pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Capping the cost of compliance with the Kyoto Protocol and recycling revenues into land-use projects

There is the concern among some countries that compliance costs with commitments under the Kyoto Protocol may be unacceptably high. There is also the concern that technical difficulties with the inclusion of land use, land-use change, and forestry activities in non-Annex I countries might lead to an effective exclusion of such activities from consideration under the Protocol. This paper is proposing a mechanism that addresses both these concerns. In essence, it is suggested that parties should be able to purchase fixed-price offset certificates if they feel they cannot achieve compliance through other means alone, such as by improved energy efficiency, increased use of renewable energy, or use of the flexible mechanisms in the Kyoto Protocol. These offset certificates would act as a price cap for the cost of compliance for any party to the Protocol. Revenues from purchase of the offset certificates would be directed to forest-based activities in non-Annex I countries such as forest protection that may carry multiple benefits including enhancing net carbon sequestration
Impact of EIRP Constraint on MU-MIMO 802.11ac Capacity Gain in Home Networks

International audienceIn this paper, we evaluate a downlink MultiUser Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MU-MIMO) scenario, in which a 802.11ac access point with multiple antennas (up to 10) is transmitting to two receivers, each one with two antennas. Block diagonalization (BD) method is investigated under the Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) constraint. This study shows that scaling the transmitted power according to the EIRP constraint can improve the multiuser (MU) sum capacity to single-user (SU) capacity ratio compared to the gain achieved under the transmitted power constraint
Focus: A Constraint for Concentrating High Costs

International audienceMany Constraint Programming models use integer cost variables aggregated in an objective criterion. In this context, some constraints involving exclusively cost variables are often imposed. Such constraints are complementary to the objective function. They characterize the solutions which are acceptable in practice. This paper deals with the case where the set of costs is a sequence, in which high values should be concentrated in a few number of areas. Representing such a property through a search heuristic may be complex and overall not precise enough. To solve this issue, we introduce a new constraint, FOCUS(X,yc,len, k), where X is a sequence of n integer variables, yc an integer variable, and len and k are two integers. To satisfy FOCUS, the minimum number of distinct sub-sequences of consecutive variables in X, of length at most len and that involve exclusively values strictly greater than k, should be less than or equal to yc . We present two examples of problems involving FOCUS. We propose a complete filtering algorithm in O(n) time complexity
Testing the robustness of primary production models in shallow coastal areas: a case study

In this paper we investigate the robustness of a dynamic model, which describes the dynamic of the seagrass Zostera marina, with respect to the inter-annual variability of the two main forcing functions of primary production models in eutrophicated environments. The model was previously applied to simulate the seasonal evolution of this species in the Lagoon of Venice during a specific year and calibrated against time series of field data. In the this paper, we present and discuss the results which were obtained by forcing the model using time series of site-specific daily values concerning the solar radiation intensity and water temperature. The latter was estimated by means of a regression model, whose input variable was a site-specific time series of the air temperature. The regression model was calibrated using a year-long time series of hourly observations. The Z marina model was first partially recalibrated against the same data set that was used in the original paper. Subsequently, the model was forced using a 7-year-long time series of the driving functions, in order to check the reliability of its long-term predictions. Even though the calibration gave satisfactory results, the multi-annual trends of the output variables were found to be in contrast with the observed evolution of the seagrass biomasses. Since detailed information about the air temperature and solar radiation are often available, these findings suggest that the testing of the ecological consistency of the evolution of primary production models in the long term would provide additional confidence in their results, particularly in those cases in which the scarcity of field data does not allow one to perform a formal corroboration/validation of these models
Dynamical plasma study during CaCu3Ti4O12 and Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 pulsed laser deposition by local thermodynamic equilibrium modelling

