pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
On zigzag-invariant strings

We propose a world-sheet realization of the zigzag-invariant strings as a
perturbed WZNW model at large negative level. We argue that the gravitational
dressing produces additional fixed points of the dressed renormalization beta
function. One of these new critical points can be interpreted as a
zigzag-invariant string model.Comment: 4 pages, latex, no figures, contribution to "Trends in Mathematical
  Physics", University of Tennesse at Knoxville, October 98 and the 32th
  Ahrenshoop/Buckow Symposium, %%@ Buckow, September 9
Higher-Level Appell Functions, Modular Transformations, and Characters

We study modular transformation properties of a class of indefinite theta
series involved in characters of infinite-dimensional Lie superalgebras. The
\textit{level-$\ell$ Appell functions} $K_\ell$ satisfy open quasiperiodicity
relations with additive theta-function terms emerging in translating by the
``period.'' Generalizing the well-known interpretation of theta functions as
sections of line bundles, the $K_\ell$ function enters the construction of a
section of a rank-$(\ell+1)$ bundle $V(\ell,\tau)$. We evaluate modular
transformations of the $K_\ell$ functions and construct the action of an
SL(2,Z) subgroup that leaves the section of $V(\ell,\tau)$ constructed from
$K_\ell$ invariant.
  Modular transformation properties of $K_\ell$ are applied to the affine Lie
superalgebra ^sl(2|1) at rational level k>-1 and to the N=2 super-Virasoro
algebra, to derive modular transformations of ``admissible'' characters, which
are not periodic under the spectral flow and cannot therefore be rationally
expressed through theta functions. This gives an example where constructing a
modular group action involves extensions among representations in a nonrational
conformal model.Comment: amsart++, xy, times. 46pp. References added, minor change
Aharonov-Bohm effect and nucleon-nucleon phase shifts on the lattice

We propose a method for the lattice QCD computation of nucleon-nucleon
low-energy interactions. It consists in simulating QCD in the background of a
''electromagnetic" field whose potential is non-vanishing, but whose field
strength is zero. By tuning the background field, phase-shifts at any (but
small) momenta can be determined by measuring the shift of the ground state
energy. Lattice sizes as small as 5 Fermi can be sufficient for the calculation
of phase shifts up to momenta of order of $m_{\pi}/2$
Brane world cosmology without the Z_2 symmetry.

The Friedmann equation for a positive tension brane situated between two bulk spacetimes that posses the same 5D cosmological constant, but which does not posses a Z2 symmetry of the metric itself is derived, and the possible effects of dropping the Z2 symmetry on the expansion of our Universe are examined; cosmological constraints are discussed. We show the effect of this is an inflation-like period at very early times. The global solutions for the metric in the infinite extra dimension case are found and comparison with the symmetric case is made. We show that any brane world senario of this type must revert to a Z2 symmetric form at late times, and hence rule out certain proposed scenarios
Extreme Energy Cosmic Rays (EECR) Observation Capabilities of an
  ``Airwatch from Space'' Mission

The longitudinal development and other characteristics of the EECR induced
atmospheric showers can be studied from space by detecting the fluorescence
light induced in the atmospheric nitrogen. According to the Airwatch concept a
single fast detector can be used for measuring both intensity and time
development of the streak of fluorescence light produced by the atmospheric
shower induced by an EECR. In the present communication the detection
capabilities for the EECR observation from space are discussed.Comment: 3 pages (LaTeX). To appear in the Proceedings of TAUP'9
Rigged Hilbert Space Treatment of Continuous Spectrum

The ability of the Rigged Hilbert Space formalism to deal with continuous
spectrum is demonstrated within the example of the square barrier potential.
The non-square integrable solutions of the time-independent Schrodinger
equation are used to define Dirac kets, which are (generalized) eigenvectors of
the Hamiltonian. These Dirac kets are antilinear functionals over the space of
physical wave functions. They are also basis vectors that expand any physical
wave function in a Dirac basis vector expansion. It is shown that an acceptable
physical wave function must fulfill stronger conditions than just square
integrability--the space of physical wave functions is not the whole Hilbert
space but rather a dense subspace of the Hilbert space. We construct the
position and energy representations of the Rigged Hilbert Space generated by
the square barrier potential Hamiltonian. We shall also construct the unitary
operator that transforms from the position into the energy representation. We
shall see that in the energy representation the Dirac kets act as the
antilinear Schwartz delta functional. In constructing the Rigged Hilbert Space
of the square barrier potential, we will find a systematic procedure to
construct the Rigged Hilbert Space of a large class of spherically symmetric
potentials. The example of the square barrier potential will also make apparent
that the natural framework for the solutions of a Schrodinger operator with
continuous spectrum is the Rigged Hilbert Space rather than just the Hilbert
space.Comment: RevTex, 32 page
Children’s understanding of the relationship between addition and subtraction

