pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Influence of the physical environment on phytoplankton blooms: a case study in the Fram Strait

The Fram Strait is the main gateway for water, heat and sea-ice exchanges between the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic. The complex physical environment results in a highly variable primary production in space and time. Previous regional studies have defined key bottom-up (ice cover and stratification from melt water controlling the light availability, and wind mixing and water transport affecting the supply of nutrients) and top-down processes (heterotrophic grazing). In this study, in situ field data, remote sensing and modeling techniques were combined to investigate in detail the influence of melting sea-ice and ocean properties on the development of phytoplankton blooms in the Fram Strait region for the years 1998–2009. Satellite-retrieved chlorophyll-a concentrations from temporarily ice-free zones were validated with contextual field data. These were then integrated per month on a grid size of 20 × 20 km, resulting in 10 grids/fields. Factors tested for their influence on spatial and temporal variation of chlorophyll-a were: sea-ice concentration from satellite and sea-ice thickness, ocean stratification, water temperature and salinity time-series simulated by the ice-ocean model NAOSIM. The time series analysis for those ten ice-free fields showed a regional separation according to different physical processes affecting phytoplankton distribution. At the marginal ice zone the melting sea-ice was promoting phytoplankton growth by stratifying the water column and potentially seeding phytoplankton communities. In this zone, the highest mean chlorophyll concentration averaged for the productive season (April–August) of 0.8 mgC/m3 was observed. In the open ocean the phytoplankton variability was correlated highest to stratification formed by solar heating of the upper ocean layers. Coastal zone around Svalbard showed processes associated with the presence of coastal ice were rather suppressing than promoting the phytoplankton growth. During the twelve years of observations, chlorophyll concentrations significantly increased in the southern part of the Fram Strait, associated with an increase in sea surface temperature and a decrease in Svalbard coastal ice
Using the youngest asteroid clusters to constrain the Space Weathering
  and Gardening rate on S-complex asteroids

We have extended our earlier work on space weathering of the youngest
S-complex asteroid families to include results from asteroid clusters with ages
<10^6 years and to newly identified asteroid pairs with ages <5x10^5 years. We
have identified three S-complex asteroid clusters with ages in the range
10^{5-6} years. The average color of the objects in these clusters agree with
the prediction of Willman et al., 2008. SDSS photometry of the members of very
young asteroid pairs with ages <10^5 years was used to determine their
taxonomy. The average color of the S-complex pairs is PC_1=0.49+/-0.03, over
5-sigma redder than predicted by Willman et al., 2008. Therefore, the most
likely pair formation mechanism is gentle separation due to YORP spin-up
leaving much of the aged and reddened surface undisturbed. In this case our
color measurement allows us to set an upper limit of ~64% on the disturbed
surface portion. Using pre-existing color data and our new results for the
youngest S-complex asteroid clusters we have extended our space weather model
to explicitly include the effects of regolith gardening and fit separate
weathering and gardening characteristic timescales of tau_w=960+/-160My and
tau_g=2000+/-290My respectively. The first principal component color for fresh
S-complex material is 0.37+/-0.01 while the maximum amount of local reddening
is 0.33+/-0.06. Our first-ever determination of the gardening time is in stark
contrast to our calculated gardening time of tau_g~270My based on main belt
impact rates and reasonable assumptions about crater and ejecta blanket sizes.
A possible resolution for the discrepancy is through a `honeycomb' mechanism in
which the surface regolith structure absorbs small impactors without producing
significant ejecta. This mechanism could also account for the paucity of small
craters on (433) Eros.Comment: 47 pages, 7 figures, 4 table
Quantitative determination of anisotropic magnetoelectric coupling in
  BiFeO$_{3}$-CoFe$_{2}$O$_{4}$ nanostructures

The transverse and longitudinal magnetoelectric susceptibilities (MES) were
quantitatively determined for (001) heteroepitaxial
BiFeO$_{3}$-CoFe$_{2}$O$_{4}$ nanostructures. Both of these MES values were
sharply enhanced at magnetic fields below 6 kOe and revealed asymmetric
lineshapes with respect to the dc magnetic field, demonstrating the
strain-induced magnetoelectric effect. The maximum transverse MES, which
reached as high as $\sim$60 mV/cm Oe, was about five times larger than the
longitudinal MES. This observation signifies that transverse magnetostriction
of the CoFe$_{2}$O$_{4}$ nanopillars is enhanced more than the bulk value due
to preferred magnetic domain alignment along the [001] direction coming from
compressive, heteroepitaxial strain.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figure
On lower bounds for the L_2-discrepancy

