pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
The transition to a layered phase in the anisotropic five-dimensional
  SU(2) Yang-Mills theory

We extend to large lattices the work of a previous investigation of the phase
diagram of the anisotropic five-dimensional SU(2) Yang-Mills model using Monte
Carlo simulations in the regime where the lattice spacing in the fifth
dimension is larger than in the other four dimensions. We find a first order
phase transition between the confining and deconfining phase at the anisotropic
parameter point $\beta_4=2.60$ which was previously claimed to be the critical
point at which the order of the transition changes from first to second. We
conclude that large lattices are required to establish the first order nature
of this line of transitions and consequently that the scenario of dimensional
reduction of the five-dimensional theory to a continuum four-dimensional theory
via the existence of the so-called "layer phase" is unpromising.Comment: 5 pages, 1 table, 6 figure
Fragmentation of massive dense cores down to ~1000 AU: Relation between
  fragmentation and density structure

In order to shed light on the main physical processes controlling
fragmentation of massive dense cores, we present a uniform study of the density
structure of 19 massive dense cores, selected to be at similar evolutionary
stages, for which their relative fragmentation level was assessed in a previous
work. We inferred the density structure of the 19 cores through a simultaneous
fit of the radial intensity profiles at 450 and 850 micron (or 1.2 mm in two
cases) and the Spectral Energy Distribution, assuming spherical symmetry and
that the density and temperature of the cores decrease with radius following
power-laws. We find a weak (inverse) trend of fragmentation level and density
power-law index, with steeper density profiles tending to show lower
fragmentation, and vice versa. In addition, we find a trend of fragmentation
increasing with density within a given radius, which arises from a combination
of flat density profile and high central density and is consistent with Jeans
fragmentation. We considered the effects of rotational-to-gravitational energy
ratio, non-thermal velocity dispersion, and turbulence mode on the density
structure of the cores, and found that compressive turbulence seems to yield
higher central densities. Finally, a possible explanation for the origin of
cores with concentrated density profiles, which are the cores showing no
fragmentation, could be related with a strong magnetic field, consistent with
the outcome of radiation magnetohydrodynamic simulations.Comment: accepted for publication in ApJ; a version with all (high resolution)
  figures is available at: http://www.ice.csic.es/files/palau/Palau14.pd
Quantization of a Scalar Field in Two Poincar\'e Patches of Anti-de
  Sitter Space and AdS/CFT

Two sets of modes of a massive free scalar field are quantized in a pair of
Poincar\'e patches of Lorentzian anti-de Sitter (AdS) space, AdS$_{d+1}$ ($d
\geq 2$). It is shown that in Poincar\'e coordinates $(r,t,\vec{x})$, the two
boundaries at $r=\pm \infty$ are connected. When the scalar mass $m$ satisfies
a condition $0 < \nu=\sqrt{(d^2/4)+(m\ell)^2} <1$, there exist two sets of mode
solutions to Klein-Gordon equation, with distinct fall-off behaviors at the
boundary. By using the fact that the boundaries at $r=\pm \infty$ are
connected, a conserved Klein-Gordon norm can be defined for these two sets of
scalar modes, and these modes are canonically quantized. Energy is also
conserved. A prescription within the approximation of semi-classical gravity is
presented for computing two- and three-point functions of the operators in the
boundary CFT, which correspond to the two fall-off behaviours of scalar field
solutions.Comment: 35 pages, 8 figures; ver.2: Fig.5, fig. 6 and subsection 2.4
  modified; ver.3: Abstract and subsection 2.4 changed. Two figures removed and
  one figure added. 33 page
On Quantization of AdS3 Gravity I: Semi-Classical Analysis

In this work we explore ideas in quantizing AdS$_3$ Einstein gravity. We
start with the most general solution to the 3d gravity theory which respects
Brown-Henneaux boundary conditions. These solutions are specified by two
holomorphic functions and satisfy simple superposition rule. These geometries
generically have a bifurcate Killing horizon (with a noncompact bifurcation
curve) which is not an event horizon and are hence not black holes.
Nonetheless, there are superpositions of these geometries which have event
horizon. We propose to view these geometries as "semiclassical fuzzball
microstates" of BTZ black holes appearing as superposition of these geometries.
The details of quantization of these semiclassical microstates will be
discussed in an upcoming work.Comment: 28 pages, minor change
Spinning strings in AdS_3 x S^3 with NS-NS flux

