astrophysical applications
Diffusion and usage of public e-services in Europe: An assessment of country level indicators and drivers

We analyze the state of the art of indicators on eGovernment, eHealth, eProcurement and ePartecipation. We survey the main methodological properties of these indicators, and uncover the principal stylized facts and trends; at the same time, we highlight their heuristic limits and potential inconsistencies. Finally, we address empirically the issue of the explanation of the indexes scores – i.e. how the supply of the various eServices in each country is affected by political, institutional and socio-economic differences, and is followed by actual usage. The econometric analysis uncovers the importance of broadband penetration and higher education as drivers for most of the types of eServices and users (citizens and businesses). Moreover, a corruption-free and agile public sector shows up to be an important pre-condition for more effective supply and usage. Despite severe data limits and the complexity of the underlying diffusion phenomena, our study of eServices availability and usage across European countries is a first empirical contribution aimed at disentangling broad empirical trends – with their correlates - from unresolved methodological issues. As such, this work appears useful to inform the policy debate and practice, in a phase characterized by a prospective reorientation of public eServices provision.
A picture of tuberculosis in young Portuguese people in the early 20th century: A multidisciplinary study of the skeletal and historical evidence

The aim of this study was to examine the evidence, and consider the differential diagnosis, for tuberculosis (TB) in juvenile individuals from early 20th century documented skeletons. There are 66 male and female juvenile individuals in the Coimbra Identified Skeletal Collection (CISC) with an age at death ranging from 7-21 years. The individuals died between 1904-1936 in different areas of Coimbra, Portugal. Eighteen of these individuals died from TB affecting different parts of the body. Thirteen (72.2%) showed skeletal lesions that may be related to this infection. Of the 48 individuals with a non-tuberculous cause of death, only 2 (4.2%) had skeletal changes that could be attributed to TB. The distribution of skeletal manifestations caused by the types of TB under study, based on macroscopic and radiological findings, is described and discussed. In addition, the medical records from 6 tuberculous individuals who died in Coimbra University Hospital (CUH) were analysed, and the information, including their diet and access to treatment, is presented. This work, based on data arising before antibiotics became available for treatment, can contribute to the future diagnosis of TB in non-documented skeletal material, and will facilitate a more reliable diagnosis of TB in juvenile individuals. Am J Phys Anthropol 115:38-49, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.105
Differential sensitivities of plant and animal mitochondria to the herbicide paraquat

Paraquat herbicide is toxic to animals, including humans, via putative toxicity mechanisms associated to microsomal and mitochondrial redox systems. It is also believed to act in plants by generating highly reactive oxygen free radicals from electrons of photosystem I on exposure to light. Paraquat also acts on non-chlorophyllous plant tissues, where mitochondria are candidate targets, as in animal tissues. Therefore, we compared the interaction of paraquat with the mitochondrial bioenergetics of potato tuber, using rat liver mitochondria as a reference. Paraquat depressed succinate-dependent mitochondrial Deltapsi, with simultaneous stimulation of state 4 O2 consumption. It also induced a slow time-dependent effect for respiration of succinate, exogenous NADH, and N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD)/ascorbate, which was more pronounced in rat than in potato mitochondria. However, with potato tuber mitochondria, the Deltapsi promoted by complex-I-dependent respiration is insensitive to this effect, indicating a protection against paraquat radical afforded by complex I redox activity, which was just the reverse of to the findings for rat liver mitochondria. The experimental set up with the tetraphenyl phosphonium (TPP+)-electrode also indivated production of the paraquat radical in mitochondria, also suggesting its accessibility to the outside space. The different activities of protective antioxidant agents can contribute to explain the different sensitivities of both kinds of mitochondria. Values of SOD activity and alpha-tocopherol detected in potato mitochondria were significantly higher than in rat mitochondria, which, in turn, revealed higher values of lipid peroxidation induced by paraquat. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 15:322-330, 2001http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbt.1001
Characterizing the spatial variability of groundwater quality using the entropy theory: I. Synthetic data

This paper, the first in a series of two, applies the entropy (or information) theory to describe the spatial variability of synthetic data that can represent spatially correlated groundwater quality data. The application involves calculating information measures such as transinformation, the information transfer index and the correlation coefficient. These measures are calculated using discrete and analytical approaches. The discrete approach uses the contingency table and the analytical approach uses the normal probability density function. The discrete and analytical approaches are found to be in reasonable agreement. The analysis shows that transinformation is useful and comparable with correlation to characterize the spatial variability of the synthetic data set, which is correlated with distance. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.146
The synthesis and characterization of new polymerizable pyrimidines: Immobilization of the monomers onto hydrophilic graft copolymeric supports through radiation-induced copolymerization-grafting