This article was published in the journal, Cognition [© Elsevier]. The definitive version is available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2007.12.007In learning mathematics, children must master fundamental logical relationships, including the inverse relationship between addition and subtraction. At the start of elementary school, children lack generalized understanding of this relationship in the context of exact arithmetic problems: they fail to judge, for example, that 12 + 9 − 9 yields 12. Here, we investigate whether preschool children’s approximate number knowledge nevertheless supports understanding of this relationship. Five-year-old children were more accurate on approximate large-number arithmetic problems that involved an inverse transformation than those that did not, when problems were presented in either non-symbolic or symbolic form. In contrast they showed no advantage for problems involving an inverse transformation when exact arithmetic was involved. Prior to formal schooling, children therefore show generalized understanding of at least one logical principle of arithmetic. The teaching of mathematics may be enhanced by building on this understanding
Covariant hamiltonian spin dynamics in curved space-time

The dynamics of spinning particles in curved space-time is discussed,
emphasizing the hamiltonian formulation. Different choices of hamiltonians
allow for the description of different gravitating systems. We give full
results for the simplest case with minimal hamiltonian, constructing constants
of motion including spin. The analysis is illustrated by the example of motion
in Schwarzschild space-time. We also discuss a non-minimal extension of the
hamiltonian giving rise to a gravitational equivalent of the Stern-Gerlach
force. We show that this extension respects a large class of known constants of
motion for the minimal case.Comment: 14 pages, accepted version for Phys Lett B, added a footnote and two
  reference
High redshift galaxies in the ALHAMBRA survey: I. selection method and
  number counts based on redshift PDFs

Context. Most observational results on the high redshift restframe UV-bright
galaxies are based on samples pinpointed using the so called dropout technique
or Ly-alpha selection. However, the availability of multifilter data allows now
replacing the dropout selections by direct methods based on photometric
redshifts. In this paper we present the methodology to select and study the
population of high redshift galaxies in the ALHAMBRA survey data. Aims. Our aim
is to develop a less biased methodology than the traditional dropout technique
to study the high redshift galaxies in ALHAMBRA and other multifilter data.
Thanks to the wide area ALHAMBRA covers, we especially aim at contributing in
the study of the brightest, less frequent, high redshift galaxies. Methods. The
methodology is based on redshift probability distribution functions (zPDFs). It
is shown how a clean galaxy sample can be obtained by selecting the galaxies
with high integrated probability of being within a given redshift interval.
However, reaching both a complete and clean sample with this method is
challenging. Hence, a method to derive statistical properties by summing the
zPDFs of all the galaxies in the redshift bin of interest is introduced.
Results. Using this methodology we derive the galaxy rest frame UV number
counts in five redshift bins centred at z=2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, and 4.5, being
complete up to the limiting magnitude at m_UV(AB)=24. With the wide field
ALHAMBRA data we especially contribute in the study of the brightest ends of
these counts, sampling well the surface densities down to m_UV(AB)=21-22.
Conclusions. We show that using the zPDFs it is easy to select a clean sample
of high redshift galaxies. We also show that statistical analysis of the
properties of galaxies is better done using a probabilistic approach, which
takes into account both the incompleteness and contamination in a natural way.Comment: 16 pages, 11 figures; Accepted for A&A; language correcte
Adiabatic hydrodynamics: The eightfold way to dissipation

