pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Conditioning using conditional expectations:the Borel-Kolmogorov Paradox

The Borel-Kolmogorov Paradox is typically taken to highlight a tension between our intuition that certain conditional probabilities with respect to probability zero conditioning events are well defined and the mathematical definition of conditional probability by Bayes’ formula, which loses its meaning when the conditioning event has probability zero. We argue in this paper that the theory of conditional expectations is the proper mathematical device to conditionalize and that this theory allows conditionalization with respect to probability zero events. The conditional probabilities on probability zero events in the Borel-Kolmogorov Paradox also can be calculated using conditional expectations. The alleged clash arising from the fact that one obtains different values for the conditional probabilities on probability zero events depending on what conditional expectation one uses to calculate them is resolved by showing that the different conditional probabilities obtained using different conditional expectations cannot be interpreted as calculating in different parametrizations of the conditional probabilities of the same event with respect to the same conditioning conditions. We conclude that there is no clash between the correct intuition about what the conditional probabilities with respect to probability zero events are and the technically proper concept of conditionalization via conditional expectations the Borel-Kolmogorov Paradox is just a pseudo-paradox
Measurement of the cross-section for W boson production in association with b-jets in pp collisions at root s=7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

This paper reports a measurement of the W+b-jets (W+b+X and W+b (b) over bar +X) production cross-section in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV at the LHC. These results are based on data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.6 fb(-1), collected with the ATLAS detector. Cross-sections are presented as a function of jet multiplicity and of the transverse momentum of the leading b-jet for both the muon and electron decay modes of the W boson. The W+b-jets cross-section, corrected for all known detector effects, is quoted in a limited kinematic range. Combining the muon and electron channels, the fiducial cross-section for W+b-jets is measured to be 7.1 +/- 0.5 (stat) +/- 1.4 (syst) pb, consistent with the next-to-leading order QCD prediction, corrected for non-perturbative and double-parton interactions (DPI) contributions, of 4.70 +/- 0.09 (stat) (+0.60)(-0.49) (scale) +/- 0.06 (PDF) +/- 0.16 (non-pert) (+0.52)(-0.38) (DPI) pb.<p>ATLAS Collaboration, for complete list of authors see http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/JHEP06(2013)084</p
In-situ H2 production via low temperature decomposition of ammonia:insights into the role of cesium as a promoter

Cesium-promoted ruthenium nanoparticles supported on multi-walled carbon nanotubes catalysts are shown to be highly active for hydrogen production by ammonia decomposition. Its low temperature activity is significantly improved as the cesium loading increases, reducing the activation energy from 96.7 kJ/mol in the absence of cesium to 59.3 kJ/mol with a cesium/ruthenium molar ratio of 3. Hydrogen production was observed to proceed below 590 K which represents a breakthrough towards the use of ammonia as chemical storage for in-situ hydrogen production on fuel cells. The catalytic enhancement is shown to be due to the electronic modification of ruthenium by the electron donating cesium promoter located on the ruthenium surface and in close proximity on the CNT surface. However, higher promoter loadings above a cesium/ruthenium ratio of 3 leads to ammonia inaccessibility to the catalytic active sites
Search for invisible decays of a Higgs boson using vector-boson fusion in pp collisions at root s=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

A search for a Higgs boson produced via vector-boson fusion and decaying into invisible particles is presented, using 20.3 fb(-1) of proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of 8TeV recorded by the ATLAS detector at the LHC. For a Higgs boson with a mass of 125 GeV, assuming the Standard Model production cross section, an upper bound of 0.28 is set on the branching fraction of H -&gt; invisible at 95% confidence level, where the expected upper limit is 0.31. The results are interpreted in models of Higgs-portal dark matter where the branching fraction limit is converted into upper bounds on the dark-matter-nucleon scattering cross section as a function of the dark-matter particle mass, and compared to results from the direct dark-matter detection experiments.<p>ATLAS Collaboration, for complete list of authors see http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/JHEP01(2016)172</p><p>Funding: We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWF, Austria; AHAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, DNSRC and Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark; ARTEMIS, European Union; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNAS, Georgia; BMBF, DFG, HGF, MPG and AvH Foundation, Germany; GSRT, Greece; ISF, MINERVA, GIF, DIP and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, Poland; GRICES and FCT, Portugal; MERYS (MECTS), Romania; MES of Russia and ROSATOM, Russian Federation; JINR; MSTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MVZT, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MICINN, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SER, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; NSC, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America.</p
Firms' main market, human capital, and wages

The literature on the exporter wage premium has focused on an exporter/non-exporter dichotomy. Instead, this paper provides first evidence that there is a more continuous destination-market effect. Using Spanish data, we estimate wage premia for establishments selling to the national, European Union, and rest of the world markets (with respect to wages in local-market establishments). Controlling for worker and establishment characteristics, output-market wage premia are increasing in market remoteness and employee education. Establishment human capital is also increasing in output-market remoteness. The paper builds a theoretical model that provides a potential explanation for these empirical results, which is also consistent with the recent evidence on the positive relationship between output-market remoteness and quality of exports
A Revised Scheme to Compute Horizontal Covariances in an Oceanographic 3D-VAR Assimilation System.

