pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Study of $(W/Z)H$ production and Higgs boson couplings using $H
  \rightarrow WW^{\ast}$ decays with the ATLAS detector

A search for Higgs boson production in association with a $W$ or $Z$ boson,
in the $H \rightarrow WW^{\ast}$ decay channel, is performed with a data sample
collected with the ATLAS detector at the LHC in proton-proton collisions at
centre-of-mass energies $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV and 8 TeV, corresponding to integrated
luminosities of 4.5 ${\rm fb}^{-1}$ and 20.3 ${\rm fb}^{-1}$, respectively. The
$WH$ production mode is studied in two-lepton and three-lepton final states,
while two-lepton and four-lepton final states are used to search for the $ZH$
production mode. The observed significance, for the combined $WH$ and $ZH$
production, is 2.5 standard deviations while a significance of 0.9 standard
deviations is expected in the Standard Model Higgs boson hypothesis. The ratio
of the combined $WH$ and $ZH$ signal yield to the Standard Model expectation,
$\mu_{VH}$, is found to be $\mu_{VH} =3.0^{+1.3}_{-1.1}{\, {(\rm
stat.)}}^{+1.0}_{-0.7}{\,{(\rm sys.)}}$ for the Higgs boson mass of 125.36 GeV.
The $WH$ and $ZH$ production modes are also combined with the gluon fusion and
vector boson fusion production modes studied in the $H \to WW^* \to \ell \nu
\ell \nu$ decay channel, resulting in an overall observed significance of 6.5
standard deviations and $\mu_{\rm ggF+VBF+VH} = 1.16^{+0.16}_{-0.15} {\rm
(stat.)}^{+0.18}_{-0.15} {\rm (sys.)}$. The results are interpreted in terms of
scaling factors of the Higgs boson couplings to vector bosons ($\kappa_V$) and
fermions ($\kappa_F$); the combined results are: $|\kappa_V| =
1.06^{+0.10}_{-0.10}$, $|\kappa_F| = 0.85^{+0.26}_{-0.20}$.Comment: Published version, 48 pages plus author list (70 pages total), 12
  figures, 15 tables, all figures including auxiliary figures are available at
  http://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/PAPERS/HIGG-2013-15
Natural Split Mechanism for Sfermions: $N$=2 Supersymmetry in
  Phenomenology

We suggest a natural split mechanism for sfermions based on $N$=2
supersymmetry (SUSY). $N$=2 SUSY protects a sfermion in an $N$=2 multiplet from
gaining weight by SUSY breaking. Therefore, if partly $N$=2 SUSY is effectively
obtained, a split spectrum can be realized naturally. As an example of the
natural split mechanism, we build a gauge-mediated SUSY breaking-like model
assuming $N$=2 SUSY is partly broken in a UV theory. The model explains the
Higgs boson mass and the muon anomalous magnetic dipole moment within
$1~\sigma$ level with a splitting sfermion spectrum. The model has seven light
sparticles described by three free parameters and predicts a new chiral
multiplet, sb: the $N$=2 partner of the ${\rm U(1)_Y}$ vector multiplet. The
bini, the fermion component of the sb, weighs MeVs. We mention the experimental
and the cosmological aspects of the model.Comment: 17 pages and 3 figures, Version accepted for publication in PL
Are there alternatives to bankruptcy? : a study of small business distress in Spain

Small businesses, the majority of Spanish firms, rarely file for formal bankruptcy
when dealing with financial distress. This is why business bankruptcy rates in
Spain are among the lowest in the world, even during the current economic crisis.
To explain this fact we present the following hypothesis. Filing for bankruptcy in
Spain is very costly for both small firms and their creditors. Due to this, the capital
structure of micro firms is biased towards mortgage loans, as it allows them to avoid
bankruptcy by carrying out debt enforcement via mortgage foreclosures, which are
cheaper procedures than bankruptcy, in case of financial distress. The empirical tests
of our hypothesis consist of comparing the observed choices (choice of capital structure,
choice between bankruptcy and mortgage) of Spanish firms with those of firms
from countries (France and the UK) where their bankruptcy systems are more efficient
and their laws do not incentivise them to bias their capital structure towards mortgage
loans. Our findings corroborate the proposed hypothesis. As bankruptcy procedures
and mortgage foreclosures are not perfect substitutes—i.e., they do not suit well the same type of firms- the underutilization of one of them—reflected in low bankruptcy
rates- may lead to efficiency losses10.1007/s13209-014-0109-
Tailoring 2D phononic crystal sensor properties by lattice symmerty reduction

