pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Geographies of energy transition: Space, place and the low-carbon economy

AbstractThis paper makes a case for examining energy transition as a geographical process, involving the reconfiguration of current patterns and scales of economic and social activity. The paper draws on a seminar series on the ‘Geographies of Energy Transition: security, climate, governance' hosted by the authors between 2009 and 2011, which initiated a dialogue between energy studies and the discipline of human geography. Focussing on the UK Government's policy for a low carbon transition, the paper provides a conceptual language with which to describe and assess the geographical implications of a transition towards low carbon energy. Six concepts are introduced and explained: location, landscape, territoriality, spatial differentiation, scaling, and spatial embeddedness. Examples illustrate how the geographies of a future low-carbon economy are not yet determined and that a range of divergent – and contending – potential geographical futures are in play. More attention to the spaces and places that transition to a low-carbon economy will produce can help better understand what living in a low-carbon economy will be like. It also provides a way to help evaluate the choices and pathways available
Proton-induced deuteron breakup at GeV energies with forward emission of a fast proton pair

AbstractA study of the deuteron breakup reaction pd→(pp)n with forward emission of a fast proton pair with small excitation energy Epp< 3 MeV has been performed using the ANKE spectrometer at COSY-Jülich. An exclusive measurement was carried out at six proton-beam energies Tp= 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.95, 1.35 and 1.9 GeV by reconstructing the momenta of the two protons. The differential cross section of the breakup reaction, averaged up to 8° over the cm polar angle of the total momentum of the pp pairs, has been obtained. Since the kinematics of this process is quite similar to that of backward elastic pd→dp scattering, the results are compared to calculations based on a theoretical model previously applied to the pd→dp process
Gluconeogenic Signals Regulate Iron Homeostasis via Hepcidin in Mice

Background & AimsHepatic gluconeogenesis provides fuel during starvation, and is abnormally induced in obese individuals or those with diabetes. Common metabolic disorders associated with active gluconeogenesis and insulin resistance (obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease) have been associated with alterations in iron homeostasis that disrupt insulin sensitivity and promote disease progression. We investigated whether gluconeogenic signals directly control Hepcidin, an important regulator of iron homeostasis, in starving mice (a model of persistently activated gluconeogenesis and insulin resistance).MethodsWe investigated hepatic regulation of Hepcidin expression in C57BL/6Crl, 129S2/SvPas, BALB/c, and Creb3l3–/– null mice. Mice were fed a standard, iron-balanced chow diet or an iron-deficient diet for 9 days before death, or for 7 days before a 24- to 48-hour starvation period; liver and spleen tissues then were collected and analyzed by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot analyses. Serum levels of iron, hemoglobin, Hepcidin, and glucose also were measured. We analyzed human hepatoma (HepG2) cells and mouse primary hepatocytes to study transcriptional control of Hamp (the gene that encodes Hepcidin) in response to gluconeogenic stimuli using small interfering RNA, luciferase promoter, and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses.ResultsStarvation led to increased transcription of the gene that encodes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (a protein involved in gluconeogenesis) in livers of mice, increased levels of Hepcidin, and degradation of Ferroportin, compared with nonstarved mice. These changes resulted in hypoferremia and iron retention in liver tissue. Livers of starved mice also had increased levels of Ppargc1a mRNA and Creb3l3 mRNA, which encode a transcriptional co-activator involved in energy metabolism and a liver-specific transcription factor, respectively. Glucagon and a cyclic adenosine monophosphate analog increased promoter activity and transcription of Hamp in cultured liver cells; levels of Hamp were reduced after administration of small interfering RNAs against Ppargc1a and Creb3l3. PPARGC1A and CREB3L3 bound the Hamp promoter to activate its transcription in response to a cyclic adenosine monophosphate analog. Creb3l3–/– mice did not up-regulate Hamp or become hypoferremic during starvation.ConclusionsWe identified a link between glucose and iron homeostasis, showing that Hepcidin is a gluconeogenic sensor in mice during starvation. This response is involved in hepatic metabolic adaptation to increased energy demands; it preserves tissue iron for vital activities during food withdrawal, but can cause excessive iron retention and hypoferremia in disorders with persistently activated gluconeogenesis and insulin resistance
The inflaton as an MSSM Higgs and open string modulus monodromy inflation

