pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Effective degrees of freedom of the Quark-Gluon Plasma

The effective degrees of freedom of the Quark-Gluon Plasma are studied in the
temperature range $\sim 1-2$ $ T_c$. Employing lattice results for the pressure
and the energy density, we constrain the quasiparticle chiral invariant mass to
be of order 200 MeV and the effective number of bosonic resonant states to be
at most of order $\sim 10$. The chiral mass and the effective number of bosonic
degrees of freedom decrease with increasing temperature and at $T \sim 2$ $T_c$
only quark and gluon quasiparticles survive. Some remarks regarding the role of
the gluon condensation and the baryon number-strangeness correlation are also
presented.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figur
N=2 supersymmetric QCD and elliptic potentials

We investigate the relation between the four dimensional N=2 SU(2) super
Yang-Mills theory with four fundamental flavors and the quantum mechanics model
with Treibich-Verdier potential described by the Heun equation in the elliptic
form. We study the precise correspondence of quantities in the gauge theory and
the quantum mechanics model. An iterative method is used to obtain the
asymptotic expansion of the spectrum for the Schr\"{o}dinger operator, we are
able to fix the precise relation between the energy spectrum and the instanton
partition function of the gauge theory. We also study asymptotic expansions for
the spectrum which correspond to the strong coupling regions of the
Seiberg-Witten theory.Comment: Latex, 29pp, published version, content restructured and simplifie
The Spectrum of Light States in Large N Minimal Models

$W_{N,k}$ minimal models possess an interesting class of `light' primaries
which control much of the low energy density of states in the large $N$ 't
Hooft limit. In this paper we conduct a detailed exploration of their
distribution using a combination of numerical and analytical techniques. We
also make some observations about the density of states of the full CFT. Our
results appear to support the contention that there is no finite temperature
analogue of the Hawking-Page transition in these systems.Comment: 40 pages, 8 figures. v2: typos fixed. published versio
One-loop $W_L W_L$ and $Z_L Z_L$ scattering from the Electroweak Chiral
  Lagrangian with a light Higgs-like scalar

By including the recently discovered Higgs-like scalar $\varphi$ in the
Electroweak Chiral Lagrangian, and using the Equivalence Theorem, we carry out
the complete one-loop computation of the elastic scattering amplitude for the
longitudinal components of the gauge bosons $V=W, Z$ at high energy. We also
compute $\varphi\varphi \rightarrow \varphi\varphi$ and the inelastic process
$VV\rightarrow \varphi\varphi$, and identify the counterterms needed to cancel
the divergences, namely the well known $a_4$ and $a_5$ chiral parameters plus
three additional ones only superficially treated in the literature because of
their dimension 8. Finally we compute all the partial waves and discuss the
limitations of the one-loop computation due to only approximate unitarity.Comment: 28 pages, 19 plots, 9 Feynman-diagram sets This version revised and
  accepted in JHE
The fate of U(1)'s at strong coupling in F-theory

U(1) gauge symmetries in F-theory are expected to manifest themselves as
codimension three singularities of Calabi-Yau fourfolds. However, some of these
are known to become massive at strong coupling via the St\"uckelberg mechanism.
In this note, we propose a geometric picture for detecting all U(1)'s, and
determining which ones are massive and which ones are massless. We find that
massive gauge symmetries show up as codimension three singularities that only
admit small, non-K\"ahler, resolutions. Our proposal passes several highly
non-trivial tests, including a case with a non-diagonal mass matrix.Comment: 18 page
Planck intermediate results. XXVIII. Interstellar gas and dust in the
  Chamaeleon clouds as seen by Fermi LAT and Planck

