pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Effects of enzymatic modification of soybean protein on the pasting and rheological profile of starch-protein systems

11 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables.-- Printed version published in July 2010.-- The definitive version is available at www3.interscience.wiley.comReformulation of traditional food systems to introduce new ingredients may change their structure and perceived texture. Interactions between proteins and starch during processing can markedly influence starch gel network structure and rheological profile. The present work aimed to study the effects of soybean protein and the products of enzymatic modification on the pasting and rheological profile of corn and cassava starch. The behavior of those protein-enriched gels during storage was also assessed. Soybean protein isolate (SPI) was incubated with endopeptidase (AL) or food grade microbial transglutaminase (TG). Pasting and rheological behavior, water retention capacity, and structure of protein- and hydrolyzed protein-starch gels were analyzed. Protein incorporation increased the viscosity of starch suspension during and after heating. SPI-modified proteins increased peak viscosity. Only the structural modifications brought by TG on SPI increased the final viscosity during starch pasting and the storage modulus (G). This modulus (G) of the gelled systems decreased with the addition of AL-treated protein isolate. Light and fluorescence microscopy showed that SPI formed a continuous phase, like a network, in the gelled system. Different network structures and rheological properties can be obtained when SPI are modified by protease and TG enzymes, which may be very useful for designing new food products.Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC) and CYTED (PANXTODOS-P106AC0301) for financial support. \ud
P.D. Ribotta would like to thank Conselleria de Educacio I Ciencia of the Comunidad Valenciana for his postdoctoral grant.Peer reviewe
Effect of steeping additives on tef starch extraction and its quality

Tef is an indigenous African cereal and considered as lost crop of Africa. There is no research on
the effect of steeping additives on the quality of isolated tef starch. A white tef grain was milled and
steeped in distilled water, sodium hydroxide, lactic acid, metabisulfite, and a combination of lactic
acid and metabisulfite. A combination of metabisulfite and lactic acid improves the starch yield,
but steeping with sodium hydroxide produces the highest starch purity (lowest protein content).
Both the Rapid Visco Analyzer and a Rheometer showed similar pasting properties of starches
independent of the treatment. The different steeping additives showed differences in pasting
properties. Sodium hydroxide showed the highest peak, breakdown and set back viscosity
compared to the other steeping additives. Extracted tef starches using sodium hydroxide as
steeping additives also showed higher gelatinization temperatures. According to principle component
analysis (PCA), the different properties of tef starch extracted with sodium hydroxide
steeping is apparently due to its lower protein content. SEM and CLSM indicated that sodium
hydroxide is a very effective solvent to solubilize the protein matrix surrounding the compound
starch granule to produce more single starch granule during extraction. The low protein content
probably result in faster water absorption and higher peak viscosity and lower pasting temperature.
Different steeping additives can affect the functionality of tef starches and this need to be
considered when comparing properties of starches extracted with different additives.National Research Foundation of South Africahttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1521-379Xhb201
Morphology, physical, chemical, and functional properties of starches from cereals, legumes, and tubers cultivated in Africa : a review

In Africa a variety of indigenous cereals, legumes, and tubers are cultivated as starchy food crops. These include sorghum, millet species including pearl millet, finger millet, teff, and white and black fonio, and African rice as cereals; cowpea, Bambara groundnut, African yambean and West African locust bean as legumes; and Zulu round potato and the Livingstone potato as tubers. Many of these plants are considered as “lost crops of Africa.” This paper critically reviews the literature on the physical, chemical, and functionality of their starches. Information is essentially limited to the native starches of sorghum, some millets, and cowpea. Livingstone potato starch information is essentially absent. Notable characteristics of African starches include that teff and finger millet have compound starch granules. Some of the starches have unique properties which could be valuable. The very small granular size of teff and its functional properties can be exploited as a fat replacer. The high retrogradation of cowpea starch has potential in gluten-free pasta and noodles. Nonfood applications for the African starches should be considered in the growing mining and oil industries in Africa.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1521-379Xhttp://www.starch-journal.comhj201
Effects of gamma irradiation and stearic acid, alone and in combination, on functional, structural, and molecular characteristics of high amylose maize starch

