pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
A low-Reynolds-number treadmilling swimmer near a semi-infinite wall

We investigate the behavior of a treadmilling microswimmer in a
two-dimensional unbounded domain with a semi-infinite no-slip wall. The wall
can also be regarded as a probe or pipette inserted into the flow. We solve the
governing evolution equations in an analytical form and numerically calculate
trajectories of the swimmer for several different initial positions and
orientations. We then compute the probability that the treadmilling organism
can escape the vicinity of the wall. We find that many trajectories in a
'wedge' around the wall are likely to escape. This suggests that inserting a
probe or pipette in a suspension of organism may push away treadmilling
swimmers.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures. PDFLaTeX with IMA style (included
When Dads Help: Male Behavioral Care During Primate Infant Development

In contrast to birds, male mammals rarely help to raise the offspring. Of all mammals, only among rodents, carnivores, and primates, males are sometimes intensively engaged in providing infant care (Kleiman and Malcolm 1981). Male caretaking of infants has long been recognized in nonhuman primates (Itani 1959). Given that infant care behavior can have a positive effect on the infant’s development, growth, well-being, or survival, why are male mammals not more frequently involved in “building babies”? We begin the chapter defining a few relevant terms and introducing the theory and hypotheses that have historically addressed the evolution of paternal care. We then review empirical findings on male care among primate taxa, before focusing, in the final section, on our own work on paternal care in South American owl monkeys (Aotus spp.). We conclude the chapter with some suggestions for future studies
Duality and differential operators for harmonic Maass forms

Due to the graded ring nature of classical modular forms, there are many interesting relations between the coefficients of different modular forms. We discuss additional relations arising from Duality, Borcherds products, theta lifts. Using the explicit description of a lift for weakly holomorphic forms, we realize the differential operator ${D}^{k-1} := {( \frac{1} {2\pi \mathrm{i}} \frac{\partial } {\partial z})}^{k-1}$ acting on a harmonic Maass form for integers k > 2 in terms of ${\xi }_{2-k} := 2\mathrm{i}{y}^{2-k}\overline{ \frac{\partial } {\partial \overline{z}}}$ acting on a different form. Using this interpretation, we compute the image of D k − 1. We also answer a question arising in recent work on the p-adic properties of mock modular forms. Additionally, since such lifts are defined up to a weakly holomorphic form, we demonstrate how to construct a canonical lift from holomorphic modular forms to harmonic Maass forms.postprin
Confocal micro-PIV/PTV measurements of the blood flow in micro-channels

The development of optical experimental techniques has contributed to obtain explanations on the blood flow behaviour through micro-channels. Although the past results have been valuable, detailed studies on the flow properties of in vitro blood in micro-channels have been limited by several technical factors such as poor spatial resolution and difficulty to obtain quantitative detailed meas-urements at such small scales. In recent years, due to advances in computers, op-tics, and digital image processing techniques, it became possible to combine both particle image velocimetry (PIV) and particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) methods with confocal microscopes. As a result, this combination has greatly increased the resolution of the conventional micro-PIV/PTV systems and consequently pro-vided additional detailed description on the blood cells motion not obtainable by traditional methods. In this chapter the most relevant theoretical and technical is-sues related to both conventional and confocal micro-PIV/PTV methods are dis-cussed. In addition, a comparison between them is presented. Furthermore, the most relevant results of in vitro blood flowing in both glass and polydime-thylsiloxane (PDMS) micro-channels are shown
Behavior and Impact of Zirconium in the Soil–Plant System: Plant Uptake and Phytotoxicity

