pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
The influence of lawyers' questions on witness accuracy, confidence and reaction times and on mock-jurors' interpretation of witness accuracy

Two studies demonstrate the influence of lawyers' complex questions on mock-witness  accuracy, confidence, and reaction times and on the interpretation of witness accuracy by  mock jurors. In study one, 32 mock witnesses were shown a short film and then questioned  either with lawyers' complex questions or simple alternatives. In Study 2, 20 mock jurors  viewed video footage of the mock witnesses assigned to each of the two previous conditions  and were asked to rate their confidence in the witnesses' answers. The findings of the two  studies indicated that lawyers' use of confusing questions reduce not only accuracy but  also speed of response and both witnesses' and jurors' ability to determine accuracy. The  implication of these findings is straightforward, lawyers should ask simple questions  wherever possible.Griffith Health, School of Applied PsychologyFull Tex
The Lawyer in the Dutch Interrogation Room: Influence on Police and Suspect

In many European countries, providing a suspect in custody with legal aid before the first police interrogation is a heavily debated issue. In this paper, we report on an exploratory study on the use of coercion by the police and the use of the right to silence by suspects in 70 Dutch homicide cases and their relation to prior consultation and presence of a lawyer. Analysis of the data indicates that there is a relation between the presence of a lawyer in the interrogation room and the way in which police interrogators use coercion. To gain insight into whether the police use coercion and how this is achieved, we looked at the extent to which the interrogators make use of certain interrogation techniques and how the interrogation techniques are used to exert coercion. We found that legal advice from a lawyer before and during the interrogation corresponds with suspects more often using their right to silence. It also appears that the police are inclined to use ‘hard coercion’ when confronted with a silent suspect. The research thus raises the question as to whether the presence of a lawyer is an adequate way to prevent false confessions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
A Comparison of Logistic Regression and Classification Tree Analysis for Behavioural Case Linkage

Much previous research on behavioural case linkage has used binary logistic regression to build predictive models that can discriminate between linked and unlinked offences. However, classification tree analysis has recently been proposed as a potential alternative owing to its ability to build user-friendly and transparent predictive models. Building on previous research, the current study compares the relative ability of logistic regression analysis and classification tree analysis to construct predictive models for the purposes of case linkage. Two samples are utilised in this study: a sample of 376 serial car thefts committed in the UK and a sample of 160 serial residential burglaries committed in Finland. In both datasets, logistic regression and classification tree models achieve comparable levels of discrimination accuracy, but the classification tree models demonstrate problems in terms of reliability or usability that the logistic regression models do not. These findings suggest that future research is needed before classification tree analysis can be considered a viable alternative to logistic regression in behavioural case linkage.Peer-reviewedPost-prin
The Course of Case Linkage Never Did Run Smooth: A New Investigation to Tackle the Behavioural Changes in Serial Car Theft

This study aimed to investigate the case linkage principles, behavioural consistency and distinctiveness, with a sample of serial car thieves. Target selection, acquisition, and disposal behaviours, as well as geographical and temporal behaviours, were examined. The effects of temporal proximity and offender expertise were also investigated as moderating factors of behavioural consistency. As in previous case linkage research, geographical and some target selection behaviours were able to predict whether crime pairs are linked or unlinked at a statistically significant level. Crucially, it was also found that temporal behaviours demonstrate a significant capability to predict linkage status, a variable which has never before been applied to the prediction of linkage in serial car theft. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that changing the operationalisation of the behavioural domains can affect the results obtained. No support was found for the moderation of behavioural consistency on the basis of temporal proximity or expertise. Overall, the results support previous case linkage studies, furthering their practical applicability within the criminal justice system.12093
The victim as a means to an end:detective decision making in a simulated investigation of attempted rape

Police decision making in rape cases is poorly understood, despite high levels of attrition for rape and sexual assault cases, with up to 75% lost at the investigation stage. A qualitative analysis was undertaken of the comments of 22 British detectives as they conducted a 'virtual investigation' of an allegation of attempted rape of an adult woman. Material was 'drip fed' to detectives in a simulation exercise, and officers were asked to express their thoughts as they processed each document in the 'investigation' to evaluate detective decision making. It was anticipated that this method would shed light both on the dynamic nature of detectives' thinking during an investigation and on variations in perception of the same material by different officers. It was found that the alleged rape victim was perceived primarily as a source of information to progress enquiries, with her welfare needs taking second place. Although some police officers revealed sceptical attitudes to rape allegations, the investigative approach that all took was professional and pragmatic, 'investigating' the report as true and focusing on corroborating the victim's account. The balance between the needs of the victim and the needs of the investigation is discussed, with implications for rape survivor support
Private Investigations of White-Collar Crime Suspicions:  A Qualitative Study of the Blame Game Hypothesis

This is the accepted, refereed and final manuscript 
to the article.The activity of private investigations by fraud examiners is a business of lawyers, auditors and other professionals who investigate suspicions of financial crime by white-collar criminals. This article presents results from an empirical study of investigation reports. The available sample consists of 28 reports written mostly by auditing firms such as Deloitte, Ernst & Young and PwC. The blame game can occurs at two stages in a private investigation. First, the mandate formulated by a client may point investigators in a specific direction. Next, investigators sometimes suffer from a tunnel view of predetermined opinions. In the sample of 28 investigations reports, more than half of them involve potential blame game victims.1, Forfatterversjo
Blame Game and Rotten Apples in Private Investigation Reports: The Case of Hadeland and Ringerike Broadband in Norway

This is the accepted, refereed and final manuscript to the articleThe blame game is a term often used to describe a phenomenon which happens in groups of people when something goes wrong. The blame game hypothesis postulates that private investigators may be misled in their search for suspects, and that suspected individuals do not necessarily become subject to a fair investigation by financial crime specialists and fraud examiners. The rotten apple hypothesis postulates that it is comforting to assume that one bad apple within an organization is essentially responsible for the crime that is all too prevalent. The rotten apple view of white-collar crime is a comfortable perspective to apply to business and public organizations as it allows them to look no further than suspect a single individual. Based on a case study of the Norwegian company Hadeland and Ringerike Broadband, this article discusses blame game and rotten apple issues in an internal investigation report written by an external financial crime specialist. The study finds support for both hypotheses, as blame is mainly isolated to the criminal and his superior, and both board and top management are protected from scrutiny.1, Forfatterversjo
Effective CCTV and the challenge of constructing legitimate suspicion using remote visual images

This paper compares the effectiveness of public CCTV systems according to meta-reviews, with what might be expected based upon theoretical predictions. The apparent gulf between practice and prediction is explored in the light of the challenges faced by CCTV operators in terms of effective target selection. In addition, counter-intuitive reactions by members of the public to situational symbols of crime deterrence may also undermine the efficacy of CCTV. Evidence is introduced and reviewed that suggests CCTV operators may employ implicit profiles to select targets. Essentially, young, scruffy males who appear to be loitering are disproportionately targeted compared with their base rate use of surveyed areas. However, the extent to which such a profile is diagnostic of criminal intent or behaviour is unclear. Such profiles may represent little more than ???pattern matching??? within an impoverished visual medium. Finally, suggestions for future research and effective CCTV operator practice are offered in order to improve target selection
Witness confidence and accuracy: Is a positive relationship maintained for recall under interview conditions?

A large positive correlation between eyewitness recall confidence and accuracy (C-A) is found in research when item difficulty is varied to include easy questions. However, these results are based on questionnaire responses. In real interviews, the social nature of the interview may influence C-A relationships, and it is the interviewer's perception of the accuracy of a witness that counts. This study was conducted to investigate the influence of these factors for recall of a video. Three conditions were used; the same questions were used in each. Participants in condition 1 (self-rate questionnaire condition, n = 20) were given a questionnaire that required them to answer questions and rate confidence on a scale. Pairs of participants in condition 2 (self-rate interview condition, n = 40) were given the role of eyewitness or interviewer. Eyewitnesses were asked questions by an interviewer and responded orally with answers and confidence judgements on a Likert scale. Participants in condition three (interviewer-rate interview condition, n = 40) were tested in the same way as condition two but provided confidence judgements in their own words. Interviewers independently rated each confidence judgement on the Likert scale. The experiment showed high C-A relationships, particularly for 'absolutely sure' responses. The main effect of the social interview condition was to increase confidence in correct answers but not in incorrect answers. However, the advantage of this effect was tempered by the fact that, although observers can differentiate between confident and less confident answers, less extreme confidence judgements were ascribed.Griffith Health, School of Applied PsychologyFull Tex
When Should Evidence be Disclosed in an Interview  with a Suspect? An Experiment with Mock-Suspects

The question of whether to disclose evidence to a suspect early on, or later, in an interview is often of critical importance for police offi cers' interviewing strategies. To shed light on this issue, an experiment was conducted in which 95 participants each committed a mocktheft as a hidden 'witness' observed them. A statement from the witness was presented to them during a subsequent interview in which they were 'suspects'. The time at which this evidence was disclosed to participants, and the evidence strength, was manipulated. Each participant was randomly assigned to one of four conditions; Early Weak, Early Strong, Late Weak, or Late Strong. Both late evidence disclosure, and strong evidence, produced higher confession rates than did early disclosure or weak evidence, and late disclosure of weak evidence resulted in the withdrawal of most of the confessions which had previously been made.Griffith Health, School of Applied PsychologyFull Tex
Effects of anti-inflammatory drugs on the expression of tryptophan-metabolism genes by human macrophages

Several lines of evidence link macrophage activation and inflammation with nervous (monoaminergic) systems in the aetiology of depression. Interferon treatment is associated with depressive symptoms, whilst anti-TNF therapies elicit positive mood. This study describes the actions of two monoaminergic antidepressants (escitalopram, nortriptyline) and three anti-inflammatory drugs (indomethacin, prednisolone, anti-TNF antibody) on the response of human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) from six individuals to lipopolysaccharide or interferon-alpha. Expression profiling revealed robust changes in the MDM transcriptome (3,294 genes at P<0.001) following LPS challenge, while a more limited subset of genes (499) responded to IFN. Contrary to published reports, administered at non-toxic doses, neither monoaminergic antidepressant significantly modulated the transcriptional response to either inflammatory challenge. Each anti-inflammatory drug had a distinct impact on the expression of inflammatory cytokines and on the profile of inducible gene expression - notably on the regulation of enzymes involved in metabolism of tryptophan. Inter alia, the effect of anti-TNF antibody confirmed a predicted autocrine stimulatory loop in human macrophages. The transcriptional changes were predictive of tryptophan availability and kynurenine synthesis, as analysed by targeted metabolomic studies on cellular supernatants.  We suggest that inflammatory processes in the brain or periphery could impact on depression by altering the availability of tryptophan for serotonin synthesis and/or by increasing production of neurotoxic kynurenine
In vitro characterization of rat bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and their precursors

Although the rat is commonly used for basic immunology and transplantation research, phenotypic and functional characterization of rat dendritic cells (DCs) lags behind similar studies in the human and mouse. Therefore, these features were examined using DCs propagated from cultures of rat bone marrow maintained in a medium supplemented with granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor. Analysis of cytospin preparations of cultured cells showed that DCs arise from OX7+myelomonocytic precursors. Typical mature rat DCs were morphologically similar to their mouse and human counterparts and expressed major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II (common part determinant of Ia), OX62 (integrin molecule), OX7 (CD90), ICAM-1 (CD54), and CTLA4 counterreceptor, but were negative for OX8 (CD8), OX19 (CD5), W3/25 (CD4), and ED2, a rat macrophage marker. Functional analysis of OX62+sorted DCs showed that they could effectively present the soluble antigen ovalbumin to naive T cells in vitro. A combination of anti-MHC class II monoclonal antibody and CTLA4-immunoglobulin inhibited allostimulatory ability more effectively than either reagent alone. Implications for studying the role of DCs in immune responses in the rat are discussed
Infusion of donor leukocytes to induce tolerance in organ allograft recipients

To further enhance chimerism, 229 primary allograft recipients have received perioperative intravenous infusion of a single dose of 3 to 6 x 108 unmodified donor bone marrow (BM) cells/kg body weight. In addition, 42 patients have been accrued in a concurrent protocol involving multiple (up to three) sequential perioperative infusions of 2 x 108 BM cells/kg/day from day 0-2 posttransplantation (PTx). Organ recipients (n = 133) for whom BM was not available were monitored as controls. The infusion of BM was safe and except for 50 (18%), all study patients have optimal graft function. Of the control patients, allografts in 30 (23%) have been lost during the course of follow-up. The cumulative risk of acute cellular rejection (ACR) was statistically lower in the study patients compared with that of controls. It is interesting that, 62% of BM-augmented heart recipients were free of ACR (Grade ≥ 3A) in the first 6 months PTx compared to controls. The incidence of obliterative bronchiolitis was also statistically lower in study lung recipients (3.8%) compared with the contemporaneously acquired controls (31%). The levels of donor cell chimerism were at least a log higher in the peripheral blood of majority of the study patients compared with that of controls. The incidence of donor-specific hyporeactivity, as determined by one-way mixed leukocyte reaction, was also higher in those BM-augmented liver, kidney, and lung recipients that could be evaluated compared to controls
The development and use of novel iridium complexes as catalysts for ortho-directed hydrogen isotope exchange reactions

The preparation and application of groups of new iridium complexes are described. In particular, iridium complexes possessing phosphine ligands and a bulky N-heterocyclic carbene have been shown to be robust and readily handled species and have been applied in a range of directed hydrogen-deuterium and -tritium exchange processes and, in particular, with drug-like substrates or within ADMET-related studies. Overall, these new iridium(I) complexes are shown to be highly active catalysts and display catalytic activity far in excess of the industry standard, Crabtree's catalyst, with excellent levels of labelling being achieved over short reaction times and at low metal complex loadings, whilst tolerating a wide range of functional moieties. Furthermore and again in contrast to systems employing Crabtree's catalyst, the low catalyst loadings and short reaction times made possible by these emerging iridium carbene comple have delivered tritiated products with very good levels of labelling and without any appreciable by-product waste production
Tritium labeling of potential lipophilic myelin probes

Two potential lipophilic myelin imaging agents (1,1,2,2‐tetrafluoro‐1,2‐diphenylethane and 1‐fluoroadamantane) were tritium labeled. The most effective method employed the microwave discharge activation of tritium gas technique and resulted in specific activities of 177 mCi/mmol for 1,1,2,2‐tetrafluoro‐1,2‐diphenylethane and 593 mCi/mmol for 1‐fluoroadamantane. Using this tritiation method significant amounts of tritium‐for‐fluorine substitution was also observed in the labeling of 1‐fluoroadamatane, resulting in nearly equivalent amounts of tritiated adamantane and fluoroadamantane
Synthesis of deuterium‐labeled 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid

The syntheses of D,L‐1‐amino[2,2‐ 2 H 2 ]cyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid; 1‐amino [c‐2, c ‐3‐ 2 H 2 ] and 1‐amino[ t ‐2, t ‐3‐ 2 H 2 ]cyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid ( cis ‐[ 2 H 2 ]ACC); 1‐amino[2 S ,3 S ‐ 2 H 2 ] and 1‐amino[2 R ,3 R ‐ 2 H 2 ]cyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid ( trans ‐[ 2 H 2 ]ACC); and 1‐amino[2,2,3,3‐ 2 H 4 ]cyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid are described. The [2,2‐ 2 H 2 ]and [2,2,3,3‐ 2 H 4 ]ACC compounds were prepared from the appropriately deuterated 2‐bromoethanol 4‐methylbenzenesulfonates by reaction with ethyl isocyanoacetate and two moles of sodium hydride. The  trans ‐[ 2 H 2 ]ACC and  cis [ 2 H 2 ]ACC were prepared from  meso  and  d, l ‐[1,2‐ 2 H 2 ]‐1,2‐dibromoethane respectively, by reaction with ethyl isocyanoacetate and two moles of sodium hydride. These compounds are required for use in the study of the biosynthesis of ethylene by various plants and for use in  1 H and  13 C‐NMR studies of 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid derivatives
Aryltrimethylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonates as precursors to aryl [ 18 F]fluorides: Improved synthesis of [ 18 F]GBR‐13119

Aromatic nucleophilic substitution of various trimethylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonates with [ 18 F]fluoride has been evaluated. Fluorinations were studied over a temperature range of 45–165°C, with decay corrected yields ranging from 20–80%. [ 18 F]GBR 13119, 1‐[2‐{(4‐[ 18 F]fluorophenyl)(phenyl)methoxy}ethyl]‐4‐(3‐phenylpropyl)piperazine, a potential radio‐tracer for the dopamine uptake system, has been prepared in no‐carrier‐added form from 4‐N,N,N,‐trimethylaniliniumphenylmethanone trifluoromethanesulfonate. Purification by solid‐phase techniques yielded the product in 20% decay corrected radiochemical yield and >98% radiochemical and chemical purity without HPLC
The synthesis and biodistribution of 3‐(4′‐[ 125 I]‐iodophenyl)‐4‐aminobutyric acid, a radioiodinated analogue of baclofen

Baclofen has been found to bind to receptors in the central nervous system that are specific for γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), a well known inhibitory neurotransmitter. This paper describes the synthesis of a radioiodinated analog of baclofen as part of an effort to develop receptor probes useful in single photon emission computed tomography. Preliminary biodistribution studies showed the radioiodinationed analog to be essentially stable to in vivo deiodination and have a distribution profile similar to that of baclofen
Synthesis of [ 18 F]GBR 12909, a dopamine reuptake inhibitor

Preparation of no‐carrier‐added fluorine‐18 labeled GBR 12909 (1‐[2‐(bis(4‐fluorophenyl)methoxy)ethyl]‐4‐(3‐phenylpropyl)piperazine), a specific and high affinity inhibitor of dopamine reuptake, is described. 4‐Fluoro‐4′‐[ 18 F]fluorobenzophenone was prepared by [ 18 F]fluoride ion substitution of the corresponding trimethylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate salt. The [ 18 F]benzophenone was reduced to the benzhydrol, chlorinated, then used to alkylate 1‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐4‐(3‐phenyl‐propyl)piperazine to yield [ 18 F]GBR 12909 in high specific activity (≥2000 Ci/mmol) and overall yields of 10–16% (corrected, 140 min synthesis)
Synthesis of  3 H‐labeled sympathomimetic amines for neuronal mapping

The synthesis of two tritium labeled sympathomimetic amines, (R)‐(‐)‐phenylephrine and (1R,2S)‐(‐)‐ meta ‐hydroxyephedrine, is described. The tritium label was introduced into the aromatic ring in the final step by catalytic reductive dehalogenation of the corresponding iodinated precursor. (1R,2S)‐(‐)‐ meta ‐hydroxyephedrine was synthesized in four steps from commercially available metaraminol. A novel HPLC purification method provided the labeled compounds in a medium ready for direct animal evaluation. Chemical and radiochemical purity was ≥98%; specific activity was ≥ 22 Ci/mmol
Synthesis of fluorine‐18 labeled 1,1‐difluoro‐2,2‐dichloroethyl aryl ethers by  18 F‐for‐ 19 F exchange

Fluorine‐18 labeled 1,1‐difluoro‐2,2‐dichloroethyl aryl ethers have been prepared by a facile  18 F‐for‐ 19 F isotopic exchange reaction. The isotopic exchange proceeds in good to excellent yields (up to 85%), and is dependent on reaction time, temperature, and concentration of reactants (aryl ether or fluoride ion). Substitution even occurs at room temperature in DMSO, and at elevated temperature (100 to 155°C) in DMSO or acetonitrile containing up to 20% water. Specific activities of 0.5‐55 Ci/mol have been achieved, with the products obtained in pure radiochemical and chemical form
Improved synthesis of [ 11 C]methylaminobenzovesamicol

An efficient two‐step synthesis of the potential cholinergic neuronal mapping tracer [ 11 C]methylaminobenzovesamicol (MABV) is described. A  tert ‐butoxycarbonyl protecting group was used to activate the aniline nitrogen of aminobenzovesamicol toward [ 11 C]methyl iodide methylation under basic conditions. Following labeling, the protecting group was removed by brief acid treatment and the final product was purified by normal phase HPLC. The decay corrected yields of MABV are in the range of 30‐70 %, based on  11 CO 2 , with a specific activity of 0.5‐1.5 Ci/ μmol and synthesis time of less than 45 minutes. This new route makes clinical scale doses of this interesting compound available for human positron emission tomography studies