pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Duality in the type-II superstring effective action

29 páginas, 2 tablas.-- El Pdf es la versión pre-print: arXiv:hep-th/9504081v4We derive the T-duality transformations that transform a general d = 10 solution of the type-IIA string with one isometry to a solution of the type-IIB string with one isometry and vice versa. In contrast to other superstring theories, the T-duality transformations are not related to a non-compact symmetry of a d = 9 supergravity theory. We also discuss S-duality in d = 9 and d = 10 and the relationship with eleven-dimensional supergravity theory. We apply these dualities to generate new solutions of the type-11A and type-IIB superstrings and of eleven-dimensional supergravity.The work of E.B. has been made possible by a fellowship of the Royal\ud
Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW). This work was supported by\ud
European Union Human Capital and Mobility program grants.Peer reviewe
What doesn't kill me. . .:Adversity-related experiences are vital in the development of superior Olympic performance

Objectives: Recent research suggests that experiencing some adversity can have beneficial outcomes for human growth and development. The purpose of this paper was to explore the adversities that the world's best athletes encounter and the perceived role that these experiences play in their psychological and performance development. Design: A qualitative design was employed because detailed information of rich quality was required to better understand adversity-related experiences in the world's best athletes. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 Olympic gold medalists from a variety of sports. Inductive thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Results: The findings indicate that the participants encountered a range of sport- and non-sport adversities that they considered were essential for winning their gold medals, including repeated non-selection, significant sporting failure, serious injury, political unrest, and the death of a family member. The participants described the role that these experiences played in their psychological and performance development, specifically focusing on their resultant trauma, motivation, and learning. Conclusions: Adversity-related experiences were deemed to be vital in the psychological and performance development of Olympic champions. In the future, researchers should conduct more in-depth comparative studies of Olympic athletes' adversity- and growth-related experiences, and draw on existing and alternative theoretical explanations of the growth-performance relationship. For professional practitioners, adversity-related experiences offer potential developmental opportunities if they are carefully and purposely harnessed
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis models derived from human embryonic stem cells with different superoxide dismutase 1 mutations exhibit differential drug responses.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative motor neuron (MN) disease. The gene encoding superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) is a causative element of familial ALS. Animal ALS models involving SOD1 gene mutations are widely used to study the underlying mechanisms of disease and facilitate drug discovery. Unfortunately, most drug candidates have failed in clinical trials, potentially due to species differences among rodents and humans. It is unclear, however, whether there are different responses to drugs among the causative genes of ALS or their associated mutations. In this study, to evaluate different SOD1 mutations, we generated SOD1-ALS models derived from human embryonic stem cells with identical genetic backgrounds, except for the overexpression of mutant variants of SOD1. The overexpression of mutant SOD1 did not affect pluripotency or MN differentiation. However, mutation-dependent reductions in neurite length were observed in MNs. Moreover, experiments investigating the effects of specific compounds revealed that each ALS model displayed different responses with respect to MN neurite length. These results suggest that SOD1 mutations could be classified based the response of MNs to drug treatment. This classification could be useful for the development of mutant-specific strategies for drug discovery and clinical trials
Chemokine (C-C Motif) Receptor 2 mediates dendritic cell recruitment to the human colon but is not responsible for differences observed in dendritic cell subsets, phenotype, and function between the proximal and distal colon

Background & Aims: Most knowledge about gastrointestinal (GI)-tract dendritic cells (DC) relies on murine studies where CD103+ DC specialize in generating immune tolerance with the functionality of CD11b+/− subsets being unclear. Information about human GI-DC is scarce, especially regarding regional specifications. Here, we characterized human DC properties throughout the human colon. Methods: Paired proximal (right/ascending) and distal (left/descending) human colonic biopsies from 95 healthy subjects were taken; DC were assessed by flow cytometry and microbiota composition assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results: Colonic DC identified were myeloid (mDC, CD11c+CD123−) and further divided based on CD103 and SIRPα (human analog of murine CD11b) expression. CD103-SIRPα+ DC were the major population and with CD103+SIRPα+ DC were CD1c+ILT3+CCR2+ (although CCR2 was not expressed on all CD103+SIRPα+ DC). CD103+SIRPα- DC constituted a minor subset that were CD141+ILT3−CCR2−. Proximal colon samples had higher total DC counts and fewer CD103+SIRPα+ cells. Proximal colon DC were more mature than distal DC with higher stimulatory capacity for CD4+CD45RA+ T-cells. However, DC and DC-invoked T-cell expression of mucosal homing markers (β7, CCR9) was lower for proximal DC. CCR2 was expressed on circulating CD1c+, but not CD141+ mDC, and mediated DC recruitment by colonic culture supernatants in transwell assays. Proximal colon DC produced higher levels of cytokines. Mucosal microbiota profiling showed a lower microbiota load in the proximal colon, but with no differences in microbiota composition between compartments. Conclusions: Proximal colonic DC subsets differ from those in distal colon and are more mature. Targeted immunotherapy using DC in T-cell mediated GI tract inflammation may therefore need to reflect this immune compartmentalization
A community-based geological reconstruction of Antarctic Ice Sheet deglaciation since the Last Glacial Maximum.

A robust understanding of Antarctic Ice Sheet deglacial history since the Last Glacial Maximum is important in order to constrain ice sheet and glacial-isostatic adjustment models, and to explore the forcing mechanisms responsible for ice sheet retreat. Such understanding can be derived from a broad range of geological and glaciological datasets and recent decades have seen an upsurge in such data gathering around the continent and Sub-Antarctic islands. Here, we report a new synthesis of those datasets, based on an accompanying series of reviews of the geological data, organised by sector. We present a series of timeslice maps for 20 ka, 15 ka, 10 ka and 5 ka, including grounding line position and ice sheet thickness changes, along with a clear assessment of levels of confidence. The reconstruction shows that the Antarctic Ice sheet did not everywhere reach the continental shelf edge at its maximum, that initial retreat was asynchronous, and that the spatial pattern of deglaciation was highly variable, particularly on the inner shelf. The deglacial reconstruction is consistent with a moderate overall excess ice volume and with a relatively small Antarctic contribution to meltwater pulse 1a. We discuss key areas of uncertainty both around the continent and by time interval, and we highlight potential priorities for future work. The synthesis is intended to be a resource for the modelling and glacial geological community
Rapid evolution of the cerebellum in humans and other great apes.

Humans’ unique cognitive abilities are usually attributed to a greatly expanded neocortex, which has been described as ‘‘the crowning achievement of evolution and the biological substrate of human mental prowess’’ [1]. The human cerebellum, however, contains four times more neurons than the neocortex [2] and is attracting increasing attention for its wide range of cognitive functions. Using a method for detecting evolutionary rate changes along the branches of phylogenetic trees, we show that the cerebellum underwent rapid size increase throughout the evolution of apes, including humans, expanding significantly faster than predicted\ud
by the change in neocortex size. As a result, humans and other apes deviated significantly fromthe general evolutionary trend for neocortex and cerebellum to change in tandem, having significantly larger cerebella relative to neocortex size than other anthropoid primates. These results suggest that cerebellar specialization was a far more important component of human brain evolution than hitherto recognized and that technical intelligence was likely to have been at least as important as social intelligence in human cognitive evolution. Given the role of the cerebellum in sensory-motor control and in learning complex action sequences, cerebellar specialization is likely to have underpinned the evolution of humans’ advanced technological capacities, which in turn may have been a preadaptation for language
Relating molecular morphology to charge mobility in semicrystalline conjugated polymers.

The molecular-level origins of the effects of annealing temperature and molecular weight on hole mobility in P3HT are elucidated using coarse-grained molecular dynamics, quantum chemical calculations, and kinetic Monte Carlo charge-transport simulations on a variety of realistic thin-film morphologies. The zero-field hole mobility is shown to increase as the annealing temperature or average molecular weights of samples are increased, in accordance with experimental results. Crystal structure analysis shows that the annealing temperature dependence of the mobility can be attributed to the size and structural order of the crystallites in both the chain-backbone and π-stacking directions. However, the molecular weight dependence of the mobility cannot be rationalized in the same way. Longer chains are shown to belong to more crystallites in the morphology, suggesting that the crystals become better connected as the molecular weight of the sample increases. We show that engineering samples to have an increased fraction of these long “tie chains” within the morphology improves mobility. As such, we propose that crystal connectivity in the noncrystalline portions of the morphology is similarly important in determining carrier mobility as crystallite size and order for semicrystalline conjugated polymers
Openness and isolation: the comparative trade performance of the former Soviet Central Asian countries

Previous studies divide the former Soviet Central Asian countries (CACs) into “more open” (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan) and “more isolationist” (Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) depending on their trade-to-GDP ratio. We investigate this by gravity analysis measuring contributions of country-specific properties and networking factors in 185 bilateral CACs trade flows over the period 1995–2011. Our findings suggest that while all CACs have experienced growing trade over the period, they show considerable variety in initial conditions and transition reforms. The more isolationist countries have mostly relied on fortuitous factors such as hikes in natural resource prices to boost their trade, whereas the more open, reform-minded states have achieved considerable trade growth through reducing trade costs. Being an open or isolationist economy has resulted, respectively, in more or less suitable environment for business and investment
The gamma-ray millisecond pulsar deathline, revisited - New velocity and
  distance measurements

Millisecond pulsars (MSPs) represent nearly half of the more than 160
currently known $\gamma$-ray pulsars detected by the Large Area Telescope on
the \textit{Fermi} satellite, and a third of all known MSPs are seen in
$\gamma$ rays. The least energetic $\gamma$-ray MSPs enable us to probe the
so-called deathline for high-energy emission, i.e., the spin-down luminosity
limit under which pulsars (PSRs) cease to produce detectable high-energy
radiation. Characterizing the MSP luminosity distribution helps to determine
their contribution to the Galactic diffuse $\gamma$-ray emission. We made use
of the high-quality pulsar timing data recorded at the Nan\c{c}ay Radio
Telescope over several years to characterize the properties of a selection of
MSPs. For one of the pulsars, the dataset was complemented with Westerbork
Synthesis Radio Telescope observations. The rotation ephemerides derived from
this analysis were also used to search the LAT data for new $\gamma$-ray MSPs.
For the MSPs considered in this study, we obtained new transverse proper motion
measurements or updated the existing ones, and placed new distance constraints
for some of them, with four new timing parallax measurements. We discovered
significant GeV $\gamma$-ray signals from four MSPs, i.e., PSRs J0740+6620,
J0931$-$1902, J1455$-$3330, and J1730$-$2304. The latter is now the least
energetic $\gamma$-ray pulsar found to date. Despite the improved $\dot E$ and
$L_\gamma$ estimates, the relationship between these two quantities remains
unclear, especially at low $\dot E$ values.Comment: 13 pages, 4 tables, 4 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy
  & Astrophysics. Abstract shortened to fit within character limit
Poisson cluster measures : Quasi-invariance, integration by parts and equilibrium stochastic dynamics

The distribution µcl of a Poisson cluster process in X = Rd (with i.i.d. clusters) is studied via an auxiliary Poisson measure on the space of configurations in X = FnXn, with intensity measure defined as a convolution of the background intensity of cluster centres and the probability distribution of a generic cluster. We show that the measure µcl is quasiinvariant with respect to the group of compactly supported diffeomorphisms ofX and prove an integration-by-parts formula for µcl. The corresponding equilibrium stochastic dynamics is then constructed using the method of Dirichlet form
Prospective associations between sedentary time, sleep duration and adiposity in adolescents.

Open Access funded by Medical Research Council.
Under a Creative Commons license.Objective:

The objective of this study was to investigate whether objectively measured sedentary time and sleep duration are associated with changes in adiposity from mid- to late adolescence.

Methods:

Students (n = 504, 42% boys) were recruited from schools in Cambridgeshire, UK. At baseline (mean age 15.0 ± 0.3 years), sedentary time was objectively measured by ≥3 days of combined heart rate and movement sensing. Concurrently, sleep duration was measured by combined sensing in conjunction with self-reported bed times. Fat mass index (FMI; kg/m2) was estimated at baseline and follow-up (17.5 ± 0.3 years) by anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance. FMI change (ΔFMI) was calculated by subtracting the baseline from follow-up values. Linear regression models adjusted for basic demographics, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and depressive symptoms were used to investigate associations of sedentary time and sleep duration (mutually adjusted for one another) with ΔFMI.

Results:

FMI increased by 0.5 and 0.6 kg/m2 in boys and girls, respectively, but there was no association between sedentary time and ΔFMI in either gender (p ≥ 0.087), and no association between sleep duration and ΔFMI in girls (p ≥ 0.61). In boys, each additional hour of baseline sleep significantly reduced the ΔFMI by 0.13 kg/m2 (p = 0.049), but there was little evidence for this association after adjusting for MVPA and depressive symptoms (p = 0.15).

Conclusions:

Sedentary time may not determine changes in adiposity from mid- to late adolescence, nor may sleep duration in girls. However, sleep length may be inversely associated with adiposity gain in boys, depending on whether the relationship is confounded or mediated by MVPA and depression.Seksjon for idrettsmedisinske fag / Department of Sports Medicin
Earthquake Disaster Risk Reduction in Iran: Lessons
and ‘‘Lessons Learned’’ from Three Large Earthquake
Disasters—Tabas 1978, Rudbar 1990, and Bam 2003

-This article addresses three large earthquake disasters in Iran: Tabas in 1978, Rudbar in 1990, and Bam in 2003. Lessons and "Lessons Learned" from these three earthquake disasters were investigated together with their contributions over time towards earthquake disaster risk reduction in Iran. Many lessons from 1978 Tabas, 1990 Rudbar, and 2003 Bam did not become "Lessons Learned" and they were identified again within the dramatic context of other earthquake disasters in various places of Iran. Both lessons and "Lessons Learned" from Tabas, Rudbar, Bam, and other earthquake disasters in Iran require a sustainable long-term framework-an earthquake culture
Precious Metals in SDSS Quasar Spectra I: Tracking the Evolution of
  Strong, 1.5 < z < 4.5 CIV Absorbers with Thousands of Systems

We have vastly increased the CIV statistics at intermediate redshift by
surveying the thousands of quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data-Release
7. We visually verified over 16,000 CIV systems with 1.46 < z < 4.55---a sample
size that renders Poisson error negligible. Detailed Monte Carlo simulations
show we are approximately 50% complete down to rest equivalent widths W_r ~ 0.6
\AA. We analyzed the sample as a whole and in ten small redshift bins with
approximately 1500 doublets each. The equivalent width frequency distributions
f(W_r) were well modeled by an exponential, with little evolution in shape. In
contrast with previous studies that modeled the frequency distribution as a
single power law, the fitted exponential gives a finite mass density for the
CIV ions. The co-moving line density dN_CIV/dX evolved smoothly with redshift,
increasing by a factor of 2.37+/-0.09 from z = 4.55 to 1.96, then plateauing at
dN_CIV/dX ~ 0.34 for z = 1.96 to 1.46. Comparing our SDSS sample with z < 1
(ultraviolet) and z > 5 (infrared) surveys, we see an approximately 10-fold
increase in dN_CIV/dX over z ~ 6 --> 0, for W_r >= 0.6 \AA. This suggests a
monotonic and significant increase in the enrichment of gas outside galaxies
over the 12 Gyr lifetime of the universe.Comment: 17 pages (emulateapj), 13 figures, 4 tables; accepted to ApJ and in
  press; also see http://igmabsorbers.inf
Developing priority variables (“ecosystem Essential Ocean Variables” — eEOVs) for observing dynamics and change in Southern Ocean ecosystems

International audienceReliable statements about variability and change in marine ecosystems and their underlying causes are needed to report on their status and to guide management. Here we use the Framework on Ocean Observing (FOO) to begin developing ecosystem Essential Ocean Variables (eEOVs) for the Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS). An eEOV is a defined biological or ecological quantity, which is derived from field observations, and which contributes significantly to assessments of Southern Ocean ecosystems. Here, assessments are concerned with estimating status and trends in ecosystem properties, attribution of trends to causes, and predicting future trajectories. eEOVs should be feasible to collect at appropriate spatial and temporal scales and are useful to the extent that they contribute to direct estimation of trends and/or attribution, and/or development of ecological (statistical or simulation) models to support assessments. In this paper we outline the rationale, including establishing a set of criteria, for selecting eEOVs for the SOOS and develop a list of candidate eEOVs for further evaluation. Other than habitat variables, nine types of eEOVs for Southern Ocean taxa are identified within three classes: state (magnitude, genetic/species, size spectrum), predator–prey (diet, foraging range), and autecology (phenol-ogy, reproductive rate, individual growth rate, detritus). Most candidates for the suite of Southern Ocean taxa relate to state or diet. Candidate autecological eEOVs have not been developed other than for marine mammals and birds. We consider some of the spatial and temporal issues that will influence the adoption and use of eEOVs in an observing system in the Southern Ocean, noting that existing operations and platforms potentially provide coverage of the four main sectors of the region — the East and West Pacific, Atlantic and Indian. Lastly, we discuss the importance of simulation modelling in helping with the design of the observing system in the long term
Dark Energy : fiction or reality ?

9 pagesInternational audienceIs Dark Energy justified as an alternative to the cosmological constant $\Lambda$ in order to explain the acceleration of the cosmic expansion ? It turns out that a straightforward dimensional analysis of Einstein equation provides us with clear evidences that the geometrical nature of $\Lambda$ is the only viable source to this phenomenon, in addition of the application of Ockham's razor principle. This contribution is primarily a review of the main stream in the interpretation of $\Lambda$ because it is at the origin of such a research program
Looking for a face in the crowd: Fixation-related potentials in an eye-movement visual search task

Despite the compelling contribution of the study of event related potentials (ERPs) and eye movements to cognitive neuroscience, these two approaches have largely evolved independently. We designed an eye-movement visual search paradigm that allowed us to concurrently record EEG and eye movements while subjects were asked to find a hidden target face in a crowded scene with distractor faces. Fixation event-related potentials (fERPs) to target and distractor stimuli showed the emergence of robust sensory components associated with the perception of stimuli and cognitive components associated with the detection of target faces. We compared those components with the ones obtained in a control task at fixation: qualitative similarities as well as differences in terms of scalp topography and latency emerged between the two. By using single trial analyses, fixations to target and distractors could be decoded from the EEG signals above chance level in 11 out of 12 subjects. Our results show that EEG signatures related to cognitive behavior develop across spatially unconstrained exploration of natural scenes and provide a first step towards understanding the mechanisms of target detection during natural search.Fil: Kaunitz, Lisandro N.. University of Leicester. Department of Engineering; Reino Unido;Fil: Kamienkowski, Juan Esteban. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Física. Laboratorio de Neurociencia Integrativa; Argentina; Universidad Diego Portales; Chile;Fil: Varatharajah, Alexander. University of Leicester. Department of Engineering; Reino Unido; University of Leicester. Centre for Systems Neuroscience; Reino Unido;Fil: Sigman, Mariano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Física del Sur; Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Física. Laboratorio de Neurociencia Integrativa; Argentina;Fil: Quian Quiroga, Rodrigo. University Of Leicester. Department of Engineering; Reino Unido; University of Leicester. Centre for Systems Neuroscience; Reino Unido;Fil: Ison, Matias J.. University Of Leicester. Department of Engineering; Reino Unido; University of Leicester. Centre for Systems Neuroscience; Reino Unido