pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
X-ray Crystal Structure of a Sodium Salt of [Gd(DOTP)]5: Implications for Its Second-Sphere Relaxivity and the 23Na NMR Hyperfine Shift Effects of [Tm(DOTP)]5-

The X-ray structure of the sodium salt of [Gd(DOTP)]5- shows two different chelates, [Gd(1)(DOTP)]5- and [Gd(2)(DOTP)]5-, bound at either surface of a sheet formed by a cluster of hydrated Na+ ions. Each [Gd(1)(DOTP)]5- anion binds directly to four Na+ ions of this cluster through the free oxygen atoms of the phosphonate groups of the adjacent ligand, while each [Gd(2)(DOTP)]5- unit is connected to the cluster via hydrogen bonds only. The Gd3+ ions in the two moieties do not have any inner-sphere water molecules, and are eight-coordinate. Their coordination polyhedra are twisted square antiprisms, with slightly different twist angles. These mprime isomers are found in the crystal structure as racemic mixtures of enantiomers. Only one set of NMR resonances is observed in aqueous solution, corresponding to an averaged mprime isomer. In this crystal structure, the Na+ ions bind the phosphonate oxygen atoms of the [Gd(1)(DOTP)]5- anion at positions far removed from the main symmetry axis. This is significantly different from the binding mode(s) previously proposed to be occurring in solution between Na+ and [Tm(DOTP)]5-, based on the interpretation of solution paramagnetic 23Na NMR shifts. This could arise as a result of the effects of the cluster of hydrated Na+ ions that are present, which may hinder axial binding modes and distort lateral binding modes. Further, in the crystal structure, both types of Gd3+ centers have four second-sphere water molecules that are located at distances (4.2-4.5 Å) significantly longer than those previously proposed from the analysis of the NMRD data of [Gd(1)(DOTP)]5-. This is a result of the coordination of Na+ by these water molecules, thus preventing their direct interaction with the phosphonate oxygen atoms. However, in solution such second-sphere water molecules can interact strongly with the phosphonate ligand oxygen atoms, resulting in efficient relaxation if their binding has relatively long lifetimes (> 50 ps). Rotational immobilization will amplify this contribution, thus making it similar to outer-sphere relaxation. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejic.20030031
Infection characteristics of a trematode in an estuarine isopod: influence of substratum

The estuarine isopod Cyathura carinata is a second intermediate host to microphallid trematodes, which use mud snails Hydrobia spp. and shorebirds as respectively first intermediate and final hosts. To identify processes responsible for infection patterns observed in C. carinata, a short-term microcosm experiment was conducted with both macroinvertebrates and one of their common parasites – Maritrema subdolum. Fine sand collected from two different shallow water sites was used to test if sediment type could affect infection rates. After 7 days at 25 °C, C. carinata from the substratum with the highest proportion of particles µm were more surface active and obtained significantly more M. subdolum individuals than isopods from the other sediment type. No parasite-induced effects on the hosts were found during this short-term experiment. The distribution pattern of microphallid cysts and mesocercariae inside the isopods revealed that M. subdolum cercariae primarily penetrated through the pleopods and afterwards located themselves in the middle-posterior region of the host’s body. Even if it was not possible to identify the factor responsible for the observed infection patterns (cercariae production and/or host behaviour), the results of this experiment indicate that small-scale factors, such as differences in substratum and associated features, may have considerable impact on infections of host populations.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-004-3917-
Redox metals and oxidative abnormalities in human prion diseases

