pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Are sanitation interventions a threat to drinking water supplies in rural India? An application of tryptophan-like fluorescence.

Open defecation is practised by over 600 million people in India and there is a strong political drive to eliminate this through the provision of on-site sanitation in rural areas. However, there are concerns that the subsequent leaching of excreta from subsurface storage could be adversely impacting underlying groundwater resources upon which rural populations are almost completely dependent for domestic water supply. We investigated this link in four villages undergoing sanitary interventions in Bihar State,\ud
India. A total of 150 supplies were sampled for termotolerant (faecal) coliforms (TTC) and tryptophanlike\ud
fluorescence (TLF): an emerging real-time indicator of faecal contamination. Sanitary risk inspections were also performed at all sites, including whether a supply was located within 10 m of a toilet, the recommended minimum separation. Overall, 18% of water supplies contained TTCs, 91% of which were located within 10 m of a toilet, 58% had TLF above detection limit, and sanitary risk scores were high. Statistical analysis demonstrated TLF was an effective indicator of TTC presence-absence, with a possibility of TTCs only where TLF exceeded 0.4 mg/L dissolved tryptophan. Analysis also indicated proximity\ud
to a toilet was the only significant sanitary risk factor predicting TTC presence-absence and the most significant predictor of TLF. Faecal contamination was considered a result of individual water supply vulnerability rather than indicative of widespread leaching into the aquifer. Therefore, increasing faecal contamination of groundwater-derived potable supplies is inevitable across the country as uptake of onsite sanitation intensifies. Communities need to be aware of this link and implement suitable decentralised low-cost treatment of water prior to consumption and improve the construction and protection\ud
of new supplies
Networking our way to better ecosystem service provision

The ecosystem services (EcoS) concept is being used increasingly to attach values to natural systems and the multiple benefits they provide to human societies. Ecosystem processes or functions only become EcoS if they are shown to have social and/or economic value. This should assure an explicit connection between the natural and social sciences, but EcoS approaches have been criticized for retaining little natural science. Preserving the natural, ecological science context within EcoS research is challenging because the multiple disciplines involved have very different traditions and vocabularies (common-language challenge) and span many organizational levels and temporal and spatial scales (scale challenge) that define the relevant interacting entities (interaction challenge). We propose a network-based approach to transcend these discipline challenges and place the natural science context at the heart of EcoS research
Measurement of charged jet production cross sections and nuclear modification in p-Pb collisions at root s(NN)=5.02 TeV

Charged jet production cross sections in p–Pb collisions at View the MathML sourcesNN=5.02 TeV measured with the ALICE detector at the LHC are presented. Using the anti-kTkT algorithm, jets have been reconstructed in the central rapidity region from charged particles with resolution parameters R=0.2R=0.2 and R=0.4R=0.4. The reconstructed jets have been corrected for detector effects and the underlying event background. To calculate the nuclear modification factor, RpPbRpPb, of charged jets in p–Pb collisions, a pp reference was constructed by scaling previously measured charged jet spectra at View the MathML sources=7 TeV. In the transverse momentum range View the MathML source20≤pT, chjet≤120 GeV/c, RpPbRpPb is found to be consistent with unity, indicating the absence of strong nuclear matter effects on jet production. Major modifications to the radial jet structure are probed via the ratio of jet production cross sections reconstructed with the two different resolution parameters. This ratio is found to be similar to the measurement in pp collisions at View the MathML sources=7 TeV and to the expectations from PYTHIA pp simulations and NLO pQCD calculations at View the MathML sourcesNN=5.02 TeV
Fine asymptotic behavior for eigenvalues of random normal matrices: Ellipse case

We consider the random normal matrices with quadratic 
external potentials where the  associated orthogonal 
polynomials are Hermite polynomials and the limiting
support (called droplet) of the eigenvalues is an ellipse.
We calculate the density of the eigenvalues near the
boundary of the droplet up to the second subleading
corrections and express the subleading corrections in 
terms of the curvature of the droplet boundary. From this
result, we additionally get the expected number of
eigenvalues outside the droplet. We also show that a 
certain Cauchy transform of the orthogonal polynomial 
vanishes in the bulk of the droplet up to an exponentially
small error.status: publishe
The impact of international influence on microbanks’ performance: A global survey