We provide a complete solution to hydrodynamic transport at all orders in the
gradient expansion compatible with the second law constraint. The key new
ingredient we introduce is the notion of adiabaticity, which allows us to take
hydrodynamics off-shell. Adiabatic fluids are such that off-shell dynamics of
the fluid compensates for entropy production. The space of adiabatic fluids is
quite rich, and admits a decomposition into seven distinct classes. Together
with the dissipative class this establishes the eightfold way of hydrodynamic
transport. Furthermore, recent results guarantee that dissipative terms beyond
leading order in the gradient expansion are agnostic of the second law. While
this completes a transport taxonomy, we go on to argue for a new symmetry
principle, an Abelian gauge invariance that guarantees adiabaticity in
hydrodynamics. We suggest that this symmetry is the macroscopic manifestation
of the microscopic KMS invariance. We demonstrate its utility by explicitly
constructing effective actions for adiabatic transport. The theory of adiabatic
fluids, we speculate, provides a useful starting point for a new framework to
describe non-equilibrium dynamics, wherein dissipative effects arise by
Higgsing the Abelian symmetry.Comment: 215 pages, 3 figures. v2: minor changes in Appendix. v3: typos fixed,
  refs added. v4: fixed minor mistakes and typo
Transplanckian axions !?

We discuss quantum gravitational effects in Einstein theory coupled to
periodic axion scalars to analyze the viability of several proposals to achieve
superplanckian axion periods (aka decay constants) and their possible
application to large field inflation models. The effects we study correspond to
the nucleation of euclidean gravitational instantons charged under the axion,
and our results are essentially compatible with (but independent of) the Weak
Gravity Conjecture, as follows: Single axion theories with superplanckian
periods contain gravitational instantons inducing sizable higher harmonics in
the axion potential, which spoil superplanckian inflaton field range. A similar
result holds for multi-axion models with lattice alignment (like the
Kim-Nilles-Peloso model). Finally, theories with $N$ axions can still achieve a
moderately superplanckian periodicity (by a $\sqrt{N}$ factor) with no higher
harmonics in the axion potential. The Weak Gravity Conjecture fails to hold in
this case due to the absence of some instantons, which are forbidden by a
discrete $\mathbf{Z}_N$ gauge symmetry. Finally we discuss the realization of
these instantons as euclidean D-branes in string compactifications.Comment: 46 pages, 6 figures. Added references, clarifications, and missing
  factor of 1/2 to instanton action. Conclusions unchange
GRB hosts through cosmic time - VLT/X-Shooter emission-line spectroscopy
  of 96 GRB-selected galaxies at 0.1 < z < 3.6

[Abridged] We present data and initial results from VLT/X-Shooter
emission-line spectroscopy of 96 GRB-selected galaxies at 0.1<z<3.6, the
largest sample of GRB host spectroscopy available to date. Most of our GRBs
were detected by Swift and 76% are at 0.5<z<2.5 with a median z~1.6. Based on
Balmer and/or forbidden lines of oxygen, nitrogen, and neon, we measure
systemic redshifts, star formation rates (SFRs), visual attenuations, oxygen
abundances (12+log(O/H)), and emission-line widths. We find a strong change of
the typical physical properties of GRB hosts with redshift. The median SFR, for
example, increases from ~0.6 M_sun/yr at z~0.6 up to ~15 M_sun/yr at z~2. A
higher ratio of [OIII]/[OII] at higher redshifts leads to an increasing
distance of GRB-selected galaxies to the locus of local galaxies in the BPT
diagram. Oxygen abundances of the galaxies are distributed between
12+log(O/H)=7.9 and 12+log(O/H)=9.0 with a median of 12+log(O/H)~8.5. The
fraction of GRB-selected galaxies with super-solar metallicities is around 20%
at z<1 in the adopted metallicity scale. This is significantly less than the
fraction of star formation in similar galaxies, illustrating that GRBs are
scarce in high-metallicity environments. At z~3, sensitivity limits us to
probing only the most luminous GRB hosts for which we derive metallicities of Z
~< 0.5 Z_sun. Together with a high incidence of galaxies with similar
metallicity in our sample at z~1.5, this indicates that the metallicity
dependence observed at low redshift will not be dominant at z~3.Comment: 33 pages, 21 figures, published in A&A 581, A125 (2015
Identification of spin wave modes strongly coupled to a co-axial cavity

We demonstrate, at room temperature, the strong coupling of the fundamental
and non-uniform magnetostatic modes of an yttrium iron garnet (YIG)
ferrimagnetic sphere to the electromagnetic modes of a co-axial cavity. The
well-defined field profile within the cavity yields a specific coupling
strength for each magnetostatic mode. We experimentally measure the coupling
strength for the different magnetostatic modes and, by calculating the expected
coupling strengths, are able to identify the modes themselves.Comment: 9 Pages, 3 figures, 1 tabl
Searching for Heavier Higgs Boson via Di-Higgs Production at LHC Run-2

