pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
X-ray radiative transfer in protoplanetary disks - The role of dust and
  X-ray background fields

The X-ray luminosities of T Tauri stars are about two to four orders of
magnitude higher than the luminosity of the contemporary Sun. As these stars
are born in clusters, their disks are not only irradiated by their parent star
but also by an X-ray background field produced by the cluster members. We aim
to quantify the impact of X-ray background fields produced by young embedded
clusters on the chemical structure of disks. Further, we want to investigate
the importance of the dust for X-ray radiative transfer in disks.
  We present a new X-ray radiative transfer module for the radiation
thermo-chemical disk code ProDiMo, which includes X-ray scattering and
absorption by both the gas and dust component. For the X-ray radiative
transfer, we consider irradiation by the star and by X-ray background fields.
To study the impact of X-rays on the chemical structure of disks we use the
well-established disk ionization tracers N2H+ and HCO+.
  For evolved dust populations, X-ray opacities are mostly dominated by the
gas; only for photon energies $E\gtrsim5-10\,$keV, dust opacities become
relevant. Consequently, the local disk X-ray radiation field is only affected
in dense regions close to the disk midplane. X-ray background fields can
dominate the local X-ray disk ionization rate for disk radii $r\gtrsim20\,$au.
However, the N2H+ and HCO+ column densities are only significantly affected in
case of low cosmic-ray ionization rates, or if the background flux is at least
a factor of ten higher than the flux level expected for clusters typical for
the solar vicinity. Observable signatures of X-ray background fields in
low-mass star-formation regions, like Taurus, are only expected for cluster
members experiencing a strong X-ray background field. For the majority of the
cluster members, the X-ray background field has only little impact on the disk
chemical structure.Comment: 16 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in A&
On the Bargmann–Radon transform in the monogenic setting

In this paper, we introduce and study a Bargmann-Radon transform on the real monogenic Bargmann module. This transform is defined as the projection of the real Bargmann module on the closed submodule of monogenic functions spanned by the monogenic plane waves. We prove that this projection can be written in integral form in terms the so-called Bargmann-Radon kernel. Moreover, we have a characterization formula for the Bargmann-Radon transform of a function in the real Bargmann module in terms of its complex extension and then its restriction to the nullcone in C-m. We also show that the formula holds for the Szego-Radon transform that we introduced in Colombo et al. (2016) and we define the dual transform and we provide an inversion formula. Finally, in Theorem 5.6, we prove an integral formula for the monogenic part of an entire function
Search for high-mass states with one lepton plus missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions root s=7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

The ATLAS detector is used to search for high-mass states, such as heavy charged gauge bosons (W′,W⁎W′,W⁎), decaying to a charged lepton (electron or muon) and a neutrino. Results are presented based on the analysis of pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36 pb−1. No excess beyond standard model expectations is observed. A W′W′ with sequential standard model couplings is excluded at 95% confidence level for masses below 1.49 TeV, and a W⁎W⁎ (charged chiral boson) for masses below 1.35 TeV.We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, DNSRC and Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark; ARTEMIS, European Union; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNAS, Georgia; BMBF, DFG, HGF, MPG and AvH Foundation, Germany; GSRT, Greece; ISF, MINERVA, GIF, DIP and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, Poland; GRICES and FCT, Portugal; MERYS (MECTS), Romania; MES of Russia and ROSATOM, Russian Federation; JINR; MSTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MVZT, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MICINN, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SER, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; NSC, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Search for heavy resonances decaying to a W or Z boson and a Higgs boson in the qq ̄  (\u27) bb ̄   final state in pp collisions at√s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