Prion diseases are characterized by the accumulation of diffuse and aggregated plaques of protease-resistant prion protein (PrP) in the brains of affected individuals and animals. Whereas prion diseases in animals appear to be almost exclusively transmitted by infection, human prion diseases most often occur sporadically and, to a lesser extent, by inheritance or infection. In the sporadic cases (sporadic Creutzfeld-Jakob disease, sCJD), PrP-containing plaques are infrequent, whereas in transmitted (variant CJD) and inherited (Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome) cases, plaques are a usual feature. In the current study, representative cases from each of the classes of human prion disease were analyzed for the presence of markers of oxidative damage that have been found in other neurodegenerative diseases. Interestingly, we found that the pattern of deposition of PrP, amyloid-ß, and redox active metals was distinct for the various prion diseases. Whereas 8-hydroxyguanosine has been shown to be increased in sCJD, and inducible NOS is increased in scrapie-infected mice, well-studied markers of oxidative damage that accumulate in the lesions of other neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer’s disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, and Parkinson’s disease), such as heme oxygenase-1 and lipid peroxidation, were not found around PrP deposits or in vulnerable neurons. These findings suggest an important distinction in prion-related oxidative stress, indicating that different neurodegenerative pathways are involved in different prion diseases.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00401-005-1034-
Population structure, dynamics and production of Hydrobia ulvae (Pennant) (Mollusca: Prosobranchia) along an eutrophication gradient in the Mondego estuary (Portugal)

Eutrophication in the Mondego estuary gave rise to qualitative changes in the benthic community, involving the replacement of
eelgrass, Zostera noltii, by green algae such as Enteromorpha spp. and Ulva sp. It seems reasonable to assume that, through time, such changes
may determine a selected new trophic structure. Hydrobia ulvae, a dominant species in terms of abundance and biomass, was studied with regard
to life history, population dynamics and productivity in relation to changing environmental conditions along the eutrophication gradient. The
purpose was to examine to what extent this species may adapt to the new emergent conditions. During the study period, H. ulvae population
exhibited both temporal and spatial density variations. The settlement pattern did not change along the eutrophication gradient, and took place
in March, June, July and September. However, the population was denser in the less eutrophied areas, corresponding to Z. noltii meadows, when
compared to the eutrophied ones, where Enteromorpha spp. blooms are usually observed. Growth was continuous through life but growth rates
were higher during spring, decreased from early summer to mid fall and practically ceased during winter, and then gradually increased again
up to spring. Life span was estimated as 21 ± 3 months. Growth productivity (P) was estimated as 93.7 g AFDW⋅m–2⋅year–1 in the Z. noltii
meadows, 15.2 g AFDW⋅m–2⋅year–1 in the eutrophied area, and 30.3 g AFDW⋅m–2⋅year–1 in the strongly eutrophied area. Elimination
productivity (E) was estimated as 30.0 g AFDW⋅m–2⋅year–1 in the Z. noltii meadows, 51.8 g AFDW⋅m–2⋅year–1 in the eutrophied area, and
97.5 g AFDW⋅m–2⋅year–1 in the strongly eutrophied area. The average annual biomass (B) (standing stock) of the population was estimated as
                                                                                         √
70.2 g AFDW⋅m–2 in the Z. noltii meadows, 5.5 g AFDW⋅m–2 in the eutrophied area, and 7.4 g AFDW⋅m–2 in the strongly eutrophied area.
   √         √
P/B and E/B ratios were estimated as 1.3 and 4.8 in the Z. noltii meadows, 2.8 and 9.5 in the eutrophied area, and 4.5 and 13.2 in the strongly
                                                                                                                               √        √
eutrophied area, respectively. As a pattern, the standing stock decreased as a function of increasing eutrophication, while P/B and E/B ratios
increased following the same gradient. There is evidence that H. ulvae population structure and annual production are seriously affected by
eutrophication, namely by macroalgal bloom dynamics. Moreover, results suggest that H. ulvae might be suffering a change in its adaptive
strategy along the eutrophication gradient, becoming closer to a typical ‘r’ strategist in the strongly eutrophied areashttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1146-609X(99)00137-
MC3T3-E1 and RAW264.7 cell response to hydroxyapatite and alpha-type alumina adsorbed with bovine serum albumin

Initial cell responses following implantation are important for inducing osteoconductivity. We investigated cell adhesion, spreading, and proliferation in response to native and bovine serum albumin (BSA)-adsorbed disc of hydroxyapatite (HA) or alpha-type alumina (α-Al2O3) using mouse MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells and mouse RAW264.7 macrophages. The adsorbed BSA inhibited adhesion and spreading of MC3T3-E1 cells, but did not affect MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation on HA and α-Al2O3 substrates. Thus, MC3T3-E1 cells quickly adhere to original HA before cell binding is impeded by adsorption of BSA in quantities sufficient to inhibit the adhesion of MC3T3-E1 cells. The adsorbed BSA inhibits adhesion of RAW264.7 cells to α-Al2O3, but not to HA. BSA adsorption does not affect RAW264.7 cell spreading and proliferation on both HA and α-Al2O3 substrates. Thus, BSA adsorbed on HA stimulates a different cell response than α-Al2O3. Moreover, quick adherence of osteoblast cells and monocyte-macrophage lineage cells plays a role in HA osteoconductivity
Knowledge acquisition from sensor data in an equine environment

Recent advances in sensor technology have led to a rapid growth in the availability of accurate, portable and low-cost sensors. In the Sport and Health Science domains, this has been used to deploy multiple sensors in a variety of situations in order to monitor participant and environmental factors of an activity or sport. As these sensors often output their data in a raw, proprietary or unstructured format, it is difficult to identify periods of interest, such as events or actions of interest to the Sport and Exercise Physiologists. In our research, we deploy multiple sensors on horses and jockeys while they engage in horse-racing training exercises. The Exercise Physiologists aim to identify events which contribute most to energy expenditure, and classify both the horse and jockey movement using basic accelerometer sensors. We propose a metadata driven approach to enriching the raw sensor data using a series of Profiles. This data then forms the basis of user defined algorithms to detect events using an Event-Condition-Action approach. We provide an Event Definition interface which is used to construct algorithms based on sensor measurements both before and after integration. The result enables the end user to express high level queries to meet their information needs
Semantically enhancing multimedia lifelog events

Lifelogging is the digital recording of our everyday behaviour in order to identify human activities and build applications that support daily life. Lifelogs represent a unique form of personal multimedia content in that they are temporal, synchronised, multi-modal and composed of multiple media. Analysing lifelogs with a view to supporting content-based access, presents many challenges. These include the integration of heterogeneous input streams from different sensors, structuring a lifelog into events, representing events, and interpreting and understanding lifelogs. In this paper we demonstrate the potential of semantic web technologies for analysing lifelogs by automatically augmenting descriptions of lifelog events. We report on experiments and demonstrate how our re- sults yield rich descriptions of multi-modal, multimedia lifelog content, opening up even greater possibilities for managing and using lifelogs
Repression of the auxin response pathway increases Arabidopsis susceptibility to necrotrophic fungi

In plants, resistance to necrotrophic pathogens depends on the interplay between different hormone systems, such as those regulated by salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene, and abscisic acid. Repression of auxin signaling by the SA pathway was recently shown to contribute to antibacterial resistance. Here, we demonstrate that Arabidopsis auxin signaling mutants axr1, axr2, and axr6 that have defects in the auxin-stimulated SCF (Skp1¿Cullin¿ F-box) ubiquitination pathway exhibit increased susceptibility to the necrotrophic fungi Plectosphaerella cucumerina and Botrytis cinerea. Also, stabilization of the auxin transcriptional repressor AXR3 that is normally targeted for removal by the SCF-ubiquitin/proteasome machinery occurs upon P. cucumerina infection. Pharmacological inhibition of auxin transport or proteasome function each compromise necrotroph resistance of wild-type plants to a similar extent as in non-treated auxin response mutants. These results suggest that auxin signaling is important for resistance to the necrotrophic fungi P. cucumerina and B. cinerea. SGT1b (one of two Arabidopsis SGT1 genes encoding HSP90/HSC70 co-chaperones) promotes the functions of SCF E3-ubiquitin ligase complexes in auxin and JA responses and resistance conditioned by certain Resistance (R) genes to biotrophic pathogens. We find that sgt1b mutants are as resistant to P. cucumerina as wild-type plants. Conversely, auxin/SCF signaling mutants are uncompromised in RPP4-triggered resistance to the obligate biotrophic oomycete, Hyaloperonospora parasitica. Thus, the predominant action of SGT1b in R gene-conditioned resistance to oomycetes appears to be at a site other than assisting SCF E3-ubiquitin ligases. However, genetic additivity of sgt1b axr1 double mutants in susceptibility to H. parasitica suggests that SCF-mediated ubiquitination contributes to limiting biotrophic pathogen colonization once plant¿pathogen compatibility is established
Arabidopsis thaliana as a model for the study of plant-virus co-evolution

