pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
The vicious circle of religious prejudice: Islamophobia makes the acculturation attitudes of majority and minority members clash

Public discourse often portrays Islam as the main obstacle for Muslim minorities’\ud
integration, paying little attention to the contextual factors hindering\ud
this process. Here, we focus on islamophobia as one destructive factor that\ud
hinders the mutual integration between Muslim minority and Western\ud
majority members, affecting both groups. In Study 1, the more islamophobic\ud
majority members were, the more they expected Muslims to give up their\ud
heritage culture and the less they wanted them to integrate. In Study 2, only\ud
when Muslims experienced substantial religious discrimination did religious\ud
identity negatively relate to national engagement and particularly positively\ud
relate to ethnic engagement. Together, the studies suggest that religious\ud
prejudice in the form of islamophobia is a major obstacle to Muslims’ integration\ud
because it increases the incongruity between majority and minority\ud
members’ acculturation attitudes
Sled acceleration control for low speed impact testing and transient response studies

Whiplash Associated Disorder is the most common soft-tissue  injury  arising  from  low-speed  car crashes  (Siskind et al. 2013). To better understand whiplash  injury  mechanisms  in  the  head-neck system,  a  sled  was  acquired.  The  sled  was previously  controlled  in  open  loop  mode,  without any  feedback  of  the  resulting motion.  The  aim  of this  project  is  to  safely  control  the  motion  and acceleration  of  the  sled  in  order  to  be  able  to generate reproducible acceleration profiles.FSR (Fondation Sécurité Routière
A comparative study of linear regression methods in noisy environments

With the development of measurement instrumentation methods and metrology, one is very often able to rigorously specify the uncertainty associated with each measured value (e.g. concentrations, spectra, process sensors). The use of this information, along with the corresponding raw measurements, should, in principle, lead to more sound ways of performing data analysis, since the quality of data can be explicitly taken into account. This should be true, in particular, when noise is heteroscedastic and of a large magnitude. In this paper we focus on alternative multivariate linear regression methods conceived to take into account data uncertainties. We critically investigate their prediction and parameter estimation capabilities and suggest some modifications of well-established approaches. All alternatives are tested under simulation scenarios that cover different noise and data structures. The results thus obtained provide guidelines on which methods to use and when. Interestingly enough, some of the methods that explicitly incorporate uncertainty information in their formulations tend to present not as good performances in the examples studied, whereas others that do not do so present an overall good performance. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.89
ELECTRE TRI for Groups with Imprecise Information on Parameter Values

ELECTRE TRI is a well-known method to assign actions to predefined ordered categories, considering multiple criteria. Using this method requires setting many parameters, which is often a difficult task. We consider the case where a group of Decision Makers (DMs) is unsure of which values each parameter should take, which may result from insufficient, imprecise or contradictory information, as well as from lack of consensus among the group members. In a framework where DMs provide constraints bounding and interrelating the parameter values, rather than fixing precise figures, we discuss the problem of finding the best and worst category that each action may attain.http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:100873961498
Late Abrahamic reunion? Religious fundamentalism negatively predicts dual Abrahamic group categorization among Muslims and Christians

Although extensive research has documented the effectiveness of common or dual in-groups on improving intergroup relations,\ud
little is known about how individual-difference variables affect people’s willingness to make such re-categorizations in the first\ud
place. Here, we demonstrate that individual differences in religious fundamentalism predict willingness to categorize in terms of\ud
the common Abrahamic religious origins of Christianity and Islam among Christians and Muslims. Study 1 (n = 243 Christians,\ud
291 Muslims) uses multigroup structural equation modeling and Study 2 (n = 80 Christians) an experimental manipulation to show\ud
that religious fundamentalism causes lower dual Abrahamic categorization, which, in turn, predicts more positive attitudes toward\ud
the respective out-group, mediating the negative effects of religious fundamentalism on religious intergroup bias. While making the\ud
general case that individual differences may play important roles for dual categorizations, these results also highlight the specific\ud
positive potential of dual ecumenical categorizations for improving interreligious relations. Research and societal implications\ud
are discussed
Electrochemical characterization of commercial and home-made\ud
screen-printed carbon electrodes

Screen-printing technology is widely used for the mass-production of\ud
disposable electrochemical sensors. The practical utility of carbon\ud
screen-printed electrodes has been exploited, despite the fact that\ud
little is known about the nature of the electrode reactions.\ud
(Wang, J.; Pedrero, M.; Sakslumd, H.; Hammerich, O.; Pingarron, J.\ud
Electrochemical activation of screenprinted carbon strips. The\ud
Analyst 1996, 121 (3), 345–350). Given the complexity of carbon\ud
electrodesin general, and diﬀerences in the composition of commercial\ud
carbon inks, the question arises as to how such diﬀerences and\ud
complexity aﬀect their electrochemical reactivity. The aim of this work wasto compare the electroactivity of both commercial electrodesand\ud
electrodes fabricated in-house from various commercial\ud
inks, in order to find the electrode most suited to amperometric\ud
sensor work. Methods of analysis include cyclic voltammetry,\ud
amperometry and linear sweep voltammetry. It was found that the\ud
commercial working electrodeswere not suited to the high current\ud
work of interest, due to their poor charge transfer properties. The\ud
in-house electrode had less resistive properties, and was more suited\ud
for high current amperometric sensing. Utilizing this electrode\ud
configuration, an optimal carbon paste was chosen for the working\ud
electrode
Improving the evaluation of web search systems

Linkage analysis as an aid to web search has been assumed to be of significant benefit and we know that it is being implemented by many major Search Engines. Why then have few TREC participants been able to scientifically prove the benefits of linkage analysis over the past three years? In this paper we put forward reasons why disappointing results have been found and we identify the linkage density requirements of a dataset to faithfully support experiments into linkage analysis. We also report a series of linkage-based retrieval experiments on a more densely linked dataset culled from the TREC web documents
Surface modification of polymers for biocompatibility via exposure to extreme ultraviolet radiation

Polymeric biomaterials are being widely used for the treatment of various traumata, diseases and defects in human beings due to ease in their synthesis. As biomaterials have direct interaction with the extracellular environment in the biological world, biocompatibility is a topic of great significance. The introduction or enhancement of biocompatibility in certain polymers is still a challenge to overcome. Polymer biocompatibility can be controlled by surface modification. Various physical and chemical methods (e.g., chemical and plasma treatment, ion implantation, and ultraviolet irradiation etc.) are in use or being developed for the modification of polymer surfaces. However an important limitation in their employment is the alteration of bulk material. Different surface and bulk properties of biomaterials are often desirable for biomedical applications. Because extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation penetration is quite limited even in low density mediums, it could be possible to use it for surface modification without influencing the bulk material. This article reviews the degree of biocompatibility of different polymeric biomaterials being currently employed in various biomedical applications, the surface properties required to be modified for biocompatibility control, plasma and laser ablation based surface modification techniques, and research studies indicating possible use of EUV for enhancing biocompatibility
IMF surveillance of Ireland during the celtic tiger

The demise of the Celtic Tiger economy is one of the most dramatic reversals of fortune in recent economic history. The catastrophic failure of the banking system and the deterioration of the domestic economy have left an indelible mark on society and precipitated a remarkable general election in 2011 (O’Leary, 2012, Irish Political Studies, 27(2), pp. 326–340). It has also raised many important questions. Why was it not anticipated? Why was Ireland so badly affected? And what political and economic reforms are necessary to prevent it from happening again? This research note contributes to the debate over the first question, namely the failure to anticipate the crisis, by analysing the International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) annual surveillance reports of the Irish economy. The findings indicate that the IMF correctly identified many of the threats that were often ignored domestically, but that the quality of its consultations deteriorated in later years
Non-destructive seed detection in mandarins: comparison of automatic threshold methods FLASH and COMSPIRA MRIs

Here, we review different methods for non-destructive horticultural produce size determination, focusing on electronic technologies capable of measuring fruit volume. The usefulness of produce size estimation is justified and a comprehensive classification system of the existing electronic techniques to determine dimensional size is proposed. The different systems identified are compared in terms of their versatility, precision and throughput. There is general agreement in considering that online measurement of axes, perimeter and projected area has now been achieved. Nevertheless, rapid and accurate volume determination of irregular-shaped produce, as needed for density sorting, has only become available in the past few years. An important application of density measurement is soluble solids content (SSC) sorting. If the range of SSC in the batch is narrow and a large number of classes are desired, accurate volume determination becomes important. A good alternative for fruit three-dimensional surface reconstruction, from which volume and surface area can be computed, is the combination of height profiles from a range sensor with a two-dimensional object image boundary from a solid-state camera (brightness image) or from the range sensor itself (intensity image). However, one of the most promising technologies in this field is 3-D multispectral scanning, which combines multispectral data with 3-D surface reconstruction
Analysis of germanium epiready wafers for III-V heteroepitaxy

Frequently,whengrowing III–V semiconductors on germanium substrates, unexpected differences between nominally identical substrates are encountered. Using atomic force microscopy (AFM), we have analysed a set of germanium substrates sharing the same specifications.The substrates come from the same vendor but different results come about in terms of the morphology of the epilayers produced by the same epitaxial routine(i.e. substrateW1 produce depilayers with good morphology while substrate WX produce depilayers with defects). The morphological analysis has been carried out on(a)epiready substrates; (b)samples after a high-temperature bake at 700 1C; and(c)on the samples after a hydride (PH3) annealingat640 1C. In the two first stages all substrates(both W1 and WX) show the same good morphology with RMS roughness below A˚ in all cases. It is in the third stage(annealinginPH3) that the morphology degrades and the differences between the samples become apparent. After phosphine exposureat640 1C, the RMS roughness of both substrates approximately doubles, and their surface appears as full of peaks and valleys on the nanometer scale. Despite the general appearance of the samples being similar, a careful analysis of their surface reveals that the substrates that produce bad morphologies(WX) show higher peaks, and some of their roughness parameters, namely, surface kurtosis and the surface skewness, are considerably degraded
Self-consistent numerical dispersion relation of the ablative Rayleigh-Taylor instability of double ablation fronts in inertial confinement fusion

The linear stability analysis of accelerated double ablation fronts is carried out numerically with a\ud
self-consistent approach. Accurate hydrodynamic profiles are taken into account in the theoretical model by means of a fitting parameters method using 1D simulation results. Numerical dispersión relation is compared to an analytical sharp boundary model [Yan˜ez et al., Phys. Plasmas 18,\ud
052701 (2011)] showing an excellent agreement for the radiation dominated regime of very steep ablation fronts, and the stabilization due to smooth profiles. 2D simulations are presented to validate the numerical self-consistent theory
Potential of the renewable energy development in Jammu and Kashmir, India

The future economic growth for India is likely to result in rapid and accelerated surge in energy demand, with expected shortages in terms of supply. Many of its current policies and strategies are aimed at the improvement and possible maximization of energy production from the renewable sector. It is also clear that while energy conservation and energy efficiency can make an important contribution, renewable energies will be essential to the solution and are likely to play an increasingly important role for providing enhanced energy access, reducing consumption of fossil fuels, and helping India pursue its low-carbon progressive pathway. However, most of the states in India, like the northernmost state of Jammu and Kashmir, have experienced an energy crisis over a sustained period of time and the government both at center and state level has to embark upon with these pressing issues in a more sustainable manner and accordingly initiate various renewable energy projects within these states. This paper will provide a broad-spectrum view about the energy situation within Jammu and Kashmir and will highlight the current policies along with future strategies for the optimal utilization of renewable energy resources
Analysis of a Spanish energy scenario with Generation IV nuclear reactors

The advantages of fast-spectrum reactors consist not only of an efficient use of fuel through the breeding of fissile material and the use of natural or depleted uranium, but also of the potential reduction of the amount of actinides such as americium and neptunium contained in the irradiated fuel. The first aspect means a guaranteed future nuclear fuel supply. The second fact is key for high-level radioactive waste management, because these elements are the main responsible for the radioactivity of the irradiated fuel in the long term. The present study aims to analyze the hypothetical deployment of a Gen-IV Sodium Fast Reactor (SFR) fleet in Spain. A nuclear fleet of fast reactors would enable a fuel cycle strategy different than the open cycle, currently adopted by most of the countries with nuclear power. A transition from the current Gen-II to Gen-IV fleet is envisaged through an intermediate deployment of Gen-III reactors. Fuel reprocessing from the Gen-II and Gen-III Light Water Reactors (LWR) has been considered. In the so-called advanced fuel cycle, the reprocessed fuel used to produce energy will breed new fissile fuel and transmute minor actinides at the same time. A reference case scenario has been postulated and further sensitivity studies have been performed to analyze the impact of the different parameters on the required reactor fleet. The potential capability of Spain to supply the required fleet for the reference scenario using national resources has been verified. Finally, some consequences on irradiated final fuel inventory are assessed. Calculations are performed with the Monte Carlo transport-coupled depletion code SERPENT together with post-processing tools
Influence of PH3 exposure on silicon substrate morphology in the MOVPE growth of III-V on silicon multijunction solar cells

Dual-junction solar cells formed by a GaAsP or GaInP top cell and a silicon bottom cell seem to be attractive candidates to materialize the long sought-for integration of III-V materials on silicon for photovoltaic applications. One of the first issues to be considered in the development of this structure will be the strategy to create the silicon emitter of the bottom subcell. In this study, we explore the possibility of forming the silicon emitter by phosphorus diffusion (i.e. exposing the wafer to PH3 in a MOVPE reactor) and still obtain good surface morphologies to achieve a successful III-V heteroepitaxy as occurs in conventional III-V on germanium solar cell technology. Consequently, we explore the parameter space (PH3 partial pressure, time and temperature) that is needed to create optimized emitter designs and assess the impact of such treatments on surface morphology using atomic force microscopy. Although a strong degradation of surface morphology caused by prolonged exposure of silicon to PH3 is corroborated, it is also shown that subsequent anneals under H-2 can recover silicon surface morphology and minimize its RMS roughness and the presence of pits and spikes
Global optimization of solar thermophotovoltaic systems

n this paper, we present a theoretical model based on the detailed balance theory of solar thermophotovoltaic systems comprising multijunction photovoltaic cells, a sunlight concentrator and spectrally selective surfaces. The full system has been defined by means of 2n + 8 variables (being n the number of sub-cells of the multijunction cell). These variables are as follows: the sunlight concentration factor, the absorber cut-off energy, the emitter-to-absorber area ratio, the emitter cut-off energy, the band-gap energy(ies) and voltage(s) of the sub-cells, the reflectivity of the cells' back-side reflector, the emitter-to-cell and cell-to-cell view factors and the emitter-to-cell area ratio. We have used this model for carrying out a multi-variable system optimization by means of a multidimensional direct-search algorithm. This analysis allows to find the set of system variables whose combined effects results in the maximum overall system efficiency. From this analysis, we have seen that multijunction cells are excellent candidates to enhance the system efficiency and the electrical power density. Particularly, multijunction cells report great benefits for systems with a notable presence of optical losses, which are unavoidable in practical systems. Also, we have seen that the use of spectrally selective absorbers, rather than black-body absorbers, allows to achieve higher system efficiencies for both lower concentration and lower emitter-to-absorber area ratio. Finally, we have seen that sun-to-electricity conversion efficiencies above 30% and electrical power densities above 50 W/cm2 are achievable for this kind of systems
Characterization of rosemary essential oil for biodegradable emulsions

The characterization of rosemary essential oil (EO) for its formulation in biodegradable emulsions has been carried out. Firstly, the required HLB (hydrophile–lipophile balance) value of the oil was determined to be 15 based on droplet size analysis and the stability of emulsions with synthetic surfactants. Moreover the emulsion resulted to be stable after 50 days of storage in ambient conditions. Secondly, four biodegradable and non-toxic surfactants derived from starch were tested. The effect of these surfactants was analyzed by measuring interfacial tension between the oil and the aqueous phase.The authors thank the financial support of Junta de Castilla y Leon (Spain) through the project GR11/2008. National Starch Group is acknowledged for supplying the OSAmodified starches and giving permission to publish the results obtained with them. S.Rodríguez-Rojo thanks the Spanish Ministry of Education for her postdoctoral grant. S. Varona thanks the University of Valladolid through the FPI-UVa research program
Effect of reflections and losses in Smith-Purcell free-electron lasers

We have included the effects of losses in the grating surface and reflections at the ends of the grating in the theory of Smith-Purcell free-electron lasers. Computations show that losses typically increase the start current by about 10%. The complex reflection coefficient for the evanescent wave is computed using numerical simulations, and is found to have a magnitude on the order of 30%. This typically increases or decreases the start current by about 10%, depending on the phase of the round-trip reflection
Synergistic Effect of Tetraaryl Porphyrins Containing Corannulene and Other Polycyclic Aromatic Fragments as Hosts for Fullerenes. Impact of C60 in a Statistically Distributed Mixture of Atropisomers

Producción CientíficaSymmetric meso-tetraarylporphyrins bearing phenanthrene, pyrene, and corannulene moieties in meta positions have been synthesized in a straightforward procedure under microwave irradiation by quadruple Suzuki–Miyaura reactions. Their 1H NMR spectra showed the typical pattern of four atropisomers distributed according to their statistical ratio not properly separable due to their fast isomerization. Their ability to bind buckminsterfullerene has been tested with the whole mixture, and different behaviors have been found, α4 isomer corannulene-substituted porphyrins being the best hosts in the family.Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (Project CTQ 2013-41067-P
Goals and the Informativeness of Prior Probabilities

I argue that information is a goal-relative concept for Bayesians. More precisely, I argue that how much information (or confirmation) is provided by a piece of evidence depends on whether the goal is to learn the truth or to rank actions by their expected utility, and that different confirmation measures should therefore be used in different contexts. I then show how information measures may reasonably be derived from confirmation measures, and I show how to derive goal-relative non-informative and informative priors given background information. Finally, I argue that my arguments have important implications for both objective and subjective Bayesianism. In particular, the Uniqueness Thesis is either false or must be modified. Moreover, objective Bayesians must concede that pragmatic factors systematically influence which priors are rational, and subjective Bayesians must concede that pragmatic factors sometimes partly determine which prior distribution most accurately represents an agent's epistemic state