pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Evolution in predator–prey systems

AbstractWe study the adaptive dynamics of predator–prey systems modeled by a dynamical system in which the traits of predators and prey are allowed to evolve by small mutations. When only the prey are allowed to evolve, and the size of the mutational change tends to 0, the system does not exhibit long term prey coexistence and the trait of the resident prey type converges to the solution of an ODE. When only the predators are allowed to evolve, coexistence of predators occurs. In this case, depending on the parameters being varied, we see that (i) the number of coexisting predators remains tight and the differences in traits from a reference species converge in distribution to a limit, or (ii) the number of coexisting predators tends to infinity, and we calculate the asymptotic rate at which the traits of the least and most “fit” predators in the population increase. This last result is obtained by comparison with a branching random walk killed to the left of a linear boundary and a finite branching–selection particle system
Extremal Kerr-Newman black holes with extremely short charged scalar
  hair

The recently proved `no short hair' theorem asserts that, if a
spherically-symmetric static black hole has hair, then this hair (the external
fields) must extend beyond the null circular geodesic (the "photonsphere") of
the corresponding black-hole spacetime: $r_{\text{field}}>r_{\text{null}}$. In
this paper we provide compelling evidence that the bound can be {\it violated}
by {\it non}-spherically symmetric hairy black-hole configurations. To that
end, we analytically explore the physical properties of cloudy Kerr-Newman
black-hole spacetimes -- charged rotating black holes which support linearized
stationary charged scalar configurations in their exterior regions.Comment: 11 page
Heterotic G(2)-manifold compactifications with fluxes and fermionic condensates

We consider flux compactifications of heterotic string theory in the presence of fermionic condensates on M-1,M-2 x X-7 with both factors carrying a Killing spinor. In other words, M-1,M-2 is either de Sitter, anti-de Sitter or Minkowski, and X-7 possesses a nearly parallel G(2)-structure or has G(2)-holonomy. We solve the complete set of field equations and the Bianchi identity to order alpha'. The latter is satisfied via a non-standard embedding by choosing the gauge field to be a G(2)-instanton. It is shown that none of the solutions to the field equations is supersymmetric.DFG/LE 838/13DFG/Graduiertenkolleg/1463Volkswagen Foundatio
Search for single production of vector-like quarks decaying into a b quark and a W boson in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 13 TeV

A search is presented for a heavy vector-like quark, decaying into a b quark and a W boson, which is produced singly in association with a light flavor quark and a b quark. The analysis is performed using a data sample of proton–proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of s=13TeV collected at the LHC in 2015. The data set used in the analysis corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 2.3fb−1. The search is carried out using events containing one electron or muon, at least one b-tagged jet with large transverse momentum, at least one jet in the forward region of the detector, and missing transverse momentum. No excess over the standard model prediction is observed. Upper limits are placed on the production cross section of heavy exotic quarks: a T quark with a charge of 2/3, and a Y quark with a charge of −4/3. For Y quarks with coupling of 0.5 and B(Y→bW)=100%, the observed (expected) lower mass limits are 1.40 (1.0)TeV. This is the most stringent limit to date on the single production of the Y vector-like quark
Micro-abrasion resistance of thermochemically treated steels in aqueous solutions: Mechanisms, maps, materials selection

The area of micro-abrasion is an interesting and relatively recent area in tribo-testing methodologies, where small particles of less than 10 μm are employed between interacting surfaces. It is topical for a number of reasons; its direct relation to the mechanisms of the wear process in bio-tribological applications, ease in conducting tests and the good repeatability of the test results. It has widespread applications in conditions used in the space and offshore industries to bio-engineering for artificial joints and implants. There have been many recent studies on the micro-abrasion performance of materials, ranging from work basic metals to nano-structured coatings. However, no significant work is reported on the micro-abrasion resistance of thermochemically treated steels. Hence, this paper looks at the performance of two thermochemically treated steels, Tenifer bath nitride stainless steel (T-SS) and vanadized carbon steel (V-CS) in such conditions with reference to the stainless steel (SS) by varying the applied load and sliding distance. The results indicated that T-SS demonstrates exceptionally poor resistance to micro-abrasion. It was observed that the heat treatment process and properties of the hardened layer (hardness and thickness) are extremely important in determining the micro-abrasion resistance of such steels. Finally, the results were used to develop micro-abrasion mechanism and wastage maps, which can be used to optimize the surface treated materials for micro-abrasion resistance
Evidence for exclusive γγ → W+ W− production and constraints on anomalous quartic gauge couplings in pp collisions at √s = 7 and 8 TeV

A search for exclusive or quasi-exclusive γγ → W+W− production, via pp → p(*)W+W−p(*) → p(*)μ±e∓p(*) at √s = 8 TeV, is reported using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb−1. Events are selected by requiring the presence of an electron-muon pair with large transverse momentum pT(μ±e∓) > 30 GeV, and no associated charged particles detected from the same vertex. The 8 TeV results are combined with the previous 7 TeV results (obtained for 5.05 fb−1 of data). In the signal region, 13 (2) events are observed over an expected background of 3.9 ± 0.6 (0.84 ± 0.15) events for 8 (7) TeV, resulting in a combined excess of 3.4σ over the background-only hypothesis. The observed yields and kinematic distributions are compatible with the standard model prediction for exclusive and quasi-exclusive γγ → W+W− production. Upper limits on the anomalous quartic gauge coupling operators a0,CW (dimension-6) and fM0,1,2,3 (dimension-8), the most stringent to date, are derived from the measured dilepton transverse momentum spectrum.The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey, and Turkish Atomic Energy Authorit
NLO and off-shell effects in top quark mass determinations

We study the impact of different theoretical descriptions of top quark pair
production on top quark mass measurements in the di-lepton channel. To this
aim, the full NLO corrections to $pp\rightarrow W^+W^-b\bar b\rightarrow (e^+
\nu_e)\,(\mu^- \bar{\nu}_{\mu})\,b\bar b$ production are compared to
calculations in the narrow width approximation, where the production of a top
quark pair is calculated at NLO and combined with three different descriptions
of the top quark decay: leading order, next-to-leading order and via a parton
shower. The different theory predictions then enter the calibration of template
fit functions, which are used for a fit to pseudo-data. The offsets in the top
quark mass resulting from the fits based on the various theoretical
descriptions are determined.Comment: 39 pages, 25 figures, v3: version published in JHE
Measurement of the underlying event activity using charged-particle jets in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 2.76 TeV

A measurement of the underlying event (UE) activity in proton-proton collisions is performed using events with charged-particle jets produced in the central pseudorapidity region (abs(eta[jet]) &lt; 2) and with transverse momentum 1&lt;= pt[jet] &lt; 100 GeV. The analysis uses a data sample collected at a centre-of-mass energy of 2.76 TeV with the CMS experiment at the LHC. The UE activity is measured as a function of pt[jet] in terms of the average multiplicity and scalar sum of transverse momenta (pt) of charged particles, with abs(eta) &lt; 2 and pt &gt; 0.5 GeV, in the azimuthal region transverse to the highest pt jet direction. By further dividing the transverse region into two regions of smaller and larger activity, various components of the UE activity are separated. The measurements are compared to previous results at 0.9 and 7 TeV, and to predictions of several Monte Carlo event generators, providing constraints on the modelling of the UE dynamics
Transverse-momentum and pseudorapidity distributions of charged hadrons in pp collisions at root s=0.9 and 2.36 TeV

Measurements of inclusive charged-hadron transverse-momentum and pseudorapidity distributions are presented for proton-proton collisions at s√=0.9 and 2.36 TeV. The data were collected with the CMS detector during the LHC commissioning in December 2009. For non-single-diffractive interactions, the average charged-hadron transverse momentum is measured to be 0.46 ± 0.01 (stat.) ± 0.01 (syst.) GeV/c at 0.9 TeV and 0.50 ± 0.01 (stat.) ± 0.01 (syst.) GeV/c at 2.36 TeV, for pseudorapidities between --2.4 and +2.4. At these energies, the measured pseudorapidity densities in the central region, dN [subscript ch]/dη|[subscript |η|]<0.5, are 3:48 ± 0:02 (stat.) ± 0.13 (syst.) and 4:47 ± 0:04 (stat.) ± 0.16 (syst.), respectively. The results at 0.9 TeV are in agreement with previous measurements and confirm the expectation of near equal hadron production in p−p and pp collisions. The results at 2.36 TeV represent the highest-energy measurements at a particle collider to date.United States. Dept. of Energy.National Science Foundation (U.S.
Numerical approximation of Levy–Feller diffusion equation and its probability interpretation

In this paper, we consider the Levy–Feller fractional diffusion equation, which is obtained from the standard diffusion equation by replacing the second-order space derivative with a Riesz–Feller derivative of order  and skewness θ (|θ|min{α,2-α}). We construct two new discrete schemes of the Cauchy problem for the above equation with 0<α<1 and 1<α2, respectively. We investigate their probabilistic interpretation and the domain of attraction of the corresponding stable Levy distribution. Furthermore, we present a numerical analysis for the Levy–Feller fractional diffusion equation with 1<α<2 in a bounded spatial domain. Finally, we present a numerical example to evaluate our theoretical analysis
Simulating reionization: character and observability

In recent years there has been considerable progress in our understanding of the nature and properties of the reionization process. In particular, the numerical simulations of this epoch have made a qualitative leap forward, reaching sufficiently large scales to derive the characteristic scales of the reionization process and thus allowing for realistic observational predictions. Our group has recently performed the first such large-scale radiative transfer simulations of reionization, run on top of state-of-the-art simulations of early structure formation. This allowed us to make the first realistic observational predictions about the Epoch of Reionization based on detailed radiative transfer and structure formation simulations. We discuss the basic features of reionization derived from our simulations and some recent results on the observational implications for the high-redshift Ly-alpha sources
A search for excited leptons in pp Collisions at √s = 7 TeV

A search for excited leptons is carried out with the CMS detector at the LHC, using 36 inverse picobarns of pp collision data recorded at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV. The search is performed for associated production of a lepton and an oppositely charged excited lepton pp to l l*, followed by the decay l* to l gamma, resulting in the l l gamma final state, where l = electron or muon. No excess of events above the standard model expectation is observed. Interpreting the findings in the context of l* production through four-fermion contact interactions and subsequent decay via electroweak processes, first upper limits are reported for l* production at this collision energy. The exclusion region in the compositeness scale Lambda and excited lepton mass M(l*) parameter space is extended beyond previously established limits. For Lambda = M(l*), excited lepton masses are excluded below 1070 GeV/c^2 for e* and 1090 GeV/c^2 for mu* at the 95% confidence level
Two-loop QCD corrections to the helicity amplitudes for H → 3 partons

Many search strategies for the Standard Model Higgs boson apply specific selection criteria on hadronic jets observed in association with the Higgs boson decay products, either in the form of a jet veto, or by defining event samples according to jet multiplicity. To improve the theoretical description of Higgs-boson-plus-jet production (and the closely related Higgs boson transverse momentum distribution), we derive the two-loop QCD corrections to the helicity amplitudes for the processes H → ggg and H → qoverline q g in an effective theory with infinite top quark mass. The helicity amplitudes are extracted from the coefficients appearing in the general tensorial structure for each process. The coefficients are derived from the Feynman graph amplitudes by means of projectors within the conventional dimensional regularization scheme. The infrared pole structure of our result agrees with the expectation from infrared factorization and the finite parts of the amplitudes are expressed in terms of one- and two-dimensional harmonic polylogarithms
Nonlinear Pricing with Network Externalities and Countervailing Incentives

This paper considers the screening problem faced by a monopolist of a network good in a
general setting. We demonstrate that the joint presence of asymmetric information and network externalities revise the "no distortion on the top" and "one-way distortion" principle. The pattern of consumption distortions crucially depends on the congestion of the network. It exhibits one-way distortion in un-congestible network and two-way distortion in congestible network. The countervailing incentives problem from potential entry threat is also analyzed. As the competitiveness of the outside competitors increases, the incumbent firm should adjust its nonlinear pricing scheme accordingly, which will distort the allocations of both types.
Relevant States and Memory in Markov Chain Bootstrapping and Simulation

Markov chain theory is proving to be a powerful approach to bootstrap highly nonlinear time series. In this work we provide a method to estimate the memory of a Markov chain (i.e. its order) and to identify its relevant states. In particular the choice of memory lags and the aggregation of irrelevant states are obtained by looking for regularities in the transition probabilities.
Our approach is based on an optimization model. More specifically we consider two competing objectives that a researcher will in general pursue when dealing with bootstrapping: preserving the “structural” similarity between the original and the simulated series and assuring
a controlled diversification of the latter. A discussion based on information theory is developed to define the desirable properties for such optimal criteria. Two numerical tests are developed to verify the effectiveness of the method proposed here.
Urochordate beta gamma-crystallin and the evolutionary origin of the vertebrate eye lens

A refracting lens is a key component of our image-forming camera eye; however, its evolutionary origin is unknown because precursor structures appear absent in nonvertebrates [1]. The vertebrate beta gamma-crystallin genes encode abundant structural proteins critical for the function of the lens [2]. We show that the urochordate Ciona intestinalis, which split from the vertebrate lineage before the evolution of the lens, has a single gene coding for a single domain monomeric beta gamma-crystallin. The crystal structure of Ciona beta gamma-crystallin is very similar to that of a vertebrate beta gamma-crystallin domain, except for paired, occupied calcium binding sites. The Ciona beta gamma-crystallin is only expressed in the palps and in the otolith, the pigmented sister cell of the light-sensing ocellus. The Ciona beta gamma-crystallin promoter region targeted expression to the visual system, including lens, in transgenic Xenopus tadpoles. We conclude that the vertebrate beta gamma-crystallins evolved from a single domain protein already expressed in the neuroectoderm of the prevertebrate ancestor. The conservation of the regulatory hierarchy controlling beta gamma-crystallin expression between organisms with and without a lens shows that the evolutionary origin of the lens was based on co-option of pre-existing regulatory circuits controlling the expression of a key structural gene in a primitive light-sensing system
Measurement of CP asymmetries in $D^{\pm} \to \eta^{\prime}\pi^{\pm}$ and $D^{\pm}_{s} \to \eta^{\prime}\pi^{\pm}$ decays

A search for CP violation in $D^{\pm} \to \eta^{\prime}\pi^{\pm}$ and $D^{\pm}_{s} \to \eta^{\prime}\pi^{\pm}$ decays decays is performed using proton–proton collision data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3 $fb^{−1}$, recorded by the LHCb experiment at centre-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV. The measured CP-violating charge asymmetries are \ud
$\mathcal{A}_{CP}(D^{\pm} \to \eta^\prime \pi^{\pm}) = (−0.61 \pm 0.72 \pm 0.53 \pm 0.12)$% and \ud
$\mathcal{A}_{CP}(D^{\pm}_s \to \eta^\prime \pi^{\pm}) = (−0.82 \pm 0.36 \pm 0.22 \pm 0.27)$%, where the first uncertainties are statistical, the second systematic, and the third are the uncertainties on the $\mathcal{A}_{CP}(D^{\pm} \to K^{0}_{S}\pi^{\pm})$ and $\mathcal{A}_{CP}(D^{\pm}_{s} \to \phi\pi^{\pm})$ measurements used for calibration. The results represent the most precise measurements of these asymmetries to date
The relationality in/of teacher-student communication

In mathematics education, student-teacher communication is recognized to constitute an important dimension in/of mathematical learning. Significant effort has been made in recent decades to depart from a focus on the individual in which teachers and student simply use communication to express, to and for others, their private knowledge or thinking. In this paper, we continue this departure taking as a starting point the observation that (mathematical) communication is possible only when there is a relation with others: Communication is the relation with others. That is, we present a way of thinking about student-teacher communication in which geometrical being-in-the-know is conversationally produced. Using fragments of elementary classroom conversations involving three-dimensional geometry as a tool to flesh out this theoretical study, we illustrate (a) how being-in-the-know-with can be recognized in asking and responding to questions involving mathematical concepts and (b) how conversations are then the fine-tuning of being-in-the-know relations in which mathematical ideas can come forth even in those instances where not-being-in-the-know is asserted.Full Tex
Dimension-six matrix elements for meson mixing and lifetimes from sum rules.

The hadronic matrix elements of dimension-six ∆F = 0, 2 operators are crucial inputs for the theory predictions of mixing observables and lifetime ratios in the B and D system. We determine them using HQET sum rules for three-point correlators. The results of the required three-loop computation of the correlators and the one-loop computation of the QCD-HQET matching are given in analytic form. For mixing matrix elements we find very good agreement with recent lattice results and comparable theoretical uncertainties. For lifetime matrix elements we present the first ever determination in the D meson sector and the first determination of ∆B = 0 matrix elements with uncertainties under control — superseeding preliminary lattice studies stemming from 2001 and earlier. With our state-of-the-art determination of the bag parameters we predict: τ(B +)/τ(B d 0 ) = 1.082 − 0.026 + 0.022 , τ(B s 0 )/τ(B d 0 ) = 0.9994 ± 0.0025, τ(D +)/τ(D 0) = 2. 7 − 0.8 + 0.7 and the mixing-observables in the B s and B d system, in good agreement with the most recent experimental averages
Angular analysis of the B0 → K*0μ+μ− decay using 3 fb−1 of integrated luminosity

An angular analysis of the B0 → K∗0 (→ K+π−)µ+µ− decay is presented. The dataset corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 3.0 fb−1 of pp collision data collected at the LHCb experiment. The complete angular information from the decay is used to determine CP-averaged observables and CP asymmetries, taking account of possible contamination from decays with the K+π− system in an S-wave configuration. The angular observables and their correlations are reported in bins of q2, the invariant mass squared of the dimuon system. The observables are determined both from an unbinned maximum likelihood fit and by using the principal moments of the angular distribution. In addition, by fitting for q2-dependent decay amplitudes in the region 1.1 < q2 < 6.0 GeV2/c4, the zero-crossing points of several angular observables are computed. A global fit is performed to the complete set of CP-averaged observables obtained from the maximum likelihood fit. This fit indicates differences with predictions based on the Standard Model at the level of 3.4 standard deviations. These differences could be explained by contributions from physics beyond the Standard Model, or by an unexpectedly large hadronic effect that is not accounted for in the Standard Model predictions
Two cases of culture proven Mycobacterium tuberculosis presenting with a broad-complex tachycardia and non-caseating granulomas.

Tuberculosis is a leading cause of death worldwide. It affects pulmonary and extra-pulmonary sites with a multitude of differing presentations. In this report, we describe two cases in which TB causes myopericarditis and presents with a broad-complex tachycardia that did not respond typically to standard anti-arrhythmic therapy; a very rare presentation with limited description in the literature. Both patients required extensive investigation culminating in identifying lymph nodes amenable to biopsy under endobronchial ultrasound guidance. It was not until both patients received anti-tuberculous chemotherapy alongside anti-arrhythmic management that any improvement to their condition was witnessed. Therefore, we recommend that the clinician should have a high index of suspicion for TB in any patient presenting with a broad-complex tachycardia that is not responding to standard first line management, especially if the patient is from a high risk background. We recommend an active diagnostic pursuit, and lymph node biopsy under endobronchial ultrasound guidance
On violations of Le Chatelier's principle for a temperature change in small systems observed for short times

Le Chatelier's principle states that when a system is disturbed, it will shift its equilibrium to counteract the disturbance. However for a chemical reaction in a small, confined system, the probability of observing it proceed in the opposite direction to that predicted by Le Chatelier's principle, can be significant. This work gives a molecular level proof of Le Chatelier's principle for the case of a temperature change. Moreover, a new, exact mathematical expression is derived that is valid for arbitrary system sizes and gives the relative probability that a single experiment will proceed in the endothermic or exothermic direction, in terms of a microscopic phase function. We show that the average of the time integral of this function is the maximum possible value of the purely irreversible entropy production for the thermal relaxation process. Our result is tested against computer simulations of the unfolding of a polypeptide. We prove that any equilibrium reaction mixture on average responds to a temperature increase by shifting its point of equilibrium in the endothermic direction.D.J.S. and D.J.E. acknowledge the support of the Australian
Research Council through Discovery and LIEF grant
programs