pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Model-independent extraction of two-photon effects in elastic electron–proton scattering

AbstractWe address the discrepancy between the Rosenbluth and polarization transfer data for the electromagnetic form factors of the nucleon. Assuming that the effect of two-photon corrections on the polarization transfer data is negligible, we obtain a model-independent estimate of the two-photon correction Δ2γ. We analyze the polarization transfer data and the cross section data separately using dispersion relations. A central value as well as an error estimate for Δ2γ is then obtained from a comparison of the two analyses. The resulting values for Δ2γ are in good agreement with direct calculations available in the literature
Prestress and Adhesion Site Dynamics Control Cell Sensitivity to Extracellular Stiffness

AbstractThis study aims at improving the understanding of mechanisms responsible for cell sensitivity to extracellular environment. We explain how substrate mechanical properties can modulate the force regulation of cell sensitive elements primarily adhesion sites. We present a theoretical and experimental comparison between two radically different approaches of the force regulation of adhesion sites that depends on their either stationary or dynamic behavior. The most classical stationary model fails to predict cell sensitivity to substrate stiffness whereas the dynamic model predicts extracellular stiffness dependence. This is due to a time dependent reaction force in response to actomyosin traction force exerted on cell sensitive elements. We purposely used two cellular models, i.e., alveolar epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages exhibiting respectively stationary and dynamic adhesion sites, and compared their sensitivity to theoretical predictions. Mechanical and structural results show that alveolar epithelial cells exhibit significant prestress supported by evident stress fibers and lacks sensitivity to substrate stiffness. On the other hand, alveolar macrophages exhibit low prestress and exhibit sensitivity to substrate stiffness. Altogether, theory and experiments consistently show that adhesion site dynamics and cytoskeleton prestress control cell sensitivity to extracellular environment with an optimal sensitivity expected in the intermediate range
Transcription Factor Sp1 Is Essential for Early Embryonic Development but Dispensable for Cell Growth and Differentiation

AbstractTranscription factor Sp1 has been implicated in the expression of many genes. Moreover, it has been suggested that Sp1 is linked to the maintenance of methylation-free CpG islands, the cell cycle, and the formation of active chromatin structures. We have inactivated the mouse Sp1 gene. Sp1−/− embryos are retarded in development, show a broad range of abnormalities, and die around day 11 of gestation. In Sp1−/− embryos, the expression of many putative target genes, including cell cycle-regulated genes, is not affected, CpG islands remain methylation free, and active chromatin is formed at the globin loci. However, the expression of the methyl-CpG-binding protein MeCP2 is greatly reduced in Sp1−/− embryos. MeCP2 is thought to be required for the maintenance of differentiated cells. We suggest that Sp1 is an important regulator of this process
General U(1) x U(1) F-theory compactifications and beyond: geometry of unHiggsings and novel matter structure

We construct the general form of an F-theory compactification with two U(1) factors based on a general elliptically fibered Calabi-Yau manifold with Mordell-Weil group of rank two. This construction produces broad classes of models with diverse matter spectra, including many that are not realized in earlier F-theory constructions with U(1) x U(1) gauge symmetry. Generic U(1) x U(1) models can be related to a Higgsed non-Abelian model with gauge group SU(2) x SU(2) x SU(3), SU(2)(3) x SU(3), or a subgroup thereof. The nonlocal horizontal divisors of the Mordell-Weil group are replaced with local vertical divisors associated with the Cartan generators of non-Abelian gauge groups from Kodaira singularities. We give a global resolution of codimension two singularities of the Abelian modelwe identify the full anomaly free matter content, and match it to the unHiggsed non-Abelian model. The non-Abelian Weierstrass model exhibits a new algebraic description of the singularities in the fibration that results in the first explicit construction of matter in the symmetric representation of SU(3). This matter is realized on double point singularities of the discriminant locus. The construction suggests a generalization to U(1)(k) factors with k > 2, which can be studied by Higgsing theories with larger non-Abelian gauge groups
Measurement of the cross section for inclusive isolated-photon production in ppcollisions at √s=13TeVusing the ATLAS detector

Inclusive isolated-photon production in ppcollisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13TeVis studied with the ATLAS detector at the LHC using a data set with an integrated luminosity of 3.2fb−1. The cross section is measured as a function of the photon transverse energy above 125GeVin different regions of photon pseudorapidity. Next-to-leading-order perturbative QCD and Monte Carlo event-generator predictions are compared to the cross-section measurements and provide an adequate description of the data
Search for direct pair production of scalar top quarks in the single- and dilepton channels in proton-proton collisions at √s= 8 TeV

