pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
The escape of heavy atoms from the ionosphere of HD209458b. I. A
  photochemical-dynamical model of the thermosphere

The detections of atomic hydrogen, heavy atoms and ions surrounding the
extrasolar giant planet (EGP) HD209458b constrain the composition, temperature
and density profiles in its upper atmosphere. Thus the observations provide
guidance for models that have so far predicted a range of possible conditions.
We present the first hydrodynamic escape model for the upper atmosphere that
includes all of the detected species in order to explain their presence at high
altitudes, and to further constrain the temperature and velocity profiles. This
model calculates the stellar heating rates based on recent estimates of
photoelectron heating efficiencies, and includes the photochemistry of heavy
atoms and ions in addition to hydrogen and helium. The composition at the lower
boundary of the escape model is constrained by a full photochemical model of
the lower atmosphere. We confirm that molecules dissociate near the 1 microbar
level, and find that complex molecular chemistry does not need to be included
above this level. We also confirm that diffusive separation of the detected
species does not occur because the heavy atoms and ions collide frequently with
the rapidly escaping H and H+. This means that the abundance of the heavy atoms
and ions in the thermosphere simply depends on the elemental abundances and
ionization rates. We show that, as expected, H and O remain mostly neutral up
to at least 3 Rp, whereas both C and Si are mostly ionized at significantly
lower altitudes. We also explore the temperature and velocity profiles, and
find that the outflow speed and the temperature gradients depend strongly on
the assumed heating efficiencies...Comment: Accepted for publication in Icarus, submitted versio
Constraints on the I=1 hadronic tau decay and e^+e^- --> hadrons data
  sets and implications for (g-2)_mu

Sum rule tests are performed on the spectral data for (i) flavor 'ud' vector-
current-induced hadronic tau decays and (ii) e^+ e^- hadroproduction, in the
region below s~3-4 GeV^2, where discrepancies exist between the isospin-
breaking-corrected charged and neutral current I=1 spectral functions. The tau
data is found to be compatible with expectations based on high-scale
alpha_s(M_Z) determinations, while the electroproduction data displays two
problems. The results favor determinations of the leading order hadronic
contribution to (g-2)_mu which incorporate hadronic tau decay data over those
employing electroproduction data only, and hence a reduced discrepancy between
experiment and the Standard Model prediction for (g-2)_mu.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures. Additional information: rationale for weight
  choices, impact of long-distance EM corrections on tau data, impact on EM
  spectral integral problems of replacement of 2 pi, 4 pi data by equivalent
  tau data. Version to appear in Physics Letters
Holographic entanglement plateaux

We consider the entanglement entropy for holographic field theories in finite
volume. We show that the Araki-Lieb inequality is saturated for large enough
subregions, implying that the thermal entropy can be recovered from the
knowledge of the region and its complement. We observe that this actually is
forced upon us in holographic settings due to non-trivial features of the
causal wedges associated with a given boundary region. In the process, we
present an infinite set of extremal surfaces in Schwarzschild-AdS geometry
anchored on a given entangling surface. We also offer some speculations
regarding the homology constraint required for computing holographic
entanglement entropy.Comment: 27 pages + appendices. 12 pdf figures. 5 avi animations + 7
  additional figures as ancillary files. v2: minor changes, fixed links to
  ancillary files. v3: minor clarifications and improvements to the discussion.
  published version (modulo additional clarifying footnotes
The unusual multiwavelength properties of the gamma-ray source
  PMNJ1603-4904

We investigate the nature and classification of PMNJ1603-4904, a bright radio
source close to the Galactic plane, which is associated with one of the
brightest hard-spectrum gamma-ray sources detected by Fermi/LAT. It has
previously been classified as a low-peaked BL Lac object based on its broadband
emission and the absence of optical emission lines. Optical measurements,
however, suffer strongly from extinction and the absence of pronounced
short-time gamma-ray variability over years of monitoring is unusual for a
blazar. We are combining new and archival multiwavelength data in order to
reconsider the classification and nature of this unusual gamma-ray source. For
the first time, we study the radio morphology at 8.4GHz and 22.3GHz, and its
spectral properties on milliarcsecond (mas) scales, based on VLBI observations
from the TANAMI program. We combine the resulting images with multiwavelength
data in the radio, IR, optical/UV, X-ray, and gamma-ray regimes. PMNJ1603-4904
shows a symmetric brightness distribution at 8.4GHz on mas-scales, with the
brightest, and most compact component in the center of the emission region. The
morphology is reminiscent of a Compact Symmetric Object (CSO). Such objects
have been predicted to produce gamma-ray emission but have not been detected as
a class by Fermi/LAT so far. Sparse (u, v)-coverage at 22.3GHz prevents an
unambiguous modeling of the source morphology. IR measurements reveal an excess
in the spectral energy distribution (SED), which can be modeled with a
blackbody with a temperature of about 1600K, and which is usually not present
in blazar SEDs. The VLBI data and the shape of the SED challenge the current
blazar classification. PMNJ1603-4904 seems to be either a highly peculiar BL
Lac object or a misaligned jet source. In the latter case, the intriguing VLBI
structure opens room for a possible classification as a gamma-ray bright CSO.Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy &
  Astrophysic
Tagging Boosted Ws with Wavelets

We present a new technique for distinguishing the hadronic decays of boosted
heavy particles from QCD backgrounds based on wavelet transforms. As an initial
exploration, we illustrate the technique in the particular case of hadronic $W$
boson decays, comparing it to the ``mass drop'' cut currently used by the LHC
experiments. We apply wavelet cuts, which make use of complementary
information, and in combination with the mass drop cut results in an
improvement of $\sim$7% in discovery reach of hadronic $W$ boson final states
over a wide range of transverse momenta.Comment: 14 pages, 5 figure
Constraints on the Higgs boson width from off-shell production and decay
  to Z-boson pairs

Constraints are presented on the total width of the recently discovered Higgs
boson, Gamma[H], using its relative on-shell and off-shell production and decay
rates to a pair of Z bosons, where one Z boson decays to an electron or muon
pair, and the other to an electron, muon, or neutrino pair. The analysis is
based on the data collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC in 2011 and 2012,
corresponding to integrated luminosities of 5.1 inverse femtobarns at a
centre-of-mass energy sqrt(s) = 7 TeV and 19.7 inverse femtobarns at sqrt(s) =
8 TeV. A simultaneous maximum likelihood fit to the measured kinematic
distributions near the resonance peak and above the Z-boson pair production
threshold leads to an upper limit on the Higgs boson width of Gamma[H] < 22 MeV
at a 95% confidence level, which is 5.4 times the expected value in the
standard model at the measured mass.Comment: Replaced with published versio
The periodic sl(2|1) alternating spin chain and its continuum limit as a
  bulk Logarithmic Conformal Field Theory at c=0

The periodic sl(2|1) alternating spin chain encodes (some of) the properties
of hulls of percolation clusters, and is described in the continuum limit by a
logarithmic conformal field theory (LCFT) at central charge c=0. This theory
corresponds to the strong coupling regime of a sigma model on the complex
projective superspace $\mathbb{CP}^{1|1} = \mathrm{U}(2|1) / (\mathrm{U}(1)
\times \mathrm{U}(1|1))$, and the spectrum of critical exponents can be
obtained exactly. In this paper we push the analysis further, and determine the
main representation theoretic (logarithmic) features of this continuum limit by
extending to the periodic case the approach of [N. Read and H. Saleur, Nucl.
Phys. B 777 316 (2007)]. We first focus on determining the representation
theory of the finite size spin chain with respect to the algebra of local
energy densities provided by a representation of the affine Temperley-Lieb
algebra at fugacity one. We then analyze how these algebraic properties carry
over to the continuum limit to deduce the structure of the space of states as a
representation over the product of left and right Virasoro algebras. Our main
result is the full structure of the vacuum module of the theory, which exhibits
Jordan cells of arbitrary rank for the Hamiltonian.Comment: 69pp, 8 fig
Matrix Theory: a Pedagogical Introduction

I attempt to give a pedagogical introduction to the matrix model of M-theory as developed by Banks, Fischler, Shenker and Susskind (BFSS). In the first lecture, I introduce and review the relevant aspects of D-branes with the emergence of the matrix model action. The second lecture deals with the appearance of eleven-dimensional supergravity and M-theory in strongly coupled type IIA superstring theory. The third lecture combines the materiel of the two previous ones to arrive at the BFSS conjecture and explains the evidence presented by these authors. The emphasis is not on most recent developments but on a hopefully pedagogical presentation
Scalar field cosmology with a causal viscous fluid

We have investigated cosmological models with a self-interacting scalar field and a causal viscous fluid as the sources of matter. Different variables are expressed in terms of a {\it generating function}. We have shown that one can generate different kinds of potentials by suitably choosing the generating function. Exact solutions are obtained for one particular case for which the form of the potential is the usual symmetry breaking one. With suitable adjustment of the parameters, we have shown that the solutions approach the de-Sitter universe in late times. We have also shown that this late time de-Sitter solution is stable
$W^{+}W^{-}$ Production Cross Section and W Branching Fractions in $e^{+}e^{-}$ Collisions at 189 GeV

From a data sample of 183 pb^-1 recorded at a center-of-mass energy of roots = 189 GeV with the OPAL detector at LEP, 3068 W-pair candidate events are selected. Assuming Standard Model W boson decay branching fractions, the W-pair production cross section is measured to be sigmaWW = 16.30 +- 0.34(stat.) +- 0.18(syst.) pb. When combined with previous OPAL measurements, the W boson branching fraction to hadrons is determined to be 68.32 +- 0.61(stat.) +- 0.28(syst.) % assuming lepton universality. These results are consistent with Standard Model expectations.From a data sample of 183 pb^-1 recorded at a center-of-mass energy of roots = 189 GeV with the OPAL detector at LEP, 3068 W-pair candidate events are selected. Assuming Standard Model W boson decay branching fractions, the W-pair production cross section is measured to be sigmaWW = 16.30 +- 0.34(stat.) +- 0.18(syst.) pb. When combined with previous OPAL measurements, the W boson branching fraction to hadrons is determined to be 68.32 +- 0.61(stat.) +- 0.28(syst.) % assuming lepton universality. These results are consistent with Standard Model expectations.From a data sample of 183 pb −1 recorded at a center-of-mass energy of s =189  GeV with the OPAL detector at LEP, 3068 W-pair candidate events are selected. Assuming Standard Model W boson decay branching fractions, the W-pair production cross section is measured to be σ WW =16.30±0.34(stat.)±0.18(syst.) pb. When combined with previous OPAL measurements, the W boson branching fraction to hadrons is determined to be 68.32±0.61(stat.)±0.28(syst.)% assuming lepton universality. These results are consistent with Standard Model expectations
Search for Supersymmetric Particles in $e^{+}e^{-}$ Collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ up to 202 GeV and Mass Limit for the Lightest Neutralino

Searches for pair production of squarks, sleptons, charginos and neutralinos are performed with the data collected by the ALEPH detector at LEP at centre-of-mass energies from 188.6 to 201.6 GeV. No evidence for any such signals is observed in a total integrated luminosity of about 410 pb**-1. The negative results of the searches are translated into exclusion domains in the space of the relevant MSSM parameters, which improve significantly on the constraints set previously. Under the assumptions of gaugino and sfermion mass unification, these results allow a 95% C.L. lower limit of 37 GeV/c**2 to be set on the mass of the lightest neutralino for any tan(beta) and sfermion mass. Additional constraints in the MSSM parameter space are derived from the negative results of ALEPH searches for Higgs bosons. The results are also interpreted in the framework of minimal supergravity
Generalized String Functions of N=1 Space-Time Supersymmetric String
  Vacua

We present a dual formulation of the construction of N=2 nonlinear
sigma-model type conformal field theories with c=9 which are mainly used as
internal sectors of Calabi-Yau heterotic string compactifications. The
supercurrents and the higher components of the spectral flow superfields turn
out in each case to be tensor products of two simple currents of a c=1 and a
non-supersymmetric parafermionic c=8 CFT. The characters of the latter model
can be regarded as string functions of the coset sigma/U(1). In particular, for
the (1)^9 Gepner model we discuss these string functions in detail, realizing
this model contains a broken E_8 gauge symmetry of which only the abelian
subalgebra remains a symmetry of the spectrum. As an example, we construct a
simple model leading to a string theory with a massless spectrum of 36 E_6
generations and an extended gauge symmetry E_6 x SU(3)^4.Comment: 11 pages, plain TeX, no figure
Uniform existence of the integrated density of states for random
  Schr\"odinger operators on metric graphs over $\mathbb{Z}^d$

