LDL apheresis beyond lipid reduction : a study of three different apheresis columns in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and ex vivo

The papers of this thesis are not available in Munin: <br/>1. Hovland A, Hardersen R, Sexton J, Mollnes TE and Lappegård KT.: 'Different
inflammatory responses induced by three LDL-lowering apheresis columns', Journal of Clinical Apheresis (2009), 24:247–253. Available at <a href=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jca.20223>http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jca.20223</a> <br/>2. Hovland A, Hardersen R, Nielsen EW, Mollnes TE and Lappegård KT.: 'Hematologic and hemostatic changes induced by different columns during LDL apheresis', Journal of Clinical Apheresis (2010), 25:294–300. Available at <a href=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jca.20256>http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jca.20256</a> <br/>3. Hovland A, Marcovina S, Hardersen R, Enebakk T, Mollnes TE and Lappegård KT.: 'Three different LDL apheresis columns efficiently and equally reduce lipoprotein(a)
concentrations in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia and small
apolipoprotein(a) particles', Transfusion and Apheresis Science(2012), 46:73–76. Available at <a href=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.transci.2011.11.016>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.transci.2011.11.016</a> <br/>4. Hovland A, Hardersen R, Nielsen EW, Enebakk T, Christiansen D, Ludviksen JK, Mollnes TE and Lappegård KT.: 'Complement profile and activation mechanisms by
different LDL apheresis systems', Acta Biomaterialia (2012), 8:2288–2296. Available at <a href=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2012.02.017>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2012.02.017</a>When low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol cannot be adequately controlled by medications, it is possible to reduce LDL-cholesterol by means of LDL apheresis. This extracorporeal treatment is most often used in familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). The procedure is known to reduce LDL-cholesterol significantly. Few studies however, have prospectively and systematically  examined how different LDL apheresis columns affect other constituents than LDL-cholesterol; including complement activation, cytokines, hemostatic factors and lipoprotein(a) (lp(a)).

We conducted a clinical (papers I-III) and then an ex vivo study (paper IV) to examine how three different LDL apheresis columns; DL-75, LA-15  and EC-50W affected these factors.

The first paper showed that the terminal complement complex (TCC) increased for all of the columns demonstrating complement activation to completion. The anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a were lowered the most by the columns DL-75 and LA-15, some of the pro-inflammatory cytokines were reduced more by  DL-75 and LA-15 than EC-50W.

In paper two we found that while fibrinogen was lowered by all columns, thrombin-anti thrombin increased the most with DL-75 and the least with LA-15, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 was lowered the least with EC-50W.

Paper three demonstrated significant decrease in lp(a), no differences between the columns, the isoform of the apolipoprotein particles was not changed during treatment.

In paper four (ex vivo) TCC was generated by LA-15 and EC-50W, but to a lesser degree by DL-75. Activation through the classical pathway was demonstrated for LA-15 and EC-50W, while activation through the alternative pathway was shown for LA-15. The anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a were equally induced by LA-15 and EC-50W.

In conclusion, the clinical study showed complement activation through the alternative pathway, while the ex-vivo study demonstrated activation through the classical pathway as well. DL-75 and LA-15 were less pro-inflammatory than the filtration column EC-50W. The least hemostatic column could not be identified, while all columns lowered lp(a) significantly