The LHC discovery of a light Higgs particle $h^0$ (125GeV) opens up new
prospect for searching heavier Higgs boson(s) at the LHC Run-2, which will
unambiguously point to new physics beyond the standard model (SM). We study the
detection of a heavier neutral Higgs boson $H^0$ via di-Higgs production
channel at the LHC (14TeV), $H^0 \to h^0h^0 \to WW^*\gamma\gamma$. This
directly probes the $Hhh$ cubic Higgs interaction, which exists in most
extensions of the SM Higgs sector. For the decay products of final states
$WW^*$, we include both pure leptonic mode $WW^* \to
\ell\bar{\nu}\bar{\ell}\nu$ and semi-leptonic mode $WW^* \to q\bar{q}'\ell\nu$.
We analyze signals and backgrounds by performing fast detector simulation for
the full processes $pp \to H \to hh \to WW^*\gamma\gamma \to
\ell\bar{\nu}\bar{\ell}\nu\gamma\gamma$ and $pp \to H \to hh \to
WW^*\gamma\gamma \to \ell\nu q\bar{q}'\gamma\gamma$, over the mass range
$M_H=250-600$GeV. For generic two-Higgs-doublet models (2HDM), we present the
discovery reach of the heavier Higgs boson at the LHC Run-2, and compare it
with the current Higgs global fit of the 2HDM parameter space.Comment: Phys.Lett.B Final Version. 16pp (9 Figs + 4 Tables). Only minor
  refinements, references adde
HERschel Observations of Edge-on Spirals (HEROES). II: Tilted-ring
  modelling of the atomic gas disks

Context. Edge-on galaxies can offer important insights in galaxy evolution as
they are the only systems where the distribution of the different components
can be studied both radially and vertically. The HEROES project was designed to
investigate the interplay between the gas, dust, stars and dark matter (DM) in
a sample of 7 massive edge-on spiral galaxies.
  Aims. In this second HEROES paper we present an analysis of the atomic gas
content of 6 out of 7 galaxies in our sample. The remaining galaxy was recently
analysed according to the same strategy. The primary aim of this work is to
constrain the surface density distribution, the rotation curve and the geometry
of the gas disks in a homogeneous way. In addition we identify peculiar
features and signs of recent interactions.
  Methods. We construct detailed tilted-ring models of the atomic gas disks
based on new GMRT 21-cm observations of NGC 973 and UGC 4277 and re-reduced
archival HI data of NGC 5907, NGC 5529, IC 2531 and NGC 4217. Potential
degeneracies between different models are resolved by requiring a good
agreement with the data in various representations of the data cubes.
  Results. From our modelling we find that all but one galaxy are warped along
the major axis. In addition, we identify warps along the line of sight in three
galaxies. A flaring gas layer is required to reproduce the data only for one
galaxy, but (moderate) flares cannot be ruled for the other galaxies either. A
coplanar ring-like structure is detected outside the main disk of NGC 4217,
which we suggest could be the remnant of a recent minor merger event. We also
find evidence for a radial inflow of 15 +- 5 km/s in the disk of NGC 5529,
which might be related to the ongoing interaction with two nearby companions.
(Abridged)Comment: 39 pages, 38 figures, Accepted for publication in Astronomy &
  Astrophysic
Possible large $CP$ violation in three body decays of heavy baryon

We propose a new mechanism which can introduce large $CP$ asymmetries in the
phase spaces of three-body decays of heavy baryons. In this mechanism, a large
$CP$ asymmetry is induced by the interference of two intermediate resonances,
which subsequently decay into two different combinations of final particles. We
apply this mechanism to the decay channel $\Lambda_b^0 \to p \pi^0\pi^-$, and
find that the differential $CP$ asymmetry can reach as large as $50\%$, while
the regional $CP$ asymmetry can reach as large as $16\%$ in the interference
region of the phase space.Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures, 2nd version accepted by Phys. Lett.
Search for the $b\bar{b}$ decay of the Standard Model Higgs boson in associated $(W/Z)H$ production with the ATLAS detector