The effects of gamma irradiation and stearic acid, alone and in combination, on functional,
structural, and molecular characteristics of high amylose maize starch (Hylon VII,  60%
amylose) were studied. Stearic acid (0, 1.5, and 5%) was added to Hylon VII starch, and then
irradiated at 0, 30, and 60 kGy. Gamma irradiation significantly (p 0.05) increased solubility,
water absorption capacity, and oil absorption capacity as well as decreased swelling power (at 90
and 95°C) of Hylon VII starch. These changes related well with increased amylose and decreased
amylopectin content, decreased MW, and decreased transition endotherms of the starches due to
gamma irradiation. Stearic acid addition significantly increased (p 0.05) water and oil absorption
capacities, relative crystallinity as well as decreased solubility and swelling power of Hylon VII.
Gamma irradiation had more effect on the molecular structure of Hylon VII compared with
stearic acid. Gamma irradiation alone and with stearic acid did not seem to change the XRD
pattern and microstructure of Hylon VII. The similar XRD pattern and morphology observed for
irradiated and non-irradiated Hylon VII suggests that gamma irradiation depolymerizes amylose,
and amylopectin mostly in the amorphous region of the starch to produce less branched or
unbranched amylopectin. Gamma irradiation with stearic acid has potential in Hylon VII
modification.This research was funded in part under the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Technical Cooperation (TC) project and Ghana Atomic Energy Commission (GHA/0/010, Government of Ghana).http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1521-379Xhb201
Developments in modulating glycaemic response in starchy cereal foods

One cause of obesity and related diseases like type-2 diabetes is overconsumption of cereal foods with readily available carbohydrates, resulting in hyperglycaemia and ultimately insulin resistance. A strategy to combat this is to modulate glycaemic response through starchy cereal foods that have low glycaemic index (GI) because their starch is less available to digestion. In cereals, many factors can limit accessibility of amylase to the starch. Of these, intact pieces of endosperm, high levels of oat or barley β-glucan and high amylose starch are probably the most important. Starch accessibility in cereal foods is also greatly affected by processing. Heat-moisture thermal processing at low moisture above glass transition temperature, but below gelatinization temperature is probably the most effective processing technology to reduce starch availability. Formation of starch-lipid complexes also appears promising. Whole grain (milled whole kernel) cereal foods are intrinsically low GI but may have a long-term role in preventing obesity and type 2 diabetes through their phytochemicals, particularly polyphenols. A novel approach is to structure starchy cereal foods to deliver their carbohydrate at the distal end of the gastrointestinal tract to trigger the ileal and colonic brakes feedback systems so as to enhance satiety and hence decrease energy intake.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1521-379Xhttp://www.starch-journal.com2016-01-30hj201
Structural health monitoring of the Tamar suspension bridge

This is the peer reviewed version of the article, which has been published in final form at DOI 10.1002/stc.1481. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.This paper presents experiences and lessons from the structural health monitoring practice on the Tamar Bridge in Plymouth, UK, a 335-m span suspension bridge opened in 1961. After 40 years of operations, the bridge was strengthened and widened in 2001 to meet a European Union Directive to carry heavy goods vehicles up to 40 tonnes by a process in which additional stay cables and cantilever decks were added and the composite deck was replaced with a lightweight orthotropic steel deck. At that time, a structural monitoring system comprising wind, temperature, cable tension and deck level sensors was installed to monitor the bridge behaviour during and after the upgrading. In 2006 and 2009, respectively, a dynamic response monitoring system with real-time modal parameter identification and a robotic total station were added to provide a more complete picture of the bridge behaviour, and in 2006 a one-day ambient vibration survey of the bridge was carried out to characterize low-frequency vibration modes of the suspended structure. Practical aspects of the instrumentation, data processing and data management are discussed, and some key response observations are presented. The bridge is a surprisingly complex structure with a number of inter-linked load-response mechanisms evident, all of which have to be characterized as part of a long-term structural health monitoring exercise. Structural temperature leading to thermal expansion of the deck, main cables and additional stays is a major factor on global deformation, whereas vehicle loading and wind are usually secondary factors. Dynamic response levels and modal parameters show apparently complex relationships among themselves and with the quasi-static load and response. As well as the challenges of fusing and managing data from three distinct but parallel monitoring systems, there is a significant challenge in interpreting the load and response data firstly to diagnose the normal service behaviour and secondly to identify performance anomalies. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Damage detection in slab-on-girder bridges using vibration characteristics

This paper develops and applies a multi-criteria procedure, incorporating changes in natural frequencies, modal\ud
flexibility and the modal strain energy, for damage detection in slab-on-girder bridges. The proposed procedure\ud
is first validated through experimental testing of a model bridge. Numerically simulated modal data obtained\ud
through finite element analyses are then used to evaluate the vibration parameters before and after damage and\ud
used as the indices for assessment of the state of structural health. The procedure is illustrated by its application to full scale slab-on-girder bridges under different damage scenarios involving single and multiple damages on the deck and girders
Feasibility of tension braces using Cu-Al-Mn superelastic alloy bars

This paper investigates the feasibility of tension braces using Cu–Al–Mn superelastic alloy bars as energy dissipating and self-centering elements for steel frames by performing 1/3 scale shaking table tests. The difficulty with conventional steel tension braces lies in pinching or significant deterioration of stiffness and strength under cyclic loading. When a steel frame with conventional tension braces is subjected to intense earthquakes, pinching may lead to a large residual drift and/or instability. To overcome the difficulty, this paper examines the effectiveness of Cu–Al–Mn superelastic alloy bars, facilitated by their large recovery strain, low material cost, and high machinability, as a partial replacement of steel bars in tension braces. In the shaking table tests, a 1/3 scaled 1-bay, 1-story steel frame with the present tension braces is subjected to quasi-static cyclic loading and dynamic harmonic ground motions of 6 Hz. Both the static and dynamic test results demonstrate the effectiveness of the present braces in avoiding pinching under the ductility ratio up to 3. The dynamic test results also demonstrate the capability of the present tension braces in reducing the peak response acceleration within the base shear capacity. To study the rate dependence of the frame response, further, time-history analyses are performed by using a SDOF model based on a uniaxial rate-independent model, calibrated with the quasi-static tests. A comparison of the analytical results with the dynamic test results demonstrates that the rate dependence of the frame response is negligible up to the loading frequency of 6 Hz
Damage localization based on symbolic time series analysis

The objective of this paper is to localize damage in a single or multiple state at early stages of development on the basis of the principles of symbolic dynamics. Symbolic time series analysis (STSA) of noise-contaminated responses is used for feature extraction to detect and localize a gradually evolving deterioration in the structure according to the changes in the statistical behaviour of symbol sequences. Basically, in STSA, statistical features of the symbol sequence can be used to describe the dynamic status of the system. Symbolic dynamics has some useful characteristics making it highly demanded for implementation in real-time observation application such as SHM. First, it significantly reduces the dimension of information and provides information-rich representation of the underlying data. Second, symbolic dynamics and the set of statistical measures built upon it represent a solid framework to address the main challenges of the analysis of nonstationary time data. Finally, STSA often allows capturing the main features of the underlying system whilst alleviating the effects of harmful noise. The method presented in this paper consists of four primary steps: (i) acquisition of the time series data; (ii) creating the symbol space to produce symbol sequences on the basis of the wavelet transformed version of time series data; (iii) developing the symbol probability vectors to achieve anomaly measures; and (iv) localizing damage on the basis of any sudden variation in anomaly measure of different locations. The method was applied on a flexural beam and a 2-D planar truss bridge subjected to varying Gaussian excitation in presence of 2% white noise to examine the efficiency and limitations of the method. Simulation results under various damage conditions confirmed the efficiency of the proposed approach for localization of gradually evolving deterioration in the structure; however, for the future work, the method needs to be verified by experimental data
Flutter prediction, suppression and control in aircraft composite wings as a design prerequisite: a survey

Emergence of flutter compromises not only the long-term durability of the wing
structure, but also the operational safety, flight performance and energy
efficiency of the aircraft. Effectual means of flutter prevention are,
therefore, mandatory in the certification of new flight vehicles. This work
intends to address the flutter phenomenon highlighting the above issues, and
reviews some of the most recent theoretical and experimental developments in
flutter analyses. In the following subsections, theoretical, computational and
experimental flutter for composite structures is pursued. In particular, panel
flutter, thrust-induced flutter, wing/store-type flutter, non-linear flutter,
damaged panel flutter, flutter in compressed flow and flutter control via neural
networks are covered. Effects of fibre/ply orientation on flutter are also
briefly covered. The review further looks into aerothermoelastic behaviour of
composite structures buckling problem and hopf bifurcation point determination.
Analysed flutter of actively/passively controlled composite structures is
critically reviewed due to the emphasized importance in modern structures. It is
appreciable that the knowledge gained from the study of flexible structures and
unsteady airflows in aircraft can be transitioned back to more traditional
flutter studies. It is hoped that this review work will stimulate research and
collaborations that will lead to significant progress in the understanding of
this dynamically rich and potentially important area of enhancement of flutter
prediction, suppression and control of active and passive composite aircraft
structures. Copyright (C) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Development and application of a relative displacement sensor for structural health monitoring of composite bridges

Journal Article"This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Li J., Hao H., Fan K., and Brownjohn J. (2015) Development and application of a relative displacement sensor for structural health monitoring of composite bridges, Struct. Control Health Monit., 22, 726–742, which has been published in final form at https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stc.1714. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving."This paper proposes a relative displacement sensor developed to measure directly the relative slip between slab and girder in composite bridges for assessing the health condition of shear connections. The structure, design principle, features, and calibration of the developed relative displacement sensor are presented. The design of the sensor ensures that there are no voltage outputs for the tension, compression, bending, and torsion effects, but only for the relative displacement between the two connecting pads of the sensor. The accuracy of the developed sensor in measuring the relative displacement response and using it for monitoring the conditions of shear connectors was tested on a composite bridge model in the laboratory. Shear connection condition was monitored under ambient vibrations, then static load tests were conducted to introduce cracks into the composite bridge. Both the vertical deflections and relative displacements were used for the crack detection. Experimental studies demonstrate that the developed sensor is very sensitive to the relative displacement and has a decent performance for the structural health monitoring of composite bridges.Australia Cooperative Research Centre for Infrastructure and Engineering Asset Management (CIEAM-II)University of Western Australia Research Collaboration AwardsAustralian Research Counci
Spatial H∞ Approach to Damage Tolerant Active Control

Damage tolerant active control is a new research area targeting to adapt fault tolerant control methods to mechanical structures submitted to damage. Active vibration control is a mature engineering area, using modern control methods to address structural issues that may result from excessive vibration. However, the subject of structural vibration control under damage represents a novel subject in the literature. There are some difficulties to adapt regular controller designs to active control, which may not result in good performance even for healthy structures. Fault detection and diagnosing research has conducted to development of the fault tolerant control area, whose methods are equally hard to translate to damaged structure control. Spatial active vibration control encompasses some techniques that present important features to structure control, however this is not necessarily true in the general control design area, where spatial constraints are normally not involved. We propose in this paper an investigation of these spatial techniques, applied to structural damage control. Several new strategies for vibration control are presented and analyzed, aiming to attain specific objectives in damage control of mechanical structures. Finite element models are developed for a case study structure, considering healthy and three different damage conditions, which are used to design controllers, adopting an approach based on a H_∞ spatial norm, and according to some of the proposed strategies. Discussion of the achieved results contributes to clarify the main concepts related to this new research area, and controller performance analysis permit to foresee successful real case application of the techniques here described
Investigating the use of Targeted-Energy-Transfer devices for stay-cable vibration mitigation

Free vibrations of a taut cable with an attached passive Targeted-Energy-Transfer (TET) device are investigated using an analytical formulation of the complex generalized eigenvalue problem. This problem is of considerable practical interest in the context of stay-cable vibration suppression in bridges, induced by wind, rain–wind and parametric excitation. The TET device is a nonlinear apparatus, which has been investigated and successfully ap- plied to the vibration suppression in several structural or mechanical systems. This study proposes, for the first time, the use of the TET device as a simple passive apparatus for stay-cable vibration mitigation. In this applica- tion, the device was modelled as a dashpot with a viscous damper in parallel with a power-law nonlinear elastic spring element and a lumped mass restrained to one end. The ‘flexibility of the support’ (imperfect anchorage to the deck) was also simulated by placing an elastic support (linear elastic spring) in series between the dashpot and the deck. The study derives a new family of ‘universal design curves’ for the TET device, by accounting for the effects of nonlinear elastic stiffness, lumped mass and flexibility of the support. To verify the adequacy of the universal curves and to evaluate the effectiveness of the TET devices, parametric numerical simulations were per- formed on a reference stay cable. As an application example, analytical results were employed to design the dampers of one flexible stay, installed on an existing cable-stayed bridge. In all the investigations, theoretical and numerical results were obtained and compared
Damage detection with small data set using energy-based nonlinear features

This study proposes a new algorithm for damage detection in structures. The algorithm employs an energy-based method to capture linear and nonlinear effects of damage on structural response. For more accurate detection, the proposed algorithm combines multiple damage sensitive features through a distance-based method by using Mahalanobis distance. Hypothesis testing is employed as the statistical data analysis technique for uncertainty quantification associated with damage detection. Both the distance-based and the data analysis methods have been chosen to deal with small size data sets. Finally, the efficacy and robustness of the algorithm are experimentally validated by testing a steel laboratory prototype, and the results show that the proposed method can effectively detect and localize the defects