pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Combining robustness and recovery in rapid transit network design

When designing a transport network, decisions are made according to an expected value for network state variables, such as infrastructure and vehicle conditions, which are uncertain at a planning horizon of up to decades. Because disruptions, such as infrastructure breakdowns, will arise and affect the network on the day of operations, actions must be taken from the network design. Robust network designs may be implemented but they are extremely expensive\ud
if disruptions do not realise. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to the network design problem where robustness and recovery are combined. We look for the trade-off between efficiency and robustness accounting for the possibility of recovering from disruptions: recoverable robust network design. Computational experiments\ud
drawn from fictitious and realistic networks show how the\ud
presented approach reduces the price of robustness and recovery costs as compared to traditional robust and non-robust rapid transit network design approaches
Pervasive surveillance-agent system based on wireless sensor networks: design and deployment

Nowadays, proliferation of embedded systems is enhancing the possibilities of gathering information by using wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Flexibility and ease of installation make these kinds of pervasive networks suitable for security and surveillance environments. Moreover, the risk for humans to be exposed to these functions is minimized when using these networks. In this paper, a virtual perimeter surveillance agent, which has been designed to detect any person crossing an invisible barrier around a marked perimeter and send an alarm notification to the security staff, is presented. This agent works in a state of 'low power consumption' until there is a crossing on the perimeter. In our approach, the 'intelligence' of the agent has been distributed by using mobile nodes in order to discern the cause of the event of presence. This feature contributes to saving both processing resources and power consumption since the required code that detects presence is the only system installed. The research work described in this paper illustrates our experience in the development of a surveillance system using WNSs for a practical application as well as its evaluation in real-world deployments. This mechanism plays an important role in providing confidence in ensuring safety to our environment
A large dynamic range integrated front-end for photomultiplier tubes

A full custom analog CMOS circuit for obtaining a photomultiplier readout with a 16 bit resolution over 7 V has been developed. It is part of the R&D program for the photomultiplier tube front-end readout of the Pierre Auger Observatory northern site. It performs signal duplication and amplification with three gains: 0.15, 1 and 6. Each amplifier has a resolution of 10 bit and can measure signals with durations of several microseconds with a good baseline stability, for an input charge of up to tens of nano-Coulombs. The amplification is performed by current feedback amplifiers with a bandwidth of 60 MHz.The input impedance, adapted to the coaxial cables, is stable over the whole working range. A prototype was submitted in April 2004 and successfully tested. The linearity over the working range is less than 1%. It was also successfully tested on the Auger surface detector element installed at Orsay (comprised of a Cherenkov water tank equipped with Photonis XP1805 9” diameter photomultiplier tubes). The resolution over 7 V is 16.6 bit.This circuit is the first step towards a “system-on-a-chip” (SoC) solution for a photomultplier tube readout equipped with a fast ADC for signal digitization. A setup using a single cable for both the signal and the photomultiplier high voltage power supply was shown to be successful
Meaning, Truth, and Physics

A physical theory is a partially interpreted axiomatic formal system (L,S), where L is a formal language with some logical, mathematical and physical axioms, and with some derivation rules, and the semantics S is a relationship between the formulas of L and  some states of affairs in the physical world. In our ordinary discourse, the formal system L is regarded as an abstract object or structure, the semantics S as something which involves the mental/conceptual realm. This view is of course incompatible with physicalism. How can physical theory be accommodated in a purely physical ontology? The aim of this paper is to outline an account for meaning and truth of physical theory, within the philosophical framework spanned by three doctrines: physicalism, empiricism, and the formalist philosophy of mathematics
Simplicity and model selection

In this paper I compare parametric and nonparametric regression models with the help of a simulated data set. Doing so, I have two main objectives. The first one is to differentiate five concepts of simplicity and assess their respective importance. The second one is to show that the scope of the existing philosophical literature on simplicity and model selection is too narrow because it does not take the nonparametric approach into account, S112–S123, 2002; Forster and Sober in The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 45, 1–35, 1994; Forster, 2001, in Philosophy of Science 74, 588–600, 2007; Hitchcock and Sober in The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 55, 1–34, 2004; Mikkelson in Philosophy of Science 73, 440–447, 2006; Baker 2013). More precisely, I point out that a measure of simplicity in terms of the number of adjustable parameters is inadequate to characterise nonparametric models and to compare them with parametric models. This allows me to weed out false claims about what makes a model simpler than another. Furthermore, I show that the importance of simplicity in model selection cannot be captured by the notion of parametric simplicity. ‘Simplicity’ is an umbrella term. While parametric simplicity can be ignored, there are other notions of simplicity that need to be taken into consideration when we choose a model. Such notions are not discussed in the previously mentioned literature. The latter therefore portrays an incomplete picture of why simplicity matters when we choose a model. Overall I support a pluralist view according to which we cannot give a general and interesting justification for the importance of simplicity in science
How to be rational about empirical success in ongoing science: The case of the quantum nose and its critics