Results are reported from a search for the top squark t ˜ 1, the lighter of the two supersymmetric partners of the top quark. The data sample corresponds to 19.7 fb−1 of proton-proton collisions at s=8 TeV collected with the CMS detector at the LHC. The search targets t˜1→bχ˜1± and t˜1→t(∗)χ˜10 decay modes, where χ˜1± and χ˜10 are the lightest chargino and neutralino, respectively. The reconstructed final state consists of jets, b jets, missing transverse energy, and either one or two leptons. Leading backgrounds are determined from data. No significant excess in data is observed above the expectation from standard model processes. The results exclude a region of the two-dimensional plane of possible t ˜ 1 and χ˜10 masses. The highest excluded t ˜ 1 and χ˜10 masses are about 700 GeV and 250 GeV, respectively.The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey, and Turkish Atomic Energy Authorit
Search for a light charged Higgs boson decaying to c s-bar in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV

A search for a light charged Higgs boson, originating from the decay of a top quark and subsequently decaying into a charm quark and a strange antiquark, is presented. The data used in the analysis correspond to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 inverse femtobarns recorded in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV by the CMS experiment at the LHC. The search is performed in the process t t-bar to W+/- b H-/+ b-bar, where the W boson decays to a lepton (electron or muon) and a neutrino. The decays lead to a final state comprising an isolated lepton, at least four jets and large missing transverse energy. No significant deviation is observed in the data with respect to the standard model predictions, and model-independent upper limits are set on the branching fraction B(t to H+ b), ranging from 1.2 to 6.5% for a charged Higgs boson with mass between 90 and 160 GeV, under the assumption that B(H+ to c s-bar) = 100%
An atomic finite element model for biodegradable polymers. Part 2, A model for change in Young’s modulus due to polymer chain scission

Atomic simulations were undertaken to analyse the effect of polymer chain scission on amorphous poly(lactide) during degradation. Many experimental studies have analysed mechanical properties degradation but relatively few computation studies have been conducted. Such studies are valuable for supporting the design of bioresorbable medical devices. Hence in this paper, an Effective Cavity Theory for the degradation of Young's modulus was developed. Atomic simulations indicated that a volume of reduced-stiffness polymer may exist around chain scissions. In the Effective Cavity Theory, each chain scission is considered to instantiate an effective cavity. Finite Element Analysis simulations were conducted to model the effect of the cavities on Young's modulus. Since polymer crystallinity affects mechanical properties, the effect of increases in crystallinity during degradation on Young's modulus is also considered. To demonstrate the ability of the Effective Cavity Theory, it was fitted to several sets of experimental data for Young's modulus in the literature
Bose-Einstein Condensation and Condensation of q-Particles in Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics

In the setting of the principle of local equilibrium which asserts that the temperature is a function of the energy levels of the system, we exhibit plenty of steady states describing the condensation of free Bosons which are not in thermal equilibrium. The surprising facts are that the condensation can occur both in dimension less than 3 in configuration space, and even in excited energy levels. The investigation relative to non equilibrium suggests a new approach to the condensation, which allows an unified analysis involving also the condensation of q-particles, −1≤q≤1, where q=±1 corresponds to the Bose/Fermi alternative. For such q-particles, the condensation can occur only if 0<q≤1, the case 1 corresponding to the standard Bose-Einstein condensation. In this more general approach, completely new and unexpected states exhibiting condensation phenomena naturally occur also in the usual situation of equilibrium thermodynamics. The new approach proposed in the present paper for the situation of 2nd quantisation of free particles, is naturally based on the theory of the Distributions, which might hopefully be extended to more general case
Decay constants of charm and beauty pseudoscalar heavy–light mesons on fine lattices

We compute decay constants of heavy–light mesons in quenched lattice QCD with a lattice spacing of asimilar, equals0.04 fm using non-perturbatively O(a) improved Wilson fermions and O(a) improved currents. We obtain fDs=220(6)(5)(11) MeV, fD=206(6)(3)(22) MeV, fBs=205(7)(26)(17) MeV and fB=190(8)(23)(25) MeV, using the Sommer parameter r0=0.5 fm to set the scale. The first error is statistical, the second systematic and the third from assuming a ±10% uncertainty in the experimental value of r0. A detailed discussion is given in the text. We also present results for the meson decay constants fK and fπ and the ρ meson mass
Digestive enzymes in the the ontogenetic stages of the southern king crab, Lithodes santolla

