pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
SN2014J gamma-rays from the 56Ni decay chain

The measurement of gamma-ray lines from the decay chain of 56Ni provides
unique information about the explosion in supernovae. The 56Ni freshly-produced
in the supernova powers the optical light curve, as it emits gamma-rays upon
its radioactive decay to 56Co and then 56Fe. Gamma-ray lines from 56Co decay
are expected to become directly visible through the overlying white dwarf
material several weeks after the explosion, as they progressively penetrate the
overlying material of the supernova envelope, diluted as it expands. The lines
are expected to be Doppler-shifted or broadened from the kinematics of the 56Ni
ejecta. With the SPI spectrometer on INTEGRAL and using an improved
instrumental background method, we detect the two main lines from 56Co decay at
847 and 1238 keV from SN2014J at 3.3 Mpc, significantly Doppler-broadened, and
at intensities (3.65+/-1.21) 10^-4 and (2.27+/-0.69) 10^-4 ph cm^-2s^-1,
respectively, at brightness maximum. We measure their rise towards a maximum
after about 60-100 days and decline thereafter. The intensity ratio of the two
lines is found consistent with expectations from 56Co decay (0.62+/-0.28 at
brightness maximum, expected is 0.68). We find that the broad lines seen in the
late, gamma-ray transparent phase are not representative for the early
gamma-ray emission, and rather notice the emission spectrum to be complex and
irregular until the supernova is fully transparent to gamma-rays, with
progressive uncovering of the bulk of 56Ni. We infer that the explosion
morphology is not spherically symmetric, both in the distribution of 56Ni and
of the unburnt material which occults the 56Co emission. Comparing light curves
from different plausible models, the resulting 56Ni mass is determined as
0.49+/-0.09 M_sol.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures. Accepted for publication in A&
The Precision Monte Carlo Event Generator KK For Two-Fermion Final
  States In e+e- Collisions

We present the Monte Carlo event generator KK version 4.13 for precision
predictions of the Electroweak Standard Model for the process $e^+e^-\to
f\bar{f} +n\gamma$, $f=\mu,\tau,d,u,s,c,b$ at centre of mass energies from
$\tau$ lepton threshold to 1TeV, that is for LEP, SLC, future Linear Colliders,
$b,c,\tau$-factories etc. Effects due to photon emission from initial beams and
outgoing fermions are calculated in QED up to second order, including all
interference effects, within Coherent Exclusive Exponentiation (CEEX), which is
based on Yennie-Frautschi-Suura exponentiation. Electroweak corrections are
included in first order, with higher order extensions, using the DIZET 6.x
library. Final state quarks hadronize according to the parton shower model
using JETSET. Beams can be polarized longitudinally and transversely. Decay of
the tau leptons is simulated using the TAUOLA library, taking into account spin
polarization effects as well. In particular the complete spin correlations
density matrix of the initial state beams and final state tau's is incorporated
in an exact manner. Effects due to beamstrahlung are simulated in a realistic
way. The main improvements with respect to KORALZ are: (a) inclusion of the
initial-final state QED interference, (b) inclusion of the exact matrix element
for two photons, and (c) inclusion of the transverse spin correlations in
$\tau$ decays (as in KORALB).Comment: Source code available from http://home.cern.ch/jadac
Nucleon structure functions at moderate Q$^{2}$ : relativistic constituent quarks and spectator mass spectrum

We present a model description of the nucleon valence structure function applicable over the entire region of the Bjorken variable x, and above moderate values of Q**2 (> 1 GeV**2). We stress the importance of describing the complete spectrum of intermediate states which are spectator to the deep-inelastic collision. At a scale of 1 GeV**2 the relevant degrees of freedom are constituent quarks and pions. The large-x region is then described in terms of scattering from constituent quarks in the nucleon, while the dressing of constituent quarks by pions plays an important role at intermediate x values. The correct small-x behavior, which is necessary for the proper normalization of the valence distributions, is guaranteed by modeling the asymptotic spectator mass spectrum according to Regge phenomenology
Explicit Analysis of Kahler Deformations in 4D N=1 Supersymmetric Quiver
  Theories

Starting from the $\mathcal{N}=2$ SYM$_{4}$ quiver theory living on wrapped
$% N_{i}D5$ branes around $S_{i}^{2}$ spheres of deformed ADE fibered
Calabi-Yau threefolds (CY3) and considering deformations using \textit{%
massive} vector multiplets, we explicitly build a new class of $\mathcal{N}% =1
$ quiver gauge theories. In these models, the quiver gauge group $%
\prod_{i}U(N_{i}) $ is spontaneously broken down to $% \prod_{i}SU(N_{i}) $ and
Kahler deformations are shown to be given by the real part of the integral
$(2,1) $ form of CY3. We also give the superfield correspondence between the
$\mathcal{N}=1$ quiver gauge models derived here and those constructed in
hep-th/0108120 using complex deformations. Others aspects of these two dual
$\mathcal{N}=1$ supersymmetric field theories are discussed.Comment: 12 pages, 1 figur
Special geometry of Calabi-Yau compactifications near a rigid limit

We discuss, in the framework of special Kahler geometry, some aspects of the "rigid limit" of type IIB string theory compactified on a Calabi-Yau threefold. We outline the general idea and demonstrate by direct analysis of a specific example how this limit is obtained. The decoupling of gravity and the reduction of special Kahler geometry from local to rigid is demonstrated explicitly, without first going to a noncompact approximation of the Calabi-Yau. In doing so, we obtain the Seiberg-Witten Riemann surfaces corresponding to different rigid limits as degenerating branches of a higher genus Riemann surface, defined for all values of the moduli. Apart from giving a nice geometrical picture, this allows one to calculate easily some gravitational corrections to e.g. the Seiberg-Witten central charge formula. We make some connections to the 2/5-brane picture, also away from the rigid limit, though only at the formal level
On Field/String Theory Approach to $\theta$ Dependence in Large N Yang-Mills Theory

The theta dependence of the vacuum energy in large N Yang-Mills theory has been studied some time ago by Witten using a duality of large N gauge theories with string theory compactified on a certain space-time. We show that within the field theory context vacuum fluctuations of the topological charge give rise the vacuum energy consistent with the string theory computation. Furthermore, we calculate 1/N suppressed corrections to the string theory result. The reconciliation of the string and field theory approaches is based on the fact that the gauge theory instantons carry zerobrane charge in the corresponding D-brane construction of Yang-Mills theory. Given the formula for the vacuum energy we study certain aspects of stability of the false vacua of the model for different realizations of the initial conditions. The vacuum structure appears to be different depending on whether N is infinite or, alternatively, large but finite
Thermodynamics of Exotic Black Holes, Negative Temperature, and
  Bekenstein-Hawking Entropy

Recently, exotic black holes whose masses and angular momenta are
interchanged have been found, and it is known that their entropies depend only
on the $inner$ horizon areas. But a basic problem of these entropies is that
the second law of thermodynamics is not guaranteed, in contrast to the
Bekenstein-Hawking entropy. Here, I find that there is another entropy formula
which recovers the usual Bekenstein-Hawking form, but the characteristic
angular velocity and temperature are identified with those of the inner
horizon, in order to satisfy the first law of black hole thermodynamics. The
temperature has a $negative$ value, due to an upper bound of mass as in spin
systems, and the angular velocity has a $lower$ bound. I show that one can
obtain the same entropy formula from a conformal field theory computation,
based on classical Virasoro algebras. I also describe several unanswered
problems and some proposals for how these might be addressed.Comment: Explicit discussuin of the remanining open questions added, enlarged
  references accordingly, accepted in Phys. Lett.
Solving the Altarelli-Parisi equations with truncated moments

The technique of truncated moments of parton distributions allows us to study scaling violations without making any assumption on the shape of parton distributions. The numerical implementation of the method is however difficult, since the evolution equations for truncated moments are not diagonal. We present a simple way to improve the efficiency of the numerical solution of the evolution equations for truncated moments. As a result, the number of truncated moments needed to achieve the required precision in the evolution is significantly smaller than in the original formulation of the technique. The method presented here can also be used to obtain the value of parton distributions in terms of truncated moments, and therefore it can be viewed as a technique for the solution of the Altarelli-Parisi equations
Comparing fragmentation of strange quark in $Z^{0}$ decays and $K{+}$p reactions

