pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Shaping Cooperation Behavior: The Role of Accessibility Experiences

The present research investigates the influence on cooperative behavior of accessibility experiences associated with the retrieval of fairness-relevant information from memory. We argue that the decision whether to cooperate in negotiations depends not only on information about the appropriateness of the negotiation procedure, but also on the experience of how difficult or easy it is to come up with this information. Supporting this hypothesis, it is shown that in the context of a bargaining experiment, participants' experiences of ease or difficulty in retrieving unfair aspects of the respective negotiation procedure strongly influence their cooperation behavior. In addition, we hypothesize and empirically substantiate that the influence of accessibility experiences on cooperation behavior occurs particularly in situations of certainty salience. Implications for future research on cooperation and on accessibility experiences are discussed
Adult attachment and feedback-seeking patterns in relationships and work

Adults with different attachment orientations rely on different areas of life to maintain self-views. This paper reports two studies that examine the link between attachment and feedback-seeking patterns in interpersonal and competence-related domains. Participants in Study 1 imagined receiving feedback from a friend. Participants in Study 2 completed dyadic tasks and were promised feedback from interpersonal- and competence-relevant sources. Across both studies, secure individuals consistently chose the most positive feedback. Individuals high in attachment avoidance sought negative feedback over positive, although dismissing-avoidant individuals sought positive hypothetical feedback about autonomy. Study 2 further suggested that highly avoidant individuals were more open to negative feedback than positive feedback and than were secure individuals. Moreover, individuals high in attachment anxiety failed to seek positive interpersonal feedback but pursued interpersonal over competence feedback. Results highlight the role of feedback-seeking in maintenance of positive or negative self-views for adults with different attachment orientations
We are still better than them: a longitudinal field study of ingroup favouritism during a merger

The authors examine the impact of predictors for ingroup favouritism and a positive attitude towards a university merger by conducting a longitudinal field study investigating students' perceptions of a merger. Thus, the focus of this paper lies on the developmental and dynamic aspect of social identity processes and the test of directional hypotheses in an applied setting. Based on a cross-lagged regression approach, it was shown that pre-merger identification increased favouritism, but favouritism also increased pre-merger identification. Moreover, ingroup favouritism was uni-directionally related to a negative attitude towards the merger. Contact with the merger partner revealed lagged effects on ingroup favouritism. These results confirm that issues of identity change and compatibility are crucial aspects in understanding merger adjustment and support
How are habits formed : Modelling habit formation in the real world

To investigate the process of habit formation in everyday life, 96 volunteers chose an eating, drinking or activity behaviour
to carry out daily in the same context (for example ‘after breakfast’) for 12 weeks. They completed the self-report habit
index (SRHI) each day and recorded whether they carried out the behaviour. The majority (82) of participants provided
sufficient data for analysis, and increases in automaticity (calculated with a sub-set of SRHI items) were examined over the
study period. Nonlinear regressions fitted an asymptotic curve to each individual’s automaticity scores over the 84 days.
The model fitted for 62 individuals, of whom 39 showed a good fit. Performing the behaviour more consistently was
associated with better model fit. The time it took participants to reach 95% of their asymptote of automaticity ranged from
18 to 254 days; indicating considerable variation in how long it takes people to reach their limit of automaticity and
highlighting that it can take a very long time. Missing one opportunity to perform the behaviour did not materially affect
the habit formation process. With repetition of a behaviour in a consistent context, automaticity increases following an
asymptotic curve which can be modelled at the individual level
Looking for honesty: The primary role of morality (vs. sociability and competence) in information gathering

Research on the two fundamental dimensions of social judgment, namely warmth and competence, has shown that warmth has a primary and a dominant role in information gathering about others. In two studies we examined whether the sociability and morality components of warmth play distinct roles in such a process. Study 1 (N=60) investigated which traits were mostly selected when forming impressions about others. The results showed that, regardless of the task goal, traits related to morality and sociability were differently processed. Furthermore, participants were more interested in obtaining information about morality than about sociability when asked to form a global impression about others. Study 2 (N=98) explored the adoption of asymmetric/symmetric strategies when asking questions to make inferences on others. As predicted, participants adopted an asymmetrically disconfirming strategy on morality traits, while they looked for more symmetrical evidence on sociability or competence traits. Overall, our findings indicated a distinct and a dominant role of the moral component of warmth in the information-gathering process. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Learning to control ethnic intergroup bias in childhood

The aim of this research was to identify what factors deter explicit intergroup bias in childhood. Two studies were conducted to examine what facilitates the control of ethnic bias amongst 6–9-year-old majority children. In both studies in-group accountability was either low (i.e., only accountable to experimenter) or high (i.e., also accountable to classmates and teachers). Study 1 (n = 287) found that only 8–9-year-old with low social emotions reduced their bias with increased accountability. Study 2 (n = 236) showed children with low “Theory of Social Mind” (ToSM: Abrams, Rutland, Ferrell, & Pelletier, 2009), who perceived an anti-prejudice in-group norm, decreased their bias when accountability increased. In both studies children high in social emotion and ToSM showed low bias irrespective of accountability. Together these studies make a novel contribution by showing for the first time affective and social-cognitive factors that influence how children learn to control explicit bias
Donating to disaster victims: Responses to natural and humanly caused events

The effect of the cause of a disaster, i.e. whether it was perceived to be caused by human or natural factors, on willingness to donate money to disaster victims was examined. In Study 1 (N=76), the cause of a fictitious disaster was experimentally varied. In Study 2 (N=219), participants were asked about their views regarding donations to two real-life disasters, one of which was perceived to be naturally caused while the other one was perceived to be caused by humans. In Study 3 (N=115), the cause of a fictitious disaster was experimentally varied, but this time measures of the proposed psychological mediators of the effect on donations were included, namely perceived victim blame and the extent to which victims were thought to make an effort to help themselves. A measure of real donation behaviour was also added. In Study 4 (N=196), the proposed psychological mediators were manipulated directly, and the effect of this on donations was monitored. Across all studies, more donations were elicited by naturally caused rather than humanly caused disasters. This difference was driven by a perception that the victims of natural disasters are to be blamed less for their plight, and that they make more of an effort to help themselves. Implications for theory and practice are discussed
Exchanging social positions: enhancing perspective taking within a cooperative problem solving task

When people occupy different social positions within a cooperative task they experience discrepant role and situation demands and thus have divergent perspectives. The reported research predicts that exchanging social positions within a cooperative task can overcome divergences of perspective. This prediction was tested in two experiments using the Communication Conflict Situation. The first experiment (n = 88) found that position exchange increased the ability of dyads to solve a communication conflict arising through discrepant perspectives. The second experiment (n = 120) found that the effect of position exchange exceeds that of purely cognitive perspective taking, thus suggesting that it cannot be reduced to a purely cognitive process. Exchanging social positions is a newly identified and powerful social mechanism through which perspective taking, within a cooperative task, can be enhanced
Self- and other- presentational styles in the Southern and Northern United States: An analysis of personal ads

Two studies examined regional differences in self- and other-presentational styles in the Southern and Northern regions of the USA. A content analysis of 400 personal ads from Northern and Southern newspapers revealed that Northern ads contained more descriptions of the self and desired partner that are context-free and under personal control, whereas Southern ads depicted more contextualized and less controllable aspects of self and partner (study 1). Moreover, self-identified Northern and Southern Americans were shown to prefer ads in the style of their region over other ads (study 2). We conclude that not only do regional differences in self- and other-presentations exist in the USA but that these differences are also reinforced by others who share the regional culture.status: publishe
Quantifying self-motives: Functional links between dispositional desires.

Previous research has sought to establish the existence, or gauge the relative strength, of key self-evaluation motives (i.e., self-enhancement, self-verification, self-assessment, self-improvement). Here, we attempted, across five samples, to quantify individual differences in self-motive strength, and explore their empirical ramifications. We devised brief self-report indices for each self-motive, and checked their factor structure, reliability, and validity. We found that self-enhancement covaried mainly with self-verification, and that self-assessment covaried mainly with self-improvement, thus validating key hypotheses regarding their functional links. Moreover, self-enhancement and self-verification covaried with positive personality traits, as well as with preferences for receiving positive feedback and perceptions of its accuracy. In sum, self-reported variations in dispositional self-motive strength form theoretically meaningful patterns
Self‐judgment and reputation monitoring as a function of the fundamental dimensions, temporal perspective, and culture

Social acceptance and the development of one's competencies and status are fundamental aspects of the human experience, but the former (communion) should take precedence over the latter (agency) in self‐judgment. Study 1 results indicated that (i) people across two cultures judged themselves as possessing higher communion than agency characteristics; (ii) communion self‐judgments were more consistent across temporal perspective; and (iii) level of self‐enhancement across cultures was similar for communion but different for agency. In Study 2, people across culture reported being more troubled and demonstrated a greater desire to repair their reputation when they imagined others perceived them as lacking in communion compared with agency. These findings support the idea that social life pressures people to view themselves as possessing communion traits and to ensure that others have this perception as well. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Framing gender differences: Linguistic normativity affects perceptions of power and gender stereotypes

When unknown groups and equal status groups are compared by contrasting one group (“the effect to be explained”) against another (“the linguistic norm”), the group positioned as the norm is sometimes perceived as more powerful, more agentic, and as less communal. Such perceptions may contribute to status-linked stereotypes, as group differences are spontaneously described by positioning higher-status groups as the linguistic norm. Here, 103 participants considered gender differences in status to be larger and more legitimate and applied gender stereotypes more readily upon reading about gender differences in leadership that were framed around a male rather than a female linguistic norm. These effects did not generalize to 113 participants who read about gender differences in leisure time preferences framed around either norm. Jointly, these results suggest that the effects of linguistic framing on perceived group status and power and on group stereotypes generalize to domains where there are real differences in status, and contexts in which higher-status groups are the default standard for comparison
Electrochemical Reduction of o-Nitrophenol as a Tool for the Rough Characterization of Organic Matter in Seawater Samples

Phase sensitive alternating current (a.c.) voltammetry with o-nitrophenol (ONP) as a probe is used as a simple nondestructive method for a rough characterization of organic substances in natural seawater samples. This is based on the measurement of the effects of adsorbed organic substances on the peak height and the potential of the ONP reduction peak. In this work is presented further improvement of the method which is achieved by introducing the measurement of the prepeak of ONP reduction obtained upon scan reversal. The height of the prepeak is extremely sensitive upon the type of organic matter adsorbed on the mercury electrode at the pH of natural seawater. The ONP prepeak increases in the presence of adsorbed layers of negatively charged organic substances, such as humic and fulvic acids and proteins. In the presence of adsorbed polysaccharides of dextran type there is no increase of the ONP prepeak height or even a small decrease of the prepeak is observed with the increasing concentration of the polysaccharides. The application of the method is demonstrated on different seawater samples from the north Adriatic sea
Square-Wave Voltammetry of Cathodic Stripping Reactions. Diagnostic Criteria, Redox Kinetic Measurements, and Analytical Applications

A comparative study of different types of cathodic stripping reactions under conditions of square-wave voltammetry is\ud
presented. Cathodic stripping processes involving reactions of second order as well as reactions coupled by adsorption\ud
of the reacting ligand are analyzed The inherent parameters, controlling the overall voltammetric behavior of each\ud
cathodic stripping electrode reaction are derived. The criteria for qualitative distinguishing of each mechanism are\ud
established as well as a methodology for redox kinetic measurements is proposed. The influence of the parameters of\ud
the excitation signal on the properties of the voltammetric response is analyzed in order to find optimal conditions for\ud
analytical application. The theoretical results are illustrated by the experiments with a series of uracil derivatives
An Electrochemical Investigation into a Series of Tricyanovinylated Pyrrole Moieties

The electrochemical behaviour of three tri-cyanovinylated pyrrole species namely, 2- tricyanovinyl-pyrrole (C4H4N-C5N3), 2-tricyanovinyl-N-methylpyrrole (C5H6N-C5N3) and 2-\ud
tricyanovinyl-N-phenylpyrrole (C10H8N-C5N3), has been studied. All compounds were found to exhibit both an irreversible oxidation at more positive potentials compared to the unsubstituted monomer species and a reversible reduction redox couple associated with reduction of the co-ordinated cyano ligands. The latter reductions of the tricyanovinylated compounds to their radical anions at platinum, carbon and gold electrodes in acetonitrile\ud
solution have been studied by cyclic voltammetry, using a variety of supporting electrolytes.The half-wave potentials for each compound were found to be dependent upon the\ud
supporting electrolyte but independent of the nature of the electrode surface. This is attributed to ion-pairing between the anions and the alkali metal cations. The reduction based redox processes for the C10H8N-C5N3 and C5H6N-C5N3 compounds were found to be facile in nature and independent of both the nature of the electrolyte and electrode surface. However the reduction of C4H4N-C5N3 was found to be irreversible in nature. Attempts were made to\ud
elucidate, by both electrochemical and spectroscopic means, the structure of the products obtained upon oxidation of the tricyanovinylated compounds
Evaluation of the lactic acid consumption in yeast cultures by voltammetric means

The voltammetric study of the lactic acid reduction was performed in media suitable for yeast growth, using platinum microelectrodes. The decrease of the voltammetric peak current from square wave voltammetry, variation of Ip, in cultures of the yeasts Candida utilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was related to both the growth time and cellular biomass. Either the imposed variations of medium composition or those resulting from cellular growth did not significantly affect the variation of Ip values. For both yeast species, similar specific growth rates were estimated from the variation of Ip and absorbance at 640 nm.POCTI/QUI/39525/2001
Electrochemical Properties of an Osmium (II) copolymer film and its electrocatalytic ability towards the oxidation of ascorbic acid in acidic and neutral pH

Copolymerisation of an Osmium (II) functionalised pyrrole moiety, Osmium -bis-N,N’-(2,2’-bipyridyl)-N-(pyridine-4-ylmethyl-(8-pyrrole-1yl-octyl)-amine)chloride (1) with 3-\ud
methylthiophene was carried out. The resulting conducting polymer film exhibited a clear redox couple associated with the Os3+/2+ response and the familiar conducting polymer\ud
backbone signature. The effect of film thickness upon the redox properties of the copolymer was investigated in organic electrolyte solutions. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) along with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra of the copolymerised films were undertaken, both\ud
after formation and redox cycling in neutral buffer solution. These clearly show that electrolyte is incorporated into the polymer film upon redox cycling through the Os3+/2+ redox system. The Os3+/2+ response associated with the copolymer was seen to be significantly\ud
altered in the presence of ascorbic acid both in acidic and neutral pH buffer solutions. This pointed to an electrocatalytic reaction between the ascorbic acid and the Os3+ form of the copolymer. Under acidic conditions the copolymer film exhibited a sensitivity of 1.76 (± 0.05)\ud
uA / mM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.45 μM for ascorbic acid. Under neutral pH conditions the copolymer exhibited a sensitivity of 19.26 (±1.05) uA / mM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.28 μM for ascorbic acid
Flexible Ultrathin PolyDVB/EVB Composite Membranes for the Optimization of a
Whole Blood Glucose Sensor.

An ultrathin composite membrane has been developed as the outer covering barrier
in a model amperometric glucose oxidase enzyme electrode. The membrane was
formed by cathodic electropolymerization of divinylbenzene/ethylvinylbenzene at
the surface of a gold coated polyester support membrane. Permeability
coefficients were determined for O2 and glucose across membranes with a range of
polymer thicknesses. Anionic interferents (such as ascorbate), were screened
from the working electrode via a charge exclusion mechanism. The enzyme
electrode showed an initial 10% signal drift when first exposed to whole human
blood over a period of 2 hours, after which responses remained essentially
stable. Whole blood patient glucose determinations yielded a correlation
coefficient of r2=0.99 compared to standard hospital analyses
Flexible Ultrathin PolyDVB/EVB Composite Membranes for the Optimization of a
Lactate Sensor.

An ultrathin composite membrane has been developed as the outer covering barrier
in a model amperometric lactate oxidase enzyme electrode. The membrane was
formed by cathodic electropolymerization of divinylbenzene/ethylvinylbenzene at
the surface of a gold coated polyester support membrane. Permeability
coefficients were determined for O2 and lactate across membranes with a range of
polymer thicknesses. Anionic interferents (such as ascorbate) were screened from
the working electrode by the composite membrane. The composite enzyme electrode
showed an increased working concentration range and extended linearity of
responses in comparison to an uncoated enzyme electrode
Electrochemical Immunoassay for Free Prostate Specific Antigen (f-PSA) Using Magnetic Beads

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a prominent marker for the prostate carcinoma. It is found in human blood in free (f-PSA) and complex forms. These two forms together are called total PSA (t-PSA). Estimation of both forms is essential to predict malignancy. In this study we report a unique and effective technique of electrochemical detection of f-PSA using magnetic beads on a three-electrode screen-printed sensor. A magnetic bead enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed in a cuvette. Following the immunoassay, magnetic beads were recovered by a magnetic concentrator and transferred on the working electrode of the 3-electrode assembly. The amperometric response, a measure of the amount of residual enzyme activity on the beads and hence the concentration of analyte in solution, was determined by addition of enzyme substrate. The device has a detection limit of <0.1 ng mL-1 f-PSA and a linear range of 0 to 1 ng mL-1 f-PSA
Selective detection of dopamine using glassy carbon electrode modified by a combined electropolymerized permselective film of polytyramine and polypyrrole-1-propionic acid

A sensitive and selective electrochemical method for the determination of dopamine using a combined electropolymerized permselective film of polytyramine and polypyrrole-1-propionic acid on a glassy carbon (GC) electrode was developed. The formation of a \u201clayer-by-layer\u201d film has allowed for selective detection of dopamine in the presence of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), DOPAC, ascorbic acid, uric acid, epinephrine and norepinephrine. The modified electrodes exhibited a detection limit of 100 nM with linearity ranging from 5 x 10\u207b\u2076 to 5 x 10\u207b\u2075 M. No cleaning step was required during the course of repeated measurement.Peer reviewed: YesNRC publication: Ye
Electronic tongues employing electrochemical sensors

This review presents recent advances concerning work with electronic tongues employing electroanalytical sensors. This new concept in the electroanalysis sensor field entails the use of chemical sensor arrays coupled with chemometric processing tools, as a mean to improve sensors performance. The revision is organized according to the electroanalytical technique used for transduction, namely, potentiometry, voltammetry/amperometry or electrochemical impedance. The significant use of biosensors, mainly enzyme-based is also presented. Salient applications in real problem solving using electrochemical electronic tongues are commented