pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Cosmic rays and molecular clouds

This paper deals with the cosmic-ray penetration into molecular clouds and
with the related gamma--ray emission. High energy cosmic rays interact with the
dense gas and produce neutral pions which in turn decay into two gamma rays.
This makes molecular clouds potential sources of gamma rays, especially if they
are located in the vicinity of a powerful accelerator that injects cosmic rays
in the interstellar medium. The amplitude and duration in time of the
cosmic--ray overdensity around a given source depend on how quickly cosmic rays
diffuse in the turbulent galactic magnetic field. For these reasons, gamma-ray
observations of molecular clouds can be used both to locate the sources of
cosmic rays and to constrain the properties of cosmic-ray diffusion in the
Galaxy.Comment: To appear in the proceedings of the San Cugat Forum on Astrophysics
  2012, 27 pages, 10 figure
New insights on hadron acceleration at supernova remnant shocks

We outline the main features of nuclei acceleration at supernova remnant
forward shocks, stressing the crucial role played by self-amplified magnetic
fields in determining the energy spectrum observed in this class of sources. In
particular, we show how the standard predictions of the non-linear theory of
diffusive shock acceleration has to be completed with an additional ingredient,
which we propose to be the enhanced velocity of the magnetic irregularities
particles scatter against, to reconcile the theory of efficient particle
acceleration with recent observations of gamma-ray bright supernova remnants.Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures. To apper in "Cosmic-ray induced phenomenology in
  star-forming environments: Proceedings of the 2nd Session of the Sant Cugat
  Forum of Astrophysics" (April 16-19, 2012), Olaf Reimer and Diego F. Torres
  (eds.
A possible GeV-radio correlation for starburst galaxies

For star-forming regions, there is a correlation of radio and FIR-emission
established. The radio emission is caused by synchrotron radiation of
electrons, while the FIR emission is attributed to HII regions of OB stars and
hot dust powered by those stars. Another possible correlation for star-forming
regions might exist between the aforementioned radio emission and the gamma ray
emission in the GeV regime. The GeV gamma ray emission of star-forming regions
is dominated by the decay of neutral pions formed in collisions of cosmic ray
(CR) protons accelerated at supernova remnants (SNRs) with ambient hydrogen,
while the electrons generating the synchrotron emission are assumed to be
accelerated at the same SNRs. Assuming the same spectral shape for the CR
proton and electron distribution and a fixed ratio of CR protons to electrons,
the proton- and electron-calorimetry of the star-forming regions can be tested.
Furthermore, this provides a method to derive the magnetic field strength in
the star-forming region complementary to the existing methods.Comment: Sant Cugat Forum on Astrophysics 2012, to apper in Cosmic-ray induced
  phenomenology in star-forming environments: Proceedings of the 2nd Session of
  the Sant Cugat Forum of Astrophysics (April 16-19, 2012), Olaf Reimer and
  Diego F. Torres (eds.), 6 pages, 4 figure
Cosmic-ray-induced ionization in molecular clouds adjacent to supernova
  remnants

Energetic gamma rays (GeV to TeV photon energy) have been detected toward
several supernova remnants (SNR) that are associated with molecular clouds. If
the gamma rays are produced mainly by hadronic processes rather than leptonic
processes like bremsstrahlung, then the flux of energetic cosmic ray nuclei (>1
GeV) required to produce the gamma rays can be inferred at the site where the
particles are accelerated in SNR shocks. It is of great interest to understand
the acceleration of the cosmic rays of lower energy (<1 GeV) that accompany the
energetic component. These particles of lower energy are most effective in
ionizing interstellar gas, which leaves an observable imprint on the
interstellar ion chemistry. A correlation of energetic gamma radiation with
enhanced interstellar ionization can thus be used to support the hadronic
origin of the gamma rays and to constrain the acceleration of ionizing cosmic
rays in SNR. Using observational gamma ray data, the primary cosmic ray proton
spectrum can be modeled for E >1 GeV, and careful extrapolation of the spectrum
to lower energies offers a method to calculate the ionization rate of the
molecular cloud.Comment: Sant Cugat Forum on Astrophysics 2012, to apper in Cosmic-ray induced
  phenomenology in star-forming environments: Proceedings of the 2nd Session of
  the Sant Cugat Forum of Astrophysics (April 16-19, 2012), Olaf Reimer and
  Diego F. Torres (eds.), 8 pages, 3 figure
Traces of past activity in the Galactic Centre

