pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Radial Velocities as an Exoplanet Discovery Method

The precise radial velocity technique is a cornerstone of exoplanetary
astronomy. Astronomers measure Doppler shifts in the star's spectral features,
which track the line-of/sight gravitational accelerations of a star caused by
the planets orbiting it. The method has its roots in binary star astronomy, and
exoplanet detection represents the low-companion-mass limit of that
application. This limit requires control of several effects of much greater
magnitude than the signal sought: the motion of the telescope must be
subtracted, the instrument must be calibrated, and spurious Doppler shifts
"jitter" must be mitigated or corrected. Two primary forms of instrumental
calibration are the stable spectrograph and absorption cell methods, the former
being the path taken for the next generation of spectrographs. Spurious,
apparent Doppler shifts due to non-center-of-mass motion (jitter) can be the
result of stellar magnetic activity or photospheric motions and granulation.
Several avoidance, mitigation, and correction strategies exist, including
careful analysis of line shapes and radial velocity wavelength dependence.Comment: Invited review chapter. 13pp. v2 includes corrections to Eqs 3-6,
  updated references, and minor edit
Internal Structure of Giant and Icy Planets: Importance of Heavy
  Elements and Mixing

In this chapter we summarize current knowledge of the internal structure of
giant planets. We concentrate on the importance of heavy elements and their
role in determining the planetary composition and internal structure, in planet
formation, and during the planetary long-term evolution. We briefly discuss how
internal structure models are derived, present the possible structures of the
outer planets in the Solar System, and summarise giant planet formation and
evolution. Finally, we introduce giant exoplanets and discuss how they can be
used to better understand giant planets as a class of planetary objects.Comment: Invited review chapter, accepted for publication in "Handbook of
  Exoplanets
Timing by Stellar Pulsations as an Exoplanet Discovery Method

The stable oscillations of pulsating stars can serve as accurate timepieces,
which may be monitored for the influence of exoplanets. An external companion
gravitationally tugs the host star, causing periodic changes in pulsation
arrival times. This method is most sensitive to detecting substellar companions
around the hottest pulsating stars, especially compact remnants like white
dwarfs and hot subdwarfs, as well as delta Scuti variables (A stars). However,
it is applicable to any pulsating star with sufficiently stable oscillations.
Care must be taken to ensure that the changes in pulsation arrival times are
not caused by intrinsic stellar variability; an external, light-travel-time
effect from an exoplanet identically affects all pulsation modes. With more
long-baseline photometric campaigns coming online, this method is yielding new
detections of substellar companions.Comment: 9 pages, 2 figures: Invited review to appear in 'Handbook of
  Exoplanets,' Springer Reference Works, edited by Hans J. Deeg and Juan
  Antonio Belmont
Habitability in Brown Dwarf Systems

The very recent discovery of planets orbiting very low mass stars sheds light
on these exotic objects. Planetary systems around low-mass stars and brown
dwarfs are very different from our solar system: the planets are expected to be
much closer than Mercury, in a layout that could resemble the system of Jupiter
and its moons. The recent discoveries point in that direction with, for
example, the system of Kepler-42 and especially the system of TRAPPIST-1 which
has seven planets in a configuration very close to the moons of Jupiter.
Low-mass stars and brown dwarfs are thought to be very common in our
neighborhood and are thought to host many planetary systems. The planets
orbiting in the habitable zone of brown dwarfs (and very low-mass stars)
represent one of the next challenges of the following decades: they are the
only planets of the habitable zone whose atmosphere we will be able to probe
(e.g. with the JWST).Comment: Chapter accepted for the Handbook of Exoplanets in Section "Where
  Life May Arise: Habitability". 20 pages, 8 figure
Assessing the Interior Structure of Terrestrial Exoplanets with
  Implications for Habitability

Astrophysical observations reveal a large diversity of radii and masses of
exoplanets. It is important to characterize the interiors of exoplanets to
understand planetary diversity and further determine how unique, or not, Earth
is. Assessing interior structure is challenging because there are few data and
large uncertainties. Thus, for a given exoplanet a range of interior structure
models can satisfy available data. Typically, interior models aim to constrain
the radial structure and composition of the core and mantle, and additionally
ice, ocean, and gas layer if appropriate. Constraining the parameters of these
layers may also inform us about interior dynamics. However, it remains
challenging to constrain interior dynamics using interior structure models
because structure models are relatively insensitive to the thermal state of a
planet. Nevertheless, elucidating interior dynamics remains a key goal in
exoplanetology due to its role in determining surface conditions and hence
habitability. Thus far, Earth-like habitability can be excluded for
super-Earths that are in close proximity to their stars and therefore have high
surface temperatures that promote local magma oceans.Comment: accepted book chapter in Handbook of Exoplanets, SpringerLink, 3
  Figures, 20 pages (excl. references
Characterizing Exoplanet Habitability

A habitable exoplanet is a world that can maintain stable liquid water on its
surface. Techniques and approaches to characterizing such worlds are essential,
as performing a census of Earth-like planets that may or may not have life will
inform our understanding of how frequently life originates and is sustained on
worlds other than our own. Observational techniques like high contrast imaging
and transit spectroscopy can reveal key indicators of habitability for
exoplanets. Both polarization measurements and specular reflectance from oceans
(also known as "glint") can provide direct evidence for surface liquid water,
while constraining surface pressure and temperature (from moderate resolution
spectra) can indicate liquid water stability. Indirect evidence for
habitability can come from a variety of sources, including observations of
variability due to weather, surface mapping studies, and/or measurements of
water vapor or cloud profiles that indicate condensation near a surface.
Approaches to making the types of measurements that indicate habitability are
diverse, and have different considerations for the required wavelength range,
spectral resolution, maximum noise levels, stellar host temperature, and
observing geometry.Comment: accepte
Transit Timing and Duration Variations for the Discovery and
  Characterization of Exoplanets

Transiting exoplanets in multi-planet systems have non-Keplerian orbits which
can cause the times and durations of transits to vary. The theory and
observations of transit timing variations (TTV) and transit duration variations
(TDV) are reviewed. Since the last review, the Kepler spacecraft has detected
several hundred perturbed planets. In a few cases, these data have been used to
discover additional planets, similar to the historical discovery of Neptune in
our own Solar System. However, the more impactful aspect of TTV and TDV studies
has been characterization of planetary systems in which multiple planets
transit. After addressing the equations of motion and parameter scalings, the
main dynamical mechanisms for TTV and TDV are described, with citations to the
observational literature for real examples. We describe parameter constraints,
particularly the origin of the mass/eccentricity degeneracy and how it is
overcome by the high-frequency component of the signal. On the observational
side, derivation of timing precision and introduction to the timing diagram are
given. Science results are reviewed, with an emphasis on mass measurements of
transiting sub-Neptunes and super-Earths, from which bulk compositions may be
inferred.Comment: Revised version. Invited review submitted to 'Handbook of
  Exoplanets,' Exoplanet Discovery Methods section, Springer Reference Works,
  Juan Antonio Belmonte and Hans Deeg, Eds. TeX and figures may be found at
  https://github.com/ericagol/TTV_revie
Efficient AUC Optimization for Information Ranking Applications

Adequate evaluation of an information retrieval system to estimate future
performance is a crucial task. Area under the ROC curve (AUC) is widely used to
evaluate the generalization of a retrieval system. However, the objective
function optimized in many retrieval systems is the error rate and not the AUC
value. This paper provides an efficient and effective non-linear approach to
optimize AUC using additive regression trees, with a special emphasis on the
use of multi-class AUC (MAUC) because multiple relevance levels are widely used
in many ranking applications. Compared to a conventional linear approach, the
performance of the non-linear approach is comparable on binary-relevance
benchmark datasets and is better on multi-relevance benchmark datasets.Comment: 12 page
Understandability biased evaluation for information retrieval

Although relevance is known to be a multidimensional concept, information retrieval measures mainly consider one dimension of relevance: topicality. In this paper we propose a method to integrate multiple dimensions of relevance in the evaluation of information retrieval systems. This is done within the gain-discount evaluation framework, which underlies measures like rank-biased precision (RBP), cumulative gain, and expected reciprocal rank. Albeit the proposal is general and applicable to any dimension of relevance, we study specific instantiations of the approach in the context of evaluating retrieval systems with respect to both the topicality and the understandability of retrieved documents. This leads to the formulation of understandability biased evaluation measures based on RBP. We study these measures using both simulated experiments and real human assessments. The findings show that considering both understandability and topicality in the evaluation of retrieval systems leads to claims about system effectiveness that differ from those obtained when considering topicality alone
VODUM: a Topic Model Unifying Viewpoint, Topic and Opinion Discovery

The surge of opinionated on-line texts provides a wealth of information that can be exploited to analyze users' viewpoints and opinions on various topics. This article presents VODUM, an unsupervised Topic Model designed to jointly discover viewpoints, topics, and opinions in text. We hypothesize that partitioning topical words and viewpoint-specific opinion words using part-of-speech helps to discriminate and identify viewpoints. Quantitative and qualitative experiments on the Bitterlemons collection show the performance of our model. It outperforms state-of-the-art baselines in generalizing data and identifying viewpoints. This result stresses how important topical and opinion words separation is, and how it impacts the accuracy of viewpoint identification
Finding relevant relations in relevant documents

This work studies the combination of a document retrieval and a relation extraction system for the purpose of identifying query-relevant relational facts. On the TREC Web collection, we assess extracted facts separately for correctness and relevance. Despite some TREC topics not being covered by the relation schema, we find that this approach reveals relevant facts, and in particular those not yet known in the knowledge base DBpedia. The study confirms that mention frequency, document relevance, and entity relevance are useful indicators for fact relevance. Still, the task remains an open research problem
Two scrolls or one click: A cost model for browsing search results

Modeling how people interact with search interfaces has been of particular interest and importance to the field of Interactive Information Retrieval. Recently, there has been a move to developing formal models of the interaction between the user and the system, whether it be to run a simulation, conduct an economic analysis, measure system performance, or simply to better understand the interactions. In this paper, we present a cost model that characterizes a user examining search results. The model shows under what conditions the interface should be more scroll based or more click based and provides ways to estimate the number of results per page based on the size of the screen and the various interaction costs. Further extensions to the model could be easily included to model different types of browsing and other costs
Multi-label, Multi-class Classification Using Polylingual Embeddings

International audienceWe propose a Polylingual text Embedding (PE) strategy, that learns a language independent representation of texts using Neu-ral Networks. We study the effects of bilingual representation learning for text classification and we empirically show that the learned representations achieve better classification performance compared to traditional bag-of-words and other monolingual distributed representations. The performance gains are more significant in the interesting case where only few labeled examples are available for training the classifiers
Informativeness for Adhoc IR evaluation: a measure that prevents assessing individual documents

Informativeness measures have been used in interactive in-  formation retrieval and automatic summarization evaluation. Indeed, as opposed  to adhoc retrieval,  these  two  tasks  cannot  rely  on  the  Cranfield  evaluation  paradigm  in  which  retrieved  documents  are  compared to static query relevance document lists. In this paper, we explore the use of informativeness measures to evaluate adhoc task. The advantage of the proposed evaluation framework is that it does not rely on an exhaustive reference and can be used in a changing environment in which new  documents  occur, and  for  which  relevance  has  not  been  assessed. We  show  that  the  correlation  between  the  official system  ranking  and the informativeness measure is specifically high for most of the TREC adhoc tracks
Bibliometric-Enhanced Information Retrieval: 3rd International BIR Workshop

The BIR workshop brings together experts in Bibliometrics and Information Retrieval. While sometimes perceived as rather loosely related, these research areas share various interests and face similar challenges. Our motivation as organizers of the BIR workshop stemmed from a twofold observation. First, both communities only partly overlap, albeit sharing various interests. Second, it will be profitable for both sides to tackle some of the emerging problems that scholars face today when they have to identify relevant and high quality literature in the fast growing number of electronic publications available worldwide. Bibliometric techniques are not yet used widely to enhance retrieval processes in digital libraries, although they offer value-added effects for users. Information professionals working in libraries and archives, however, are increasingly confronted with applying bibliometric techniques in their services. The first BIR workshop in 2014 set the research agenda by introducing each group to the other, illustrating state-of-the-art methods, reporting on current research problems, and brainstorming about common interests. The second workshop in 2015 further elaborated these themes. This third BIR workshop aims to foster a common ground for the incorporation of bibliometric-enhanced services into scholarly search engine interfaces. In particular we will address specific communities, as well as studies on large, cross-domain collections like Mendeley and ResearchGate. This third BIR workshop addresses explicitly both scholarly and industrial researchers
Collaborative Information Retrieval: Concepts, Models and Evaluation

International audienceRecent work have shown the potential of collaboration for solving complex or exploratory search tasks allowing to achieve synergic effects with respect to individual search, which is the prevalent information retrieval (IR) setting this last decade. This interactive multiuser context gives rise to several challenges in IR. One main challenge relies on the adaptation of IR techniques or models [8] in order to build algo-rithmic supports of collaboration distributing documents among users. The second challenge is related to the design of Collaborative Information Retrieval (CIR) models and their effectiveness evaluation since individual IR frameworks and measures do not totally fit with the collaboration paradigms. In this tutorial, we address the second challenge and present first a general overview of collaborative search introducing the main underlying notions. Then, we focus on related work dealing with collaborative ranking models and their effectiveness evaluation. Our primary objective is to introduce these notions by highlighting how and why they should be different from individual IR in order to give participants the main clues for investigating new research directions in this domain with a deep understanding of current CIR work
Sensory-motor Anticipation and Local Information Fusion for Reliable Humanoid Approach

International audienceThe possibility of developing increasingly sophisticated robots, and the availability of cloud-connected resources, have boosted the interest in the study of real world applications of service robotics. However, in order to operate under natural or less structured conditions, and given the information processing bottleneck and the reactivity required for a secure execution of the task, it is desirable that the agent can exploit more efficiently the local information available, so that being more autonomous, and relying less on remote computation. This study explores a strategy for obtaining reliable approach tasks. It considers the anticipation of perception, by taking into account the statistical regularities and the information redundancies induced in the sensory-motor coupling. From an initial perception of the object assisted by remote computation, contextual features are defined for capturing bodily sensations emerging in the task. The observations based on proprioceptive and visual data are fused in a Bayesian Network, which is in charge of assessing the saliency during the object approach, thus constituing a local discriminative processing of the object. The strategy proposed reduces dependency on context-free models of behavior, while providing an estimate on the degree of confidence in the progress of the task
Construct, Merge, Solve and Adapt: Application to the repetition-free longest common subsequence problem

In this paper we present the application of a recently proposed, general, algorithm for combinatorial optimization to the repetition-free longest common subsequence problem. The applied algorithm, which is labelled Construct, Merge, Solve & Adapt, generates sub-instances based on merging the solution components found in randomly constructed solutions. These sub-instances are subsequently solved by means of an exact solver. Moreover, the considered sub-instances are dynamically changing due to adding new solution components at each iteration, and removing existing solution components on the basis of indicators about their usefulness. The results of applying this algorithm to the repetition-free longest common subsequence problem show that the algorithm generally outperforms competing approaches from the literature. Moreover, they show that the algorithm is competitive with CPLEX for small and medium size problem instances, whereas it outperforms CPLEX for larger problem instances.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft
Building resilience of human-natural systems of pastoralism in the developing world: interdisciplinary perspective

This edited volume summarizes information about the situational context, threats, problems, challenges and solutions for sustainable pastoralism at a global scale. The book has four goals. The first goal is to summarize the information about the history, distribution and patterns of pastoralism and to identify the importance of pastoralism from social, economic and environmental perspectives. The results of an empirical investigation of the environmental and socio-economic implications of pastoralism in representative pastoral regions in the world are also incorporated. The second goal is to argue that breaking coupled human-natural systems of pastoralism leads to degradation of pastoral ecosystems and to create an analysis framework to assess the vulnerability of worldwide pastoralism. Our analysis framework provides approaches to help comprehensively understand the transitions and the impacts of human-natural systems in the pastoral regions in the world. The third goal is to identify the successful models in promoting coupled human-natural systems of pastoralism, and to learn lessons of breaking coupled human-cultural pastoralism systems through examining the representative cases in regions including Central Asia, Southern and Eastern Asia, Northern and Eastern Africa, the European Alps and South America. The fourth goal is to identify the strategies to build the resilience of the coupled human-natural systems of pastoralism worldwide. We hope that our book can facilitate the further examination of sustainable development of coupled human-natural systems of pastoralism by providing the summaries of existing data and information related to the pastoralism development, and by offering a framework for better understanding and analysis of their social, economic and environmental implications. (Résumé d'auteur
Accelerometer-based device fingerprinting for multi-factor mobile authentication

Due to the numerous data breaches, often resulting in the disclosure of a substantial amount of user passwords, the classic authentication scheme where just a password is required to log in, has become inadequate. As a result, many popular web services now employ risk-based authentication systems where various bits of information are requested in order to determine the authenticity of the authentication request. In this risk assessment process, values consisting of geo-location, IP address and browser-fingerprint information, are typically used to detect anomalies in comparison with the user's regular behavior.

In this paper, we focus on risk-based authentication mechanisms in the setting of mobile devices, which are known to fall short of providing reliable device-related information that can be used in the risk analysis process. More specifically, we present a web-based and low-effort system that leverages accelerometer data generated by a mobile device for the purpose of device re-identification. Furthermore, we evaluate the performance of these techniques and assess the viability of embedding such a system as part of existing risk-based authentication processes.status: publishe
Reflections on Monadic Lenses

Bidirectional transformations (bx) have primarily been modeled as pure
functions, and do not account for the possibility of the side-effects that are
available in most programming languages. Recently several formulations of bx
that use monads to account for effects have been proposed, both among
practitioners and in academic research. The combination of bx with effects
turns out to be surprisingly subtle, leading to problems with some of these
proposals and increasing the complexity of others. This paper reviews the
proposals for monadic lenses to date, and offers some improved definitions,
paying particular attention to the obstacles to naively adding monadic effects
to existing definitions of pure bx such as lenses and symmetric lenses, and the
subtleties of equivalence of symmetric bidirectional transformations in the
presence of effects