AbstractIt has been recently pointed out that high scale inflation, as recently hinted by the BICEP2 results, is consistent with the identification of an inflaton mass mI≃1013 GeV with the SUSY breaking scale in an MSSM with a fine-tuned SM Higgs. This identification leads to a Higgs mass mh≃126 GeV, consistent with LHC measurements. Here we propose that this naturally suggests to identify the inflaton with the heavy MSSM Higgs system. The fact that the extrapolated Higgs coupling λSM≃0 at scales below the Planck scale suggests the Higgs degrees of freedom could be associated with a Wilson line or D-brane position modulus in string theory. The Higgs system then has a shift symmetry and an N=2 structure which guarantees that its potential has an approximate quadratic chaotic inflation form. These moduli in string compactifications, being compact, allow for trans-Planckian inflaton field range analogous to a version of monodromy inflation
Air pollution and diabetes association: Modification by type 2 diabetes genetic risk score

AbstractExposure to ambient air pollution (AP) exposure has been linked to type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk. Evidence on the impact of T2D genetic variants on AP susceptibility is lacking. Compared to single variants, joint genetic variants contribute substantially to disease risk. We investigated the modification of AP and diabetes association by a genetic risk score (GRS) covering 63 T2D genes in 1524 first follow-up participants of the Swiss cohort study on air pollution and lung and heart diseases in adults. Genome-wide data and covariates were available from a nested asthma case-control study design. AP was estimated as 10-year mean residential particulate matter <10μm (PM10). We computed count-GRS and weighted-GRS, and applied PM10 interaction terms in mixed logistic regressions, on odds of diabetes. Analyses were stratified by pathways of diabetes pathology and by asthma status. Diabetes prevalence was 4.6% and mean exposure to PM10 was 22μg/m3. Odds of diabetes increased by 8% (95% confidence interval: 2, 14%) per T2D risk allele and by 35% (−8, 97%) per 10μg/m3 exposure to PM10. We observed a positive interaction between PM10 and count-GRS on diabetes [ORinteraction=1.10 (1.01, 1.20)], associations being strongest among participants at the highest quartile of count-GRS [OR: 1.97 (1.00, 3.87)]. Stronger interactions were observed with variants of the GRS involved in insulin resistance [(ORinteraction=1.22 (1.00, 1.50)] than with variants related to beta-cell function. Interactions with count-GRS were stronger among asthma cases. We observed similar results with weighted-GRS. Five single variants near GRB14, UBE2E2, PTPRD, VPS26A and KCNQ1 showed nominally significant interactions with PM10 (P<0.05). Our results suggest that genetic risk for T2D may modify susceptibility to air pollution through alterations in insulin sensitivity. These results need confirmation in diabetes cohort consortia
Flavor violating Z′ from SO(10) SUSY GUT in High-Scale SUSY

AbstractWe propose an SO(10) supersymmetric grand unified theory (SUSY GUT), where the SO(10) gauge symmetry breaks down to SU(3)c×SU(2)L×U(1)Y×U(1)X at the GUT scale and U(1)X is radiatively broken at the SUSY-braking scale. In order to achieve the observed Higgs mass around 126 GeV and also to satisfy constraints on flavor- and/or CP-violating processes, we assume that the SUSY-breaking scale is O(100) TeV, so that the U(1)X breaking scale is also O(100) TeV. One big issue in the SO(10) GUTs is how to realize realistic Yukawa couplings. In our model, not only 16-dimensional but also 10-dimensional matter fields are introduced to predict the observed fermion masses and mixings. The Standard-Model quarks and leptons are linear combinations of the 16- and 10-dimensional fields so that the U(1)X gauge interaction may be flavor-violating. We investigate the current constraints on the flavor-violating Z′ interaction from the flavor physics and discuss prospects for future experiments
Phantom-like behavior in f(R)-gravity

AbstractWe investigate possible realization of the phantom-like behavior in the framework of f(R)-gravity models where there are no phantom fields in the matter sector of the theory. By adopting some observationally reliable ansatz for f(R), we show that it is possible to realize phantom-like behavior in f(R)-gravity without introduction of phantom fields that suffer from instabilities and violation of the null energy condition. Depending on the choice of f(R), the null energy condition is fulfilled in some subspaces of each model parameter space
Maternal Epigenetic Pathways Control Parental Contributions to Arabidopsis Early Embryogenesis

SummaryDefining the contributions and interactions of paternal and maternal genomes during embryo development is critical to understand the fundamental processes involved in hybrid vigor, hybrid sterility, and reproductive isolation. To determine the parental contributions and their regulation during Arabidopsis embryogenesis, we combined deep-sequencing-based RNA profiling and genetic analyses. At the 2–4 cell stage there is a strong, genome-wide dominance of maternal transcripts, although transcripts are contributed by both parental genomes. At the globular stage the relative paternal contribution is higher, largely due to a gradual activation of the paternal genome. We identified two antagonistic maternal pathways that control these parental contributions. Paternal alleles are initially downregulated by the chromatin siRNA pathway, linked to DNA and histone methylation, whereas transcriptional activation requires maternal activity of the histone chaperone complex CAF1. Our results define maternal epigenetic pathways controlling the parental contributions in plant embryos, which are distinct from those regulating genomic imprinting
On first-order formalism in string theory

AbstractWe consider the first-order formalism in string theory, providing a new off-shell description of the non-trivial backgrounds around an “infinite metric”. The OPE of the vertex operators, corresponding to the background fields in some “twistor representation”, and conditions of conformal invariance results in the quadratic equation for the background fields, which appears to be equivalent to the Einstein equations with a Kalb–Ramond B-field and a dilaton. Using a new representation for the Einstein equations with B-field and dilaton we find a new class of solutions including the plane waves for metric (graviton) and the B-field. We discuss the properties of these background equations and main features of the BRST operator in this approach
Multi-hadron final states in RPV supersymmetric models with extra matter

AbstractThe gluino mass has been constrained by various search channels at the LHC experiments and the recent analyses are even sensitive to the cases where gluinos decay to quarks at the end of the decay chains through the baryonic RPV operator. We argue that introduction of extra matter, which is partly motivated by cancelling anomalies of discrete R symmetry, may help to relax the gluino mass limit when the RPV hadronic gluino decays are considered. In the scenarios where the extra matter states appear in the gluino decay chains, the number of decay products increases and each jet becomes soft, making it difficult to distinguish the signal from backgrounds. We investigate the sensitivity of existing analyses to such scenarios and demonstrate that the gluino mass limit can be relaxed if the mass spectrum reconciles the sensitivities of high pT jet searches and large jet multiplicity searches
The endemic and near-endemic angiosperms of the Drakensberg Alpine Centre

AbstractThe Drakensberg Alpine Centre (DAC) of southern Africa supports a speciose number of angiosperms. Its compliment of 2520 native angiosperms is comparable with the native floras of northern hemisphere countries such as Germany or Switzerland, and is almost double that of Great Britain. Levels of angiosperm endemism and near-endemism in the DAC too are high, that are here treated within a conservation framework to draw attention to the local and global significance of its biodiversity. The DAC supports some 334 endemic and 595 near-endemic angiosperms, meaning that almost 37% if its flora is confined to a core region south of the Limpopo River. Strict endemism is c. 13%, slightly lower than the 16% endemism for KwaZulu-Natal, and substantially lower than endemism (c. 69%) in the Cape Floristic Region. Most endemic and near-endemic taxa belong to the Asteraceae, Scrophulariaceae and Iridaceae, which are the largest, fourth largest and seventh largest angiosperm families in the DAC respectively. Helichrysum and Senecio contribute the most endemics and near-endemics. Many of the endemics are rare, and have very specific habitat preferences. Some 42% of the endemic taxa, and 16% of the near-endemic taxa, are Red Data species. Here we add a further 42 endemic taxa (c. 13%) to the Orange List, bringing the total number of endemics that are now either Red or Orange Data listed to 182 (c. 55%); their conservation needs to be prioritised. A strong plea is made for the continued sustainable management and protection of biota in the DAC, and the mitigation of any threats that may lead to their demise
Affordability of cancer care in the United Kingdom – Is it time to introduce user charges?

