pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
​Afriat's Theorem and Samuelson's 'Eternal Darkness'

Suppose that we have access to a finite set of expenditure data drawn from an individual consumer, i.e., how much of each good has been purchased and at what prices. Afriat (1967) was the first to establish necessary and sufficient conditions on such a data set for rationalizability by utility maximization. In this note, we provide a new and simple proof of Afriat’s Theorem, the explicit steps of which help to more deeply understand the driving force behind one of the more curious features of the result itself, namely that a concave rationalization is without loss of generality in a classical finite data setting. Our proof stresses the importance of the non-uniqueness of a utility representation along with the finiteness of the data set in ensuring the existence of a concave utility function that rationalizes the data.PostprintPeer reviewe
Reproductive history and post-reproductive mortality: A sibling comparison analysis using Swedish register data

A growing body of evidence suggests that reproductive history influences post-reproductive mortality. A potential explanation for this association is confounding by socioeconomic status in the family of origin, as socioeconomic status is related to both fertility behaviours and to long-term health. We examine the relationship between age at first birth, completed parity, and post-reproductive mortality and address the potential confounding role of family of origin. We use Swedish population register data for men and women born 1932–1960, and examine both all-cause and cause-specific mortality. The contributions of our study are the use of a sibling comparison design that minimizes residual confounding from shared family background characteristics and assessment of cause-specific mortality that can shed light on the mechanisms linking reproductive history to mortality. Our results were entirely consistent with previous research on this topic, with teenage first time parents having higher mortality, and the relationship between parity and mortality following a U-shaped pattern where childless men and women and those with five or more children had the highest mortality. These results indicate that selection into specific fertility behaviours based upon socioeconomic status and experiences within the family of origin does not explain the relationship between reproductive history and post-reproductive mortality. Additional analyses where we adjust for other lifecourse factors such as educational attainment, attained socioeconomic status, and post-reproductive marital history do not change the results. Our results add an important new level of robustness to the findings on reproductive history and mortality by showing that the association is robust to confounding by factors shared by siblings. However it is still uncertain whether reproductive history causally influences health, or whether other confounding factors such as childhood health or risk-taking propensity could explain the association
Synthesis, structure and properties of the oxychalcogenide series A4O4TiSe4 (A=Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er and Y).

Seven oxyselenide materials have been synthesised with composition A4O4TiSe4 (A=Sm, Gd–Er, Y) via solid state reactions of A2O3, TiSe2 and Se at 900 °C. They are all isostructural with Gd4O4TiSe4. Structures have been refined from powder X-ray diffraction data and have monoclinic C2/m symmetry with unit cell parameters of a≈15.7 Å, b≈3.75 Å, c≈9.65 Å and β≈117.5°. They contain infinite ribbons of edge-sharing A4O and A3TiO tetrahedra 4 units wide, which are linked by chains of TiSe4O2 edge-sharing octahedra. Compositions A=Gd–Ho, Y are semiconductors with conductivities 1–3 Sm−1 at 300 K, with electronic band gaps of between 0.25 and 0.37 eV. Magnetic susceptibility is reported from 1.8 K to 300 K for compositions A=Gd–Ho. Rare earth moments appear to order antiferromagnetically at low temperatures with Gd and Tb showing evidence of ferromagnetism due to spin canting over a narrow temperature range close to TN
On the information content of discrete phylogenetic characters.

Phylogenetic inference aims to reconstruct the evolutionary relationships of different species based on genetic (or other) data. Discrete characters are a particular type of data, which contain information on how the species should be grouped together. However, it has long been known that some characters contain more information than others. For instance, a character that assigns the same state to each species groups all of them together and so provides no insight into the relationships of the species considered. At the other extreme, a character that assigns a different state to each species also conveys no phylogenetic signal. In this manuscript, we study a natural combinatorial measure of the information content of an individual character and analyse properties of characters that provide the maximum phylogenetic information, particularly, the number of states such a character uses and how the different states have to be distributed among the species or taxa of the phylogenetic tree
A comprehensive performance evaluation of deformable face tracking “In-the-Wild”

Recently, technologies such as face detection, facial landmark localisation and face recognition and verification have matured enough to provide effective and efficient solutions for imagery captured under arbitrary conditions (referred to as “in-the-wild”). This is partially attributed to the fact that comprehensive “in-the-wild” benchmarks have been developed for face detection, landmark localisation and recognition/verification. A very important technology that has not been thoroughly evaluated yet is deformable face tracking “in-the-wild”. Until now, the performance has mainly been assessed qualitatively by visually assessing the result of a deformable face tracking technology on short videos. In this paper, we perform the first, to the best of our knowledge, thorough evaluation of state-of-the-art deformable face tracking pipelines using the recently introduced 300 VW benchmark. We evaluate many different architectures focusing mainly on the task of on-line deformable face tracking. In particular, we compare the following general strategies: (a) generic face detection plus generic facial landmark localisation, (b) generic model free tracking plus generic facial landmark localisation, as well as (c) hybrid approaches using state-of-the-art face detection, model free tracking and facial landmark localisation technologies. Our evaluation reveals future avenues for further research on the topic
Search for resonant and nonresonant Higgs boson pair production in the $b\overline{b}\ell \nu \ell \nu$ final state in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV

Searches for resonant and nonresonant pair-produced Higgs bosons (HH) decaying respectively into $\ell \nu \ell \nu$, through either W or Z bosons, and $b\overline{b}$ are presented. The analyses are based on a sample of proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV, collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 $fb^{−1}$. Data and predictions from the standard model are in agreement within uncertainties. For the standard model HH hypothesis, the data exclude at 95% confidence level a product of the production cross section and branching fraction larger than 72 fb, corresponding to 79 times the standard model prediction. Constraints are placed on different scenarios considering anomalous couplings, which could affect the rate and kinematics of HH production. Upper limits at 95% confidence level are set on the production cross section of narrow-width spin-0 and spin-2 particles decaying to Higgs boson pairs, the latter produced with minimal gravity-like coupling
Supersymmetric Casimir Energy and the Anomaly Polynomial

We conjecture that for superconformal field theories in even dimensions, the supersymmetric Casimir energy on a space with topology S1×SD−1 is equal to an equivariant integral of the anomaly polynomial. The equivariant integration is defined with respect to the Cartan subalgebra of the global symmetry algebra that commutes with a given supercharge. We test our proposal extensively by computing the supersymmetric Casimir energy for large classes of superconformal field theories, with and without known Lagrangian descriptions, in two, four and six dimensions.We conjecture that for superconformal field theories in even dimensions, the supersymmetric Casimir energy on a space with topology S1×SD−1 is equal to an equivariant integral of the anomaly polynomial. The equivariant integration is defined with respect to the Cartan subalgebra of the global symmetry algebra that commutes with a given supercharge. We test our proposal extensively by computing the supersymmetric Casimir energy for large classes of superconformal field theories, with and without known Lagrangian descriptions, in two, four and six dimensions.12
Grasping the other's attention: The role of animacy in action cueing of joint attention

Contains fulltext :
                  99366.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)The current experiment investigates the role of animacy on grasp-cueing effects as investigated in joint attention research. In a simple detection task participants responded to the colour change of one of two objects of identical size. Before the target onset, we presented a cueing stimulus consisting of either two human hands with a small and a large grip aperture (animate condition) or two comparable U-shaped figures with small and large aperture (inanimate condition). Depending on the size of the objects and the arrangement of the apertures (i.e., large aperture to the left and small aperture to the right or vice versa), either the left or right object matched the grasping hand or U-shapes. Our data show that biological grasping actions modulate the observer's attention whereas the perception of inanimate stimuli does not result in a comparable cueing effect. This strong impact of animacy on attentional priming suggests that grasp cueing represents a marker of a joint attention mechanism that involves spontaneous simulation of the observed motor behaviour
Direct Thy-1/alphaVbeta3 integrin interaction mediates neuron to astrocyte communication.

