pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Benefits and costs of ecological restoration: Rapid assessment of changing ecosystem service values at a U.K. wetland.

Restoration of degraded land is recognized by the international community as an important way of enhancing both biodiversity and ecosystem services, but more information is needed about its costs and benefits. In Cambridgeshire, U.K., a long-term initiative to convert drained, intensively farmed arable land to a wetland habitat mosaic is driven by a desire both to prevent biodiversity loss from the nationally important Wicken Fen National Nature Reserve (Wicken Fen NNR) and to increase the provision of ecosystem services. We evaluated the changes in ecosystem service delivery resulting from this land conversion, using a new Toolkit for Ecosystem Service Site-based Assessment (TESSA) to estimate biophysical and monetary values of ecosystem services provided by the restored wetland mosaic compared with the former arable land. Overall results suggest that restoration is associated with a net gain to society as a whole of $199 ha(-1)y(-1), for a one-off investment in restoration of $2320 ha(-1). Restoration has led to an estimated loss of arable production of $2040 ha(-1)y(-1), but estimated gains of $671 ha(-1)y(-1) in nature-based recreation, $120 ha(-1)y(-1) from grazing, $48 ha(-1)y(-1) from flood protection, and a reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions worth an estimated $72 ha(-1)y(-1). Management costs have also declined by an estimated $1325 ha(-1)y(-1). Despite uncertainties associated with all measured values and the conservative assumptions used, we conclude that there was a substantial gain to society as a whole from this land-use conversion. The beneficiaries also changed from local arable farmers under arable production to graziers, countryside users from towns and villages, and the global community, under restoration. We emphasize that the values reported here are not necessarily transferable to other sites.Peer-reviewedPublisher Versio
Late Ebola virus relapse causing meningoencephalitis: a case report.

BACKGROUND: There are thousands of survivors of the 2014 Ebola outbreak in west Africa. Ebola virus can persist in survivors for months in immune-privileged sites; however, viral relapse causing life-threatening and potentially transmissible disease has not been described. We report a case of late relapse in a patient who had been treated for severe Ebola virus disease with high viral load (peak cycle threshold value 13·2). METHODS: A 39-year-old female nurse from Scotland, who had assisted the humanitarian effort in Sierra Leone, had received intensive supportive treatment and experimental antiviral therapies, and had been discharged with undetectable Ebola virus RNA in peripheral blood. The patient was readmitted to hospital 9 months after discharge with symptoms of acute meningitis, and was found to have Ebola virus in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). She was treated with supportive therapy and experimental antiviral drug GS-5734 (Gilead Sciences, San Francisco, Foster City, CA, USA). We monitored Ebola virus RNA in CSF and plasma, and sequenced the viral genome using an unbiased metagenomic approach. FINDINGS: On admission, reverse transcriptase PCR identified Ebola virus RNA at a higher level in CSF (cycle threshold value 23·7) than plasma (31·3); infectious virus was only recovered from CSF. The patient developed progressive meningoencephalitis with cranial neuropathies and radiculopathy. Clinical recovery was associated with addition of high-dose corticosteroids during GS-5734 treatment. CSF Ebola virus RNA slowly declined and was undetectable following 14 days of treatment with GS-5734. Sequencing of plasma and CSF viral genome revealed only two non-coding changes compared with the original infecting virus. INTERPRETATION: Our report shows that previously unanticipated, late, severe relapses of Ebola virus can occur, in this case in the CNS. This finding fundamentally redefines what is known about the natural history of Ebola virus infection. Vigilance should be maintained in the thousands of Ebola survivors for cases of relapsed infection. The potential for these cases to initiate new transmission chains is a serious public health concern. FUNDING: Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust
KLB is associated with alcohol drinking, and its gene product β-Klotho is necessary for FGF21 regulation of alcohol preference

Alcohol is a widely consumed drug in western societies that can lead to addiction. A small shift in consumption can have dramatic consequences on public health. We performed the largest genome-wide association metaanalysis and replication study to date (>105,000 individuals) and identified a genetic basis for alcohol consumption during nonaddictive drinking. We found that a locus in the gene encoding β-Klotho is associated with alcohol consumption. β-Klotho is an essential receptor component for the endocrine FGFs, FGF19 and FGF21. Using mouse models and pharmacologic administration of FGF21, we show that β-Klotho in the brain controls alcohol drinking. These findings reveal a mechanism regulating alcohol consumption in humans that may be pharmacologically tractable for reducing alcohol intake
A kinetic analysis methodology to elucidate the roles of metal, support and solvent for the hydrogenation of 4-phenyl-2-butanone over Pt/TiO₂

The rate and, more importantly, selectivity (ketone vs aromatic ring) of the hydrogenation of 4-phenyl-2-butanone over a Pt/TiO₂ catalyst have been shown to vary with solvent. In this study, a fundamental kinetic model for this multi-phase reaction has been developed incorporating statistical analysis methods to strengthen the foundations of mechanistically sound kinetic models.

A 2-site model was determined to be most appropriate, describing aromatic hydrogenation (postulated to be over a platinum site) and ketone hydrogenation (postulated to be at the platinum–titania interface). Solvent choice has little impact on the ketone hydrogenation rate constant but strongly impacts aromatic hydrogenation due to solvent-catalyst interaction. Reaction selectivity is also correlated to a fitted product adsorption constant parameter. The kinetic analysis method shown has demonstrated the role of solvents in influencing reactant adsorption and reaction selectivity.We acknowledge EPSRC for funding as part of the CASTech grant (EP/G011397/1) and the Department of Employment and Learning for a studentship (IM). NSB was funded by a PhD scholarship from the University of Birmingham. SKW was supported by an Engineering Doctorate Studentship in Formulation Engineering at the University of Birmingham sponsored by the EPSRC (EP/G036713/1) and Johnson Matthey.This is the final version of the article. It was first available from Elsevier via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2015.06.00
Reporting on sustainability and HRM: a comparative study of sustainability reporting practices by the world's largest companies

As a response to the growing public awareness on the importance of organisational contributions to sustainable development, there is an increased incentive for corporations to report on their sustainability activities. In parallel with this has been the development of 'Sustainable HRM' which embraces a growing body of practitioner and academic literature connecting the notions of corporate sustainability to HRM. The aim of this article is to analyse corporate sustainability reporting amongst the world's largest companies and to assess the HRM aspects of sustainability within these reports in comparison to environmental aspects of sustainable management and whether organisational attributes - principally country-of-origin - influences the reporting of such practices. A focus in this article is the extent to which the reporting of various aspects of sustainability may reflect dominant models of corporate governance in the country in which a company is headquartered. The findings suggest, first and against expectations, that the overall disclosure on HRM-related performance is not lower than that on environmental performance. Second, companies report more on their internal workforce compared to their external workforce. Finally, international differences, in particular those between companies headquartered in liberal market economies and coordinated market economies, are not as apparent as expected. (authors' abstract
Measurement of forward $W→eν$ production in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 8$ TeV

A measurement of the cross-section for $W → eν$ production in pp collisions is presented using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2 $fb^{−1}$ collected by the LHCb experiment at a centre-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s} = 8$ TeV. The electrons are required to have more than 20 GeV of transverse momentum and to lie between 2.00 and 4.25 in pseudorapidity. The inclusive W production cross-sections, where the W decays to eν, are measured to be\ud
$σ_{W^+}→_{{e^+}{ν_e}}=1124.4±2.1±21.5±11.2±13.0pb$,\ud
$σ_{W^−}→_{{e^+}{\overlineν_e}}=809.0±1.9±18.1±7.0±9.4pb$,\ud
where the first uncertainties are statistical, the second are systematic, the third are due to the knowledge of the LHC beam energy and the fourth are due to the luminosity determination.\ud
Differential cross-sections as a function of the electron pseudorapidity are measured. The $W^+/W^−$ cross-section ratio and production charge asymmetry are also reported. Results are compared with theoretical predictions at next-to-next-to-leading order in perturbative quantum chromodynamics. Finally, in a precise test of lepton universality, the ratio of W boson branching fractions is determined to be\ud
$\mathcal{B}(W→eν)/\mathcal{B}(W→μν)=1.020±0.002±0.019$,\ud
where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic
Stacked Bayesian general Lomb-Scargle periodogram: Identifying stellar
  activity signals

Context. Distinguishing between a signal induced by either stellar activity
or a planet is currently the main challenge in radial velocity searches for
low-mass exoplanets. Even when the presence of a transiting planet and hence
its period are known, stellar activity can be the main barrier to measuring the
correct amplitude of the radial velocity signal. Several tools are being used
to help understand which signals come from stellar activity in the data. Aims.
We aim to present a new tool that can be used for the purpose of identifying
periodicities caused by stellar activity, and show how it can be used to track
the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the detection over time. The tool is based
on the principle that stellar activity signals are variable and incoherent.
Methods. We calculate the Bayesian general Lomb-Scargle periodogram for subsets
of data and by adding one extra data point we track what happens to the
presence and significance of periodicities in the data. Publicly available
datasets from HARPS and HARPS-N were used for this purpose. Additionally, we
analysed a synthetic dataset that we created with SOAP2.0 to simulate pure
stellar activity and a mixture of stellar activity and a planet. Results. We
find that this tool can easily be used to identify unstable and incoherent
signals, such as those introduced by stellar activity. The SNR of the detection
grows approximately as the square root of the number of data points, in the
case of a stable signal. This can then be used to make decisions on whether it
is useful to keep observing a specific object. The tool is relatively fast and
easy to use, and thus lends itself perfectly to a quick analysis of the data.Comment: 8 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in A&
Using UAV acquired photography and structure from motion techniques for studying glacier landforms: application to the glacial flutes at Isfallsglaciären

This is an Open Access Article. It is published by Wiley under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported Licence (CC BY). Full details of this licence are available at: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Glacier and ice sheet retreat exposes freshly deglaciated terrain which often contains small-scale fragile geomorphological\ud
features which could provide insight into subglacial or submarginal processes. Subaerial exposure results in potentially rapid landscape modification or even disappearance of the minor-relief landforms as wind, weather, water and vegetation impact on the newly exposed surface. Ongoing retreat of many ice masses means there is a growing opportunity to obtain high resolution geospatial data from glacier forelands to aid in the understanding of recent subglacial and submarginal processes. Here we used an unmanned aerial vehicle to capture close-range aerial photography of the foreland of Isfallsglaciären, a small polythermal glacier situated in Swedish Lapland. An orthophoto and a digital elevation model with ~2cm horizontal resolution were created from this photography\ud
using structure from motion software. These geospatial data was used to create a geomorphological map of the foreland, documenting moraines, fans, channels and flutes. The unprecedented resolution of the data enabled us to derive morphological metrics (length, width and relief) of the smallest flutes, which is not possible with other data products normally used for glacial landform metrics mapping. The map and flute metrics compare well with previous studies, highlighting the potential of this technique for rapidly documenting glacier foreland geomorphology at an unprecedented scale and resolution. The vast majority of flutes were found to have an associated stoss-side boulder, with the remainder having a likely explanation for boulder absence (burial or erosion). Furthermore,\ud
the size of this boulder was found to strongly correlate with the width and relief of the lee-side flute. This is consistent with the lee-side cavity infill model of flute formation. Whether this model is applicable to all flutes, or multiple mechanisms are required, awaits further study
Evidence for a mixed mass composition at the ‘ankle’ in the cosmic-ray spectrum

We report a first measurement for ultrahighenergy cosmic rays of the correlation between the depth of shower maximum and the signal in the water Cherenkov stations of air-showers registered simultaneously by the fluorescence and the surface detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory. Such a correlation measurement is a unique feature of a hybrid air-shower observatory with sensitivity to both the electro- magnetic and muonic components. It allows an accurate determination of the spread of primary masses in the cosmic-ray flux. Up till now, constraints on the spread of primary masses have been dominated by systematic uncertainties. The present correlation measurement is not affected by systematics in the measurement of the depth of shower maximum or the signal in the water Cherenkov stations. The analysis relies on general characteristics of air showers and is thus robust also with respect to uncer- tainties in hadronic event generators. The observed correlation in the energy range around the ‘ankle’ at lg(E/eV) = 18.5–19.0 differs significantly from expectations for pure primary cosmic-ray compositions. A light composition made up of proton and helium only is equally inconsistent with observations. The data are explained well by a mixed composition including nuclei with mass A > 4. Scenarios such as the proton dip model, with almost pure compositions, are thus disfavoredas the sole explanation of the ultrahigh-energy cosmic-ray flux at EarthPierre Auger Collaboration ... P.L.Biermann ... S.G. Blaess ... R.W.Clay ... M.J. Cooper ... B.R. Dawson ... et.al
Stakeholders' Perceptions about Fire Impacts on Lithuanian Protected Areas

The aim of this work is to study Lithuanian stakeholders' perceptions of fire impacts in protected areas. For this study, the stakeholders consisted of foresters, ecologists and farmers. A clear understanding of the opinions of stakeholders about fire effects on environmental, social and economic aspects of Lithuanian protected areas will allow an assessment of the stakeholders' reaction to fire policy, including government measures towards fire prevention, suppression and application of prescribed fire to landscape management. The results showed that stakeholders in general think that fire is not a threat to Lithuania and to the ecological processes in the protected areas. However, they agree that fires have negative impacts on soil properties and fertility but are not to an irremediable or irrecoverable extent. Stakeholders disagree that fire has positive consequences for agricultural and cattle activities but agreed that vegetation recovers quickly. They do not see fire as a social and economic problem, do not agree that prescribed fire could be used to landscape management, and believe that mechanical thinning is a better management tool than prescribed fire. Stakeholders agree that fire does not have negative impacts on the biodiversity. These opinions depended on the age group of the respondent but especially on the respondent's professional occupation
Lower ionosphere monitoring by the South America VLF Network (SAVNET): C region occurrence and atmospheric temperature variability

Daily profiles of phase measurements as observed on fixed VLF paths generally show a transient phase advance, followed by a phase delay, for about 90 min after sunrise hours. This is indicative of a reflecting ionospheric C region developing along the terminator line at an altitude below the normal D region. The suggested occurrence of a C region is consistent with rocket measurements made in the 1960s, showing a maximum of the electron density between 64 and 68 km, and by radio sounding in the 1980s. In order to correctly describe the properties of the phase effect associated with the presence of a C region, it is important to understand the subionospheric propagation characteristics of the VLF paths. In this paper, we analyze the variations presented by the temporal properties of the VLF narrowband phase effect and determined a parameter associated with the appearance of the C region at sunrise hours observed by receivers from the South America VLF Network. Periodic patterns emerge from the parameter curves. Two distinct temporal behavior regimes can be identified: one exhibiting slow variations between March and October, and another one exhibiting faster variations between October and March. Solar illumination conditions and the geometrical configuration of the VLF paths relative to the sunrise terminator partly explain the slow variation regime. During periods of faster variations, we have observed good association with atmospheric temperature variability found in the measurements of the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics and Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry satellite instrument, which we assume to be related to the winter anomaly atmospheric phenomenon. However, when comparing the parameter time series with temperature curves, no direct one-to-one correspondence was found for transient events.Fil: Perin Bertoni, Fernando Celso. Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie. Escola de Engenharia. Centro de Radio Astronomia E Astrofisica; BrasilFil: Raulin, Jean Pierre. Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie. Escola de Engenharia. Centro de Radio Astronomia E Astrofisica; BrasilFil: Rivero Gavilán, Hernán. Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie. Escola de Engenharia. Centro de Radio Astronomia E Astrofisica; Brasil.  Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais; BrasilFil: Kaufmann, Pierre. Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie. Escola de Engenharia. Centro de Radio Astronomia E Astrofisica; BrasilFil: Rodriguez, Rodolfo. Universidad de Piura; PerúFil: Clilverd, Mark. University Of Cambridge; Reino UnidoFil: Samanes Cárdenas, Jorge. Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie. Escola de Engenharia. Centro de Radio Astronomia E Astrofisica; BrasilFil: Fernandez, German Enzo Leonel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientíâ­ficas y Técnicas. Centro Cientíâ­fico Tecnológico San Juan. Complejo Astronómico "el Leoncito"; Argentin
Alexithymia, not autism, is associated with impaired interoception

AbstractIt has been proposed that Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is associated with difficulties perceiving the internal state of one's body (i.e., impaired interoception), causing the socio-emotional deficits which are a diagnostic feature of the condition. However, research indicates that alexithymia – characterized by difficulties in recognizing emotions from internal bodily sensations – is also linked to atypical interoception. Elevated rates of alexithymia in the autistic population have been shown to underpin several socio-emotional impairments thought to be symptomatic of ASD, raising the possibility that interoceptive difficulties in ASD are also due to co-occurring alexithymia. Following this line of inquiry, the present study examined the relative impact of alexithymia and autism on interoceptive accuracy (IA). Across two experiments, it was found that alexithymia, not autism, was associated with atypical interoception. Results indicate that interoceptive impairments should not be considered a feature of ASD, but instead due to co-occurring alexithymia
Black hole entropy in the Chern–Simons-like theories of gravity and Lorentz-diffeomorphism Noether charge

AbstractIn the first order formalism of gravity theories, there are some theories which are not Lorentz-diffeomorphism covariant. In the framework of such theories we cannot apply the method of conserved charge calculation used in Lorentz-diffeomorphism covariant theories. In this paper we firstly introduce the total variation of a quantity due to an infinitesimal Lorentz-diffeomorphism transformation. Secondly, in order to obtain the conserved charges of Lorentz-diffeomorphism non-covariant theories, we extend the Tachikawa method [1]. This extension includes not only Lorentz gauge transformation but also the diffeomorphism. We apply this method to the Chern–Simons-like theories of gravity (CSLTG) and obtain a general formula for the entropy of black holes in those theories. Finally, some examples on CSLTG are provided and the entropy of the BTZ black hole is calculated in the context of the examples
Underlying A4 symmetry for the neutrino mass matrix and the quark mixing matrix

AbstractThe discrete non-Abelian symmetry A4, valid at some high-energy scale, naturally leads to three degenerate neutrino masses, without spoiling the hierarchy of charged-lepton masses. Realistic neutrino mixing angles (one of which is necessarily maximal and the other large) are then automatically induced radiatively, and the correct mass splittings may be obtained in the context of softly broken supersymmetry. The quark mixing matrix is also calculable in a similar way. The mixing parameter Ue3 is predicted to be imaginary, leading to maximal CP violation in neutrino oscillations. Neutrinoless double beta decay and τ→μγ should be in the experimentally accessible range
Jets in multiparticle production in and beyond geometry of proton–proton collisions at the LHC

AbstractExperimental findings by CMS on properties of jets and underlying events at high multiplicities in proton–proton interactions at 7 TeV are interpreted as an indication of increasing role of central collisions with small impact parameters. The value of the average impact parameter of the pp collisions as a function of the soft hadron multiplicity is estimated. We find an indication that the rates of different hard processes observed by CMS and ALICE universally depend on the underlying event charged-particle multiplicity until it becomes four times higher than average. It is shown that the increase of the overlap area of colliding protons is not sufficient to explain the rate of jet production in events with charged-particle multiplicity that is more than three times higher than average. New mechanisms are necessary, like interaction of protons in rare configurations of higher than average gluon density. Such mechanisms are not included in the present Monte Carlo event generators. Further studies are proposed