Polymerizable quaternary allyl-pyrimidinium salts, that is, 1-allyl-4- amino-5-phenyl-pyrimidine (IV), 1-allyl-4-acetamido-5-phenyl-pyrimidine (V), 1-allyl-5-hydroxymethylamino-5-phenyl-pyrimidine (VI), and 1-allyl-pyrimidine (VIII) bromides, as well as 4-acrylamido-5-phenyl-pyrimidines II` and IV`, were synthesized and characterized. Three of the activated pyrimidine derivatives, the two acrylamido and one allyl pyrimidine, were immobilized onto (Agar-g-co-HEMA)-X-TMPTA via graft copolymerization. Each copolymer system, based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) grafted onto Agar followed by crosslinking with trimethyllopropane triacrylate (TMPTA), was prepared by radiation-induced copolymerization carried out in the simultaneous mode. The release properties of the immobilized pyrimidines were assessed in various aqueous media over a period of approximately 22 days.  © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 70: 211-218, 1998http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19981010)70:2<211::AID-APP1>3.0.CO;2-
Diffusion of electrolytes in hydrolyzable glassy polymers: Acetic acid in poly(vinyl acetate), poly(vinyl alcohol), and polyesters

Engineering materials containing poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) as the key component undergo hydrolytic degradation, which must be minimized or, at least, controlled. To characterize PVAc hydrolysis quantitatively, the diffusion of acetic acid (HAc) in PVAc, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), unsaturated polyester (UPE), and a UPE/PVAc blend was studied in detail. The permeability cell earlier developed by the authors was modified here to reduce experimental error. As the diffusion and solubility coefficients of water and HAc in the above materials were measured at different temperatures, a mathematical model was developed, which takes proper account of the combined water and HAc diffusion in PVAc undergoing partial hydrolysis. The model was further validated by the experimental data obtained at 70°C for UPE/PVAc film, simulating a matrix of sheet-molding compounds composite materials. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 1157-1166, 2002http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1016
Characterization of ATP release from cultures enriched in cholinergic amacrine-like neurons

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has been proposed to play a role as a neurotransmitter in the retina, but not much attention has been given to the regulation of ATP release from retinal neurons. In this work, we investigated the release of ATP from cultures enriched in amacrine-like neurons. Depolarization of the cells with KCl, or activation of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy- 5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate (AMPA) receptors, evoked the release of ATP, as determined by the luciferin/luciferase luminescent method. The ATP release was found to be largely Ca2+ dependent and sensitive to the botulinum neurotoxin A, which indicates that the ATP released by cultured retinal neurons originated from an exocytotic pool. Nitrendipine and omega-Agatoxin IVA, but not by omega-Conotoxin GVIA, partially blocked the release of ATP, indicating that in these cells, the Ca2+ influx necessary to trigger the release of ATP occurs in part through the L- and the P/Q types of voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels (VSCC), but not through N-type VSCC. The release of ATP increased in the presence of adenosine deaminase, or in the presence of 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (DPCPX), an adenosine A1 receptor antagonist, showing that the release is tonically inhibited by the adenosine A1 receptors. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing the release of endogenous ATP from a retinal preparation. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 41: 340-348, 1999http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4695(19991115)41:3<340::AID-NEU3>3.0.CO;2-
Sendai Virus Fusion Activity as Modulated by Target Membrane Components

We have studied the differences between erythrocytes and erythrocyte ghosts as target membranes for the study of Sendai virus fusion activity. Fusion was monitored continuously by fluorescence dequenching of R18-labeled virus. Experiments were carried out either with or without virus/target membrane prebinding. When Sendai virus was added directly to a erythrocyte/erythrocyte ghost suspension, fusion was always lower than that obtained when experiments were carried out with virus already bound to the erythrocyte/erythrocyte ghost in the cold, since with virus prebinding fusion can be triggered more rapidly. Although virus binding to both erythrocytes and erythrocyte ghosts was similar, fusion activity was much more pronounced when erythrocyte ghosts were used as target membranes. These observations indicate that intact erythrocytes and erythrocyte ghosts are not equivalent as target membranes for the study of Sendai virus fusion activity. Fusion of Sendai virus with both target membranes was inhibited when erythrocytes or erythrocyte ghosts were pretreated with proteinase K, suggesting a role of target membrane proteins in this process. Treatment of both target membranes with neuraminidase, which removes sialic acid residues (the biological receptors for Sendai virus) greatly reduced viral binding. Interestingly, this treatment had no significant effect on the fusion reaction itself.http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:102018010927
On the solution of the symmetric eigenvalue complementarity problem by the spectral projected gradient algorithm

Abstract  This paper is devoted to the eigenvalue complementarity problem (EiCP) with symmetric real matrices. This problem is equivalent to finding a stationary point of a differentiable optimization program involving the Rayleigh quotient on a simplex (Queiroz et al., Math. Comput. 73, 1849–1863, 2004). We discuss a logarithmic function and a quadratic programming formulation to find a complementarity eigenvalue by computing a stationary point of an appropriate merit function on a special convex set. A variant of the spectral projected gradient algorithm with a specially designed line search is introduced to solve the EiCP. Computational experience shows that the application of this algorithm to the logarithmic function formulation is a quite efficient way to find a solution to the symmetric EiCP.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11075-008-9194-
Drift Theory and Plate Tectonics: A Case of Embedding in Geology

The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the semantic relation between continental drift and plate tectonics. The numerous attempts to account for this case in either Kuhnian or Lakatosian terms have been convincingly dismissed by Rachel Laudan (1978), who nevertheless acknowledged that there was not yet a plausible alternative to explain the so called “geological revolution”. In studying this case under a new light, the notion of embedding, as distinguished from other sorts of inter-theoretical relations (Moulines 1996, 2010, 2011), will have a particular significance.“La pragmática como dinamizadora del estudio de la flexibilidad semántica: contextos conversacionales y contextos teóricos” (FFI2012-33881
Model reproduces individual, group and collective dynamics of human
  contact networks

Empirical data on the dynamics of human face-to-face interactions across a
variety of social venues have recently revealed a number of context-independent
structural and temporal properties of human contact networks. This universality
suggests that some basic mechanisms may be responsible for the unfolding of
human interactions in the physical space. Here we discuss a simple model that
reproduces the empirical distributions for the individual, group and collective
dynamics of face-to-face contact networks. The model describes agents that move
randomly in a two-dimensional space and tend to stop when meeting "attractive"
peers, and reproduces accurately the empirical distributions
A note on the improvement ambiguity of the stress tensor and the critical limits of correlation functions

I study various properties of the critical limits of correlators containing insertions of conserved and anomalous currents. In particular, I show that the improvement term of the stress tensor can be fixed unambiguously, studying the RG interpolation between the UV and IR limits. The removal of the improvement ambiguity is encoded in a variational principle, which makes use of sum rules for the trace anomalies a and a'. Compatible results follow from the analysis of the RG equations. I perform a number of self-consistency checks and discuss the issues in a large set of theories
Calorimetric consequences of thermal softening in Johnson–Cook’s model

At high loading rates, the development of adiabatic shear bands in metals is conventionally attributed to the strong interactions induced by viscoplastic dissipation within the bands and thermal softening effects. The rheological equation proposed by Johnson and Cook takes both viscoplastic hardening and thermal softening into account. The present paper reviews and includes this equation into a thermodynamic framework in order to analyse the energy impacts of thermal softening. Indeed this latter implies the existence of a ther-momechanical coupling source, probably non-negligible and which must be considered when estimating temperature variations induced by shear band development
Determination of composition, residual stress and stacking fault depth profiles in expanded austenite with energy-dispersive diffraction

A methodology is proposed combining the scattering vector method with energy dispersive diffraction for the non-destructive determination of stress- and composition-depth profiles. The advantage of the present method is a relatively short measurement time and avoidance of tedious sublayer removal; the disadvantage as compared to destructive methods is that depth profiles can only be obtained for depth shallower than half the layer thickness. The proposed method is applied to an expanded austenite layer on stainless steel and al- lows the separation of stress, composition and stacking fault density gradients.Financial support from the Danish Research Council for Technolo- gy and Production Sciences under grant no. 274-07-0344 is gratefully acknowledged
Measurement of forward $\rm Z\rightarrow e^+e^-$ production at
  $\sqrt{s}=8$TeV

A measurement of the cross-section for Z-boson production in the forward
region of pp collisions at 8TeV centre-of-mass energy is presented. The
measurement is based on a sample of $\rm Z\rightarrow e^+e^-$ decays
reconstructed using the LHCb detector, corresponding to an integrated
luminosity of 2.0fb$^{-1}$. The acceptance is defined by the requirements
$2.0<\eta<4.5$ and $p_{\rm T}>20$GeV for the pseudorapidities and transverse
momenta of the leptons. Their invariant mass is required to lie in the range
60--120GeV. The cross-section is determined to be $$ \sigma({\rm pp\to Z\to
e^+e^-})=93.81\pm0.41({\rm stat})\pm1.48({\rm syst})\pm1.14({\rm lumi})\;{\rm
pb}\,,$$ where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second reflects all
systematic effects apart from that arising from the luminosity, which is given
as the third uncertainty. Differential cross-sections are presented as
functions of the Z-boson rapidity and of the angular variable $\phi^*$, which
is related to the Z-boson transverse momentum