We propose an improvement of an oceanographic three dimensional variational assimilation scheme (3D-VAR), named OceanVar, by introducing a recursive filter (RF) with the third order of accuracy (3rd-RF), instead of an RFwith first order of accuracy (1st-RF), to approximate horizontal Gaussian covariances. An advantage of the proposed scheme is that the CPU's time can be substantially reduced with benefits on the large scale applications. Experiments estimating the impact of 3rd-RF are performed by assimilating oceanographic data in two realistic oceanographic applications. The results evince benefits in terms of assimilation process computational time, accuracy of the Gaussian correlation modeling, and show that the 3rd-RF is a suitable tool for operational data assimilation
A simple, reproducible method for monitoring the treatment of tumours using dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging

Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging (DCE-MRI) may act as a biomarker for successful cancer therapy. Simple, reproducible techniques may widen this application. This paper demonstrates a single slice imaging technique. The image acquisition is performed in less than 500 ms making it relatively insensitive to respiratory motion. Data from phantom studies and a reproducibility study in solid human tumours are presented. The reproducibility study showed a coefficient of variation (CoV) of 19.1% for K(trans) and 15.8% for the initial area under the contrast enhancement curve (IAUC). This was improved to 16 and 13.9% if tumours of diameter less than 3 cm were excluded. The individual repeatability (the range within which individual measurements are expected to fall) was 30.6% for K(trans) and 26.5% for IAUC for tumours greater than 3 cm diameter. This approach to DCE-MRI image acquisition can be performed with standard clinical scanners, and data analysis is straightforward. For treatment trials with 10 patients in a cohort, the CoV implies that the method would be sensitive to a treatment effect of greater than 18%. The individual repeatability is well inside the 40% change shown to be important in clinical studies using this DCE-MRI technique.Peer-reviewedPublisher Version1699
A chiral magnetic spiral in the holographic Sakai-Sugimoto model.

We investigate the effect of a magnetic field on the vacuum of low-temperature QCD at large-N c  in the presence of a chiral chemical potential, using the holographic SakaiSugimoto model. Above some critical chemical potential we find an instability, which triggers a decay of the homogeneous vacuum to a non-homogeneous configuration with a spiral form, which we construct explicitly. We find that this decay is suppressed for sufficiently large magnetic field, and determine the critical strength. We find that the new vacuum does not exhibit the chiral magnetic effect. This is related to the way the chiral chemical potential is introduced. We discuss an alternative way of introducing the chiral chemical potential that leads to a nonzero chiral magnetic effect
Dark matter monopoles, vectors and photons.

In a secluded dark sector which is coupled to the Standard Model via a Higgs portal interaction we arrange for the existence of ’t Hooft-Polyakov magnetic monopoles and study their implications for cosmology. We point out that a dark sector which can accommodate stable monopoles will also contain massless dark photons γ ′ as well as charged massive vector bosons W ± ′. The dark matter in this scenario will be a combination of magnetically and electrically charged species under the unbroken U(1) subgroup of the dark sector. We estimate the cosmological production rate of monopoles and the rate of monopole-anti-monopole annihilation and conclude that monopoles with masses of few hundred TeV or greater, can produce sizeable contributions to the observed dark matter relic density. We scan over the parameter space and compute the relic density for monopoles and vector bosons. Turning to dark photons, we compute their contribution to the measured density of relativistic particles N eff and also apply observational constraints from the Bullet cluster and other large scale galaxies on long-range interactions of monopoles and of dark vector bosons. At scales relevant for dwarf galaxies we identify regions on the parameter space where self-interacting monopole and vector dark mater components can aid solving the core-vs-cusp and the too-big-to-fail problems
Optimised conditions for the synthesis of 17O and 18O labelled cholesterol.

Conditions are described for the preparation of cholesterol with 17O and 18O labels from i-cholesteryl methyl ether using minimal amounts of isotopically enriched water. Optimum yields employed trifluoromethanesulfonic acid as catalyst in 1,4-dioxane at room temperature with 5 equivalents of water. An isotopic enrichment >90% of that of the water used for the reaction could be attained. Tetrafluoroboric acid could also be used as catalyst, at the expense of a lower overall reaction yield. Byproducts from the reaction included dicholesteryl ether, methyl cholesteryl ether, compounds formed by ether hydrolysis, and olefins arising from elimination reactions. Reactions in tetrahydrofuran yielded significant amounts of cholesteryl ethers formed by reaction with alcohols arising from hydrolysis of the solvent
Lagrangian and Hamiltonian structures in an integrable hierarchy and
  space-time duality

We define and illustrate the novel notion of dual integrable hierarchies, on
the example of the nonlinear Schr\"odinger (NLS) hierarchy. For each integrable
nonlinear evolution equation (NLEE) in the hierarchy, dual integrable
structures are characterized by the fact that the zero-curvature representation
of the NLEE can be realized by two Hamiltonian formulations stemming from two
distinct choices of the configuration space, yielding two inequivalent Poisson
structures on the corresponding phase space and two distinct Hamiltonians. This
is fundamentally different from the standard bi-Hamiltonian or generally
multitime structure. The first formulation chooses purely space-dependent
fields as configuration space; it yields the standard Poisson structure for
NLS. The other one is new: it chooses purely time-dependent fields as
configuration space and yields a different Poisson structure at each level of
the hierarchy. The corresponding NLEE becomes a {\it space} evolution equation.
We emphasize the role of the Lagrangian formulation as a unifying framework for
deriving both Poisson structures, using ideas from covariant field theory. One
of our main results is to show that the two matrices of the Lax pair satisfy
the same form of ultralocal Poisson algebra (up to a sign) characterized by an
$r$-matrix structure, whereas traditionally only one of them is involved in the
classical $r$-matrix method. We construct explicit dual hierarchies of
Hamiltonians, and Lax representations of the triggered dynamics, from the
monodromy matrices of either Lax matrix. An appealing procedure to build a
multi-dimensional lattice of Lax pair, through successive uses of the dual
Poisson structures, is briefly introduced.Comment: 28 pages. Two references added and improved explanations of the
  novelty of our results. Final version matching published version in Nucl.
  Phys. B as Frontiers Article. Also available in open access at
  http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S055032131500408
Measurement of $C\!P$ observables in $B^\pm \rightarrow D K^\pm$ and
  $B^\pm \rightarrow D \pi^\pm$ with two- and four-body $D$ decays

Measurements of $C\!P$ observables in $B^\pm \rightarrow D K^\pm$ and $B^\pm
\rightarrow D \pi^\pm$ decays are presented where the $D$ meson is
reconstructed in the final states $K^\pm\pi^\mp$, $\pi^\pm K^\mp$, $K^+K^-$,
$\pi^+\pi^-$, $K^\pm\pi^\mp \pi^+ \pi^-$, $\pi^\pm K^\mp \pi^+ \pi^-$ and
$\pi^+ \pi^- \pi^+ \pi^-$. This analysis uses a sample of charged $B$ mesons
from $pp$ collisions collected by the LHCb experiment in 2011 and 2012,
corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.0 fb$^{-1}$. Various
\CP-violating effects are reported and together these measurements provide
important input for the determination of the unitarity triangle angle $\gamma$.
The analysis of the four-pion $D$ decay mode is the first of its kind.Comment: All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and
  additional information, are available at
  https://lhcbproject.web.cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/LHCbProjectPublic/LHCb-PAPER-2016-003.htm
Theory and practice in the construction of professional identity in nursing students: a qualitative study

Background: The problem of nurses' professional identity continues to be seen in the disjunction between theoretical training and clinical placements. Moreover, it is not known how nursing students perceive these contradictions or how this discrepancy influences the construction of professional identity. Objective: To gain insight into nursing students' perception of their theoretical and practical training and howthis training influences the process of constructing their professional identity. Design: Qualitative, ethnographic study. Participants/Settings: Third-year nursing students at the l'Escola Universitària d'Infermeria Vall d'Hebron de Barcelona. Methods: Participant observation was conducted in the hospital setting and primary care.Discussion groupswere held. The constant comparativemethodwas used for the analysis. The study adhered to the criteria of credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability. Results: Students believed that both theoretical and practical trainings were indispensable. Nevertheless, clinical placements were considered essential to confer sense to the theory and to shape their identity, as they helped student nurses to experience their future professional reality and to compare it with what they had been taught in theoretical and academic classes. The role of the clinical placement mentor was essential. With regard to theory, the skills developed in problem-based learning gave novice nurses' confidence to approach the problems of daily practice and newsituations. Equally, this approach taught themto reflect onwhat they did andwhat they were taught and this ability was transferred to the clinical setting. Conclusions: For students, both strategies (theory and practice) are vital to nursing education and the construction of a professional identity, although pride of place is given to clinical placements and mentors. The skills developed with problem-based learning favor active and reflective learning and are transferred to learning in the clinical setting
Integrated Genomics of Crohn's Disease Risk Variant Identifies a Role for CLEC12A in Antibacterial Autophagy

Contains fulltext :
                  153186.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)The polymorphism ATG16L1 T300A, associated with increased risk of Crohn's disease, impairs pathogen defense mechanisms including selective autophagy, but specific pathway interactions altered by the risk allele remain unknown. Here, we use perturbational profiling of human peripheral blood cells to reveal that CLEC12A is regulated in an ATG16L1-T300A-dependent manner. Antibacterial autophagy is impaired in CLEC12A-deficient cells, and this effect is exacerbated in the presence of the ATG16L1 *300A risk allele. Clec12a-/- mice are more susceptible to Salmonella infection, supporting a role for CLEC12A in antibacterial defense pathways in vivo. CLEC12A is recruited to sites of bacterial entry, bacteria-autophagosome complexes, and sites of sterile membrane damage. Integrated genomics identified a functional interaction between CLEC12A and an E3-ubiquitin ligase complex that functions in antibacterial autophagy. These data identify CLEC12A as early adaptor molecule for antibacterial autophagy and highlight perturbational profiling as a method to elucidate defense pathways in complex genetic disease
Bit-parallel (γ,δ)-matching and suffix automata

International audience(δ,γ)-matching is a string matching problem with applications to music retrieval. The goal is, given a pattern P<sub>1...m</sub> and a text T<sub>1...n</sub> on an alphabet of integers, find the occurrences P′ of the pattern in the text such that (i) ∇1≤i≤m, |P<sub>i</sub>-P'<sub>i</sub>|≤δ and (ii) ∑<sub>1≤i≤m</sub>|P<sub>i</sub>-P'<sub>i</sub>|≤γ. The problem makes sense for δ≤γ≤δm. Several techniques for (δ,γ)-matching have been proposed, based on bit-parallelism or on skipping characters. We first present an O(mn log(γ) / w) worst-case time and O(n) average-case time bit-parallel algorithm (being w the number of bits in the computer word). It improves the previous O(mn log(δm) / w) worst-case time algorithm of the same type. Second, we combine our bit-parallel algorithm with suffix automata to obtain the first algorithm that skips characters using both δ and γ. This algorithm examines less characters than any previous approach, as the others do just δ-matching and check the γ-condition on the candidates. We implemented our algorithms and drew experimental results on real music, showing that our algorithms are superior to current alternatives with high values of δ
Partitions versus sets : a case of duality

International audienceIn a recent paper, Amini et al. introduce a general framework to prove duality theorems between special decompositions and their dual combinatorial object. They thus unify all known ad-hoc proofs in one single theorem. While this unification process is definitely good, their main theorem remains quite technical and does not give a real insight of why some decompositions admit dual objects and why others do not. The goal of this paper is both to generalise a little this framework and to give an enlightening simple proof of its central theorem
Hα Moreton waves observed on December 06, 2006: A 2D case study

Context. We present high temporal resolution observations of a Moreton wave event detected with the Hα Solar Telescope for
Argentina (HASTA) in the Hα line 656.3 nm, on December 6, 2006.
Aims. The aim is to contribute to the discussion about the nature and triggering mechanisms of Moreton wave events.
Methods. We describe the HASTA telescope capabilities and the observational techniques. We carried out a detailed analysis to determine the flare onset, the radiant point location, the kinematics of the disturbance and the activation time of two distant filaments. We used a 2D reconstruction of the HASTA and corresponding TRACE observations, together with conventional techniques, to analyze the probable origin of the phenomenon.
Results. The kinematic parameters and the probable onset time of the Moreton wave event are determined. A small-scale ejectum and the winking of two remote filaments are analyzed to discuss their relation with the Moreton disturbance.
Conclusions. The analysis of the Moreton wave event favors the hypothesis that the phenomenon can be described as the chromospheric imprint of a single fast coronal shock triggered from a single source in association with a coronal mass ejection. Its onset time is concurrent with a Lorentz force peak measured in the photosphere, as stated by other authors. However, the existence of multiple shock waves that were generated almost simultaneously cannot be discarded.Fil: Francile, Carlos Natale. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Cs.exactas Fisicas y Naturales. Departamento de Informatica. Observat.astron. Felix Aguilar;Fil: Costa, Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Invest.cientif.y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnol.conicet - Cordoba. Instituto de Astronomia Teorica y Experimental;Fil: Luoni, Maria Luisa. Consejo Nacional de Invest.cientif.y Tecnicas. Oficina de Coordinacion Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Astronomia y Fisica del Espacio(i);Fil: Elaskar, Sergio Amado. Universidad Nacional de Cordoba. Facultad de Cs.exactas Fisicas y Naturales