pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Source-destination obfuscation in wireless ad hocnetworks

The identity and/or location of communicating entities in wireless ad hocnetworks is extremely important due to the potential of their being identified and subsequently subjected to cyber or physical attacks. In this paper, we show that a global attacker who can eavesdrop on the overall data transmissions and count them can simply visualize the transmissions and infer contextual information. Current approaches to obfuscate the locations of source and destinations do not provide protection against such attacks. We propose two novel techniques (1) SECLOUD: Source and Destination Seclusion using Clouds to obfuscate the true source/destination nodes and make them indistinguishable among a group of neighbor nodes, and (2) ANONYRING: Anonymous Ring which hides the source/destination nodes within a group of nodes that form a ring. Both proposed techniques work well even under network-wide traffic visualization by a global attacker. Furthermore the proposed techniques are shown viasimulation to be superior to existing schemes in the literature. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Agent‐based modeling of malware dynamics in heterogeneous environments

The increasing convergence of power‐law networks such as social networking and peer‐to‐peer applications, web‐delivered applications, and mobile platforms makes today's users highly vulnerable to entirely new generations of malware that exploit vulnerabilities in web applications and mobile platforms for new infections, while using the power‐law connectivity for finding new victims. The traditional epidemic models based on assumptions of homogeneity, average‐degree distributions, and perfect‐mixing are inadequate to model this type of malware propagation. In this paper, we study four aspects crucial to modeling malware propagation:  application‐level interactions among users of such networks ,  local network structure ,  user mobility , and  network coordination of malware such as botnets . Since closed‐form solutions of malware propagation considering these aspects are difficult to obtain, we describe an open‐source, flexible agent‐based emulation framework that can be used by malware researchers for studying today's complex malware. The framework, called Agent‐Based Malware Modeling (AMM), allows different applications, network structure, network coordination, and user mobility in either a geographic or a logical domain to study various infection and propagation scenarios. In addition to traditional worms and viruses, the framework also allows modeling network coordination of malware such as botnets. The majority of the parameters used in the framework can be derived from real‐life network traces collected from a network, and therefore, represent realistic malware propagation and infection scenarios. As representative examples, we examine two well‐known malware spreading mechanisms: (i) a malicious virus such as Cabir spreading among the subscribers of a cellular network using Bluetooth and (ii) a hybrid worm that exploit email and file‐sharing to infect users of a social network. In both cases, we identify the parameters most important to the spread of the epidemic based upon our extensive simulation results. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.    This paper presents a novel agent‐based framework for realistic modeling of malware propagation in heterogeneous networks, applications and platforms. The majority of the parameters used in the framework can be derived from real‐life network traces collected from a network, and therefore, represent realistic malware propagation and infection scenarios for the given network. Two well‐known malware spreading mechanisms in traditional as well as mobile environments were studied using extensive simulations within the framework and the most important spreading parameters were identified
Minimizing insider misuse through secure Identity Management

To avoid insider computer misuse, identity, and authorization data referring to the legitimate users of systems must be properly organized, constantly and systematically analyzed, and evaluated. In order to support this, structured and secure Identity Management is required. A comprehensive methodology supporting Identity Management within organizations has been developed, including gathering of identity data spread among different applications, systematic cleansing of user account data in order to detect semantic as well as syntactic errors, grouping of privileges and access rights, and semiautomatic engineering of user roles. The focus of this paper is on the cleansing of identity and account data leading to feedback where insider misuse due to existing privileges which go beyond the scope of the users' current need-to-know may occur. The paper in detail presents used data cleansing mechanisms and underlines their applicability in two real-world case studies
An empirical energy model for secure Web browsing over mobile devices

Quantifying and modeling energy consumption in mobile devices are essential for developing energy-aware protocols and energy reduction techniques. In this work, we address the energy requirements for secure Web browsing sessions over handheld mobile devices. The contributions of this work are twofold. On one hand, we present a detailed study based on experimental measurements to quantify the energy consumed by the mobile device during secure Web browsing sessions. This includes the energy consumed due to data transmission/reception, encryption/decryption, hashing in addition to browser processing. On the other hand, we derive an empirical energy consumption model for secure Web browsing as a function of various protocol and device parameters. The developed model can be utilized to identify the various components that affect energy consumption during secure Web browsing sessions, to implement application-layer energy models in network simulation tools, and to develop adaptive energy-aware Web browsing protocols. The effectiveness of the developed model is demonstrated via experimental testing on several secure websites.PublishedN/
A context‐aware approach to defend against unauthorized reading and relay attacks in RFID systems

Radio frequency identification (RFID) systems are becoming increasingly ubiquitous in both public and private domains. However, because of the inherent weaknesses of underlying wireless radio communications, RFID systems are plagued with a wide variety of security and privacy threats. A large number of these threats arise because of the tag's promiscuous response to any reader requests. This renders sensitive tag information easily subject to  unauthorized reading . Promiscuous tag response also incites different forms of  relay attacks  whereby a malicious colluding pair, relaying messages between a tag and a reader, can successfully impersonate the tag without actually possessing it. Because of the increasing ubiquity of RFID devices, there is a pressing need for the development of security primitives and protocols to defeat unauthorized reading and relay attacks. However, currently deployed or proposed solutions often fail to satisfy the constraints and requirements of the underlying RFID applications in terms of (one or more of) efficiency, security, and usability. This paper proposes a novel research direction, one that utilizes sensing technologies, to tackle the problems of unauthorized reading and relay attacks with a goal of reconciling the requirements of efficiency, security, and usability. The premise of the proposed work is based on a current technological advancement that enables many RFID tags with low‐cost sensing capabilities. The on‐board tag sensors will be used to acquire useful contextual information about the tag's environment (or its owner, or the tag itself). For defense against unauthorized reading and relay attacks, such context information can be leveraged in two ways. First, contextual information can be used to design  context‐aware selective unlocking  mechanisms so that tags can selectively respond to reader interrogations and thus minimize the likelihood of unauthorized reading and “ghost‐and‐leech” relay attacks. Second, contextual information can be used as a basis for  context‐aware secure transaction verification  to defend against special types of relay attacks involving malicious readers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.    This paper proposes a novel research direction, one that utilizes sensing technologies to tackle the challenging problems of unauthorized reading and relay attacks in radio frequency identification systems. First, contextual information is used to design context‐aware selective unlocking mechanisms, so that tags can selectively respond to reader interrogations and, thus, minimize the likelihood of unauthorized reading and “ghost‐and‐leech” relay attacks. Second, contextual information is used as a basis for context‐aware secure transaction verification to defend against special types of relay attacks involving malicious readers
A fictitious play‐based response strategy for multistage intrusion defense systems

The recent developments of advanced intrusion detection systems in the cyber security field provide opportunities to proactively protect the computer network systems and minimize the impacts of attackers on network operations. This paper is intended to assist the network defender find its best actions to defend against multistage attacks. The possible sequences of interactions between the attackers and the network defender are modeled as a two‐player non‐zero‐sum non‐cooperative dynamic multistage game with incomplete information. The players are assumed to be rational. They take turns in making decisions by considering previous and possible future interactions with the opponent and use Bayesian analysis after each interaction to update their knowledge about the opponents. We propose a Dynamic game tree‐based Fictitious Play (DFP) approach to describe the repeated interactive decisions of the players. Each player finds its best moves at its decision nodes of the game tree by using multi‐objective analysis. All possibilities are considered with their uncertain future interactions, which are based on learning of the opponent's decision process (including risk attitude and objectives). Instead of searching the entire game tree, appropriate future time horizons are dynamically determined for both players. In the DFP approach, the defender keeps tracking the opponent's actions, predicts the probabilities of future possible attacks, and then chooses its best moves. Thus, a new defense algorithm, called Response by DFP (RDFP), is developed. Numerical experiments show that this approach significantly reduces the damage caused by multistage attacks and it is also more efficient than other related algorithms. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.    In the cybersecurity field, the possible sequences of interactions between the attackers and the network defender are modeled as a two‐player non‐zero‐sum non‐cooperative dynamic multi‐stage game with incomplete information. Based on the recent developments of advanced intrusion detection systems, a new defense algorithm, called Response by Dynamic game tree‐based Fictitious Play (RDFP), is developed for the defender to consider previous and possible future interactions with the attackers, update his/her knowledge about the opponents, and find the best defending strategies quickly
Modeling and Formal Verification of Smart Environments

Smart Environments (SmE) are a growing combination of various computing frameworks (ubiquitous, pervasive etc), devices, control algorithms and a complex web of interactions. It is at the core of user facilitation in a number of industrial, domestic and public areas. Based on their application areas, SmE may be critical in terms of correctness, reliability, safety, security etc. To achieve error-free and requirement-compliant implementation, these systems are designed resorting to various modeling approaches including Ontology and Statecharts. This paper attempts to consider correctness, reliability, safety and security in the design process of SmE and its related components by proposing a design time modeling and formal verification methodology. The proposed methodology covers various design features related to modeling and formal verification SmE (focusing on users, devices, environment, control algorithms and their interaction) against the set of the requirements through model checking. A realistic case study of a Bank Door Security Booth System (BDSB) is tested. The results show the successful verification of the properties related to the safety, security and desired reliable behavior of BDS
Character-based symmetric searchable encryption and its implementation and experiment on mobile devices

Searchable encryption allows us to perform a keyword search over encrypted data. However, we cannot efficiently perform some complex search (e.g., a wildcard search) with traditional searchable encryption schemes because they can deal with only equality matches. Our symmetric searchable encryption can deal with partial matches. This allows us to efficiently perform a wildcard search, partial match search, and so on. We also examine the feasibility of our scheme by experiments on a smartphone and tablet, and confirm our scheme can be used in these environments. Availability on portable devices will offer high convenience. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Human Mobility and International Knowledge Spillovers: Evidence from High-tech Small and Medium Enterprises in an Emerging Market

Using novel survey data, we examine the relationship between returnee entrepreneurs, multinational enterprise (MNE) working experience and firms' innovation performance in high-tech SMEs in China. We adopt an integrated framework which combines the knowledge based view and social capital theory to investigate whether human mobility across national borders and MNE working experience facilitate international knowledge spillovers. We find that firms founded by returnees are more innovative than their local counterparts. We also find that returnee firms have an indirect impact/spillover effect on non-returnee firms' innovation performance and act as a new channel for technological knowledge spillovers. The findings show that the presence of a technology gap positively moderates the effect of returnee spillovers on non-returnee firms' innovation performance but the impact of MNE working experience on local innovation is constrained by the technology gap. Our results extend the existing literatures on knowledge spillovers and strategic entrepreneurship and have important managerial and policy implications. (authors' abstract
Are You Experienced or Are You Talented?: When Does Innate Talent versus Experience Explain Entrepreneurial Performance?

We explore whether entrepreneurial performance is due to innate talent or the accumulation of entrepreneurial experience. Using a novel data set with multiple observations of founding attempts per individual, we generate a unique measure of entrepreneurial talent. In contrast to prior findings, the relative importance of experience versus talent changes with the context. When the current market or technology is familiar, experience dominates. However, when the venture context is unfamiliar, talent is more important. Individuals with experience and talent handle both familiar and unfamiliar aspects and may extract more from a given level of experience. The findings advance our understanding of how the drivers of venture performance shift with the broader technological and industry environment and places limits on when experience aids performance.MIT Entrepreneurship CenterStanford University. Stanford Technology Ventures ProgramEwing Marion Kauffman Foundatio
The Strength of Strong Ties in an Emerging Industry: Experimental Evidence of the Effects of Status Hierarchies and Personal Ties in Venture Capitalist Decision Making

Drawing from social network theory, scholars have identified two ways in which social ties influence venture capital investment decisions: directly through personal ties and indirectly through status hierarchies. Previous research has examined these effects independently. Our study is the first to perform a joint examination of the role of social ties and status hierarchies in venture capital decision making. We examine the relative importance of these two mechanisms through an adaptive choice-based conjoint experiment comprising of 3,132 investment decisions\ud
made by 86 venture capitalists from the United States and Europe. Our experimental context allows us to explore whether, under high levels of market uncertainty, strong personal ties exert more influence over investment decisions than the presence of a high-status investor in the deal. We also explore the moderating effects that market structure and experience play in shaping these decision processes. Our findings reveal that personal ties are more important in venture capital decision making when compared to the relative status of other venture capital firms participating in the investment syndicate. Building on our main findings, we show that the influence of personal ties is less pronounced in the European investment community, as compared to more densely networked U.S. investors. We also find a U-shaped relationship between venture capitalist experience and the influence of personal networks on investment decisions. (authors' abstract
Understanding the process of knowledge spillover:learning to become social enterprises

Through analyzing in-depth interview data obtained from representatives of U.K.-based social enterprises, we explore how traditional third-sector organizations acquire entrepreneurial knowledge via knowledge spillover and use this to transform themselves into more market-driven, businesslike social enterprises. An integrated framework for knowledge spillover is developed to highlight the connection with organizational efforts at each stage of the knowledge spillover process; this framework assists organizations in collecting leaked knowledge and turning it into both organizational action and specific social and human capital that can play an important role in facilitating these connections. This research contributes toward our further understanding of the knowledge spillover phenomenon
Understanding dynamics of strategic decision-making in venture creation: a process study of effectuation and causation

The process of new venture creation is characterized by the need to decide and take action in the face of uncertainty. Especially in the context of technology-based ventures uncertainty is substantial, posing difficulties for strategic decision-making based on prediction and planning. As alternative, more flexible and adaptive decision-making logics are being advanced. This study draws upon effectuation and causation as examples of planning-based and flexible decision-making logics, and investigates dynamics in the use of both logics. The study applies a longitudinal process research approach to investigate strategic decision-making in new venture creation over time. Combining qualitative and quantitative methods, we analyze 385 decision events across nine technology-based ventures. Our observations suggest a hybrid perspective on strategic decision-making, demonstrating how effectuation and causation logics are combined, and how entrepreneurs’ emphasis on these logics shifts and re-shifts over time. From our data, we induce a dynamic model which extends the literature on strategic decision-making in venture creation, illustrating how external and venture conditions - including not only uncertainty but also resource position and stakeholder pressure - lead to changes in venture scope, and thereby to shifts in the use of decision-making logics
A ToF-SIMS investigation of a buried polymer/polymer interface exposed by ultra-low-angle microtomy

The interfacial region of a model, multilayer coating system on an aluminium substrate has been investigated by high resolution time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Employing ultra-low-angle microtomy (ULAM), the interface between a poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVdF) based topcoat and a poly(urethane) (PU) based primer ‘buried’ over 20μm below the PVdF topcoat’s air/coating surface was exposed. Imaging ToF-SIMS and subsequent post-processing extraction of mass spectra of the ULAM exposed interface region and the PVdF topcoat and PU primer bulks indicates that the material composition of the polymer-polymer interface region is substantially different to that of the bulk PVdF and PU coatings. Analysis of the negative ion mass spectra obtained from the PVdF/PU interface reveals the presence of a methacrylate based component or additive at the interface region. Reviewing the topcoat and primer coating formulations reveals the PVdF topcoat formulation contains methyl methacrylate (MMA)/ethyl acrylate (EA) acrylic co-polymer components. Negative ion ToF-SIMS analysis of an acrylic co-polymer confirms it is these components that are observed at the PVdF/PU interface. Post-processing extraction of ToF-SIMS images based on the major ions of the MMA/EA co-polymers reveals these components are observed in high concentration at the extremities of the PVdF coating i.e. at the polymer-polymer interface but are also observed to be distributed evenly throughout the bulk of the PVdF topcoat. These findings confirms that a fraction of the MMA/EA acrylic co-polymers in the formulation segregate to the topcoat-primer interface where they enhance the adhesive properties exhibited by the PVdF topcoat towards the underlying PU primer substrate
Infrared ellipsometry of interdiffusion in thin films of miscible polymers

A new application of infrared ellipsometry is reported. Specifically, the interdiffusion between thin films of miscible polymers - poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(vinylidene fluoride) - is detected in a non-invasive measurement. A novel technique of data analysis for interdiffusion was developed and is described. The validity of the approach is supported by simulations of diffusion in a bilayer. The onset of extensive interdiffusion over a time period of 15 min occurs at a temperature of 160°C. At a temperature of 190°C, the data show that complete mixing of a bilayer (850 nm thick) occurs within 30s, which is consistent with previously reported values of the mutual diffusion coefficient. Infrared ellipsometry is non-invasive, applicable at elevated temperatures and relatively fast and sensitive. Although, in these measurements, it was unable to determine a concentration profile at the interface, infrared ellipsometry was used successfully to detect when interdiffusion had occurred. Hence, it is a useful means for screening polymer pairs for miscibility. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Passivation of InP(100) substrates: first stages of nitridation by thin InN surface overlayers studied by electron spectroscopies

International audienceThis article investigates the nitridation effect of InP(100) semiconductor surfaces performed by a glow discharge cell (GDS). Electron spectroscopies (AES, ESCA) were used to understand the different steps of this process. An important point is the initial quantity of metallic indium on the InP(100) surfaces. Indeed the indium droplets, created in well known quantity, play the role of precursor. At a relatively low temperature T = 523 K, the system undergoes surface restructuration which includes removal of the In droplets and the elaboration of two InN monolayers. P-N bonds and InN bonds have been detected by the analysis of PLMM and InMNN Auger peaks and In4d ESCA peak. However, the presence or not of metallic indium inside this InN overlayer is crucial for the passivation of the substrate. Ex-situ photoluminescence measurements correlated to the electron spectroscopies results have put i