pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Profiling online recreational/prescription drugs' customers and overview of drug vending virtual marketplaces

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Laura Orsolini, Giula Francesconi, Ducci Papanti, Arianna giorgetti, and Fabrizio Schifano, ???Profiling online recreational/prescription drugs' customers and overview of drug vending virtual marketplaces???, Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical & Experimental, Vol. 30 (4): 302-318, July 2015, which has been published in final form at DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2466. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.OBJECTIVES: Internet and social networking sites play a significant role in the marketing and distribution of recreational/prescription drugs without restrictions. We aimed here at reviewing data relating to the profile of the online drug customer and at describing drug vending websites. METHODS: The PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases were searched here in order to elicit data on the socio-demographic characteristics of the recreational marketplaces/online pharmacies' customers and the determinants relating to online drug purchasing activities. RESULTS: Typical online recreational drugs' customers seem to be Caucasian, men, in their 20s, highly educated, and using the web to impact as minimally as possible on their existing work/professional status. Conversely, people without any health insurance seemed to look at the web as a source of more affordable prescription medicines. Drug vending websites are typically presented here with a "no prescription required" approach, together with aggressive marketing strategies. CONCLUSIONS: The online availability of recreational/prescriptions drugs remains a public health concern. A more precise understanding of online vending sites' customers may well facilitate the drafting and implementation of proper prevention campaigns aimed at counteracting the increasing levels of online drug acquisition and hence intake activities
Psychopharmacologic Treatment of Children Prenatally Exposed to Drugs of Abuse

Objective
This pilot study compared the pharmacologic treatment history and clinical outcomes observed in pediatric outpatients with psychiatric disorders exposed to drugs of abuse in utero to those of an age-matched, sex-matched and psychiatric disorder-matched, non-drug-exposed group.

Methods
In this matched cohort study, medical records of children treated at an academic, child and adolescent psychiatry outpatient clinic were reviewed. Children with caregiver-reported history of prenatal drug exposure were compared with a non-drug-exposed control group being cared for by the same providers. Patients were rated with the Clinical Global Impressions—Severity scale (CGI-S) throughout treatment. The changes in pre-treatment and post-treatment CGI-S scores and the total number of medication trials were determined between groups.

Results
The drug-exposed group (n = 30) had a higher total number of lifetime medication trials compared with the non-drug-exposed group (n = 28) and were taking significantly more total medications, at their final assessment. Unlike the non-drug-exposed group, the drug-exposed group demonstrated a lack of clinical improvement.

Conclusions
These results suggest that in utero drug-exposed children may be more treatment-refractory to or experience greater side effects from the pharmacologic treatment of psychiatric disorders than controls, although we cannot determine if early environment or drugs exposure drives these findings
The use of ketamine as an antidepressant: :
                    A systematic review and meta-analysis

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Caoimhe M. Coyle, and Keith R. Laws, ???The use of ketamine as an antidepressant: a systematic review and meta-analysis???, Human Psychopharmacology, Vol. 30 (3): 152-163, May 2015, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2475. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.Objective The current meta-analysis examines the effects of ketamine infusion on depressive symptoms over time in major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD). Methods Following a systematic review of the literature, data were extracted from 21 studies (n = 437 receiving ketamine) and analysed at four post-infusion time points (4 h, 24 h, 7 days and 12-14 days). The moderating effects of several factors were assessed including: repeat/single infusion, diagnosis, open-label/participant-blind infusion, pre-post/placebo-controlled design and the sex of patients. Results Effect sizes were significantly larger for repeat than single infusion at 4 h, 24 h and 7 days. For single infusion studies, effect sizes were large and significant at 4 h, 24 h and 7 days. The percentage of males was a predictor of antidepressant response at 7 days. Effect sizes for open-label and participant-blind infusions were not significantly different at any time point. Conclusions Single ketamine infusions elicit a significant antidepressant effect from 4 h to 7 days; the small number of studies at 12-14 days post infusion failed to reach significance. Results suggest a discrepancy in peak response time depending upon primary diagnosis - 24 h for MDD and 7 days for BD. The majority of published studies have used pre-post comparison; further placebo-controlled studies would help to clarify the effect of ketamine over time
Detecting a signal in the noise :
                    Monitoring the global spread of novel psychoactive substances using media and other open source information

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made. Date of Acceptance: 16/02/2015To determine the feasibility and utility of using media reports and other open-source information collected by the Global Public Health Intelligence Network (GPHIN), an event-based surveillance system operated by the Public Health Agency of Canada, to rapidly detect clusters of adverse drug events associated with ???novel psychoactive substances??? (NPS) at the international leve
Decision-making style, nicotine and caffeine use and dependence

Rationale As therapeutic interventions are being developed utilising telehealth and mobile phones, it is important to understand how substance-dependent individuals will respond to offers of online assistance. 

Objectives The present paper considered the following: (1) how decision-making style is associated with use and dependence upon commonly used stimulants and (2) how it influences behavioural responses to electronic offers of further information about these drugs.
Method An online survey examined patterns of nicotine and caffeine use, administered Severity of Dependence Scales for caffeine and nicotine and assessed decision-making style using the Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire and mood using the Kessler Distress Scale. Upon completing these scales, the 181 participants with a mean age of 28.14 years were offered further information online. 

Results Stimulant dependence was associated with psychological distress. Caffeine dependence was linked to hypervigilance (panic). Decisional self-esteem varied with stimulant dependence and Kessler Distress Scale score. Participants with high decisional self-esteem declined electronic offers of further information.

Conclusion Confidence rather than defensive avoidance was a factor in reducing information-seeking behaviours on the Internet
Captagon: Use and Trade in the Middle East

This is the peer-reviewed version of the following article: ???Captagon: Use and Trade in the Middle East???, which has been published in final form at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hup.2548/abstract . This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.Fenetheylline, a psychostimulant drug, often branded as Captagon, is a combination of amphetamine and theophylline. Since the cessation of its legal production in 1986, counterfeited products have been produced illicitly in south-east Europe and far-east Asia. Its profitable trade has been linked to terrorist organizations, including Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. This study aims to reach up-to-date data, concerning the Captagon e-commerce and use in the Middle East
From concept(ion) to life after death/the grave: the ???natural??? history and life-cycle(s) of Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS)

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: John Martin Corkery, Laura Orsolini, Duccio Papanti, and Fabrizio Schifano, 'From concept(ion) to life after death/the grave: The ???natural??? history and life cycle(s) of novel psychoactive substances (NPS), Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, Vol. 32 (3), e2566, May 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2566. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving. Copyright ?? 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.A range of information needs should be met in order to better understand and predict the longevity/existence of Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS). This conceptual paper argues that one way of assessing how long a molecule may be around is to document how the lifecycles or natural histories of ???traditional??? drugs and NPS evolve. The earliest indication of the possible appearance of a new substance might be evidenced on the DeepWeb. However, this means they are less visible, in line with the clandestine nature of drug use and supply. Therefore, monitoring discussion groups/fora needs the development of new methods compared to those used in the Surface Net. Issues needing consideration in establishing NPS life-cycles are outlined here, together with the probable outcomes that could result. The approach advocated means that it should be easier to identify which NPS are likely to come up or are emerging in real time, and, therefore, pre-empt/prevent their supply
An insight into the deep web; why it matters for addiction psychiatry?

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Laura Orsolini, Duccio Papanti, John Corkery, and Fabrizio Schifano, 'An insight into the deep web: why it matters for addition psychiatry?', which has been published in final form at doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2573. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving. Copyright ?? 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.ABSTRACT Objective. Nowadays, the web is rapidly spreading, playing a significant role in the marketing/sale/distribution of ???quasi??? legal drugs, hence facilitating continuous changes in drug scenarios. The easily renewable and anarchic online drug-market is gradually transforming indeed the drug-market itself, from a ???street??? to a ???virtual??? one, with customers being able to shop with a relative anonymity in a 24-hour marketplace. The hidden ???deep web??? is facilitating this phenomenon. The paper aims at providing an overview to Mental Health???s and Addiction???s professionals on current knowledge about pro-drug activities on the deep web. Methods: A non-participant netnographic qualitative study of a list of pro-drug websites (blogs, fora, drug marketplaces) located into the surface web, was here carried out. A systematic Internet search was conducted on Duckduckgo?? and Google?? whilst including the following keywords: ???drugs???/???legal highs???/???Novel Psychoactive Substances???/???NPS??? combined with the word ???deep web???. Results: Four themes (e.g. ???How to access into the deepweb???; ???Darknet and the online drug trading sites???; ???Grams-search engine for the deep web???; and, ???Cryptocurrencies???) and 14 categories were here generated and properly discussed. Conclusions: The present paper represents a complete/systematical guideline about the deep web, specifically focusing on practical information on online drug marketplaces, useful for Addiction???s professionals
4,4???-dimethylaminorex (???4,4???-DMAR???; ???Serotoni???) misuse; a web-based study

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Loi B, Zloh M, De Luca MA, Pintori N, Corkery J, Schifano F. 4,4???-Dimethylaminorex (???4,4???-DMAR???; ???Serotoni???) misuse: A Web-based study. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp. 2017;32:e2575, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2575. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving. Copyright ?? 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Background: 4,4???-DMAR (4,4???-dimethylaminorex; ???Serotoni???) is a potent stimulant drug which has recently been associated with a number of fatalities in Europe. Over the last few years, online communities have emerged as important resources for disseminating levels of technical knowledge on novel psychoactive substances/NPS. Objective: Analysing the information provided by the fora communities on 4,4???-DMAR use, additionally critical reviewing the available evidence-based literature on this topic. Methods: Different website drug fora were identified. A critical review of the existing evidence-based literature was undertaken. Individuation and analysis of qualitative data from the identified website fora were performed. Results: The combined search results identified six website fora from which a range of qualitative data on recurring themes was collected. These themes included: routes of administration and doses; desired effects; adverse effects; comparison with other drugs; association with other drugs; medications self administered to reverse 4,4???-DMAR action; overall impression; provision of harm reduction advice. Conclusions: Although being characterized by a number of methodological limitations, the social networks??? web monitoring approach (netnography) may be helpful to better understand some of the clinical and psychopharmacological issues pertaining to a range of NPS, including 4,4???-DMAR, for which only extremely little, if any, scientific knowledge is availabl
Can mobile phone technology support a rapid sharing of information on Novel Psychoactive Substances among health and other professionals internationally?

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Pierluigi Simonato, Grancesco S. Bersani, Rita Santacroce, Eduarco Cinosi, Fabrizio Schifano, Giuseppe Bersani, Giovanni Martinotti, and Ornella Corazza, ???Can mobile phone technology support a rapid sharing of information on novel psychoactive substances among health and other professionals internationally????, Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical & Experimental, Vol. 32 (3), e2580, May 2017, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2580. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving. Under embargo. Embargo end date: 31 May 2018.Background The diffusion of Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPSs), combined with the ability of the Internet to act as an online marketplace, has led to unprecedented challenges for governments, health agencies, and substance misuse services. Despite increasing research, there is a paucity of reliable information available to professionals working in the field. The paper will present the pilot results of the first mobile application (SMAIL) for rapid information sharing on NPSs among health professionals. Methods The development of SMAIL was divided into two parts: (a) the creation of the application for registered users, enabling them to send an SMS or email with the name or ???street name??? of an NPS and receive within seconds emails or SMS with the information, when available and (b) the development of a database to support the incoming requests. Results One hundred twenty-two professionals based in 22 countries used the service over the pilot period of 16 months (from May 2012 to September 2013). Five hundred fifty-seven enquires were made. Users received rapid information on NPSs, and 61% of them rated the service as excellent. Conclusions This is the right time to use mobile phone technologies for rapid information sharing and prevention activities on NPSs
Changing Trends in the Use of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) in Southeast Asia

This is the pre-peer reviewed version of the following article: Darshan Singh, Suresh Narayanan, Balasingam Vicknasingam, Ornella Corazza, Rita Santacroce, and Andres Roman-Urrestarazu, ???Changing trends in the use of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) in Southeast Asia, Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical & Experimental, Vol. 32 (3), e2582, May 2017, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2582. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving. Under embargo. Embargo end date: 24 May 2018. Copyright ?? 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Objective: Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa. Korth) is an indigenous medicinal plant of Southeast Asia. This review paper aims to describe the trends of kratom use in Southeast Asia, particularly, in Malaysia and Thailand, where its use has been extensively studied by social scientists. Design: A literature review search was conducted through the internet. Nineteen articles illustrating kratom use in humans in Southeast Asia were reviewed. Results: The kratom has long been used by rural folk in Southeast Asia as a remedy for common ailments, to fight fatigue from hard manual work, as a drink during social interaction among men and in village religious functions. Studies based on self-reports suggest that prolonged kratom use does not result in serious health risks or impair socialfunctioning. Two recent trends have emerged: kratom is reportedly being used to ease withdrawal from opioid dependence in rural settings, while in urban areas, adulterated kratom cocktails are being consumed by younger people to induce euphoria. Meanwhile, kratom use is no longer classified under the Dangerous Drug Act in Thailand and attempts to classify it under the Dangerous Drug Act in Malaysia have not been successful. Conclusions: Legal sanctions appear to have preceded serious scientific investigations into the claimed benefits of ketum. More objective controlled trials and experiments on humans need to be conducted to validate self-report claims by kratom users in the community
A matter of life and death :
                    substance-caused and substance-related fatalities in Ibiza in 2015

This is the pre-peer reviewed version of the following article: Rita Santacroce, et al, 'A matter of life and death: substance-caused and substance-related fatalities in Ibiza in 2015', Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical & Experimental, Vol. 32 (3), e2592, May 2017, which has been published in final form at DOI: 10.1002/hup.2592. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving. The Accepted Manuscript is under embargo. Embargo end date: 18 May 2018.Objectives and methods: In the framework of the EU-funded project ???EU-Madness,??? we collected and analysed all the reports of fatalities directly or indirectly related to substances of abuse registered in Ibiza from January to September 2015, in order to analyse the characteristics of the sample, the identified substances, and the nature of deaths associated with their consumption. Results: A significant increase of substance-caused deaths with respect to the previous 4??years has been highlighted. Most of the subjects were young males, more than half were not Spanish. Males prevailed also amongst the victims of traffic accidents and suicides. The most commonly involved substances included MDMA, alcohol, cocaine, THC, opiates and prescription drugs. Conclusions: Although the use of NPS is rapidly increasing in Europe, according to the results from our sample, alcohol and well-known stimulants (MDMA and cocaine) are still the substances of abuse mainly involved in the cases of substance-caused and substance-related fatalities. The significant increase of fatalities in Ibiza in the last 5??years is an issue that must be taken into account and should be better investigated, as other theories besides NPS-increased diffusion should be proposed, and therefore, targeted prevention strategies should be designed
Intended and Unintended Use of Cathinone Mixtures

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Amira Guirguis, John Martin Corkery, Jacqueline Leslie Stair, Stewart Brian Kirton, Mire Zloh, and Fabrizio Schifano, 'Intended and unintended use o cathinone mistures', Human Psychopharmacology, Vol. 32 (3), e2598, May 2017, which has been published in final form at DOI: 10.1002/hup.2598. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving. Peer reviewed version is under embargo. Embargo end date: 31 May 2018. Copyright ?? 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Introduction: Cathinones are one of the most popular categories of new psychoactive substances (NPS) consumed. Cathinones have different pharmacological activities and receptor selectivity for monoamine transporters based on their chemical structures. They are incorporated into NPS mixtures and used with other NPS or ???traditional??? drugs. Cathinone use represents significant health risks to individuals, and is a public health burden. Methods Evidence of poly-NPS use with cathinones, seizure information and literature analyses results on NPS mixtures was systematically gathered from online database sources, including Google Scholar, Scopus, Bluelight and Drugs-Forum. Results and Discussion Results highlight the prevalence of NPS with low purity, incorporation of cathinones into NPS mixtures since 2008, multiple members of the cathinone family being present in individual UK-seized samples. Cathinones were identified as adulterants in NPS marketed as being pure NPS, drugs of abuse, branded products, herbal blends and products labelled ???not for human consumption???. Toxicity resulting from cathinone mixtures is unpredictable since key attributes remain largely unknown. Symptoms of intoxication include neuro-psychological, psychiatric and metabolic symptoms. Proposed treatment includes holistic approaches involving psychosocial, psychiatric and pharmacological interventions. Conclusion Raising awareness of NPS, education and training of healthcare professionals is paramount in reducing harms related to cathinone use
Novel Psychoactive Substances: shedding new lights??on the ever-changing drug scenario and the associated health risks

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Corazza O., Parrott A. C., Demetrovics Z., ???Novel psychoactive substances: Shedding new lights on the ever-changing drug scenario and the associated health risks', Editorial to Special Issue of Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical & Experimental, Vol. 32 (3), e2619, May 2017, which has been published in final form at . https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2616. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving. The peer reviewed version is under embargo. Embargo end date: 24 May 2018. Copyright ?? 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd