pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Hard to miss, easy to blame? Peacelines, interfaces and political deaths in Belfast during the Troubles

AbstractAs Northern Ireland moves further from the period of conflict known as the ‘Troubles’, attention has increasingly focussed on the social and material vestiges of that conflict; Northern Ireland is still a deeply-divided society in terms of residential segregation between Catholic nationalists and Protestant unionists, and urban areas are still, indeed increasingly, characterised by large defensive walls, known as ‘peacelines’, which demark many of the dividing lines between the two communities. In recent years a body of literature has emerged which has highlighted the spatial association between patterns of conflict fatality and proximity to peacelines. This paper assesses that relationship, arguing that previous analyses have failed to fully take account of the ethnic complexity of inner-city Belfast in their calculations. When this is considered, patterns of fatality were more intense within the cores or ‘sanctuaries’ of highly segregated Catholic and Protestant communities rather than at the fracture zones or ‘interfaces’ between them where peacelines have always been constructed. Using census data at a high spatial resolution, this paper also provides the first attempt to provide a definition of the ‘interface’ in clear geographic terms, a spatial concept that has hitherto appeared amorphous in academic studies and media coverage of Belfast during and since the Troubles. In doing so it embodies both the material and demographic aspects of social division in Northern Ireland, and suggests an urgent need to reappraise the true role of these forms of social boundary in influencing patterns of violent conflict
Assessment of the patient, health system, and population effects of Xpert MTB/RIF and alternative diagnostics for tuberculosis in Tanzania: an integrated modelling approach

SummaryBackgroundSeveral promising new diagnostic methods and algorithms for tuberculosis have been endorsed by WHO. National tuberculosis programmes now face the decision on which methods to implement and where to place them in the diagnostic algorithm.MethodsWe used an integrated model to assess the effects of different algorithms of Xpert MTB/RIF and light-emitting diode (LED) fluorescence microscopy in Tanzania. To understand the effects of new diagnostics from the patient, health system, and population perspective, the model incorporated and linked a detailed operational component and a transmission component. The model was designed to represent the operational and epidemiological context of Tanzania and was used to compare the effects and cost-effectiveness of different diagnostic options.FindingsAmong the diagnostic options considered, we identified three strategies as cost effective in Tanzania. Full scale-up of Xpert would have the greatest population-level effect with the highest incremental cost: 346 000 disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) averted with an additional cost of US$36·9 million over 10 years. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of Xpert scale-up ($169 per DALY averted, 95% credible interval [CrI] 104–265) is below the willingness-to-pay threshold ($599) for Tanzania. Same-day LED fluorescence microscopy is the next most effective strategy with an ICER of $45 (95% CrI 25–74), followed by LED fluorescence microscopy with an ICER of $29 (6–59). Compared with same-day LED fluorescence microscopy and Xpert full rollout, targeted use of Xpert in presumptive tuberculosis cases with HIV infection, either as an initial diagnostic test or as a follow-on test to microscopy, would produce DALY gains at a higher incremental cost and therefore is dominated in the context of Tanzania.InterpretationFor Tanzania, this integrated modelling approach predicts that full rollout of Xpert is a cost-effective option for tuberculosis diagnosis and has the potential to substantially reduce the national tuberculosis burden. It also estimates the substantial level of funding that will need to be mobilised to translate this into clinical practice. This approach could be adapted and replicated in other developing countries to inform rational health policy formulation.FundingUnited States Agency for International Development
Forward–backward asymmetry of top quark in unparticle physics

AbstractThe updated CDF measurement of the forward–backward asymmetry AFB in the top quark production pp¯→tt¯ at Tevatron (with s=1.96 TeV) shows a deviation of 2σ from the value predicted by the Standard QCD Model. We present calculation of this quantity in the scenario, where colored unparticle physics contributes to the s-channel of the process, and obtain the regions in the plane of the unparticle parameters λ and dU, which give the values of the AFB and of the total tt¯ production cross section compatible with the present measurements
Peganum harmala L.’s anti-growth effect on a breast cancer cell line

AbstractThis research was done to evaluate the induction of apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line by Peganum harmala’s extract, in which a significant amount of ß-carbolines is included. The apoptosis incidence was assessed through Annexin-V-Flous kit. The expressions of genes through which intrinsic apoptosis pathway are involved, Bax, Bcl-2, Bid, and Puma, over the genes the expressions of which are linked to extrinsic apoptosis pathway, TRAIL, Caspase8, p21, and p53, were examined by RT-PCR and Real-time PCR. The results demonstrate that the extract decreases the growth rate of the cancer cell line through inducing apoptosis mechanism. As long as the expression of anti-apoptosis Bcl-2 gen reduced dramatically, an over-expression in Bax and Puma genes was monitored indicating activation of intrinsic apoptosis pathway. A notable over-expression observed with TRAIL and Caspase8 genes as well as Bid gene. The latter is an intermediate for both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis
Fast synchrotron X-ray tomographic quantification of dendrite evolution during the solidification of MgSn alloys

AbstractThe evolution of dendritic microstructures during the solidification of a Mg-15 wt%Sn alloy was investigated in situ via fast synchrotron X-ray microtomography. To enable these in situ observations a novel encapsulation method was developed and integrated into a fast, pink beam, imaging beamline at Diamond Light Source. The dendritic growth was quantified with time using: solid volume fraction, tip velocity, interface specific surface area, and surface curvature. The influence of cooling rate upon these quantities and primary phase nucleation was investigated. The primary dendrites grew with an 18-branch, 6-fold symmetry structure, accompanied by coarsening. The coarsening process was assessed by the specific surface area and was compared with the existing models. These results provide the first quantification of dendritic growth during the solidification of Mg alloys, confirming existing analytic models and providing experimental data to inform and validate more complex numeric models
NLO QCD+EW predictions for $2\ell2\nu$ diboson signatures at the LHC

We present next-to-leading order (NLO) calculations including QCD and
electroweak (EW) corrections for $2\ell2\nu$ diboson signatures with two
opposite-charge leptons and two neutrinos. Specifically, we study the processes
$pp\to e^+ \mu^- \nu_{e}\bar\nu_{\mu}$ and $pp\to e^+ e^-\nu\bar\nu$, including
all relevant off-shell diboson channels, $W^+W^-$, $ZZ$, $\gamma Z$, as well as
non-resonant contributions. Photon-induced processes are computed at NLO EW,
and we discuss subtle differences related to the definition and the
renormalisation of the coupling $\alpha$ for processes with initial- and
final-state photons. All calculations are performed within the automated
Munich/Sherpa+OpenLoops frameworks, and we provide numerical predictions for
the LHC at 13 TeV. The behaviour of the corrections is investigated with
emphasis on the high-energy regime, where NLO EW effects can amount to tens of
percent due to large Sudakov logarithms. The interplay between $WW$ and $ZZ$
contributions to the same-flavour channel, $pp\to e^+ e^-\nu\bar\nu$, is
discussed in detail, and a quantitative analysis of photon-induced
contributions is presented. Finally, we consider approximations that account
for all sources of large logarithms, at high and low energy, by combining
virtual EW corrections with a YFS soft-photon resummation or a QED parton
shower.Comment: 25 pages + appendices, 22 figure
Goal-directed mechanisms that constrain retrieval predict subsequent memory for new "foil" information

To remember a previous event, it is often helpful to use goal-directed control processes to constrain what comes to mind during retrieval. Behavioral studies have demonstrated that incidental learning of new "foil" words in a recognition test is superior if the participant is trying to remember studied items that were semantically encoded compared to items that were non-semantically encoded. Here, we applied subsequent memory analysis to fMRI data to understand the neural mechanisms underlying the "foil effect". Participants encoded information during deep semantic and shallow non-semantic tasks and were tested in a subsequent blocked memory task to examine how orienting retrieval towards different types of information influences the incidental encoding of new words presented as foils during the memory test phase. To assess memory for foils, participants performed a further surprise old/new recognition test involving foil words that were encountered during the previous memory test blocks as well as completely new words. Subsequent memory effects, distinguishing successful versus unsuccessful incidental encoding of foils, were observed in regions that included the left inferior frontal gyrus and posterior parietal cortex. The left inferior frontal gyrus exhibited disproportionately larger subsequent memory effects for semantic than non-semantic foils, and significant overlap in activity during semantic, but not non-semantic, initial encoding and foil encoding. The results suggest that orienting retrieval towards different types of foils involves re-implementing the neurocognitive processes that were involved during initial encoding
On conjugate families and Jeffreys priors for von Mises-Fisher distributions

This paper discusses characteristics of standard conjugate priors and their induced\ud
posteriors in Bayesian inference for von Mises-Fisher distributions, using either the\ud
canonical natural exponential family or the more commonly employed polar coordinate\ud
parameterizations. We analyze when standard conjugate priors as well as posteriors are\ud
proper, and investigate the Jeffreys prior for the von Mises-Fisher family. Finally, we\ud
characterize the proper distributions in the standard conjugate family of the (matrixvalued)\ud
von Mises-Fisher distributions on Stiefel manifolds
Gamma-ray blazar spectra with H.E.S.S. II mono analysis: The case of PKS 2155-304 and PG 1553+113

Context. The addition of a 28 m Cherenkov telescope (CT5) to the H.E.S.S. array extended the experiment's sensitivityto lower energies. The lowest energy threshold is obtained using monoscopic analysis of data taken with CT5, providing access to gamma-ray energies below 100 GeV for small zenith angle observations. Such an extension of the instrument's energy range is particularly beneficial for studies of active galactic nuclei with soft spectra, as expected for those at a redshift ≥0.5. The high-frequency peaked BL Lac objects PKS 2155-304 (z = 0.116) and PG 1553+113 (0.43 < z < 0.58) are among the brightest objects in the gamma-ray sky, both showing clear signatures of gamma-ray absorption at E > 100 GeV interpreted as being due to interactions with the extragalactic background light (EBL). \ud
Aims: The aims of this work are twofold: to demonstrate the monoscopic analysis of CT5 data with a low energy threshold, and to obtain accurate measurements of the spectral energy distributions (SED) of PKS 2155-304 and PG 1553+113 near their SED peaks at energies ≈100 GeV. \ud
Methods: Multiple observational campaigns of PKS 2155-304 and PG 1553+113 were conducted during 2013 and 2014 using the full H.E.S.S. II instrument (CT1-5). A monoscopic analysis of the data taken with the new CT5 telescope was developed along with an investigation into the systematic uncertainties on the spectral parameters which are derived from this analysis. \ud
Results: Using the data from CT5, the energy spectra of PKS 2155-304 and PG 1553+113 were reconstructed down to conservative threshold energies of 80 GeV for PKS 2155-304, which transits near zenith, and 110 GeV for the more northern PG 1553+113. The measured spectra, well fitted in both cases by a log-parabola spectral model (with a 5.0σ statistical preference for non-zero curvature for PKS 2155-304 and 4.5σ for PG 1553+113), were found consistent with spectra derived from contemporaneous Fermi-LAT data, indicating a sharp break in the observed spectra of both sources at E ≈ 100 GeV. When corrected for EBL absorption, the intrinsic H.E.S.S. II mono and Fermi-LAT spectrum of PKS 2155-304 was found to show significant curvature. For PG 1553+113, however, no significant detection of curvature in the intrinsic spectrum could be found within statistical and systematic uncertainties
Measurement of the production cross section ratio σ(χb2(1P))/σ(χb1(1P)) in pp collisions at √s=8TeV

A measurement of the production cross section ratio σ(χb2(1P))/σ(χb1(1P)) is presented. The χb1(1P) and χb2(1P) bottomonium states, promptly produced in pp collisions at s=8TeV, are detected by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC through their radiative decays χb1,2(1P)→ϒ(1S)+γ. The emitted photons are measured through their conversion to e+e- pairs, whose reconstruction allows the two states to be resolved. The ϒ(1S) is measured through its decay to two muons. An event sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 20.7fb-1 is used to measure the cross section ratio in a phase-space region defined by the photon pseudorapidity, |ηγ|<1.0; the ϒ(1S) rapidity, |yϒ|<1.5; and the ϒ(1S) transverse momentum, 7<pTϒ<40GeV. The cross section ratio shows no significant dependence on the ϒ(1S) transverse momentum, with a measured average value of 0.85±0.07(stat+syst)±0.08(BF), where the first uncertainty is the combination of the experimental statistical and systematic uncertainties and the second is from the uncertainty in the ratio of the χb branching fractions. © 2015 CERN for the benefit of the CMS Collaboration.The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey, and Turkish Atomic Energy Authorit
Taking forward a `One Health' approach for turning the tide against the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and other zoonotic pathogens with epidemic potential

The appearance of novel pathogens of humans with epidemic potential and high mortality rates have threatened global health security for centuries. Over the past few decades new zoonotic infectious diseases of humans caused by pathogens arising from animal reservoirs have included West Nile virus, Yellow fever virus, Ebola virus, Nipah virus, Lassa Fever virus, Hanta virus, Dengue fever virus, Rift Valley fever virus, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, and Zika virus. The recent Ebola Virus Disease epidemic in West Africa and the ongoing Zika Virus outbreak in South America highlight the urgent need for local, regional and international public health systems to be be more coordinated and better prepared. The One Health concept focuses on the relationship and interconnectedness between Humans, Animals and the Environment, and recognizes that the health and wellbeing of humans is intimately connected to the health of animals and their environment (and vice versa). Critical to the establishment of a One Health platform is the creation of a multidisciplinary team with a range of expertise including public health officers, physicians, veterinarians, animal husbandry specialists, agriculturalists, ecologists, vector biologists, viral phylogeneticists, and researchers to cooperate, collaborate to learn more about zoonotic spread between animals, humans and the environment and to monitor, respond to and prevent major outbreaks. We discuss the unique opportunities for Middle Eastern and African stakeholders to take leadership in building equitable and effective partnerships with all stakeholders involved in human and health systems to take forward a `One Health' approach to control such zoonotic pathogens with epidemic potential. (C) 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases
Exercise for health : a randomized, controlled trial evaluating impact of a pragmatic, translational exercise intervention on quality of life, function and treatment-related side effects following breast cancer

Purpose\ud
\ud
Exercise for Health was a randomized, controlled trial designed to evaluate two modes of delivering (face-to-face [FtF] and over-the-telephone [Tel]) an 8-month translational exercise intervention, commencing 6-weeks post-breast cancer surgery (PS). \ud
\ud
Methods\ud
\ud
Outcomes included quality of life (QoL), function (fitness and upper-body) and treatment-related side effects (fatigue, lymphoedema, body mass index, menopausal symptoms, anxiety, depression and pain).  Generalised estimating equation modelling determined time (baseline [5-weeks PS], mid-intervention [6-months PS], post-intervention [12-months PS]), group (FtF, Tel, Usual Care [UC]) and time-by-group effects. 194 women representative of the breast cancer population were randomised to the FtF (n=67), Tel (n=67) and UC (n=60) groups. Results: There were significant (p<0.05) interaction effects on QoL, fitness and fatigue, with differences being observed between the treatment groups and the UC group.  Trends observed for the treatment groups were similar. The treatment groups reported improved QoL, fitness and fatigue over time and changes observed between baseline and post-intervention were clinically relevant. In contrast, the UC group experienced no change, or worsening QoL, fitness and fatigue, mid-intervention.   Although improvements in the UC group occurred by 12-months post-surgery, the change did not meet the clinically relevant threshold. There were no differences in other treatment-related side-effects between groups.  \ud
\ud
Conclusion\ud
\ud
This translational intervention trial, delivered either face-to-face or over-the-telephone, supports exercise as a form of adjuvant breast cancer therapy that can prevent declines in fitness and function during treatment and optimise recovery post-treatment
The Toowoomba adult trauma triage tool

Since the introduction of the Australasian Triage Scale (ATS) there has been considerable variation in its application.  Improved uniformity in the application of the ATS by triage nurses is required.

A reproducible, reliable and valid method to classify the illness acuity of Emergency Department patients so that a triage category 3 by one nurse means the same as a triage category 3 by another, not only in the same ED but also in another institution would be of considerable value to emergency nurses.

This has been the driving motivation behind developing the Toowoomba Adult Trauma Triage Tool (TATTT).

It is hoped the TATTT will support emergency nurses working in this challenging area by promoting standardisation and decreasing subjectivity in the triage decision process
Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity of deficiency modules

Let View the MathML source and let M be a finitely generated graded module of dimension less-than-or-equals, slantd over a Noetherian homogeneous ring R with local Artinian base ring R0. Let beg(M), gendeg(M) and reg(M) respectively denote the beginning, the generating degree and the Castelnuovo–Mumford regularity of M. If View the MathML source and nset membership, variantZ, let View the MathML source denote the R0-length of the n-th graded component of the i-th R+-transform module View the MathML source of M and let Ki(M) denote the i-th deficiency module of M.\ud
\ud
Our main result says, that reg(Ki(M)) is bounded in terms of beg(M) and the “diagonal values” View the MathML source with j=0,…,d−1. As an application of this we get a number of further bounding results for reg(Ki(M))
Search for pair produced fourth-generation up-type quarks in pp collisions at \sqrt{s} =7 TeV with a lepton in the final state

The results of a search for the pair production of a fourth-generation up-type quark (t′) in proton–proton collisions at View the MathML source are presented, using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of about 5.0 fb−1 collected by the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment at the LHC. The t′ quark is assumed to decay exclusively to a W boson and a b quark. Events with a single isolated electron or muon, missing transverse momentum, and at least four hadronic jets, of which at least one must be identified as a b jet, are selected. No significant excess of events over standard model expectations is observed. Upper limits for the View the MathML source production cross section at 95% confidence level are set as a function of t′ mass, and t′-quark production for masses below 570 GeV is excluded. The search is equally sensitive to nonchiral heavy quarks decaying to Wb. In this case, the results can be interpreted as upper limits on the production cross section times the branching fraction to Wb
Is Cross-listing Associated with Stronger Executive Incentives? Evidence from China

This study examines whether firms incorporated in mainland China benefit from cross-listing in Hong Kong, China. The Hong Kong Stock Market has more stringent governance rules and a better investor protection than the mainland market. Hong Kong companies generally provide strong incentives to executives via equity-based compensation. Have cross-listed companies learned from Hong Kong local firms in adopting strong executive incentives?   The evidence from this study suggests that top executive compensation of cross-listed firms is more sensitive to sales growth than mainland firms without cross-listing. However, compared to that of Hong Kong firms, executive pay of cross-listed firms are less sensitive to stock returns.  Further study shows that it is necessary to differentiate state and non-state companies among the cross-listed firms, as they exhibit different patterns of executive incentives.
Photoionization efficiency spectroscopy and density functional theory investigations of RhHo2On, (n=0-2) clusters

The experimental and theoretical adiabatic ionization energies (IEs) of the rhodium-holmium bimetallic clusters RhHo(2)O(n) (n=0-2) have been determined using photoionization efficiency spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Both sets of data show the IE of RhHo(2)O to be significantly lower than the values for RhHo(2) and RhHo(2)O(2), which are found to be similar. This indicates that there are significant changes in electronic properties upon sequential addition of oxygen atoms to RhHo(2). The DFT investigations show that the lowest energy neutral structures are a C(2v) triangle for RhHo(2), a C(2v) planar structure for RhHo(2)O where the O atom is doubly bridged to the Ho-Ho bond, and a C(2v) nonplanar structure for RhHo(2)O(2), where the O(2) is dissociative and each O atom is doubly bridged to the Ho-Ho bond in the cluster above and below the RhHo(2) trimer plane. Good correlation between the experimental and computational IE data imply that the lowest energy neutral structures calculated are the most likely isomers ionized in the molecular beam. In particular, the theoretical adiabatic IE for the dissociative RhHo(2)O(2) structure is found to compare better with the experimentally determined value than the corresponding lowest energy O(2) associative structure.Alexander S. Gentleman, Matthew A. Addicoat, Viktoras Dryza, Jason R. Gascooke, Mark A. Buntine, and Gregory F. Meth