The Milky Way centre hosts a supermassive Black Hole (BH) with a mass of
~4*10^6 M_Sun. Sgr A*, its electromagnetic counterpart, currently appears as an
extremely weak source with a luminosity L~10^-9 L_Edd. The lowest known
Eddington ratio BH. However, it was not always so; traces of "glorious" active
periods can be found in the surrounding medium. We review here our current view
of the X-ray emission from the Galactic Center (GC) and its environment, and
the expected signatures (e.g. X-ray reflection) of a past flare. We discuss the
history of Sgr A*'s past activity and its impact on the surrounding medium. The
structure of the Central Molecular Zone (CMZ) has not changed significantly
since the last active phase of Sgr A*. This relic torus provides us with the
opportunity to image the structure of an AGN torus in exquisite detail.Comment: Invited refereed review. Chapter of the book: "Cosmic ray induced
  phenomenology in star forming environments" (eds. Olaf Reimer and Diego F.
  Torres
From 10 Kelvin to 10 TeraKelvin: Insights on the Interaction Between
  Cosmic Rays and Gas in Starbursts

Recent work has both illuminated and mystified our attempts to understand
cosmic rays (CRs) in starburst galaxies. I discuss my new research exploring
how CRs interact with the ISM in starbursts. Molecular clouds provide targets
for CR protons to produce pionic gamma rays and ionization, but those same
losses may shield the cloud interiors. In the densest molecular clouds, gamma
rays and Al-26 decay can provide ionization, at rates up to those in Milky Way
molecular clouds. I then consider the free-free absorption of low frequency
radio emission from starbursts, which I argue arises from many small, discrete
H II regions rather than from a "uniform slab" of ionized gas, whereas
synchrotron emission arises outside them. Finally, noting that the hot
superwind gas phase fills most of the volume of starbursts, I suggest that it
has turbulent-driven magnetic fields powered by supernovae, and that this phase
is where most synchrotron emission arises. I show how such a scenario could
explain the far-infrared radio correlation, in context of my previous work. A
big issue is that radio and gamma-ray observations imply CRs also must interact
with dense gas. Understanding how this happens requires a more advanced
understanding of turbulence and CR propagation.Comment: Conference proceedings for "Cosmic-ray induced phenomenology in
  star-forming environments: Proceedings of the 2nd Session of the Sant Cugat
  Forum of Astrophysics" (April 16-19, 2012). 16 pages, 5 figure
The influence of cosmic rays in the circumnuclear molecular gas of
  NGC1068

We surveyed the circumnuclear disk of the Seyfert galaxy NGC1068 between the
frequencies 86.2 GHz and 115.6 GHz, and identified 17 different molecules.
Using a time and depth dependent chemical model we reproduced the observational
results, and show that the column densities of most of the species are better
reproduced if the molecular gas is heavily pervaded by a high cosmic ray
ionization rate of about 1000 times that of the Milky Way. We discuss how
molecules in the NGC1068 nucleus may be influenced by this external radiation,
as well as by UV radiation fields.Comment: 6 pages. Conference proceeding for the workshop on "Cosmic-ray
  induced phenomenology in star-forming environments" held in Sant Cugat,
  Spain, on April 16-19, 201
Cosmic-ray propagation in molecular clouds

Cosmic-rays constitute the main ionising and heating agent in dense,
starless, molecular cloud cores. We reexamine the physical quantities necessary
to determine the cosmic-ray ionisation rate (especially the cosmic ray spectrum
at E < 1 GeV and the ionisation cross sections), and calculate the ionisation
rate as a function of the column density of molecular hydrogen. Available data
support the existence of a low-energy component (below about 100 MeV) of
cosmic-ray electrons or protons responsible for the ionisation of diffuse and
dense clouds. We also compute the attenuation of the cosmic-ray flux rate in a
cloud core taking into account magnetic focusing and magnetic mirroring,
following the propagation of cosmic rays along flux tubes enclosing different
amount of mass and mass-to-flux ratios. We find that mirroring always dominates
over focusing, implying a reduction of the cosmic-ray ionisation rate by a
factor of 3-4 depending on the position inside the core and the magnetisation
of the core.Comment: To appear in "Cosmic Rays in Star-Forming Environments", Proceedings
  of the 2nd Session of the Sant Cugat Forum on Astrophysics. D. F. Torres and
  O. Reimer (Editors), 2013, Springer, 25 pages, 11 figure
Biomedical Images Classification by Universal Nearest Neighbours Classifier Using Posterior Probability

Third International Workshop, MLMI 2012, Held in Conjunction with MICCAI 2012International audienceUniversal Nearest Neighbours (unn) is a classifier recently proposed, which can also effectively estimates the posterior probability of each classification act. This algorithm, intrinsically binary, requires the use of a decomposition method to cope with multiclass problems, thus reducing their complexity in less complex binary subtasks. Then, a reconstruction rule provides the final classification. In this paper we show that the application of unn algorithm in conjunction with a reconstruction rule based on the posterior probabilities provides a classification scheme robust among different biomedical image datasets. To this aim, we compare unn performance with those achieved by Support Vector Machine with two different kernels and by a k Nearest Neighbours classifier, and applying two different reconstruction rules for each of the aforementioned classification paradigms. The results on one private and five public biomedical datasets show satisfactory performance
The performance comparison of european DTTV standards with LDPC-encoded-DVB-T standard under AWGN channel

In this study, in addition to previous work which is a performance comparison of European DTTV Broadcasting standards which are known as DVB-T and DVB-T2, DVB-T2's inner encoder/interleaver block which has LDPC Encoder/Bit Interleaver, is integrated into DVB-T instead of its own inner encoder/interleaver block. This Proposed System's performance under AWGN channel is compared to the DVB-T/T2 standards. The Proposed System achieves better performance results according to DVB-T and very close results according to DVB-T2. It achieves nearly from 4 to 7 decibels SNR gain and up to 13 Mb/s data rate gain then DVB-T results according to different code rate and modulation parameters
Decision support in supply chain management for disaster relief in Somalia

Somalia, a country situated in Eastern Africa has been struggling
between rival warlords and an inability to deal with famine. Diseases have
resulted to the deaths of up to millions of people. According to a New York
Times article on 25 November 2011, Somalia has become a suffering and failed
state. The inadequate infrastructure and poorly planned logistics of Somalia
may lead to the destruction of the country.
To address these concerns, it is necessary that humanitarian aid is prepositioned
to provide victims with sufficient relief. This chapter addresses some
of the issues in supply chain management with the trade-off between stockpile
cost and shortage cost by using pre-emptive multi-objective programming. The
proposed criteria of the model are described. This is followed by a case study
based on Somalia, illustrating the functionality of the model.National Research Foundation and the University of Pretoria.http://www.springer.com/series/11156hb201
On the Impact of Identifiers on Local Decision

The issue of identifiers is crucial in distributed computing. Informally,
identities are used for tackling two of the fundamental difficulties that
areinherent to deterministic distributed computing, namely: (1) symmetry
breaking, and (2) topological information gathering. In the context of local
computation, i.e., when nodes can gather information only from nodes at bounded
distances, some insight regarding the role of identities has been established.
For instance, it was shown that, for large classes of construction problems,
the role of the identities can be rather small. However, for theidentities to
play no role, some other kinds of mechanisms for breaking symmetry must be
employed, such as edge-labeling or sense of direction. When it comes to local
distributed decision problems, the specification of the decision task does not
seem to involve symmetry breaking. Therefore, it is expected that, assuming
nodes can gather sufficient information about their neighborhood, one could get
rid of the identities, without employing extra mechanisms for breaking
symmetry. We tackle this question in the framework of the $\local$ model. Let
$\LD$ be the class of all problems that can be decided in a constant number of
rounds in the $\local$ model. Similarly, let $\LD^*$ be the class of all
problems that can be decided at constant cost in the anonymous variant of the
$\local$ model, in which nodes have no identities, but each node can get access
to the (anonymous) ball of radius $t$ around it, for any $t$, at a cost of $t$.
It is clear that $\LD^*\subseteq \LD$. We conjecture that $\LD^*=\LD$. In this
paper, we give several evidences supporting this conjecture. In particular, we
show that it holds for hereditary problems, as well as when the nodes know an
arbitrary upper bound on the total number of nodes. Moreover, we prove that the
conjecture holds in the context of non-deterministic local decision, where
nodes are given certificates (independent of the identities, if they exist),
and the decision consists in verifying these certificates. In short, we prove
that $\NLD^*=\NLD$.Comment: Principles of Distributed Systems, 16th International Conference, Dec
  2012, Rome, Ital
MAVwork : a framework for unified interfacing between micro aerial vehicles and visual controllers

Debugging control software for Micro Aerial Vehicles (MAV) can be risky out of the simulator, especially with professional drones that might harm people around or result in a high bill after a crash. We have designed a framework that enables a software application to communicate with multiple MAVs from a single unified interface. In this way, visual controllers can be first tested on a low-cost harmless MAV and, after safety is guaranteed, they can be moved to the production MAV at no additional cost. The framework is based on a distributed architecture over a network. This allows multiple configurations, like drone swarms or parallel processing of drones' video streams. Live tests have been performed and the results show comparatively low additional communication delays, while adding new functionalities and flexibility. This implementation is open-source and can be downloaded from github.com/uavster/mavwor
On Attention Mechanisms for AGI Architectures: A Design Proposal

Many existing AGI architectures are based on the assumption of infinite computa- tional resources, as researchers ignore the fact that real-world tasks have time limits, and managing these is a key part of the role of intelligence. In the domain of intelligent systems the management of system resources is typically called “attention”. Attention mechanisms are necessary because all moderately complex environments are likely to be the source of vastly more information than could be processed in realtime by an intelligence’s available cognitive resources. Even if sufficient resources were available, attention could help make better use of them. We argue that attentional mechanisms are not only nice to have, for AGI architectures they are an absolute necessity. We examine ideas and concepts from cognitive psychology for creating intelligent resource management mechanisms and how these can be applied to engineered systems. We present a design for a general attention mechanism intended for imple- mentation in AGI architectures
What Is It Like to Be a Brain Simulation?

We frame the question of what kind of subjective experience a brain
simulation would have in contrast to a biological brain. We discuss the brain
prosthesis thought experiment. We evaluate how the experience of the brain
simulation might differ from the biological, according to a number of
hypotheses about experience and the properties of simulation. Then, we identify
finer questions relating to the original inquiry, and answer them from both a
general physicalist, and panexperientialist perspective.Comment: 10 pages, draft of conference paper published in AGI 2012, also
  accepted to AISB 2012 but it was too late to arrange travel, unfortunately;
  Artificial General Intelligence, 5th International Conference, AGI 2012,
  Oxford, UK, December 8-11, 2012. Proceeding
A Bag Reconstruction Method for Multiple Instance Classification and Group Record Linkage

Record linking is the task of detecting records in several databases that refer to the same entity. This task aims at exploring the relationship between entities, which normally lack common identifiers in heterogeneous datasets. When entities contain multiple relational records, linking them across datasets can be more accurate by treating the records as groups, which leads to group linking methods. Even so, individual record links may still be needed for the final group linking step. This problem can be solved by multiple instance learning, in which group links are modelled as bags, and record links are considered as instances. In this paper, we propose a novel method for instance classification and group record linkage via bag reconstruction from instances. The bag reconstruction is based on the modeling of the distribution of negative instances in the training bags via kernel density estimation. We evaluate this approach on both synthetic and real-world data. Our results show that the proposed method can outperform several baseline methods.Full Tex
The future of sustainable building assessment tools : a case study in Australia

Sustainability issues in built environment have attracted an increasingly level of attention from both the general public and the industry. As a result, a number of green building assessment tools have been developed such as the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) and the BRE Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM), etc. This paper critically reviewed the assessment tools developed in Australian context, i.e. the Green Star rating tools developed by the Green Building Council of Australia. A particular focus is given to the recent developments of these assessment tools. The results showed that the office buildings take the biggest share of Green Star rated buildings. Similarly, sustainable building assessments seem to be more performance oriented which focuses on the operation stage of buildings. In addition, stakeholder engagement during the decision making process is encouraged. These findings provide useful references to the development of next generation of sustainable building assessment tools
The relationship between construction sector and the national economy of Sri Lanka

The causal relationship between construction and a country’s economy has received much attention in the past. However, the results provide contrasting views on the nature of this relationship. This paper therefore investigates the direction of the causal relationship between construction and the economy of a developing country, Sri Lanka. It uses empirical data for selected economic and construction indicators for the period 1990–2009. The pattern of the causal relationship was determined using Granger causality test. The findings reveal that for all indicators except construction investment, national economic activities precede that of construction. The study therefore concludes and strengthens the body of knowledge on Sri Lanka that the causal relationship between its construction sector and national economy tend towards a uni-directional relationship with the national economy inducing growth in the construction sector and not vice versa
Aspect of Assembly: From Theory to Performance

International audienceUbiquitous computing systems raise numerous challenges in software engineering. Among these, the dynamic variation of open ubiquitous computing environments requires continuous adaptation of applications. Aspect-Oriented Programming is a well-adapted technique to bring together independence of concerns and extensibility for dynamic adaptation. However, the dynamic adaptation has to occur within a reasonable timeframe, which requires a detailed knowledge of the weaving duration. In this paper, we introduce “Aspect of Assembly”, an aspect-oriented approach to develop services- and components-based applications. Then we study the response time of the adaptation process by decomposing the weaving process. The model of the duration of the adaptation process enables us to define a priori constraints to meet temporal requirements for real-world applications. Throughout this paper, we illustrate our work with an actual industrial use case to provide service continuity for a hydrant worker in the water industry
Game-theoretic Robustness of Many-to-one Networks

In this paper, we study the robustness of networks that are \ud
characterized by many-to-one communications (e.g., access \ud
networks and sensor networks) in a game-theoretic model. More \ud
specifically, we model the interactions between a network \ud
operator and an adversary as a two player zero-sum game, where \ud
the network operator chooses a spanning tree in the network, the \ud
adversary chooses an edge to be removed from the network, and \ud
the adversary’s payoff is proportional to the number of nodes \ud
that can no longer reach a designated node through the spanning \ud
tree. We show that the payoff in every Nash equilibrium of the \ud
game is equal to the reciprocal of the persistence of the \ud
network. We describe optimal adversarial and operator strategies  \ud
and give efficient, polynomial-time algorithms to compute \ud
optimal strategies. We also generalize our game model to include \ud
varying node weights, as well as attacks against nodes
Developing Semantic Rich Internet Applications with the Sm4RIA Extension for OIDE

This paper introduces the Sm4RIA Extension for OIDE, which implements the Sm4RIA approach in OIDE (OOH4RIA Integrated Development Environment). The application, based on the Eclipse framework, supports the design of the Sm4RIA models as well as the model-to-model and model-to-text transformation processes that facilitate the generation of Semantic Rich Internet Applications, i.e., RIA applications capable of sharing data as Linked data and consuming external data from other sources in the same manner. Moreover, the application implements mechanisms for the creation of RIA interfaces from ontologies and the automatic generation of administration interfaces for a previously design application.This paper has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education under the FPU program (ref. AP2007-03076) and the SONRIA project (ref. TIN2010-15789). The authors would also like to thank the University of Alicante for the economic support given through the DIMENRIA research project (ref. GRE10-23)