pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Groundwater markets under the water scarcity conditions: the upland Balochistan region of Pakistan

The study documents comprehensive analysis on informal groundwater marketing in upland Balochistan, Pakistan. Informal groundwater markets are emerging a feasible option to manage increasing water scarcity and declining water tables as a result of poor groundwater policies. First we evaluated the groundwater trading mechanism and later we empirically examined factors affecting the groundwater trading using logit econometric models. We did not observe any permanent groundwater transactions; only temporary groundwater exchange takes place. Two common transactions methods were noted – water in exchange for given crop share and cash payment per hour (flat rate per hour). In all, 60% respondents reported selling water for crop share. This form of transaction method intensifies as we move from high altitude areas to low altitude areas because water and land are relatively scarce at higher uplands. In general, the crop sharing rates were 33% of the crop output. Water trading in cash transactions was practiced by 40% of respondents. The charges per hour depend on the altitude, with an average price of Rs.2100, Rs.112, and Rs.205 per hour were reported at low, medium and high altitudes, respectively. This form of water marketing intensifies as we move from low to high altitude areas, mainly because of relatively abundant water and land in low altitude areas.\ud
The results of empirical models indicates that among others, cropping intensity, area under high value fruits, decline in watertable, tubewell reliability, alternate source of irrigation, and soil quality are important variables influencing water buying and selling decisions. Importantly, personal attributes such as kinships, age, and education were also found important factors affecting water buying and selling decisions. In the upland Balochistan water markets appears to provide cushions against increasing water scarcity by averting damages to high value horticultural crops and also proving useful in enhancing water efficiently as it helps overcome the problem of over irrigation/miss use of water by facilitating selling the surplus/extra water and using purchased water more sparingly and efficiently. It is envisaged that groundwater play key role in sustaining high value crops and will continue to contribute in upland Balochistan
How do neighbors influence investment in social capital? : Homeownership and length of residence.

This paper explores how the circumstances of where a person resides is related to the degree of their investment in social capital using individual data from Japan. Controlling for unobserved area-specific fixed effects and various individual characteristics, I found; (1) Not only that homeownership and length of residence are positively related to  investment in social capital, but also that rates of homeowners and long-time residents in a locality increase in individual’s investments in social capital. (2) The effects of local neighborhood homeownership and local length of residence are distinctly larger than that of an individual’s.
A consistent dimensional analysis of gas–liquid mass transfer in an aerated stirred tank containing purely viscous fluids with shear-thinning properties

This paper deals with gas–liquid mass transfer in an aerated stirred tank containing Newtonian or shearthinning\ud
fluids. The aim is to demonstrate that, for a given mixing system, an unique dimensionless correlation gathering all the mass transfer rates (150 kla measurements) can be obtained if and only if the variability of the rheological material parameters is correctly considered when implementing the theory of similarity. More particularly, it is clearly illustrated that a too gross simplification in the relevant list of the parameters characterizing the dependence of apparent viscosity with shear rates leads to pitfalls when building the PI-space set. This is then a striking example showing that a robust predictive correlation can be established when the non-constancy of fluid physical properties ceases to be neglected
Study protocol: Intensive care anxiety and emotional recovery (Icare) — A prospective study

Background Survivors of intensive care units (ICUs) commonly present with symptoms of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) during recovery. A number of factors have been identified as predictors of these adverse emotional outcomes, but the role of state anxiety during critical illness in the development of these emotional problems remains unknown. Purpose The Intensive Care Anxiety and Emotional Recovery (ICARe) study protocol proposes the development of a statistical model to determine the relationship between state anxiety during ICU stay and symptoms of anxiety, depression and PTSD at three occasions; after ICU discharge but prior to hospital discharge and at the third and sixth months post ICU discharge. Methods Prospective study including adult patients admitted to the ICU of a tertiary metropolitan Australian hospital for =24 h who are able to: (1) communicate verbally or nonverbally; (2) understand English and (3) open their eyes spontaneously or in response to voice to respond to the Faces Anxiety Scale (state anxiety assessment). One hundred and seventy patients will be assessed for their levels of state anxiety during their ICU stay to achieve a sample size of about 104 patients six months after discharge. The outcomes of the ICARe study will include symptoms of anxiety, depression and PTSD assessed by standardised questionnaires widely used in intensive care research. Demographic, clinical, and social support information will also be collected. Results The projected sample size will provide sufficient power to evaluate the association between state anxiety and adverse emotional outcomes, as well as a variety of variables that will be entered into a multivariate regression analysis. Conclusion This study will provide new evidence to improve care during critical illness and reduce adverse outcomes during recovery with the potential to decrease unnecessary suffering, promote comfort and improve long-term recovery.Griffith Health, School of Nursing and MidwiferyFull Tex
The radio-loud AGN population at z ≳ 1 in the COSMOS field. I. selection and spectral energy distributions

We select a sample of radio galaxies at high redshifts (z ≳ 1) in the COSMOS field by cross-matching optical and infrared (IR) images with the FIRST radio data. The aim of this study is to explore the high-z radio-loud (RL) active galactic nuclei (AGN) population at much lower luminosities than the classical samples of distant radio sources, which are similar to those of the local population of radio galaxies. Precisely, we extended a previous analysis focused on low-luminosity radio galaxies. The wide multiwavelength coverage provided by the COSMOS survey allows us to derive their spectral energy distributions (SEDs). We model them with our own developed technique 2SPD that includes old and young stellar populations and dust emission. When added to those previously selected, we obtain a sample of 74 RL AGN. The SED modeling returns several important quantities associated with the AGN and host properties. The resulting photometric redshifts range from z ~ 0.7 to 3. The sample mostly includes compact radio sources but also 21 FR IIs sources; the radio power distribution of the sample covers ~1031.5 - 1034.3 erg s-1 Hz-1, thus straddling the local FR I/FR II break. The inferred range of stellar mass of the hosts is ~1010 - 1011.5M⊙. The SEDs are dominated by the contribution from an old stellar population with an age of ~1 - 3 Gyr for most of the sources. However, UV and mid-IR (MIR) excesses are observed for half of the sample. The dust luminosities inferred from the MIR excesses are in the range, Ldust ~ 1043 - 1045.5 erg s-1, which are associated with temperatures approximately of 350-1200 K. Estimates of the UV component yield values of ~1041.5 - 1045.5 erg s-1 at 2000 Å. The UV emission is significantly correlated with both IR and radio luminosities; the former being the stronger link. However, the origin of UV and dust emission, whether it is produced by the AGN of by star formation, is still unclear. Our results show that this RL AGN population at high redshifts displays a wide variety of properties. Low-power radio galaxies, which are associated with UV- and IR-faint hosts are generally similar to red massive galaxies of the local FR Is. At the opposite side of the radio luminosity distribution, large MIR and UV excesses are observed in objects consistent with quasar-like AGN, as also proved by their high dust temperatures, which are more similar to local FR IIs
Enhanced pinning in superconducting thin films with graded pinning landscapes

A graded distribution of antidots in superconducting a-Mo79Ge21 thin films has been investigated by magnetization and magneto-optical imaging measurements. The pinning landscape has maximum density at the sample border, decreasing linearly towards the center. Its overall performance is noticeably superior than that for a sample with uniformly distributed antidots: For high temperatures and low fields, the critical current is enhanced, whereas the region of thermomagnetic instabilities in the field-temperature diagram is significantly suppressed. These findings confirm the relevance of graded landscapes on the enhancement of pinning efficiency, as recently predicted by Misko and Nori
Search and foraging behaviors from movement data: A comparison of methods.

This is the final version of the article. Available from Wiley via the DOI in this record.Search behavior is often used as a proxy for foraging effort within studies of animal movement, despite it being only one part of the foraging process, which also includes prey capture. While methods for validating prey capture exist, many studies rely solely on behavioral annotation of animal movement data to identify search and infer prey capture attempts. However, the degree to which search correlates with prey capture is largely untested. This study applied seven behavioral annotation methods to identify search behavior from GPS tracks of northern gannets (Morus bassanus), and compared outputs to the occurrence of dives recorded by simultaneously deployed time-depth recorders. We tested how behavioral annotation methods vary in their ability to identify search behavior leading to dive events. There was considerable variation in the number of dives occurring within search areas across methods. Hidden Markov models proved to be the most successful, with 81% of all dives occurring within areas identified as search. k-Means clustering and first passage time had the highest rates of dives occurring outside identified search behavior. First passage time and hidden Markov models had the lowest rates of false positives, identifying fewer search areas with no dives. All behavioral annotation methods had advantages and drawbacks in terms of the complexity of analysis and ability to reflect prey capture events while minimizing the number of false positives and false negatives. We used these results, with consideration of analytical difficulty, to provide advice on the most appropriate methods for use where prey capture behavior is not available. This study highlights a need to critically assess and carefully choose a behavioral annotation method suitable for the research question being addressed, or resulting species management frameworks established.Natural Environment Research Council,
Grant/Award Number: IRF NE/M017990/1
and NE/H007466/1; Irish Research Council,
Grant/Award Number: GOIPG/2016/503;
Marine Renewable Energy Ireland (MaREI);
The SFI Centre for Marine Renewable Energy
Research, Grant/Award Number: 12/RC/230
Ice-dammed lateral lake and epishelf lake insights into Holocene dynamics of Marguerite Trough Ice Stream and George VI Ice Shelf, Alexander Island, Antarctic Peninsula

We present new data regarding the past dynamics of Marguerite Trough Ice Stream, George VI Ice Shelf and valley glaciers from Ablation Point Massif on Alexander Island, Antarctic Peninsula. This ice-free oasis preserves a geological record of ice stream lateral moraines, ice-dammed lakes, ice-shelf moraines and valley glacier moraines, which we dated using cosmogenic nuclide ages. We provide one of the first detailed sediment-landform assemblage descriptions of epishelf lake shorelines. Marguerite Trough Ice Stream imprinted lateral moraines against eastern Alexander Island at 120 m at Ablation Point Massif. During deglaciation, lateral lakes formed in the Ablation and Moutonnée valleys, dammed against the ice stream in George VI Sound. Exposure ages from boulders on these shorelines yielded ages of 13.9 to 9.7 ka. Following recession of the ice stream, George VI Ice Shelf formed in George VI Sound. An epishelf lake formed at 15–20 m asl in Ablation and Moutonnée valleys, dated from 9.4 to 4.6 ka, suggesting that the lake was stable and persistent for some 5000 years. Lake-level lowering occurred after this, with the lake level at 12 m at 3.1 ± 0.4 ka and at 5 m asl today. A readvance of the valley glaciers on Alexander Island at 4.4 ± 0.7 ka is recorded by valley glacier moraines overlying epishelf lake sediments. We speculate that the glacier readvance, which occurred during a period of warmth, may have been caused by a dynamic response of the glaciers to a lowering in surface elevation of George VI Ice Shelf.Peer-reviewedPublisher Versio
Vacuum energy of the Bukhvostov–Lipatov model

Bukhvostov and Lipatov have shown that weakly interacting instantons and anti-instantons in the O(3) non-linear sigma model in two dimensions are described by an exactly soluble model containing two coupled Dirac fermions. We propose an exact formula for the vacuum energy of the model for twisted boundary conditions, expressing it through a special solution of the classical sinh-Gordon equation. The formula perfectly matches predictions of the standard renormalized perturbation theory at weak couplings as well as the conformal perturbation theory at short distances. Our results also agree with the Bethe ansatz solution of the model. A complete proof the proposed expression for the vacuum energy based on a combination of the Bethe ansatz techniques and the classical inverse scattering transform method is presented in the second part of this work [42] .The research of SL is supported by the NSF under grant number NSF-PHY-1404056
Lasing by driven atoms-cavity system in collective strong coupling regime.

The interaction of laser cooled atoms with resonant light is determined by the natural linewidth of the excited state. An optical cavity is another optically resonant system where the loss from the cavity determines the resonant optical response of the system. The near resonant combination of an optical Fabry-Pérot cavity with laser cooled and trapped atoms couples two distinct optical resonators via light and has great potential for precision measurements and the creation of versatile quantum optics systems. Here we show how driven magneto-optically trapped atoms in collective strong coupling regime with the cavity leads to lasing at a frequency red detuned from the atomic transition. Lasing is demonstrated experimentally by the observation of a lasing threshold accompanied by polarization and spatial mode purity, and line-narrowing in the outcoupled light. Spontaneous emission into the cavity mode by the driven atoms stimulates lasing action, which is capable of operating as a continuous wave laser in steady state, without a seed laser. The system is modeled theoretically, and qualitative agreement with experimentally observed lasing is seen. Our result opens up a range of new measurement possibilities with this system
D-optimal designs for complex Ornstein–Uhlenbeck processes

Complex Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (OU) processes have various applications in statistical modelling. They play role e.g. in the description of the motion of a charged test particle in a constant magnetic field or in the study of rotating waves in time-dependent reaction diffusion systems, whereas Kolmogorov used such a process to model the so-called Chandler wobble, small deviation in the Earth’s axis of rotation. In these applications parameter estimation and model fitting is based on discrete observations of the underlying stochastic process, however, the accuracy of the estimation strongly depend on the observation points.\ud
This paper studies the properties of D-optimal designs for estimating the parameters of a complex OU process with a trend. In special situations we show that in contrast with the case of the classical real OU process, a D-optimal design exists not only for the trend parameter, but also for joint estimation of the covariance parameters, moreover, these optimal designs are equidistant
T-duality, quotients and generalized Kahler geometry

In this paper we reopen the discussion of gauging the two-dimensional
off-shell (2,2) supersymmetric sigma models written in terms of semichiral
superfields. The associated target space geometry of this particular sigma
model is generalized Kahler (or bi-hermitean with two non-commuting complex
structures). The gauging of the isometries of the sigma model is now done by
coupling the semichiral superfields to the new (2,2) semichiral vector
multiplet. We show that the two moment maps together with a third function form
the complete set of three Killing potentials which are associated with this
gauging. We show that the Killing potentials lead to the generalized moment
maps defined in the context of twisted generalized Kahler geometry. Next we
address the question of the T-duality map, while keeping the (2,2)
supersymmetry manifest. Using the new vector superfield in constructing the
duality functional, under T-duality we swap a pair of left and right semichiral
superfields by a pair of chiral and twisted chiral multiplets. We end with a
discussion on quotient construction.Comment: 18 page
Optimization of telescope scheduling - Algorithmic research and scientific policy

The use of very expensive facilities in Modern Astronomy has demonstrated the importance of automatic modes in the operation of large telescopes. As a consequence, several mathematical tools have been applied and developed to solve the (NP - hard) scheduling optimization problem: from simple heuristics to the more complex genetic algorithms or neural networks. In this work, the basic scheduling problem is translated into mathematical language and two main methods are used to solve it: neighborhood search methods and genetic algorithms; both of them are analysed. It is shown that the algorithms are sensitive to the scientific policy by means of the definition of the objective function ( F) and also by the assignment of scientific priorities to the projects. The definition of F is not trivial and requires a detailed discussion among the Astronomical Community
How Classical Particles Emerge From the Quantum World

The symmetrization postulates of quantum mechanics (symmetry for bosons,
antisymmetry for fermions) are usually taken to entail that \emph{quantum
particles} of the same kind (e.g., electrons) are all in exactly the same state
and therefore indistinguishable in the strongest possible sense. These
symmetrization postulates possess a general validity that survives the
classical limit, and the conclusion seems therefore unavoidable that even
classical particles of the same kind must all be in the same state--in clear
conflict with what we know about classical particles. In this article we
analyze the origin of this paradox. We shall argue that in the classical limit
classical particles \emph{emerge}, as new entities that do not correspond to
the "particle indices" defined in quantum mechanics. Put differently, we show
that the quantum mechanical symmetrization postulates do not pertain to
\emph{particles}, as we know them from classical physics, but rather to indices
that have a merely formal significance. This conclusion raises the question of
whether the discussions about the status of identical quantum particles have
not been misguided from the very start
Black holes in Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity with a string cloud
  background

We obtain a black hole solution in the Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet theory for the
string cloud model in a five dimensional spacetime. We analyze the event
horizons and naked singularities. Later, we compute the Hawking temperature
$T_{\mathrm{H}}$, the specific heat $C$, the entropy $S$, and the Helmholtz
free energy $F$ of the black hole. The entropy was computed using the Wald
formulation. In addition, the quantum correction to the Wald's entropy is
considered for the string cloud source.
  We mainly explore the thermodynamical global and local stability of the
system with vanishing or non-vanishing cosmological constant. The global
thermodynamic phase structure indicates that the Hawking-Page transition is
achieved for this model. Further, we observe that there exist stable black
holes with small radii and that these regions are enlarged when choosing small
values of the string cloud density and of the Gauss-Bonnet parameter. Besides,
the rate of evaporation for these black holes are studied, determining whether
the evaporation time is finite or not. Then, we concentrate on the dynamical
stability of the system, studying the effective potential for s-waves
propagating on the string cloud background.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures. References adde
Noncommutative integrability, paths and quasi-determinants

In previous work, we showed that the solution of certain systems of discrete
integrable equations, notably $Q$ and $T$-systems, is given in terms of
partition functions of positively weighted paths, thereby proving the positive
Laurent phenomenon of Fomin and Zelevinsky for these cases. This method of
solution is amenable to generalization to non-commutative weighted paths. Under
certain circumstances, these describe solutions of discrete evolution equations
in non-commutative variables: Examples are the corresponding quantum cluster
algebras [BZ], the Kontsevich evolution [DFK09b] and the $T$-systems themselves
[DFK09a]. In this paper, we formulate certain non-commutative integrable
evolutions by considering paths with non-commutative weights, together with an
evolution of the weights that reduces to cluster algebra mutations in the
commutative limit. The general weights are expressed as Laurent monomials of
quasi-determinants of path partition functions, allowing for a non-commutative
version of the positive Laurent phenomenon. We apply this construction to the
known systems, and obtain Laurent positivity results for their solutions in
terms of initial data.Comment: 46 pages, minor typos correcte
Radiation-Hydrodynamical Collapse of Pregalactic Clouds in the
  Ultraviolet Background

To elucidate the effects of the UV background radiation on the collapse of
pregalactic clouds, we implement a radiation-hydrodynamical calculation,
combining one-dimensional spherical hydrodynamics with an accurate treatment of
the radiative transfer of ionizing photons. Both absorption and scattering of
UV photons are explicitly taken into account. It turns out that a gas cloud
contracting within the dark matter potential does not settle into hydrostatic
equilibrium, but undergoes run-away collapse even under the presence of the
external UV field. The cloud center is shown to become self-shielded against
ionizing photons by radiative transfer effects before shrinking to the rotation
barrier. Based on our simulation results, we further discuss the possibility of
H2 cooling and subsequent star formation in a run-away collapsing core. The
present results are closely relevant to the survival of subgalactic Population
III objects as well as to metal injection into intergalactic space.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRA