pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Water Vapor Oxidation of Ferritic 441 and Austenitic 316L Stainless Steels at 1100°C for Short Duration

AbstractA ferritic 441 and an austenitic 316L steels have been exposed to wet argon at 1100°C. This study focus on the characterization of the oxide scales formed after different exposure times in the range of 2.5-20min. Raman spectroscopy, XRD, SEM and XPS have been used. For all exposure times, 316L forms a breakaway type thick oxide scale (rupture of the pre-existing passivating film) with iron oxides on its outer part and a mix of spinels with Fe, Cr and Ni for its inner part. For lower water vapor partial pressure, iron oxides are constituted of wüstite. For higher water vapor partial pressure, iron oxides are constituted of a layer of hematite over a layer of magnetite slightly enriched in chromium. Due to strong oxidation condition, oxide scale is not always homogeneous and iron oxides spallation may occur. For 2.5min of oxidation on 441, a very thin layer of protective chromium oxide is formed. For longer exposure time, an almost homogeneous and much thicker layer mainly consisting of Cr2O3 is produced. The thickness varies slightly and gradually from 4 to 20min of oxidation. There are Mn-Cr spinels mixed with the chromium oxide. The most external part is strongly enriched in Mn and Fe in a spinel structure. The diffusivity of chromium is regarded as the main cause of the difference of oxidation behavior. In both cases, the first step is a very thin chromium oxide layer. When the oxidation conditions becomes too strong in terms of exposure time or water vapor partial pressure, this oxide layer breaks. The ferritic steel is able to heal and thicken its protective chromium oxide, preventing the breakaway. The healing would be due to the high diffusivity of chromium. The thickening would be caused by the presence of the Mn-Cr spinels which are a less effective diffusion barrier. The lower diffusivity of chromium in austenite promotes the breakaway
Search for the Standard Model Higgs boson in the decay channel H→ZZ(⁎)→4ℓ with the ATLAS detector

AbstractA search for the Standard Model Higgs boson in the decay channel H→ZZ(⁎)→ℓ+ℓ−ℓ′+ℓ′−, where ℓ=e,μ, is presented. Proton–proton collision data at s=7 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector and corresponding to an average integrated luminosity of 2.1 fb−1 are compared to the Standard Model expectations. Upper limits on the production cross section of a Standard Model Higgs boson with a mass between 110 and 600 GeV are derived. The observed (expected) 95% confidence level upper limit on the production cross section for a Higgs boson with a mass of 194 GeV, the region with the best expected sensitivity for this search, is 0.99 (1.01) times the Standard Model prediction. The Standard Model Higgs boson is excluded at 95% confidence level in the mass ranges 191–197, 199–200 and 214–224 GeV
Diagrammatic Kazhdan–Lusztig theory for the (walled) Brauer algebra

AbstractWe determine the decomposition numbers for the Brauer and walled Brauer algebras in characteristic zero in terms of certain polynomials associated to cap and curl diagrams (recovering a result of Martin in the Brauer case). We consider a second family of polynomials associated to such diagrams, and use these to determine projective resolutions of the standard modules. We then relate these two families of polynomials to Kazhdan–Lusztig theory via the work of Lascoux–Schützenberger and Boe, inspired by work of Brundan and Stroppel in the cap diagram case
Poly(propylene glycol) and urethane dimethacrylates improve conversion of dental composites and reveal complexity of cytocompatibility testing