We propose a novel method of tailoring the band structure of 2D phononic crystals (PnC) by reducing the lattice symmetry. Specifically, symmetry reduction by stretching and distorting the crystal face is explored. The transmission spectrum of the PnC was numerically calculated using the layer multiple-scattering method. Change in the shape and size of the band gaps is demonstrated as well as form of pass bands inside the stop band. The practical feasibility of the PnC sensor concept was evaluated for the case of synthetic quartz matrix and water inclusions. A distinct pattern of the pass band transformation inside the stop band which is induced by changing the distortion angle was demonstrated. The approach is in particular useful in adjusting the size and position of the gap and tailoring the size and position of the pass band in PnC sensors
Measurement of the tt̄ production cross-section as a function of jet multiplicity and jet transverse momentum in 7 TeV proton-proton collisions with the ATLAS detector

The tt̄ production cross-section dependence on jet multiplicity and jet transverse momentum is reported for proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV in the single-lepton channel. The data were collected with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider and comprise the full 2011 data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.6 fb−1. Differential cross-sections are presented as a function of the jet multiplicity for up to eight jets using jet transverse momentum thresholds of 25, 40, 60, and 80 GeV, and as a function of jet transverse momentum up to the fifth jet. The results are shown after background subtraction and corrections for all known detector effects, within a kinematic range closely matched to the experimental acceptance. Several QCD-based Monte Carlo models are compared with the results. Sensitivity to the parton shower modelling is found at the higher jet multiplicities, at high transverse momentum of the leading jet and in the transverse momentum spectrum of the fifth leading jet. The MC@NLO+HERWIG MC is found to predict too few events at higher jet multiplicities
Stellar population gradients in galaxy discs from the CALIFA survey: the influence of bars

While studies of gas-phase metallicity gradients in disc galaxies are common, very little has been done in the acquisition of stellar abundance gradients in the same regions. We present here a comparative study of the stellar metallicity and age distributions in a sample of 62 nearly face-on, spiral galaxies with and without bars, using data from the CALIFA survey. We measure the slopes of the gradients and study their relation with other properties of the galaxies. We find that the mean stellar age and metallicity gradients in the disc are shallow and negative. Furthermore, when normalized to the efective radius of the disc, the slope of the stellar population gradients does not correlate with the mass or with the morphological type of the galaxies. Contrary to this, the values of both age and metallicity at ~2.5 scale-lengths correlate with the central velocity dispersion in a similar manner to the central values of the bulges, although bulges show, on average, older ages and higher metallicities than the discs. One of the goals of the present paper is to test the theoretical prediction that non-linear coupling between the bar and the spiral arms is an efcient mechanism for producing radial migrations across significant distances within discs. The process of radial migration should flatten the stellar metallicity gradient with time and, therefore, we would expect flatter stellar metallicity gradients in barred galaxies. However, we do not find any diference in the metallicity or age gradients in galaxies with without bars.We discuss possible scenarios that can lead to this absence of diference
Charged black holes in string-inspired gravity. I. Causal structures and responses of the Brans-Dicke field

We investigate gravitational collapses of charged black holes in string-inspired gravity models, including dilaton gravity and braneworld model, as well as f ( R ) gravity and the ghost limit. If we turn on gauge coupling, the causal structures and the responses of the Brans-Dicke field depend on the coupling between the charged matter and the BransDicke field. For Type IIA inspired models, a Cauchy horizon exists, while there is no Cauchy horizon for Type I or Heterotic inspired models. For Type IIA inspired models, the no-hair theorem is satisfied asymptotically, while it is biased to the weak coupling limit for Type I or Heterotic inspired models. Apart from string theory, we find that in the ghost limit, a gravitational collapse can induce inflation by itself and create one-way traversable wormholes without the need of other special initial conditions
Study Majorana neutrino contribution to B -meson semi-leptonic rare decays

B -meson semi-leptonic rare decays are sensitive to new physics beyond standard model. We study the B−→π−μ+μ− process and investigate the Majorana neutrino contribution besides the standard model contribution to its decay width. The standard model predictions are estimated with Heavy Quark Symmetry and Lattice QCD, perturbative QCD and QCD Light Cone Sum Rule. The constraints on the Majorana neutrino mass and mixing parameter are obtained from this decay channel with the latest LHCb data. Utilizing the best fits for the parameters, we study the lepton number violating decay B−→π+μ−μ− , and find its branching ratio is roughly consistent with the LHCb data reported recently
On the validity of the Geiger–Nuttall alpha-decay law and its microscopic basis

The Geiger–Nuttall (GN) law relates the partial α -decay half-life with the energy of the escaping α particle and contains for every isotopic chain two experimentally determined coefficients. The expression is supported by several phenomenological approaches, however its coefficients lack a fully microscopic basis. In this paper we will show that: (1) the empirical coefficients that appear in the GN law have a deep physical meaning, and (2) the GN law is successful within the restricted experimental data sets available so far, but is not valid in general. We will show that, when the dependence of logarithm values of the α formation probability on the neutron number is not linear or constant, the GN law is broken. For the α decay of neutron-deficient nucleus 186 Po, the difference between the experimental half-life and that predicted by the GN law is as large as one order of magnitude
Charged Rényi entropies in CFTs with Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet holographic duals

We calculate the Rényi entropy S q ( μ, λ ), for spherical entangling surfaces in CFT’s with Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet-Maxwell holographic duals. Rényi entropies must obey some interesting inequalities by definition. However, for Gauss-Bonnet couplings λ , larger than specific value, but still allowed by causality, we observe a violation of the inequality ∂ ∂ q q − 1 q S q μ λ ≥ 0 $$ \frac{\partial }{\partial q}\left(\frac{q-1}{q}{S}_q\left(\mu, \lambda \right)\right)\ge\ 0 $$ , which is related to the existence of negative entropy black holes, providing interesting restrictions in the bulk theory. Moreover, we find an interesting distinction of the behaviour of the analytic continuation of S q ( μ, λ ) for imaginary chemical potential, between negative and non-negative λ
Studying the perturbed Wess–Zumino–Novikov–Witten SU(2)k theory using the truncated conformal spectrum approach

We study the SU(2)k Wess–Zumino–Novikov–Witten (WZNW) theory perturbed by the trace of the primary field in the adjoint representation, a theory governing the low-energy behavior of a class of strongly correlated electronic systems. While the model is non-integrable, its dynamics can be investigated using the numerical technique of the truncated conformal spectrum approach combined with numerical and analytical renormalization groups (TCSA + RG). The numerical results so obtained provide support for a semiclassical analysis valid at k≫1 . Namely, we find that the low energy behavior is sensitive to the sign of the coupling constant, λ . Moreover, for λ>0 this behavior depends on whether k is even or odd. With k even, we find definitive evidence that the model at low energies is equivalent to the massive O(3) sigma model. For k odd, the numerical evidence is more equivocal, but we find indications that the low energy effective theory is critical
On matrix-model approach to simplified Khovanov–Rozansky calculus

Wilson-loop averages in Chern–Simons theory (HOMFLY polynomials) can be evaluated in different ways – the most difficult, but most interesting of them is the hypercube calculus, the only one applicable to virtual knots and used also for categorification (higher-dimensional extension) of the theory. We continue the study of quantum dimensions, associated with hypercube vertices, in the drastically simplified version of this approach to knot polynomials. At q=1 the problem is reformulated in terms of fat (ribbon) graphs, where Seifert cycles play the role of vertices. Ward identities in associated matrix model provide a set of recursions between classical dimensions. For q≠1 most of these relations are broken (i.e. deformed in a still uncontrollable way), and only few are protected by Reidemeister invariance of Chern–Simons theory. Still they are helpful for systematic evaluation of entire series of quantum dimensions, including negative ones, which are relevant for virtual link diagrams. To illustrate the effectiveness of developed formalism we derive explicit expressions for the 2-cabled HOMFLY of virtual trefoil and virtual 3.2 knot, which involve respectively 12 and 14 intersections – far beyond any dreams with alternative methods. As a more conceptual application, we describe a relation between the genus of fat graph and Turaev genus of original link diagram, which is currently the most effective tool for the search of thin knots
Validation of the Oxford classification of IgA nephropathy in cohorts with different presentations and treatments.

The Oxford Classification of IgA Nephropathy (IgAN) identified mesangial hypercellularity (M), endocapillary proliferation (E), segmental glomerulosclerosis (S), and tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis (T) as independent predictors of outcome. Whether it applies to individuals excluded from the original study and how therapy influences the predictive value of pathology remain uncertain. The VALIGA study examined 1147 patients from 13 European countries that encompassed the whole spectrum of IgAN. Over a median follow-up of 4.7 years, 86% received renin-angiotensin system blockade and 42% glucocorticoid/immunosuppressive drugs. M, S, and T lesions independently predicted the loss of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and a lower renal survival. Their value was also assessed in patients not represented in the Oxford cohort. In individuals with eGFR less than 30 ml/min per 1.73 m(2), the M and T lesions independently predicted a poor survival. In those with proteinuria under 0.5 g/day, both M and E lesions were associated with a rise in proteinuria to 1 or 2 g/day or more. The addition of M, S, and T lesions to clinical variables significantly enhanced the ability to predict progression only in those who did not receive immunosuppression (net reclassification index 11.5%). The VALIGA study provides a validation of the Oxford classification in a large European cohort of IgAN patients across the whole spectrum of the disease. The independent predictive value of pathology MEST score is reduced by glucocorticoid/immunosuppressive therapy.Peer-reviewedPublisher Versio
GRB hosts through cosmic time VLT/X-Shooter emission-line spectroscopy of 96 gamma-ray-burst-selected galaxies at 0.1 < z < 3.6

We present data and initial results from VLT/X-Shooter emission-line spectroscopy of 96 galaxies selected by long γ-ray bursts (GRBs) at 0.1 <z< 3.6, the largest sample of GRB host spectra available to date. Most of our GRBs were detected by Swift and 76% are at 0.5 <z< 2.5 with a median z [Subscript: med] ~ 1.6. Based on Balmer and/or forbidden lines of oxygen, nitrogen, and neon, we measure systemic redshifts, star formation rates (SFR), visual attenuations (AV), oxygen abundances (12 + log (O/H)), and emission-line widths (σ). We study GRB hosts up to z ~ 3.5 and find a strong change in their typical physical properties with redshift. The median SFR of our GRB hosts increases from SFR[Subscript: med] ~ 0.6 M[Subscript: ⊙] yr [Superscript: -1] at z ~ 0.6 up to SFR[Subscript: med] ~ 15 M [Subscript: ⊙]  yr[Superscript: -1] at z ~ 2. A higher ratio of [O iii]/[O ii]  at higher redshifts leads to an increasing distance of GRB-selected galaxies to the locus of local galaxies in the Baldwin-Phillips-Terlevich diagram. There is weak evidence for a redshift evolution in AV and σ, with the highest values seen at z ~ 1.5 (AV) or z ~ 2 (σ). Oxygen abundances of the galaxies are distributed between 12 + log (O/H) = 7.9 and 12 + log (O/H) = 9.0 with a median 12 + log (O/H) [Subscript: med]  ~ 8.5. The fraction of GRB-selected galaxies with super-solar metallicities is ~20% at z< 1 in the adopted metallicity scale. This is significantly less than the fraction of total star formation in similar galaxies, illustrating that GRBs are scarce in high metallicity environments. At z ~ 3, sensitivity limits us to probing only the most luminous GRB hosts for which we derive metallicities of Z ≲ 0.5 Z [Subscript: ⊙] . Together with a high incidence of Z ~ 0.5 Z [Subscript: ⊙]  galaxies at z ~ 1.5, this indicates that a metallicity dependence at low redshift will not be dominant at z ~ 3. Significant correlations exist between the hosts’ physical properties. Oxygen abundance, for example, relates to AV (12 + log (O/H) ∝ 0.17·AV), line width (12 + log (O/H) ∝ σ [Superscript: 0.6] ), and SFR (12 + log (O/H) ∝ SFR [Superscript: 0.2]). In the last two cases, the normalization of the relations shift to lower metallicities at z> 2 by ~0.4 dex. These properties of GRB hosts and their evolution with redshift can be understood in a cosmological context of star-forming galaxies and a picture in which the hosts’ properties at low redshift are influenced by the tendency of GRBs to avoid the most metal-rich environments.Peer-reviewedPublisher Versio
Auditory verbal hallucinations as atypical inner speech monitoring, and the potential of neurostimulation as a treatment option.

Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) are the experience of hearing voices in the absence of any speaker, often associated with a schizophrenia diagnosis. Prominent cognitive models of AVHs suggest they may be the result of inner speech being misattributed to an external or non-self source, due to atypical self- or reality monitoring. These arguments are supported by studies showing that people experiencing AVHs often show an externalising bias during monitoring tasks, and neuroimaging evidence which implicates superior temporal brain regions, both during AVHs and during tasks that measure verbal self-monitoring performance. Recently, efficacy of noninvasive neurostimulation techniques as a treatment option for AVHs has been tested. Meta-analyses show a moderate effect size in reduction of AVH frequency, but there has been little attempt to explain the therapeutic effect of neurostimulation in relation to existing cognitive models. This article reviews inner speech models of AVHs, and argues that a possible explanation for reduction in frequency following treatment may be modulation of activity in the brain regions involving the monitoring of inner speech
Variability in individual rates of aggression in wild gray seals : fine-scale analysis reveals importance of social and spatial stability.

Aggressive interactions are costly for individuals in time, energy, or physical damage, and in polygynous mating systems, there is high variability in the rates and intensity of aggression across individuals and within breeding seasons. However, examinations into the drivers of this variability are often conducted in isolation, in non-wild systems, or the predictor variables in question, for example, dominance, are averaged across large spatial, social, or temporal scales. The aim of this study was to adopt a fine spatial and temporal scale approach to investigate the factors associated with inter-individual variation in aggression in wild, breeding male gray seals within three consecutive breeding seasons. To do this, we fit models examining if the daily frequency of aggression and probability of escalated aggression for males was best explained by factors such as dominance score, proximity to competitors or females, local social stability, and the occurrence of stochastic environmental events. Stability of neighbor identities was the strongest correlate of reduced male aggression. Dominance status did not correlate with aggression at the daily scale, with the exception of one period after a natural disturbance to the breeding colony where dominant males had relatively reduced rates of aggression. These findings emphasize the importance of local social stability in explaining inter-individual variation in aggression in a wild population and suggest that factors associated with aggression are context dependent in relation to the natural environment. Furthermore, we highlight the utility of a fine temporal scale and incorporating spatial parameters when investigating variability in aggression in wild systems
Co-morbidity burden in Parkinson’s disease : Comparison with controls and its influence on prognosis

Financial support This study was funded by Parkinson’s UK, the Scottish Chief Scientist Office, NHS Grampian endowments, the BMA Doris Hillier award, RS Macdonald Trust, the BUPA Foundation, and SPRING. The funders had no involvement in the study. Acknowledgements We acknowledge funding for the PINE study from Parkinson’s UK (G-0502, G-0914, G-1302), the Scottish Chief Scientist Office(CAF/12/05), the BMA Doris Hillier award, RS Macdonald Trust, the BUPA Foundation, NHS Grampian endowments and SPRING. We thank the patients and controls for their participation and the research staff who collected data and supported the study database.Peer reviewedPostprintPostprintPublisher PD