pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Planck intermediate results. XVI. Profile likelihoods for cosmological
  parameters

We explore the 2013 Planck likelihood function with a high-precision
multi-dimensional minimizer (Minuit). This allows a refinement of the
Lambda-cdm best-fit solution with respect to previously-released results, and
the construction of frequentist confidence intervals using profile likelihoods.
The agreement with the cosmological results from the Bayesian framework is
excellent, demonstrating the robustness of the Planck results to the
statistical methodology. We investigate the inclusion of neutrino masses, where
more significant differences may appear due to the non-Gaussian nature of the
posterior mass distribution. By applying the Feldman--Cousins prescription, we
again obtain results very similar to those of the Bayesian methodology.
However, the profile-likelihood analysis of the CMB combination
(Planck+WP+highL) reveals a minimum well within the unphysical negative-mass
region. We show that inclusion of the Planck CMB-lensing information
regularizes this issue, and provide a robust frequentist upper limit $M_\nu <
0.26 eV$ ($95%$ confidence) from the CMB+lensing+BAO data combination.Comment: Updated list of author
Bethe Ansatz for Yangian Invariants: Towards Super Yang-Mills Scattering
  Amplitudes

We propose that Baxter's Z-invariant six-vertex model at the rational gl(2)
point on a planar but in general not rectangular lattice provides a way to
study Yangian invariants. These are identified with eigenfunctions of certain
monodromies of an auxiliary inhomogeneous spin chain. As a consequence they are
special solutions to the eigenvalue problem of the associated transfer matrix.
Excitingly, this allows to construct them using Bethe ansatz techniques.
Conceptually, our construction generalizes to general (super) Lie algebras and
general representations. Here we present the explicit form of sample invariants
for totally symmetric, finite-dimensional representations of gl(n) in terms of
oscillator algebras. In particular, we discuss invariants of three- and
four-site monodromies that can be understood respectively as intertwiners of
the bootstrap and Yang-Baxter equation. We state a set of functional relations
significant for these representations of the Yangian and discuss their
solutions in terms of Bethe roots. They arrange themselves into exact strings
in the complex plane. In addition, it is shown that the sample invariants can
be expressed analogously to Grassmannian integrals. This aspect is closely
related to a recent on-shell formulation of scattering amplitudes in planar N=4
super Yang-Mills theory.Comment: 56 pages, 14 figures; v2: appendix B added, references updated and
  typos fixed; v3: published versio
Matching measure, Benjamini-Schramm convergence and the monomer-dimer
  free energy

We define the matching measure of a lattice L as the spectral measure of the
tree of self-avoiding walks in L. We connect this invariant to the
monomer-dimer partition function of a sequence of finite graphs converging to
L.
  This allows us to express the monomer-dimer free energy of L in terms of the
measure. Exploiting an analytic advantage of the matching measure over the
Mayer series then leads to new, rigorous bounds on the monomer-dimer free
energies of various Euclidean lattices. While our estimates use only the
computational data given in previous papers, they improve the known bounds
significantly.Comment: 18 pages, 3 figure
Dimensional transition of energy cascades in stably stratified thin
  fluid layers

Numerical simulations of a thin layer of turbulent flow in stably stratified
conditions within the Boussinesq approximation have been performed. The
statistics of energy transfer among scales have been investigated for different
values of control parameters: thickness of the layer and density
stratification. It is shown that in a thin layer with a quasi-two-dimensional
phenomenology, stratification provides a new channel for the energy transfer
towards small scales and reduces the inverse cascade. The role of vortex
stretching and enstrophy flux in the transfer of kinetic energy into potential
energy at small scales is discussed.Comment: 15 pages, 8 figure
Magnetic oscillations in the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model

The phase structure of a simple Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model has been investigated at non-zero values of mu and H, where H is an external magnetic field and mu is the chemical potential. On this basis magnetic oscillations effects were considered. It was shown that there are standard (periodic) van Alphen-de Haas magnetic oscillations of some thermodynamical quantities, including magnetization, pressure and particle density in the NJL system. Besides, we have found non-standard, i.e. non-periodic, magnetic oscillations, since the frequency of oscillations is an H-dependent quantity. Finally, there arises an oscillating behaviour not only for thermodynamical quantities, but also for a dynamical quantity like the quark mass. (19 refs).The phase structure of a simple Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model has been investigated at non-zero values of $\mu$ and H, where H is an external magnetic field and $\mu$ is the chemical potential. On this basis magnetic oscillations effects were considered. It was shown that there are standard (periodic) van Alphen-de Haas magnetic oscillations of some thermodynamical quantities, including magnetization, pressure and particle density in the NJL system. Besides, we have found non-standard, i.e. non-periodic, magnetic oscillations, since the frequency of oscillations is a H-dependent quantity. Finally, there arises an oscillating behaviour not only for thermodynamical quantities, but also for a dynamical quantity like the quark mass. The possibility for magnetic oscillations of some physical quantities inside neutron stars is discussed.The phase structure of a simple Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model has been investigated at non-zero values of $\mu$ and H, where H is an external magnetic field and $\mu$ is the chemical potential. On this basis magnetic oscillations effects were considered. It was shown that there are standard (periodic) van Alphen-de Haas magnetic oscillations of some thermodynamical quantities, including magnetization, pressure and particle density in the NJL system. Besides, we have found non-standard, i.e. non-periodic, magnetic oscillations, since the frequency of oscillations is a H-dependent quantity. Finally, there arises an oscillating behaviour not only for thermodynamical quantities, but also for a dynamical quantity like the quark mass. The possibility for magnetic oscillations of some physical quantities inside neutron stars is discussed.The phase structure of a simple Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model has been investigated at non-zero values of μ and H, where H is an external magnetic field and μ is the chemical potential. On this basis magnetic oscillations effects were considered. It was shown that there are standard (periodic) van Alphen-de Haas magnetic oscillations of some thermodynamical quantities, including magnetization, pressure and particle density in the NJL system. Besides, we have found non-standard, i.e. non-periodic, magnetic oscillations, since the frequency of oscillations is a H-dependent quantity. Finally, there arises an oscillating behavior not only for thermodynamical quantities, but also for a dynamical quantity like the quark mass
Supersymmetric solutions of N=2 d=4 sugra: the whole ungauged shebang

In this article we complete the classification of the supersymmetric
solutions of N=2 D=4 ungauged supergravity coupled to an arbitrary number of
vector- and hypermultiplets. We find that in the timelike case the
hypermultiplets cause the constant-time hypersurfaces to be curved and have
su(2) holonomy identical to that of the hyperscalar manifold. The solutions
have the same structure as without hypermultiplets but now depend on functions
which are harmonic in the curved 3-dimensional space. We discuss an example
obtained from a hyper-less solution via the c-map. In the null case we find
that the hyperscalars can only depend on the null coordinate and the solutions
are essentially those of the hyper-less case.Comment: 27 pages, latex2
$K3$-Fibrations and Softly Broken $N=4$ Supersymmetric Gauge Theories

Global geometry of $K3$-fibration Calabi-Yau threefolds, with Hodge number
$h_{2,1}=r+1$, is used to define $N=4$ softly broken $SU(r+1)$ gauge theories,
with the bare coupling constant given by the dual heterotic dilaton, and the
mass of the adjoint hypermultiplet given by the heterotic string tension. The
$U(r+1)$ Donagi-Witten integrable model is also derived from the $K3$-fibration
structure, with the extra $U(1)$ associated to the heterotic dilaton. The case
of $SU(2)$ gauge group is analyzed in detail. String physics beyond the
heterotic point particle limit is partially described by the $N=4$ softly
broken theory.Comment: 27 pages, Latex, no figures. Misprints correcte
Multiple $q$-Zeta Values