The sigma model describing closed strings rotating in AdS_3 x S^3 is known to
reduce to the one-dimensional Neumann-Rosochatius integrable system. In this
article we show that closed spinning strings in AdS_3 x S^3 x T^4 in the
presence of NS-NS three-form flux can be described by an extension of the
Neumann-Rosochatius system. We consider closed strings rotating with one spin
in AdS_3 and two different angular momenta in S^3. For a class of solutions
with constant radii we find the dependence of the classical energy on the spin
and the angular momenta as an expansion in the square of the 't Hooft coupling
of the theory.Comment: 14 pages. Latex. v2: Equations (3.19) and (3.28) corrected and
  reference added. v3: Expanded discussion on the WZW limit and additional
  references. Published version. v4: Misprints correcte
Non-supersymmetric Orientifolds with D-branes at Angles

We present special classes of orientifold models involving supersymmetry
breaking via branes at angles. Type II superstring theories are compactified on
a two torus times a four-dimensional orbifold. Combining worldsheet parity with
a reflection of half of the compact coordinates leads to D6-branes at angles
which are mapped onto each other by the orbifold group, while applying the
geometric action only along one coordinate leads to intersecting D8-branes with
non-trivial transformation properties under the orbifold group. The models
differ in the gauge groups and matter content.Comment: 6 pages, to appear in the proceedings of the RTN meeting ``The
  Quantum Structure of Spacetime and the Geometric Nature of Fundamental
  Interactions'', (Corfu, September 2001
Ground state properties of exotic nuclei near Z=40 in the relativistic mean-field theory

Study of the ground-state properties of Kr, Sr and Zr isotopes has been performed in the framework of the relativistic mean field (RMF) theory using the recently proposed relativistic parameter set NL-SH. It is shown that the RMF theory provides an unified and excellent description of the binding energies, isotope shifts and deformation properties of nuclei over a large range of isospin in the Z=40 region. It is observed that the RMF theory with the force NL-SH is able to describe the anomalous kinks in isotope shifts in Kr and Sr nuclei, the problem which has hitherto remained unresolved. This is in contrast with the density-dependent Skyrme Hartree-Fock approach which does not reproduce the behaviour of the isotope shifts about shell closure. On the Zr chain we predict that the isotope shifts exhibit a trend similar to that of the Kr and Sr nuclei. The RMF theory also predicts shape coexistence in heavy Sr isotopes. Several dramatic shape transitions in the isotopic chains are shown to be a general feature of nuclei in this region. A comparison of the properties with the available mass models shows that the results of the RMF theory are generally in accord with the predictions of the finite-range droplet model
The Precision Monte Carlo Event Generator KK For Two-Fermion Final States In $e^{+}e^{-}$ Collisions

We present the Monte Carlo event generator KK version 4.12 for precision predictions of the Electroweak Standard Model for the process $e^+e^-\to $b,c,\tau$-factories etc. Effects due to photon emission from initial beams and outgoing fermions are calculated in QED up to second order, including all interference effects, within Coherent Exclusive Exponentiation (CEEX), which is based on Yennie-Frautschi-Suura exponentiation. Electroweak corrections are included in first order, with higher order extensions, using the DIZET 6.x library. Final state quarks hadronize according to the parton shower model using JETSET. Beams can be polarized longitudinally and transversely. Decay of the tau leptons is simulated using the TAUOLA library, taking into account spin polarization effects as well. In particular the complete spin correlations density matrix of the initial state beams and final state tau's is incorporated in an exact manner. Effects due to beamstrahlung are simulated in a realistic way. The main improvements with respect to KORALZ are: (a) inclusion of the initial-final state QED interference, (b) inclusion of the exact matrix element for two photons, and (c) inclusion of the transverse spin correlations i
The space of local operators in perturbed conformal field theories,