The ratios of the production rates K*(892)/K, phi/K, rho^0/pi, omega/pi, Delta^{++}/p, Sigma+(1385)/Lambda, Xi^-/Lambda and their x_p dependences obtained from results of the LEP and SLD experiments in Z hadronic decays are analysed. The corresponding ratios for promptly produced mesons are estimated at x_p -> 1. A comparison of the LEP results with those from the Mirabelle and BEBC K+p experiments at 32 and 70 GeV/c shows striking similarity in fragmentation of the strange valence quark of the incident K+ and strange quarks produced in Z decays. The JETSET model describes the LEP, Mirabelle and BEBC results. The model of Pei is consistent with the data for mesons, but presumably underestimates the fractions of primary octet baryons. The quark combinatorics model of Anisovich et al.is incompatible with the data
BPS-spectra in four dimensions from M-theory

I review my work together with Piljin Yi on the spectrum of BPS-saturated
states in N = 2 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theories. In an M-theory description,
such states are realized as certain two-brane configurations. We first show how
the central charge of the N = 2 algebra arises from the two-form central charge
of the eleven-dimensional supersymmetry algebra, and derive the condition for a
two-brane configuration to be BPS-saturated. We then discuss how the topology
of the two-brane determines the type of BPS-multiplet. Finally, we discuss the
phenomenon of marginal stability and show how it is related to the mutual
non-locality of states.Comment: 5 pages, talk delivered at the workshop `Quantum aspects of gauge
  theories, supersymmetry and unification', Neuchatel University, 18-23
  September 1997, to appear in the proceeding
H = x p with interaction and the Riemann zeros

Starting from a quantized version of the classical Hamiltonian H = x p, we
add a non local interaction which depends on two potentials. The model is
solved exactly in terms of a Jost like function which is analytic in the
complex upper half plane. This function vanishes, either on the real axis,
corresponding to bound states, or below it, corresponding to resonances. We
find potentials for which the resonances converge asymptotically toward the
average position of the Riemann zeros. These potentials realize, at the quantum
level, the semiclassical regularization of H = x p proposed by Berry and
Keating. Furthermore, a linear superposition of them, obtained by the action of
integer dilations, yields a Jost function whose real part vanishes at the
Riemann zeros and whose imaginary part resembles the one of the zeta function.
Our results suggest the existence of a quantum mechanical model where the
Riemann zeros would make a point like spectrum embbeded in the continuum. The
associated spectral interpretation would resolve the emission/absortion debate
between Berry-Keating and Connes. Finally, we indicate how our results can be
extended to the Dirichlet L-functions constructed with real characters.Comment: 23 pages, 12 figures, minor correction
Metric structures in L_1: Dimension, snowflakes, and average distortion

We study the metric properties of finite subsets of L_1. The analysis of such
metrics is central to a number of important algorithmic problems involving the
cut structure of weighted graphs, including the Sparsest Cut Problem, one of
the most compelling open problems in the field of approximation algorithms.
Additionally, many open questions in geometric non-linear functional analysis
involve the properties of finite subsets of L_1.Comment: 9 pages, 1 figure. To appear in European Journal of Combinatorics.
  Preliminary version appeared in LATIN '0
Global decomposition of a Lorentzian manifold as a Generalized
  Robertson-Walker space

Generalized Robertson-Walker (GRW) spaces constitute a quite important family
in Lorentzian geometry, and it is an interesting question to know whether a
Lorentzian manifold can be decomposed in such a way. It is well known that the
existence of a suitable vector field guaranties the local decomposition of the
manifold. In this paper, we give conditions on the curvature which ensure a
global decomposition and apply them to several situations where local
decomposition appears naturally. We also study the uniqueness question,
obtaining that the de Sitter spaces are the only non trivial complete
Lorentzian manifolds with more than one GRW decomposition. Moreover, we show
that the Friedmann Cosmological Models admit an unique GRW decomposition, even
locally
An investigation of the origins of cattle and aurochs deposited in the Early Bronze Age barrows at Gayhurst and Irthlingborough.\ud

The Early Bronze Age round barrows at Irthlingborough, Northamptonshire and Gayhurst, Buckinghamshire contained remarkably large quantities of cattle (Bos taurus) remains. At Irthlingborough, at least 185 skulls with smaller numbers of mandibles, shoulder blades and pelves were found together with a small number of skeletal elements from aurochs (Bos primigenius). In contrast, the remains from Gayhurst are dominated by the limb bones from more than 300 animals. This study employed strontium isotope ratio analysis of cattle tooth enamel from 15 cattle and one aurochs to investigate the diversity of the animals' origins at both sites and provide insights into Early Bronze Age funerary practices. Although strontium results show that most of the cattle and the aurochs included in this study were consistent with local origins, one animal from each barrow was born remotely, most likely in western Britain. In addition, a second Gayhurst animal was consistent with origins in a region of chalk rather than the local Jurassic sediments.\u
A boost for the EW SUSY hunt: monojet-like search for compressed
  sleptons at LHC14 with 100 fb^-1

Current Large Hadron Collider (LHC) analyses are blind to compressed
supersymmetry (SUSY) models with sleptons near the lightest super partner (LSP)
in mass: $m_{\tilde{l}} - m_{\tilde{\chi}_1^0} \equiv \Delta m \lesssim 60$
GeV. We present a search sensitive to the very compressed range $3~\text{GeV} <
\Delta m < 24~\text{GeV}$ using the channel $p p \rightarrow \tilde{l}^+
\tilde{l}^- +\rm{jet} \rightarrow$ $l^+ l^- \tilde{\chi}_1^0 \tilde{\chi}_1^0
+\rm{jet}$ with soft same-flavor leptons and one hard jet from initial state
radiation ($p_{\rm T}^j >100$ GeV). The sleptons recoil against the jet
boosting them and their decay products, making the leptons detectable and
providing substantial missing transverse momentum. We use the kinematic
variable $m_{\rm T 2}$ along with a different-flavor control region to reduce
the large standard model backgrounds and control systematic uncertainty. We
find the analysis should allow LHC14 with $100~\text{fb}^{-1}$ to search for
degenerate left-handed selectrons and smuons in the compressed region up to
$m_{\tilde{l}_L} \lesssim 150$ GeV. In addition, it should be sensitive to
$m_{\tilde{l}_L} \lesssim 110$ GeV for the very challenging case of
auto-concealed SUSY, in which left-handed sleptons decay to the Kaluza-Klein
tower of a modulino LSP which lives in $d=6$ extra dimensions. In both the
compressed spectrum and auto-concealed SUSY scenarios this analysis will need
more data to improve on LEP2 limits for right-handed sleptons due to their
smaller cross sections.Comment: 15 pages, 3 figures, updated citations in v
Bar pattern speeds in CALIFA galaxies: I. Fast bars across the Hubble
  sequence

The bar pattern speed ($\Omega_{\rm b}$) is defined as the rotational
frequency of the bar, and it determines the bar dynamics. Several methods have
been proposed for measuring $\Omega_{\rm b}$. The non-parametric method
proposed by Tremaine \& Weinberg (1984; TW) and based on stellar kinematics is
the most accurate. This method has been applied so far to 17 galaxies, most of
them SB0 and SBa types. We have applied the TW method to a new sample of 15
strong and bright barred galaxies, spanning a wide range of morphological types
from SB0 to SBbc. Combining our analysis with previous studies, we investigate
32 barred galaxies with their pattern speed measured by the TW method. The
resulting total sample of barred galaxies allows us to study the dependence of
$\Omega_{\rm b}$ on galaxy properties, such as the Hubble type. We measured
$\Omega_{\rm b}$ using the TW method on the stellar velocity maps provided by
the integral-field spectroscopy data from the CALIFA survey. Integral-field
data solve the problems that long-slit data present when applying the TW
method, resulting in the determination of more accurate $\Omega_{\rm b}$. In
addition, we have also derived the ratio $\cal{R}$ of the corotation radius to
the bar length of the galaxies. According to this parameter, bars can be
classified as fast ($\cal{R}$ $< 1.4$) and slow ($\cal{R}$>1.4). For all the
galaxies, $\cal{R}$ is compatible within the errors with fast bars. We cannot
rule out (at 95$\%$ level) the fast bar solution for any galaxy. We have not
observed any significant trend between $\cal{R}$ and the galaxy morphological
type. Our results indicate that independent of the Hubble type, bars have been
formed and then evolve as fast rotators. This observational result will
constrain the scenarios of formation and evolution of bars proposed by
numerical simulations.Comment: 17 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in A&
P-MaNGA: Gradients in Recent Star Formation Histories as Diagnostics for
  Galaxy Growth and Death

We present an analysis of the data produced by the MaNGA prototype run
(P-MaNGA), aiming to test how the radial gradients in recent star formation
histories, as indicated by the 4000AA-break (D4000), Hdelta absorption
(EW(Hd_A)) and Halpha emission (EW(Ha)) indices, can be useful for
understanding disk growth and star formation cessation in local galaxies. We
classify 12 galaxies observed on two P-MaNGA plates as either centrally
quiescent (CQ) or centrally star-forming (CSF), according to whether D4000
measured in the central spaxel of each datacube exceeds 1.6. For each galaxy we
generate both 2D maps and radial profiles of D4000, EW(Hd_A) and EW(Ha). We
find that CSF galaxies generally show very weak or no radial variation in these
diagnostics. In contrast, CQ galaxies present significant radial gradients, in
the sense that D4000 decreases, while both EW(Hd_A) and EW(Ha) increase from
the galactic center outward. The outer regions of the galaxies show greater
scatter on diagrams relating the three parameters than their central parts. In
particular, the clear separation between centrally-measured quiescent and
star-forming galaxies in these diagnostic planes is largely filled in by the
outer parts of galaxies whose global colors place them in the green valley,
supporting the idea that the green valley represents a transition between
blue-cloud and red-sequence phases, at least in our small sample. These results
are consistent with a picture in which the cessation of star formation
propagates from the center of a galaxy outwards as it moves to the red
sequence.Comment: 20 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
Orbital selectivity and emergent superconducting state from
  quasi-degenerate $s-$ and $d-$wave pairing channels in iron-based
  superconductors

A major puzzle about the nature of the iron-based superconductivity appears
in the case of the alkaline iron selenides. Compared to the iron pnictides,
these systems have only electron Fermi pockets (i.e. no hole Fermi pockets) but
comparable superconducting transition temperatures. The challenge lies in
reconciling the two basic experimental features of their superconducting state:
a node-less gap and the existence of a resonance in the spin excitation
spectrum. We propose a mechanism based on reconstructing two quasi-degenerate
pairing states, one in an $s$-wave $A_{1g}$ channel that is fully gapped, and
the other in a $d$-wave $B_{1g}$ channel whose pairing function changes sign
across the electron Fermi pockets at the Brillouin-zone boundary. The resulting
intermediate pairing state, which we call an orbital-selective $s \times
\tau_3$ state, incorporates both of the above two properties. When the leading
spin-singlet pairing is in the $d_{xz}, d_{yz}$ orbital subspace, this state
retains the $s$-wave form factor but has a $B_{1g}$ symmetry due to an internal
$\tau_3$ structure in the orbital space. Within a five-orbital $t-J_{1}-J_{2}$
model with orbital-selective exchange couplings, we show that the proposed
pairing state is energetically competitive over a finite range of control
parameters. We calculate the dynamical spin susceptibility in the
orbital-selective $s \times \tau_3$ superconducting state and show that a spin
resonance arises and has the characteristics of observed by inelastic neutron
experiments in the alkaline iron selenides. More generally, the formation of
the orbital-selective $s \times \tau_3$ state represents a novel means of
relieving the quasi-degeneracy between $s-$ and $d-$wave pairing states, which
is a hitherto unsuspected alternative to the conventional route of linearly
superposing the two into a time-reversal symmetry breaking $s+id$ state
Moments of $\phi$ meson spectral functions in vacuum and nuclear matter

Moments of the $\phi$ meson spectral function in vacuum and in nuclear matter
are analyzed, combining a model based on chiral SU(3) effective field theory
(with kaonic degrees of freedom) and finite-energy QCD sum rules. For the
vacuum we show that the spectral density is strongly constrained by a recent
accurate measurement of the $e^+ e^- \to K^+ K^-$ cross section. In nuclear
matter the $\phi$ spectrum is modified by interactions of the decay kaons with
the surrounding nuclear medium, leading to a significant broadening and an
asymmetric deformation of the $\phi$ meson peak. We demonstrate that both in
vacuum and nuclear matter, the first two moments of the spectral function are
compatible with finite-energy QCD sum rules. A brief discussion of the
next-higher spectral moment involving strange four-quark condensates is also
presented.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures; published versio