pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
3D cellularity within the human knee meniscus

Introduction: The knee menisci are fibro-cartilaginous tissue locatedbetween tibial plateau and femoral condyles in each knee joint, andhave important roles in biomechanics of the knee joint including loadbearing and shock absorption, secondary stabiliser of the joint and jointlubrication and nutrient distribution [1]. In clinics, complete healing ofmeniscus still remains as a challenge. Several tissue engineering andother regenerative medicine strategies have been attempting to repairor regenerate the meniscus tissue [2]. Cellularity is one of the importantcharacteristics that should be considered in tissue engineering andregenerative medicine strategies. The aim of this study is to investigatethe 3D cellularity of human meniscus.
 
Materials and Methods: Six lateral meniscus tissues obtained fromhuman donors were prepared into sequential 30 lm-thick histologicalslices and stained with Giemsa. Cells were counted in an in-depth fashionas either fibrochondrocytes or as fibroblast-like cells respectivelybased on their roundish or elongated morphology (Fig. 1) in a total of432 regions using Olympus BX51 Microscope and Stereo Investigator software from MBF Bioscience. 3D cell densities were obtained by calculating the number of the cells found in unit volume in the vascular and avascular parts of the anterior, central and posterior segments of the meniscus.
 
Results: Cellularity varies within the human meniscus (Fig. 2), specificallybetween avascular and vascular regions of the meniscus by havingthe mean values of respectively 12820 cells/mm3 and 27199 cells/mm3. In average, the abundance of fibrochondrocytes (14,705 cells/mm3) is more than two-and-a-half times as that of fibroblast-like cells(5,539 cells/mm3).
 
Discussion and Conclusion: The clinical phenomena of very poor healingof avascular region and relatively higher healing ability of vascularregion could be explained by high cellularity difference in these regions.This work reveals the knowledge of 3D cellularity of human meniscusand provides information to be used in the development of advancedtissue engineering strategies for meniscus regeneration.
 
Acknowledgments: The authors thank the financial support of the MultiScaleHumanproject (Contract number: MRTN-CT-2011-289897) inthe Marie Curie Actions—Initial Training Networks.
 Disclosures: Authors have nothing to disclose.
 References
1. McDermott ID, Masouros SD, Amis AA (2008) Biomechanics of the
menisci of the knee. Current Orthopaedics 22 (3):193–201.
2. Pereira H, Frias AM, Oliveira JM, Espregueira-Mendes J, Reis RL
(2011) Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies in
meniscus lesions. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related
Surgery 27 (12):1706–1719
Properties and implementation of r-Adams methods based on mixed-type interpolation

We investigate the properties of the coefficients of modified r-Adams methods for the integration of ODEs. The derivation of these methods is, in contrast with the classical Adams methods, not based on a polynomial interpolation theory, but rather starts from a mixed interpolation theory in which a parameter kappa is involved. It will be shown that the coefficients of the modified methods possess properties which make these methods very attractive. Further, we will discuss the role of so-called over-implicit modified r-Adams schemes in the construction of more general linear multistep methods. Our second goal is to show that the modified Adams-Bashforth/Adams-Moulton methods are very well suited to be implemented as a predictor-corrector pair. In particular, are will discuss the choice of the interpolation parameter when such a method is applied to general systems of equations. Numerical tests are performed to support the theory
Measurement of $W^+W^-$ production in association with one jet in
  proton--proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} =8$ TeV with the ATLAS detector

The production of $W$ boson pairs in association with one jet in $pp$
collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 8$ TeV is studied using data corresponding to an
integrated luminosity of 20.3 fb$^{-1}$ collected by the ATLAS detector during
2012 at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The cross section is measured in a
fiducial phase-space region defined by the presence of exactly one electron and
one muon, missing transverse momentum and exactly one jet with a transverse
momentum above 25 GeV and a pseudorapidity of $|\eta|<4.5$. The leptons are
required to have opposite electric charge and to pass transverse momentum and
pseudorapidity requirements. The fiducial cross section is found to be
$\sigma^{\mathrm{fid,1\textrm{-}jet}}_{WW}=136\pm6($stat$)\pm14($syst$)\pm3($lumi$)$
fb. In combination with a previous measurement restricted to leptonic final
states with no associated jets, the fiducial cross section of $WW$ production
with zero or one jet is measured to be
$\sigma^{\mathrm{fid,}\leq\mathrm{1\textrm{-}jet}}_{WW}=511\pm9($stat$)\pm26($syst$)\pm10($lumi$)$
fb. The ratio of fiducial cross sections in final states with one and zero jets
is determined to be $0.36\pm0.05$. Finally, a total cross section extrapolated
from the fiducial measurement of $WW$ production with zero or one associated
jet is reported. The measurements are compared to theoretical predictions and
found in good agreement.Comment: 17 pages plus author list (34 pages total), 2 figures, 2 tables,
  final version published in PLB, All figures including auxiliary figures are
  available at
  http://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/PAPERS/STDM-2015-24
Physics Without Physics: The Power of Information-theoretical Principles

David Finkelstein was very fond of the new information-theoretic paradigm of
physics advocated by John Archibald Wheeler and Richard Feynman. Only recently,
however, the paradigm has concretely shown its full power, with the derivation
of quantum theory (Chiribella et al., Phys. Rev. A 84:012311, 2011; D'Ariano et
al., 2017) and of free quantum field theory (D'Ariano and Perinotti, Phys. Rev.
A 90:062106, 2014; Bisio et al., Phys. Rev. A 88:032301, 2013; Bisio et al.,
Ann. Phys. 354:244, 2015; Bisio et al., Ann. Phys. 368:177, 2016) from
informational principles. The paradigm has opened for the first time the
possibility of avoiding physical primitives in the axioms of the physical
theory, allowing a refoundation of the whole physics over logically solid
grounds. In addition to such methodological value, the new
information-theoretic derivation of quantum field theory is particularly
interesting for establishing a theoretical framework for quantum gravity, with
the idea of obtaining gravity itself as emergent from the quantum information
processing, as also suggested by the role played by information in the
holographic principle (Susskind, J. Math. Phys. 36:6377, 1995; Bousso, Rev.
Mod. Phys. 74:825, 2002). In this paper I review how free quantum field theory
is derived without using mechanical primitives, including space-time, special
relativity, Hamiltonians, and quantization rules. The theory is simply provided
by the simplest quantum algorithm encompassing a countable set of quantum
systems whose network of interactions satisfies the three following simple
principles: homogeneity, locality, and isotropy. The inherent discrete nature
of the informational derivation leads to an extension of quantum field theory
in terms of a quantum cellular automata and quantum walks. A simple heuristic
argument sets the scale to the Planck one, and the observed regime is that of
small wavevectors ...Comment: 34 pages, 8 figures. Paper for in memoriam of David Finkelstei
Does the canopy mixing layer model apply to highly flexible aquatic vegetation? Insights from numerical modelling.

Vegetation is a characteristic feature of shallow aquatic flows such as rivers, lakes and coastal waters. Flow through and above aquatic vegetation canopies is commonly described using a canopy mixing layer analogy which provides a canonical framework for assessing key hydraulic characteristics such as velocity profiles, large-scale coherent turbulent structures and mixing and transport processes for solutes and sediments. This theory is well developed for the case of semi-rigid terrestrial vegetation and has more recently been applied to the case of aquatic vegetation. However, aquatic vegetation often displays key differences in morphology and biomechanics to terrestrial vegetation due to the different environment it inhabits. Here we investigate the effect of plant morphology and biomechanical properties on flow–vegetation interactions through the application of a coupled LES-biomechanical model. We present results from two simulations of aquatic vegetated flows: one assuming a semi-rigid canopy and the other a highly flexible canopy and provide a comparison of the associated flow regimes. Our results show that while both cases display canopy mixing layers, there are also clear differences in the shear layer characteristics and turbulent processes between the two, suggesting that the semi-rigid approximation may not provide a complete representation of flow–vegetation interactions
Combining LEP and LHC to bound the Higgs width.

The correlation of on- and off-shell Higgs boson production at the LHC in gg→h⁎→ZZgg→h⁎→ZZ has been used to bound the Higgs width. We propose an alternative complementary constraint which is only possible through the combination of LEP and LHC measurements. Precision electroweak measurements at LEP allow for the determination of indirect constraints on Higgs couplings to vector bosons by considering one-loop processes involving virtual Higgs exchange. As the indirect constraint is model dependent we will consider two specific models which modify the Higgs couplings and width, and our results will apply specifically to these models. By combining these LEP constraints with current LHC 8 TeV Higgs measurements a stronger limit on the Higgs width can be achieved than with LHC data alone. Looking to the future, a more robust constraint can be achieved by correlating LEP measurements with WBF Higgs production followed by Higgs decays to WW and ZZ. We will discuss the model dependence of this method in comparison to other proposed methods
Supermetric search with the four-point property

Metric indexing research is concerned with the efficient evaluation of queries in metric spaces. In general, a large space of objects is arranged in such a way that, when a further object is presented as a query, those objects most similar to the query can be efficiently found. Most such mechanisms rely upon the triangle inequality property of the metric governing the space. The triangle inequality property is equivalent to a finite embedding property, which states that any three points of the space can be isometrically embedded in two-dimensional Euclidean space. In this paper, we examine a class of semimetric space which is finitely 4-embeddable in three-dimensional Euclidean space. In mathematics this property has been extensively studied and is generally known as the four-point property. All spaces with the four-point property are metric spaces, but they also have some stronger geometric guarantees. We coin the term supermetric as, in terms of metric search, they are significantly more tractable. We show some stronger geometric guarantees deriving from the four-point property which can be used in indexing to great effect, and show results for two of the SISAP benchmark searches that are substantially better than any previously published
Early growth characteristics and the risk of reduced lung function and asthma: A meta-analysis of 25,000 children.

BACKGROUND: Children born preterm or with a small size for gestational age are at increased risk for childhood asthma. OBJECTIVE: We sought to assess the hypothesis that these associations are explained by reduced airway patency. METHODS: We used individual participant data of 24,938 children from 24 birth cohorts to examine and meta-analyze the associations of gestational age, size for gestational age, and infant weight gain with childhood lung function and asthma (age range, 3.9-19.1 years). Second, we explored whether these lung function outcomes mediated the associations of early growth characteristics with childhood asthma. RESULTS: Children born with a younger gestational age had a lower FEV1, FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio, and forced expiratory volume after exhaling 75% of vital capacity (FEF75), whereas those born with a smaller size for gestational age at birth had a lower FEV1 but higher FEV1/FVC ratio (P < .05). Greater infant weight gain was associated with higher FEV1 but lower FEV1/FVC ratio and FEF75 in childhood (P < .05). All associations were present across the full range and independent of other early-life growth characteristics. Preterm birth, low birth weight, and greater infant weight gain were associated with an increased risk of childhood asthma (pooled odds ratio, 1.34 [95% CI, 1.15-1.57], 1.32 [95% CI, 1.07-1.62], and 1.27 [95% CI, 1.21-1.34], respectively). Mediation analyses suggested that FEV1, FEV1/FVC ratio, and FEF75 might explain 7% (95% CI, 2% to 10%) to 45% (95% CI, 15% to 81%) of the associations between early growth characteristics and asthma. CONCLUSIONS: Younger gestational age, smaller size for gestational age, and greater infant weight gain were across the full ranges associated with childhood lung function. These associations explain the risk of childhood asthma to a substantial extent.Peer-reviewedPost-prin
Search for leptonic decays of W′ bosons in pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV

A search for a new heavy gauge boson W[superscript ′] decaying to an electron or muon, plus a low mass neutrino, is presented. This study uses data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1], collected using the CMS detector in pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV at the LHC. Events containing a single electron or muon and missing transverse momentum are analyzed. No significant excess of events above the standard model expectation is found in the transverse mass distribution of the lepton-neutrino system, and upper limits for cross sections above different transverse mass thresholds are presented. Mass exclusion limits at 95% CL for a range of W[superscript ′] models are determined, including a limit of 2.5 TeV for right-handed W[superscript ′] bosons with standard-model-like couplings and limits of 2.43–2.63 TeV for left-handed W[superscript ′] bosons, taking into account their interference with the standard model W boson. Exclusion limits have also been set on Kaluza-Klein W[subscript KK] states in the framework of split universal extra dimensions
Search for anomalous production of prompt same-sign lepton pairs and pair-produced doubly charged Higgs bosons with √s = 8 TeV pp collisions using the ATLAS detector

A low-background inclusive search for new physics in events with same-sign dileptons is presented. The search uses proton-proton collisions corresponding to 20.3 fb[superscript −1] of integrated luminosity taken in 2012 at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. Pairs of isolated leptons with the same electric charge and large transverse momenta of the type e [superscript ±] e [superscript ±], e [superscript ±] μ [superscript ±], and μ [superscript ±] μ [superscript ±] are selected and their invariant mass distribution is examined. No excess of events above the expected level of Standard Model background is found. The results are used to set upper limits on the cross-sections for processes beyond the Standard Model. Limits are placed as a function of the dilepton invariant mass within a fiducial region corresponding to the signal event selection criteria. Exclusion limits are also derived for a specific model of doubly charged Higgs boson production.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Brookhaven National Laborator
Search for excited leptons in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 8 TeV

A search for compositeness of electrons and muons is presented using a data sample of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}$ = 8 TeV collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb$^{−1}$. Excited leptons (ℓ$^{*}$) produced via contact interactions in conjunction with a standard model lepton are considered, and a search is made for their gauge decay modes. The decays considered are ℓ$^{*}$ → ℓγ and ℓ$^{*}$ → ℓZ, which give final states of two leptons and a photon or, depending on the Z-boson decay mode, four leptons or two leptons and two jets. The number of events observed in data is consistent with the standard model prediction. Exclusion limits are set on the excited lepton mass, and the compositeness scale Λ. For the case M$_{ℓ^{*}}$ = Λ the existence of excited electrons (muons) is excluded up to masses of 2.45 (2.47) TeV at 95% confidence level. Neutral current decays of excited leptons are considered for the first time, and limits are extended to include the possibility that the weight factors f and f′, which determine the couplings between standard model leptons and excited leptons via gauge mediated interactions, have opposite sign
Search for pair and single production of new heavy quarks that decay to a Z boson and a third-generation quark in pp collisions at root s=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

A search is presented for the production of new heavy quarks that decay to a Z boson and a third-generation Standard Model quark. In the case of a new charge +2/3 quark (T ), the decay targeted is T -> Zt, while the decay targeted for a new charge -1/3 quark (B) is B -> Zb. The search is performed with a dataset corresponding to 20.3 fb -1 of pp collisions at s root=8 TeV recorded in 2012 with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Selected events contain a high transverse momentum Z boson candidate reconstructed from a pair of oppositely charged same-flavor leptons (electrons or muons), and are analyzed in two channels defined by the absence or presence of a third lepton. Hadronic jets, in particular those with properties consistent with the decay of a b-hadron, are also required to be present in selected events. Different requirements are made on the jet activity in the event in order to enhance the sensitivity to either heavy quark pair production mediated by the strong interaction, or single production mediated by the electroweak interaction. No significant excess of events above the Standard Model expectation is observed, and lower limits are derived on the mass of vector-like T and B quarks under various branching ratio hypotheses, as well as upper limits on the magnitude of electroweak coupling parameters.G. Aad … P. Jackson … L. Lee … A. Petridis … N. Soni ... M. White ... et al. (The ATLAS Collaboration
An improved multiple model particle filtering approach for manoeuvring target tracking using airborne GMTI with geographic information

This paper proposes a ground vehicle tracking method using an airborne ground moving target indicator radar where the surrounding geographic information is considered to determine vehicle's movement type as well as constrain its positions. Multiple state models corresponding to different movement modes are applied to represent the vehicle's behaviour in different terrain conditions. Based on geographic conditions and multiple state models, a constrained variable structure multiple model particle filter algorithm is proposed. Compared with the traditional multiple model particle filtering schemes, the proposed algorithm utilises a particle swarm optimisation technique which generates more effective particles and generated particles are constrained into the feasible geographic region. Numerical simulation results in a realistic environment show that the proposed method achieves better tracking performance compared with current state-of-the-art ones for manoeuvring vehicle tracking.ope
Nonparametric adaptive estimation for integrated diffusions

AbstractLet (Vt) be a stationary and β-mixing diffusion with unknown drift and diffusion coefficient. The integrated process Xt=∫0tVsds is observed at discrete times with regular sampling interval Δ. For both the drift function and the diffusion coefficient of the unobserved diffusion (Vt), we build nonparametric adaptive estimators based on a penalized least square approach. We derive risk bounds for the estimators. Interpreting these bounds through the asymptotic framework of high frequency data, we show that our estimators reach the minimax optimal rates of convergence, under some constraints on the sampling interval. The algorithms of estimation are implemented for several examples of diffusion models
Late Palaeogene emplacement and late Neogene–Quaternary exhumation of the Kuril island-arc root (Kunashir island) constrained by multi-method thermochronometry

AbstractThe Kuril islands constitute a volcanic island arc-trench system, stretching from eastern Hokkaido (Japan) to Kamchatka (Russia) along the northwestern Pacific subduction system. The current arc consists of several volcanic islands mainly with Neogene basement and capped by several, predominantly andesitic, active subduction stratovolcanoes. Kunashir Island is the southwestern-most island of the arc, just off the Hokkaido coast and represents the study area in this paper. The island is composed of a Lower Complex of mainly late Miocene to Pliocene volcanic rocks, covered by an Upper Complex of younger (basaltic) andesitic lava flows and tuffs on which currently four active volcanic edifices are built. In the Lower Complex sub-volcanic and deeper-seated intrusives of the so-called Prasolov and Dokuchaev magmatic complexes are found. More differentiated, tonalitic–granodioritic rocks were collected from these small intrusive bodies. An early Oligocene zircon LA-ICP-MS U/Pb age of 31 Ma for the Prasolov Complex was obtained, showing that the basement of Kunashir Island is older than previously thought. Thermochronometry (apatite fission-track and U-Th-Sm/He and zircon U-Th/He analyses) further shows that the magmatic basement of the island was rapidly exhumed in the Pleistocene to present levels in a differential pattern, with He-ages ranging from 1.9 to 0.8 Ma. It is shown that the northern section of the island was hereby exhumed more intensely
Synergy between Multiple Microtubule-Generating Pathways Confers Robustness to Centrosome-Driven Mitotic Spindle Formation

SummaryThe mitotic spindle is defined by its organized, bipolar mass of microtubules, which drive chromosome alignment and segregation. Although different cells have been shown to use different molecular pathways to generate the microtubules required for spindle formation, how these pathways are coordinated within a single cell is poorly understood. We have tested the limits within which the Drosophila embryonic spindle forms, disrupting the inherent temporal control that overlays mitotic microtubule generation, interfering with the molecular mechanism that generates new microtubules from preexisting ones, and disrupting the spatial relationship between microtubule nucleation and the usually dominant centrosome. Our work uncovers the possible routes to spindle formation in embryos and establishes the central role of Augmin in all microtubule-generating pathways. It also demonstrates that the contributions of each pathway to spindle formation are integrated, highlighting the remarkable flexibility with which cells can respond to perturbations that limit their capacity to generate microtubules