pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Sulphate partitioning into calcite : experimental verification of pH control and application to seasonality in speleothems.

Carbonate-associated sulphate (CAS) is a useful carrier of palaeoenvironmental information throughout the geologic record, particularly through its stable isotope composition. However, a paucity of experimental data restricts quantitative understanding of sulphate incorporation into carbonates, and consequently CAS concentrations and their diagenetic modifications are rarely interpreted. However, in the case of calcite speleothems, the remarkably high-resolution CAS records which are obtainable via modern microanalytical techniques represent a potentially invaluable source of palaeoenvironmental information. Here, we describe the results of controlled experiments of sulphate co-precipitation with calcite in freshwater solutions where pH, saturation state, and sulphate concentration were varied independently of each other. Solution pH is confirmed as the principal control on sulphate incorporation into calcite. The relative efficiency of incorporation was calculated as a partition coefficient DSO4 = (mSO4/mCO3)solid / (mSO4/mCO3)solution. High crystal growth rates (driven by either pH or saturation state) encouraged higher values of DSO4 because of an increasing concentration of defect sites on crystal surfaces. At low growth rates, DSO4 was reduced due to an inferred competition between sulphate and bicarbonate at the calcite surface. These experimental results are applied to understand the incorporation of sulphate into speleothem calcite. The experimentally determined pH-dependence suggests that strong seasonal variations in cave air PCO2 could account for annual cycles in sulphate concentration observed in stalagmites. Our new experimentally determined values of DSO4 were compared with DSO4 values calculated from speleothem-drip water monitoring from two caves within the Austrian and Italian Alps. At Obir cave, Austria, DSO4 (x105) varies between 11.1 (winter) and 9.0 (summer) and the corresponding figures for Ernesto cave, Italy, are 15.4 (winter) and 14.9 (summer). These values approximate predicted DSO4 values based on our chamber experiments containing both low (2 ppm) and high (20 ppm) sulphate concentrations. Our experimental values of DSO4 obtained at crystal growth rates typical of stalagmites, closely match those observed in other cave sites from around the world. This validates the universality of the controls behind DSO4 and will enhance the use of speleothem CAS as a palaeoenvironmental proxy
A search for resonances decaying into a Higgs boson and a new  particle X in the XH →qqbb ﬁnal state with the ATLAS detector

A search for heavy resonances decaying into a Higgs boson (H) and a new particle (X) is reported, utilizing 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data at collected during 2015 and 2016 with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The particle X is assumed to decay to a pair of light quarks, and the fully hadronic final state is analysed. The search considers the regime of high XH resonance masses, where the X and H bosons are both highly Lorentz-boosted and are each reconstructed using a single jet with large radius parameter. A two-dimensional phase space of XH mass versus X mass is scanned for evidence of a signal, over a range of XH resonance mass values between 1 TeV and 4 TeV, and for X particles with masses from 50 GeV to 1000 GeV. All search results are consistent with the expectations for the background due to Standard Model processes, and 95% CL upper limits are set, as a function of XH and X masses, on the production cross-section of the resonance
Measurement of the production cross section for a W boson and two b jets in pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV

The production cross section for a W boson and two b jets is measured using proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV in a data sample collected with the CMS experiment at the LHC corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The W + b[bar over b] events are selected in the Wdecay mode by requiring a muon with transverse momentum  p[subscript T] and 25 GeV pseudorapidity |η| < 2.1, and exactly two b-tagged jets with  and p[subscript T] and 25 GeV pseudorapidity |η| < 2.4. The measured W + b[bar over b] production cross section in the fiducial region, calculated at the level of final-state particles, is σ(pp → W + b[bar over b) x B(W → μν) = 0.53  ± 0.05 (stat.) ± 0.09 (syst.) ± 0.06, in (theo.) ± 0.01 (lum.)pb, in agreement with the standard model prediction. In addition, kinematic distributions of the  W + b(bar over b) system are in agreement with the predictions of a simulation using MadGraph and pythia. Keywords: CMS, Physics, SMPNational Science Foundation (U.S.)United States. Department of Energ
Probing the µνSSM with light scalars, pseudoscalars and neutralinos from the decay of a SM-like Higgs boson at the LHC

