pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
The optical afterglow and host galaxy of GRB 000926

We present the discovery of the Optical Transient (OT) of the long-duration gamma-ray burst GRB 000926. The optical transient was detected independently with the Nordic Optical Telescope and at Calar Alto 22.2 hours after the burst. At this time the magnitude of the transient was R = 19.36. The transient faded with a decay slope of about 1.7 during the first two days after which the slope increased abruptly (within a few hours) to about 2.4. The light-curve started to flatten off after about a week indicating the presence of an underlying extended object. This object was detected in a deep image obtained one month after the GRB at $R=23.87\pm0.15$ and consists of several compact knots within about 5 arcsec. One of the knots is spatially coincident with the position of the OT and hence most likely belongs to the host galaxy. Higher resolution imaging is needed to resolve whether all the compact knots belong to the host galaxy or to several independent objects. In a separate paper we present a discussion of the optical spectrum of the OT, and its inferred redshift (Møller et al., in prep.).Peer-reviewedPublisher Version4244
A Generalized Probability Framework to Model Economic Agents’ Decisions under Uncertainty

The file associated with this record is under a 36-month embargo from publication in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. The full text may be available through the publisher links provided above.The applications of techniques from statistical (and classical) mechanics to model interesting problems in economics and finance have produced valuable results. The principal movement which has steered this research direction is known under the name of ‘econophysics’. In this paper, we illustrate and advance some of the findings that have been obtained by applying the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics to model human decision making under ‘uncertainty’ in behavioral economics and finance. Starting from Ellsberg's seminal article, decision making situations have been experimentally verified where the application of Kolmogorovian probability in the formulation of expected utility is problematic. Those probability measures which by necessity must situate themselves in Hilbert space (such as ‘quantum probability’) enable a faithful representation of experimental data. We thus provide an explanation for the effectiveness of the mathematical framework of quantum mechanics in the modeling of human decision making. We want to be explicit though that we are not claiming that decision making has microscopic quantum mechanical features.Peer-reviewedPost-prin
Subglacial processes on an Antarctic ice stream bed. 1 : Sediment transport and bedform genesis inferred from marine geophysical data.

The spatial pattern and morphometry of bedforms and their relationship to sediment thickness have been analysed in the Marguerite Bay Palaeo-ice stream Trough, western Antarctic Peninsula. Over 17 000 glacial landforms were measured from geophysical datasets, and sediment thickness maps were generated from acoustic sub-bottom profiler data. These analyses reveal a complex bedform pattern characterised by considerable spatial diversity, influenced heavily by the underlying substrate. The variability in length and density of mega-scale lineations indicates an evolving bedform signature, whereby landforms are preserved at different stages of maturity. Lineation generation and attenuation is associated with regions of thick, soft till where deformation was likely to be the greatest. The distribution of soft till and the localised extent of grounding-zone wedges (GZWs) indicate a dynamic sedimentary system characterised by considerable spatio-temporal variability in sediment erosion, transport and deposition. Formation of GZWs on the outer shelf of Marguerite Trough, within the error range of the radiocarbon dates, requires large sediment fluxes (upwards of 1000 m3 a−1 (m grounding line width)−1), and a >1 m thick mobile till layer, or rapid basal sliding velocities (upwards of 6 km a−1)
Structure, phase behavior, and inhomogeneous fluid properties of binary dendrimer mixtures

Copyright 2006 American Institute of Physics. This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and the American Institute of Physics. The following article appeared in Journal of Chemical Physics, 2006, 124 (8), 084901 and may be found at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2172596The effective pair potentials between different kinds of dendrimers in solution can be well approximated by appropriate Gaussian functions. We find that in binary dendrimer mixtures the range and strength of the effective interactions depend strongly upon the specific dendrimer architecture. We consider two different types of dendrimer mixtures, employing the Gaussian effective pair potentials, to determine the bulk fluid structure and phase behavior. Using a simple mean field density functional theory (DFT) we find good agreement between theory and simulation results for the bulk fluid structure. Depending on the mixture, we find bulk fluid-fluid phase separation (macrophase separation) or microphase separation, i.e., a transition to a state characterized by undamped periodic concentration fluctuations. We also determine the inhomogeneous fluid structure for confinement in spherical cavities. Again, we find good agreement between the DFT and simulation results. For the dendrimer mixture exhibiting microphase separation, we observe a rather striking pattern formation under confinement. © 2006 American Institute of Physics
Chronic depression symptoms and  salivary NOx are associated with retinal vascular dysregulation: the SABPA study.

This is an Open Access Article. It is published by Elsevier under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) licence. Full details of this licence are available at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Background Depression has been associated with impaired nitric oxide (NO)-mediated vasodilation and vascular dysregulation (VD). Whether depression and NO levels will disturb retinal hemodynamics is not clear. \ud
Objectives and methods Associations between the retinal vasculature, diastolic ocular perfusion pressure (DOPP) as measure of hypoperfusion, NO metabolites (NOx) and depression symptoms were assessed. Chronic VD risk markers [depression symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire/PHQ-9 ≥ 10) and 24h pulse pressure] were determined in a bi-ethnic cohort (n=313; 48.6 ± 9 years; 53.9% men). At 3 year follow-up, retinal vessel calibre and retinopathy signs were quantified from digital images. Salivary NOx, a novel approach, was obtained pre- and post-flicker light-induced provocation (FLIP). DOPP was defined as diastolic blood pressure minus intraocular pressure. \ud
Results Chronic VD risk was evident in Blacks opposed to acute risk in Whites (P<0.05). At follow-up, retinopathy (Blacks 60.4%/Whites 39.6%), lower pre-FLIP (µM) and higher post-FLIP NOx (%), arteriolar narrowing and wider venular calibre values were evident in Blacks compared to Whites, independent of confounders. A wider venular calibre, an index of stroke risk, was associated with chronic depression symptoms [cut point 248 MU: Area under the curve 0·61 (95% CI: 0·51, 0·72); 71% sensitivity; 55% specificity] as well as with hypoperfusion in the Blacks. In this group, arteriolar narrowing was associated with hypoperfusion; and attenuated arteriolar dilation with increased FLIP NOx responses (%). \ud
Conclusions Higher NOx increased arteriolar vasoconstriction, presumably impeded perfusion and facilitated VD. Chronic depression symptoms may trigger disturbed NOx and retinal hemodynamics in Blacks and thereby potentiate stroke ris
University students’ perceptions of summative assessment: the role of context

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Journal of Further and Higher Education on 17 May 2016, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/0309877X.2016.1177172.We report on a mixed-method study that compared students’ perceptions of summative assessment across two distinct disciplines – education and mathematics, at two research-intensive institutions in the UK. The disciplines chosen represent opposing positions in Biglan’s classification of academic disciplines, as well as having very different assessment practices. Results\ud
suggest that these education students prefer to be assessed by methods they perceive to discriminate on the basis of academic abilities. Moreover, they perceive the traditional closed-book examination as inadequate to assess the capabilities which are key to being successful in their subject,\ud
which fits some but not all of the general findings in the literature. However,\ud
comparing these results with those of an identical study with mathematics students, we find that the perceptions of summative assessment are very different. We account for that difference by suggesting that students’ epistemic beliefs play a role in shaping these perceptions and conclude\ud
that, in designing summative assessment in higher education, generalised and centralised forces for change need to be tempered by contextual and disciplinary factors
Measurement of transverse momentum relative to dijet systems in PbPb and
  pp collisions at sqrt(s[NN]) = 2.76 TeV

An analysis of dijet events in PbPb and pp collisions is performed to explore
the properties of energy loss by partons traveling in a quark-gluon plasma.
Data are collected at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of 2.76 TeV at
the LHC. The distribution of transverse momentum (pT) surrounding dijet systems
is measured by selecting charged particles in different ranges of pT and at
different angular cones of pseudorapidity and azimuth. The measurement is
performed as a function of centrality of the PbPb collisions, the pT asymmetry
of the jets in the dijet pair, and the distance parameter R used in the anti-kt
jet clustering algorithm. In events with unbalanced dijets, PbPb collisions
show an enhanced multiplicity in the hemisphere of the subleading jet, with the
pT imbalance compensated by an excess of low-pT particles at large angles from
the jet axes.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO
The physics of antineutrinos in DUNE and determination of octant and
  $\delta_{CP}$

The octant of $\theta_{23}$ and $\delta_{CP}$ are the two major unknowns in
neutrino oscillation physics. The precise determination of octant and
$\delta_{CP}$ is interlinked through the octant-$\delta_{CP}$ degeneracy. In
this paper we study the proficiency of the DUNE experiment to determine these
parameters, in particular, the role played by the antineutrinos, the broadband
nature of the beam and the matter effect. For $P_{\mu e}$ and $P_{\bar{\mu}
\bar{e}}$ the octant-$\delta_{CP}$ degeneracy occurs at different values of
$\delta_{CP}$, combination of neutrino and antineutrino runs help to resolve
this. However, in regions where neutrinos do not have octant degeneracy adding
antineutrino data is expected to decrease the sensitivity because of the
degeneracy and reduced statistics. However we find that in case of DUNE
baseline, the antineutrino runs help even in parameter space where the
antineutrino probabilities suffer from degeneracies. We explore this point in
detail and point out that this happens because of the (i) broad-band nature of
the beam so that even if there is degeneracy at a particular energy bin, over
the whole spectrum the degeneracy may not be there; (ii) the enhanced matter
effect due to the comparatively longer baseline which creates an increased
tension between the neutrino and the antineutrino probabilities which raises
the overall $\chi^2$ in case of combined runs. This feature is more prominent
for IH since the antineutrino probabilities in this case are much higher than
the neutrino probabilities due to matter effects. The main role of
antineutrinos in enhancing CP sensitivity is their ability to remove the
octant-$\delta_{CP}$ degeneracy. However even if one assumes octant to be known
the addition of antineutrinos can give enhanced CP sensitivity in some
parameter regions due to the tension between the neutrino and antineutrino
$\chi^2$s.Comment: 18 pages, 12 figures, 4 tables, Version accepted for publication in
  Nucl. Phys.
Theory of high pressure hydrogen, made simple

Phase I of hydrogen has several peculiarities. Despite having a close-packed
crystal structure, it is less dense than either the low temperature Phase II or
the liquid phase. At high pressure, it transforms into either phase III or IV,
depending on the temperature. Moreover, spectroscopy suggests that the quantum
rotor behaviour disappears with pressurisation, without any apparent phase
transition. Here we present a simple thermodynamic model for this behaviour
based on packing atoms and molecules and discuss the thermodynamics of the
phase boundaries. We also report first principles molecular dynamics
calculations for a more detailed look at the same phase transitions
Search for strong gravity in multijet final states produced in pp
  collisions at $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV using the ATLAS detector at the LHC

A search is conducted for new physics in multijet final states using 3.6
inverse femtobarns of data from proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
taken at the CERN Large Hadron Collider with the ATLAS detector. Events are
selected containing at least three jets with scalar sum of jet transverse
momenta ($H_T$) greater than 1 TeV. No excess is seen at large $H_T$ and limits
are presented on new physics: models which produce final states containing at
least three jets and having cross sections larger than 1.6 fb with $H_T$ > 5.8
TeV are excluded. Limits are also given in terms of new physics models of
strong gravity that hypothesize additional space-time dimensions.Comment: 23 pages plus author list + cover pages (40 pages total), 11 figures,
  6 tables, submitted to JHEP, All figures including auxiliary figures are
  available at
  https://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/PAPERS/EXOT-2015-09
Two-Field Born-Infeld with Diverse Dualities

We elaborate on how to build, in a systematic fashion, two-field Abelian
extensions of the Born-Infeld Lagrangian. These models realize the non-trivial
duality groups that are allowed in this case, namely U(2), SU(2) and U(1)xU(1).
For each class, we also construct an explicit example. They all involve an
overall square root and reduce to the Born-Infeld model if the two fields are
identified, but differ in quartic and higher interactions. The U(1)xU(1) and
SU(2) examples recover some recent results obtained with different techniques,
and we show that the U(1)xU(1) model admits an N=1 supersymmetric completion.
The U(2) example includes some unusual terms that are not analytic at the
origin of field space.Comment: 30 pages. Final version with reference added, typo corrected and
  comment added in the Conclusions. To appear in a special Nucl. Phys. B issue
  dedicated to the memory of Raymond Stor
From the stable to the exotic: clustering in light nuclei

A great deal of research work has been undertaken in alpha-clustering study
since the pioneering discovery of 12C+12C molecular resonances half a century
ago. Our knowledge on physics of nuclear molecules has increased considerably
and nuclear clustering remains one of the most fruitful domains of nuclear
physics, facing some of the greatest challenges and opportunities in the years
ahead. The occurrence of "exotic" shapes in light N=Z alpha-like nuclei is
investigated. Various approaches of the superdeformed and hyperdeformed bands
associated with quasimolecular resonant structures are presented. Evolution of
clustering from stability to the drip-lines is examined: clustering aspects
are, in particular, discussed for light exotic nuclei with large neutron excess
such as neutron-rich Oxygen isotopes with their complete spectroscopy.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures, Presented at the International Symposium on "New
  Horizons in Fundamental Physics - From Neutrons Nuclei via Superheavy
  Elements and Supercritical Fields to Neutron Stars and Cosmic Rays" held at
  Makutsi Safari Farm, South Africa, December 23-29, 2015. arXiv admin note:
  substantial text overlap with arXiv:1402.6590, arXiv:1303.0960,
  arXiv:1408.0684, arXiv:1011.342
Quantum periods of Calabi-Yau fourfolds

In this work we study the quantum periods together with their Picard-Fuchs
differential equations of Calabi-Yau fourfolds. In contrast to Calabi-Yau
threefolds, we argue that the large volume points of Calabi-Yau fourfolds
generically are regular singular points of the Picard-Fuchs operators of
non-maximally unipotent monodromy. We demonstrate this property in explicit
examples of Calabi-Yau fourfolds with a single Kahler modulus. For these
examples we construct integral quantum periods and study their global
properties in the quantum Kahler moduli space with the help of numerical
analytic continuation techniques. Furthermore, we determine their genus zero
Gromov-Witten invariants, their Klemm-Pandharipande meeting invariants, and
their genus one BPS invariants. In our computations we emphasize the features
attributed to the non-maximally unipotent monodromy property. For instance, it
implies the existence of integral quantum periods that at large volume are
purely worldsheet instanton generated. To verify our results, we also present
intersection theory techniques to enumerate lines with a marked point on
complete intersection Calabi-Yau fourfolds in Grassmannian varieties.Comment: 63 pages, v2: clarifications and minor corrections, v3: minor
  corrections and published in Nucl.Phys.
Study of semileptonic $\bar{B}^* \to P \ell \bar{\nu}_\ell$ decays

In anticipation of abundant $B^*$ data samples at high-luminosity
heavy-flavor experiments in the future, the tree-dominated semileptonic
$\bar{B}^*_{u,d,s} \to P \ell^- \bar{\nu}_\ell$ $(P=D\,,D_s\,,\pi\,,K)$ decays
are studied within the Standard Model. After a detailed calculation of the
helicity amplitudes, the theoretical predictions for branching fraction~(decay
rate), lepton spin asymmetry, forward-backward asymmetry and ratio
$R_D^{\ast(L)}$ are firstly presented. It is found that the CKM-favored
$\bar{B}^* \to D \ell^- \bar{\nu}_\ell$ decays have relatively large branching
fractions of ${\cal O}(10^{-9})$$\sim$${\cal O}(10^{-7})$, and are in the scope
of running LHC and forthcoming SuperKEKB/Belle-II experiments.Comment: 18 pages, 2 figure
Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev Model as Liouville Quantum Mechanics

We show that the proper inclusion of soft reparameterization modes in the
Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model of $N$ randomly interacting Majorana fermions reduces
its long-time behavior to that of Liouville quantum mechanics. As a result, all
zero temperature correlation functions decay with the universal exponent
$\propto \tau^{-3/2}$ for times larger than the inverse single particle level
spacing $\tau\gg N\ln N$. In the particular case of the single particle Green
function this behavior is manifestation of the zero-bias anomaly, or scaling in
energy as $\epsilon^{1/2}$. We also present exact diagonalization study
supporting our conclusions.Comment: 14 pages, 2 figure
The Spanish version of the Criminal Sentiment Scale Modified (CSS-M): Factor structure, reliability and validity

The purpose of this study was to translate and validate the Criminal Sentiment Scale Modified (CSS-M), which measures the criminal attitudes into Spanish. Despite the large body of research proving their importance as one of the best predictors of criminal conduct, only a few measures have been psychometrically developed and validated, and none of them are available in the Spanish language. A sample of 153 male inmates from Penitentiary Brians I of the Catalan Prison Service (Spain) participated voluntarily in the study (73.9% of Spanish nationality, mean age = 37.3) completed the final version of the Spanish adaptation. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted with all the scales simultaneously, showing that the underlying structure of the CSS-M was best explained by a two-factor solution: Sentiments toward the establishment and Criminality self-benefits. Moreover, a set of analyses of variance (ANOVA) was also performed, validating the scale well. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that the Spanish version of the CSS-M has satisfactory psychometric properties, enabling its potential usefulness within the legal field of Spanish-speaking countries as a key element in crime prevention
Large deviations and support results for nonlinear Schrödinger equations with additive noise and applications

International audienceSample path large deviations for the laws of the solutions of stochastic nonlinear Schrödinger equations when the noise converges to zero are presented. The noise is a complex additive gaussian noise. It is white in time and colored space wise. The solutions may be global or blow-up in finite time, the two cases are distinguished. The results are stated in trajectory spaces endowed with projective limit topologies. In this setting, the support of the law of the solution is also characterized. As a consequence, results on the law of the blow-up time and asymptotics when the noise converges to zero are obtained. An application to the transmission of solitary waves in fiber optics is also given
Long term variability of Cygnus X-1 - VI. Energy-resolved X-ray variability 1999–2011

International audienceWe present the most extensive analysis of Fourier-based X-ray timing properties of the black hole binary Cygnus X-1 to date, based on 12 years of bi-weekly monitoring with RXTE from 1999 to 2011. Our aim is a comprehensive study of timing behavior across all spectral states, including the elusive transitions and extreme hard and soft states. We discuss the dependence of the timing properties on spectral shape and photon energy, and study correlations between Fourier-frequency dependent coherence and time lags with features in the power spectra. Our main results follow. (a) The fractional rms in the 0.125–256 Hz range in different spectral states shows complex behavior that depends on the energy range considered. It reaches its maximum not in the hard state, but in the soft state in the Comptonized tail above 10 keV. (b) The shape of power spectra in hard and intermediate states and the normalization in the soft state are strongly energy-dependent in the 2.1–15 keV range. This emphasizes the need for an energy-dependent treatment of power spectra and a careful consideration of energy- and mass-scaling when comparing the variability of different source types, e.g., black hole binaries and AGN. PSDs during extremely hard and extremely soft states can be easily confused for energies above ~5 keV in the 0.125–256 Hz range. (c) The coherence between energy bands drops during transitions from the intermediate into the soft state but recovers in the soft state. (d) The time lag spectra in soft and intermediate states show distinct features at frequencies related to the frequencies of the main variability components seen in the power spectra and show the same shift to higher frequencies as the source softens. Our results constitute a template for other sources and for physical models for the origin of the X-ray variability. In particular, we discuss how the timing properties of Cyg X-1 can be used to assess the evolution of variability with spectral shape in other black hole binaries. Our results suggest that none of the available theoretical models can explain the full complexity of X-ray timing behavior of Cyg X-1, although several ansatzes with different physical assumptions are promising