Empirical success is a central criterion for scientific decision-making. Yet its understanding in philosophical studies of science deserves renewed attention: Should philosophers think differently about the advancement of science when they deal with the uncertainty of outcome in ongoing research in comparison with historical episodes? This paper argues that normative appeals to empirical success in the evaluation of competing scientific explanations can result in unreliable conclusions, especially when we are looking at the changeability of direction in unsettled investigations. The challenges we encounter arise from the inherent dynamics of disciplinary and experimental objectives in research practice. In this paper we discuss how these dynamics inform the evaluation of empirical success by analyzing three of its requirements: data accommodation, instrumental reliability, and predictive power. We conclude that the assessment of empirical success in developing inquiry is set against the background of a model's interactive success and prospective value in an experimental context. Our argument is exemplified by the analysis of an apparent controversy surrounding the model of a quantum nose in research on olfaction. Notably, the public narrative of this controversy rests on a distorted perspective on measures of empirical success
Quantitative assessment of specific defects in roasted ground coffee via infrared-photoacoustic spectroscopy

Chemical analyses and sensory evaluation are the most applied methods for quality control of roasted and ground coffee (RG). However, faster alternatives would be highly valuable. Here, we applied infrared-photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS) on RG powder. Mixtures of specific defective beans were blended with healthy (defect-free) Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora bases in specific ratios, forming different classes of blends. Principal Component Analysis allowed predicting the amount/fraction and nature of the defects in blends while partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis revealed similarities between blends (=samples). A successful predictive model was obtained using six classes of blends. The model could classify 100% of the samples into four classes. The specificities were higher than 0.9. Application of FTIR-PAS on RG coffee to characterize and classify blends has shown to be an accurate, easy, quick and "green" alternative to current methods
Directed shotgun proteomics guided by saturated RNA-seq identifies a complete expressed prokaryotic proteome

Prokaryotes are, due to their moderate complexity, particularly amenable to the comprehensive identification of the protein repertoire expressed under different conditions. We applied a generic strategy to identify a complete expressed prokaryotic proteome, which is based on the analysis of RNA and proteins extracted from matched samples. Saturated transcriptome profiling by RNA-seq provided an endpoint estimate of the protein-coding genes expressed under two conditions which mimic the interaction of Bartonella henselae with its mammalian host. Directed shotgun proteomics experiments were carried out on four subcellular fractions. By specifically targeting proteins which are short, basic, low abundant and membrane localized, we could eliminate their initial under-representation compared to the estimated endpoint. A total of 1,250 proteins were identified with an estimated false discovery rate below 1%. This represents 85% of all distinct annotated proteins and about 90% of the expressed protein-coding genes. Genes that were detected at the transcript but not protein level, were found to be highly enriched in several genomic islands. Furthermore, genes that lacked an ortholog and a functional annotation were not detected at the protein level; these may represent examples of over-prediction in genome annotations. A dramatic membrane proteome re-organization was observed including differential regulation of autotransporters, adhesins and hemin binding proteins. Particularly noteworthy was the complete membrane proteome coverage, which included expression of all members of the VirB/D4 type IV secretion system, a key virulence factor
Semi-automated stereoradiographic upper limb 3D reconstructions using a combined parametric and statistical model: a preliminary study

PURPOSE:
Quantitative assessment of 3D clinical indices may be crucial for elbow surgery planning. 3D parametric modeling from bi-planar radiographs was successfully proposed for spine and lower limb clinical investigation as an alternative for CT-scan. The aim of this study was to adapt this method to the upper limb with a preliminary validation.
METHODS:
CT-scan 3D models of humerus, radius and ulna were obtained from 20 cadaveric upper limbs and yielded parametric models made of geometric primitives. Primitives were defined by descriptor parameters (diameters, angles...) and correlations between these descriptors were found. Using these correlations, a semi-automated reconstruction method of humerus using bi-planar radiographs was achieved: a 3D personalized parametric model was built, from which clinical parameters were computed [orientation and projections on bone surface of trochlea sulcus to capitulum (CTS) axis, trochlea sulcus anterior offset and width of distal humeral epiphysis]. This method was evaluated by accuracy compared to CT-scan and reproducibility.
RESULTS:
Points-to-surface mean distance was 0.9 mm (2 RMS = 2.5 mm). For clinical parameters, mean differences were 0.4-1.9 mm and from 1.7° to 2.3°. All parameters except from angle formed by CTS axis and bi-epicondylar axis in transverse plane were reproducible. Reconstruction time was about 5 min.
CONCLUSIONS:
The presented method provides access to morphological upper limb parameters with very low level of radiation. Preliminary in vitro validation for humerus showed that it is fast and accurate enough to be used in clinical daily practice as an alternative to CT-scan for total elbow arthroplasty pre operative evaluation
Evidence for As lattice location and Ge bound exciton luminescence in ZnO implanted with 73As and 73Ge

The results of photoluminescence (PL) measurements performed on high quality single crystal ZnO implanted\ud
with radioactive 73Ga and 73As, both of which decay to stable 73Ge, are presented. Identical effects are observed in the two cases, with a sharp line at 3.3225(5) eV found to grow in intensity in accordance with the growth rate of the Ge daughter atom populations. On the strength of the well-established result that Ga occupies Zn sites, we conclude from the identical outcomes for 73Ga and 73As implantations that implanted As also preferentially occupies Zn sites. This result supports the findings of others that As preferentially occupies the Zn rather than the O site in ZnO. The thermal quenching energy of the 3.3225(5) eV line is found to be only 2.9(1) meV in contrast to its large spectral shift of 53.4(1) meV with respect to the lowest energy free exciton. The PL is attributed to exciton recombination at neutral Ge double donors on Zn sites involving transitions that leave the donor in an excited state
Quantification of subcortical gray-matter vascularization using 7 Tesla time-of-flight angiography

Background The integrity of subcortical brain nuclei is associated with maintenance of regular cognitive performance levels and has been shown to be particularly affected by aging-related vascular pathology. This study aims to demonstrate applicability of high field strength magnetic resonance angiography at 7 Tesla (7T) for assessment of interindividual variation in subcortical vascularization. Methods Two healthy female subjects without known history of cerebrovascular disease or malformation, aged 43 and 86 years, respectively, were administered three-dimensional (3D) high-resolution time-of-flight (TOF) magnetic resonance angiography at 7T. The FreeSurfer software package was used for automated parcellation and assessment of subcortical volumes. For each volume, mean regional intensities were calculated based on the TOF contrast as a quantitative reflection of regional subcortical gray-matter vascularization. Results While volumes of the subcortical brain region assessed did not differ significantly (30.2 and 27.8 mL, P = 0.78), mean intensities were significantly reduced in the older participant (10%, P = 0.004). Mean intensities could be assessed for each participant for 14 subcortical structures, strongest differences were observable for the left and right Thalamus (T [left, right] = 3.85, 3.82; P [left, right] = 0.002, 0.003). Conclusions High-resolution TOF magnetic resonance angiography may be used in combination with automated volume-based parcellation to quantify regional subcortical vascularization and to assess interindividual differences. Additional studies are necessary to assess its potential use in clinical trials on cerebrovascular integrity in a context of aging-related brain change
Boundaries of air mass trajectory clustering: key points and applications

Calculating air mass trajectories is common in atmospheric analyses. However, if explainable results are to be achieved, several procedures are needed to process the vast amount of information handled. Clustering methods are statistical tools usually considered for such a purpose. Although they are based on rigorous algorithms, certain questions still remain when these methods are applied. The current review is organised in sections according to the sequence followed by such procedures. First, the types of clustering methods are described, with their core being the distance used. One key point is the stopping rule, which determines the final number of clusters. A simple classification based on this number is then suggested. Finally, the graphical presentation of the results is examined and the main drawbacks are commented on. A range of applications and results are considered to illustrate each section, and certain caveats and recommendations are also presented.Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Spain and ERDF funds (grant numbers CGL2009-11979 and CGL2014-53948-P
Improvement of the extended P+QQ interaction by modifying the monopole field

The extended pairing plus $QQ$ interaction with the $J$-independent isoscalar proton-neutron force as an average monopole field, which has succeeded in describing collective yrast states of $N \approx Z$ even-$A$ nuclei, is improved. The improvement is accomplished by adding small monopole terms (relevant to spectroscopy) to the average monopole field (indispensable to the binding energy). This modification extends the applicability of the interaction to nuclei with $N \approx 28$ such as $^{48}$Ca, and moreover improves energy levels of noncollective states. The modified interaction successfully describes not only even-$A$ but also odd-$A$ nuclei in the $f_{7/2}$ shell region. Results of exact shell model calculations in the model space ($f_{7/2}$, $p_{3/2}$, $p_{1/2}$) (its usefulness has been demonstrated previously) are shown for $A$=47, 48, 49, 50 and 51 nuclei
Role of the boundary conditions in the Wigner-Seitz approximation
  applied to the neutron star inner crust