We consider ergodic random magnetic Schr\"odinger operators on the metric
graph $\mathbb{Z}^d$ with random potentials and random boundary conditions
taking values in a finite set. We show that normalized finite volume eigenvalue
counting functions converge to a limit uniformly in the energy variable. This
limit, the integrated density of states, can be expressed by a closed
Shubin-Pastur type trace formula. It supports the spectrum and its points of
discontinuity are characterized by existence of compactly supported
eigenfunctions. Among other examples we discuss percolation models.Comment: 17 pages; typos removed, references updated, definition of subgraph
  densities explaine
Nonintegrability and Chaos in the Anisotropic Manev Problem

The anisotropic Manev problem, which lies at the intersection of classical,
quantum, and relativity physics, describes the motion of two point masses in an
anisotropic space under the influence of a Newtonian force-law with a
relativistic correction term. Using an extension of the Poincare'-Melnikov
method, we first prove that for weak anisotropy, chaos shows up on the
zero-energy manifold. Then we put into the evidence a class of isolated
periodic orbits and show that the system is nonintegrable. Finally, using the
geodesic deviation approach, we prove the existence of a large non-chaotic set
of uniformly bounded and collisionless solutions
Impact of open de-ionized water thin film laminar immersion on the liquid immersed ablation threshold and ablation rate of features machined by KrF excimer laser ablation of bisphenol A polycarbonate.

This article was accepted for publication in the journal, Optics and Lasers in Engineering [© Elsevier] and the definitive version is available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2009.06.009Debris control and surface quality are potential major benefits of sample liquid immersion when laser\ud
micromachining; however, the use of an immersion technique potentially modifies the ablation\ud
mechanism when compared to an ambient air interaction. To investigate the machining\ud
characteristics, bisphenol A polycarbonate has been laser machined in air and under a controllable\ud
open liquid film. To provide quantitative analysis, ablation threshold, ablation rate and the attenuation\ud
coefficient of the immersing DI water fluid were measured. In ambient air the threshold fluence was\ud
measured to be 37 mJ.cm-2. Thin film immersion displayed two trends: threshold fluences of 58.6\ud
mJcm-2 and 83.9 mJcm-2. The attenuation of DI water was found to be negligible; thus, the change in\ud
ablation rate resulted from increased confinement of the vapour plume by the liquid medium,\ud
generating higher Bremsstrahlung attenuation of the beam, lowering the laser etch rate.\ud
Simultaneously, splashing motivated by the confined ablation plume allowed release of plume\ud
pressure before plume etching commenced. This contributed to the loss of total etching efficiency.\ud
Two interaction scenarios were obsereved as a result of splashing: (i) intermediate threshold fluence,\ud
where splashing occured after every pulse in a mode that interrupted the flow entirely, leaving an\ud
ambient air interaction for the following pulse; (ii) high threshold fluence, where splashing occured\ud
for every pulse in a mode that allowed the flow to recommence over the image before the next pulse\ud
causing every pulse to experience Bremsstrahlung attenuation. Since attenuation of the immersion\ud
liquid was negligible, it is the action of the constrained ablation plume within a thin flowing\ud
immersion liquid, the resultant Bremsstrahlung attenuation and splashing events that are the critical\ud
mechanisms that modify the primary ablation characteristics
Wilson Loop Invariants from $W_N$ Conformal Blocks

Knot and link polynomials are topological invariants calculated from the
expectation value of loop operators in topological field theories. In 3D
Chern-Simons theory, these invariants can be found from crossing and braiding
matrices of four-point conformal blocks of the boundary 2D CFT. We calculate
crossing and braiding matrices for $W_N$ conformal blocks with one component in
the fundamental representation and another in a rectangular representation of
$SU(N)$, which can be used to obtain HOMFLY knot and link invariants for these
cases. We also discuss how our approach can be generalized to invariants in
higher-representations of $W_N$ algebra.Comment: 20 pages, 2 figure
Search for neutral color-octet weak-triplet scalar particles in
  proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV

A search for pair production of neutral color-octet weak-triplet scalar
particles (Theta) is performed in processes where one Theta decays to a pair of
b quark jets and the other to a Z boson plus a jet, with the Z boson decaying
to a pair of electrons or muons. The search is performed with data collected by
the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC corresponding to an integrated luminosity of
19.7 inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV. The
number of observed events is found to be in agreement with the standard model
predictions. The 95% confidence level upper limit on the product of the cross
section and branching fraction is obtained as a function of the Theta mass. The
95% confidence level lower bounds on the Theta mass are found to be 623 and 426
GeV, for two different octo-triplet theoretical scenarios. These are the first
direct experimental bounds on particles predicted by the octo-triplet model.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added the journal reference and DO
Identification, location-domination and metric dimension on interval and
  permutation graphs. I. Bounds

We consider the problems of finding optimal identifying codes, (open)
locating-dominating sets and resolving sets of an interval or a permutation
graph. In these problems, one asks to find a subset of vertices, normally
called a \emph{solution} set, using which all vertices of the graph are
distinguished. The identification can be done by considering the neighborhood
within the solution set, or by employing the distances to the solution
vertices. Normally the goal is to minimize the size of the solution set then.
Here we study the case of interval graphs, unit interval graphs, (bipartite)
permutation graphs and cographs. For these classes of graphs we give tight
lower bounds for the size of such solution sets depending on the order of the
input graph. While such lower bounds for the general class of graphs are in
logarithmic order, the improved bounds in these special classes are of the
order of either quadratic root or linear in terms of number of vertices.
Moreover, the results for cographs lead to linear-time algorithms to solve the
considered problems on inputs that are cographs.Comment: formerly part of arXiv:1405.242
Study of $\psi(3770)$ decaying to Baryon anti-Baryon Pairs

To study the decays of $\psi(3770)$ going to baryon anti-baryon pairs
($B\bar{B}$), all available experiments of measuring the cross sections of
$e^+e^- \to B\bar{B}$ at center-of-mass energy ranging from 3.0 GeV to 3.9 GeV
are combined. To relate the baryon octets, a model based on the SU(3) flavor
symmetry is used and the SU(3) breaking effects are also considered. Assuming
the elctric and magnetic form factors are equal ($|G_E|=|G_M|$), a global fit
including the interference between the QED process and the resonant process is
performed. The branching fraction of $\psi(3770) \to B\bar{B}$ is determined to
be $(2.4\pm0.8\pm0.3)\times10^{-5}$, $(1.7\pm0.6\pm0.1)\times10^{-5}$,
$(4.5\pm0.9\pm0.1)\times10^{-5}$, $(4.5\pm0.9\pm0.1)\times10^{-5}$,
$(2.0\pm0.7\pm0.1)\times10^{-5}$, and $(2.0\pm0.7\pm0.1)\times10^{-5}$ for
$B=p, \Lambda, \Sigma^+, \Sigma^0, \Xi^-$ and $\Xi^0$, respectively, where the
first uncertainty is from the global fit and the second uncertainty is the
systematic uncertainty due to the assumption $|G_E|=|G_M|$. They are at least
one order of magnitude larger than a simple scaling of the branching fraction
of $J/\psi\to B\bar{B}$.Comment: version accepted by Physics Letters B, revised, discussed added,
  references adde
Very-high-energy {\gamma}-ray observations of novae and dwarf novae with
  the MAGIC telescopes

Context. In the last five years the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT)
instrument detected GeV {\gamma}-ray emission from five novae. The GeV emission
can be interpreted in terms of an inverse Compton process of electrons
accelerated in a shock. In this case it is expected that protons in the same
conditions can be accelerated to much higher energies. Consequently they may
produce a second component in the {\gamma}-ray spectrum at TeV energies. Aims.
We aim to explore the very-high-energy domain to search for {\gamma}-ray
emission above 50 GeV and to shed light on the acceleration process of leptons
and hadrons in nova explosions. Methods. We have performed observations with
the MAGIC telescopes of the classical nova V339 Del shortly after the 2013
outburst, triggered by optical and subsequent GeV {\gamma}-ray detec- tions. We
also briefly report on VHE observations of the symbiotic nova YY Her and the
dwarf nova ASASSN-13ax. We complement the TeV MAGIC observations with the
analysis of con- temporaneous Fermi-LAT data of the sources. The TeV and GeV
observations are compared in order to evaluate the acceleration parameters for
leptons and hadrons. Results. No significant TeV emission was found from the
studied sources. We computed upper limits on the spectrum and night-by-night
flux. The combined GeV and TeV observations of V339 Del limit the ratio of
proton to electron luminosities to Lp<~0.15 Le.Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures, accepted for publication in A&