A search for heavy resonances decaying to a W or Z boson and a Higgs boson in the qq ̄  (\u27) bb ̄   final state is described. The search uses 36.1fb ̄   1 of proton–proton collision data at √s=13TeV collected by the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider in 2015 and 2016. The data are in agreement with the Standard Model expectations, with the largest excess found at a resonance mass of 3.0 TeV with a local (global) significance of 3.3 (2.1) σ. The results are presented in terms of constraints on a simplified model with a heavy vector triplet. Upper limits are set on the production cross-section times branching ratio for resonances decaying to a W (Z) boson and a Higgs boson, itself decaying to bb ̄   , in the mass range between 1.1 and 3.8 TeV at 95% confidence level; the limits range between 83 and 1.6 fb (77 and 1.1 fb) at 95% confidence level
Search for dark matter produced with an energetic jet or a hadronically decaying W or Z boson at sqrt(s) = 13 TeV

A search for dark matter particles is performed using events with large missing transverse momentum, at least one energetic jet, and no leptons, in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 13 TeV collected with the CMS detector at the LHC. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 12.9 inverse femtobarns. The search includes events with jets from the hadronic decays of a W or Z boson. The data are found to be in agreement with the predicted background contributions from standard model processes. The results are presented in terms of simplified models in which dark matter particles are produced through interactions involving a vector, axial-vector, scalar, or pseudoscalar mediator. Vector and axial-vector mediator particles with masses up to 1.95 TeV, and scalar and pseudoscalar mediator particles with masses up to 100 and 430 GeV respectively, are excluded at 95% confidence level. The results are also interpreted in terms of the invisible decays of the Higgs boson, yielding an observed (expected) 95% confidence level upper limit of 0.44 (0.56) on the corresponding branching fraction. The results of this search provide the strongest constraints on the dark matter pair production cross section through vector and axial-vector mediators at a particle collider. When compared to the direct detection experiments, the limits obtained from this search provide stronger constraints for dark matter masses less than 5, 9, and 550 GeV, assuming vector, scalar, and axial-vector mediators, respectively. The search yields stronger constraints for dark matter masses less than 200 GeV, assuming a pseudoscalar mediator, when compared to the indirect detection results from Fermi-LAT
Identification of high transverse momentum top quarks in pp collisions at root s=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

Çetin, Serkant Ali (Dogus Author)This paper presents studies of the performance of several jet-substructure techniques, which are used to identify hadronically decaying top quarks with high transverse momentum contained in large-radius jets. The efficiency of identifying top quarks is measured using a sample of top-quark pairs and the rate of wrongly identifying jets from other quarks or gluons as top quarks is measured using multijet events collected with the ATLAS experiment in 20.3 fb(-1) of 8TeV proton-proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider. Predictions from Monte Carlo simulations are found to provide an accurate description of the performance. The techniques are compared in terms of signal efficiency and background rejection using simulations, covering a larger range in jet transverse momenta than accessible in the dataset. Additionally, a novel technique is developed that is optimized to reconstruct top quarks in events with many jets
Patterns of New Physics in b → sℓ+ℓ− transitions in the light of recent data

In the Standard Model (SM), the rare transitions where a bottom quark decays into a strange quark and a pair of light leptons exhibit a potential sensitivity to physics beyond the SM. In addition, the SM embeds Lepton Flavour Universality (LFU), leading to almost identical probabilities for muon and electron modes. The LHCb collaboration discovered a set of deviations from the SM expectations in decays to muons and also in ratios assessing LFU. Other experiments (Belle, ATLAS, CMS) found consistent measurements, albeit with large error bars. We perform a global fit to all available b → sℓ+ℓ− data (ℓ = e, μ) in a model-independent way allowing for different patterns of New Physics. For the first time, the NP hypothesis is preferred over the SM by 5 σ in a general case when NP can enter SM-like operators and their chirally-flipped partners. LFU violation is favoured with respect to LFU at the 3-4 σ level. We discuss the impact of LFU-violating New Physics on the observable P5 from B → K∗μ+μ− and we compare our estimate for long-distance charm contributions with an empirical model recently proposed by a group of LHCb experimentalists. Finally, we discuss NP models able to describe this consistent pattern of deviations.grant FPA2014-61478-EXPCentro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa (SEV-2012-023)European Union. HORIZON 2020 (grants No 690575)European Union. HORIZON 2020 (grants No 674896)European Union. HORIZON 2020 (grants No 692194)Swiss National Science Foundation (Ambizione Grant PZ00P2 154834)Swiss National Science Foundatio
The potential determinants of young peoples’ sense of justice: an international study.

This paper uses reports from 13,000 grade 9 pupils in five countries to examine issues such as whether they were treated fairly at school, trust their teachers and adults in wider society, are willing to sacrifice teacher attention to help others, and support the cultural integration of recent immigrants. Using such reports as ‘outcomes’ in a multi-stage regression model, it is clear that they are largely unrelated to school-level pupil mix variables. To some extent, these outcomes are stratified by pupil and family background in the same way for all countries. However, the largest association is with pupil reported experience of interactions with their teachers. Teachers appear to be a -major influence on young peoples’ sense of justice, and the principles they apply in deciding whether something is fair. The paper concludes by suggesting ways in which schools and teachers could take advantage of this finding
Radiation-driven winds from luminous accretion discs

The definitive version is available at www.blackwell-synergy.com. Copyright Blackwell Publishing DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.01337.xWe study the two-dimensional, time-dependent hydrodynamics of radiation-driven winds from luminous accretion disks in which the radiation force is mediated primar- ily by spectral lines. We assume the disk is flat, Keplerian, geometrically thin, and optically thick, radiating as an ensemble of blackbodies according to the -disk pre- scription. The effect of a radiant central star is included both in modifying the radial temperature profile of the disk, and in providing a contribution to the driving radi- ation field. Angle-adaptive integration techniques are needed to achieve an accurate representation of the driving force near the surface of the disk. Our hydrodynamic calculations use non-uniform grids to resolve both the subsonic acceleration zone near the disk, and the large-scale global structure of the supersonic wind. We find that line-driven disk winds are produced only when the effective luminos- ity of the disk (i.e. the luminosity of the disk times the maximum value of the force multiplier associated with the line-driving force) exceeds the Eddington limit. If the dominant contribution to the total radiation field comes from the disk, then we find the outflow is intrinsically unsteady and characterised by large amplitude velocity and density fluctuations. Both infall and outflow can occur in different regions of the wind at the same time. The cause of this behaviour is the difference in the variation with height of the vertical components of gravity and radiation force: the former increases while the latter is nearly constant. On the other hand, if the total luminosity of the system is dominated by the central star, then the outflow is steady. In either case, we find the two-dimensional structure of the wind consists of a dense, slow outflow, typi- cally confined to angles within 45 degrees of the equatorial plane, that is bounded on the polar side by a high-velocity, lower density stream. The flow geometry is controlled largely by the geometry of the radiation field ??? a brighter disk/star produces a more polar/equatorial wind. Global properties such as the total mass loss rate and terminal velocity depend more on the system luminosity and are insensitive to geometry. The mass loss rate is a strong function of the effective Eddington luminosity; less than one there is virtually no wind at all, whereas above one the mass loss rate in the wind scales with the effective Eddington luminosity as a power law with index 1.5. Matter is fed into the fast wind from within a few stellar radii of the central star. Our solutions agree qualitatively with the kinematics of outflows in CV systems inferred from spectroscopic observations. We predict that low luminosity systems may display unsteady behavior in wind-formed spectral lines. Our study also has applica- tion to winds from active galactic nuclei and from high mass YSOs
Using data in decision-making: analysis from the music industry

Internet use provides an increasing amount of data that has potential value for managers and policy makers. However, without a precise understanding of the meaning of data, erroneous conclusions may be drawn which could adversely affect future decisions made by managers. \ud
\ud
The aim of this paper is to reveal to stakeholders the weaknesses and biases of reports which use analysis from large data sets and to highlight key areas and questions they may ask.\ud
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This paper examines empirical research in the music industry and critiques a report using ‘clickstream data’, a data source that collects information on the navigation patterns of Internet users through the ‘clicks’ they make on website. \ud
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The paper focuses critique on a report published by the European Commission which provides analytically weak and potentially industry damaging conclusions about the relationship between file sharing activity and purchasing behaviour
The Water-Energy Nexus of Hydraulic Fracturing: A Global Hydrologic Analysis for Shale Oil and Gas Extraction

Shale deposits are globally abundant and widespread. Extraction of shale oil and shale gas is generally performed through water-intensive hydraulic fracturing. Despite recent work on its environmental impacts, it remains unclear where and to what extent shale resource extraction could compete with other water needs. Here we consider the global distribution of known shale deposits suitable for oil and gas extraction and develop a water balance model to quantify their impacts on local water availability for other human uses and ecosystem functions. We find that 31–44% of the world's shale deposits are located in areas where water stress would either emerge or be exacerbated as a result of shale oil or gas extraction; 20% of shale deposits are in areas affected by groundwater depletion and 30% in irrigated land. In these regions shale oil and shale gas production would likely compete for local water resources with agriculture, environmental flows, and other water needs. By adopting a hydrologic perspective that considers water availability and demand together, decision makers and local communities can better understand the water and food security implications of shale resource development
The use of distributed hydrological models for the Gard 2002 flash flood event: Analysis of associated hydrological processes

Summary This paper presents a detailed analysis of the September 8-9, 2002 flash flood event in the Gard region (southern France) using two distributed hydrological models: CVN built within the LIQUID® hydrological platform and MARINE. The models differ in terms of spatial discretization, infiltration and water redistribution representation, and river flow transfer. MARINE can also account for subsurface lateral flow. Both models are set up using the same available information, namely a DEM and a pedology map. They are forced with high resolution radar rainfall data over a set of 18 sub-catchments ranging from 2.5 to 99Â km2 and are run without calibration. To begin with, models simulations are assessed against post field estimates of the time of peak and the maximum peak discharge showing a fair agreement for both models. The results are then discussed in terms of flow dynamics, runoff coefficients and soil saturation dynamics. The contribution of the subsurface lateral flow is also quantified using the MARINE model. This analysis highlights that rainfall remains the first controlling factor of flash flood dynamics. High rainfall peak intensities are very influential of the maximum peak discharge for both models, but especially for the CVN model which has a simplified overland flow transfer. The river bed roughness also influences the peak intensity and time. Soil spatial representation is shown to have a significant role on runoff coefficients and on the spatial variability of saturation dynamics. Simulated soil saturation is found to be strongly related with soil depth and initial storage deficit maps, due to a full saturation of most of the area at the end of the event. When activated, the signature of subsurface lateral flow is also visible in the spatial patterns of soil saturation with higher values concentrating along the river network. However, the data currently available do not allow the assessment of both patterns. The paper concludes with a set of recommendations for enhancing field observations in order to progress in process understanding and gather a larger set of data to improve the realism of distributed models
Asteroid age distributions determined by space weathering and
  collisional evolution models

We provide evidence of consistency between the dynamical evolution of main
belt asteroids and their color evolution due to space weathering. The dynamical
age of an asteroid's surface \citep{bib.bot05a,bib.nes05} is the time since its
last catastrophic disruption event which is a function of the object's
diameter. The age of an S-complex asteroid's surface may also be determined
from its color using a space weathering model
\citep[e.g.][]{bib.wil10,bib.jed04,bib.wil08,bib.mar06}. We used a sample of 95
S-complex asteroids from SMASS and obtained their absolute magnitudes and
$u,g,r,i,z$ filter magnitudes from SDSS. The absolute magnitudes yield a
size-derived age distribution. The $u,g,r,i,z$ filter magnitudes lead to the
principal component color which yields a color-derived age distribution by
inverting our color-age relationship, an enhanced version of the `dual $\tau$'
space weathering model of \citet{bib.wil10}.
  We fit the size-age distribution to the enhanced dual $\tau$ model and found
characteristic weathering and gardening times of $\tau_w = 2050 \pm 80$ Myr and
$\tau_g = 4400^{+700}_{-500}$ Myr respectively. The fit also suggests an
initial principal component color of $-0.05 \pm 0.01$ for fresh asteroid
surface with a maximum possible change of the probable color due to weathering
of $\Delta PC = 1.34 \pm 0.04$. Our predicted color of fresh asteroid surface
matches the color of fresh ordinary chondritic surface of $PC_1 = 0.17 \pm
0.39$.Comment: 23 pages, 5 figures, 1 tabl
The Taiwan ECDFS Near-Infrared Survey: Very Bright End of the Luminosity
  Function at z>7

The primary goal of the Taiwan ECDFS Near-Infrared Survey (TENIS) is to find
well screened galaxy candidates at z>7 (z' dropout) in the Extended Chandra
Deep Field-South (ECDFS). To this end, TENIS provides relatively deep J and Ks
data (~25.3 ABmag, 5-sigma) for an area of 0.5*0.5 degree. Leveraged with
existing data at mid-infrared to optical wavelengths, this allows us to screen
for the most luminous high-z objects, which are rare and thus require a survey
over a large field to be found. We introduce new color selection criteria to
select a z>7 sample with minimal contaminations from low-z galaxies and
Galactic cool stars; to reduce confusion in the relatively low angular
resolution IRAC images, we introduce a novel deconvolution method to measure
the IRAC fluxes of individual sources. Illustrating perhaps the effectiveness
at which we screen out interlopers, we find only one z>7 candidate, TENIS-ZD1.
The candidate has a weighted z_phot of 7.8, and its colors and luminosity
indicate a young (45M years old) starburst galaxy with a stellar mass of
3.2*10^10 M_sun. The result matches with the observational luminosity function
analysis and the semi-analytic simulation result based on the Millennium
Simulations, which may over predict the volume density for high-z massive
galaxies. The existence of TENIS-ZD1, if confirmed spectroscopically to be at
z>7, therefore poses a challenge to current theoretical models for how so much
mass can accumulate in a galaxy at such a high redshift.Comment: 14 pages, 11 figures, ApJ accepte
Sampled-Data and Harmonic Balance Analyses of Average Current-Mode
  Controlled Buck Converter

Dynamics and stability of average current-mode control of buck converters are
analyzed by sampled-data and harmonic balance analyses. An exact sampled-data
model is derived. A new continuous-time model "lifted" from the sampled-data
model is also derived, and has frequency response matched with experimental
data reported previously. Orbital stability is studied and it is found
unrelated to the ripple size of the current-loop compensator output. An
unstable window of the current-loop compensator pole is found by simulations,
and it can be accurately predicted by sampled-data and harmonic balance
analyses. A new S plot accurately predicting the subharmonic oscillation is
proposed. The S plot assists pole assignment and shows the required ramp slope
to avoid instability.Comment: Submitted to International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications
  on August 9, 2011; Manuscript ID: CTA-11-016
Tunnel Magneto-resistance in GaMnAs: going beyond Julli\`{e}re formula

The relation between tunnel magneto-resistance (TMR) and spin polarization is
explored for GaMnAs/GaAlAs/GaMnAs structures where the carriers experience
strong spin-orbit interactions. TMR is calculated using Landauer approach. The
materials are described in the 6 band $\bf {k}\cdot \bf{p}$ model which
includes spin orbit interaction. Ferromagnetism is described in the virtual
crystal mean field approximations. Our results indicate that TMR is a function
of of spin polarization and barrier thickness. As a result of the stong spin
orbit interactions, TMR also depends on the the angle between current flow
direction and the electrode magnetization. These results compromise the
validity of Julliere formula.Comment: 3 pages, 3 figures include