Microbanks serve micro-enterprises and poor people with financial services. This study
examines how various aspects of international influence affect microbanks’ financial and
social performance. Grounded in agency theory and resource-based theory, we argue that
there are multiple ways that the internationalization of microbanks might affect
performance. Specifically, we argue that one can distinguish between four sources of such
internationalization effects; international initiator, international directorship, international
debt, and international affiliation/networks. This study utilizes data from 379
microbanks in 73 developing countries – assessed between 2001 and 2008. We find that
the internationalization of microbanks to a large extend enhances social performance, but
does not enhance financial performance
The anisotropic λ -deformed SU(2) model is integrable

The all-loop anisotropic Thirring model interpolates between the WZW model and the non-Abelian T-dual of the anisotropic principal chiral model. We focus on the SU(2) case and we prove that it is classically integrable by providing its Lax pair formulation. We derive its underlying symmetry current algebra and use it to show that the Poisson brackets of the spatial part of the Lax pair, assume the Maillet form. In this way we procure the corresponding r and s matrices which provide non-trivial solutions to the modified Yang–Baxter equation
Earth rotation based on the celestial coordinates of the celestial intermediate pole. I, The Dynamical equations.

We present a study of the Earth’s rotational motion in terms of the Earth Orientation Parameters (EOP) of the new paradigm that is recommended\ud
by the IAU 2000 resolutions to transform between the celestial and terrestrial reference systems. This paper presents the first part of the study\ud
whose purpose is to establish the dynamical equations of the rotation of a rigid Earth as a function of these new parameters. Starting from\ud
Euler dynamical equations for a rigid Earth, and using expressions for the components of the instantaneous rotation vector as functions of\ud
the celestial coordinates X, Y of the Celestial intermediate pole (CIP) and of the Earth rotation angle (ERA), the equations of Earth rotation\ud
were obtained explicitly in terms of those parameters. Taking into account the order of magnitude of the terms of these equations, we obtain\ud
the most appropriate form of the equations for a practical integration. We then investigated the possible methods of integration for providing\ud
semi-analytical solutions for the X and Y variables in the axially symmetric case. We also perform a number of tests regarding the efficiency of\ud
these methods, based on the IAU 2000 precession-nutation. We extended this approach to a deformable Earth, based on integration constants\ud
compliant with the new P03 precession model.Peer reviewe
a-Si nanolayer induced enhancement of the 1.53 µm photoluminescence in Er3+ doped a-Al2O3 thin films

A structured film formed by an active Er3+-doped amorphous Al2O3 layer located between two amorphous silicon nanolayers (NLs) in as-grown conditions shows an enhancement of the photoluminescence (PL) intensity and lifetime at 1.53 μm of one order of magnitude when compared to a similar Er3+-doped film without silicon NLs. The film can be pumped even under nonresonant excitation conditions as a result of a long range energy transfer from the a-Si NLs to the Er3+ ions. In addition, the PL shows a single exponential decay with a lifetime value as high as 2.4 ms. The lifetime enhancement is associated with an improvement of the emission efficiency of the Er3+ ions. © 2008 American Institute of PhysicsPeer Reviewe
The circumference of a graph with no K3, t-minor

It was shown by Chen and Yu that every 3-connected planar graph G contains a cycle of length at least | G |log 3 2, where | G | denotes the number of vertices of G. Thomas made a conjecture in a more general setting: there exists a function β (t) > 0 for t ≥ 3, such that every 3-connected graph G with no K3, t-minor, t ≥ 3, contains a cycle of length at least | G |β (t). We prove that this conjecture is true with β (t) = log8 t t + 1 2. We also show that every 2-connected graph with no K2, t-minor, t ≥ 3, contains a cycle of length at least | G | / tt - 1. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.preprin
Alfvén seismic vibrations of crustal solid-state plasma in quaking paramagnetic neutron star

Magneto-solid-mechanical model of two-component, core-crust, paramagnetic neutron star responding to quake-induced perturbation by differentially rotational, torsional, oscillations of crustal electron-nuclear solid-state plasma about axis of magnetic field frozen in the immobile paramagnetic core is developed. Particular attention is given to the node-free torsional crust-against-core vibrations under combined action of Lorentz magnetic and Hooke's elastic forces; the damping is attributed to Newtonian force of shear viscose stresses in crustal solid-state plasma. The spectral formulas for the frequency and lifetime of this toroidal mode are derived in analytic form and discussed in the context of quasiperiodic oscillations of the x-ray outburst flux from quaking magnetars. The application of obtained theoretical spectra to modal analysis of available data on frequencies of oscillating outburst emission suggests that detected variability is the manifestation of crustal Alfvén's seismic vibrations restored by Lorentz force of magnetic field stresses. © 2010 American Institute of Physics.published_or_final_versio
Pleasure: A forgotten dimension of physical activity in older age

Pleasure is an under-researched and under theorized concept within health and health-related areas, particularly in relation to physical activity in older age. This gap is addressed here. The paper forms part of a larger qualitative project conducted between March 2011 and July 2013 within which fifty-one physically active older adults (age sixty to ninety-two years) were interviewed about their experiences of physical activity. Twenty-seven of these participants were also involved in a photo elicitation exercise whereby they responded to photographic images of themselves doing their activity. The paper reports in-depth on one of the themes - pleasure - that was initially identified through a rigorous categorical-content analysis of this data. An original typology of pleasure for physical activity in older age is developed, which details four significant ideal types of pleasure: sensual pleasure; documented pleasure; the pleasure of habitual action; and the pleasure of immersion. The implications of this typology for debates around embodiment, affect, and narratives of ageing are discussed in relation to health promotion and future research in this underserved area
Effects of economic development in China on skill-biased technical change in the US.

In this study, we explore the effects of a change in unskilled labor in China on the direction of innovation in the US by incorporating production offshoring into a North–South model of directed technical change. We find that intellectual property rights (IPRs) and offshoring are different ways for the labor endowment of the South to affect the size of the market for innovations in the North. Absent offshoring and lacking IPRs in the South – as in China in the early 1980s – an increase in Southern unskilled labor should lead to skill-biased technical change. If instead offshoring is present and/or IPRs are better enforced (as in China in more recent times), then a decrease in unskilled labor in the South should lead to skill-biased technical change. Furthermore, an increase in Southern per capita stock of capital reduces offshoring and also leads to skill-biased technical change. Calibrating the model to China–US data, we find that under a moderate elasticity of substitution between skill-intensive and labor-intensive goods, the decrease in unskilled labor and the increase in capital in China can explain about one-third of the recent increase in the skill premium in China through skill-biased technical change in the US
Late Quaternary ice flow in a West Greenland fjord and cross-shelf trough system : submarine landforms from Rink Isbrae to Uummannaq shelf and slope.

Sea-floor landforms and acoustic-stratigraphic records allow interpretation of the past form and flow of a westward-draining ice stream of the Greenland Ice Sheet, Rink Isbrae. The Late Pliocene–Pleistocene glacial package is several hundred metres thick and down-laps onto an upper Miocene horizon. Several acoustic facies are mapped from sub-bottom profiler records of the 400 km-long Uummannaq fjord-shelf-slope system. An acoustically stratified facies covers much of the fjord and trough floor, interpreted as glacimarine sediment from rain-out of fine-grained debris in turbid meltwater. Beneath this facies is a semi-transparent deformation-till unit, which includes buried streamlined landforms. Landform distribution in the Uummannaq system is used to reconstruct past ice extent and flow directions. The presence of streamlined landforms (mega-scale glacial lineations, drumlins, crag-and-tails) shows that an ice stream advanced through the fjord system to fill Uummannaq Trough, reaching the shelf edge at the Last Glacial Maximum. Beyond the trough there is a major fan built mainly of glacigenic debris flows. Turbidity-current channels were not observed on Uummannaq Fan, contrasting with well-developed channels on Disko Fan, 300 km to the south. Ice retreat had begun by 14.8 cal. ka ago. Grounding-zone wedges (GZW) in Uummannaq Trough imply that retreat was episodic, punctuated by several still-stands. Ice retreat between GZWs may have been relatively rapid. There is little sedimentary evidence for still-stands in the inner fjords, except for a major moraine ridge marking a Little Ice Age maximum position. On the shallow banks either side of Uummannaq Trough, iceberg ploughing has reworked any morphological evidence of earlier ice-sheet activity
Moduli via double pants decompositions.

