pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
The formation of ice in a long-lived supercooled layer cloud

This article focuses on the characteristics of persistent thin single-layer mixed-phase clouds. We seek to answer two important questions: (i) how does ice continually nucleate and precipitate from these clouds, without the available ice nuclei becoming depleted? (ii) how do the supercooled liquid droplets persist in spite of the net flux of water vapour to the growing ice crystals? These questions are answered quantitatively using in situ and radar observations of a long-lived mixed-phase cloud layer over the Chilbolton Observatory.\ud
\ud
Doppler radar measurements show that the top 500 m of cloud (the top 250 m of which is mixed-phase, with ice virga beneath) is turbulent and well-mixed, and the liquid water content is adiabatic. This well-mixed layer is bounded above and below by stable layers. This inhibits entrainment of fresh ice nuclei into the cloud layer, yet our in situ and radar observations show that a steady flux of ≈100 m−2s−1 ice crystals fell from the cloud over the course of ∼1 day. Comparing this flux to the concentration of conventional ice nuclei expected to be present within the well-mixed layer, we find that these nuclei would be depleted within less than 1 h. We therefore argue that nucleation in these persistent supercooled clouds is strongly time-dependent in nature, with droplets freezing slowly over many hours, significantly longer than the few seconds residence time of an ice nucleus counter.\ud
\ud
Once nucleated, the ice crystals are observed to grow primarily by vapour deposition, because of the low liquid water path (21 g m−2) yet vapour-rich environment. Evidence for this comes from high differential reflectivity in the radar observations, and in situ imaging of the crystals. The flux of vapour from liquid to ice is quantified from in situ measurements, and we show that this modest flux (3.3 g m−2h−1) can be readily offset by slow radiative cooling of the layer to space
Clinical management of drug-drug interactions in HCV therapy: Challenges and solutions

Contains fulltext :
                  118153.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected patients often take multiple co-medications to treat adverse events related to HCV therapy, or to manage other co-morbidities. Drug-drug interactions associated with this polypharmacy are relatively new to the field of HCV pharmacotherapy. With the advent of the direct-acting antivirals telaprevir and boceprevir, which are both substrates and inhibitors of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A iso-enzyme, knowledge and awareness of drug-drug interactions have become a cornerstone in the evaluation of patients starting and continuing HCV combination therapy. In our opinion, an overview of conducted drug-drug interaction studies and a list of contraindicated medications is not enough for the clinical management of these drug-drug interactions. Knowledge of pharmacokinetic profiles and concentration-effect relationships is key for the interpretation of these data, and insight into how to manage these interactions (e.g., dose adjustments, safe alternatives and therapeutic drug monitoring) is of equal importance. This review provides a practical overview of the safe and effective management of these clinical challenges
The interdependence between energy consumption and economic growth in the Polish economy in the last decade

The main aim of this contribution is an analysis of the causal relationship between the total energy consumption in the Polish economy and GDP. In order to assure the correctness of computations a third variable – employment – was included in the dataset. Calculations performed for the period Q1 2000 to Q4 2009 by means of recent econometric techniques indicated the existence of a significant causal relation from total energy consumption to GDP. In addition, some other causalities between employment and GDP for short– and long–run term were detected, which provided a basis for claiming that changes of energy use in Poland are related in the sense of Granger causality to the employment. Because of the relatively small dataset and possible problems with the proper application of asymptotic methods, we additionally applied bootstrap critical values. The results of both methods were generally in line with each other. 
The results have important policy implications. The statistically significant causality from energy consumption to GDP means that energy is a very important factor in economic growth and therefore that energy policy in Poland cannot be neutral with respect to GDP growth.
Higgs phenomenology of supersymmetric economical 3-3-1 model

We explore the Higgs sector in the supersymmetric economical 3-3-1 model and
find new features in this sector. The charged Higgs sector is revised i.e., in
difference of the previous work, the exact eigenvalues and states are obtained
without any approximation. In this model, there are three Higgs bosons having
masses equal to that of the gauge bosons--the W and extra X and Y. There is one
scalar boson with mass of 91.4 GeV, which is closed to the $Z$ boson mass and
in good agreement with present limit: 89.8 GeV at 95% CL. The condition of
eliminating for charged scalar tachyon leads to splitting of VEV at the first
symmetry breaking, namely, $w \simeq w^\prime$. The interactions among the
standard model gauge bosons and scalar fields in the framework of the
supersymmetric economical 3-3-1 model are presented. From these couplings, at
some limit, almost scalar Higgs fields can be recognized in accordance with the
standard model. The hadronic cross section for production of the bilepton
charged Higgs boson at the CERN LHC in the effective vector boson approximation
is calculated. Numerical evaluation shows that the cross section can exceed
35.8 fb.Comment: 33 pages, 1 figur
Measurement of the prompt J/psi and psi(2S) polarizations in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV

The polarizations of prompt J/psi and psi(2S) mesons are measured in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV, using a dimuon data sample collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.9 inverse femtobarns. The prompt J/psi and psi(2S) polarization parameters lambda[theta], lambda[phi], and lambda[theta,phi], as well as the frame-invariant quantity lambda(tilde), are measured from the dimuon decay angular distributions in three different polarization frames. The J/psi results are obtained in the transverse momentum range 14 < pt < 70 GeV, in the rapidity intervals abs(y) < 0.6 and 0.6 < abs(y) < 1.2. The corresponding psi(2S) results cover 14 < pt < 50 GeV and include a third rapidity bin, 1.2 < abs(y) < 1.5. No evidence of large transverse or longitudinal polarizations is seen in these kinematic regions, which extend much beyond those previously explored
Brittle ductile transition during diamond turning of single crystal silicon carbide

In this experimental study, diamond turning of single crystal 6H-SiC was performed at a cutting speed of 1 m/sec on an ultra precision diamond turning machine (Moore Nanotech 350 UPL) to elucidate the microscopic origin of ductile-regime machining. Distilled water (pH value 7) was used as a preferred coolant during the course of machining in order to improve the tribological performance. A high magnification scanning electron microscope (SEM) (FIB- FEI Quanta 3D FEG) was used to examine the cutting tool. A surface finish of Ra 9.2 nm, better than any previously reported value on SiC was obtained. Also, tremendously high cutting resistance was offered by SiC resulting in the observation of significant wear marks on the cutting tool just after 1 Km of cutting length. It was found out through a DXR Raman microscope that similar to other classical brittle materials (silicon and germanium etc.) an occurrence of brittle-ductile transition is responsible for the ductile-regime machining of 6H-SiC. It has also been demonstrated that the structural phase transformations associated with the diamond turning of brittle materials which is normally considered as a prerequisite to ductile-regime machining, may not well be realized during machining of polycrystalline materials, yet, ductile-regime exploitation is possible
Detection of source inhomogeneity through event-by-event two-pion
  Bose-Einstein correlations

We develop a method for detecting the inhomogeneity of the pion-emitting
sources produced in ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions, through
event-by-event two-pion Bose-Einstein correlations. The root-mean-square of the
error-inverse-weighted fluctuations between the two-pion correlation functions
of single and mixed events are useful observables for the detection. By
investigating the root-mean-square of the weighted fluctuations for different
impact parameter regions people may hopefully determine the inhomogeneity of
the particle-emitting in the coming Large Hadron Collider (LHC) heavy ion
experiments.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figure
Space-time dimensionality from brane collisions

Collisions and subsequent decays of higher dimensional branes leave behind
three-dimensional branes and anti-branes, one of which could play the role of
our universe. This process also leads to the production of one-dimensional
branes and anti-branes, however their number is expected to be suppressed.
Brane collisions may also lead to the formation of bound states of branes.
Their existence does not alter this result, it just allows for the existence of
one-dimensional branes captured within the three-dimensional ones.Comment: 4 pages, one minor modification to match version to appear in Phys.
  Let.
Go-and-Back method: Effective estimation of the hidden motion of
  proteins from single-molecule time series

We present an effective method for estimating the motion of proteins from the
motion of attached probe particles in single-molecule experiments. The
framework naturally incorporates Langevin dynamics to compute the most probable
trajectory of the protein. By using a perturbation expansion technique, we
achieve computational costs more than four orders of magnitude smaller than the
conventional gradient descent method without loss of simplicity in the
computation algorithm. We present illustrative applications of the method using
simple models of single-molecule experiments and confirm that the proposed
method yields reasonable and stable estimates of the hidden motion in a highly
efficient manner.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figure
The Randic index and the diameter of graphs

The {\it Randi\'c index} $R(G)$ of a graph $G$ is defined as the sum of
1/\sqrt{d_ud_v} over all edges $uv$ of $G$, where $d_u$ and $d_v$ are the
degrees of vertices $u$ and $v,$ respectively. Let $D(G)$ be the diameter of
$G$ when $G$ is connected. Aouchiche-Hansen-Zheng conjectured that among all
connected graphs $G$ on $n$ vertices the path $P_n$ achieves the minimum values
for both $R(G)/D(G)$ and $R(G)- D(G)$. We prove this conjecture completely. In
fact, we prove a stronger theorem: If $G$ is a connected graph, then
$R(G)-(1/2)D(G)\geq \sqrt{2}-1$, with equality if and only if $G$ is a path
with at least three vertices.Comment: 17 pages, accepted by Discrete Mathematic
Search for heavy vector-like quarks coupling to light quarks in
  proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

This letter presents a search for singly produced vector-like quarks, Q,
coupling to light quarks, q. The search is sensitive to both charged current
(CC) and neutral current (NC) processes, p p --> Q q --> W q q' and p p --> Q q
--> Z q q' with a leptonic decay of the vector gauge boson. In 1.04/fb of data
taken in 2011 by the ATLAS experiment at a center-of-mass energy sqrt(s) = 7
TeV, no evidence of such heavy vector-like quarks is observed above the
expected Standard Model background. Limits on the heavy vector-like quark
production cross section times branching ratio as a function of mass m_Q are
obtained. For a coupling kappa_(qQ) = v/m_Q, where v is the Higgs vacuum
expectation value, 95% C.L. lower limits on the mass of a vector-like quark are
set at 900 GeV and 760 GeV from CC and NC processes, respectively.Comment: 7 pages plus author list (18 pages total), 3 figures, 3 tables,
  revised author list, matches Physics Letters B versio
Carbon cage-like materials as potential low work function metallic
  compounds: Case of clathrates

We present an ab-initio calculation of the electronic affinity of the
hypothetical C-46 clathrate by studying its bare and hydrogenated (100)
surfaces. We show that such a system shares with the diamond phase a small
electronic affinity. Further, contrary to the diamond phase, the possibility of
doping endohedrally these cage-like systems allows to significantly raise the
position of the Fermi level, resulting in a true metal with a small work
function. This is illustrated in the case of the Li8@C-46 doped compound. Such
a class of materials might be of much interest for the design of
electron-emitting devices.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, RevTe
Measurement of W-pair production in e+e- collisions at 189GeV

The production of W-pairs is analysed in a data sample collected by ALEPH at
a mean centre-of-mass energy of 188.6 GeV, corresponding to an integrated
luminosity of 174.2 pb^-1. Cross sections are given for different topologies of
W decays into leptons or hadrons. Combining all final states and assuming
Standard Model branching fractions, the total W-pair cross section is measured
to be 15.71 +- 0.34 (stat) +- 0.18 (syst) pb. Using also the W-pair data
samples collected by ALEPH at lower centre-of-mass energies, the decay
branching fraction of the W boson into hadrons is measured to be BR (W >
hadrons) = 66.97 +- 0.65 (stat) +- 0.32 (syst) %, allowing a determination of
the CKM matrix element |V(cs)|= 0.951 +- 0.030 (stat) +- 0.015 (syst).Comment: 14 pages, 5 figure
Single Transverse-Spin Asymmetry in Very Forward and Very Backward
  Neutral Particle Production for Polarized Proton Collisions at sqrt{s} = 200
  GeV

In the 2001-2002 running period of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
(RHIC), transversely polarized protons were accelerated to 100 GeV for the
first time, with collisions at sqrt{s} = 200 GeV. We present results from this
run for single transverse spin asymmetries for inclusive production of neutral
pions, photons and neutrons of the energy region 20 - 100 GeV for forward and
backward production for angles between 0.3 mrad and 2.2 mrad with respect to
the polarized proton direction. An asymmetry of A_N = (-0.090 +- 0.006 +-
0.009) x (1.0^{+0.47}_{-0.24}) was observed for forward neutron production,
where the errors are statistical and systematic, and the scale error is from
the beam polarization uncertainty. The forward photon and pi^0, and backward
neutron, photon, and pi^0 asymmetries were consistent with zero. The large
neutron asymmetry indicates a strong interference between a spin-flip
amplitude, such as one pion exchange which dominates lower energy neutron
production, and remaining spin non-flip amplitudes such as Reggeon exchange.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, 1 table, submitted to Phys. Lett.
Uraltsev Sum Rule in Bakamjian-Thomas Quark Models

We show that the sum rule recently proved by Uraltsev in the heavy quark
limit of QCD holds in relativistic quark models \`a la Bakamjian and Thomas,
that were already shown to satisfy Isgur-Wise scaling and Bjorken sum rule.
This new sum rule provides a {\it rationale} for the lower bound of the slope
of the elastic IW function $\rho^2 \geq {3 \over 4}$ obtained within the BT
formalism some years ago. Uraltsev sum rule suggests an inequality
$|\tau_{3/2}(1)| > |\tau_{1/2}(1)|$. This difference is interpreted in the BT
formalism as due to the Wigner rotation of the light quark spin, independently
of a possible LS force. In BT models, the sum rule convergence is very fast,
the $n = 0$ state giving the essential contribution in most of the
phenomenological potential models. We underline that there is a serious
problem, in the heavy quark limit of QCD, between theory and experiment for the
decays $B \to D^*_{0,1}(broad) \ell \nu$, independently of any model
calculation.Comment: 16 pages, Late
Z' studies at the LHC: an update

We reanalyse the potential of the LHC to discover new $Z'$ gauge bosons and
to discriminate between various theoretical models. Using a fast LHC detector
simulation, we have investigated how well the characteristics of $Z'$ bosons
from different models can be measured. For this analysis we have combined the
information coming from the cross section measurement, which provides also the
$Z'$ mass and total width, the forward-backward charge asymmetries on- and
off-peak, and the $Z'$ rapidity distribution, which is sensitive to its $u
\bar{u}$ and $d \bar{d}$ couplings. We confirm that new $Z'$ bosons can be
observed in the process $pp \to Z' \to l^+ l^-$, up to masses of about 5 TeV
for an integrated luminosity of 100 fb$^{-1}$. The off- and on-resonance peak
forward-backward charge asymmetries $A_{\rm FB}^{l}$ show that interesting
statistical accuracies can be obtained up to $Z'$ masses of the order of 2 TeV.
We then show how the different experimental observables allow for a diagnosis
of the $Z'$ boson and the distinction between the various considered models.Comment: 14 pages, latex, 6 figure
Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA): Witnessing the assembly of the cluster
  Abell 1882

We present a combined optical and X-ray analysis of the rich cluster Abell
1882 with the aim of identifying merging substructure and understanding the
recent assembly history of this system. Our optical data consist of spectra
drawn from the Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey, which lends itself to
this kind of detailed study thanks to its depth and high spectroscopic
completeness. We use 283 spectroscopically confirmed cluster members to detect
and characterize substructure. We complement the optical data with X-ray data
taken with both Chandra and XMM. Our analysis reveals that A1882 harbors two
main components, A1882A and A1882B, which have a projected separation of 2Mpc
and a line of sight velocity difference of v_{los}=-428km/s. The primary
system, A1882A, has velocity dispersion sigma_v=500km/s and Chandra (XMM)
temperature kT=3.57keV (3.31keV) while the secondary, A1882B, has
sigma_v=457km/s and Chandra (XMM) temperature kT=2.39keV (2.12keV). The optical
and X-ray estimates for the masses of the two systems are consistent within the
uncertainties and indicate that there is twice as much mass in A1882A
(M_{500}=1.5-1.9x10^{14}Msolar) when compared with A1882B
(M_{500}=0.8-1.0x10^{14}Msolar). We interpret the A1882A/A1882B system as being
observed prior to a core passage. Supporting this interpretation is the large
projected separation of A1882A and A1882B and the dearth of evidence for a
recent (<2Gyr) major interaction in the X-ray data. Two-body analyses indicate
that A1882A and A1882B form a bound system with bound incoming solutions
strongly favored. We compute blue fractions of f_b=0.28 and 0.18 for the
spectroscopically confirmed member galaxies within r_{500} of the centers of
A1882A and A1882B, respectively. These blue fractions do not differ
significantly from the blue fraction measured from an ensemble of 20 clusters
with similar mass and redshift.Comment: 20 pages, 10 figures, 6 tables. Accepted for publication in Ap
Uncertainties in water chemistry in disks: An application to TW Hya

Context. This paper discusses the sensitivity of water lines to chemical
processes and radiative transfer for the protoplanetary disk around TW Hya. The
study focuses on the Herschel spectral range in the context of new line
detections with the PACS instrument from the Gas in Protoplanetary Systems
project (GASPS). Aims. The paper presents an overview of the chemistry in the
main water reservoirs in the disk around TW Hya. It discusses the limitations
in the interpretation of observed water line fluxes. Methods. ... (abbreviated)
Results. We report new line detections of p-H2O (3_22-2_11) at 89.99 micron and
CO J=18-17 at 144.78 micron for the disk around TW Hya. Disk modeling shows
that the far-IR fine structure lines ([OI], [CII]) and molecular submm lines
are very robust to uncertainties in the chemistry, while the water line fluxes
can change by factors of a few. The water lines are optically thick,
sub-thermally excited and can couple to the background continuum radiation
field. The low-excitation water lines are also sensitive to uncertainties in
the collision rates, e.g. with neutral hydrogen. The gas temperature plays an
important role for the [OI] fine structure line fluxes, the water line fluxes
originating from the inner disk as well as the high excitation CO, CH+ and OH
lines. Conclusions. Due to their sensitivity on chemical input data and
radiative transfer, water lines have to be used cautiously for understanding
details of the disk structure. Water lines covering a wide range of excitation
energies provide access to the various gas phase water reservoirs (inside and
outside the snow line) in protoplanetary disks and thus provide important
information on where gas-phase water is potentially located. Experimental
and/or theoretical collision rates for H2O with atomic hydrogen are needed to
diminish uncertainties from water line radiative transfer.Comment: accepted for publication in A&
The molecular gas reservoir of 6 low-metallicity galaxies from the
  Herschel Dwarf Galaxy Survey: A ground-based follow-up survey of CO(1-0),
  CO(2-1), and CO(3-2)

We aim to quantify the molecular gas reservoir in a subset of 6
low-metallicity galaxies from the Herschel Dwarf Galaxy Survey with newly
acquired CO data, and link this reservoir to the observed star formation
activity. We present CO(1-0), CO(2-1), and CO(3-2) observations obtained at the
ATNF Mopra 22-m, APEX, and IRAM 30-m telescopes, as well as [CII] 157um and
[OI] 63um observations obtained with the Herschel/PACS spectrometer in the 6
galaxies: Haro11, Mrk1089, Mrk930, NGC4861, NGC625, and UM311. We derive
molecular gas mass from several methods including the use of the CO-to-H2
conversion factor Xco (both Galactic and metallicity-scaled values) and of dust
measurements. The molecular and atomic gas reservoirs are compared to the star
formation activity. We also constrain the physical conditions of the molecular
clouds using the non-LTE code RADEX and the spectral synthesis code Cloudy. We
detect CO in 5 of the 6 galaxies, including first detections in Haro11 (Z~0.4
Zsun), Mrk930 (0.2 Zsun), and UM311 (0.5 Zsun), but CO remains undetected in
NGC4861 (0.2 Zsun). The CO luminosities are low while [CII] is bright in these
galaxies, resulting in [CII]/CO(1-0)>10000. Our dwarf galaxies are in
relatively good agreement with the Schmidt-Kennicutt relation for total gas.
They show short molecular depletion time scales, even when considering
metallicity-scaled Xco factors. Those galaxies are dominated by their HI gas,
except Haro11 which has high star formation efficiency and is dominated by
ionized and molecular gas. We determine the mass of each ISM phase in Haro11
using Cloudy and estimate an equivalent Xco factor which is 10 times higher
than the Galactic value. Overall, our results confirm the emerging picture that
CO suffers from significant selective photodissociation in low-metallicity
dwarf galaxies.Comment: 19 pages, 14 figures. Accepted for publication in A&