We introduce a $q$-analog of the multiple harmonic series commonly referred
to as multiple zeta values. The multiple $q$-zeta values satisfy a $q$-stuffle
multiplication rule analogous to the stuffle multiplication rule arising from
the series representation of ordinary multiple zeta values. Additionally,
multiple $q$-zeta values can be viewed as special values of the multiple
$q$-polylogarithm, which admits a multiple Jackson $q$-integral representation
whose limiting case is the Drinfel'd simplex integral for the ordinary multiple
polylogarithm when $q=1$. The multiple Jackson $q$-integral representation for
multiple $q$-zeta values leads to a second multiplication rule satisfied by
them, referred to as a $q$-shuffle. Despite this, it appears that many
numerical relations satisfied by ordinary multiple zeta values have no
interesting $q$-extension. For example, a suitable $q$-analog of Broadhurst's
formula for $\zeta(\{3,1\}^n)$, if one exists, is likely to be rather
complicated. Nevertheless, we show that a number of infinite classes of
relations, including Hoffman's partition identities, Ohno's cyclic sum
identities, Granville's sum formula, Euler's convolution formula, Ohno's
generalized duality relation, and the derivation relations of Ihara and Kaneko
extend to multiple $q$-zeta values.Comment: 35 page
Scaling of particle production with number of participants in
  high-energy A+A collisions in the parton-cascade model

In view of the recent WA98 data of $\pi^0$ spectra from central Pb+Pb
collisions at the CERN SPS, we analyze the production of neutral pions for A+A
collisions across the periodic table at $\sqrt{s}=17$ AGeV and 200 AGeV within
the framework of the parton-cascade model for relativistic heavy ion
collisions. The multiplicity of the pions (having $p_T > 0.5$ GeV) in the
central rapidity region, is seen to scale as $\sim (N_{part})^{\alpha}$, where
$N_{part}$ is the number of participating nucleons, which we have approximated
as 2A for central collisions of identical nuclei. We argue that the deviation
of $\alpha$ ($\simeq 1.2$) from unity may have its origin in the multiple
scattering suffered by the partons. We also find that the constant of
proportionality in the above scaling relation increases substantially in going
from SPS to RHIC energies. This would imply that the (semi)hard partonic
activity becomes a much cleaner signal above the soft particle production at
the higher energy of RHIC, and thus much less dependent on the (lack of)
understanding of the underlying soft physics background.Comment: 4 pages, including 4 figures; To appear in proceedings of QM'99
  (Nucl. Phys. A); Shortened version of nucl-th/980804
Hitting Time Distributions in Financial Markets

We analyze the hitting time distributions of stock price returns in different
time windows, characterized by different levels of noise present in the market.
The study has been performed on two sets of data from US markets. The first one
is composed by daily price of 1071 stocks trade for the 12-year period
1987-1998, the second one is composed by high frequency data for 100 stocks for
the 4-year period 1995-1998. We compare the probability distribution obtained
by our empirical analysis with those obtained from different models for stock
market evolution. Specifically by focusing on the statistical properties of the
hitting times to reach a barrier or a given threshold, we compare the
probability density function (PDF) of three models, namely the geometric
Brownian motion, the GARCH model and the Heston model with that obtained from
real market data. We will present also some results of a generalized Heston
model.Comment: 14 pages, 6 figures, submitted to EPJ
Subspace local quantum channels

A special class of quantum channels, named subspace local (SL), are defined
and investigated. The proposed definition of subspace locality of quantum
channels is an attempt to answer the question of what kind of restriction
should be put on a channel, if it is to act `locally' with respect to two
`locations', when these naturally correspond to a separation of the total
Hilbert space in an orthogonal sum of subspaces, rather than a tensor product
decomposition. It is shown that the set of SL channels decomposes into four
disjoint families of channels. Explicit expressions to generate all channels in
each family is presented. It is shown that one of these four families, the
local subspace preserving (LSP) channels, is precisely the intersection between
the set of subspace preserving channels and the SL channels. For a subclass of
the LSP channels, a special type of unitary representation using ancilla
systems is presented.Comment: References adde
Hadronization Scheme Dependence of Long-Range Azimuthal Harmonics in
  High Energy p+A Reactions

We compare the distortion effects of three popular final-state hadronization
schemes. We show how hadronization modifies the initial-state gluon
correlations in high energy p+A collisions. The three models considered are (1)
LPH: local parton-hadron duality, (2) CPR: collinear parton- hadron resonance
independent fragmentation, and (3) LUND: color string hadronization. The strong
initial-state azimuthal asymmetries are generated using the GLVB model for
non-abelian gluon bremsstrahlung, assuming a saturation scale Qsat = 2 GeV.
Long-range elliptic and triangular harmonics for the final hadron pairs are
compared based on the three hadronization schemes. Our analysis shows that the
process of hadronization causes major distortions of the partonic azimuthal
harmonics for transverse momenta at least up to pT = 3GeV. In particular, they
appear to be greatly reduced for pT < 1{\div}2GeV.Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures, 2 table
Generalised integrable $\lambda$- and $\eta$-deformations and their
  relation

We construct two-parameter families of integrable $\lambda$-deformations of
two-dimensional field theories. These interpolate between a CFT (a WZW/gauged
WZW model) and the non-Abelian T-dual of a principal chiral model on a
group/symmetric coset space. In examples based on the $SU(2)$ WZW model and the
$SU(2)/U(1)$ exact coset CFT, we show that these deformations are related to
bi-Yang-Baxter generalisations of $\eta$-deformations via Poisson-Lie T-duality
and analytic continuation. We illustrate the quantum behaviour of our models
under RG flow. As a byproduct we demonstrate that the bi-Yang-Baxter
$\sigma$-model for a general group is one-loop renormalisable.Comment: 33 pages, Latex, v2: 35 pages, Latex, clarifying comments, v3: few
  minor changes, NPB versio
An argument for psi-ontology in terms of protective measurements

The ontological model framework provides a rigorous approach to address the
question of whether the quantum state is ontic or epistemic. When considering
only conventional projective measurements, auxiliary assumptions are always
needed to prove the reality of the quantum state in the framework. For example,
the Pusey-Barrett-Rudolph theorem is based on an additional preparation
independence assumption. In this paper, we give a new proof of psi-ontology in
terms of protective measurements in the ontological model framework. The proof
does not rely on auxiliary assumptions, and also applies to deterministic
theories such as the de Broglie-Bohm theory. In addition, we give a simpler
argument for psi-ontology beyond the framework, which is only based on
protective measurements and a weaker criterion of reality. The argument may be
also appealing for those people who favor an anti-realist view of quantum
mechanics.Comment: 13 pages, no figures. Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern
  Physics, Available online 17 August 201
Palaeolimnological evidence for an east-west climate see-saw in the Mediterranean since AD 900

During the period of instrumental records, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) has strongly influenced inter-annual precipitation variations in the western Mediterranean, while some eastern parts of the basin have shown an anti-phase relationship in precipitation and atmospheric pressure. Here we explore how the NAO and other atmospheric circulation modes operated over the longer timescales of the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) and Little Ice Age (LIA). High-resolution palaeolimnological evidence from opposite ends of the Mediterranean basin, supplemented by other palaeoclimate data, is used to track shifts in regional hydro-climatic conditions. Multiple geochemical, sedimentological, isotopic and palaeoecological proxies from Estanya and Montcortés lakes in northeast Spain and Nar lake in central Turkey have been cross-correlated at decadal time intervals since AD 900. These dryland lakes capture sensitively changes in precipitation/evaporation (P/E) balance by adjustments in water level and salinity, and are especially valuable for reconstructing variability over decadal-centennial timescales. Iberian lakes show lower water levels and higher salinities during the 11th to 13th centuries synchronous with the MCA and generally more humid conditions during the 'LIA' (15th-19th centuries). This pattern is also clearly evident in tree-ring records from Morocco and from marine cores in the western Mediterranean Sea. In the eastern Mediterranean, palaeoclimatic records from Turkey, Greece and the Levant show generally drier hydro-climatic conditions during the LIA and a wetter phase during the MCA. This implies that a bipolar climate see-saw has operated in the Mediterranean for the last 1100. years. However, while western Mediterranean aridity appears consistent with persistent positive NAO state during the MCA, the pattern is less clear in the eastern Mediterranean. Here the strongest evidence for higher winter season precipitation during the MCA comes from central Turkey in the northeastern sector of the Mediterranean basin. This in turn implies that the LIA/MCA hydro-climatic pattern in the Mediterranean was determined by a combination of different climate modes along with major physical geographical controls, and not by NAO forcing alone, or that the character of the NAO and its teleconnections have been non-stationary. © 2011 Elsevier B.V
[OI] disk emission in the Taurus star-forming region

W.F.T., P.W., F.M., M.G., and I.K. acknowledge funding from the EU FP7-2011 under Grant Agreement Nr. 284405. L.P. acknowledges funding from the FP7 Intra-European Marie Curie Fellowship (PIEF-GA-2009-253896).Context. The structure of protoplanetary disks is thought to be linked to the temperature and chemistry of their dust and gas. Whether the disk is flat or flaring depends on the amount of radiation that it absorbs at a given radius and on the efficiency with which this is converted into thermal energy. The understanding of these heating and cooling processes is crucial for providing a reliable disk structure for interpreting dust continuum emission and gas line fluxes. Especially in the upper layers of the disk, where gas and dust are thermally decoupled, the infrared line emission is strictly related to the gas heating/cooling processes. Aims. We aim to study the thermal properties of the disk in the oxygen line emission region and to investigate the relative importance of X-ray (1-120 Å) and far-UV radiation (FUV, 912-2070 Å) for the heating balance there. Methods. We use [OI] 63 μm line fluxes observed in a sample of protoplanetary disks of the Taurus/Auriga star-forming region and compare it to the model predictions presented in our previous work. The data were obtained with the PACS instrument on board the Herschel Space Observatory as part of the Herschel open time key program GAS in Protoplanetary diskS (GASPS). Results. Our theoretical grid of disk models can reproduce the [OI] absolute fluxes and predict a correlation between [O I] and the sum LX + LFUV. The data show no correlation between the [OI] line flux and the X-ray luminosity, the FUV luminosity or their sum. Conclusions. The data show that the FUV or X-ray radiation has no notable impact on the region where the [OI] line is formed. This contrasts with what is predicted from our models. Possible explanations are that the disks in Taurus are less flaring than the hydrostatic models predict and/or that other disk structure aspects that were left unchanged in our models are important. Disk models should include flat geometries, varying parameters such as outer radius, dust settling, and the dust-to-gas mass ratio, which might play an equally important role for the [OI] emission. To improve statistics and draw more robust conclusions on the thermal processes that dominate the atmosphere of protoplanetary disks surrounding T Tauri stars, more LFUV + LX measurements are needed. High spatial and spectra resolution data is required to disentangle the fraction of [O I] flux emitted by the disk in outflow sources.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
Metallicity inhomogeneities in local star-forming galaxies as a sign of recent metal-poor gas accretion

This work was partly funded by the Spanish Ministry for Science, project AYA 2010-21887-C04-04. J.M.A. acknowledges support from the European Research Council Starting Grant (SEDmorph; P.I. V. Wild).We measure the oxygen metallicity of the ionized gas along the major axis of seven dwarf star-forming galaxies. Two of them, SDSSJ1647+21 and SDSSJ2238+14, show ≃0.5 dex metallicity decrements in inner regions with enhanced star formation activity. This behavior is similar to the metallicity drop observed in a number of local tadpole galaxies by Sánchez Almeida et al., and was interpreted as showing early stages of assembling in disk galaxies, with the star formation sustained by external metal-poor gas accretion. The agreement with tadpoles has several implications. (1) It proves that galaxies other than the local tadpoles present the same unusual metallicity pattern. (2) Our metallicity inhomogeneities were inferred using the direct method, thus discarding systematic errors usually attributed to other methods. (3) Taken together with the tadpole data, our findings suggest a threshold around one-tenth the solar value for the metallicity drops to show up. Although galaxies with clear metallicity drops are rare, the physical mechanism responsible for them may sustain a significant part of the star formation activity in the local universe. We argue that the star formation dependence of the mass-metallicity relationship, as well as other general properties followed by most local disk galaxies, is naturally interpreted as side effects of pristine gas infall. Alternatives to the metal-poor gas accretion are examined as well.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe