pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
A different look at garbage collection for the WAM

A non-algorithmic approach to garbage collection for the WAM heap is
  developed. A set of garbage collections compatible with the WAM is
  specified in two steps: the first step makes the useful data for
  each continuation private and ensures that only useful terms
  survive garbage collection. The second step completes garbage
  collection by extending the intuitive notion of folding of identical
  structures. The role of the
  trail in the folding process is crucial and shown for the ordinary
  WAM trail as well as for a value-trail. New and unexpected
  opportunities for recovering memory are discovered to be compatible
  with this view of garbage collection. This leads to better
  understanding of the usefulness logic in the WAM, it is a good start
  for the formal specification of the garbage collection process and
  it shows a potential for new compile time analyses that can improve
  run time memory management. Choice point trimming is used as a
  vehicle to show selective liveness of data, so its relation to the
  more common stack maps is established.status: publishe
Towards complete male individualization with rapidly mutating Y-chromosomal STRs

Relevant for various areas of human genetics,
Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats (Y-STRs) are commonly
used for testing close paternal relationships among
individuals and populations, and for male lineage identification.
However, even the widely used 17-loci Yfiler
set cannot resolve individuals and populations completely.
Here, 52 centers generated quality-controlled data of 13
rapidly mutating (RM) Y-STRs in 14,644 related and
unrelated males from 111 worldwide populations. Strikingly,
>99% of the 12,272 unrelated males were completely
individualized. Haplotype diversity was extremely
high (global: 0.9999985, regional: 0.99836–0.9999988).
Haplotype sharing between populations was almost absent
except for six (0.05%) of the 12,156 haplotypes.
Haplotype sharing within populations was generally rare
(0.8% nonunique haplotypes), significantly lower in urban
(0.9%) than rural (2.1%) and highest in endogamous
groups (14.3%). Analysis of molecular variance revealed
99.98% of variation within populations, 0.018% among
populations within groups, and 0.002% among groups. Of
the 2,372 newly and 156 previously typed male relative
pairs, 29% were differentiated including 27% of the 2,378
father–son pairs. Relative to Yfiler, haplotype diversity
was increased in 86% of the populations tested and overall
male relative differentiation was raised by 23.5%. Our
study demonstrates the value of RMY-STRs in identifying
and separating unrelated and related males and provides a
reference database.status: publishe
Molecularmechanisms of action of different concentrations of ethanol in water on ordered structures of intercellular lipids and soft keratin in the stratum corneum

Ethanol (EtOH) is one of the bases in topically applied medicines that promote the skin permeation of drugs. Although the effects of EtOH have been attributed to structural modifications in the stratum corneum, the underlying mechanisms, especially the influence of different concentrations of EtOH, have not been examined extensively. Structural modifications in the stratum corneum of hairless mouse due to the application of EtOH/water mixture were herein investigated at the molecular level using synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The results revealed that all EtOH concentrations examined greatly modified the short lamellar structures containing the aqueous layer in intercellular lipids and the structure of keratin fibrils in corneocytes, which can take up hydrophilic compounds. However, the long lamellar and the hydrocarbon-chain packing structures were unaffected by EtOH. Changes to the short lamellar structures were not proportional to the concentration of EtOH. However, the keratin fibril structures changed gradually with increasing EtOH concentration. The X-ray diffraction experiments enabled the effects of different EtOH concentrations on the morphology of the stratum corneum to be assessed by using a number of experimental samples to avoid variations due to individual differences. The results indicated that alterations to the short lamellar structures appeared to be related to the skin permeability of drugs with the application of EtOH/water mixture, and monotonous structural changes in the keratin fibrils with an increase in EtOH concentration may contribute to this permeation as supplement. These results will be useful for the development of new drug formulations containing EtOH
CSOc superpotentials

Motivated by their applications to holographic RG flows and hairy black holes in Einstein-scalar systems, we present a collection of superpotentials driving the dynamics of N=2 and N=1 four-dimensional supergravities. These theories arise as consistent truncations of the electric/magnetic families of CSO(p,q,r)c maximal supergravities, with p+q+r=8 , discovered by Dall'Agata et al. The N=2 and N=1 truncations describe SU(3) and Z2×SO(3) invariant sectors, respectively, and contain AdS4 solutions preserving N=1,2,3,4 supersymmetry within the full theories, as well as various gauge symmetries. Realisations in terms of non-geometric type IIB as well as geometric massive type IIA backgrounds are also discussed. The aim of this note is to provide easy to handle superpotentials that facilitate the study of gravitational and gauge aspects of the CSO(p,q,r)c maximal supergravities avoiding the technicalities required in their construction
Thermodynamic properties of asymptotically anti-de Sitter black holes in d=4 Einstein–Yang–Mills theory

We investigate the thermodynamics of spherically symmetric black hole solutions in a four-dimensional Einstein–Yang–Mills-SU(2) theory with a negative cosmological constant. Special attention is paid to configurations with a unit magnetic charge. We find that a set of Reissner–Nordström–Anti-de Sitter black holes can become unstable to forming non-Abelian hair. However, the hairy black holes are never thermodynamically favoured over the full set of abelian monopole solutions. The thermodynamics of the generic configurations possessing a noninteger magnetic charge is also discussed
Generalized spin Sutherland systems revisited

We present generalizations of the spin Sutherland systems obtained earlier by Blom and Langmann and by Polychronakos in two different ways: from SU(n) Yang–Mills theory on the cylinder and by constraining geodesic motion on the N -fold direct product of SU(n) with itself, for any N>1 . Our systems are in correspondence with the Dynkin diagram automorphisms of arbitrary connected and simply connected compact simple Lie groups. We give a finite-dimensional as well as an infinite-dimensional derivation and shed light on the mechanism whereby they lead to the same classical integrable systems. The infinite-dimensional approach, based on twisted current algebras (alias Yang–Mills with twisted boundary conditions), was inspired by the derivation of the spinless Sutherland model due to Gorsky and Nekrasov. The finite-dimensional method relies on Hamiltonian reduction under twisted conjugations of N -fold direct product groups, linking the quantum mechanics of the reduced systems to representation theory similarly as was explored previously in the N=1 case
The (K-, p) reaction on nuclei with in-flight kaons

10th International Conference on Hypernuclear and Strange Particle Physics.\ud
Tokai, JAPAN, SEP 14-18, 2009We perform a theoretical study of the spectrum of protons with kinetic energies of around 600 MeV, emitted following the interaction of 1 GeV/c kaons with nuclei. A recent experimental analysis of this (K-, p) reaction on C-12, based on the dominant quasielastic process, has suggested a deeply attractive kaon nucleus potential. Our Monte Carlo simulation considers, in addition, the one-and two-nucleon K- absorption processes producing hyperons that decay into pi N pairs. We find that this kaon in-flight reaction is not well suited to determine the kaon optical potential due, essentially, to the limited sensitivity of the cross section to its strength, and also to unavoidable uncertainties from the coincidence requirement applied in the experiment. A shallow kaon nucleus optical potential obtained in chiral models is perfectly compatible with the observed spectrum
The origin of gamma rays from globular clusters

Fermi has detected gamma-ray emission from eight globular clusters (GCs). It is commonly believed that the energy sources of these gamma rays are millisecond pulsars (MSPs) inside GCs. Also it has been standard to explain the spectra of most Fe r m i Large Area Telescope pulsars including MSPs resulting from the curvature radiation (CR) of relativistic electrons/positrons inside the pulsar magnetosphere. Therefore, gamma rays from GCs are expected to be the collection of CR from all MSPs inside the clusters. However, the angular resolution is not high enough to pinpoint the nature of the emission. In this paper, we calculate the gamma rays produced by the inverse Compton (IC) scattering between relativistic electrons/positrons in the pulsar wind of MSPs in the GCs and background soft photons including cosmic microwave/relic photons, background star lights in the clusters, the galactic infrared photons, and the galactic star lights. We show that the gamma-ray spectrum from 47 Tucanae can be explained equally well by upward scattering of either the relic photons, the galactic infrared photons, or the galactic star lights, whereas the gamma-ray spectra from the other seven GCs are best fitted by the upward scattering of either the galactic infrared photons or the galactic star lights. We also find that the observed gamma-ray luminosity is correlated better with the combined factor of the encounter rate and the background soft photon energy density. Therefore, the IC scattering may also contribute to the observed gamma-ray emission from GCs detected by Fe r m i in addition to the standard CR process. Furthermore, we find that the emission region of high-energy photons from GCs produced by the IC scattering is substantially larger than the cores of GCs with a radius >10 pc. The diffuse radio and X-rays emitted from GCs can also be produced by the synchrotron radiation and IC scattering, respectively. We suggest that future observations including radio, X-rays, and gamma rays with energy higher than 10 GeV and better angular resolution can provide better constraints for the models. © 2010. The American Astronomical Society.published_or_final_versionlink_to_subscribed_fulltex
Search for high-mass diboson resonances with boson-tagged jets in proton-proton collisions at root s = TeV with the ATLAS detector

A search is performed for narrow resonances decaying into WW, WZ, or ZZ boson pairs using 20.3 fb(-1) of proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of root s = TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Diboson resonances with masses in the range from 1.3 to 3.0 TeV are sought after using the invariant mass distribution of dijets where both jets are tagged as a boson jet, compatible with a highly boosted W or Z boson decaying to quarks, using jet mass and substructure properties. The largest deviation from a smoothly falling background in the observed dijet invariant mass distribution occurs around 2 TeV in the WZ channel, with a global significance of 2.5 standard deviations. Exclusion limits at the 95% confidence level are set on the production cross section times branching ratio for the WZ final state of a new heavy gauge boson, W', and for the WW and ZZ final states of Kaluza-Klein excitations of the graviton in a bulk Randall-Sundrum model, as a function of the resonance mass. W' bosons with couplings predicted by the extended gauge model in the mass range from 1.3 to 1.5 TeV are excluded at 95% confidence level.<p>ATLAS Collaboration, for complete list of authors see http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/JHEP12(2015)055</p
Monte Carlo simulations of post-common-envelope white dwarf plus main sequence binaries: comparison with the SDSS DR7 observed sample

Context. Detached white dwarf + main sequence (WD+MS) systems represent the simplest population of post-common envelope binaries (PCEBs). Since the ensemble properties of this population carries important information about the characteristics of the common-envelope (CE) phase, it deserves close scrutiny. However, most population synthesis studies do not fully consider the effects of the observational selection biases of the samples used to compare with the theoretical simulations.; Aims. Here we present the results of a set of detailed Monte Carlo simulations of the population of WD+MS binaries in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Data Release 7.; Methods. We used up-to-date stellar evolutionary models, a complete treatment of the Roche lobe overflow episode, and a full implementation of the orbital evolution of the binary systems. Moreover, in our treatment we took the selection criteria and all the known observational biases into account.; Results. Our population synthesis study allowed us to make a meaningful comparison with the available observational data. In particular, we examined the CE efficiency, the possible contribution of internal energy, and the initial mass ratio distribution (IMRD) of the binary systems. We find that our simulations correctly reproduce the properties of the observed distribution of WD+MS PCEBs. In particular, we find that once the observational biases are carefully considered, the distribution of orbital periods and of masses of the WD and MS stars can be correctly reproduced for several choices of the free parameters and different IMRDs, although models in which a moderate fraction (<= 10%) of the internal energy is used to eject the CE and in which a low value of CE efficiency is used (<= 0.3) seem to fit the observational data better. We also find that systems with He-core WDs are over-represented in the observed sample, because of selection effects.; Conclusions. Although our study represents an important step forward in modeling the population of WD+MS PCEBs, the still scarce observational data preclude deriving a precise value of the several free parameters used to compute the CE phase without ambiguity or ascertaining which the correct IMRD might be.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version
La3+-induced (micro)structural changes and origin of the relaxor-like phase transition in ferroelectric lead barium niobate electroceramics

Lead barium niobate (Pb1-x Ba (x) Nb2O6, PBN) ferroelectric materials have been and are the subject of numerous studies in literature due to their potential for wide-ranging applications in the electronic industry. In this work, La3+-doped Pb0.56Ba0.44Nb2O6 (PBN44) electroceramics were prepared and investigated in terms of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermal spectra of dielectric permittivity, Curie-Weiss law, and hysteresis loop characteristics. It was noted that La3+ doping favors the formation of orthorhombic mm2 phase in PBN44, which originally shows only the tetragonal 4mm symmetry-related phase. In particular, the PBN44 material with 1 wt% La2O3 displays (micro)structural characteristics and dielectric properties similar to those from PBN compositions lying within their morphotropic phase boundary region. Our results also show that La3+ is able to promote a change of the ferroelectric to paraelectric phase transition appearance of PBN44 from pseudo-normal to really diffuse. However, conversion to a diffuse plus relaxor transition behavior reveals directly linked to incommensurate superstructures present and dielectrically-active in PBN materials toward low temperatures, with an intrinsically frequency-dispersive dielectric response. This statement is also supported by observation of hysteresis loops showing a transformation trend to pseudo-slim-like, even in the normal-like ferroelectrics, when moving into the temperature region of incommensuration manifestation.Postprint (published version
Looking for a face in the crowd : Fixation-related potentials in an eye-movement visual search task

Despite the compelling contribution of the study of event related potentials (ERPs) and eye movements to cognitive neuroscience, these two approaches have largely evolved independently. We designed an eye-movement visual search paradigm that allowed us to concurrently record EEG and eye movements while subjects were asked to find a hidden target face in a crowded scene with distractor faces. Fixation event-related potentials (fERPs) to target and distractor stimuli showed the emergence of robust sensory components associated with the perception of stimuli and cognitive components associated with the detection of target faces. We compared those components with the ones obtained in a control task at fixation: qualitative similarities as well as differences in terms of scalp topography and latency emerged between the two. By using single trial analyses, fixations to target and distractors could be decoded from the EEG signals above chance level in 11 out of 12 subjects. Our results show that EEG signatures related to cognitive behavior develop across spatially unconstrained exploration of natural scenes and provide a first step towards understanding the mechanisms of target detection during natural search.EPSRC (EP/I016899/1)Peer-reviewedPublisher Versio
THE DEGENERACY OF M33 MASS MODELING AND ITS PHYSICAL IMPLICATIONS

The Local Group galaxy M33 exhibits a regular spiral structure and is close enough to permit high resolution analysis of its kinematics, making it an ideal candidate for rotation curve studies of its inner regions. Previous studies have claimed the galaxy has a dark matter halo with an Navarro-Frenk-White profile, based on statistical comparisons with a small number of other profiles. We apply a Bayesian method from our previous paper to place the dark matter density profile in the context of a continuous, and more general, parameter space. For a wide range of initial assumptions we find that models with inner log slope γin < 0.9 are strongly excluded by the kinematics of the galaxy unless the mass-to-light ratio of the stellar components in the 3.6 μm band satisfies Upsilon3.6 ≥ 2. Such a high Upsilon3.6 is inconsistent with current modeling of the stellar population of M33. This suggests that M33 is a galaxy whose dark matter halo has not been significantly modified by feedback. We discuss possible explanations of this result, including ram pressure stripping during earlier interactions with M31.M.I.W. acknowledges the Royal Society for support\ud
through a University Research Fellowship. P.R.H. acknowledges\ud
STFC for financial support. This research used the Complexity\ud
HPC cluster at Leicester, which is part of the DiRAC2 national\ud
facility, jointly funded by STFC and the Large Facilities Capital\ud
Fund of BIS.Peer-reviewedPublisher Versio
A dispersive wave pattern on Jupiter's fastest retrograde jet at 20S

A compact wave pattern has been identified on Jupiter’s fastest retrograding jet at 20°S (the SEBs) on the southern edge of the South Equatorial Belt. The wave has been identified in both reflected sunlight from amateur observations between 2010 and 2015, thermal infrared imaging from the Very Large Telescope and near infrared imaging from the Infrared Telescope Facility. The wave pattern is present when the SEB is relatively quiescent and lacking large-scale disturbances, and is particularly notable when the belt has undergone a fade (whitening). It is generally not present when the SEB exhibits its usual large-scale convective activity (‘rifts’). Tracking of the wave pattern and associated white ovals on its southern edge over several epochs have permitted a measure of the dispersion relationship, showing a strong correlation between the phase speed (−−43.2 to −−21.2 m/s) and the longitudinal wavelength, which varied from 4.4 to 10.0° longitude over the course of the observations. Infrared imaging sensing low pressures in the upper troposphere suggest that the wave is confined to near the cloud tops. The wave is moving westward at a phase speed slower (i.e., less negative) than the peak retrograde wind speed (−−62 m/s), and is therefore moving east with respect to the SEBs jet peak. Unlike the retrograde NEBn jet near °N, which is a location of strong vertical wind shear that sometimes hosts Rossby wave activity, the SEBs jet remains retrograde throughout the upper troposphere, suggesting the SEBs pattern cannot be interpreted as a classical Rossby wave. 2D windspeeds and thermal gradients measured by Cassini in 2000 are used to estimate the quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity gradient as a means of understanding the origin of the a wave. We find that the vorticity gradient is dominated by the baroclinic term and becomes negative (changes sign) in a region near the cloud-top level (400–700 mbar) associated with the SEBs. Such a sign reversal is a necessary (but not sufficient) condition for the growth of baroclinic instabilities, which is a potential source of the meandering wave pattern.Peer-reviewedPublisher Versio
Geological respiration of a mountain belt revealed by the trace element rhenium.

Oxidation of rock-derived, petrogenic, organic carbon (OCpetro) during weathering of sedimentary rocks is a major source of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere. This geological respiration is thought to be enhanced by physical erosion, suggesting that mountain belts could release large amounts of CO2 to counter the CO2 sequestration achieved by the erosion, riverine transfer and oceanic burial of organic carbon from the terrestrial biosphere. However, OCpetro oxidation rates in mountain belts have not been quantified. Here we use rhenium (Re) as a proxy to track OCpetro oxidation in mountain river catchments of Taiwan, where existing measurements of physical erosion rate allow the controls on OCpetro oxidation to be assessed. Re has been shown to be closely associated with OCpetro in rocks and following oxidation during chemical weathering forms a soluble oxyanion (View the MathML source) which contributes to the dissolved load of rivers. Soils on meta-sedimentary rocks in Taiwan show that Re loss is coupled to OCpetro loss during weathering, confirming previous observations from soil profiles on sedimentary rocks elsewhere. In Taiwan rivers, dissolved Re flux increases with the catchment-average sediment yield, suggesting that physical erosion rate is a major control on OCpetro oxidation. Based on our current understanding of Re mobility during weathering, the dissolved Re flux can be used to quantify an upper bound on the OCpetro oxidation rate and the associated CO2 transfer. The estimated CO2 release from this mountain belt by OCpetro oxidation does not negate estimates of CO2 sequestration by burial of biospheric OC offshore. The findings are compared to OC transfers estimated for the Himalaya, where OCpetro oxidation in the mountain belt remains unconstrained. Together, these cases suggest that mountain building in the tropics can result in a net sink of OC which sequesters atmospheric CO2
Centennial variations in sunspot number, open solar flux and streamer belt width: 3. Modelling

From the variation of near-Earth interplanetary conditions, reconstructed for the mid-19th century to the present day using historic geomagnetic activity observations, Lockwood and Owens [2014] have suggested that Earth remains within a broadened streamer belt during solar cycles when the Open Solar Flux (OSF) is low. From this they propose that the Earth was immersed in almost constant slow solar wind during the Maunder minimum (c. 1650-1710). In this paper, we extend continuity modelling of the OSF to predict the streamer belt width using both group sunspot numbers and corrected international sunspot numbers to quantify the emergence rate of new OSF. The results support the idea that the solar wind at Earth was persistently slow during the Maunder minimum because the streamer belt was broad