pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
A decade of porous silicon as nano-explosive material

It is a decade since the accidental discovery of
the room temperature explosive properties of porous silicon,
impregnated with a solid state oxidizer, was communicated
in 2002 [1]. A significant amount of research and development
have followed this announcement, leading to
an innovative explosive technology that may be on the
verge of being applied in a number of applications. It is
thus now an opportune time to reflect on the progress of
this new technology over the last decade. Just in the last
two years, there has been a significant increase in the
number of research papers reporting on new developments
and exciting new applications. In this paper the technological development of porous silicon explosive devices
is reviewed, a decade of technological research and
development documented, and the current state of the
technology evaluated. The most important aspects of the
technology are presented, device performance characteristics
are investigated and different applications are considered.
Typical device design and manufacturing techniques
are highlighted that actually resulted in reliable explosive
behavior. The information in this paper should serve as
a source of reference not only for researchers already active
in this field, but also to new researchers starting or contemplating
to exploit this technology.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1521-4087hb201
Predicting Solubility of Military, Homemade, and Green Explosives in Pure and Saline Water using COSMO-RS

The article of record as published may be located at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.201300071The conductor-like screening model for real solvents
(COSMO-RS) has previously been shown to give accurate
aqueous solubilities for a range of organic compounds
using only quantum chemical simulation data. Application
of this method for solid organic explosives, however, faces
two difficulties; it requires correction for the free energy of
fusion (a generally unknown quantity for these compounds)
and it shows considerable error for common explosive
classes such as nitramines. Herein we introduce
a correction factor for COSMO-RS that is applicable to
a wide range of explosives, and requires no data beyond
a quantum chemistry calculation. This modification allows
COSMO-RS to be used as a predictive tool for new proposed
explosives or for systems lacking experimental data.
We use this method to predict the temperature-dependent
solubility of solid explosives in pure and saline water to an
average accuracy of approximately 0.25 log units at ambient
temperature. Setschenow (salting-out) coefficients predicted
by this method show considerable improvement
over previous COSMO-RS results, but are still slightly overestimated
compared to the limited experimental data available.
We apply this method to a range of military, homemade,
and “green” explosives that lack experimental seawater
solubility data, an important property for environmental
fate and transport modeling.This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research grant N00014-12-WX-20884 under the direction of Mike Schlesinger. The authors thank Brian Mason and James Hemmer for useful discussions. This research was performed while one of the authors (S. A.) held a National Research Council Research Associateship Award at Naval Postgraduate School
Calcium sulfate as a possible oxidant in “green” siliconbased pyrotechnic time delay compositions

Chemical time delay detonators are used to control blasting operations in mines and quarries. Slow burning Si-BaSO4 pyrotechnic
delay compositions are employed for long time delays. However, soluble barium compounds may pose environmental and health risks. Hence
inexpensive anhydrous calcium sulfate was investigated as an alternative “green” oxidant. EKVI simulations indicated that stoichiometry
corresponds to a composition that contains less than 30 wt. % Si. However combustion was only supported in the range of 30-70 wt. % Si. In
this range the bomb calorimeter data and burn tests indicate that the reaction rate and energy output decrease with increasing silicon content.
The measured burn rates in rigid aluminium elements ranged from 6.9 to 12.5 mm s1. The reaction product was a complex mixture that
contained crystalline phases in addition to an amorphous calcium containing silicate phase. A reaction mechanism consistent with these
observations is proposed.Supported in part by AEL Mining Service and by the National Research Foundation of South Africa (Grant 83874).http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1521-40872016-08-31hb201
The effect of additives on the burning rate of silicon-calcium sulfate pyrotechnic delay compositions

The effect of fuel particle size as well as the influence of inert and reactive additives on the burning
rate of the Si-CaSO4 composition was evaluated. The burning rate decreased with increase in fuel particle size,
while the enthalpy remained constant. Addition of fuels to the base composition increased the burning rate, with
an increase from 12.5 mm s-1 to 43 mm s-1 being recorded upon 10 wt. % Al addition. Ternary mixtures of silicon,
calcium sulfate and an additional oxidizer generally decreased the burning rate, with the exception of bismuth
trioxide where it increased. The Si-CaSO4 formulation was found to be sensitive to the presence of inert material,
addition of as little as 1 wt. % fumed silica stifled combustion in the aluminium tubes.This work is based on the research supported in part by AELMining Service and by the National Research Foundation of SouthAfrica (Grant 83874).http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1521-40872017-08-31hb2016Chemical Engineerin
Mn+Sb2O3 thermite/intermetallic delay compositions

The binary Mn + Sb2O3 pyrotechnic composition was investigated for mining detonator time delay
applications. EKVI thermodynamic modelling predicted two maxima in the adiabatic reaction temperature. The
local maximum, at a manganese fuel content of ca. 36 wt-%, corresponds to a pure thermite-type redox reaction:
3Mn + Sb2O3  3MnO + 2Sb. The overall maximum in the adiabatic reaction temperature (ca. 1640 K), at the
fuel-rich composition of 49 wt-% Mn, is consistent with the reaction 5Mn + Sb2O3  3MnO + 2MnSb, i.e. a
combination of the standard thermite with an additional exothermic intermetallic reaction. XRD analysis of
combustion residues confirmed the formation of MnSb and Mn2Sb for fuel-rich compositions. Burn rates were
measured using delay elements assembled into commercial detonators. The d50 particle sizes were 23.4 and 0.92
m for the Mn fuel and Sb2O3 oxidant powders respectively. The delay elements comprised rolled lead tubes with
a length of 44 mm and an outer diameter of 6.4 mm. The rolling action compacted the pyrotechnic compositions to
74  2 % theoretical maximum density. The burning rate increased linearly from 4.2 to 9.4 mm s1 over the
composition range 25 - 50 wt-% Mn.Financial support from AEL Mining Services and the THRIP programme of the Department of Trade and Industry and the National Research Foundation.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1521-40872017-10-31hb2016Chemical Engineerin
Fragmentation of Ammonium Nitrate Particles under Thermal Cycling

Ammonium nitrate finds application in explosives and chlorine-free slow-burning propellants. Different phases are known for this ammonium salt, each of them featured by peculiar bulk densities. As a consequence, the variation of storage temperature induces processes of expansion-contraction in the crystals, unless specific stabilization is performed. In this paper, a batch of raw ammonium nitrate particles has been thermally cycled between −30 °C to +60 °C and analyzed. Microscopic observations, particle size measurement, and X-ray microtomography showed that the particles undergo a progressive fragmentation process, with opening of internal cracks and voids. The tested material halved its mass-mean diameter after five thermal cycles. As a term of comparison, a phase-stabilized ammonium nitrate batch was tested under the same conditions, showing no effect
Practical remediation of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one wastewater

Limiting environmental impact is a top priority for the chemical industry, and manufacturing practices need to be well controlled to avoid any potential contamination. In order to reduce waste streams during the processing of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), potentially evironmental hazardous at concentrations of 1 g/l, we investigated the potential remediation and recycling of water using a wide range of commercial sorption media. We studied the effect of experimental conditions, including flow rate, initial contaminant concentration and temperature. This led to the selection of Amberlyst A26 OH in a batch process and Activated Carbon in continuous flow, as the most effective sorption methods. Using high performance liquid chromatography photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA), NTO was quantified from solutions, before and after remediation, showing a complete removal from a 10 g/l NTO solution. Our purification method therefore appears to be suitable for the remediation of NTO-contaminated wastewater
Physiotherapy Rehabilitation for Individuals with Lower Limb Amputation: A 15-Year Clinical Series

This author accepted manuscript (post print) is made available in accordance with the publisher copyright policy.Background and Purpose\ud
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Individuals with amputations are a core group in Australian rehabilitation units that have a long index length of stay. The Repatriation General Hospital (RGH) offers general rehabilitation services to the population of Southern Adelaide (a population of 350,000) and includes an on-site prosthetic manufacturing facility. Using a physiotherapy database at the RGH, we sought to answer the following questions: What are the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients admitted for lower limb prosthetic rehabilitation over 15 years? What are the times to rehabilitation outcomes? How have these changed over 15 years with changes in service delivery?\ud
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Methods\ud
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This paper is a retrospective observational study using a physiotherapy clinical database (1996–2010) of 531 consecutive individuals with lower limb amputation at one South Australian hospital (RGH). There were two changes in service delivery: 1) a multidisciplinary interim prosthetic programme (IPP) introduced in 1998 and 2) removable rigid dressings (RRDs) introduced in 2000. Outcome measures were patient demographics, clinical characteristics and time to rehabilitation outcome markers.\ud
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Results\ud
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Mean age was 68 years (standard deviation [SD]: 15), with 69% male, 80% dysvascular and 68% transtibial. The overall median inpatient rehabilitation length of stay (RLOS) was 39 days (interquartile range [IQR]: 26–57). Individuals with amputation entering rehabilitation each year had a higher number of co-morbidities (β: 0.08; 95% confidence interval: 0.05–0.11). Introduction of the IPP was associated with a significant reduction in time to initial prosthetic casting, independent walking and inpatient RLOS. Introduction of RRDs was associated with a significant reduction in time to wound healing, initial prosthetic casting and independent walking.\ud
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Conclusions\ud
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Individuals with amputation were typically elderly dysvascular men with transtibial amputations. Introduction of the IPP and RRDs successfully reduced time to rehabilitation outcomes including independent walking, an outcome that is rarely reported but is of significance to patients and physiotherapist
Living with osteogenesis imperfecta

Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is a hereditary connective tissue disorder with fragility of the bones as the dominant symptom. There is no cure for OI, but symptoms are treated with medical, orthopaedic and physiotherapy methods. The disease group is very heterogeneous and knowledge about adults living with the milder forms, type I or IV is limited.



This thesis is based on two studies with the overall aim to describe health conditions in adults with OI, type I or IV. The aim of Study I was to describe physical activity, pain, joint mobility, muscle function in lower extremities, quality of life, and satisfaction of life in adults with mild-to-moderate OI. The aim of Study II was to explore experiences of living with OI and how this affects functioning in daily life.



The participants were recruited through patient records from the national resource centre at Karolinska University Hospital, by the Swedish OI association, and among family members of already recruited participants. Inclusion criteria were being over 18 years of age, diagnosed with OI, type I or IV, and ability to walk, with or without walking aid. Forty men and women between 21-71 years were identified during 2002-2009, and 30 out of these consented to participate in both Study I and II. Assessment methods were self-reported questionnaires, a clinical examination, and in-depth interviews.



The results showed that all domains in International Classification and Functioning, disability and health (ICF) were affected by the disease. Pain, balance impairment, scoliosis, kyfoscoliosis, contractures, hyper-mobility of joints, decreased muscle function of lower extremities, hearing deficit and dental problems were found in the domain body function and structure. In the domain activity/participation a decreased health related quality of life, an overall high satisfaction of life, trouble with running, lifting heavy objects and conducting heavy work were found. Despite this, 19 out of 27 reported adherence to the general recommendations for daily physical activity. From the interviews several important environmental factors and personal factors were identified.



The heterogeneity of the disease group makes it difficult to give a general view of an adult person living with OI, type I or IV. Even though the identified impairments, activity limitations, participation restrictions, environmental and personal factors found in this thesis do not apply for all adults with OI, it is important to remember that they may be present when caring and treating an adult with OI
Development and Reliability of a Clinician-rated Instrument to Evaluate Function in Individuals with Shoulder Pain: A Preliminary Study

Background and Purpose

Subacromial impingement syndrome (SIS) is a common and disabling condition in the population. Interventions are often evaluated with patient-rated outcome measures. The purpose of this study was to develop a simple clinician-rated measure to detect difficulties in the execution of movement-related tasks among patients with subacromial impingement syndrome.
Method

The steps in the scale development included a review of the clinical literature of shoulder pain to identify condition-specific questionnaires, pilot testing, clinical testing and scale construction. Twenty-one eligible items from thirteen questionnaires were extracted and included in a pilot test. All items were scored on a five-point ordinal scale ranging from 1 (no difficulty) to 5 (cannot perform). Fourteen items were excluded after pilot testing because of difficulties in standardization or other practical considerations. The remaining seven items were included in a clinical test-retest study with outpatients at a hospital. Of these, four were excluded because of psychometric reasons. From the remaining three items, a measure named Shoulder Activity Scale (summed score ranging from 3 to 15) was developed.
Results

A total of 33 men and 30 women were included in the clinical study; age range 27–80 years. The intraclass correlation coefficient results for inter-rater reliability and test-retest reliability were 0.80 (95% CI = 0.51–0.90) and 0.74 (95% CI = 0.58–0.84), respectively. The standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change were 1.19 and 3.32, respectively. The scale was linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health second level categories lifting and carrying objects (d430), dressing (d540), hand and arm use (d445) and control of voluntary movement (b760).
Conclusion

The Shoulder Activity Scale showed acceptable reliability in a sample of outpatients at a hospital, rated by clinicians experienced in shoulder rehabilitation. The validity of the scale should be investigated in future studies before application to common practice. © 2013 The Authors. Physiotherapy Research International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Possibilities and implications of using the ICF and other vocabulary standards in electronic health records

There is now widespread recognition of the powerful potential of electronic health record (EHR) systems to improve the health-care delivery system. The benefits of EHRs grow even larger when the health data within their purview are seamlessly shared, aggregated and processed across different providers, settings and institutions. Yet, the plethora of idiosyncratic conventions for identifying the same clinical content in different information systems is a fundamental barrier to fully leveraging the potential of EHRs. Only by adopting vocabulary standards that provide the lingua franca across these local dialects can computers efficiently move, aggregate and use health data for decision support, outcomes management, quality reporting, research and many other purposes. In this regard, the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) is an important standard for physiotherapists because it provides a framework and standard language for describing health and health-related states. However, physiotherapists and other health-care professionals capture a wide range of data such as patient histories, clinical findings, tests and measurements, procedures, and so on, for which other vocabulary standards such as Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes and Systematized Nomenclature Of Medicine Clinical Terms are crucial for interoperable communication between different electronic systems. In this paper, we describe how the ICF and other internationally accepted vocabulary standards could advance physiotherapy practise and research by enabling data sharing and reuse by EHRs. We highlight how these different vocabulary standards fit together within a comprehensive record system, and how EHRs can make use of them, with a particular focus on enhancing decision-making. By incorporating the ICF and other internationally accepted vocabulary standards into our clinical information systems, physiotherapists will be able to leverage the potent capabilities of EHRs and contribute our unique clinical perspective to other health-care providers within the emerging electronic health information infrastructure
Physiotherapy for Patients with Sciatica Awaiting Lumbar Micro-Discectomy Surgery: a Nested, Qualitative Study of Patients??? Views and Experiences

Copyright ?? 2016 The Authors Physiotherapy Research International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.AbstractBackground and PurposeSciatica is a common clinical condition that can be extremely painful, disabling and life-changing. Whether conservative or surgical treatment for sciatica secondary to an intervertebral disc prolapse is most effective is still much debated. An important component of conservative treatment is physiotherapy, which aims to promote physical and psychological health for the patient, whilst resorption of the disc takes place. This paper reports a qualitative study of patients' views and experiences of a bespoke physiotherapy intervention for the treatment of sciatica.MethodsA qualitative study nested within a pilot randomized controlled trial of bespoke physiotherapy for the treatment of patients with sciatica awaiting lumbar microdiscectomy surgery. Patients randomized to receive bespoke physiotherapy in the intervention arm of the trial were invited to take part in semi-structured interviews. Twenty-one in-depth, semi-structured interviews took place. All interviews were recorded, fully transcribed and thematically analysed.ResultsMost patients in the sample found the physiotherapy valuable, appreciating the individual nature of the approach, the exercises to reduce pain and discomfort, techniques for improving functional spinal movement, walking and dynamic posture, and manual therapy and cardiovascular exercise. A small number did not find the physiotherapy of benefit. Sixteen patients in the sample went on to proceed with surgery, but most of these found value in having had the physiotherapy first.DiscussionMany patients with sciatica appreciate the value of physiotherapy prior to surgery. Future research should examine patients' experiences of bespoke physiotherapy delivered within primary care. Copyright ?? 2016 The Authors Physiotherapy Research International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Non invasive ventilation in people with cystic fibrosis

Background: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common life shortening autosomal recessive inherited disease affecting Caucasian people. The two main clinical characteristics of CF are progressive pulmonary disease and pancreatic insufficiency. The goal of airway clearance technique (ACT) is to improve ventilation and mucociliary clearance. The overall purpose of this thesis was to evaluate and compare the effects of Non Invasive Ventilation (NIV) and positive expiratory pressure (PEP) on airway clearance, and to find out if the use of NIV during an exercise test would reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) retention compared to oxygen (O2) supplementation. To explore at what point after ACT spirometry should be performed, and to determine whether there are interindividual and intraindividual differences, were also studied. To describe the patients ́experiences of using NIV as an adjunct to ACT was also a purpose. Paper I, a prospective study. Twenty-four patients with CF. In adult patients, mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) improved 30 min (p=0.001), 1 h (p=0.002), and 2 h (p=0.006) after physiotherapy compared to baseline; in pediatrics it improved after the session (n.s.). There were no intraindividual variations but interindividual differences were found. Paper II, a prospective randomized study. Thirty-two patients with CF completed a 3 month long randomized trial comparing NIV with standard PEP. There was a significant reduction in lung clearance index (LCI) following NIV compared with PEP (p=0.01). Paper III, a qualitative study. Eighteen patients with CF were interviewed about their experiences using NIV during chest physiotherapy. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. “Becoming friends with NIV” emerged as a theme and came to represent a learning process. To facilitate this learning process, different factors should be taken into account until NIV is experienced as meningful. Paper IV, a prospective crossover study, compared O2 supplementation and NIV during an exercise test. Eight patients with CF completed an incremental test on a treadmill (using the Bruce protocol) while comparing standard treatment O2 with NIV. NIV showed a decreased rise in transcutaneous pressure of carbon dioxide (tcPCO2), maintaining the level within the normal reference values compared to O2 (p=0.01).



Conclusion: The point at which to perform a lung function test after an ACT is different for adults and children. NIV has shown to be as effective as other ACTs. Exercise tests showed tcPCO2 remaining within the normal reference values with NIV but not with PEP. All participants completed the NIV treatment without major discomfort and experienced NIV as meaningful after becoming friendly with the NIV