International audienceWe performed space- and time- resolved plasma diagnostics during pulsed laser deposition of CaCu 3 Ti 4 O 12 (CCTO) and Ba 0.6 Sr 0.4 TiO 3 (BSTO) thin films. A KrF excimer laser irradiation at 248 nm with 25 ns pulse duration irradiates targets with a fluence varying from 1 to 2 J cm -2 under a oxygen pressure varying from 5 to 30 Pa. The plasma is shown to be optically thick and strongly non-uniform during the early expansion stage and the resonance lines Ca II 393 and 396 nm are strongly self-reversed during this time. Plasma temperature, electron density and relative elemental concentrations were obtained by comparing the experimental emission spectra to the spectral radiance computed for a non-uniform plasma in local thermal equilibrium. In this way, it was possible to evaluate very low concentrations of pollutants present in irradiated samples
Chlorine Partitioning Between a Basaltic Melt and H2O-CO2 Fluids at Mount Etna

International audiencePartitioning experiments between a basaltic melt from Mt. Etna and a low-density hydrous fluid or vapor containing H2O or H2O-CO2 were performed at 1200-1260 °C, at pressures between 1 and 200 MPa, either near the nickel-nickel oxide (NNO) buffer or at two log units above it (NNO+2), and with different chloride concentrations. Most of the experiments were done at chloride-brine-undersaturated conditions, although at the highest Cl concentrations explored brine saturation might have been reached. The average partition coefficients (DClfluid/melt) over the range of Cl concentrations were derived on a weight basis by plotting the calculated concentrations of Cl in the fluid phase versus the measured ones in the melt. For H2O-Cl experiments in which the Cl concentration in the melt was ≤ 0.4 wt.%, a negative dependence between DClf/m and pressure is observed. DClfluid/melt in H2O+Cl-bearing experiments ranges between 11-14 at 1 and 25 MPa to 6 at 200 MPa at NNO; and between 4 at 50 MPa and 13 at 100 MPa at ΔNNO ≥ 2. Addition of CO2 at NNO yields lower partition coefficients than in CO2-free conditions over the pressure range investigated. The negative pressure dependence observed for H2O-Cl experiments disappears when CO2 is present in the system. Overall, once CO2 is introduced in the system, Cl fugacity in the silicate melt tends to increase, thus resulting in a decrease of DClf/m. Application to Mt. Etna shows that the composition of the volcanic plume in terms of Cl records very shallow pressures of magma equilibration with its exsolved fluid
Light Attenuation in a Semitransparent Foam Sheet-Thickness Measurement for Industrial Use

An optical method for measuring the thickness of heterogeneous materials has been studied.  The method is based on the light attention theory.  A complete system has been constructed in order to demonstrate the applicability of the present method for industrial use.  The experimental set-up consists of semiconductor lasers, focusing lenses, photo-diodes serving as a power meter and a personal computer with an A/D converter for data acquisition.  Averaging of numerous measurements is required in the present method because the heterogeneous cell structure of the foam material yields large fluctuations in transmitted light levels.  The fluctuations can be reduced to below 1% of the transmitted light power by 80 tomes averaging.  The error of the measurement is considered to be a few tens of micrometers in thickness.  The present system is capable of sampling data at a rate of 400 Hz and has been successfully applied to a manufacturing process
Chondroitin Sulphate Preteoglycan mediates palatal shelf adhesion