We consider (local) parameterizations of Teichmüller space Tg,n (of genus g hyperbolic surfaces with n   boundary components) by lengths of 6g−6+3n geodesics. We find a large family of suitable sets of 6g−6+3n geodesics, each set forming a special structure called “admissible double pants decomposition”. For admissible double pants decompositions containing no double curves we show that the lengths of curves contained in the decomposition determine the point of Tg,n up to finitely many choices. Moreover, these lengths provide a local coordinate in a neighborhood of all points of Tg,n∖X where X   is a union of 3g−3+n hypersurfaces. Furthermore, there exists a groupoid acting transitively on admissible double pants decompositions and generated by transformations exchanging only one curve of the decomposition. The local charts arising from different double pants decompositions compose an atlas covering the Teichmüller space. The gluings of the adjacent charts are coming from the elementary transformations of the decompositions, the gluing functions are algebraic. The same charts provide an atlas for a large part of the boundary strata in Deligne–Mumford compactification of the moduli space Mg,n
From controversy to precision on the sigma meson: a review on the status
  of the non-ordinary $f_0(500)$ resonance

The existence and properties of the sigma meson have been controversial for
almost six decades, despite playing a central role in the spontaneous chiral
symmetry of QCD or in the nucleon-nucleon attraction. This controversy has also
been fed by the strong indications that it is not an ordinary quark-antiquark
meson. Here we review both the recent and old experimental data and the model
independent dispersive formalisms which have provided precise determinations of
its mass and width, finally settling the controversy and leading to its new
name: $f_0(500)$. We then provide a rather conservative average of the most
recent and advanced dispersive determinations of its pole position
$\sqrt{s_\sigma}=449^{+22}_{-16}-i(275\pm12)$.
  In addition, after comprehensive introductions, we will review within the
modern perspective of effective theories and dispersion theory, its relation to
chiral symmetry, unitarization techniques, its quark mass dependence, popular
models, as well as the recent strong evidence, obtained from the QCD $1/N_c$
expansion or Regge theory, for its non ordinary nature in terms of quarks and
gluons.Comment: 170 pages, 39 figures. Final version to appear in Physics Reports.
  Improved discussions in several sections. New subsection on the sigma and
  conformal symmetry. Typos corrected and references adde
Feature-tailored spectroscopic analysis of the SNR Puppis A in X-rays

We introduce a distinct method to perform spatially-resolved spectral
analysis of astronomical sources with highly structured X-ray emission. The
method measures the surface brightness of neighbouring pixels to adaptively
size and shape each region, thus the spectra from the bright and faint
filamentary structures evident in the broadband images can be extracted. As a
test case, we present the spectral analysis of the complete X-ray emitting
plasma in the supernova remnant Puppis A observed with XMM-Newton and Chandra.
Given the angular size of Puppis A, many pointings with different observational
configurations have to be combined, presenting a challenge to any method of
spatially-resolved spectroscopy. From the fit of a plane-parallel shocked
plasma model we find that temperature, absorption column, ionization time
scale, emission measure and elemental abundances of O, Ne, Mg, Si, S and Fe,
are smoothly distributed in the remnant. Some regions with overabundances of
O-Ne-Mg, previously characterized as ejecta material, were automatically
selected by our method, proving the excellent response of the technique. This
method is an advantageous tool for the exploitation of archival X-ray data.Comment: Accepted in Astronomy & Astrophysic
Appraisal of the realistic accuracy of Molecular dynamics of high
  pressure hydrogen

Molecular dynamics is a powerful method for studying the behaviour of
materials at high temperature. In practice, however, its effectiveness in
representing real systems is limited by the accuracy of the forces, finite size
effects, quantization, and equilibration methods. In this paper we report and
discuss some calculations carried out using molecular dynamics on high pressure
hydrogen, reviewing a number of sources of error. We find that the neglect of
zero-point vibrations is quantitively the largest. We show that simulations
using ab initio molecular dynamics with the PBE functional predict a large
stability field for the molecular Cmca-4 structure at pressures just above
those achieved in current experiments above the stability range of the mixed-
molecular layered Phase IV. However, the various errors in the simulation all
point towards a much smaller stability range, and the likelihood of a
non-molecular phase based on low-coordination networks or chains of atoms
Discovery of WASP-113b and WASP-114b, two inflated hot-Jupiters with
  contrasting densities

We present the discovery and characterisation of the exoplanets WASP-113b and
WASP-114b by the WASP survey, {\it SOPHIE} and {\it CORALIE}.
  The planetary nature of the systems was established by performing follow-up
photometric and spectroscopic observations. The follow-up data were combined
with the WASP-photometry and analysed with an MCMC code to obtain system
parameters.
  The host stars WASP-113 and WASP-114 are very similar. They are both early
G-type stars with an effective temperature of $\sim 5900\,$K, [Fe/H]$\sim 0.12$
and $T_{\rm eff}$ $\sim 4.1$dex. However, WASP-113 is older than WASP-114.
Although the planetary companions have similar radii, WASP-114b is almost 4
times heavier than WASP-113b. WASP-113b has a mass of $0.48\,$ $\mathrm{M}_{\rm
Jup}$ and an orbital period of $\sim 4.5\,$days; WASP-114b has a mass of
$1.77\,$ $\mathrm{M}_{\rm Jup}$ and an orbital period of $\sim 1.5\,$days. Both
planets have inflated radii, in particular WASP-113 with a radius anomaly of
$\Re=0.35$. The high scale height of WASP-113b ($\sim 950$ km ) makes it a good
target for follow-up atmospheric observations.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, 5 tables, accepted for publication in A&
“TNOs are Cool”: A survey of the trans-Neptunian region XI. A Herschel-PACS view of 16 Centaurs

Context. Centaurs are the transitional population between trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) and Jupiter-family comets. Their physical properties provide an insight into TNO properties, but only under restricted conditions since Centaurs are closer to the Sun and Earth. For this reason it is possible to access the smaller ones, which is more difficult to do with the TNO population.\ud
Aims: The goal of this work is to characterize a set of 16 Centaurs in terms of their size, albedo, and thermal properties. We study the correlations, for a more extended sample obtained from the literature, of diameter, albedo, orbital parameters, and spectral slopes.\ud
Methods: We performed three-band photometric observations using Herschel-PACS and used a consistent method for the data reduction and aperture photometry of this sample to obtain monochromatic flux densities at 70, 100, and 160 mum. Additionally, we used Spitzer-MIPS flux densities at 24 and 70 mum when available. We also included in our Centaur sample scattered disk objects, a dynamical family of TNOs, using results previously published by our team, and some Centaurs observed only with the Spitzer-MIPS instrument.\ud
Results: We have determined new radiometric sizes and albedos of 16 Centaurs. The first conclusion is that the albedos of Centaur objects are not correlated with their orbital parameters. Similarly, there is no correlation between diameter and orbital parameters. Most of the objects in our sample are dark (pv< 7%) and most of them are small (D< 120 km). However, there is no correlation between albedo and diameter, in particular for the group of small objects as albedo values are homogeneously distributed between 4 to 16%. The correlation with the color of the objects showed that red objects are all small (mean diameter 65 km), while the gray ones span a wide range of sizes (mean diameter 120 km). Moreover, the gray objects tend to be darker, with a mean albedo of 5.6%, compared with a mean of 8.5% (ranging from 5 to 15%) for the red objects