The “µ from ν” supersymmetric standard model (µνSSM) can accommodate the newly discovered Higgs-like scalar boson with a mass around 125 GeV. This model provides a solution to the µ-problem and simultaneously reproduces correct neutrino physics by the simple use of right-handed neutrino superfields. These new superfields together with the introduced R-parity violation can produce novel and characteristic signatures of the µνSSM at the LHC. We explore the signatures produced through two-body Higgs decays into the new states, provided that these states lie below in the mass spectrum. For example, a pair produced light neutralinos depending on the associated decay length can give rise to displaced multi-leptons/taus/jets/photons with small/moderate missing transverse energy. In the same spirit, a Higgs-like scalar decaying to a pair of scalars/pseudoscalars can produce final states with prompt multi-leptons/taus/jets/photons.Fil: Ghosh, Pradipta. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; EspañaFil: Lopez, Daniel Elbio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Mitsou, Vasiliki A.. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas; EspañaFil: Muñoz, Carlos. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; EspañaFil: Ruiz de Austri, Roberto. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas; Españ
Measurement of Z0-boson production at large rapidities in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN=5.02TeV

The production of Z0bosons at large rapidities in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN=5.02 TeVis reported. Z0candidates are reconstructed in the dimuon decay channel (Z0→μ+μ−), based on muons selected with pseudo-rapidity −4.0 <η<−2.5and pT>20GeV/c. The invariant yield and the nuclear modification factor, RAA, are presented as a function of rapidity and collision centrality. The value of RAAfor the 0–20% central Pb–Pb collisions is 0.67 ±0.11 (stat.)±0.03 (syst.)±0.06 (corr.syst.), exhibiting a deviation of 2.6σfrom unity. The results are well-described by calculations that include nuclear modifications of the parton distribution functions, while the predictions using vacuum PDFs deviate from data by 2.3σin the 0–90% centrality class and by 3σin the 0–20% central collisions
The use of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) to treat chronic tendinopathies: a technical analysis

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is blood plasma with a high concentration of autologous platelets which constitute an immense reservoir of growth factors. The clinical use of PRP is widespread in various medical applications. Although highly popular with athletes, the use of PRP for the treatment of tendinopathies remains scientifically controversial, particularly due to the diversity of products that go by the name of ‘PRP.’ To optimize its use, it is important to look at the various stages of obtaining PRP. In this literature review, we take a closer look at eight parameters which may influence the quality of PRP:
1. anticoagulants used to preserve the best platelet function,
2. the speed of centrifugation used to extract the platelets,
3. the platelet concentrations obtained,
4. the impact of the concentration of red and white blood cells on PRP actions,
5. platelet activators encouraging platelet degranulation and, hence, the release of growth factors, and
6. the use or nonuse of local anesthetics when carrying out infiltration.
In addition to these parameters, it may be interesting to analyze other variables such as 7. the use of ultrasound guidance during the injection with a view to determining the influence they have on potential recovery.
In conclusion, there is a lack of standardization in PRP preparation technique for tendinopathies. However, it appears that the use of a platelet concentration lower than 5 times the baseline and avoidance of leukocytes should be preferred.Peer reviewe
Geodesic Webs and PDE Systems of Euler
Equations

Dette er forfatternes aksepterte versjonWe find necessary and sufficient conditions for the foliation defined by
level sets of a function f(x1, ..., xn) to be totally geodesic in a torsion-free
connection and apply them to find the conditions for d-webs of hypersurfaces
to be geodesic, and in the case of flat connections, for d-webs
(d ≥ n + 1) of hypersurfaces to be hyperplanar webs. These conditions
are systems of generalized Euler equations, and for flat connections we
give an explicit construction of their solutions
Preliminary study: the impact of moderate exercises on biomechanical response of the humans muscles

The electromyography (EMG) activity of the biceps femoris, rectus femoris, gastrocnemius, and fourth lumbar (L4) and fifth lumbar (L5) muscles of 5 male subjects was measured during a series of maneuvers which include standing, bowing, prostration, and sitting. Raw EMG was processed by root-mean-square (RMS) technique using a time constant of 50 ms. The results show that the gastrocnemius is the most active. The series of standing to prostration maneuvers showed 13.21Â±10.67 RMS, Î¼V (meanÂ±standard deviation), standing to bowing, 11.97Â± 4.89, sitting to prostration, 8.36Â±12.55. Preliminary EMG profiles in this study demonstrated that subjects used relatively higher levels of gastrocnemius muscle compare to the biceps femoris, rectus femoris, and fourth lumbar (L4) and fifth lumbar (L5) muscles to perform the set of moderate exercises
The HELLAS2XMM survey. XIII. Multi-component analysis of the spectral
  energy distribution of obscured AGN

We combine near-to-mid-IR Spitzer data with shorter wavelength observations
(optical to X-rays) to get insights on the properties of a sample of luminous,
obscured Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). We aim at modeling their broad-band
Spectral Energy Distributions (SEDs) in order to estimate the main parameters
related to the dusty torus. The sample comprises 16 obscured high-redshift
(0.9<z<2.1) xray luminous quasars (L_2-10 ~ 10^44 erg s-1) selected from the
HELLAS2XMM survey. The SEDs are described by a multi-component model including
a stellar component, an AGN component and a starburst. The majority (~80%) of
the sources show moderate optical depth (tau_9.7um<3) and the derived column
densities N_H are consistent with the xray inferred values (10^22 <N_H< 3x10^23
cm-2) for most of the objects, confirming that the sources are moderately
obscured Compton-thin AGN. Accretion luminosities in the range 5x10^44 < Lbol <
4x10^46 erg s-1 are inferred. We compare model luminosities with those obtained
by integrating the observed SED, finding that the latter are lower by a factor
of ~2 in the median. The discrepancy can be as high as an order of magnitude
for models with high optical depth (tau_9.7um=10). The ratio between the
luminosities obtained by the fitting procedure and from the observed SED
suggest that, at least for Type~2 AGN, observed bolometric luminosities are
likely to underestimate intrinsic ones and the effect is more severe for highly
obscured sources. Bolometric corrections from the hard X-ray band are computed
and have a median value of k_2-10kev ~ 20. The obscured AGN in our sample are
characterized by relatively low Eddington ratios (median lambda_Edd~0.08). On
average, they are consistent with the Eddington ratio increasing at increasing
bolometric correction (e.g. Vasudevan & Fabiam 2009).Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures. Accepted for pubblication in Astronomy and
  Astrophysics
Paley-Wiener spaces with vanishing conditions and Painlev\'e VI
  transcendents

We modify the classical Paley-Wiener spaces $PW_x$ of entire functions of
finite exponential type at most $x>0$, which are square integrable on the real
line, via the additional condition of vanishing at finitely many complex points
$z_1, ..., z_n$. We compute the reproducing kernels and relate their variations
with respect to $x$ to a Krein differential system, whose coefficient (which we
call the $\mu$-function) and solutions have determinantal expressions.
Arguments specific to the case where the "trivial zeros" $z_1, ..., z_n$ are in
arithmetic progression on the imaginary axis allow us to establish for
expressions arising in the theory a system of two non-linear first order
differential equations. A computation, having this non-linear system at his
start, obtains quasi-algebraic and among them rational Painlev\'e transcendents
of the sixth kind as certain quotients of such $\mu$-functions.Comment: 30 page
Chaos Rules out Integrability of Strings in AdS_5 x T^{1,1}

We show that certain classical string configurations in AdS_5 x T^{1,1} are
chaotic. This answers the question of integrability of string on such
backgrounds in the negative. We consider a string localized in the center of
AdS_5 that winds around two circles of T^{1,1}. The corresponding dynamical
system is equivalent to two coupled gravitational pendula and allows a very
intuitive understanding. We find conclusive evidence of chaotic behavior by
systematically analyzing the workings of the KAM theorem. We also show that the
largest Lyapunov exponent is positive.Comment: 12 pages, 11 figure
Quasi-Equilibrium Closure Hierarchies for The Boltzmann Equation

In this paper, explicit method of constructing approximations (the Triangle
Entropy Method) is developed for nonequilibrium problems. This method enables
one to treat any complicated nonlinear functionals that fit best the physics of
a problem (such as, for example, rates of processes) as new independent
variables.
  The work of the method was demonstrated on the Boltzmann's--type kinetics.
New macroscopic variables are introduced (moments of the Boltzmann collision
integral, or scattering rates). They are treated as independent variables
rather than as infinite moment series. This approach gives the complete account
of rates of scattering processes. Transport equations for scattering rates are
obtained (the second hydrodynamic chain), similar to the usual moment chain
(the first hydrodynamic chain). Various examples of the closure of the first,
of the second, and of the mixed hydrodynamic chains are considered for the hard
spheres model. It is shown, in particular, that the complete account of
scattering processes leads to a renormalization of transport coefficients.
  The method gives the explicit solution for the closure problem, provides
thermodynamic properties of reduced models, and can be applied to any kinetic
equation with a thermodynamic Lyapunov function.Comment: Extended version with new introduction, figures, example, and
  reference
Measurements of the $Q^2$-Dependence of the Proton and Neutron Spin
  Structure Functions g1p and g1n

The structure functions g1p and g1n have been measured over the range 0.014 <
x < 0.9 and 1 < Q2 < 40 GeV2 using deep-inelastic scattering of 48 GeV
longitudinally polarized electrons from polarized protons and deuterons. We
find that the Q2 dependence of g1p (g1n) at fixed x is very similar to that of
the spin-averaged structure function F1p (F1n). From a NLO QCD fit to all
available data we find $\Gamma_1^p - \Gamma_1^n =0.176 \pm 0.003 \pm 0.007$ at
Q2=5 GeV2, in agreement with the Bjorken sum rule prediction of 0.182 \pm
0.005.Comment: 17 pages, 3 figures. Submitted to Physics Letters
Simultaneous Solutions of the Strong CP and Mu Problems

The \mu parameter of the supersymmetric standard model is replaced by \lambda
S, where S is a singlet chiral superfield, introducing a Peccei--Quinn symmetry
into the theory. Dynamics at the electroweak scale naturally solves both the
strong CP and \mu problems as long as \lambda is of order \sqrt{M_Z /M_pl} or
smaller, and yet this theory has the same number of relevant parameters as the
supersymmetric standard model. The theory will be tested at colliders: the \mu
parameter is predicted and there are long-lived superpartners that decay to
gravitinos or axinos at separated vertices. To avoid too much saxion cold dark
matter, a large amount of entropy must be produced after the electroweak phase
transition. If this is accomplished by decays of a massive particle, the reheat
temperature should be no more than a GeV, strongly constraining baryogenesis.
Cold dark matter may be composed of both axions, probed by direct detection,
and saxions, probed by a soft X-ray background arising from decays to \gamma
\gamma. There are two known possibilities for avoiding problematic axion domain
walls: the introduction of new colored fermions or the assumption that the
Peccei--Quinn symmetry was already broken during inflation. In the first case,
in our theory the colored particles are expected to be at the weak scale, while
in the second case it implies a good chance of discovering isocurvature
perturbations in the CMB radiation and a relatively low Hubble parameter during
inflation.Comment: 14 pages; v2. references added and typos correcte
Radio-loud AGN: is there a link between luminosity and cluster
  environment?

We present here the first results from the Chandra ERA (Environments of
Radio-loud AGN) Large Project, characterizing the cluster environments of a
sample of 26 radio-loud AGN at z ~ 0.5 that covers three decades of radio
luminosity. This is the first systematic X-ray environmental study at a single
epoch, and has allowed us to examine the relationship between radio luminosity
and cluster environment without the problems of Malmquist bias. We have found a
weak correlation between radio luminosity and host cluster X-ray luminosity, as
well as tentative evidence that this correlation is driven by the subpopulation
of low-excitation radio galaxies, with high-excitation radio galaxies showing
no significant correlation. The considerable scatter in the environments may be
indicative of complex relationships not currently included in feedback models.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ, 16 pages, 12 figures, 7 table
Angular momentum-area proportionality of extremal charged black holes in
  odd dimensions

Extremal rotating black holes in Einstein-Maxwell theory feature two
branches. On the branch emerging from the Myers-Perry solutions their angular
momentum is proportional to their horizon area, while on the branch emerging
from the Tangherlini solutions their angular momentum is proportional to their
horizon angular momentum. The transition between these branches occurs at a
critical value of the charge, which depends on the value of the angular
momentum. However, when a dilaton is included, the angular momentum is always
proportional to the horizon area.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figure
Material models of dark energy

We review and develop a new class of "dark energy" models, in which the
relativistic theory of solids is used to construct material models of dark
energy. These are models which include the effects of a continuous medium with
well defined physical properties at the level of linearized perturbations. The
formalism is constructed for a medium with arbitrary symmetry, and then
specialised to isotropic media (which will be the case of interest for the
majority of cosmological applications). We develop the theory of relativistic
isotropic viscoelastic media whilst keeping in mind that we ultimately want to
observationally constrain the allowed properties of the material model. We do
this by obtaining the viscoelastic equations of state for perturbations (the
entropy and anisotropic stress), as well as identifying the consistent corner
of the theory which has constant equation of state parameter $\dot{w}=0$. We
also connect to the non-relativistic theory of solids, by identifying the two
quadratic invariants that are needed to construct the energy-momentum tensor,
namely the Rayleigh dissipation function and Lagrangian for perturbations.
Finally, we develop the notion that the viscoelastic behavior of the medium can
be thought of as a non-minimally coupled massive gravity theory. This also
provides a tool-kit for constructing consistent generalizations of coupled dark
energy theories.Comment: Matches published versio
AdS_6 solutions of type II supergravity

Very few AdS_6 x M_4 supersymmetric solutions are known: one in massive IIA,
and two IIB solutions dual to it. The IIA solution is known to be unique; in
this paper, we use the pure spinor approach to give a classification for IIB
supergravity. We reduce the problem to two PDEs on a two-dimensional space
Sigma. M_4 is then a fibration of S^2 over Sigma; the metric and fluxes are
completely determined in terms of the solution to the PDEs. The results seem
likely to accommodate near-horizon limits of (p,q)-fivebrane webs studied in
the literature as a source of CFT_5's. We also show that there are no AdS_6
solutions in eleven-dimensional supergravity.Comment: 37 pages; v2: references and equations (5.1) added, version published
  in Journal of High Energy Physics; v3: equation (5.1b) correcte
Charged black holes in string-inspired gravity: I. Causal structures and
  responses of the Brans-Dicke field

We investigate gravitational collapses of charged black holes in
string-inspired gravity models, including dilaton gravity and braneworld model,
as well as f(R) gravity and the ghost limit. If we turn on gauge coupling, the
causal structures and the responses of the Brans-Dicke field depend on the
coupling between the charged matter and the Brans-Dicke field. For Type IIA
inspired models, a Cauchy horizon exists, while there is no Cauchy horizon for
Type I or Heterotic inspired models. For Type IIA inspired models, the no-hair
theorem is satisfied asymptotically, while it is biased to the weak coupling
limit for Type I or Heterotic inspired models. Apart from string theory, we
find that in the ghost limit, a gravitational collapse can induce inflation by
itself and create one-way traversable wormholes without the need of other
special initial conditions.Comment: 45 pages, 22 figure
Convex hulls of random walks and their scaling limits

For the perimeter length and the area of the convex hull of the first $n$
steps of a planar random walk, we study $n \to \infty$ mean and variance
asymptotics and establish non-Gaussian distributional limits. Our results apply
to random walks with drift (for the area) and walks with no drift (for both
area and perimeter length) under mild moments assumptions on the increments.
These results complement and contrast with previous work which showed that the
perimeter length in the case with drift satisfies a central limit theorem. We
deduce these results from weak convergence statements for the convex hulls of
random walks to scaling limits defined in terms of convex hulls of certain
Brownian motions. We give bounds that confirm that the limiting variances in
our results are non-zero.Comment: 19 pages, 1 colour figur
Convergence of the solutions of the discounted equation

We consider a continuous coercive Hamiltonian $H$ on the cotangent bundle of
the compact connected manifold $M$ which is convex in the momentum. If
$u_\lambda:M\to\mathbb R$ is the viscosity solution of the discounted equation
$$
  \lambda u_\lambda(x)+H(x,d_x u_\lambda)=c(H), $$ where $c(H)$ is the critical
value, we prove that $u_\lambda$ converges uniformly, as $\lambda\to 0$, to a
specific solution $u_0:M\to\mathbb R$ of the critical equation $$ H(x,d_x
u)=c(H). $$ We characterize $u_0$ in terms of Peierls barrier and projected
Mather measures.Comment: 35 page