The early ontogenetic stages of the sub-antarctic king crab Lithodes santolla were analysed for the presence and activities of a set of important digestive enzymes. The eggs and non-feeding larvae (zoea I-III, megalopa) showed high activities of esterases, phosphatases and exopeptidases indicating the enzymatic ability to utilize endogeneous yolk reserves. SDS-PAGE showed a continuous decrease of proteins or proteides in the range of 59 to 81 kDa during ontogenetic development from the eggs through the zoeal stages to the first juvenile crab stage, CI. This reduction appears to reflect the breakdown of storage compounds during lecitotrophic larval development. Activities of the endopeptidases trypsin and chymotrypsin were low in eggs and larvae but increased significantly in the first juvenile crab stage. These enzymes typically facilitate the first steps of proteolysis in the extra-cellular spaces of the midgut gland and in the stomach. Their scarcity indicates that the larvae of L. santolla are physiologically not prepared to digest external food. This ability seems to appear first in the CI stage. Extracts of juvenile midgut glands and the gastric fluids of adults showed high activities of a variety of digestive enzyme including phosphatases, carbohydrases, as well as endo- and exopeptidases. High activities of digestive enzymes in adults may compensate for scarce food supply in combination with low temperatures in the habitats of L. santolla
Partnership and Local Governance in Romania

As subsystem of the global social system, public administration has got powerful political, social, economic, cultural determinations, being in a complex connection with its environment. Defining the principles of functioning for society, distributive emphasizing the competences for spheres of governance, the relations of operation and representation of the government at various administrative levels, provide to the public administration the attribute of reforming the public sector. Preoccupied by their performance, the national governments, on the background of applying the principles of effectiveness and efficiency, subsidiarity, local autonomy and decentralization, are resizing the intergovernmental relations with the local level. In the context of public service development, the application of the other principles, such as accountability, participation, devolution etc. leads to changes of the borders of the public sector towards the local levels, private and non-profit sectors, groups of local communities or customers. We witness experiments and good practices of decentralization from the central to the local level, or shifting the authority to local governance levels.

The paper aims to emphasize the utility of an instrument of local governance, namely the public-private partnership. Based on the theoretical approaches resulted from the specialized literature and experiences of some countries from the European Union, we shall elaborate a study on the public - private partnership in delivering a local public service at the level of a municipality in Romania
Innovating like China: a theory of stage-dependent intellectual property rights

Inspired by the Chinese experience, we develop a Schumpeterian growth model of distance to frontier in which economic growth in the developing country is driven by domestic innovation as well as imitation and transfer of foreign technologies through foreign direct investment. We show that optimal IPR protection is stage-dependent. At an early stage of development, the country implements weak IPR protection to facilitate imitation. At a later stage of development, the country implements strong IPR protection to encourage domestic innovation. Finally, we provide empirical evidence that supports this theoretical finding.
Using UAV acquired photography and structure from motion techniques for studying glacier landforms : application to the glacial flutes at Isfallsglaciären

Acknowledgments The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no. 262693 (INTERACT). This work was also supported by an equipment loan from the NERC Geophysical Equipment Facility (loan number 1008). The authors would like to thank the Tarfala research station staff. J.C.E would like to thank the Denisons for supporting his PhD. We would also like to thank Jonathan Carrivick, Mark Smith and Daniel Carrivick for access to their DEM. Chris Clark is thanked for his support of the project and for useful discussions. The authors also thank the two reviewers and the editorial team for their comments which improved this manuscript.Peer reviewedPublisher PD
Integrability of generalised type II defects in affine Toda field theory.

The Liouville integrability of the generalised type II defects is investigated. Full integrability is not considered, only the existence of an infinite number of conserved quantities associated with a system containing a defect. For defects in affine Toda field theories (ATFTs) it is shown that momentum conservation is very likely to be a necessary condition for integrability. The defect Lax matrices which guarantee zero curvature, and so an infinite number of conserved quantities, are calculated for the momentum conserving Tzitzéica defect and the momentum conserving D4 ATFT defect. Some additional calculations pertaining to the D4 defect are also carried out to find a more complete set of defect potentials than has appeared previously
Development of a rapid, reliable and quantitative method – “SPOTi” for testing antifungal efficacy

A reference method for the antimicrobial susceptibility testing of common fungal pathogens such as dermatophytes, is currently lacking. In this study, we report the successful adaptation of solid agar-based spot culture growth inhibition assay (SPOTi) for dermatophytes, currently being used as a gold-standard in the anti-tubercular drug discovery field. The fungal-SPOTi assay correlated with the disc-diffusion method, and is validated using mycelial plugs. We propose the fungal-SPOTi as a high-throughput alternative to the disc-diffusion and broth micro-dilution anti-fungal assays to screen novel anti-fungals
How many principles does it take to change a light bulb...into a laser?

Quantum optics did not, and could not, flourish without the laser. The present paper is not about the principles of laser construction, still less a history of how the laser was invented. Rather, it addresses the question: what are the fundamental features that distinguish laser light from thermal light? The obvious answer, 'laser light is coherent', is, I argue, so vague that it must be put aside at the start, albeit to revisit later. A more specific, quantum theoretic, version, 'laser light is in a coherent state', is simply wrong in this context: both laser light and thermal light can equally well be described by coherent states, with amplitudes that vary stochastically in space. Instead, my answer to the titular question is that four principles are needed: high directionality, monochromaticity, high brightness, and stable intensity. Combining the first three of these principles suffices to show, in a quantitative way—involving, indeed, very large dimensionless quantities (up to )—that a laser must be constructed very differently from a light bulb. This quantitative analysis is quite simple, and is easily relatable to 'coherence', yet is not to be found in any textbooks on quantum optics to my knowledge. The fourth principle is the most subtle and, perhaps surprisingly, is the only one related to coherent states in the quantum optics sense: it implies that the description in terms of coherent states is the only simple description of a laser beam. Interestingly, this leads to the (not, as it turns out, entirely new) prediction that narrowly filtered laser beams are indistinguishable from similarly filtered thermal beams. I hope that other educators find this material useful; it may contain surprises even for researchers who have been in the field longer than I have.Griffith Sciences, School of Environment and ScienceFull Tex
Context-dependent interaction leads to emergent search behaviour in social aggregates

Locating the source of an advected chemical signal is a common challenge facing many living organisms. When the advecting medium is characterized by either high Reynolds number or high Peclet number, the task becomes highly nontrivial due to the generation of heterogeneous, dynamically changing filamental concentrations that do not decrease monotonically with distance to the source. Defining search strategies that are effective in these environments has important implications for the understanding of animal behavior and for the design of biologically inspired technology. Here we present a strategy that is able to solve this task without the higher intelligence required to assess spatial gradient direction, measure the diffusive properties of the flow field, or perform complex calculations. Instead, our method is based on the collective behavior of autonomous individuals following simple social interaction rules which are modified according to the local conditions they are experiencing. Through these context-dependent interactions, the group is able to locate the source of a chemical signal and in doing so displays an awareness of the environment not present at the individual level. This behavior illustrates an alternative pathway to the evolution of higher cognitive capacity via the emergent, group-level intelligence that can result from local interactions
The forward-backward asymmetry for massive bottom quarks at the Z peak at next-to-next-to-leading order QCD

We compute the order $\alpha \ _s \ ^2$ QCD corrections to the b-quark forward-backward asymmetry in $e^+e^- \to b\overline{b}$ collisions at the Z boson resonance, taking the non-zero mass of the b quark into account. We determine these corrections with respect to both the b-quark axis and the thrust axis definition of the asymmetry. We compute also the distributions of these axes with respect to the electron beam. If one neglects the flavor singlet contributions to the b-quark asymmetry, as was done in previous computations for massless b quarks, then the second-order QCD corrections for $m \ _b \neq 0$ are smaller in magnitude than the corresponding corrections for $m \ _b = 0$. Including the singlet contributions slightly increases the magnitude of the corrections. The massive $\alpha \ _s \ ^2$ corrections to the b-quark forwardbackward asymmetry slightly diminish the well-known tension between the bare b-quark asymmetry and the standard model fit from $2.9\sigma$ to $2.6\sigma$
Rapidity and transverse-momentum dependence of the inclusive J/ψ nuclear modification factor in p-Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV

We have studied the transverse-momentum (pT) dependence of the inclusive J/  production in p-Pb collisions at p sNN = 5.02TeV, in three center-of-mass rapidity (ycms) regions, down to zero pT. Results in the forward and backward rapidity ranges (2.03 < ycms < 3.53 and −4.46 < ycms < −2.96) are obtained by studying the J/  decay to μ+μ−, while the mid-rapidity region (−1.37 < ycms < 0.43) is investigated by measuring the e+e− decay channel. The pT dependence of the J/  production cross section and nuclear modification factor are presented for each of the rapidity intervals, as well as the J/  mean pT values. Forward and mid-rapidity results show a suppression of the J/  yield, with respect to pp collisions, which decreases with increasing pT. At backward rapidity no significant J/  suppression is observed. Theoretical models including a combination of cold nuclear matter effects such as shadowing and partonic energy loss, are in fair agreement with the data, except at forward rapidity and low transverse momentum. The implications of the p-Pb results for the evaluation of cold nuclear matter effects on J/  production in Pb-Pb collisions are also discussed