The L_2-discrepancy measures the irregularity of the distribution of a finite
point set. In this note we prove lower bounds for the L_2 discrepancy of
arbitrary N-point sets. Our main focus is on the two-dimensional case.
Asymptotic upper and lower estimates of the L_2-discrepancy in dimension 2 are
well-known and are of the sharp order sqrt(log N). Nevertheless the gap in the
constants between the best known lower and upper bounds is unsatisfactory large
for a two-dimensional problem. Our lower bound improves upon this situation
considerably. The main method is an adaption of the method of K. F. Roth using
the Fourier coefficients of the discrepancy function with respect to the Haar
basis
The interference between virtual photon and 1-- charmonium in
  e+e-experiment

e+e- Experiments producing charmonium are reviewed. It is found that the
contribution of the continuum amplitude via virtual photon was neglected in
almost all the experiments and the channels analyzed. It is shown that the
contribution of the continuum part may affect the final results significantly
in psi(2S) and psi(3770) decays, while the interference between continuum and
resonance amplitudes may even affect the J/psi decays as well as the psi(2S)
and psi(3770). This should be considered in analyzing the "rho-pi puzzle"
between J/psi and psi(2s) decays, and the difference between inclusive hadron
and DDbar cross sections in psi(3770) decays.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figure
Duality and Pomeron effective theory for QCD at high energy and large
  N_c

We propose an effective theory which governs Pomeron dynamics in QCD at high
energy, in the leading logarithmic approximation, and in the limit where N_c,
the number of colors, is large. In spite of its remarkably simple structure,
this effective theory generates precisely the evolution equations for
scattering amplitudes that have been recently deduced from a more complete
microscopic analysis. It accounts for the BFKL evolution of the Pomerons
together with their interactions: dissociation (one Pomeron splitting into two)
and recombination (two Pomerons merging into one). It is constructed by
exploiting a duality principle relating the evolutions in the target and the
projectile, more precisely, splitting and merging processes, or fluctuations in
the dilute regime and saturation effects in the dense regime. The simplest
Pomeron loop calculated with the effective theory is free of both ultraviolet
or infrared singularities.Comment: 13 pages, 1 figur
On the Origin of Lopsidedness in Galaxies as Determined from the Spitzer
  Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S4G)

We study the m=1 distortions (lopsidedness) in the stellar components of 167
nearby galaxies that span a wide range of morphologies and luminosities. We
confirm the previous findings of 1) a high incidence of lopsidedness in the
stellar distributions, 2) increasing lopsidedness as a function of radius out
to at least 3.5 exponential scale lengths, and 3) greater lopsidedness, over
these radii, for galaxies of later type and lower surface brightness.
Additionally, the magnitude of the lopsidedness 1) correlates with the
character of the spiral arms (stronger arm patterns occur in galaxies with less
lopsidedness), 2) is not correlated with the presence or absence of a bar, or
the strength of the bar when one is present, 3) is inversely correlated to the
stellar mass fraction, f_*, within one radial scale length, and 4) correlates
directly with f_* measured within the radial range over which we measure
lopsidedness. We interpret these findings to mean that lopsidedness is a
generic feature of galaxies and does not, generally, depend on a rare event,
such as a direct accretion of a satellite galaxy onto the disk of the parent
galaxy. While lopsidedness may be caused by several phenomena, moderate
lopsidedness (<A_1>_i + <A_1>_o)/2 < 0.3) is likely to reflect halo asymmetries
to which the disk responds or a gravitationally self-generated mode . We
hypothesize that the magnitude of the stellar response depends both on how
centrally concentrated the stars are with respect to the dark matter and
whether there are enough stars in the region of the lopsidedness that
self-gravity is dynamically important.Comment: Accepted for Publication in ApJ (revised version only includes
  corrections to affiliations
First Measurement of the Electromagnetic Form Factor of the Neutral Kaon
  at a Large Momentum Transfer and the Effect of $SU(3)$ Breaking