A search for the $b\bar{b}$ decay of the Standard Model Higgs boson is performed with the ATLAS experiment using the full dataset recorded at the LHC in Run 1. The integrated luminosities used from $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ and 8 TeV are 4.7 and 20.3 fb$^{-1}$, respectively. The processes considered are associated $(W/Z)H$ production, where $W\to e\nu/\mu\nu$, $Z\to ee/\mu\mu$ and $Z\to\nu\nu$. The observed (expected) deviation from the background-only hypothesis corresponds to a significance of 1.4 (2.6) standard deviations and the ratio of the measured signal yield to the Standard Model expectation is found to be $\mu = 0.52 \pm 0.32 \mathrm{(stat.)} \pm 0.24 \mathrm{(syst.)}$ for a Higgs boson mass of 125.36 GeV. The analysis procedure is validated by a measurement of the yield of $(W/Z)Z$ production with $Z\to b\bar{b}$ in the same final states as for the Higgs boson search, from which the ratio of the observed signal yield to the Standard Model expectation is found to be $0.74 \pm 0.09 \mathrm{(stat.)} \pm 0.14 \mathrm{(syst.)}$
Contrasting responses of two passerine bird species to moose browsing

Large herbivores may modify the ecosystem in a way that affects habitat quality and resource availability for
other fauna. The increase in wild ungulate abundance in many areas may therefore lead to ecosystem changes,
affecting distribution and reproduction of other species. Moose (Alces alces) in Scandinavia is a good example of
a herbivore that has recently increased in abundance, and has the potential to affect the ecosystem. In this study
we investigated how different levels of moose winter activity around supplementary feeding stations for moose
affect reproduction in two insectivorous passerines: great tits (Parus major) and pied flycatchers (Ficedula
hypoleuca). The two bird species showed contrasting responses to high moose activity at feeding stations. Great
tits avoided habitats with high moose activity, where fledging success and feeding frequency was lower than at
low moose activity habitats. Flycatchers nested more often at high moose activity habitats where fledging weight
and feeding frequency were higher than at low moose activity habitats. Filming of nest boxes with great tits
showed an increase in adult Lepidoptera in the diet at supplementary feeding stations for moose, and a smaller
size of caterpillar prey at intermediate moose activity. The results support the hypothesis that herbivores may
affect insectivorous passerines through changed arthropod food availability
New spin Calogero-Sutherland models related to B-N-type Dunkl operators

We construct several new families of exactly and quasi-exactly solvable BCN-type Calogero-Sutherland models with internal degrees of freedom. Our approach is based on the introduction of a new family of Dunkl operators of B-N type which, together with the original B-N-type Dunkl operators, are shown to preserve certain polynomial subspaces of finite dimension. We prove that a wide class of quadratic combinations involving these three sets of Dunkl operators always yields a spin Calogero-Sutherland model, which is (quasi-)exactly solvable by construction. We show that all the spin Calogero-Sutherland models obtainable within this framework can be expressed in a unified way in terms of a Weierstrass rho function with suitable half-periods. This provides a natural spin counterpart of the well-known general formula for a scalar completely integrable potential of BCN type due to Olshanetsky and Perelomov. As an illustration of our method, we exactly compute several energy levels and their corresponding wavefunctions of an elliptic quasi-exactly solvable potential for two and three particles of spin 1/2
Stellar population gradients in bulges along the Hubble sequence - II. Relations with galaxy properties

We present the analysis of the radial gradients of stellar absorption lines in a sample of 32 bulges of edge-on spiral galaxies, spanning nearly the full Hubble sequence (from S0 to Sc types), and a large range of velocity dispersion (from about 60 to 300 km s^-1). Different diagnostics such as index-index, gradient-gradient diagrams, and simple stellar population models are used to tackle the origin of the variation of the bulge stellar population. We find that the vast majority of bulges show older age, lower metallicity and higher [α/Fe] in their outer regions than in their central parts. The radial gradients in [Fe/H] are 2 to 3 times larger than in Log(age). The relation between gradient and bulge velocity dispersion is interpreted as a gradual build up of the gradient mean values and their dispersions from high to low velocity dispersion, rather than a pure correlation. The bulge effective radii and the Hubble type of the parent galaxies seem to play a more minor role in causing the observed spatial distributions. At a given velocity dispersion, bulges and ellipticals share common properties