Understanding plant–virus coevolution requires wild systems in which there is no human manipulation of either host or virus. To develop such a system, we analysed virus infection in six wild populations of Arabidopsis thaliana in Central Spain. The incidence of five virus species with different life-styles was monitored during four years, and this was analysed in relation to the demography of the host populations. Total virus incidence reached 70 per cent, which suggests a role of virus infection in the population structure and dynamics of the host, under the assumption of a host fitness cost caused by the infection. Maximum incidence occurred at early growth stages, and co-infection with different viruses was frequent, two factors often resulting in increased virulence. Experimental infections under controlled conditions with two isolates of the most prevalent viruses, cauliflower mosaic virus and cucumber mosaic virus, showed that there is genetic variation for virus accumulation, although this depended on the interaction between host and virus genotypes. Comparison of QST-based genetic differentiations between both host populations with FST genetic differentiation based on putatively neutral markers suggests different selection dynamics for resistance against different virus species or genotypes. Together, these results are compatible with a hypothesis of plant–virus coevolution
Physical and economic consequences of climate change in Europe

Quantitative estimates of the economic damages of climate change usually are based on aggregate relationships linking average temperature change to loss in gross domestic product (GDP). However, there is a clear need for further detail in the regional and sectoral dimensions of impact assessments to design and prioritize adaptation strategies. New developments in regional climate modeling and physical-impact modeling in Europe allow a better exploration of those dimensions. This article quantifies the potential consequences of climate change in Europe in four market impact categories (agriculture, river floods, coastal areas, and tourism) and one nonmarket impact (human health). The methodology integrates a set of coherent, high-resolution climate change projections and physical models into an economic modeling framework. We find that if the climate of the 2080s were to occur today, the annual loss in household welfare in the European Union (EU) resulting from the four market impacts would range between 0.2–1%. If the welfare loss is assumed to be constant over time, climate change may halve the EU's annual welfare growth. Scenarios with warmer temperatures and a higher rise in sea level result in more severe economic damage. However, the results show that there are large variations across European regions. Southern Europe, the British Isles, and Central Europe North appear most sensitive to climate change. Northern Europe, on the other hand, is the only region with net economic benefits, driven mainly by the positive effects on agriculture. Coastal systems, agriculture, and river flooding are the most important of the four market impacts assessed
Chromosomal location of a gene that controls sterol esterification in Triticum aestivum L.

A previously described D genome locus (Pln) that controls sterol esterification in the wheat kernel has been assigned to the short arm of chromosome 7 D by comparison of the steryl ester phenotype of euploid kernels of Triticum aestivum variety Chinese Spring with those of the compensated nulli-tetrasomic lines and the 7 D S ditelosomic. Palmitate is the predominant ester in all but the 7 D nullisomic combinations, which have linoleate as the main ester. These lines also show a marked decrease in sterol esterification and a two-fold increase in free sterol, indicating that chromosomes 7 A and 7 B do not compensate for the loss of esterification capacity associated with 7 D
Hydrogen embrittlement risk of high strength galvanized steel in contact with alkaline media

The critical conditions for hydrogenembrittlement (HE) risk of highstrengthgalvanizedsteel (HSGS) wires and tendons exposed to alkaline concrete pore solutions have been evaluated by means of electrochemical and mechanical testing.\ud
There is a relationship between the hydrogenembrittlementrisk in HSGS and the length of hydrogen evolution process in alkalinemedia. The galvanizedsteel suffers anodic dissolution simultaneously to the hydrogen evolution which does not stop until the passivation process is completed. HSGS wires exposed to a very highalkalinemedia have showed HE risk with loss in mechanical properties only if long periods with hydrogen evolution process take place with a simultaneous intensive galvanized coating reduction
Advances in neutronics and radiological protection of HiPER 4a

The HiPER project, phase 4a, is evolving. In this study we present the progress made in the field of neutronics and radiological protection for an integrated design of the facility. In the current model, we take into account the optical systems inside the target bay, as well as the remote handling requirements and related infrastructure, together with different shields. The last reference irradiation scenario, consisting of 20 MJ of neutron yields, 5 yields per burst, one burst every week and 30 years of expected lifetime is considered for this study. We have performed a characterization of the dose rates behavior in the facility, both during operation and between bursts. The dose rates are computed for workers, regarding to maintenance and handling, and also for optical systems, regarding to damage. Furthermore, we have performed a waste management assessment of all the components inside the target bay. Results indicate that remote maintenance is mandatory in some areas. The small beam penetrations in the shields are responsible for some high doses in some specific locations. With regards to optics, the residual doses are as high as prompt doses. It is found that the whole target bay may be fully managed as a waste in 30 years by recycling and/or clearance, with no need for burial
Silica final lens performance in laser fusion facilities: HiPER and LIFE

Nowadays, the projects LIFE (Laser Inertial Fusion Energy) in USA and HiPER (High Power Laser Energy Research)\ud
in Europe are the most advanced ones to demonstrate laser fusion energy viability. One of the main points of concern\ud
to properly achieve ignition is the performance of the final optics (lenses) under the severe irradiation conditions that take place in fusion facilities. In this paper, we calculate the radiation fluxes and doses as well as the radiation-induced temperature enhancement and colour centre formation in final lenses assuming realistic geometrical configurations for HiPER and LIFE. On these bases, the mechanical stresses generated by the established temperature gradients are evaluated showing that from a mechanical point of view lenses only fulfil specifications if ions resulting from\ud
the imploding target are mitigated. The absorption coefficient of the lenses is calculated during reactor startup and steady-state operation. The obtained results reveal the necessity of new solutions to tackle ignition problems during the startup process for HiPER. Finally, we evaluate the effect of temperature gradients on focal length changes and lens surface deformations. In summary, we discuss the capabilities and weak points of silica lenses and propose alternatives to overcome predictable problem
Carbon dioxide emissions from semi-arid soils amended with biochar alone or combined with mineral and organic fertilizers

Semi-arid soils cover a significant area of Earth s land surface and typically contain large amounts of inorganic C. Determining the effects of biochar additions on CO2 emissions fromsemi-arid soils is therefore essential for evaluating the potential of biochar as a climate change mitigation strategy. Here, we measured the CO2 that evolved from semi-arid calcareous soils amended with biochar at rates of 0 and 20 t ha?1 in a full factorial combination with three different fertilizers (mineral fertilizer, municipal solid waste compost, and sewage sludge) applied at four rates (equivalent to 0, 75, 150, and 225 kg potentially available N ha?1) during 182 days of aerobic incubation. A double exponential model, which describes cumulative CO2 emissions from two active soil C compartments with different turnover rates (one relatively stable and the other more labile), was found to fit verywell all the experimental datasets. In general, the organic fertilizers increased the size and decomposition rate of the stable and labile soil C pools. In contrast, biochar addition had no effects on any of the double exponential model parameters and did not interact with the effects ascribed to the type and rate of fertilizer. After 182 days of incubation, soil organic and microbial biomass C contents tended to increase with increasing the application rates of organic fertilizer, especially of compost, whereas increasing the rate of mineral fertilizer tended to suppress microbial biomass. Biochar was found to increase both organic and inorganic C contents in soil and not to interactwith the effects of type and rate of fertilizer on C fractions. As a whole, our results suggest that the use of biochar as enhancer of semi-arid soils, either alone or combined with mineral and organic fertilizers, is unlikely to increase abiotic and biotic soil CO2 emissions