The space of local operators in massive deformations of conformal field
theories is analysed. For several model systems it is shown that one can define
chiral sectors in the theory, such that the chiral field content is in a
one-to-one correspondence with that of the underlying conformal field theory.
The full space of operators consists of the descendent spaces of all scalar
fields. If the theory contains asymptotic states which satisfy generalised
statistics, the form factor equations admit in addition also solutions
corresponding to the descendent spaces of the para-fermionic operators of the
same spin as the asymptotic states. The derivation of these results uses
$q$-sum expressions for the characters and $q$-difference equations used in
proving Rogers-Ramanujan type identities.Comment: 38 pages, LaTeX, to appear in Nuclear Physics B
Conformal and Nonconformal Symmetries in 2d Dilaton gravity

We study finite-dimensional extra symmetries of generic 2D dilaton gravity
models. Using a non-linear sigma model formulation we show that the unique
theories admitting an extra (conformal) symmetry are the models with an
exponential potential $V \propto e^{\beta\phi}$ ($ S ={1\over2\pi} \int d^2 x
\sqrt{-g} [ R \phi + 4 \lambda^2 e^{\beta\phi} ]$), which include the CGHS
model as a particular though limiting ($\beta=0$) case. These models give rise
to black hole solutions with a mass-dependent temperature. The underlying extra
symmetry can be maintained in a natural way in the one-loop effective action,
thus implying the exact solubility of the semiclassical theory including
back-reaction. Moreover, we also introduce three different classes of
(non-conformal) transformations which are extra symmetries for generic 2D
dilaton gravity models. Special linear combinations of these transformations
turn out to be the (conformal) symmetries of the CGHS and $V \propto
e^{\beta\phi}$ models. We show that one of the non-conformal extra symmetries
can be converted into a conformal one by means of adequate field redefinitions
involving the metric and the derivatives of the dilaton. Finally, by expressing
the Polyakov-Liouville effective action in terms of an invariant metric, we are
able to provide semiclassical models which are also invariant. This generalizes
the solvable semiclassical model of Bose, Parker and Peleg (BPP) for a generic
2D dilaton gravity model.Comment: Latex, no figures. Revised version published i
Tight bounds on quantum searching

We provide a tight analysis of Grover's recent algorithm for quantum database
searching. We give a simple closed-form formula for the probability of success
after any given number of iterations of the algorithm. This allows us to
determine the number of iterations necessary to achieve almost certainty of
finding the answer. Furthermore, we analyse the behaviour of the algorithm when
the element to be found appears more than once in the table and we provide a
new algorithm to find such an element even when the number of solutions is not
known ahead of time. Using techniques from Shor's quantum factoring algorithm
in addition to Grover's approach, we introduce a new technique for approximate
quantum counting, which allows to estimate the number of solutions. Finally we
provide a lower bound on the efficiency of any possible quantum database
searching algorithm and we show that Grover's algorithm nearly comes within a
factor 2 of being optimal in terms of the number of probes required in the
table.Comment: 8 pages, LaTeX2e, PhysComp 96 submissio
Genomic Analysis Identifies Targets of Convergent Positive Selection in Drug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is successfully evolving antibiotic resistance, threatening attempts at tuberculosis epidemic control. Mechanisms of resistance, including the genetic changes favored by selection in resistant isolates, are incompletely understood. Using 116 newly and 7 previously sequenced M. tuberculosis genomes, we identified genomewide signatures of positive selection specific to the 47 resistant genomes. By searching for convergent evolution, the independent fixation of mutations at the same nucleotide site or gene, we recovered 100% of a set of known resistance markers. We also found evidence of positive selection in an additional 39 genomic regions in resistant isolates. These regions encode pathways of cell wall biosynthesis, transcriptional regulation and DNA repair. Mutations in these regions could directly confer resistance or compensate for fitness costs associated with resistance. Functional genetic analysis of mutations in one gene, ponA1, demonstrated an in vitro growth advantage in the presence of the drug rifampicin
Yang-Baxter deformations, AdS/CFT, and twist-noncommutative gauge theory