AbstractObjectivesTo determine the effects of various monomers on conversion and cytocompatibility of dental composites and to improve these properties without detrimentally affecting mechanical properties, depth of cure and shrinkage.MethodsComposites containing urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) or bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA) with poly(propylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PPGDMA) or triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) were characterized using the following techniques: conversion (FTIR at 1 and 4mm depths), depth of cure (BS EN ISO 4049:2009 and FTIR), shrinkage (BS EN ISO 17304:2013 and FTIR), strength and modulus (biaxial flexural test) and water sorption. Cytocompatibility of composites and their liquid phase components was assessed using three assays (resazurin, WST-8 and MTS).ResultsUDMA significantly improved conversion, BFS and depth of cure compared to Bis-GMA, without increasing shrinkage. UDMA was cytotoxic at lower concentrations than Bis-GMA, but extracts of Bis-GMA-containing composites were less cytocompatible than of those containing UDMA. PPGDMA improved conversion and depth of cure compared to TEGDMA, without detrimentally affecting shrinkage. TEGDMA was shown by all assays to be highly toxic. Resazurin, but not WST-8 and MTS, suggested that PPGDMA exhibited improved cytocompatibility compared to TEGDMA.SignificanceThe use of UDMA and PPGDMA results in composites with excellent conversion, depth of cure and mechanical properties, without increasing shrinkage. Composites containing UDMA appear to be slightly more cytocompatible than those containing Bis-GMA. These monomers may therefore improve the material properties of dental restorations, particularly bulk fill materials. The effect of diluent monomer on cytocompatibility requires further investigation
Network Structure within the Cerebellar Input Layer Enables Lossless Sparse Encoding

SummaryThe synaptic connectivity within neuronal networks is thought to determine the information processing they perform, yet network structure-function relationships remain poorly understood. By combining quantitative anatomy of the cerebellar input layer and information theoretic analysis of network models, we investigated how synaptic connectivity affects information transmission and processing. Simplified binary models revealed that the synaptic connectivity within feedforward networks determines the trade-off between information transmission and sparse encoding. Networks with few synaptic connections per neuron and network-activity-dependent threshold were optimal for lossless sparse encoding over the widest range of input activities. Biologically detailed spiking network models with experimentally constrained synaptic conductances and inhibition confirmed our analytical predictions. Our results establish that the synaptic connectivity within the cerebellar input layer enables efficient lossless sparse encoding. Moreover, they provide a functional explanation for why granule cells have approximately four dendrites, a feature that has been evolutionarily conserved since the appearance of fish
Changes in Dermal Fibroblasts from Abcc6−/− Mice Are Present before and after the Onset of Ectopic Tissue Mineralization

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), a rare genetic disease caused by mutations in the ABCC6 gene, is characterized by progressive calcification of elastic fibers in the skin, eyes, and the cardiovascular system. The pathomechanism of the mineralization is still obscure. Several hypotheses have been proposed, one of them suggesting a role for fibroblasts in controlling the amount and the quality of the calcified extracellular matrix. This hypothesis raises the question whether changes in mesenchymal cells are the cause and/or the consequences of the calcification process. In this study, fibroblasts were isolated and cultured from Abcc6+/+ and Abcc6−/− mice of different ages to investigate parameters known to be associated with the phenotype of fibroblasts from PXE patients. Results demonstrate that a few changes (Ank and Opn downregulation) are already present before the occurrence of calcification. By contrast, a modification of other parameters (intracellular O2− content, Tnap activity, and Bmp2 upregulation) can be observed in Abcc6−/− mice after the onset of tissue mineralization. These data suggest that in the Abcc6−/− genotype, dermal fibroblasts actively contribute to changes that promote matrix calcification and that these cells can be further modulated with time by the calcified environment, thus contributing to the age-dependent progression of the disease
Arterial Stiffness Estimation by Shear Wave Elastography: Validation in Phantoms with Mechanical Testing

AbstractArterial stiffness is an independent risk factor found to correlate with a wide range of cardiovascular diseases. It has been suggested that shear wave elastography (SWE) can be used to quantitatively measure local arterial shear modulus, but an accuracy assessment of the technique for arterial applications has not yet been performed. In this study, the influence of confined geometry on shear modulus estimation, by both group and phase velocity analysis, was assessed, and the accuracy of SWE in comparison with mechanical testing was measured in nine pressurized arterial phantoms. The results indicated that group velocity with an infinite medium assumption estimated shear modulus values incorrectly in comparison with mechanical testing in arterial phantoms (6.7 ± 0.0 kPa from group velocity and 30.5 ± 0.4 kPa from mechanical testing). To the contrary, SWE measurements based on phase velocity analysis (30.6 ± 3.2 kPa) were in good agreement with mechanical testing, with a relative error between the two techniques of 8.8 ± 6.0% in the shear modulus range evaluated (40–100 kPa). SWE by phase velocity analysis was validated to accurately measure stiffness in arterial phantoms
Three families with 'de novo' m.3243A > G mutation

Contains fulltext :
                  171800.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)The m.3243A > G mutation is the most prevalent, disease-causing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation. In a national cohort study of 48 families harbouring the m.3243A > G mutation, we identified three families in which the mutation appeared to occur sporadically within these families. In this report we describe these three families. Based on detailed mtDNA analysis of three different tissues using two different quantitative pyrosequencing assays with sensitivity to a level of 1% mutated mtDNA, we conclude that the m.3243A > G mutation has arisen de novo in each of these families. The symptomatic carriers presented with a variety of symptoms frequently observed in patients harbouring the m.3243A > G mutation. A more severe phenotype is seen in the de novo families compared to recent cohort studies, which might be due to reporting bias. The observation that de novo m.3243A > G mutations exist is of relevance for both diagnostic investigations and genetic counselling. Firstly, even where there is no significant (maternal) family history in patients with stroke-like episodes, diabetes and deafness or other unexplained organ dysfunction, the m.3243A > G mutation should be screened as a possible cause of the disease. Second, analysis of maternally-related family members is highly recommended to provide reliable counselling for these families, given that the m.3243A > G mutation may have arisen de novo
Measurements of tt-bar cross sections in association with b jets and
  inclusive jets and their ratio using dilepton final states in pp collisions
  at sqrt(s) = 13 TeV

The cross sections for the production of tt-bar bb-bar and tt-bar jj events
and their ratio sigma[tt-bar bb-bar]/sigma[tt-bar jj] are measured using data
corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.3 inverse femtobarns collected
in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 13 TeV with the CMS detector at the LHC. Events
with two leptons (e or mu) and at least four reconstructed jets, including at
least two identified as b quark jets, in the final state are selected. In the
full phase space, the measured ratio is 0.022 +/- 0.003 (stat) +/- 0.006
(syst), the cross section sigma[tt-bar bb-bar] is 4.0 +/- 0.6 (stat) +/- 1.3
(syst) pb and sigma[tt-bar jj] is 184 +/- 6 (stat) +/- 33 (syst) pb. The
measurements are compared with the standard model expectations obtained from a
POWHEG simulation at next-to-leading-order interfaced with PYTHIA.Comment: Replaced with the published version. Added the journal reference and
  DOI. All the figures and tables, including additional supplementary figures,
  can be found at
  http://cms-results.web.cern.ch/cms-results/public-results/publications/TOP-16-010
  (CMS Public Pages
Prospects for new physics in τ→lμμ at current and future colliders.

The discovery of lepton flavour violating interactions will be striking evidence for physics beyond the Standard Model. Focusing on the three decays τ∓→μ±μ∓μ∓, τ∓→e±μ∓μ∓ and τ∓→e∓μ∓μ±, we evaluate the discovery potential of current and future high-energy colliders to probe lepton flavour violation in the τ sector. Based on this potential we determine the expected constraints on parameters of new physics in the context of the Type-II Seesaw Model, the Left-Right Symmetric Model, and the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. The existing and ongoing 13 TeV run of the Large Hadron Collider has the potential to produce constraints that outperform the existing e+e− collider limits for the τ∓→μ±μ∓μ∓ decay and achieve a branching fraction limit of ≲10−8. With a future circular e+e− collider, constraints on the τ→lμμ branching fractions could reach as low as a few times 10−12
Planck 2015 results: XII. Full focal plane simulations

We present the 8th full focal plane simulation set (FFP8), deployed in support of the Planck 2015 results. FFP8 consists of 10 fiducial mission realizations reduced to 18 144 maps, together with the most massive suite of Monte Carlo realizations of instrument noise and CMB ever generated, comprising 104 mission realizations reduced to about 106 maps. The resulting maps incorporate the dominant instrumental, scanning, and data analysis effects, and the remaining subdominant effects will be included in future updates. Generated at a cost of some 25 million CPU-hours spread across multiple high-performance-computing (HPC) platforms, FFP8 is used to validate and verify analysis algorithms and their implementations, and to remove biases from and quantify uncertainties in the results of analyses of the real data
Measurement of the ratio B(t→Wb)/B(t→Wq) in pp collisions at s=8 TeV

The ratio of the top-quark branching fractions R=B(t→Wb)/B(t→Wq), where the denominator includes the sum over all down-type quarks (q = b, s, d), is measured in the tt- dilepton final state with proton-proton collision data at s=8 TeV from an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb-1, collected with the CMS detector. In order to quantify the purity of the signal sample, the cross section is measured by fitting the observed jet multiplicity, thereby constraining the signal and background contributions. By counting the number of b jets per event, an unconstrained value of R=1.014±0.003(stat.)±0.032(syst.) is measured, in a good agreement with current precision measurements in electroweak and flavour sectors. A lower limit R>0.955 at the 95% confidence level is obtained after requiring R≤1, and a lower limit on the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix element |Vtb| > 0.975 is set at 95% confidence level. The result is combined with a previous CMS measurement of the t-channel single-top-quark cross section to determine the top-quark total decay width, Γt=1.36±0.02(stat.)-0.11+0.14(syst.) GeV. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey, and Turkish Atomic Energy Authorit
Machine-independent audit trail analysis - a tool for continuous audit assurance

[Summary]: This paper reports the results of a research project which examines the feasibility of developing a machine-independent audit trail analyser (MIATA). MIATA is a knowledge based system which performs intelligent analysis of operating system audit trails. Such a system is proposed as a decision support tool for auditors when assessing the risk of unauthorised user activity in multi-usercomputer systems. It is also relevant to the provision of a continuous assurance service to clients by internal and external auditors. Monitoring user activity in system audit trails manually is impractical because of the vast quantity of events recorded in those audit trails. However, if done manually, an expert security auditor would be needed to look for 2 main types of events - user activity rejected by the system's security settings (failed actions) and user's behaving abnormally (e.g. unexpected changes in activity such as the purchasing clerk attempting to modify payroll data). A knowledge based system is suited to applications that require expertise to perform well-defined, yet complex, monitoring activities (e.g. controlling nuclear reactors and detecting intrusions in computer systems). To permit machine-independent intelligent audit trail analysis, an anomaly-detection approach is adopted. Time series forecasting methods are used to develop and maintain the user profile database (knowledge base) that allows identification of users with rejected behaviour as well as\ud
abnormal behaviour. The knowledge based system maintains this knowledge base and permits reporting on the potential intruder threats (summarized in Table 1). The intelligence of the MIATA system is its ability to handle audit trails from any system, its knowledge base capturing rejected user activity and detecting anomalous activity, and its reporting capabilities focusing on known methods of intrusion. MIATA also updates user profiles and forecasts of behaviour on a daily basis. As such, it also 'learns' from changes in user behaviour. The feasibility of generating machine-independent audit trail records, and the applicability of the anomaly-detection approach and time series forecasting methods are demonstrated using three case studies. These results support the proposal that developing a machine-independent audit trail analyser is feasible. Such a system will be an invaluable aid to an auditor in detecting potential computer intrusions and monitoring user activity.\u
Thermal properties and structure conformation on silkworm silk fibre

Silkworm silk fibre extracted from cocoon has been well recognized as a promising material for bio-medical engineering applications because of its superior mechanical and bioresorbable properties. Degumming is a surface modification process which allows a wide control of the silk fibre's properties, making the fibre possible to be used for the development and production of novel bio-composites with unique/specific mechanical and biodegradable properties. In this paper, the thermal properties and secondary structure were investigated to study the effects of distilled boiling water degumming. It was found that the degumming time had a little effect on the thermal decomposition properties and secondary structure of the silk fibre.
Breaks in the breaks: an analysis of divorce rates in Europe

This paper explores the frequency of permanent shocks in divorce rates for 16 European countries during the period 1930 to 2006. We examine whether the divorce rate is a stationary series, exhibits a unit root, or is stationary around a process subject to structural breaks. A clear finding from this analysis is that not all shocks have transitory effects on the divorce rate. Our results provide evidence of both stationarity around occasional shocks that have permanent effects, and of a unit root, where all shocks have a permanent effect on the divorce rate. All of the permanent shocks are positive, and most are grouped in the 1970s. These shocks can be related to major events that occurred throughout Europe at that time: the divorce law reforms, suggesting that those policies play an important role in the movement of European divorce rates.
The electricity consumption versus economic growth of the Polish economy

The aim of this contribution is an investigation of causal interdependences between
electricity consumption and GDP in Poland. Our research was conducted for total electricity
consumption as well as for the industrial consumption of electricity. In order to reflect the causality
between GDP and electricity consumption properly we performed our investigations in a threedimensional
framework with employment chosen as an additional variable. We used reliable quarterly
data from the period Q1 2000 - Q4 2009. In order to check the stability of the causalities the
investigations were performed on two samples: a full sample and a pre-crisis (i.e. Q1 2000 - Q3 2008)
subsample. We applied both traditional methods as well as some recently developed econometric
tools.
We found feedback between total electricity consumption and GDP as well as between total electricity
consumption and employment. We also found unidirectional causality running from industrial
electricity consumption to employment and no direct causal links between industrial electricity
consumption and GDP. In addition, all these findings were, in general, not seriously affected by the
financial and economic crisis of 2008. A significant exception is the causal effect of industrial electricity
consumption on employment, which was more pronounced after the crisis of 2008.
A coopetitive approach to financial markets stabilization and risk management

The aim of this paper is to propose a methodology to stabilize the financial markets by adopting Game Theory, in particular, the Complete Study of a Differentiable Game and the new mathematical model of Coopetitive Game, proposed recently in the literature by D. Carfì. Specifically, we will focus on two economic operators: a real economic subject and a financial institute (a bank, for example) with a big economic availability. For this purpose we will discuss about an interaction between the two above economic subjects: the Enterprise, our first player, and the Financial Institute, our second player. The only solution which allows both players to win something, and therefore the only one collectively desirable, is represented by an agreement between the two subjects: the Enterprise artificially causes an inconsistency between spot and future markets, and the Financial Institute, who was unable to make arbitrages alone, because of the introduction by the normative authority of a tax on economic transactions (that we propose to stabilize the financial market, in order to protect it from speculations), takes the opportunity to win the maximum possible collective (social) sum, which later will be divided with the Enterprise by contract. We propose hereunder two kinds of agreement: a fair transferable utility agreement on the an initial natural interaction and a same type of compromise on a quite extended coopetitive context.
Financial development, international trade and economic growth in Australia: new evidence from multivariate framework analysis

This study investigates the relationship between financial development, international trade and economic growth in case of Australia over the period of 1965-2010. The ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration was applied to examine the long run relationship among the series, while stationarity properties of the variables were tested by applying two structural break tests i.e. Zivot-Andrews (1992) and Clemente et al. (1998).
Our empirical evidence confirmed the long run relationship among the variables. The results showed that financial development, international trade and capital are the drivers of economic growth both in short run as well as in long run. The feedback effect exists between international trade and economic growth. Financial development Granger causes economic growth validating supply-side hypothesis in case of Australia.