AbstractContextIn high income countries the costs of delivering high quality equitable care are outstripping present budgets. This article reviews the affordability of cancer care in these countries with particular reference to the United Kingdom (U.K.). The question remains as to whether patients should contribute to their cancer treatment through the introduction of user charges, and whether such payments can be assimilated without undermining efficiency and equity of health care access.MethodsIn our review we analyse the drivers of increased cancer care utilisation, the current policies designed to control rising costs, and the potential impact of introducing patient user charges. The article also explores whether our understanding of behavioural economics could be used to create “nudge” policies that drive rational health care consumption.FindingsThe costs of cancer care in the U.K. are increasing at an unprecedented rate, driven by demographic changes, innovation (radiotherapy, drugs and imaging) and consumerism within health care. Budgets are tightly constrained and health technology assessments designed to ensure coverage of high value interventions have come under significant public and political scrutiny. User charges potentially provide a framework to “nudge” patients from low value care of limited effectiveness towards high value cost effective treatment, thereby increasing overall efficiency. However supply side controls are equally relevant with greater focus on physician test ordering, and improving the quality of doctor–patient communication, especially when discussing treatment options towards the end of life.ConclusionsFiscal sustainability of health care financing remains a key public policy concern. Attempts at ensuring coverage of cost effective treatments have been continuously challenged and without new policies, sustainability trade-offs may be necessary with potential rationing of high value treatments. User charges provide a potential means of sustaining spending proportional to the projected rise in number of cancer cases, whilst embracing technological innovations which could potentially improve outcomes
Two formalisms of extended possibilistic logic programming with context-dependent fuzzy unification A comparative description

AbstractPossibilistic logic is a logic of uncertainty where a certainty degree between 0 and 1, interpreted as a lower bound of a necessity measure, is attached to each classical formula. In this paper we present a comparative description of two models extending first order possibilistic logic so as to allow for fuzzy unification. The first formalism, called PLFC, is a general extension that allows clauses with fuzzy constants and fuzzily restricted quantifiers. The second formalism is an implication-based extension defined on top of Gödel infinitely-valued logic, capable of dealing with fuzzy constants. In this paper we compare these approaches, mainly their Horn-clause fragments, discussing their basic differences, specially in what regards their unification and automated deduction mechanisms
Evolution of TNF Signaling Mechanisms JNK-Dependent Apoptosis Triggered by Eiger, the Drosophila Homolog of the TNF Superfamily

AbstractMuch of what we know about apoptosis in human cells stems from pioneering genetic studies in the nematode C. elegans[1, 2]. However, one important way in which the regulation of mammalian cell death appears to differ from that of its nematode counterpart is in the employment of TNF and TNF receptor superfamilies [3, 4]. No members of these families are present in C. elegans, yet TNF factors play prominent roles in mammalian development and disease [1, 3]. Here, we describe the cloning and characterization of Eiger, a unique TNF homolog in Drosophila. Like a subset of mammalian TNF proteins, Eiger is a potent inducer of apoptosis. Unlike its mammalian counterparts, however, the apoptotic effect of Eiger does not require the activity of the caspase-8 homolog DREDD, but it completely depends on its ability to activate the JNK pathway. Eiger-induced cell death requires the caspase-9 homolog DRONC and the Apaf-1 homolog DARK. Our results suggest that primordial members of the TNF superfamily can induce cell death indirectly by triggering JNK signaling, which, in turn, causes activation of the apoptosome. A direct mode of action via the apical FADD/caspase-8 pathway may have been coopted by some TNF signaling systems only at subsequent stages of evolution
Search for new phenomena with large jet multiplicities and missing
  transverse momentum using large-radius jets and flavour-tagging at ATLAS in
  13 TeV $pp$ collisions

A search is presented for particles that decay producing a large jet
multiplicity and invisible particles. The event selection applies a veto on the
presence of isolated electrons or muons and additional requirements on the
number of b-tagged jets and the scalar sum of masses of large-radius jets.
Having explored the full ATLAS 2015-2016 dataset of LHC proton-proton
collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13~\mathrm{TeV}$, which corresponds to 36.1 fb$^{-1}$
of integrated luminosity, no evidence is found for physics beyond the Standard
Model. The results are interpreted in the context of simplified models inspired
by R-parity-conserving and R-parity-violating supersymmetry, where gluinos are
pair-produced. More generic models within the phenomenological minimal
supersymmetric Standard Model are also considered.Comment: Comments: 53 pages in total, author list starting page 37, 7 figures,
  5 tables, submitted to JHEP, All figures including auxiliary figures are
  available at
  http://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/PAPERS/SUSY-2016-13
Comparative study of polar and semipolar (1122) InGaN layers grown by metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy

InGaN layers were grown simultaneously on (11 (2) over bar2) GaN and (0001) GaN templates by metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy. At higher growth temperature (>= 750 degrees C), the indium content (<15%) of the (11<(2)over bar>2) and (0001) InGaN layers was similar. However, for temperatures less than 750 degrees C, the indium content of the (11 (2) over bar2) InGaN layers (15%-26%) were generally lower than those with (0001) orientation (15%-32%). The compositional deviation was attributed to the different strain relaxations between the (11 (2) over bar2) and (0001) InGaN layers. Room temperature photoluminescence measurements of the (11 (2) over bar2) InGaN layers showed an emission wavelength that shifts gradually from 380 nm to 580 nm with decreasing growth temperature (or increasing indium composition). The peak emission wavelength of the (11 (2) over bar2) InGaN layers with an indium content of more than 10% blue-shifted a constant value of approximate to(50-60) nm when using higher excitation power densities. This blue-shift was attributed to band filling effects in the layers. (C) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC
Hydrogen Bonding in Proton Transfer Compounds of 5 Sulfosalicylic Acid with Ortho-Substituted Monocyclic Heteroaromatic Lewis Bases

The crystal structures of the 1:1 proton-transfer compounds of 5-sulfosalicylic acid\ud
with the ortho-substituted monocyclic heteroaromatic Lewis bases, 2-aminopyridine, 2-\ud
hydroxypyridine and 2-aminopyrimidine, viz. 2-aminopyridinium 5-sulfosalicylate (1),\ud
2-hydroxypyridinium 5-sulfosalicylate monohydrate (2) and 2-aminopyrimidinium 5-\ud
sulfosalicylatemonohydrate (3) have been determined and their hydrogen-bonding patterns\ud
described. All compounds are monoclinic, space group P21/c, with Z=4 in cells with dimensions\ud
a=7.898(5), b=11.159(11), c=14.912(7) A° , β =96.849(11)◦ (1);=7.260(2),\ud
b=15.292(3), c=12.615(2) A° , β =102.45(5)◦ (2) and a=7.0430(7), b=12.1871(16),\ud
c=16.2825(12) A° , β =101.364(7)◦ (3). All three compounds show some molecular disorder,\ud
in 1 within the cation species and with both 2 and 3, a similar rotational disorder in\ud
the anion sulfonate group. Hydrogen bonding in all three compounds together with significant\ud
cation-anion or cation-cation inter-ring π–π interactions generate three-dimensional\ud
layered polymer structures
Spatial inequalities in colorectal and breast cancer survival : premature deaths and associated factors

This study examines the influence of cancer stage, distance to treatment facilities and area disadvantage on breast and colorectal cancer spatial survival inequalities. We also estimate the number of premature deaths after adjusting for cancer stage to quantify the impact of spatial survival inequalities. Population-based descriptive study of residents aged <90 years in Queensland, Australia diagnosed with primary invasive breast (25,202 females) or colorectal (14,690 males, 11,700 females) cancers during 1996-2007. Bayesian hierarchical models explored relative survival inequalities across 478 regions. Cancer stage and disadvantage explained the spatial inequalities in breast cancer survival, however spatial inequalities in colorectal cancer survival persisted after adjustment. Of the 6,019 colorectal cancer deaths within 5 years of diagnosis, 470 (8%) were associated with spatial inequalities in non-diagnostic factors, i.e. factors beyond cancer stage at diagnosis. For breast cancers, of 2,412 deaths, 170 (7%) were related to spatial inequalities in non-diagnostic factors. Quantifying premature deaths can increase incentive for action to reduce these spatial inequalities