We give an AdS/CFT interpretation to homogeneous Yang-Baxter deformations of
the AdS_5 x S^5 superstring as noncommutative deformations of the dual gauge
theory, going well beyond the canonical noncommutative case. These homogeneous
Yang-Baxter deformations can be of so-called abelian or jordanian type. While
abelian deformations have a clear interpretation in string theory and many
already had well understood gauge theory duals, jordanian deformations appear
novel on both counts. We discuss the symmetry structure of the deformed string
from the uniformizing perspective of Drinfeld twists and indicate that this
structure can be realized on the gauge theory side by considering theories on
various noncommutative spaces. We then conjecture that these are the gauge
theory duals of our strings, modulo subtleties involving singularities. We
support this conjecture by a brane construction for two jordanian examples,
corresponding to noncommutative spaces with [x^-,x^i] ~ x^i (i=1,2). We also
discuss kappa-Minkowski type deformations of AdS_5 x S^5, one of which may be
the gravity dual of gauge theory on spacelike kappa-Minkowski space.Comment: v5, published version up to formatting, 32 page
Dynamics of aerosol size during inhalation :
                    Hygroscopic growth of commercial nebulizer formulations

We thank the Elizabeth Blackwell Institute (EBI) for financial support through the EBI Early Career Research Fellowship awarded to AEH, and the EPSRC for financial support through a Leadership Fellowship awarded to JPR (grant reference EP/G007713/1). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are creditedThe size of aerosol particles prior to, and during, inhalation influences the site of deposition within the lung. As such, a detailed understanding of the hygroscopic growth of an aerosol during inhalation is necessary to accurately model the deposited dose. In the first part of this study, it is demonstrated that the aerosol produced by a nebulizer, depending on the airflows rates, may experience a (predictable) wide range of relative humidity prior to inhalation and undergo dramatic changes in both size and solute concentration. A series of sensitive single aerosol analysis techniques are then used to make measurements of the relative humidity dependent thermodynamic equilibrium properties of aerosol generated from four common nebulizer formulations. Measurements are also reported of the kinetics of mass transport during the evaporation or condensation of water from the aerosol. Combined, these measurements allow accurate prediction of the temporal response of the aerosol size prior to and during inhalation. Specifically, we compare aerosol composed of pure saline (150 mM sodium chloride solution in ultrapure water) with two commercially available nebulizer products containing relatively low compound doses: Breath, consisting of a simple salbutamol sulfate solution (5 mg/2.5 mL; 1.7 mM) in saline, and Flixotide Nebules, consisting of a more complex stabilized fluticasone propionate suspension (0.25 mg/mL; 0.5 mM in saline. A mimic of the commercial product Tobi (60 mg/mL tobramycin and 2.25 mg/mL NaC1, pH 5.5-6.5) is also studied, which was prepared in house. In all cases, the presence of the pharmaceutical was shown to have a profound effect on the magnitude, and in some cases the rate, of the mass flux of water to and from the aerosol as compared to saline. These findings provide physical chemical evidence supporting observations from human inhalation studies, and suggest that using the growth dynamics of a pure saline aerosol in a lung inhalation model to represent nebulizer formulations may not be representative of the actual behavior of the aerosolized drug solutions. (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V
P-MaNGA : gradients in recent star formation histories as diagnostics for galaxy growth and death

C.L. acknowledges the support of the 100 Talents Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). This work is supported by NSFC (11173045, 11233005, 11325314, 11320101002), by the Strategic Priority Research Program "The Emergence of Cosmological Structures" of CAS (grant No. XDB09000000), and by World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI Initiative), MEXT, Japan. We have made use of data from HyperLeda for our work. Funding for SDSS-III and SDSS-IV has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and Participating Institutions. Additional funding for SDSS-III comes from the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science.We present an analysis of the data produced by the MaNGA prototype run (P-MaNGA), aiming to test how the radial gradients in recent star formation histories, as indicated by the 4000AA-break (D4000), Hdelta absorption (EW(Hd_A)) and Halpha emission (EW(Ha)) indices, can be useful for understanding disk growth and star formation cessation in local galaxies. We classify 12 galaxies observed on two P-MaNGA plates as either centrally quiescent (CQ) or centrally star-forming (CSF), according to whether D4000 measured in the central spaxel of each datacube exceeds 1.6. For each galaxy we generate both 2D maps and radial profiles of D4000, EW(Hd_A) and EW(Ha). We find that CSF galaxies generally show very weak or no radial variation in these diagnostics. In contrast, CQ galaxies present significant radial gradients, in the sense that D4000 decreases, while both EW(Hd_A) and EW(Ha) increase from the galactic center outward. The outer regions of the galaxies show greater scatter on diagrams relating the three parameters than their central parts. In particular, the clear separation between centrally-measured quiescent and star-forming galaxies in these diagnostic planes is largely filled in by the outer parts of galaxies whose global colors place them in the green valley, supporting the idea that the green valley represents a transition between blue-cloud and red-sequence phases, at least in our small sample. These results are consistent with a picture in which the cessation of star formation propagates from the center of a galaxy outwards as it moves to the red sequence.PostprintPeer reviewe
Spitzer as a microlens parallax satellite : mass and distance measurements of the binary lens system OGLE-2014-BLG-1050L

We report the first mass and distance measurements of a caustic-crossing binary system OGLE-2014-BLG-1050 L using the space-based microlens parallax method. Spitzer captured the second caustic crossing of the event, which occurred ~10 days before that seen from Earth. Due to the coincidence that the source-lens relative motion was almost parallel to the direction of the binary-lens axis, the fourfold degeneracy, which was known before only to occur in single-lens events, persists in this case, leading to either a lower-mass (0.2 and 0.07 MΘ) binary at ~1.1 kpc or a higher-mass (0.9 and 0.35 MΘ) binary at ~3.5 kpc. However, the latter solution is strongly preferred for reasons including blending and lensing probability. OGLE-2014-BLG-1050 L demonstrates the power of microlens parallax in probing stellar and substellar binaries.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
Polyandry is context-dependent but not convenient in a mostly monandrous wasp

R.A.B. is supported by a NERC DTG studentship to R.A.B.Research over the past two decades suggests that polyandry is almost ubiquitous in nature. In some cases, females can gain direct and indirect (genetic) fitness benefits from mating with multiple males. However, when females accept superfluous matings without gaining any clear benefit, polyandry has been interpreted as a strategy to mitigate the costs of resisting or avoiding matings, a situation known as convenience polyandry. When females mate out of ‘convenience’ the mating rate is expected to be plastic, since females should mate at a higher rate when the costs of resistance or avoidance are high, for instance when males occur in high densities and/or around resources required by females such as oviposition sites. Here we show that remating in Nasonia vitripennis, a species of wasp that is largely monandrous in the wild but that evolves polyandry under laboratory culture, is dependent upon the availability of hosts for oviposition and upon male density. We found that females mated at a higher rate when male density was high but only if a suitable oviposition substrate was available. Outwardly this seems suggestive of convenience polyandry. However, females that remated under these conditions did not gain more time to oviposit than females that resisted superfluous matings. The results of this study highlight the importance of comprehensively assessing the costs and benefits of mating before attributing the observed behaviour to convenience polyandry. Furthermore, these results add to the growing body of evidence that the ecological context under which sexual interactions occur is critical to the economics of mating.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
Object tracking in surveillance videos using compressed domain features from scalable bit-streams

Recent developments in the video coding technology brought new possibilities of utilising inherently embedded features of the encoded bit-stream in applications such as video adaptation and analysis. Due to the proliferation of surveillance videos there is a strong demand for highly efficient and reliable algorithms for object tracking. This paper presents a new approach for the fast compressed domain analysis utilising motion data from the encoded bit-streams in order to achieve low-processing complexity of object tracking in the surveillance videos. The algorithm estimates the trajectory of video objects by using compressed domain motion vectors extracted directly from standard H.264/MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding (AVC) and Scalable Video Coding (SVC) bit-streams. The experimental results show comparable tracking precision when evaluated against the standard algorithms in uncompressed domain, while maintaining low computational complexity and fast processing time, thus making the algorithm suitable for real time and streaming applications where good estimates of object trajectories have to be computed fast. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved