pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
The molecular gas content in obscured AGN at z > 1

Aims. The standard active galactic nuclei (AGN)-galaxy co-evolutionary scenario predicts a phase of deeply ‘buried’ supermassive black hole growth coexisting with a starburst (SB) before feedback phenomena deplete the cold molecular gas reservoir of the galaxy and an optically luminous quasar (QSO) is revealed (called the SB-QSO evolutionary sequence). The aim of this work is to measure the cold gas reservoir of three highly obscured QSOs to test if their gas fraction is similar to that of submillimetre galaxies (SMGs), as expected by some models, and to place these measurements in the context of the SB-QSO framework.\ud
\ud
 Methods. We target CO(1-0) transition in BzK4892, a Compton thick (CT) QSO at z=2.6, CO(1-0) in BzK8608 and CO(2-1) in CDF153, two highly obscured (NH ≈ 6 × 1023 cm−2 ) QSOs at z = 2.5 and z = 1.5, respectively. For these targets, we place 3σ upper limits on the CO lines, with L 0 CO < (1.5 ÷ 2.8) × 1010 K km/s pc2 . We also compare the molecular gas conditions of our targets with those of other systems at z > 1, considering normal star-forming galaxies and SMGs, and unobscured and obscured AGN from the literature. For the AGN samples, we provide an updated and almost complete collection of targets with CO follow-up at z > 1. \ud
\ud
Results. BzK4892 displays a high star formation efficiency (SFE = LIR/L 0 CO > 410 L/(K km s−1 pc2 )) and a gas fraction fgas = Mgas/(Mstar + Mgas) < 10%. Less stringent constraints are derived for the other two targets (fgas < 0.5 and SFE > 10
Absence of molybdenum isotope fractionation during magmatic differentiation at Hekla volcano, Iceland

This study investigates the behaviour of molybdenum (Mo) isotopes during magmatic differentiation. Molybdenum isotope compositions, as well as concentrations of rare earth elements and a selection of trace elements, have been determined for a well characterised sequence of lavas from Hekla volcano, Iceland, covering a compositional range from basalt to rhyolite (46-72wt.% SiO2), and thought to have developed by differentiation and mixing of melts derived from a cogenetic source. All samples have identical Mo isotopic compositions with an average δ98Mo of -0.15±0.05‰ (2 s.d.; n=23). There is therefore no resolvable Mo isotope fractionation during magmatic differentiation at Hekla. This finding is supported by the fact that Mo remains highly incompatible in Hekla lavas, increasing from 1.3 to 4.6μg/g from basalt to rhyolite, indicating that the crystallising phases are extracting only limited amounts of Mo from the magma and therefore that significant fractionation of Mo isotopes is unlikely. It has previously been proposed that cerium (Ce) and Mo have similar bulk distribution coefficients and are equally incompatible during mantle melting. While both Ce and Mo remain incompatible in Hekla lavas, the Ce/Mo ratio decreases from 50 to 36 during magmatic differentiation indicating that Mo is more incompatible than Ce. Comparison of Mo with other incompatible trace elements indicates that Mo is as incompatible as La and slightly less incompatible than K. Sulphur (S) decreases strongly from ~200 to as low as ~2μg/g from basalt to andesite and more evolved compositions, yet this has no effect on the Mo isotopes. Therefore, Mo does not exhibit significant chalcophile behaviour in Hekla magmas. The Mo isotopic signature therefore may be used as an indicator of parent magma composition and a potential discriminant of assimilation processes
The circumstellar environment and evolutionary status of the supergiant B[e] star Wd1-9

Context. Historically, supergiant (sg)B[e] stars have been difficult to include in theoretical schemes for the evolution of massive OB stars. Aims. The location of Wd1-9 within the coeval starburst cluster Westerlund 1 means that it may be placed into a proper evolutionary context and we therefore aim to utilise a comprehensive multiwavelength dataset to determine its physical properties and consequently its relation to other sgB[e] stars and the global population of massive evolved stars within Wd1. Methods. Multi-epoch R- and I-band VLT/UVES and VLT/FORS2 spectra are used to constrain the properties of the circumstellar gas, while an ISO-SWS spectrum covering 2.45−45μm is used to investigate the distribution, geometry and composition of the dust via a semi-analytic irradiated disk model. Radio emission enables a long term mass-loss history to be determined, while X-ray observations reveal the physical nature of high energy processes within the system. Results. Wd1-9 exhibits the rich optical emission line spectrum that is characteristic of sgB[e] stars. Likewise its mid-IR spectrum resembles those of the LMC sgB[e] stars R66 and 126, revealing the presence of equatorially concentrated silicate dust, with a mass of ~10−4M⊙. Extreme historical and ongoing mass loss (≳ 10−4M⊙yr−1) is inferred from the radio observations. The X-ray properties of Wd1-9 imply the presence of high temperature plasma within the system and are directly comparable to a number of confirmed short-period colliding wind binaries within Wd1. Conclusions. The most complete explanation for the observational properties of Wd1-9 is that it is a massive interacting binary currently undergoing, or recently exited from, rapid Roche-lobe overflow, supporting the hypothesis that binarity mediates the formation of (a subset of) sgB[e] stars. The mass loss rate of Wd1-9 is consistent with such an assertion, while viable progenitor and descendent systems are present within Wd1 and comparable sgB[e] binaries have been identified in the Galaxy. Moreover, the rarity of sgB[e] stars - only two examples are identified from a census of ~ 68 young massive Galactic clusters and associations containing ~ 600 post-Main Sequence stars - is explicable given the rapidity (~ 104yr) expected for this phase of massive binary evolution.JSC gratefully acknowledges the support of an RCUK fellowship. IN has been funded by grant AYA2010-21697-C05-05 from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN)
Thoughts of a design team: Barriers to low carbon school design

Copyright © 2014 Elsevier.  NOTICE: this is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Sustainable Cities and Society. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Sustainable Cities and Society Vol. 11 (2014), DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2013.11.006With the increasing threat of serious climate change, various governments are aiming to substantially reduce their carbon emissions. In the UK all new schools and domestic buildings are required to be ‘zero-carbon’ from 2016. Schools are seen as community centres of activity and learning by local authorities, as such there is an emphasis to make schools exemplar buildings within the community and demonstrate best practice with regards to low and zero-carbon design. This paper focuses on what are the pertinent drivers and obstacles to low carbon school design based upon literature review and a survey of experts in the field. We find that more barriers are identified than drivers for low carbon design, with the greatest drivers being legislation, environmental concerns and running costs. The greatest barriers were identified as increased equipment in modern schools, complexity of building systems and the perceived extra cost of low carbon design and technologies. It is suggested that most barriers could be overcome by improving communication between the design team, client and end users, and that truly integrated design teams are the key to mainstream low carbon school design.Devon County Council (as part of the Montgomery School project
Centrality dependence of strangeness production in heavy-ion collisions
  as a geometrical effect of core-corona superposition

It is shown that data on strange particle production as a function of
centrality in Au-Au collisions at \sqrt(s)_{NN}= 200 GeV can be explained with
a superposition of emission from a hadron gas at full chemical equilibrium
(core) and from nucleon-nucleon collisions at the boundary (corona) of the
overlapping region of the two colliding nuclei. This model nicely accounts for
the enhancement of phi meson and strange particle production as a function of
centrality observed in relativistic heavy ion collisions at that energy. The
enhancement is mainly a geometrical effect, that is the increasing weight of
the core with respect to corona for higher centrality, while strangeness
canonical suppression in the core seems to play a role only in very peripheral
collisions. This model, if confirmed at lower energy, would settle the
long-standing problem of strangeness under-saturation in relativistic heavy ion
collisions, parametrized by $\gs$. Furthermore, it would give a unique tool to
locate the onset of deconfinement in nuclear collisions both as a function of
energy and centrality if this is to be associated to the onset of the formation
of a fully equilibrated core.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figure
Locally $G$-homogeneous Busemann $G$-spaces

We present short proofs of all known topological properties of general
Busemann $G$-spaces (at present no other property is known for dimensions more
than four). We prove that all small metric spheres in locally $G$-homogeneous
Busemann $G$-spaces are homeomorphic and strongly topologically homogeneous.
This is a key result in the context of the classical Busemann conjecture
concerning the characterization of topological manifolds, which asserts that
every $n$-dimensional Busemann $G$-space is a topological $n$-manifold. We also
prove that every Busemann $G$-space which is uniformly locally $G$-homogeneous
on an orbal subset must be finite-dimensional
Faraday Rotation Measure due to the Intergalactic Magnetic Field II: the
  Cosmological Contribution

We investigate the Faraday rotation measure (RM) due to the intergalactic
magnetic field (IGMF) through the cosmic web up to cosmological distances,
using a model IGMF based on turbulence dynamo in the large-scale structure of
the universe. By stacking the IGMF and gas density data up to redshift $z=5$
and taking account of the redshift distribution of polarized background radio
sources against which the RM is measured, we simulate the sky map of the RM.
The contribution from galaxy clusters is subtracted from the map, based on
several different criteria of X-ray brightness and temperature. Our findings
are as follows. The distribution of RM for radio sources of different redshifts
shows that the root-mean-square (rms) value increases with redshift and
saturates for $z \ga 1$. The saturated value is RM$_{\rm rms} \approx$ several
${\rm rad m^{-2}}$. The probability distribution function of $|{\rm RM}|$
follows the lognormal distribution. The power spectrum has a broad plateau over
the angular scale of $\sim 1 - 0.1^\circ$ with a peak around $\sim 0.15^\circ$.
The second-order structure function has a flat profile in the angular
separation of $\ga 0.2^\circ$. Our results could provide useful insights for
surveys to explore the IGMF with the Square Kilometer Array (SKA) and upcoming
SKA pathfinders.Comment: To appear in ApJ. Pdf with full resolution figures can be downloaded
  from http://canopus.cnu.ac.kr/ryu/ar2.pd
Two-dimensional electron crystals in single and double layers

We present results of Monte-Carlo simulations for finite 2D single and
bilayer systems. Strong Coulomb correlations lead to arrangement of particles
in configurations resembling a crystal lattice. For binary layers, there exists
a particularly rich variety of lattice symmetries which depend on the
interlayer separation $d$. We demonstrate that in these mesoscopic lattices
there exist two fundamental types of ordering: radial and orientational. The
dependence of the melting temperature on $d$ is analyzed, and a stabilization
of the crystal compared to a single layer is found.Comment: To be published in Contrib. Plasma Phys., 6 pages, 3 figures, uses
  cpp2e.cls (included
Calculating potentials of mean force and diffusion coefficients from
  nonequilibirum processes without Jarzynski's equality

In general, the direct application of the Jarzynski equality (JE) to
reconstruct potentials of mean force (PMFs) from a small number of
nonequilibrium unidirectional steered molecular dynamics (SMD) paths is
hindered by the lack of sampling of extremely rare paths with negative
dissipative work. Such trajectories, that transiently violate the second law,
are crucial for the validity of JE. As a solution to this daunting problem, we
propose a simple and efficient method, referred to as the FR method, for
calculating simultaneously both the PMF U(z) and the corresponding diffusion
coefficient D(z) along a reaction coordinate z for a classical many particle
system by employing a small number of fast SMD pullings in both forward (F) and
time reverse (R) directions, without invoking JE. By employing Crook's
transient fluctuation theorem (that is more general than JE) and the stiff
spring approximation, we show that: (i) the mean dissipative work W_d in the F
and R pullings are equal, (ii) both U(z) and W_d can be expressed in terms of
the easily calculable mean work of the F and R processes, and (iii) D(z) can be
expressed in terms of the slope of W_d. To test its viability, the FR method is
applied to determine U(z) and D(z) of single-file water molecules in
single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The obtained U(z) is found to be in
very good agreement with the results from other PMF calculation methods, e.g.,
umbrella sampling. Finally, U(z) and D(z) are used as input in a stochastic
model, based on the Fokker-Planck equation, for describing water transport
through SWNTs on a mesoscopic time scale that in general is inaccessible to MD
simulations.Comment: ReVTeX4, 13 pages, 6 EPS figures, Submitted to Journal of Chemical
  Physic
QHE, magnetoresistance and disordered transport on 2D mesoscopic
  plaquettes

The transport properties of a rectangular mesoscopic plaquette in the
presence of a perpendicular magnetic field are studied in a tight-binding model
with randomly distributed traps. The longitudinal and Hall resistances are
calculted in the four-probe Landauer-B\"{u}ttiker formalism which accounts
automatically both for the quantum coherence and the trapping-induced
localization. The localized character of eigenvectors and the specific aspect
of the density of states at a given magnetic flux are correlated with the
behaviour of the mentioned resistances as function of the Fermi energy. The
Hall insulator and quantum Hall regimes are evidentiated. The dependence on
magnetic field of the configurational averages of the longitudinal and Halll
resistance is studied in a purely quantum-mechanical approach. Both negative
and positive magnetoresistances are found.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, Revtex, to appear in phys.stat.sol.(b
A Minimal S^1/(Z_2 x Z_2') Orbifold GUT

We investigate supersymmetric SU(5) grand-unified theories (GUTs) realized in
5 space-time dimensions and broken down to the MSSM by SU(5)-violating boundary
conditions on a S^1/(Z_2 x Z_2') orbifold with two 3-branes. The
doublet-triplet splitting problem is entirely avoided by locating the MSSM
Higgs doublets on the brane on which SU(5) is not a good symmetry. An extremely
simple model is then described in which the MSSM matter is also located on this
SU(5)-violating brane. Although this model does not unify the MSSM matter
within SU(5) multiplets, it explains gauge coupling unification. A second model
with MSSM matter in the SU(5)-symmetric bulk preserves both the SU(5)
explanation of fermion quantum numbers as well as gauge-coupling unification.
Both models naturally avoid problematic SU(5) predictions for the Yukawa
couplings of the first two generations and are consistent with proton decay
constraints. We analyse the running of gauge couplings above the
compactification scale in terms of a 5d effective action and derive the
implications for the values of compactification scale, unification scale and of
the scale at which the bulk gauge theory becomes strongly coupled.Comment: 13 pages. References correcte
The Muon Collider as a $H/A$ factory

We show that a muon collider is ideally suited for the study of heavy H/A
scalars, cousins of the Higgs boson found in two-Higgs doublet models and
required in supersymmetric models. The key aspects of H/A are: (1) they are
narrow, yet have a width-to-mass ratio far larger than the expected muon
collider beam-energy resolution, and (2) the larger muon Yukawa allows
efficient s-channel production. We study in detail a representative Natural
Supersymmetry model which has a 1.5 Tev H/A with $m_H$- $m_A$ = 10 Gev. The
large event rates at resonant peak allow the determination of the individual H
and A resonance parameters (including CP) and the decays into electroweakinos
provides a wealth of information unavailable to any other present or planned
collider.Comment: 7 pages, 2 figure
A geometric wave function for few interacting bosons in a harmonic trap

We establish a new geometric wave function that combined with a variational
principle efficiently describes a system of bosons interacting in a
one-dimensional trap. By means of a a combination of the exact wave function
solution for contact interactions and the asymptotic behaviour of the harmonic
potential solution we obtain the ground state energy, probability density and
profiles of a few boson system in a harmonic trap. We are able to access all
regimes, ranging from the strongly attractive to the strongly repulsive one
with an original and simple formulation.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figure
Cascading gauge theory on dS_4 and String Theory Landscape

Placing anti-D3 branes at the tip of the conifold in Klebanov-Strassler
geometry provides a generic way of constructing meta-stable de Sitter (dS)
vacua in String Theory. A local geometry of such vacua exhibit gravitational
solutions with a D3 charge measured at the tip opposite to the asymptotic
charge. We discuss a restrictive set of such geometries, where anti-D3 branes
are smeared at the tip. Such geometries represent holographic dual of cascading
gauge theory in dS4 with or without chiral symmetry breaking. We find that in
the phase with unbroken chiral symmetry the D3 charge at the tip is always
positive. Furthermore, this charge is zero in the phase with spontaneously
broken chiral symmetry. We show that the effective potential of the chirally
symmetric phase is lower than that in the symmetry broken phase, i.e, there is
no spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking for cascading gauge theory in dS4. The
positivity of the D3 brane charge in smooth de-Sitter deformed conifold
geometries with fluxes presents difficulties in uplifting AdS vacua to dS ones
in String Theory via smeared anti-D3 branes.Comment: 47 pages, 6 figures. v2: published version. arXiv admin note:
  substantial text overlap with arXiv:1108.607
Beauty is more attractive: Particle Production and Moduli trapping with
  Higher Dimensional Interaction

We study quantum effects on moduli dynamics arising from particle production
near the enhanced symmetry point (ESP). We focus on non-renormalizable
couplings between the moduli field and the field that becomes light at the ESP.
Considering higher dimensional interaction, we find that particle production is
significant in a large area, which is even larger than the area that is
expected from a renormalizable interaction. It is possible to find this
possibility from a trivial adiabatic condition; however the quantitative
estimation of particle production and trapping of the field in motion are far
from trivial. In this paper we study particle production and trapping in
detail, using both the analytical and numerical calculations, to find a clear
and intuitive result that supports trapping in a vast variety of theories. Our
study shows that trapping driven by a non-renormalizable interaction is
possible. This possibility has not been considered in previous works. Some
phenomenological models of particle physics will be mentioned to complement
discussion.Comment: 19 pages, 6 figures, 1 tabl
Effective actions for anomalous hydrodynamics

We argue that an effective field theory of local fluid elements captures the
constraints on hydrodynamic transport stemming from the presence of quantum
anomalies in the underlying microscopic theory. Focussing on global current
anomalies for an arbitrary flavour group, we derive the anomalous constitutive
relations in arbitrary even dimensions. We demonstrate that our results agree
with the constraints on anomaly governed transport derived hitherto using a
local version of the second law of thermodynamics. The construction crucially
uses the anomaly inflow mechanism and involves a novel thermofield double
construction. In particular, we show that the anomalous Ward identities
necessitate non-trivial interaction between the two parts of the
Schwinger-Keldysh contour.Comment: 62 pages incl appendices. 3 figures. v2: added refs. v3: fixed typos.
  published versio
From Maxwell-Chern-Simons theory in $AdS_3$ towards hydrodynamics in 1+1
  dimensions

We study Abelian Maxwell-Chern-Simons theory in three-dimensional $AdS$ black
hole backgrounds for both integer and non-integer Chern-Simons coupling. Such
theories can be derived from various string theory constructions, which we
review in the present work. In particular we find exact solutions in the low
frequency, low momentum limit, $\omega, k \ll T$(hydrodynamic limit). Using the
holographic principle, we translate our results into correlation functions of
vector and scalar operators in the dual strongly coupled 1+1-dimensional
quantum field theory with a chiral anomaly at non-zero temperature $T$.
Starting from the conformal case we show applicability of the hydrodynamic
limit and discuss extensions to the non-conformal case. Correlation functions
in the conformal case are compared to an exact field theoretic computation.Comment: 41 pages + appendix, 4 figures, 1 tabl
A Poincar\'e-Covariant Parton Cascade Model for Ultrarelativistic
  Heavy-Ion Reactions

We present a new cascade-type microscopic simulation of Nucleus-Nucleus
Collisions at RHIC energies. The basic elements are partons (quarks and gluons)
moving in 8N-dimensional phase space according to Poincar\'e-covariant
dynamics. The parton-parton scattering cross sections used in the model are
computed within perturbative QCD in the tree-level approximation. The $Q^2$
dependence of the structure functions is included by an implementation of the
DGLAP mechanism suitable for a cascade, so that the number of partons is not
static, but varies in space and time as the collision of two nuclei evolves.
The resulting parton distributions are presented and compared to distributions
obtained with the VNI model.Comment: 7 pages, LaTeX, including 4 pstex figures; To appear in proceedings
  of QM'99 (Nucl. Phys. A) (1 typo corrected in this version