At large momentum transfers the photon interacts with the charges and spins
of the constituent partons in a hadron. It is expected that the neutral kaon
can acquire finite electromagnetic form factors because its wave function is
affected by the order of magnitude difference between the mass of the strange
quark and that of the down quark, or flavor $SU(3)$ breaking. We report on the
first measurement of the form factor of neutral kaons at the large timelike
momentum transfer of $|Q^2|=17.4$ GeV$^2$ by measuring the cross section for
$e^+e^-\to K_SK_L$ at $\sqrt{s}=4.17$ GeV using CLEO-c data with an integrated
luminosity of 586 pb$^{-1}$. We obtain
$F_{K_SK_L}(17.4~\textrm{GeV}^2)=5.3\times10^{-3}$, with a 90% C.L. interval of
$(2.9-8.2)\times10^{-3}$. This is nearly an order of magnitude smaller than
$F_{K^+K^-}(17.4~\textrm{GeV}^2)=(44\pm1)\times10^{-3}$, and indicates that the
effect of $SU(3)$ breaking is small. In turn, this makes it unlikely that the
recently observed strong violation of the pQCD prediction,
$F_{\pi^+\pi^-}(|Q^2|)/F_{K^+K^-}(|Q^2|)=f_\pi^2/f_K^2$, which is based on the
assumption of similar wave functions for the pions and kaons, can be attributed
to $SU(3)$ breaking alone.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, accepted to PL
Heterotic G_2-manifold compactifications with fluxes and fermionic
  condensates

We consider flux compactifications of heterotic string theory in the presence
of fermionic condensates on M_{1,2} times X_7 with both factors carrying a
Killing spinor. In other words, M_{1,2} is either de Sitter, anti-de Sitter or
Minkowski, and X_7 possesses a nearly parallel G_2-structure or has
G_2-holonomy. We solve the complete set of field equations and the Bianchi
identity to order alpha'. The latter is satisfied via a non-standard embedding
by choosing the gauge field to be a G_2-instanton. It is shown that none of the
solutions to the field equations is supersymmetric.Comment: 1+21 pages, 18 figure
Higgs boson gluon-fusion production at threshold in N3LO QCD

We present the cross-section for the threshold production of the Higgs boson
at hadron-colliders at next-to-next-to-next-to-leading order (N3LO) in
perturbative QCD. We present an analytic expression for the partonic
cross-section at threshold and the impact of these corrections on the numerical
estimates for the hadronic cross-section at the LHC. With this result we
achieve a major milestone towards a complete evaluation of the cross-section at
N3LO which will reduce the theoretical uncertainty in the determination of the
strengths of the Higgs boson interactions.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figur
Local BRST cohomology in Einstein--Yang--Mills theory

We analyse in detail the local BRST cohomology in Einstein-Yang-Mills theory
using the antifield formalism. We do not restrict the Lagrangian to be the sum
of the standard Hilbert and Yang-Mills Lagrangians, but allow for more general
diffeomorphism and gauge invariant actions. The analysis is carried out in all
spacetime dimensions larger than 2 and for all ghost numbers. This covers the
classification of all candidate anomalies, of all consistent deformations of
the action, as well as the computation of the (equivariant) characteristic
cohomology, i.e. the cohomology of the spacetime exterior derivative in the
space of (gauge invariant) local differential forms modulo forms that vanish
on-shell. We show in particular that for a semi-simple Yang-Mills gauge group
the antifield dependence can be entirely removed both from the consistent
deformations of the Lagrangian and from the candidate anomalies. Thus, the
allowed deformations of the action necessarily preserve the gauge structure,
while the only candidate anomalies are those provided by previous works not
dealing with antifields, and by ``topological" candidate anomalies which are
present only in special spacetime dimensions (6,9,10,13,...). This result no
longer holds in presence of abelian factors where new candidate anomalies and
deformations of the action can be constructed out of the conserved Noether
currents (if any). The Noether currents themselves are shown to be
covariantizable, with a few exceptions discussed as well.Comment: 68 pages, latex, no figures Misprint corrected in list of dimensions
  where topological anomalies can occur (no such anomaly in 11 dimensions
Active travel intervention and physical activity behaviour : An evaluation

Copyright © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved. Open Access Under a Creative Commons license We gratefully acknowledge funding from Transport Scotland in association with the Convention of Scottish Local Authorities (COSLA) grant to the University of Aberdeen, Scottish Government Contract for the Provision of Monitoring and Evaluation of the Smarter Choices, Smarter Places Programme: Reference 122591. The authors are grateful to collaborators on this project who undertook data collection and management and to the residents who gave up their time to complete questionnaires. We would also like to acknowledge the anonymous referees whose comments have improved the paper. The Health Economics Research Unit receives core funding from the Chief Scientist Office, Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates and the University of Aberdeen. The views expressed are those of the authors and should not be attributed to any funding bodyPeer reviewedPublisher PD
Formulation of Matrix Theory at Finite Temperature

The interaction between static D0-branes at finite temperature is considered
in the matrix theory and the superstring theory. The results agree in both
cases to the leading order in the supersymmetry violation by temperature, where
the one-loop approximation is reliable. The effective static potential is
short-ranged and attractive.
  Talk at the 32nd International Symposium Ahrenshoop on the Theory of
Elementary Particles, Buckow, Germany, September 1-5, 1998.Comment: Latex, 7 pages, 1 Postscript figur
Production of the 1S0 diproton in the pp -> pp pi0 reaction at 0.8 GeV

The pp -> pp pi0 differential cross section has been measured with the ANKE
spectrometer at COSY-Juelich for pion cms angles between 0 and 15.4 degrees at
a proton beam energy of 0.8 GeV. The selection of diproton pairs with an
excitation energy E_{pp} < 3 MeV ensures that the final pp system is dominantly
in the spin-singlet 1S0 state. The kinematics are therefore very similar to
those of pp -> d pi+ but with different spin and isospin transitions. The
results will thus provide a crucial extra test of pion production models in
nucleon-nucleon collisions.
  The cross sections, which are over two orders of magnitude smaller than those
of pp -> d pi+, show a forward dip, even stronger than that seen at lower
energies. This behaviour is well reproduced in a theoretical model that
includes P-wave Delta-N states.Comment: 10 pages, 5 eps figures, prepared using elsart.cl
Improved imputation quality of low-frequency and rare variants in European samples using the ‘Genome of The Netherlands'

Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified many common variants associated with complex traits, low-frequency and rare variants have not been interrogated in a comprehensive manner. Imputation from dense reference panels, such as the 1000 Genomes Project (1000G), enables testing of ungenotyped variants for association. Here we present the results of imputation using a large, new population-specific panel: the Genome of The Netherlands (GoNL). We benchmarked the performance of the 1000G and GoNL reference sets by comparing imputation genotypes with ‘true' genotypes typed on ImmunoChip in three European populations (Dutch, British, and Italian). GoNL showed significant improvement in the imputation quality for rare variants (MAF 0.05–0.5%) compared with 1000G. In Dutch samples, the mean observed Pearson correlation, r2, increased from 0.61 to 0.71. We also saw improved imputation accuracy for other European populations (in the British samples, r2 improved from 0.58 to 0.65, and in the Italians from 0.43 to 0.47). A combined reference set comprising 1000G and GoNL improved the imputation of rare variants even further. The Italian samples benefitted the most from this combined reference (the mean r2 increased from 0.47 to 0.50). We conclude that the creation of a large population-specific reference is advantageous for imputing rare variants and that a combined reference panel across multiple populations yields the best imputation results
Modal and nonmodal stability analysis of electrohydrodynamic flow with
  and without cross-flow

We report the results of a complete modal and nonmodal linear stability
analysis of the electrohydrodynamic flow (EHD) for the problem of
electroconvection in the strong injection region. Convective cells are formed
by Coulomb force in an insulating liquid residing between two plane electrodes
subject to unipolar injection. Besides pure electroconvection, we also consider
the case where a cross-flow is present, generated by a streamwise pressure
gradient, in the form of a laminar Poiseuille flow. The effect of charge
diffusion, often neglected in previous linear stability analyses, is included
in the present study and a transient growth analysis, rarely considered in EHD,
is carried out. In the case without cross-flow, a non-zero charge diffusion
leads to a lower linear stability threshold and thus to a more unstable low.
The transient growth, though enhanced by increasing charge diffusion, remains
small and hence cannot fully account for the discrepancy of the linear
stability threshold between theoretical and experimental results. When a
cross-flow is present, increasing the strength of the electric field in the
high-$Re$ Poiseuille flow yields a more unstable flow in both modal and
nonmodal stability analyses. Even though the energy analysis and the
input-output analysis both indicate that the energy growth directly related to
the electric field is small, the electric effect enhances the lift-up
mechanism. The symmetry of channel flow with respect to the centerline is
broken due to the additional electric field acting in the wall-normal
direction. As a result, the centers of the streamwise rolls are shifted towards
the injector electrode, and the optimal spanwise wavenumber achieving maximum
transient energy growth increases with the strength of the electric field
Search for $B$ decays to final states with the $\eta_c$ meson

We report a search for $B$ decays to selected final states with the $\eta_c$
meson: $B^{\pm}\to K^{\pm}\eta_c\pi^+\pi^-$, $B^{\pm}\to K^{\pm}\eta_c\omega$,
$B^{\pm}\to K^{\pm}\eta_c\eta$ and $B^{\pm}\to K^{\pm}\eta_c\pi^0$. The
analysis is based on $772\times 10^6$ $B\bar{B}$ pairs collected at the
$\Upsilon(4S)$ resonance with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy
$e^+e^-$ collider. We set 90% confidence level upper limits on the branching
fractions of the studied $B$ decay modes, independent of intermediate
resonances, in the range $(0.6-5.3)\times 10^{-4}$. We also search for
molecular-state candidates in the $D^0\bar{D}^{*0}-\bar{D}^0D^{*0}$,
$D^0\bar{D}^0+\bar{D}^0D^0$ and $D^{*0}\bar{D}^{*0}+\bar{D}^{*0}D^{*0}$
combinations, neutral partners of the $Z(3900)^{\pm}$ and $Z(4020)^{\pm}$, and
a poorly understood state $X(3915)$ as possible intermediate states in the
decay chain, and set 90% confidence level upper limits on the product of
branching fractions to the mentioned intermediate states and decay branching
fractions of these states in the range $(0.6-6.9)\times 10^{-5}$.Comment: To be published in the proceedings of CHARM-2015, Detroit, MI, 18-22
  May 201
Small- x dynamics in forward–central dijet correlations at the LHC

We provide a description, within the High Energy Factorization formalism, of central–forward dijet correlation data measured by the CMS experiment and the predictions for nuclear modification ratio RpA in p + Pb collisions. In our study, we use the unintegrated gluon density derived from the BFKL and BK equations supplemented with subleading corrections and a hard scale dependence. The latter is introduced at the final step of the calculation by re-weighting the Monte Carlo generated events using suitable Sudakov form factors, without changing the total cross section. We achieve a good description of data in the whole region of the azimuthal angle
Higgs-boson production in association with a dark photon in e + e − collisions

We study the production of a Higgs boson recoiling from a massless invisible system in e + e − collisions. This is a quite distinctive signature that can arise when the Higgs boson is produced in association with a massless dark photon, which can happen in BSM scenarios foreseeing an extra unbroken U(1) gauge group. Dark photons can indeed acquire effective couplings to the Higgs boson as occurs in models recently proposed to generate exponentially-spread Yukawa couplings. We analyze the signal and corresponding backgrounds for H → b b ¯ $$ H\to b\overline{b} $$ , and estimate ILC and FCC-ee sensitivities in a model-independent way
The Krein–Gupta–Bleuler quantization in de Sitter space–time; Casimir energy–momentum tensor for a curved brane

In this paper, vacuum expectation value (VEV) of the energy–momentum tensor for a conformally coupled scalar field in de Sitter space–time is investigated through the Krein–Gupta–Bleuler construction. This construction has already been successfully applied to the de Sitter minimally coupled massless scalar field and massless spin-2 field to obtain a causal and fully covariant quantum field on de Sitter background. We also consider the effects of boundary conditions. In this respect, Casimir energy–momentum tensor induced by Dirichlet boundary condition on a curved brane is evaluated