Shortened abstract: Observations of the nearby Chamaeleon clouds in gamma
rays with the Fermi Large Area Telescope and in thermal dust emission with
Planck and IRAS have been used with the HI and CO radio data to (i) map the gas
column densities in the different phases and at the dark neutral medium (DNM)
transition between the HI-bright and CO-bright media; (ii) constrain the
CO-to-$H_2$ conversion factor, $X_{CO}$; (iii) probe the dust properties per
gas nucleon in each gas phase and spatially across the clouds. We have
separated clouds in velocity in HI and CO emission and modelled the 0.4-100 GeV
intensity, the dust optical depth at 353 GHz, the thermal radiance of the large
grains, and an estimate of the dust extinction empirically corrected for the
starlight intensity, $A_{VQ}$. The gamma-ray emissivity spectra confirm that
the GeV-TeV cosmic rays uniformly permeate all gas phases up to the CO cores.
The dust and cosmic rays reveal large amounts of DNM gas, with comparable
spatial distributions and twice as much mass as in the CO-bright clouds. We
give constraints on the HI-DNM-CO transitions and CO-dark $H_2$ fractions for
separate clouds. The corrected extinction provides the best fit to the total
gas traced by the gamma rays, but we find evidence for a rise in $A_{VQ}/N_H$
and a steep rise in opacity, with increasing $N_H$ and $H_2$ fraction, and with
decreasing dust temperature. We observe less variations for the specific power
of the grains, except for a decline by half in the CO cores. This combined
information suggests grain evolution. The gamma rays and dust radiance yield
consistent $X_{CO}$ estimates near $0.7\times10^{20}$ cm$^{-2}$ (K
km/s)$^{-1}$. The other dust tracers yield biased values because of the grain
opacity rise in the CO clouds. These results also confirm a factor of 2
difference between $X_{CO}$ estimates at pc and kpc scales.Comment: 32 pages, 23 figures, accepted for publication in A&
Friedmann Equations of FRW Universe in Scalar-tensor Gravity, f(R)
  Gravity and First Law of Thermodynamics

In the paper, hep-th/0501055 (R.G. Cai and S.P. Kim, JHEP {\bf 0502}, 050
(2005)), it is shown that by applying the first law of thermodynamics to the
apparent horizon of an FRW universe and assuming the geometric entropy given by
a quarter of the apparent horizon area, one can derive the Friedmann equations
describing the dynamics of the universe with any spatial curvature; using the
entropy formula for the static spherically symmetric black holes in
Gauss-Bonnet gravity and in more general Lovelock gravity, where the entropy is
not proportional to the horizon area, one can also obtain the corresponding
Friedmann equations in each gravity. In this note we extend the study of
hep-th/0501055 to the cases of scalar-tensor gravity and $f(R)$ gravity, and
discuss the implication of results.Comment: Latex, 9 pages, to appear in PLB; v2: typos corrected, a reference
  adde
$q$-Virasoro Algebra and the Point-Splitting

It is shown that a particular $q$-deformation of the Virasoro algebra can be
interpreted in terms of the $q$-local field $\Phi (x)$ and the Schwinger-like
point-splitted Virasoro currents, quadratic in $\Phi (x)$. The $q$-deformed
Virasoro algebra possesses an additional index $\alpha$, which is directly
related to point-splitting of the currents. The generators in the $q$-deformed
case are found to exactly reproduce the results obtained by probing the fields
$X(z)$ (string coordinate) and $\Phi (z)$ (string momentum) with the
non-splitted Virasoro generators and lead to a particular representation of the
$SU_q (1,1)$ algebra characterized by the standard conformal dimension $J$ of
the field. Some remarks concerning the $q$-vertex operator for the interacting
$q$-string theory are made.Comment: 17 pages, Late
Thermopower and thermoelectric power factor of ${\mathbb Z}_k$
  parafermion quantum dots

Using the conformal field theory approach to the thermoelectric
characteristics of fractional quantum Hall states, previously developed in
Nucl. Phys. B 894 (2015) 284, we show that the thermoelectric power factor of
Coulomb-blockaded islands, realized by point contacts in Fabry--P\'erot
interferometers in the $\mathbb{Z}_k$ parafermion Hall states, could give
reliable signatures for distinguishing the topological orders of different
quantum Hall states having identical electric properties. For example, while
the conductance peak patterns in the Coulomb blockade regime for such states
are practically indistinguishable for $v_n \ll v_c$ even at finite temperature,
where $v_n$ and $v_c$ are the Fermi velocities of the neutral and charged modes
respectively, the power factors $\mathcal{P}_T$ of the corresponding states are
much more sensitive to the neutral modes. In particular, the smaller
$r=v_n/v_c$ the bigger the asymmetries in the power factor which combined with
the thermal broadening of the conductance peaks due to the neutral modes'
multiplicities could give us the ultimate tool to figure out which of the
competing quantum Hall universality classes are indeed realized in the
experiments. We give a complete description of the power factor profiles in the
$\mathbb{Z}_3$ and $\mathbb{Z}_4$ parafermion states with arbitrary number of
quasiparticles localized in the bulk which could be useful for comparison with
the experiments.Comment: 27 pages, 12 PDF figures; v2: added two more references and corrected
  several misprint
Filling constraints for spin-orbit coupled insulators in symmorphic and
  non-symmorphic crystals

We determine conditions on the filling of electrons in a crystalline lattice
to obtain the equivalent of a band insulator -- a gapped insulator with neither
symmetry breaking nor fractionalized excitations. We allow for strong
interactions, which precludes a free particle description. Previous approaches
that extend the Lieb-Schultz-Mattis argument invoked spin conservation in an
essential way, and cannot be applied to the physically interesting case of
spin-orbit coupled systems. Here we introduce two approaches, the first an
entanglement based scheme, while the second studies the system on an
appropriate flat `Bieberbach' manifold to obtain the filling conditions for all
230 space groups. These approaches only assume time reversal rather than spin
rotation invariance. The results depend crucially on whether the crystal
symmetry is symmorphic. Our results clarify when one may infer the existence of
an exotic ground state based on the absence of order, and we point out
applications to experimentally realized materials. Extensions to new situations
involving purely spin models are also mentioned.Comment: 9 pages + 5 page appendices, 4 figures, 2 tables; v4: a typo in
  Figure 4 is correcte
A developmental approach to robotic pointing via human-robot interaction

National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61203336, 61273338 and 61003014) and the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (973 Program) (No. 2013CB329502)The ability of pointing is recognised as an essential skill of a robot in its communication and social interaction. This paper introduces a developmental learning approach to robotic pointing, by exploiting the interactions between a human and a robot. The approach is inspired through observing the process of human infant development. It works by first applying a reinforcement learning algorithm to guide the robot to create attempt movements towards a salient object that is out of the robot?s initial reachable space. Through such movements, a human demonstrator is able to understand the robot desires to touch the target and consequently, to assist the robot to eventually reach the object successfully. The human?robot interaction helps establish the understanding of pointing gestures in the perception of both the human and the robot. From this, the robot can collect the successful pointing gestures in an effort to learn how to interact with humans. Developmental constraints are utilised to drive the entire learning procedure. The work is supported by experimental evaluation, demonstrating that the proposed approach can lead the robot to gradually gain the desirable pointing ability. It also allows that the resulting robot system exhibits similar developmental progress and features as with human infants.publishersversionPeer reviewe
The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies

Much biomedical research is observational. The reporting of such research is often inadequate, which hampers the assessment of its strengths and weaknesses and of a study's generalisability. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Initiative developed recommendations on what should be included in an accurate and complete report of an observational study. We defined the scope of the recommendations to cover three main study designs: cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies. We convened a 2-day workshop in September 2004, with methodologists, researchers, and journal editors to draft a checklist of items. This list was subsequently revised during several meetings of the coordinating group and in e-mail discussions with the larger group of STROBE contributors, taking into account empirical evidence and methodological considerations. The workshop and the subsequent iterative process of consultation and revision resulted in a checklist of 22 items (the STROBE Statement) that relate to the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, and discussion sections of articles. 18 items are common to all three study designs and four are specific for cohort, case-control, or cross-sectional studies. A detailed Explanation and Elaboration document is published separately and is freely available on the Web sites of PLoS Medicine, Annals of Internal Medicine, and Epidemiology. We hope that the STROBE Statement will contribute to improving the quality of reporting of observational studies
First πK atom lifetime and πK scattering length measurements

The results of a search for hydrogen-like atoms consisting of π∓K±π∓K± mesons are presented. Evidence for πK atom production by 24 GeV/c protons from CERN PS interacting with a nickel target has been seen in terms of characteristic πK   pairs from their breakup in the same target (178±49178±49) as well as in terms of produced πK   atoms\ud
(653±42653±42). Using these results, the analysis yields a first value for the πK   atom lifetime of View the MathML sourceτ=(2.5−1.8+3.0) fs and a first measurement of the S-wave isospin-odd πK   scattering length View the MathML source|a0−|=13|a1/2−a3/2|=(0.11−0.04+0.09)Mπ−1 (aIaI for isospin I)
Measurement of the ratio B(t to Wb)/B(t to Wq) in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV

The ratio of the top-quark branching fractions $R = B(t \to Wb)/B(t \to Wq)$, where the denominator includes the sum over all down-type quarks (q = b, s, d), is measured in the $t\bar{t}$ dilepton final state with proton-proton collision data at $\sqrt{s}$ = 8 TeV from an integrated luminosity of 19.7 inverse-femtobarns, collected with the CMS detector. In order to quantify the purity of the signal sample, the cross section is measured by fitting the observed jet multiplicity, thereby constraining the signal and background contributions. By counting the number of b jets per event, an unconstrained value of R = 1.014 $\pm$ 0.003 (stat) $\pm$ 0.032 (syst) is measured, in good agreement with the standard model prediction. A lower limit R greater than 0.955 at the 95% confidence level is obtained after requiring R lower than one, and a lower limit on the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix element |$V_tb$| greater than 0.975 is set at 95% confidence level. The result is combined with a previous CMS measurement of the t-channel single-top-quark cross section to determine the top-quark total decay width, $\Gamma_t$ = 1.36 $\pm$ 0.02 (stat)$^{+0.14}_{-0.11}$ (syst) GeV
Perceptions of the Host Country’s food culture among female immigrants from Africa and Asia: Aspects relevant for culture sensitivity in nutrition communication

Objective: To explore how female immigrants from Africa and Asia perceive the host country’s food
culture, to identify aspects of their original food culture they considered important to preserve, and to
describe how they go about preserving them.
Design: Qualitative in-depth interviews.
Setting: Oslo, Norway.
Participants: Twenty one female immigrants from 11 African and Asian countries, residing in areas of
Oslo with a population having a low-to-middle socioeconomic status and a high proportion of immigrants.
Participants varied in years of residence, employment status, and marital status.
Analysis: Analysis of the interviews was guided by a phenomenological approach.
Results: Participants emphasized the importance of preserving aspects of their original food cultures and
related these aspects to taste, preparation effort and method, and adherence to religious dietary rules. They
often perceived the food of the host country as ‘‘tasteless and boring.’’ The authors observed strict, flexible,
or limited continuity with the original food culture. Some elements that possibly influenced participants’
degree of continuity are indicated.
Conclusions and Implications: Immigrants may strive to preserve aspects of their original food culture
after immigration. Nutrition communication becomes more culturally sensitive when it takes such aspects
into accoun
RNS derivation of N -point disk amplitudes from the revisited S-matrix approach

Recently, in [7] we proposed a revisited S-matrix approach to efficiently find the bosonic terms of the open superstring low energy effective lagrangian (OSLEEL). This approach allows to compute the α′N terms of the OSLEEL using open superstring n -point amplitudes in which n is considerably lower than (N+2) (which is the order of the required amplitude to obtain those α′N terms by means of the conventional S-matrix approach). In this work we use our revisited S-matrix approach to examine the structure of the scattering amplitudes, arriving at a closed form for them. This is a RNS derivation of the formula first found by Mafra, Schlotterer and Stieberger [21] , using the pure spinor formalism. We have succeeded doing this for the 5, 6 and 7-point amplitudes. In order to achieve these results we have done a careful analysis of the kinematical structure of the amplitudes, finding as a by-product a purely kinematical derivation of the BCJ relations (for N=4,5,6 and 7 ). Also, following the spirit of the revisited S-matrix approach, we have found the α′ expansions for these amplitudes up to α′6 order in some cases, by only using the well known open superstring 4-point amplitude, cyclic symmetry and tree level unitarity: we have not needed to compute any numerical series or any integral involving polylogarithms, at any moment
Renormalisation group, trace anomaly and Feynman–Hellmann theorem

We show that the logarithmic derivative of the gauge coupling on the hadronic mass and the cosmological constant term of a gauge theory are related to the gluon condensate of the hadron and the vacuum respectively. These relations are akin to Feynman–Hellmann relations whose derivation for the case at hand is complicated by the construction of the gauge theory Hamiltonian. We bypass this problem by using a renormalisation group equation for composite operators and the trace anomaly. The relations serve as possible definitions of the gluon condensates themselves which are plagued in direct approaches by power divergences. In turn these results might help to determine the contribution of the QCD phase transition to the cosmological constant and test speculative ideas
Governing PatientsLikeMe: information production and research through an open, distributed, and data-based social media network

Many organizations develop social media networks with the aim of engaging a wide range of social groups in the production of information that fuels their processes. This effort appears to crucially depend on complex data structures that allow the organization to connect and collect data from a myriad of local contexts and actors. One such organization, PatientsLikeMe, is developing a platform with the aim of connecting patients with one another while collecting self-reported medical data, which it uses for scientific and commercial medical research. Here the question of how technology and the underlying data structures shape the kind of information and medical evidence that can be produced through social media-based arrangements comes powerfully to the fore. In this observational case study, I introduce the concepts of information cultivation and social denomination to explicate how the development of such a data collection architecture requires a continuous exercise of balancing between the conflicting demands of patient engagement, necessary for collecting data in scale, and data semantic context, necessary for effective capture of health phenomena in informative and specific data. The study extends the understanding of the context-embeddedness of information phenomena and discusses some of the social consequences of social media models for knowledge making
N49: THE FIRST ROBUST DISCOVERY OF RECOMBINING PLASMA IN AN EXTRA GALACTIC SUPERNOVA REMNANT

Recent discoveries of recombining plasmas (RPs) in supernova remnants (SNRs) have dramatically changed our understanding of SNR evolution. To date, a dozen RP SNRs have been identified in the Galaxy. Here, we present Suzaku deep observations of four SNRs in the LMC, namely, N49, N49B, N23, and DEM L71, for accurate determination of their plasma states. Our uniform analysis reveals that of these SNRs, only N49 is in the recombining state, which is the first robust discovery of an RP from an extra-galactic SNR. Given that RPs have only been identified in core-collapse SNRs, our results strongly suggest a massive star origin for this SNR. On the other hand, no clear evidence of an RP is confirmed in N23, for which detection of recombination lines and continua was previously claimed. Comparing the physical properties of the RP SNRs identified so far, we find that all of them can be categorized into the "mixed-morphology" class, interacting with surrounding molecular clouds. This might be a key to determining the formation mechanisms of RPs
Students’ views of oral performance assessment in mathematics : straddling the ‘assessment of’ and ‘assessment for’ learning divide.

This paper explores the views of a group of students who took an oral performance assessment in a first-year mathematics module. Such assessments are unusual for most subjects in the UK, but particularly within the generally homogenous assessment diet of undergraduate mathematics. The evidence presented here resonates with some, but not all, of the existing literature on oral assessment and suggests that, despite concerns about anxiety and fairness, students see oral assessments as encouraging a focus on understanding, being relatively authentic and reactive to their needs. We argue that, suitably implemented, oral assessment may be a viable assessment method for straddling the ‘assessment for’ and ‘assessment of’ learning divide in higher education