Because of the large number of sites they pollute, toxic metals that contaminate terrestrial ecosystems are increasingly of environmental and sanitary concern (Uzu et al. 2010, 2011; Shahid et al. 2011a, b, 2012a). Among such metals is zirconium (Zr), which has the atomic number 40 and is a transition metal that resembles titanium in physical and chemical properties (Zaccone et al. 2008). Zr is widely used in many chemical industry processes and in nuclear reactors (Sandoval et al. 2011; Kamal et al. 2011), owing to its useful properties like hardness, corrosion-resistance and permeable to neutrons (Mushtaq 2012). Hence, the recent increased use of Zr by industry, and the occurrence of the Chernobyl and Fukashima catastrophe have enhanced environmental levels in soil and waters (Yirchenko and Agapkina 1993; Mosulishvili et al. 1994 ; Kruglov et al. 1996)
Exterior billiards: systems with impacts outside bounded domains

The book contains an account of results obtained by the author and his collaborators on billiards in the complement of bounded domains and their applications in aerodynamics and geometrical optics.

We consider several problems related to aerodynamics of bodies in highly rarefied media. It is assumed that the medium particles do not interact with each other and are elastically reflected when colliding with the body boundary; these assumptions drastically simplify the aerodynamics and allow to reduce it to a number of purely mathematical problems.

First we examine problems of minimal resistance in the case of translational motion of bodies. These problems generalize the Newton problem of least resistance; the difference is that the bodies are generally nonconvex in our case and therefore the particles can make multiple reflections from the body surface. It is proved that typically the infimum of resistance equals zero; thus, there exist 'almost perfectly streamlined' bodies.

Next we consider the generalization of Newton's problem on minimal resistance of convex axisymmetric bodies to the case of media with thermal motion of particles. Two kinds of solutions are found: first, Newton-like bodies and second, shapes obtained by gluing together two Newton-like bodies along their rear ends.

Further, we state results on characterization of billiard scattering by nonconvex and rough bodies; next we solve some special problems of optimal mass transportation. These two groups of results are applied to problems of minimal and maximal resistance for bodies that move forward and at the same time slowly rotate. It is found, in particular, that the resistance of a three-dimensional convex body can be increased at most twice and decreased at most by 3.05% by roughening its surface.

Next, we consider a rapidly rotating rough disc moving in a rarefied medium on the plane. It is shown that the force acting on the disc is not generally parallel to the direction of the disc motion, that is, has a nonzero transversal component. This phenomenon is called Magnus effect (proper or inverse, depending on the direction of the transversal component). We show that the kind of Magnus effect depends on the kind of disc roughness, and study this dependence. The problem of finding all admissible values of the force acting on the disc is formulated in terms of a vector-valued problem of optimal mass transportation.

Finally, we describe bodies that have zero resistance when translating through a medium, and state results on existence or non-existence of bodies with mirror surface invisible in one or several directions. We also consider the problem of constructing retroreflectors: bodies with specular surface that reverse the direction of any incident beam of light
The archaeological exploitation of declassified satellite photography in semi-arid environments.

Declassified satellite photographs are becoming an increasingly important\ud
archaeological tool. Not only are they useful for residue prospection and, when in\ud
stereo pairs, Digital Elevation Model (DEM) generation, they can also provide large\ud
scale temporal snap-shots that provide essential information on landscape change.\ud
Importantly, in some instances, declassified photographs may be the only available\ud
record of archaeological residues that have subsequently been eradicated.\ud
This chapter outlines a generic approach to accessing, digitising and processing\ud
declassified satellite photographs and utilising them in conjunction with modern fine\ud
resolution satellite images. The methodological issues of acquisition and preprocessing\ud
are addressed. A number of potential archaeological applications are\ud
described and illustrated with examples from the Settlement and Landscape\ud
Development in the Homs Region, Syria (SHR) project. These examples demonstrate\ud
that there is no single approach to processing and image selection. Rather, processing\ud
is dependent upon the nature of the archaeological residues and their surrounding\ud
matrix, the type of analysis one wants to undertake and the range of ancillary datasets\ud
which can be used to ‘add value’ to the source data
Infinitesimal and local convexity of a hypersurface in a semi-Riemannian
  manifold

