pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Measurement of the charge asymmetry in top-quark pair production in proton-proton collisions at \sqrt{s} = 7 TeV

The difference in angular distributions between top quarks and antiquarks, commonly referred to as the charge asymmetry, is measured in pp collisions at the LHC with the CMS experiment. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 1.09 fb−1 at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV. Top-quark pairs are selected in the final state with an electron or muon and four or more jets. At least one jet is identified as originating from b-quark hadronization. The charge asymmetry is measured in two variables, one based on the pseudorapidities (η) of the top quarks and the other on their rapidities (y). The results View the MathML source and View the MathML source are consistent within uncertainties with the standard-model predictions
Freshwater ostracodes in Quaternary permafrost deposits from the Siberian Arctic

Ostracode analysis was carried out on samples from ice-rich permafrost deposits obtained on the BykovskyPeninsula (Laptev Sea).A composite pro &#64257;le was investigated that covers most of a 38-m thick permafrostsequence and corresponds to the last ca.60 kyr of the Late Quaternary.The ostracode assemblages aresimilar to those known from European Quaternary lake deposits during cold stages.The ostracode habitatswere small,shallow,cold,oligotrophic pools located in low centred ice wedge polygons or in small ther-mokarst depressions.In total,15 taxa,representing 7 genera,were identi &#64257;ed from 65 samples.The studiedsection is subdivided into six ostracode zones that correspond to Late Quaternary climatic and environ-mental stadial-interstadial variations established by other paleoenvironmental proxies:(1)cold and dryZyrianian stadial (58 53 kyr BP);(2)warm and dry Karginian interstadial (48 34 kyr BP);(3)transitionfrom the Karginian interstadial to the cold and dry Sartanian stadial (34 21 kyr BP);(4)transition fromthe Sartanian stadial to the warm and dry Late Pleistocene period,the Allerød (21 14 kyr BP);(5)transition from the Allerød to the warm and wet Middle Holocene (14 7 kyr BP);and (6)cool and wetLate Holocene (ca.3 kyr BP).The abundance and diversity of the ostracodes will be used as an additionalbioindicator for paleoenvironmental reconstructions of the Siberian Arctic
Abstract multiple specialization and its application to program parallelization.

Program specialization optimizes programs for known valúes of the input. It is often the case that the set of possible input valúes is unknown, or this set is infinite. However, a form of specialization can still be performed in such cases by means of abstract interpretation, specialization then being with respect to abstract valúes (substitutions), rather than concrete ones. We study the múltiple specialization of logic programs based on abstract\ud
interpretation. This involves in principie, and based on information from global analysis, generating several versions of a program predicate for different uses of such predicate, optimizing these versions, and, finally,\ud
producing a new, "multiply specialized" program. While múltiple specialization has received theoretical attention, little previous evidence exists on its practicality. In this paper we report on the incorporation of múltiple\ud
specialization in a parallelizing compiler and quantify its effects. A novel approach to the design and implementation of the specialization system is proposed. The resulting implementation techniques result in identical specializations to those of the best previously proposed techniques but require little or no modification of some existing abstract interpreters. Our results show that, using the proposed techniques, the resulting "abstract múltiple specialization" is indeed a relevant technique in practice. In particular, in the parallelizing compiler application, a good number of run-time tests are eliminated and invariants extracted automatically from loops, resulting\ud
generally in lower overheads and in several cases in  increased speedups
Potential dividends and actual cash flows. Theoretical and empirical reasons for using ‘actual’ and dismissing ‘potential’, Or: How not to pull potential rabbits out of actual hats

Practitioners and academics in valuation include changes in liquid assets (potential dividends) in the cash flows. This widespread and wrong practice is inconsistent with basic finance theory. We present economic, theoretical, and empirical arguments to support the thesis. Economic
arguments underline that only flows of cash should be considered for valuation; theoretical arguments show how potential dividends lead to contradiction and to arbitrage losses. Empirical arguments, from recent studies, suggest that investors discount potential dividends with high
discount rates, which means that changes in liquid assets are not value drivers. Hence, when valuing cash flows, we should consider only actual payments.
Effects of TRIPS on Growth, Welfare and Income Inequality in an R&D-Growth Model

What are the effects of the WTO’s TRIPS Agreement on growth, welfare and income inequality? To analyze this question, we develop an open-economy R&D-growth model with wealth heterogeneity. Under TRIPS, the North experiences higher growth and welfare at the expense of higher income inequality. As for the South, it experiences higher growth at the expense of lower welfare and higher income inequality. There exists a critical degree for the domestic importance of foreign goods below (above) which global welfare decreases (increases) under TRIPS. In light of our findings, we discuss policy implications on China’s accession to the WTO in 2001.
Top quark mass studies with $t\bar{t}j$ at the LHC

A precise measurement of the top quark mass, a fundamental parameter of the
Standard Model, is among the most important goals of top quark studies at the
Large Hadron Collider. Apart from the standard methods, numerous new
observables and reconstruction techniques are employed to improve the overall
precision and to provide different sensitivities to various systematic
uncertainties. Recently, the normalised inverse invariant mass distribution of
the $t\bar{t}$ system and the leading extra jet not coming from the top quark
decays has been proposed for the $pp \to t\bar{t}j$ production process, denoted
as ${\cal R}(m_t^{pole},\rho_s)$. In this paper, a thorough study of different
theoretical predictions for this observable, however, with top quark decays
included, is carried out. We focus on fixed order NLO QCD calculations for the
di-lepton top quark decay channel at the LHC with $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV. First, the
impact on the extraction of $m_t$ is investigated and afterwards the associated
uncertainties are quantified. In one approach we include all interferences,
off-shell effects and non-resonant backgrounds. This is contrasted with a
different approach with top quark decays in the narrow width approximation. In
the latter case, two cases are employed: NLO QCD corrections to the $pp\to
t\bar{t}j$ production process with leading order decays and the more
sophisticated case with QCD corrections and jet radiation present also in top
quark decays. The top quark mass sensitivity of ${\cal R}(m_t^{pole},\rho_s)$
is investigated and compared to other observables: the invariant mass of the
top anti-top pair, the minimal invariant mass of the $b$-jet and a charged
lepton as well as the total transverse momentum of the $t\bar{t}j$ system.Comment: 39 pages, 19 figures, 8 tables, version to appear in JHE
The Hawking–Penrose singularity theorem for C1,1-Lorentzian

We show that the Hawking–Penrose singularity theorem, and the generalisation of\ud
this theorem due to Galloway and Senovilla, continue to hold for Lorentzian metrics\ud
that are of C1\ud
,\ud
1-regularity. We formulate appropriate weak versions of the strong energy\ud
condition and genericity condition for C1\ud
,\ud
1-metrics, and of C0-trapped submanifolds. By\ud
regularisation, we show that, under these weak conditions, causal geodesics necessarily\ud
become non-maximising. This requires a detailed analysis of the matrix Riccati equation\ud
for the approximating metrics, which may be of independent interest
Environmental factors prevail over dispersal constraints indetermining the distribution and assembly of Trichopteraspecies in mountain lakes

Altres ajuts: project Invasive ﬁsh(427/2011), the Biodiversity Conservation Plan from ENDESA S.A. (6900014499)Aiming to elucidate whether large-scale dispersal factors or environmental species sorting prevail in determining patterns of Trichoptera species composition in mountain lakes, we analyzed the distribution and assembly of the most common Trichoptera (Plectrocnemia laetabilis, Polycentropus flavomaculatus, Drusus rectus, Annitella pyrenaea, and Mystacides azurea) in the mountain lakes of the Pyrenees (Spain, France, Andorra) based on a survey of 82 lakes covering the geographical and environmental extremes of the lake district. Spatial autocorrelation in species composition was determined using Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM). Redundancy analysis (RDA) was applied to explore the influence of MEM variables and in-lake, and catchment environmental variables on Trichoptera assemblages. Variance partitioning analysis (partial RDA) revealed the fraction of species composition variation that could be attributed uniquely to either environmental variability or MEM variables. Finally, the distribution of individual species was analyzed in relation to specific environmental factors using binomial generalized linear models (GLM). Trichoptera assemblages showed spatial structure. However, the most relevant environmental variables in the RDA (i.e., temperature and woody vegetation in-lake catchments) were also related with spatial variables (i.e., altitude and longitude). Partial RDA revealed that the fraction of variation in species composition that was uniquely explained by environmental variability was larger than that uniquely explained by MEM variables. GLM results showed that the distribution of species with longitudinal bias is related to specific environmental factors with geographical trend. The environmental dependence found agrees with the particular traits of each species. We conclude that Trichoptera species distribution and composition in the lakes of the Pyrenees are governed predominantly by local environmental factors, rather than by dispersal constraints. For boreal lakes, with similar environmental conditions, a strong role of dispersal capacity has been suggested. Further investigation should address the role of spatial scaling, namely absolute geographical distances constraining dispersal and steepness of environmental gradients at short distances
The five-loop Beta function for a general gauge group and anomalous dimensions beyond Feynman gauge.

We focus on a non-abelian gauge field coupled to a single (but general) representation of a family of Nf fermions. By using the same machinery that had allowed us to evaluate the sub-leading large-Nf term of the five-loop Beta function earlier, we here report on a confirmation of the all-Nf result that has in the meantime been published by another group. Furthermore, in order to push forward the 5-loop renormalization program regarding gauge parameter dependence, we present the linear terms of the complete set of anomalous dimensions, in an expansion in the covariant gauge parameter around the Feynman gauge
Search for direct production of supersymmetric partners of the top quark in the all-jets final state in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV

A search for direct production of top squark pairs in events with jets and large transverse momentum imbalance is presented. The data are based on proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, collected with the CMS detector in 2016 at the CERN LHC, and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 $fb^{-1}$. The search considers a variety of R-parity conserving supersymmetric models, including ones for which the top squark and neutralino masses are nearly degenerate. Specialized jet reconstruction tools are developed to exploit the unique characteristics of the signal topologies. With no significant excess of events observed above the standard model expectations, upper limits are set on the direct top squark pair production cross section in the context of simplified supersymmetric models for various decay hypotheses. Models with larger differences in mass between the top squark and neutralino are probed for masses up to 1040 and 500 GeV, respectively, whereas models with a more compressed mass hierarchy are probed up to 660 and 610 GeV, respectively. The smallest mass difference probed is for masses near to 550 and 540 GeV, respectively
Energy-pressure relation for low-dimensional gases

A particularly simple relation of proportionality between internal energy and pressure holds for scale-invariant thermodynamic systems (with Hamiltonians homogeneous functions of the coordinates), including classical and quantum – Bose and Fermi – ideal gases. One can quantify the deviation from such a relation by introducing the internal energy shift as the difference between the internal energy of the system and the corresponding value for scale-invariant (including ideal) gases. After discussing some general thermodynamic properties associated with the scale-invariance, we provide criteria for which the internal energy shift density of an imperfect (classical or quantum) gas is a bounded function of temperature. We then study the internal energy shift and deviations from the energy–pressure proportionality in low-dimensional models of gases interpolating between the ideal Bose and the ideal Fermi gases, focusing on the Lieb–Liniger model in 1d and on the anyonic gas in 2d. In 1d the internal energy shift is determined from the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz integral equations and an explicit relation for it is given at high temperature. Our results show that the internal energy shift is positive, it vanishes in the two limits of zero and infinite coupling (respectively the ideal Bose and the Tonks–Girardeau gas) and it has a maximum at a finite, temperature-depending, value of the coupling. Remarkably, at fixed coupling the energy shift density saturates to a finite value for infinite temperature. In 2d we consider systems of Abelian anyons and non-Abelian Chern–Simons particles: as it can be seen also directly from a study of the virial coefficients, in the usually considered hard-core limit the internal energy shift vanishes and the energy is just proportional to the pressure, with the proportionality constant being simply the area of the system. Soft-core boundary conditions at coincident points for the two-body wavefunction introduce a length scale, and induce a non-vanishing internal energy shift: the soft-core thermodynamics is considered in the dilute regime for both the families of anyonic models and in that limit we can show that the energy–pressure ratio does not match the area of the system, opposed to what happens for hard-core (and in particular 2d Bose and Fermi) ideal anyonic gases
Spatio-Temporal Patterns of the International Merger and Acquisition Network

This paper analyses the world web of mergers and acquisitions (M&As) using a complex network approach. We use data of\ud
M&As to build a temporal sequence of binary and weighted-directed networks for the period 1995-2010 and 224 countries\ud
(nodes) connected according to their M&As flows (links). We study different geographical and temporal aspects of the international\ud
M&A network (IMAN), building sequences of filtered sub-networks whose links belong to specific intervals of distance\ud
or time. Given that M&As and trade are complementary ways of reaching foreign markets, we perform our analysis using\ud
statistics employed for the study of the international trade network (ITN), highlighting the similarities and differences between\ud
the ITN and the IMAN. In contrast to the ITN, the IMAN is a low density network characterized by a persistent giant component\ud
with many external nodes and low reciprocity. Clustering patterns are very heterogeneous and dynamic. High-income\ud
economies are the main acquirers and are characterized by high connectivity, implying that most countries are targets of a few\ud
acquirers. Like in the ITN, geographical distance strongly impacts the structure of the IMAN: link-weights and node degrees\ud
have a non-linear relation with distance, and an assortative pattern is present at short distances
Measurements of jet charge with dijet events in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV

Jet charge is an estimator of the electric charge of a quark, antiquark, or gluon initiating a jet. It is based on the momentum-weighted sum of the electric charges of the jet constituents. Measurements of three charge observables of the leading jet in transverse momentum pT are performed with dijet events. The analysis is carried out with data collected by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 inverse femtobarns. The results are presented as a function of the pT of the leading jet and compared to predictions from leading- and next-to-leading-order event generators combined with parton showers. Measured jet charge distributions, unfolded for detector effects, are reported, which expand on previous measurements of the jet charge average and standard deviation in pp collisions
Search for dark matter and unparticles in events with a Z boson and missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 13 TeV

A search for dark matter and unparticle production at the LHC has been performed using events containing two charged leptons (electrons or muons), consistent with the decay of a Z boson, and large missing transverse momentum. This study is based on data collected with the CMS detector in 2015, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.3 inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collisions at the LHC, at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. No excess over the standard model expectation is observed. Compared to previous searches in this topology, which exclusively relied on effective field theories, the results are interpreted in terms of a simplified model of dark matter production for both vector and axial vector couplings between a mediator and dark matter particles. The first study of this class of models using CMS data at sqrt(s) = 13 TeV is presented. Additionally, effective field theories of dark matter and unparticle production are used to interpret the data
Incremental infrastructures : material improvisation and social collaboration across post-colonial Accra.

Approaching the informal construction and extension of infrastructures through the terrain of what I term “the incremental” opens up new platforms of analysis for post-colonial urban systems. This refers to ad hoc actions on the part of slum dwellers to connect to energy networks or carve out informal living spaces. I argue that incrementalism is produced and subsequently secured and scaled through material configurations that seek to test and prefigure new forms of infrastructure and accompanying resource flows. I use a case study of energy and housing systems in a low-income neighborhood in Accra to define and examine these incremental infrastructures. I examine shifts in the Accra energy network as urban dwellers rework connections to flows of electricity. I also consider the material adjustment of housing and the role of cooperation in responding to threats of demolition and displacement. Together, incremental infrastructures and the ways that they are constituted articulate a prefigurative politics in which residents seek to generate access to new infrastructural worlds
Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies 11 new loci for anthropometric traits and provides insights into genetic architecture

Approaches exploiting trait distribution extremes may be used to identify loci associated with common traits, but it is unknown whether these loci are generalizable to the broader population. In a genome-wide search for loci associated with the upper versus the lower 5th percentiles of body mass index, height and waist-to-hip ratio, as well as clinical classes of obesity, including up to 263,407 individuals of European ancestry, we identified 4 new loci (IGFBP4, H6PD, RSRC1 and PPP2R2A) influencing height detected in the distribution tails and 7 new loci (HNF4G, RPTOR, GNAT2, MRPS33P4, ADCY9, HS6ST3 and ZZZ3) for clinical classes of obesity. Further, we find a large overlap in genetic structure and the distribution of variants between traits based on extremes and the general population and little etiological heterogeneity between obesity subgroups
Genome-wide meta-analysis associates HLA-DQA1/DRB1 and LPA and lifestyle factors with human longevity

Genomic analysis of longevity offers the potential to illuminate the biology of human aging. Here, using genome-wide association meta-analysis of 606,059 parents' survival, we discover two regions associated with longevity (HLA-DQA1/DRB1 and LPA). We also validate previous suggestions that APOE, CHRNA3/5, CDKN2A/B, SH2B3 and FOXO3A influence longevity. Next we show that giving up smoking, educational attainment, openness to new experience and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels are most positively genetically correlated with lifespan while susceptibility to coronary artery disease (CAD), cigarettes smoked per day, lung cancer, insulin resistance and body fat are most negatively correlated. We suggest that the effect of education on lifespan is principally mediated through smoking while the effect of obesity appears to act via CAD. Using instrumental variables, we suggest that an increase of one body mass index unit reduces lifespan by 7 months while 1 year of education adds 11 months to expected lifespan
Superhumps linked to X-ray emission The superoutbursts of SSS J122221.7-311525 and GW Lib

Context: We present more than 4 years of Swift X-ray observations of the 2013 superoutburst, subsequent decline and quiescence of the WZ Sge-type dwarf nova SSS J122221.7−311525 (SSS J122222) from 6 days after discovery. Aims: Only a handful of WZ Sge-type dwarf novae have been observed in X-rays, and until recently GW Lib was the only binary of this type with complete coverage of an X-ray light curve throughout a superoutburst. We collected extensive X-ray data of a second such system to understand the extent to which the unexpected properties of GW Lib are common to the WZ Sge class. Methods: We collected 60 Swift-XRT observations of SSS J122222 between 2013 January 6 and 2013 July 1. Four follow-up observations were performed in 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017. The total exposure time of our observations is 86.6 ks. We analysed the X-ray light curve and compared it with the behaviour of superhumps which were detected in the optical light curve. We also performed spectral analysis of the data. The results were compared with the properties of GW Lib, for which new X-ray observations were also obtained. Results: SSS J122222 was variable and around five times brighter in 0.3–10 keV X-rays during the superoutburst than in quiescence, mainly because of a significant strengthening of a high-energy component of the X-ray spectrum. The post-outburst decline of the X-ray flux lasted at least 500 d. The data show no evidence of the expected optically thick boundary layer in the system during the outburst. SSS J122222 also exhibited a sudden X-ray flux change in the middle of the superoutburst, which occurred exactly at the time of the superhump stage transition. A similar X-ray behaviour was also detected in GW Lib. Conclusions: We show that the X-ray flux exhibits changes at the times of changes in the superhump behaviour of both SSS J122222 and GW Lib. This result demonstrates a relationship between the outer disc and the white dwarf boundary layer for the first time, and suggests that models for accretion discs in high mass ratio accreting binaries are currently incomplete. The very long decline to X-ray quiescence is also in strong contrast to the expectation of low viscosity in the disc after outburst.Peer-reviewedPublisher Versio