Producción CientíficaTGF- 3-Induced Chondroitin Sulphate Proteoglycan
Mediates Palatal Shelf Adhesion
A. Gato,* M. L. Martinez,† C. Tudela,† I. Alonso,* J. A. Moro,*
M. A. Formoso,† M. W. J. Ferguson,‡ and C. Martı´nez-A´ lvarez†,1
*Departamento de Anatomı´a Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid,
Valladolid 47005 Spain; †Departamento de Ciencias Morfolo´ gicas I, Facultad de Medicina,
Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain; and ‡Cells, Immunology and
Development Division, School of Biological Sciences,
University of Manchester, United Kingdom
In mammals, the adhesion and fusion of the palatal shelves are essential mechanisms in the development of the secondary
palate. Failure of any of these processes leads to the formation of cleft palate. The mechanisms underlying palatal shelf
adhesion are poorly understood, although the presence of filopodia on the apical surfaces of the superficial medial edge
epithelial (MEE) cells seems to play an important role in the adhesion of the opposing MEE. We demonstrate here the
appearance of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan (CSPG) on the apical surface of MEE cells only immediately prior to
contact between the palatal shelves. This apical CSPG has a functional role in palatal shelf adhesion, as either the alteration
of CSPG synthesis by  -D-Xyloside or its specific digestion by chondroitinase AC strikingly alters the in vitro adhesion of
palatal shelves. We also demonstrate the absence of this apical CSPG in the clefted palates of transforming growth factor
beta 3 (TGF- 3) null mutant mice, and its induction, together with palatal shelf adhesion, when TGF- 3 is added to TGF- 3
null mutant palatal shelves in culture. When chick palatal shelves (that do not adhere in vivo nor express TGF- 3, nor CSPG
in the MEE) are cultured in vitro, they do not express CSPG and partially adhere, but when TGF- 3 is added to the media,
they express CSPG and their adhesion increases strikingly. We therefore conclude that the expression of CSPG on the apical
surface of MEE cells is a key factor in palatal shelf adhesion and that this expression is regulated by TGF- 3. © 200
Is the meiofauna a good indicator for climate change and anthropogenic impacts?

Our planet is changing, and one of the most pressing challenges facing the scientific community revolves around understanding how ecological communities respond to global changes. From coastal to deep-sea ecosystems, ecologists are exploring new areas of research to find model organisms that help predict the future of life on our planet. Among the different categories of organisms, meiofauna offer several advantages for the study of marine benthic ecosystems. This paper reviews the advances in the study of meiofauna with regard to climate change and anthropogenic impacts. Four taxonomic groups are valuable for predicting global changes: foraminifers (especially calcareous forms), nematodes, copepods and ostracods. Environmental variables are fundamental in the interpretation of meiofaunal patterns and multistressor experiments are more informative than single stressor ones, revealing complex ecological and biological interactions. Global change has a general negative effect on meiofauna, with important consequences on benthic food webs. However, some meiofaunal species can be favoured by the extreme conditions induced by global change, as they can exhibit remarkable physiological adaptations. This review highlights the need to incorporate studies on taxonomy, genetics and function of meiofaunal taxa into global change impact research
Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy for Lung Cancer: Current Status and Future Developments

Radiotherapy plays an important role in the management of lung cancer, with over 50% of patients receiving this modality at some point during their treatment. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) is a technique that adds fluence modulation to beam shaping, which improves radiotherapy dose conformity around the tumor and spares surrounding normal structures. Treatment with IMRT is becoming more widely available for the treatment of lung cancer, despite the paucity of high level evidence supporting the routine use of this more resource intense and complex technique. In this review article, we have summarized data from planning and clinical studies, discussed challenges in implementing IMRT, and made recommendations on the minimum requirements for safe delivery of IMRT
Kim-1/Tim-1 and immune cells: shifting sands

Kim-1/Tim-1 is an apoptotic-cell phagocytosis and scavenger receptor that is most highly upregulated in proximal tubular epithelium in acute and chronic kidney injury. While Kim-1/Tim-1 has been proposed to be a costimulatory molecule for immune cells, its potential immunological role has been controversial. In the presence of very high epithelial cell expression, understanding the influence of immune cell Kim-1/Tim-1 expression in kidney injury relies on a better definition of its functional significance in immune cells and better characterization of antibodies used to probe function
Stream VByte: Faster byte-oriented integer compression

Arrays of integers are often compressed in search engines. Though there are many ways to compress integers, we are interested in the popular byte-oriented integer compression techniques (e.g., VByte or Google's Varint-GB). They are appealing due to their simplicity and engineering convenience. Amazon's varint-G8IU is one of the fastest byte-oriented compression technique published so far. It makes judicious use of the powerful single-instruction-multiple-data (SIMD) instructions available in commodity processors. To surpass varint-G8IU, we present Stream VByte, a novel byte-oriented compression technique that separates the control stream from the encoded data. Like varint-G8IU, Stream VByte is well suited for SIMD instructions. We show that Stream VByte decoding can be up to twice as fast as varint-G8IU decoding over real data sets. In this sense, Stream VByte establishes new speed records for byte-oriented integer compression, at times exceeding the speed of the memcpy function. On a 3.4GHz  Haswell processor, it decodes more than 4 billion  differentially-coded integers per second from RAM to L1 cache
Worst-case scenario portfolio optimization: a new stochastic control approach

We consider the determination of portfolio processes yielding the highest worst-case bound for the expected utility from final wealth if the stock price may have uncertain (down) jumps. The optimal portfolios are derived as solutions of non-linear differential equations which itself are consequences of a Bellman principle for worst-case bounds. A particular application of our setting is to model crash scenarios where both the number and the height of the crash are uncertain but bounded. Also the situation of changing market coefficients after a possible crash is analyzed
Design of experiment study of the parameters that affect performance of three flow plate configurations of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell

Low temperature hydrogen fuel cells are electrochemical devices which offer a promising alternative to traditional power sources. Fuel cells produce electricity with a reaction of the fuel (hydrogen) and air. Fuel cells have the advantage of being clean; only producing water and heat as by products. The efficiency of a fuel cell varies depending on the type; SOFC with CHP for example, can have a system efficiency of up to 65%.\ud
What the Authors present here is a comparison between three different configurations of flow plates of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, the manufacturer’s serpentine flow plate and two new configurations; the maze flow plate and the parallel flow plate. A study of the input parameters affecting output responses of voltage, current, power and efficiency of a fuel cell is performed through experimentation. The results were taken from direct readings of the fuel cell and from polarisation curves produced. This information was then analysed through a design of experiment to investigate the effects of the changing parameters on different configurations of the fuel cell’s flow plates.\ud
The results indicate that, in relation to current and voltage response of the polarisation curve and the corresponding graphs produced from the DOE, the serpentine flow plate design is a much more effective design than the maze or parallel flow plate design. It was noted that the parallel flow plate performed reasonably well at higher pressures but over all statically the serpentine flow plate performed better
Optimization of different welding processes using statistical and numerical approaches – A reference guide

Welding input parameters play a very significant role in determining the quality of a weld joint. The joint quality can be defined in terms of properties such as weld-bead geometry, mechanical properties, and distortion. Generally, all welding processes are used with the aim of obtaining a welded joint with the desired weld-bead parameters, excellent mechanical properties with minimum distortion.\ud
Nowadays, application of design of experiment (DoE), evolutionary algorithms and computational network are widely used to develop a mathematical relationship between the welding process input parameters and the output variables of the weld joint in order to determine the welding input parameters that lead to the desired weld quality. A comprehensive literature review of the application of these methods in the area of welding has been introduced herein. This review was classified according to the output features of the weld, i.e. bead geometry and mechanical properties of the welds
Adsorbent materials from paper industry waste materials and their use  in Cu(II) removal from water.

This paper deals with the removal of Cu2+ from water using adsorbent materials prepared from paper\ud
industry waste materials (one de-inking paper sludge and other sludge from virgin pulp mill). Experimental\ud
results showed that de-inking paper sludge leads to mesoporous materials (Vmic/VT = 0.13 and\ud
0.14), whereas the sludge from virgin pulp mill produces high microporous adsorbents (Vmic/VT = 0.39\ud
and 0.41). Adsorbent materials were then used for Cu2+ removal from water at acid pH. During water\ud
treatment, heavy metals lixiviation from adsorbent materials was not produced. However, important Ca\ud
and Mg leaching was observed. Final pH significantly increases after treatment of water with adsorbent\ud
materials probably due to their elevated CaCO3 content. In general, highest Cu2+ removal was obtained\ud
using adsorbent materials from de-inking paper sludge. This result could be due to their higher content in\ud
oxygenated surface groups, high average pore diameter, elevated superficial charge density, high CaCO3\ud
amount and high Ca and Mg exchange conten
Growth and characterization of lattice-matched InAlN/GaN Bragg reflectors grown by plasma-assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy

We demonstrate six to ten period lattice-matched In(0.18) Al(0.82) N/GaN distributed Bragg reflectors with peak reflectivity centred around 400 nm, grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Thanks to the well-tuned ternary alloy composition crack-free layers have been obtained as confirmed by both optical and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, crosssectional analysis by high resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals highly periodic structure with abrupt interfaces. When the number of DBRs periods increased from six to ten, peak reflectivity increased from 45% to 60%. This increase was found to be in reasonable agreement with theoretical simulations
Dynamics of nearly unstable axisymmetric liquid bridges

The dynamics of a noncylindrical, axisymmetric, marginally unstable liquid bridge between two equal disks is analyzed in the inviscid limit. The resulting model allows for the weakly nonlinear description of both the (first stage of) breakage for unstable configurations and the (slow) dynamics for stable configurations. The analysis is made for both slender and short liquid brides. In the former range, the dynamics breaks reflection symmetry on the midplane between the supporting disks and can be described by a standard Duffing equation, while for short bridges reflection symmetry is preserved and the equation is still Duffing-like but exhibiting a quadratic nonlinearity. The asymptotic results compare well with existing experiments
Nearly inviscid Faraday waves in annular containers of moderately large aspect ratio

Nearly inviscid parametrically excited surface gravity–capillary waves in two-dimensional domains of finite depth and large aspect ratio are considered. Coupled equations describing the evolution of the amplitudes of resonant left- and right-traveling waves and their interaction with a mean flow in the bulk are derived, and the conditions for their validity established. Under suitable conditions the mean flow consists of an inviscid part together with a viscous mean flow driven by a tangential stress due to an oscillatory viscous boundary layer near the free surface and a tangential velocity due to a bottom boundary layer. These forcing mechanisms are important even in the limit of vanishing viscosity, and provide boundary conditions for the Navier–Stokes equation satisfied by the mean flow in the bulk. For moderately large aspect ratio domains the amplitude equations are nonlocal but decouple from the equations describing the interaction of the slow spatial phase and the viscous mean flow. Two cases are considered in detail, gravity–capillary waves and capillary waves in a microgravity environment
Extension of the analytic nodal diffusion solver ANDES to triangular-Z geometry and coupling with COBRA-IIIc for hexagonal core analysis.

In this paper the extension of the multigroup nodal diffusion code ANDES, based on the Analytic Coarse Mesh Finite Difference (ACMFD) method, from Cartesian to hexagonal geometry is presented, as well as its coupling with the thermal–hydraulic (TH) code COBRA-IIIc for hexagonal core analysis.\ud
In extending the ACMFD method to hexagonal assemblies, triangular-Z nodes are used. In the radial plane, a direct transverse integration procedure is applied along the three directions that are orthogonal to the triangle interfaces. The triangular nodalization avoids the singularities, that appear when applying transverse integration to hexagonal nodes, and allows the advantage of the mesh subdivision capabilities implicit within that geometry. As for the thermal–hydraulics, the extension of the coupling scheme to hexagonal geometry has been performed with the capability to model the core using either assembly-wise channels (hexagonal mesh) or a higher refinement with six channels per fuel assembly (triangular mesh). Achieving this level of TH mesh refinement with COBRA-IIIc code provides a better estimation of the in-core 3D flow distribution, improving the TH core modelling.\ud
The neutronics and thermal–hydraulics coupled code, ANDES/COBRA-IIIc, previously verified in Cartesian geometry core analysis, can also be applied now to full three-dimensional VVER core problems, as well as to other thermal and fast hexagonal core designs. Verification results are provided, corresponding to the different cases of the OECD/NEA-NSC VVER-1000 Coolant Transient Benchmarks