pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Involvement of cortico-subcortical circuits in normoacousic chronic tinnitus: A source localization EEG study

To better characterize brain circuits dysfunctions in normoacousic tinnitus sufferers. Methods: 17 normoacousic chronic, unilateral high-pitched tinnitus sufferers (6 females, 43.6 ± 9.8 y.o, disease duration 22 ± 35 months) underwent a 29-channel resting-state electroencephalography (EEG – 5 min opened-eyes, 5 min closed-eyes) and auditory oddball paradigm for event-related potentials analyses (ERPs – N1, P2 and P300). Cortical 3D distribution of current source density was computed with sLORETA. Results were compared with 17 controls (9 females, 45.7 ± 15.1 y.o). Results: Eyes opened, tinnitus sufferers had lower alpha and beta sources in the left inferior parietal lobule. Eyes closed, tinnitus sufferers had decreased alpha sources in the left inferior temporal and post-central gyri, and low gamma sources in the left middle temporal gyrus. EEG data did not correlate with tinnitus sufferers’ clinical features. Subjects with tinnitus had shorter N1 and P2 latencies. P300 did not differ between groups. sLORETA solutions showed decreased sources of these ERPs in the left inferior temporal gyrus in the tinnitus group. Conclusions: We showed cortico-thalamo-cortical involvements in normoacousic tinnitus with hyperexcitability of the left auditory cortex and inferior temporal gyrus. Significance: This might reflect processes of maladaptive cortical plasticity and memory consolidation. Further validation is needed to establish the value of this tool in customizing therapeutic approach
Second international spectroradiometer intercomparison: results and impact on PV device calibration

This paper describes the results of an intercomparison of spectroradiometers for measuring global normal incidence and direct normal incidence spectral irradiance in the visible and in the near infrared, together with an assessment of the impact these results may have on the calibration of the short circuit current (I-sc) of triple-junction photovoltaic devices and on the relevant spectral mismatch calculation. The intercomparison was conducted by six European scientific laboratories and a Japanese industrial partner. Seven spectroradiometer systems, for a total of 13 different instruments/channels using two different technologies and made by four different manufacturers were involved. This group of systems represents a good cross section of the instrumentation for solar spectrum measurements available to date. The instruments were calibrated by each partner prior to the intercomparison following their usual procedure and traceability route in order to verify the entire measurement and traceability chain. The difference in measured spectral irradiance showed to have an impact on the calibration of a set of Iso-Type cells varying from +/- 2% to +/- 14% for middle and bottom cell, respectively
E-bike trials’ potential to promote sustained changes in car owners’ mobility habits

Modal shifts hold considerable potential to mitigate carbon emissions. Electric bikes (e-bikes) represent a promising energy- and carbon-efficient alternative to cars. However, as mobility behaviour is highly habitual, convincing people to switch from cars to e-bikes is challenging. One strategy to accomplish this is the disruption of existing habits - a key idea behind an annual e-bike promotion programme in Switzerland, in which car owners can try out an e-bike for free over a 2-week period in exchange for their car keys. By means of a longitudinal survey, we measured the long-term effects of this trial on mobility-related habitual associations. After one year, participants' habitual association with car use had weakened significantly. This finding was valid both for participants who bought an e-bike after the trial and those who did not. Our findings contrast the results of other studies who find that the effect of interventions to induce modal shifts wears off over time. We conclude that an e-bike trial has the potential to break mobility habits and motivate car owners to use more sustainable means of transport
Piccolo Micromegas: First in-core measurements in a nuclear reactor

An Accelerator Driven System (ADS) consists in the coupling of an accelerator with a nuclear reactor. Such systems will need neutron detectors working in a wide energy range and insensitive to X- and γ-rays. Micromegas technology has been proposed to achieve this goal. The ability of Micromegas to detect neutrons over a wide energy range has already been demonstrated and this detector is, under certain conditions, insensitive to γ-rays. A new Micromegas neutron detector called Piccolo Micromegas has been designed to get integrated neutron fluxes on different energy domains. For the first time, Piccolo Micromegas has been placed in the core of a nuclear reactor at Casaccia in Italy. The configuration of the detector will be presented as well as its functioning and the reasons of its insensitivity to γ-rays. The results of the operation of the detector will also be shown for low reactor power to high reactor power and some improvements will be suggested
Genetic, epigenetic and exogenetic information in development and evolution

The idea that development is the expression of information accumulated during evolution and that heredity is the transmission of this information is surprisingly hard to cash out in strict, scientific terms. This paper seeks to do so using the sense of information introduced by Francis Crick in his sequence hypothesis and central dogma of molecular biology. It focuses on Crick's idea of precise determination. This is analysed using an information-theoretic measure of causal specificity. This allows us to reconstruct some of Crick's claims about information in transcription and translation. Crick's approach to information has natural extensions to non-coding regions of DNA, to epigenetic marks, and to the genetic or environmental upstream causes of those epigenetic marks. Epigenetic information cannot be reduced to genetic information. The existence of biological information in epigenetic and exogenetic factors is relevant to evolution as well as to development
Best practices in heterotrophic high-cell-density microalgal processes : achievements, potential and possible limitations

Microalgae of numerous heterotrophic genera (obligate or facultative) exhibit considerable metabolic versatility and flexibility but are currently underexploited in the biotechnological manufacturing of known plant-derived compounds, novel high-value biomolecules or enriched biomass. Highly efficient production of microalgal biomass without the need for light is now feasible in inexpensive, well-defined mineral medium, typically supplemented with glucose. Cell densities of more than 100 g l(-1) cell dry weight have been achieved with Chlorella, Crypthecodinium and Galdieria species while controlling the addition of organic sources of carbon and energy in fedbatch mode. The ability of microalgae to adapt their metabolism to varying culture conditions provides opportunities to modify, control and thereby maximise the formation of targeted compounds with non-recombinant microalgae. This review outlines the critical aspects of cultivation technology and current best practices in the heterotrophic high-cell-density cultivation of microalgae. The primary topics include (1) the characteristics of microalgae that make them suitable for heterotrophic cultivation, (2) the appropriate chemical composition of mineral growth media, (3) the different strategies for fedbatch cultivations and (4) the principles behind the customisation of biomass composition. The review confirms that, although fundamental knowledge is now available, the development of efficient, economically feasible large-scale bioprocesses remains an obstacle to the commercialisation of this promising technology
Self-similarity of complex networks and hidden metric spaces

We demonstrate that the self-similarity of some scale-free networks with respect to a simple degree-thresholding renormalization scheme finds a natural interpretation in the assumption that network nodes exist in hidden metric spaces. Clustering, i.e., cycles of length three, plays a crucial role in this framework as a topological reflection of the triangle inequality in the hidden geometry. We prove that a class of hidden variable models with underlying metric spaces are able to accurately reproduce the self-similarity properties that we measured in the real networks. Our findings indicate that hidden geometries underlying these real networks are a plausible explanation for their observed topologies and, in particular, for their self-similarity with respect to the degree-based renormalization
Measurement and modelling of the turbulent boundary layer near the attachment line of a swept wing

This work is motivated by the need for low-order aerodynamic models to predict accurately the effect on profile drag of controlling attachment line transition. Head's entrainment method ⁽¹⁾ , a rapid integral boundary layer technique used for design studies on swept wings, suffers from the governing swept-tapered turbulent integral boundary layer equations being ill-posed in the vicinity of the attachment line. This singularity has been treated using crude extrapolations of the attachment-line similarity solution for over half a century, but this approach is unlikely to deliver accurate predictions of the effect of changes in the attachment line flow on profile drag. An experimental study has been carried out to explore the nature of the turbulent flow in the vicinity of a highly swept swept attachment line and has revealed a quite complex, non-monotonic development of the momentum thickness in this region. It has also revealed lower levels of twist in the boundary layer velocity profiles than anticipated from the highly curved character of the inviscid flow streamlines. These observations have prompted an alternative approach to the modelling of the flow in this region which not only successfully eliminates the lack of robustness in the swept-tapered equations but which also matches the experimental results to within ±5%
A simple digital-optical system to improve accuracy of hot-wire measurements

A high precision traverse mechanism with micro-resolution was designed to capture accurately the velocity profile of the very thin turbulent attachment line on a swept body. To ensure that the traverse mechanism could position the hot wire reliably, a simple digital optical system was designed to check the performance of the traverse by measuring the displacement of the hot wire: a vertical displacement of 2.4 µm was achievable and this could be further reduced to 0.6 µm using micro-stepping. Due to the simplicity of the set-up it was equally useful for probe wall positioning and the velocity profiles captured clearly demonstrated that the optical set-up helped in resolving the near wall flow more accurately, regardless of the thinness of the boundary layer. The captured data compare well with the results from similar investigations, with arguably higher precision achieved
Robust rolling stock in rapid transit network

This paper focuses on the railway rolling stock circulation problem in rapid transit networks, in which frequencies are high and distances are relatively short. Although the distances are not very large, service times are high due to the large number of intermediate stops required to allow proper passenger flow. The main complicating issue is the fact that the available capacity at depot stations is very low, and both capacity and rolling stock are shared between different train lines. This forces the introduction of empty train movements and rotation maneuvers, to ensure sufficient station capacity and rolling stock availability.\ud
However, these shunting operations may sometimes be difficult to perform and can easily malfunction, causing localized incidents that could propagate throughout the entire network due to cascading effects. This type of operation will be penalized with the goal of selectively avoiding them and ameliorating their high malfunction probabilities. Critic trains, defined as train services that come through stations that have a large number of passengers arriving at the platform during rush hours, are also introduced.\ud
We illustrate our model using computational experiments drawn from RENFE (the main Spanish operator of suburban passenger trains) in Madrid, Spain. The results of the model, achieved in approximately 1 min, have been received positively by RENFE planner
A distributed end-to-end overload control mechanism for networks of SIP servers.

The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is an application-layer control protocol standardized by the IETF for creating, modifying and terminating multimedia sessions. With the increasing use of SIP in large deployments, the current SIP design cannot handle overload effectively, which may cause SIP networks to suffer from congestion collapse under heavy offered load. This paper introduces a distributed end-to-end overload control (DEOC) mechanism, which is deployed at the edge servers of SIP networks and is easy to implement. By applying overload control closest to the source of traf?c, DEOC can keep high throughput for SIP networks even when the offered load exceeds the capacity of the network. Besides, it responds quickly to the sudden variations of the offered load and achieves good fairness. Theoretic analysis and extensive simulations verify that DEOC is effective in controlling overload of SIP networks
Ethnic differences in mental health among incarcerated youths: Do Moroccan immigrant boys show less psychopathology than native Dutch boys?

Psychiatric disorders are highly prevalent among incarcerated youth. However, whereas ethnic minority youths are overrepresented in the juvenile justice system, limited research is available on their mental health. In this study, differences in mental health problems between incarcerated adolescents of native Dutch and Moroccan origin, were examined. Child Behavior Checklist and Youth Self-Report scores were compared between incarcerated adolescents of native Dutch and Moroccan origin. Their scores were also compared to those of native Dutch and Moroccan immigrant youths in the general, non-incarcerated population. Native Dutch incarcerated adolescents showed higher levels of various mental health problems than incarcerated adolescents with a Moroccan background. Compared to the general population, incarcerated youths showed higher levels of mental health problems, but this deviation was much larger for native Dutch than for Moroccan immigrant youths. These ethnic differences in mental health problems could not be explained by ethnic differences in socio-economic background and social desirable answering tendencies. Incarcerated youths of Moroccan origin show less psychopathology than incarcerated native Dutch youths, which might be explained by disparities in sentencing procedures
On countable choice and sequential spaces

Under the axiom of choice, every first countable space is a Fréchet-Urysohn space. Although, in its absence even R may fail to be a sequential space.Our goal in this paper is to discuss under which set-theoretic conditions some topological classes, such as the first countable spaces, the metric spaces, or the subspaces of R, are classes of Fréchet-Urysohn or sequential spaces.In this context, it is seen that there are metric spaces which are not sequential spaces. This fact raises the question of knowing if the completion of a metric space exists and it is unique. The answer depends on the definition of completion.Among other results it is shown that: every first countable space is a sequential space if and only if the axiom of countable choice holds, the sequential closure is idempotent in R if and only if the axiom of countable choice holds for families of subsets of R, and every metric space has a unique -completion. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/malq.20071001
Electrochemical Oxidation of Metolazone at a Glassy Carbon Electrode

Metolazone is a diuretic agent used in patients with edematous states and/or hypertension. The electrochemical behavior of metolazone on a glassy carbon electrode was investigated using cyclic, differential pulse, and square-wave voltammetry at different pHs. The pH dependent oxidation of metolazone occurs in two consecutive steps in a diffusion-controlled mechanism and involves the formation of a main oxidation product. The first oxidation process is reversible, and involves two electrons and two protons corresponding to the oxidation of nitrogen in the sulfonamide moiety. The second oxidation process is irreversible, also occurs in the sulfonamide moiety, involves a one electron-transfer, and is followed by deprotonation to produce a cation radical, which reacts with water and yields a hydroxylated product. The diffusion coefficient of metolazone was calculated to be 3.43×10-6 cm2 s-1 in pH 7.0 0.1 M phosphate buffer.http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.20080435
Alginate/Chitosan Nanoparticles are Effective for Oral Insulin Delivery

Abstract Purpose  To evaluate the pharmacological activity of insulin-loaded alginate/chitosan nanoparticles following oral dosage in diabetic rats.    Methods  Nanoparticles were prepared by ionotropic pre-gelation of an alginate core followed by chitosan polyelectrolyte complexation. In vivo activity was evaluated by measuring the decrease in blood glucose concentrations in streptozotocin induced, diabetic rats after oral administration and flourescein (FITC)-labelled insulin tracked by confocal microscopy.    Results  Nanoparticles were negatively charged and had a mean size of 750 nm, suitable for uptake within the gastrointestinal tract due to their nanosize range and mucoadhesive properties. The insulin association efficiency was over 70% and insulin was released in a pH-dependent manner under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Orally delivered nanoparticles lowered basal serum glucose levels by more than 40% with 50 and 100 IU/kg doses sustaining hypoglycemia for over 18 h. Pharmacological availability was 6.8 and 3.4% for the 50 and 100 IU/kg doses respectively, a significant increase over 1.6%, determined for oral insulin alone in solution and over other related studies at the same dose levels. Confocal microscopic examinations of FITC-labelled insulin nanoparticles showed clear adhesion to rat intestinal epithelium, and internalization of insulin within the intestinal mucosa.    Conclusion  The results indicate that the encapsulation of insulin into mucoadhesive nanoparticles was a key factor in the improvement of its oral absorption and oral bioactivity.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11095-007-9367-
Relevant gluonic energy scale of spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking
  from lattice QCD

We analyze which momentum component of the gluon field induces spontaneous
chiral symmetry breaking in lattice QCD. After removing the high-momentum or
low-momentum component of the gluon field, we calculate the chiral condensate
and observe the roles of these momentum components. The chiral condensate is
found to be drastically reduced by removing the zero-momentum gluon. The
reduction is about 40% of the total in our calculation condition. The
nonzero-momentum infrared gluon also has a sizable contribution to the chiral
condensate. From the Banks-Casher relation, this result reflects the nontrivial
relation between the infrared gluon and the zero-mode quark
Generalised vielbeins and non-linear realisations

We briefly review why the non-linear realisation of the semi-direct product
of a group with one of its representations leads to a field theory defined on a
generalised space-time equipped with a generalised vielbein. We give formulae,
which only involve matrix multiplication, for the generalised vielbein, the
Cartan forms and their transformations. We consider the generalised space-time
introduced in 2003 in the context of the non-linear realisation of the
semi-direct product of E(11) and its first fundamental representation. For this
latter theory we give explicit expressions for the generalised vielbein up to
and including the levels associated with the dual graviton in four, five and
eleven dimensions and for the IIB theory in ten dimensions. We also compute the
generalised vielbein, up to the analogous level, for the non-linear realisation
of the semi-direct product of very extended SL(2) with its first fundamental
representation, which is a theory associated with gravity in four dimensions.Comment: 42 page
Talbot Oscillations and Periodic Focusing in a One-Dimensional Condensate

An exact theory for the density of a one-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensate with hard core particle interactions is developed in second quantization and applied to the scattering of the condensate by a spatially periodic impulse potential. The boson problem is mapped onto a system of free fermions obeying the Pauli exclusion principle to facilitate the calculation. The density exhibits a spatial focusing of the probability density as well as a periodic self-imaging in time, or Talbot effect. Furthermore, the transition from single particle to many body effects can be measured by observing the decay of the modulated condensate density pattern in time. The connection of these results to classical and atom optical phase gratings is made explicit
Fluctuating hydrodynamic modelling of fluids at the nanoscale

A good representation of mesoscopic fluids is required to combine with
molecular simulations at larger length and time scales (De Fabritiis {\it et.
al}, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 134501 (2006)). However, accurate computational
models of the hydrodynamics of nanoscale molecular assemblies are lacking, at
least in part because of the stochastic character of the underlying fluctuating
hydrodynamic equations. Here we derive a finite volume discretization of the
compressible isothermal fluctuating hydrodynamic equations over a regular grid
in the Eulerian reference system. We apply it to fluids such as argon at
arbitrary densities and water under ambient conditions. To that end, molecular
dynamics simulations are used to derive the required fluid properties. The
equilibrium state of the model is shown to be thermodynamically consistent and
correctly reproduces linear hydrodynamics including relaxation of sound and
shear modes. We also consider non-equilibrium states involving diffusion and
convection in cavities with no-slip boundary conditions