Given a Riemannian manifold M and a hypersurface H in M, it is well known
that infinitesimal convexity on a neighborhood of a point in H implies local
convexity. We show in this note that the same result holds in a semi-Riemannian
manifold. We make some remarks for the case when only timelike, null or
spacelike geodesics are involved. The notion of geometric convexity is also
reviewed and some applications to geodesic connectedness of an open subset of a
Lorentzian manifold are given.Comment: 14 pages, AMSLaTex, 2 figures. v2: typos fixed, added one reference
  and several comments, statement of last proposition correcte
Human resource behaviour simulation in business processes

The structure and dynamics of a modern business environment are very hard to model using traditional methods. Such complexity raises challenges to effective business analysis and improvement. The importance of applying business process simulation to analyze and improve business activities has been widely recognized. However, one remaining challenge is the development of approaches to human resource behavior simulation. To address this problem, we describe a novel simulation approach where intelligent agents are used to simulate human resources by performing allocated work from a workflow management system. The behavior of the intelligent agents is driven a by state transition mechanism called a Hierarchical Task Network (HTN). We demonstrate and validate our simulator via a medical treatment process case study. Analysis of the simulation results shows that the behavior driven by the HTN is consistent with design of the workflow model. We believe these preliminary results support the development of more sophisticated agent-based human resource simulation systems
NIRS measurements with elite speed skaters: comparison between the ice rink and the laboratory.

Wearable, wireless near-infrared (NIR) spectrometers were used to compare changes in on-ice short-track skating race simulations over 1,500 m with a 3-min cycle ergometry test at constant power output (400 W). The subjects were six male elite short-track speed skaters. Both protocols elicited a rapid desaturation (∆TSI%) in the muscle during early stages (initial 20 s); however, asymmetry between right and left legs was seen in ΔTSI% for the skating protocol, but not for cycling. Individual differences between skaters were present in both protocols. Notably, one individual who showed a relatively small TSI% change (-10.7%, group mean = -26.1%) showed a similarly small change during the cycling protocol (-5.8%, group mean = -14.3%). We conclude that NIRS-detected leg asymmetry is due to the specific demands of short-track speed skating. However, heterogeneity between individuals is not specific to the mode of exercise. Whether this is a result of genuine differences in physiology or a reflection of differences in the optical properties of the leg remains to be determined
The effect of basic assumptions on the tissue oxygen saturation value of near infrared spectroscopy

Tissue oxygen saturation (StO(2)), a potentially important parameter in clinical practice, can be measured by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Various devices use the multi-distance approach based on the diffusion approximation of the radiative transport equation [1, 2]. When determining the absorption coefficient (μ (a)) by the slope over multiple distances a common assumption is to neglect μ (a) in the diffusion constant, or to assume the scattering coefficient [Formula: see text] to be constant over the wavelength. Also the water influence can be modeled by simply subtracting a water term from the absorption. This gives five approaches A1-A5. The aim was to test how these different methods influence the StO(2) values. One data set of 30 newborn infants measured on the head and another of eight adults measured on the nondominant forearm were analyzed. The calculated average StO(2) values measured on the head were (mean ± SD): A1: 79.99 ± 4.47%, A2: 81.44 ± 4.08%, A3: 84.77 ± 4.87%, A4: 85.69 ± 4.38%, and A5: 72.85 ± 4.81%. The StO(2) values for the adult forearms are: A1: 58.14 ± 5.69%, A2: 73.85 ± 4.77%, A3: 58.99 ± 5.67%, A4: 74.21 ± 4.76%, and A5: 63.49 ± 5.11%. Our results indicate that StO(2) depends strongly on the assumptions. Since StO(2) is an absolute value, comparability between different studies is reduced if the assumptions of the algorithms are not published
The effect of venous and arterial occlusion of the arm on changes in tissue hemodynamics, oxygenation, and ultra-weak photon emission

Ultra-weak photon emission (UPE) is a general feature of living -biological systems. To gain further insights into the origin of UPE and its physiological significance, the aim of the present study was to investigate the connection between hemodynamics (HD), oxygenation (OX), and UPE. Therefore, during venous and arterial occlusion (VO, AO), changes of UPE and surrogates of HD as well as OX were measured simultaneously using two photomultipliers and near-infrared spectroscopy, respectively. We showed that (1) changes in UPE correlate significantly nonlinearly with changes in oxyhemoglobin (Δ[O(2)Hb]), deoxyhemoglobin (Δ[HHb]), and hemoglobin difference (Δ[HbD] = Δ[O(2)Hb]-Δ[HHb]), indicating a complex association between UPE and tissue HD/OX; (2) UPE decreases significantly during AO but not during VO; (3) UPE increases significantly after AO; and (4) the view that ROS are the source of UPE is generally supported by the present study, although some findings remain unexplained in the context of the theory of ROS-mediated UPE generation. In conclusion, the present study revealed new insights into the interplay between HD, OX, and UPE and opens up new questions that have to be addressed by future studies
Super-diffusive Transport Processes in Porous Media

The basic assumption of models for the transport of contaminants through soil is that the movements of solute particles are characterized by the Brownian motion. However, the complexity of pore space in natural porous media makes the hypothesis of Brownian motion far too restrictive in some situations. Therefore, alternative models have been proposed. One of the models, many times encountered in hydrology, is based in fractional differential equations, which is a one-dimensional fractional advection diffusion equation where the usual second-order derivative gives place to a fractional derivative of order α, with 1 < α ≤ 2. When a fractional derivative replaces the second-order derivative in a diffusion or dispersion model, it leads to anomalous diffusion, also called super-diffusion. We derive analytical solutions for the fractional advection diffusion equation with different initial and boundary conditions. Additionally, we analyze how the fractional parameter α affects the behavior of the solutions
Quantifying argonaute proteins in and out of GW/P-bodies: Implications in microRNA activities

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of ∼22nt non-coding RNAs that regulate the translational potential and stability of mRNAs. Though constituting only 1-4% of human genes, miRNAs are predicted to regulate more than 60% of all mRNAs. The action of miRNAs is mediated through their associations with Argonaute proteins and mRNA targets. Previous studies indicated that though the majority of Argonaute proteins is diffusely distributed in the cytoplasm, a small fraction is consistently observed to be concentrated in a cytoplasmic compartment called GW/P-bodies. In this chapter, we will provide a quantitative and dynamic view of the subcellular localization of miRNA function, followed by a discussion on the possible roles of PBs in miRNA silencing.National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant R01-CA133404)National Cancer Institute (U.S.) (Grant P01-CA42063)National Cancer Institute (U.S.) (Grant P30-CA14051
On the composition of convex envelopes for quadrilinear terms

International audienceWithin the framework of the spatial Branch-and-Bound algorithm for solving mixed-integer nonlinear programs, different convex relaxations can be obtained for multilinear terms by applying associativity in different ways. The two groupings ((x1x2)x3)x4 and (x1x2x3)x4 of a quadrilinear term, for example, give rise to two different convex relaxations. In Cafieri et al. (J Global Optim 47:661-685, 2010) we prove that having fewer groupings of longer terms yields tighter convex relaxations. In this chapter we give an alternative proof of the same fact and perform a computational study to assess the impact of the tightened convex relaxation in a spatial Branch-and-Bound setting
The Nitrogen Chemistry in Hot Jupiters Atmosphere

The atmosphere of hot Jupiters can be probed by primary transit and secondary eclipse spectroscopy. In order to constrain the atmospheric thermal structure and composition from observables, chemical models are necessary. Due to the intense UV irradiation, mixing and circulation, the chemical composition is maintained out of equilibrium and kinetic photochemical models must be applied with kinetics valid at the high temperatures prevailing in hot Jupiters atmospheres. We study the steady state atmospheric composition of HD 189733b one of the most observed hot Jupiters by implementing a new kinetic network in a 1D time-dependent chemical model including photodissociations and vertical diffusion. We confirm that the atmospheric composition of the planet is maintained out of the equilibrium by photodissociations and vertical quenching. The core and novelty of this study is the chemical scheme. It was produced in close collaboration with experts of applied high-temperature kinetics and methodically validated over a range of temperatures and pressures typical of the atmospheric layers influencing the observations of hot Jupiters. In addition to our nominal chemical scheme, we implemented other reaction sub-networks for nitrogen-bearing species that are commonly used in the field of combustion, and investigate the sensitivity of the predicted abundances and spectra to the network. We found that the abundances of NH3 and HCN can vary by 2 orders of magnitude. A spectral feature of NH3 at 10.5 mum is sensitive to these abundance variations and thus to the chemical scheme.status: publishe
Are There Quantum Effects Coming from Outside Space-time? Nonlocality,
  free will and "no many-worlds"

Observing the violation of Bell's inequality tells us something about all
possible future theories: they must all predict nonlocal correlations. Hence
Nature is nonlocal. After an elementary introduction to nonlocality and a brief
review of some recent experiments, I argue that Nature's nonlocality together
with the existence of free will is incompatible with the many-worlds view of
quantum physics.Comment: Talk presented at the meeting "Is Science Compatible with Our Desire
  for Freedom?" organised by the Social Trends Institute at the IESE Business
  School in Barcelona, Octobre 201
Interdiction Models and Applications

in Handbook of Operations Research for Homeland Security, J.W. Hermmann (ed.), November 2012The article of record as published may be located at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5278-2_4Through interdiction models, we infer the vulnerabilities inherent in an operational system.
This chapter presents four applications of interdiction modeling: (i) to delay an adversary's
development of a  rst nuclear weapon; (ii) to understand vulnerabilities in an electric power
system; (iii) to locate sensors in a municipal water network; and (iv) to secure a border against
a nuclear smuggler. In each case, we detail and interpret the mathematical model, and characterize
insights gained from solving instances of the model. We point to special structures that
sometimes arise in interdiction models and the associated implications for analyses. From these
examples, themes emerge on how one should model, and defend against, an intelligent adversary
Random Matrix Theory and Its Innovative Applications

Recently more and more disciplines of science and engineering have found Random Matrix Theory valuable. Some disciplines use the limiting densities to indicate the cutoff between "noise" and "signal." Other disciplines are finding eigenvalue repulsions a compelling model of reality. This survey introduces both the theory behind these applications and MATLAB experiments allowing a reader immediate access to the ideas. Keywords:
computational science; dynamic blocking problems; elliptic curves; mathematical modeling; random matrix theor
Retributivist Theories

This entry looks at recent retributivist theories that draw on denunciation and the expression of moral emotions in order to justify punishment. After setting out some of the canonical sources of the retributivist tradition, and explaining some of the most serious objections to this tradition, it looks at how these recent developments seek to overcome the objections while preserving what seems most of value in retributive ideas. The entry identifies work by P. F. Strawson and Patrick Devlin as the starting-point of these developments. In different ways, Strawson and Devlin seek to vindicate the idea that punishment should express our sense of the moral seriousness of crime as wrongdoing. Furthermore, they imply that punishment is necessary to do justice to the moral seriousness of wrongdoing
miR-210: fine-tuning the hypoxic response

Hypoxia is a central component of the tumor microenvironment and represents a major source of therapeutic failure in cancer therapy. Recent work has provided a wealth of evidence that noncoding RNAs and, in particular, microRNAs, are significant members of the adaptive response to low oxygen in tumors. All published studies agree that miR-210 specifically is a robust target of hypoxia-inducible factors, and the induction of miR-210 is a consistent characteristic of the hypoxic response in normal and transformed cells. Overexpression of miR-210 is detected in most solid tumors and has been linked to adverse prognosis in patients with soft-tissue sarcoma, breast, head and neck, and pancreatic cancer. A wide variety of miR-210 targets have been identified, pointing to roles in the cell cycle, mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, angiogenesis, DNA damage response, and cell survival. Additional microRNAs seem to be modulated by low oxygen in a more tissue-specific fashion, adding another layer of complexity to the vast array of protein-coding genes regulated by hypoxia