The influence of the boundary conditions used in the Wigner-Seitz (WS)
approximation applied to the neutron star inner crust is examined. The
generalized energy functional method which includes the neutron and proton
pairing correlations is used. Predictions of two versions of the boundary
conditions are compared with each other. The uncertainties in the equilibrium
configuration (Z,R_c) of the crust, where Z is the proton charge and R_c, the
radius of the WS cell, correspond to variation of Z by 2 - 6 units and of R_c,
by 1 - 2 fm. The effect of the boundary conditions is enhanced at increasing
density. These uncertainties are smaller than the variation of Z and R_c coming
from the pairing effects.
  In the case of high densities, k_F greater than 1 1/fm, the most important
uncertainty occurs in the value of the neutron gap. In the WS approximation, it
originates from the shell effect in the neutron single-particle spectrum which
is rather pronounced in the case of larger k_F and, correspondingly, small R_c
values, but it becomes negligible at lower density near the drip point. An
approximate recipe to avoid this uncertainty is suggested.Comment: Extended version of arXiv: nucl-th/060109
Multi-beam fibre-optic laser scanning system for surface defect recognition

Multi-beam scanning systems are being used in automated industrial manufacturing environments to determine surface defects. Recent methods of surface defect detection involve the use of fibre-optic light emitting and detection assemblies. This paper deals with the design and development of a new high-speed photo-electronic system. A line of five emitting diodes and five receiving photodiodes were used as light sources and detectors respectively. These arrays of emitting diodes and photo-detectors were positioned opposite each other. Data capture was controlled and analysed by PC using LabView software. A newly developed technique of using an angled array of fibres allows an adjustable resolution to be obtained with the system, with a maximum system resolution of approximately 100 m (the diameter of the collecting fibre core). This system was successfully used to measure various materials surface profile, surface roughness, thickness, and reflectivity. The advantages of this new system may be seen as lower cost, less bulky, greater resolution and flexibility
Control and command systems concepts from early work on a Mars Rover

We recover and develop some robotic systems concepts (on the light of present systems tools) that were originated for an intended Mars Rover in the sixties of the last century at the Instrumentation Laboratory of MIT, where one of the authors was involved. The basic concepts came from the specifications for a type of generalized robot inspired in the structure of the vertebrate nervous systems, where the decision system was based in the structure and function of the Reticular Formation (RF). The vertebrate RF is supposed to commit the whole organism to one among various modes of behavior, so taking the decisions about the present overall task. That is, it is a kind of control and command system. In this concepts updating, the basic idea is that the RF comprises a set of computing units such that each computing module receives information only from a reduced part of the overall, little processed sensory inputs. Each computing unit is capable of both general diagnostics about overall input situations and of specialized diagnostics according to the values of a concrete subset of the input lines. Slave systems to this command and control computer, there are the sensors, the representations of external environment, structures for modeling and planning and finally, the effectors acting in the external world
On linear instability mechanisms in incompressible open cavity flow

A theoretical study of linear global instability of incompressible flow over a rectangular spanwise-periodic open cavity in an unconfined domain is presented. Comparisons with the limited number of results available in the literature are shown. Subsequently, the parameter space is scanned in a systematic manner, varying Reynolds number, incoming boundary-layer thickness and length-to-depth aspect ratio. This permits documenting the neutral curves and leading eigenmode characteristics of this flow. Correlations constructed using the results obtained collapse all available theoretical data on the three-dimensional instabilities
Laminar counterflow parallel-plate heat exchangers: Exact\ud
and approximate solutions

Multilayered, counterflow, parallel-plate heat exchangers are analyzed numerically and theoretically. The analysis, carried out for constant property fluids, considers a hydrodynamically developed laminar flow and neglects longitudinal conduction both in the fluid and in the plates. The solution for the temperature field involves eigenfunction expansions that can be solved in terms of Whittaker functions using standard symbolic algebra packages, leading to analytical expressions that provide the eigenvalues numerically. It is seen that the approximate solution obtained by retaining the first two modes in the eigenfunction expansion provides an accurate representation for the temperature away from the entrance regions, specially for long heat exchangers, thereby enabling simplified expressions for the wall and bulk temperatures, local heat-transfer rate, overall heat-transfer coefficient, and outlet bulk temperatures. The agreement between the numerical and theoretical results suggests the possibility of using the analytical solutions presented herein as benchmark problems for computational heat-transfer codes
Structuralism and meta-mathematics

The debate on structuralism in the philosophy of mathematics has brought into focus a question about the  status of meta-mathematics. It has been raised by Stewart Shapiro in (Shapiro, 2005), where he compares the ongoing discussion on structuralism in category theory to the Frege-Hilbert controversy on axiomatic systems. Shapiro outlines an answer according to which meta-mathematics is understood in structural terms and one according to which it is not. He finds both options viable and does not seem to prefer one over the other. The present paper reconsiders the nature of the formulae and symbols meta-mathematics is about and finds that, contrary to Charles Parsons' influential view, meta-mathematical objects are not "quasi-concrete". It is argued that, consequently, structuralists should extend their account of mathematics to meta-mathematics