pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Dynamic cratering of graphite : experimental results and simulations

The cratering process in brittle materials under hypervelocity impact (HVI) is of major relevance for debris shielding in spacecraft or high-power laser applications. Amongst other materials, carbon is of particular interest since it is widely used as elementary component in composite materials. In this paper we study a porous polycrystalline graphite under HVI and laser impact, both leading to strong debris ejection and cratering. First, we report new experimental data for normal impacts at 4100 and 4200 m s-1 of a 500-μm-diameter steel sphere on a thick sample of graphite. In a second step, dynamic loadings have been performed with a high-power nanosecond laser facility. High-resolution X-ray tomographies and observations with a scanning electron microscope have been performed in order to visualize the crater shape and the subsurface cracks. These two post-mortem diagnostics also provide evidence that, in the case of HVI tests, the fragmented steel sphere was buried into the graphite target below the crater surface. The current study aims to propose an interpretation of the results, including projectile trapping. In spite of their efficiency to capture overall trends in crater size and shape, semi-empirical scaling laws do not usually predict these phenomena. Hence, to offer better insight into the processes leading to this observation, the need for a computational damage model is argued. After discussing energy partitioning in order to identify the dominant physical mechanisms occurring in our experiments, we propose a simple damage model for porous and brittle materials. Compaction and fracture phenomena are included in the model. A failure criterion relying on Weibull theory is used to relate material tensile strength to deformation rate and damage. These constitutive relations have been implemented in an Eulerian hydrocode in order to compute numerical simulations and confront them with experiments. In this paper, we propose a simple fitting procedure of the unknown Weibull parameters based on HVI results. Good agreement is found with experimental observations of crater shapes and dimensions, as well as debris velocity. The projectile inclusion below the crater is also reproduced by the model and a mechanism is proposed for the trapping process. At least two sets of Weibull parameters can be used to match the results. Finally, we show that laser experiment simulations may discriminate in favor of one set of parameters
Search for squarks and gluinos in events with isolated leptons, jets and
  missing transverse momentum at $\sqrt{s}=8$ TeV with the ATLAS detector

The results of a search for supersymmetry in final states containing at least
one isolated lepton (electron or muon), jets and large missing transverse
momentum with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are
reported. The search is based on proton-proton collision data at a
centre-of-mass energy $\sqrt{s} = 8$ TeV collected in 2012, corresponding to an
integrated luminosity of 20 fb$^{-1}$. No significant excess above the Standard
Model expectation is observed. Limits are set on the parameters of a minimal
universal extra dimensions model, excluding a compactification radius of
$1/R_c=950$ GeV for a cut-off scale times radius ($\Lambda R_c$) of
approximately 30, as well as on sparticle masses for various supersymmetric
models. Depending on the model, the search excludes gluino masses up to 1.32
TeV and squark masses up to 840 GeV.Comment: 60 pages plus author list plus cover page (83 pages total), 22
  figures, 16 tables, submitted to JHEP, all figures including auxiliary
  figures are available at
  http://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/PAPERS/SUSY-2013-20
$SU(2)_X$ Vector DM and Galactic Center Gamma-Ray Excess

An unbroken $Z_3$ symmetry remains when local $SU(2)_X$ is broken
spontaneously by one quadruplet. The gauge boson $\chi_\mu (\bar \chi_\mu )$
carries the dark charge and is the candidate of dark matter (DM). By the
mixture of scalar boson $\phi_r$ of quadruplet and standard model (SM) Higgs,
the DM can annihilate to SM particles through Higgs portal. For investigating
the implications of vector DM, we study the relic density of DM, the direct
detection of DM-nucleon scattering and the excess of gamma-ray spectrum, which
is supported by the data from {\it Fermi} Gamma-Ray Space Telescope. We find
that with the DM mass of around $70$ GeV in our model, the excess of gamma-ray
could be fitted well with the data.Comment: 17 pages, 12 figures, final version published in physics letters
Leptogenesis in an SU(5) x A5 Golden Ratio Flavour Model

In this paper we discuss a minor modification of a previous SU(5) x A5
flavour model which exhibits at leading order golden ratio mixing and sum rules
for the heavy and the light neutrino masses. Although this model could predict
all mixing angles well it fails in generating a sufficient large baryon
asymmetry via the leptogenesis mechanism. We repair this deficit here, discuss
model building aspects and give analytical estimates for the generated baryon
asymmetry before we perform a numerical parameter scan. Our setup has only a
few parameters in the lepton sector. This leads to specific constraints and
correlations between the neutrino observables. For instance, we find that in
the model considered only the neutrino mass spectrum with normal mass ordering
and values of the lightest neutrino mass in the interval 10-18 meV are
compatible with the current data on the neutrino oscillation parameters. With
the introduction of only one NLO operator, the model can accommodate
successfully simultaneously even at 1$\sigma$ level the current data on
neutrino masses, on neutrino mixing and the observed value of the baryon
asymmetry.Comment: 22 pages, 7 figures; version published in Nucl. Phys.
Graphene layer on Rh(111): combined DFT, STM, and NC-AFM studies

The simultaneous combination of scanning probe methods (tunnelling and force
microscopies, STM and AFM) is a unique way to get an information about
crystallographic and electronic structure of the studied surface. Here we apply
these methods accompanied by the state-of-the-art density functional theory
(DFT) calculations to shed a light on the structure and electronic properties
of the strongly-corrugated graphene/Rh(111) system. The atomically resolved
images are obtained for both STM and AFM modes and compared with the DFT
results showing good agreement between theory and experiment.Comment: MRS Singapore - ICMAT Symposia Proceeding
Search for diphoton resonances in the mass range from 150 to 850 GeV in
  pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV

Results are presented of a search for heavy particles decaying into two
photons. The analysis is based on a 19.7 inverse femtobarn sample of
proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV collected with the CMS detector at
the CERN LHC. The diphoton mass spectrum from 150 to 850 GeV is used to search
for an excess of events over the background. The search is extended to new
resonances with natural widths of up to 10% of the mass value. No evidence for
new particle production is observed and limits at 95% confidence level on the
production cross section times branching fraction to diphotons are determined.
These limits are interpreted in terms of two-Higgs-doublet model parameters.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal referenc
Molecular Mechanisms of Adipogenesis and Adipocyte Biology   : Possible role of MKPs and STAMPs

Adipogenesis is the developmental process that upon appropriate stimuli differentiates progenitor cells into specialized fat storing adipocytes. We studied this process and the potential involvement of two different protein families; Six Transmembrane Proteins of Prostate (STAMP, also names STEAP) and the MAP kinase phosphatases (MKPs). The STAMP protein family consists of four members, STAMP1-3 and STEAP. Little is known about the role of this family in human adipogenesis. In order to address this we made use of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) that can be isolated in high quantities from human lipoaspirate material and which can be differentiated into all mesoderm derived cells. Differentiation of ASCs into adipocytes dramatically increased STAMP2 expression and significantly increased STEAP without affecting STAMP1 and STAMP3 expression. Reduced expression of STAMP2 by RNA interference reduced the ability of ASCs to differentiate into adipocytes, decreased expression of genes involved in lipogenesis, and increased expression of an enzyme involved in β-oxidation. This suggests that STAMP2 could be an inducer of adipogenesis and lipogenesis in humans.   

Our work also focused on MKPs, which consist of proteins that inhibit the kinase activity of the MAP Kinases (MAPKs) that have previously been implicated in adipogenesis. We comprehensively analyzed the expression levels of MKPs during adipogenesis of the murine 3T3-L1 cells and present data regarding MKP-5, MKP-6, VHR, and VH5. All MKPs we studied had a similar expression profile during adipogenesis where levels were high in dividing pre-adipocytes but dropped significantly upon cells reaching confluency. After induction of adipogenesis, MKP levels remained low during the beginning phases of differentiation whereas levels increased and reached their maximum at day 8.  We also investigated the expression levels in mouse models of diet-induced or genetic obesity and found that there was significant deregulation of MKPs in subcutaneous fat and livers of obese mice.   

The final area of focus in this thesis was inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which are hallmarks of metabolic disease. Previously, genetic removal of STAMP2 from mice was shown to increase inflammation and induce metabolic disease in lean mice on a regular diet. We induced ER stress in adipocytes and found short term ER stress to delocalize STAMP2 from the plasma membrane to intracellular compartments, while chronic ER stress completely extinguished STAMP2 expression. This was shown to be a consequence of disrupted C/EBPα binding to the STAMP2 promoter. These data suggest that downregulation of STAMP2 expression is one mechanism of ER stress-mediated metabolic disease.   

Overall, the data presented in this thesis contribute to the understanding of the molecular details of adipogenesis, which may be relevant in tackling issues related to obesity and related disorders
Avoiding 40% of the premature deaths in each country, 2010-30: Review of national mortality trends to help quantify the UN Sustainable Development Goal for health

<p>Background. The UN will formulate ambitious Sustainable Development Goals for 2030, including one for health. Feasible goals with some quantifiable, measurable targets can influence governments. We propose, as a quantitative health target, “Avoid in each country 40% of premature deaths (under-70 deaths that would be seen in the 2030 population at 2010 death rates), and improve health care at all ages”. Targeting overall mortality and improved health care ignores no modifiable cause of death, nor any cause of disability that is treatable (or also causes many deaths). 40% fewer premature deaths would be important in all countries, but implies very different priorities in different populations. Reinforcing this target for overall mortality in each country are four global subtargets for 2030: avoid two-thirds of child and maternal deaths; two-thirds of tuberculosis, HIV, and malaria deaths; a third of premature deaths from non-communicable diseases (NCDs); and a third of those from other causes (other communicable diseases, undernutrition, and injuries). These challenging subtargets would halve under-50 deaths, avoid a third of the (mainly NCD) deaths at ages 50–69 years, and so avoid 40% of under-70 deaths. To help assess feasibility, we review mortality rates and trends in the 25 most populous countries, in four country income groupings, and worldwide. </p>
<p>Methods. UN sources yielded overall 1970–2010 mortality trends. WHO sources yielded cause-specific 2000–10 trends, standardised to country-specific 2030 populations; decreases per decade of 42% or 18% would yield 20-year reductions of two-thirds or a third. </p>
<p>Results. Throughout the world, except in countries where the effects of HIV or political disturbances predominated, mortality decreased substantially from 1970–2010, particularly in childhood. From 2000–10, under-70 age-standardised mortality rates decreased 19% (with the low-income and lower-middle-income countries having the greatest absolute gains). The proportional decreases per decade (2000–10) were: 34% at ages 0–4 years; 17% at ages 5–49 years; 15% at ages 50–69 years; 30% for communicable, perinatal, maternal, or nutritional causes; 14% for NCDs; and 13% for injuries (accident, suicide, or homicide). </p>
<p>Interpretation. Moderate acceleration of the 2000–10 proportional decreases in mortality could be feasible, achieving the targeted 2030 disease-specific reductions of two-thirds or a third. If achieved, these reductions avoid about 10 million of the 20 million deaths at ages 0–49 years that would be seen in 2030 at 2010 death rates, and about 17 million of the 41 million such deaths at ages 0–69 years. Such changes could be achievable by 2030, or soon afterwards, at least in areas free of war, other major effects of political disruption, or a major new epidemic. </p
Technological perspectives of silicone heat transfer fluids for\ud
concentrated solar power

Silicone based heat transfer fluids exhibit interesting properties for the application in solar thermal power plants like high thermal stability, very low freezing points and high environmental acceptability. In this paper, a new silicone based HTF (HELISOL® from Wacker Chemie AG) is investigated experimentally and economically in comparison to the eutectic mixture of biphenyl and\ud
diphenyl oxide which is currently the most important fluid for the heat transfer in solar thermal parabolic power plants. It was found that HELISOL® forms less low boiling and gaseous compounds at 425°C in comparison to currently applied HTFs at only 400°C. The techno-economic comparison shows that the LCOE can be reduced by 5% using the silicone fluid
Greater tibial bone strength in tennis players than controls in the absence of greater muscle output.

Background/Objective: The greatest forces experienced by bones result from muscular contractionsdmuscles produce most force in high-velocity eccentric contractions.\ud
Bouncing movements, e.g., sprinting or hoppingdwhere such contractions occurdare highly beneficial for lower limb bones. However, there is a growing body of evidence that torsional stresses are highly osteogenic. Sports in which frequent quick turning occursdhence large torsional stresses can be expectedde.g., tennis, may also improve bone strength even in the absence of large ground reaction and muscle forces. Methods: To investigate the relative effects of bouncing and turning movements on bones, we\ud
recruited 47 older men (mean age 62.4 ± 12.9 years). They were competitive sprinters (representing exposure to bouncing movement), competitive tennis players (turning movements), and inactive controls. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography scans of tibial diaphysis at 66% distaleproximal length were taken; muscle sizes from peripheral quantitative computed tomography and countermovement jump performance were also examined.\ud
Results: Bone strength of tennis players was clearly greater than that of controls (23% greater bone mass; p < 0.001) and similar to that in sprinters. Tennis players’ jump relative power and height were 15% and 25% lower than those of sprinters (p < 0.05) and similar to control values, being 2% greater and 6% lower, respectively (p > 0.5). Material eccentricity analysis suggests that torsional stresses may be a significant adaptive stimulus to tibial bone
Formation of S0 galaxies through mergers. V -  Antitruncated stellar discs resulting from major mergers

Context. Lenticular galaxies (S0s) are more likely to host antitruncated (Type III) stellar discs than galaxies of later Hubble types. Major mergers are popularly considered too violent to make these breaks.\ud
\ud
Aims. We have investigated whether major mergers can result into S0-like remnants with realistic antitruncated stellar discs or not.\ud
Methods. We have analysed 67 relaxed S0 and E/S0 remnants resulting from dissipative N-body simulations of major mergers from the GalMer database. We have simulated realistic R-band surface brightness profiles of the remnants to identify those with antitruncated stellar discs. Their inner and outer discs and the breaks have been quantitatively characterized to compare with real data.\ud
\ud
Results. Nearly 70% of our S0-like remnants are antitruncated, meaning that major mergers that result in S0s have a high probability of producing Type III stellar discs. Our remnants lie on top of the extrapolations of the observational trends (towards brighter magnitudes and higher break radii) in several photometric diagrams, because of the higher luminosities and sizes of the simulations compared to observational samples. In scale-free photometric diagrams, simulations and observations overlap and the remnants reproduce the observational trends, so the physical mechanism after antitruncations is highly scalable. We have found novel photometric scaling relations between the characteristic parameters of the antitruncations in real S0s, which are also reproduced by our simulations. We show that the trends in all the photometric planes can be derived from three basic scaling relations that real and simulated Type III S0s fulfill: h_i ∝ R_brkIII, h_o ∝ R_brkIII, and μ_brkIII ∝ R_brkIII, where h_i and h_o are the scalelengths of the inner and outer discs, and μ_brkIII and R_brkIII are the surface brightness and radius of the breaks. Bars and antitruncations in real S0s are structurally unrelated phenomena according to the studied photometric planes.\ud
\ud
Conclusions. Major mergers provide a feasible mechanism to form realistic antitruncated S0 galaxies
Pleistocene till provenance in east Yorkshire: reconstructing ice flow of the British North Sea Lobe\ud

The ice flow path and dynamic behaviour of the British-Irish Ice Sheet has been subject to renewed interest and controversy in recent years. Early studies in eastern England argued for interaction with Fennoscandian ice onshore in Britain, instigating re-examination of the sedimentology and provenance of many Pleistocene till successions. These studies instead supported an exclusively British provenance, and are used to predict southward advance of a broadly coast-parallel North Sea Lobe. Quantitative lithological and palynological analysis of the Pleistocene till succession in Holderness, East Yorkshire, however, remains to be carried out. We examined the lithologically diverse Skipsea Till in order to reconstruct ice flow pathways to the Holderness coast during the Pleistocene, thereby constraining which areas of substrate were subglacially eroded and entrained prior to deposition. The till yields a diverse range of soft, low-durability and uniquely British allochthonous material, including Permian Magnesian Limestone, Carboniferous limestone and coal, and Carboniferous pollen and spore assemblages that would be unlikely to survive polyphase reworking. Ice extended southwards through southern Scotland, incorporating material in north-east England, north-east Yorkshire and the western margin of the North Sea Basin (NSB), supporting a recurrent ice flow pathway for the eastern margin of the British-Irish Ice Sheet during the Mid to Late Pleistocene
K0sK0s correlations in pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV from the LHC ALICE experiment

Identical neutral kaon pair correlations are measured in View the MathML sources=7 TeV pp collisions in the ALICE experiment. One-dimensional View the MathML sourceKs0Ks0 correlation functions in terms of the invariant momentum difference of kaon pairs are formed in two multiplicity and two transverse momentum ranges. The femtoscopic parameters for the radius and correlation strength of the kaon source are extracted. The fit includes quantum statistics and final-state interactions of the a0/f0a0/f0 resonance. View the MathML sourceKs0Ks0 correlations show an increase in radius for increasing multiplicity and a slight decrease in radius for increasing transverse mass, mTmT, as seen in ππ   correlations in pp collisions and in heavy-ion collisions. Transverse mass scaling is observed between the View the MathML sourceKs0Ks0 and ππ   radii. Also, the first observation is made of the decay of the View the MathML sourcef2′(1525) meson into the View the MathML sourceKs0Ks0 channel in pp collisions
Phase locked inflation. Effectively trans-Planckian natural inflation

A model of natural inflation with an effectively trans-Planckian decay constant can be easily achieved by the “phase locking” mechanism while keeping field values in the effective field theory within the Planck scale. We give detailed description of “phase locked” inflation based on this mechanism. We also construct supersymmetric natural inflation based on this mechanism and show that the model is consistent with low scale supersymmetry. We also investigate couplings of the inflaton with the minimal supersymmetric standard model to achieve an appropriate reheating process. Interestingly, in a certain class of models, we find that the inflation scale is related to the mass of the right-handed neutrino in a consistent way with the seesaw mechanism