Thy-1 is an abundant neuronal glycoprotein of poorly defined function. We recently provided evidence indicating that Thy-1 clusters a beta3-containing integrin in astrocytes to induce tyrosine phosphorylation, RhoA activation and the formation of focal adhesions and stress fibers. To date, the alpha subunit partner of beta3 integrin in DI TNC1 astrocytes is unknown. Similarly, the ability of neuronal, membrane-bound Thy-1 to trigger astrocyte signaling via integrin engagement remains speculation. Here, evidence that alphav forms an alphavbeta3 heterodimer in DI TNC1 astrocytes was obtained. In neuron-astrocyte association assays, the presence of either anti-alphav or anti-beta3 integrin antibodies reduced cell-cell interaction demonstrating the requirement of both integrin subunits for this association. Moreover, anti-Thy-1 antibodies blocked stimulation of astrocytes by neurons but not the binding of these two cell types. Thus, neuron-astrocyte association involved binding between molecular components in addition to the Thy-1-integrin; however, the signaling events leading to focal adhesion formation in astrocytes depended exclusively on the latter interaction. Additionally, wild-type (RLD) but not mutated (RLE) Thy-1 was shown to directly interact with alphavbeta3 integrin by Surface Plasmon Resonance analysis. This interaction was promoted by divalent cations and was species-independent. Together, these results demonstrate that the alphavbeta3 integrin heterodimer interacts directly with Thy-1 present on neuronal cells to stimulate astrocytes
Sex allocation conflict in ants: when the queen rules.

Insect societies are paramount examples of cooperation, yet they also harbor internal conflicts whose resolution depends on the power of the opponents. The male-haploid, female-diploid sex-determining system of ants causes workers to be more related to sisters than to brothers, whereas queens are equally related to daughters and sons. Workers should thus allocate more resources to females than to males, while queens should favor an equal investment in each sex. Female-biased sex allocation and manipulation of the sex ratio during brood development suggest that workers prevail in many ant species. Here, we show that queens of Formica selysi strongly influenced colony sex allocation by biasing the sex ratio of their eggs. Most colonies specialized in the production of a single sex. Queens in female-specialist colonies laid a high proportion of diploid eggs, whereas queens in male-specialist colonies laid almost exclusively haploid eggs, which constrains worker manipulation. However, the change in sex ratio between the egg and pupae stages suggests that workers eliminated some male brood, and the population sex-investment ratio was between the queens' and workers' equilibria. Altogether, these data provide evidence for an ongoing conflict between queens and workers, with a prominent influence of queens as a result of their control of egg sex ratio
Implications of crop model ensemble size and composition for estimates of adaptation eﬀects and agreement of recommendations

Climate change is expected to severely aﬀect cropping systems and food production in many parts of the world unless local adaptation can ameliorate these impacts. Ensembles of crop simulation models can be useful tools for assessing if proposed adaptation options are capable of achieving target yields, whilst also quantifying the share of uncertainty in the simulated crop impact resulting from the crop models themselves. Although some studies have analysed the inﬂuence of ensemble size on model outcomes, the eﬀect of ensemble composition has not yet been properly appraised. Moreover, results and derived recommendations typically rely on averaged ensemble simulation results without accounting suﬃciently for the spread of model outcomes. Therefore, we developed an Ensemble Outcome Agreement (EOA) index, which analyses the eﬀect of changes in composition and size of a multi-model ensemble (MME) to evaluate the level of agreement between MME outcomes with respect to a given hypothesis (e.g. that adaptation measures result in positive crop responses). We analysed the recommendations of a previous study performed with an ensemble of 17 crop models and testing 54 adaptation options for rainfed winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at Lleida (NE Spain) under perturbed conditions of temperature, precipitation and atmospheric CO2 concentration. Our results conﬁrmed that most adaptations recommended in the previous study have a positive eﬀect. However, we also showed that some options did not remain recommendable in speciﬁc conditions if diﬀerent ensembles were considered. Using EOA, we were able to identify the adaptation options for which there is high conﬁdence in their eﬀectiveness at enhancing yields, even under severe climate perturbations. These include substituting spring wheat for winter wheat combined with earlier sowing dates and standard or longer duration cultivars, or introducing supplementary irrigation, the latter increasing EOA values in all cases. There is low conﬁdence in recovering yields to baseline levels, although this target could be attained for some adaptation options under moderate climate perturbations. Recommendations derived from such robust results may provide crucial information for stakeholders seeking to implement adaptation measures
Linear pre-metric electrodynamics and deduction of the light cone

We formulate a general framework for describing the electromagnetic
properties of spacetime. These properties are encoded in the `constitutive
tensor of the vacuum', a quantity analogous to that used in the description of
material media. We give a generally covariant derivation of the Fresnel
equation describing the local properties of the propagation of electromagnetic
waves for the case of the most general possible linear constitutive tensor. We
also study the particular case in which a light cone structure is induced and
the circumstances under which such a structure emerges. In particular, we will
study the relationship between the dual operators defined by the constitutive
tensor under certain conditions and the existence of a conformal metric.
Closure and symmetry of the constitutive tensor will be found as conditions
which ensure the existence of a conformal metric. We will also see how the
metric components can be explicitly deduced from the constitutive tensor if
these two conditions are met. Finally, we will apply the same method to explore
the consequences of relaxing the condition of symmetry and how this affects the
emergence of the light cone.Comment: 73 pages, 8 figures, LaTeX, corresponds to published versio
An assessment of decision-making by surgeons in management of colorectal cancer. International controversies and national practice.

Papers 1,2 and 3 of this thesis are not available in Munin: <br/>1. Augestad KM, Lindsetmo RO, Stulberg JJ, Reynolds H, Senagore AJ, Champagne B, Heriot AG, Leblanc F and Delaney CP.: 'International preoperative rectal cancer management: staging, neoadjuvant treatment, and impact of multidisciplinary teams', World Journal of Surgery (2010), vol. 34:2689-2700. Available at <a href=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00268-010-0738-3>http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00268-010-0738-3</a> <br/>2. Augestad KM, Lindsetmo RO, Stulberg JJ, Reynolds H, Senagore AJ, Champagne B, Heriot AG, Leblanc F and Delaney CP.: 'International trends in surgical treatment of rectal cancer', American Journal of Surgery (2011), vol. 201:353–358. Available at <a href=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2010.08.030>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2010.08.030</a> <br/>3. Augestad KM, Lindsetmo RO, Stulberg J, Reynolds H, Champagne B, Senagore AJ and Delaney CP.: 'System-based factors influencing intraoperative decision-making in rectal cancer by surgeons. An international assessment', Colorectal Disease (2012), vol. 14(10):e679-88. Available at <a href=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-1318.2012.03093.x>http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-1318.2012.03093.x</a
Endothelial dysfunction – a major mediator of diabetic vascular disease

The vascular endothelium is a multifunctional organ and is critically involved in modulating vascular tone and structure. Endothelial cells produce a wide range of factors that also regulate cellular adhesion, thromboresistance, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and vessel wall inflammation. Thus, endothelial function is important for the homeostasis of the body and its dysfunction is associated with several pathophysiological conditions, including atherosclerosis, hypertension and diabetes. Patients with diabetes invariably show an impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Therefore, understanding and treating endothelial dysfunction is a major focus in the prevention of vascular complications associated with all forms of diabetes mellitus. The mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in diabetes may point to new management strategies for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in diabetes. This review will focus on the mechanisms and therapeutics that specifically target endothelial dysfunction in the context of a diabetic setting. Mechanisms including altered glucose metabolism, impaired insulin signaling, low-grade inflammatory state, and increased reactive oxygen species generation will be discussed. The importance of developing new pharmacological approaches that upregulate endothelium-derived nitric oxide synthesis and target key vascular ROS-producing enzymes will be highlighted and new strategies that might prove clinically relevant in preventing the development and/or retarding the progression of diabetes associated vascular complications
Socio-Demographic and Behavioral Risk Factors Associated with the High Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Portuguese Children

Objectives: Childhood obesity is a public health concern in Portugal. Socio-demographic and behavioral
factors are highly associated with obesity but are not clearly understood. This article aims to update the prevalence
of overweight and obesity in Portuguese children and to explore the influence and risks of socio-demographic
factors and behavioral factors.factors and behavioral factors.
Methods: A cross-sectional study of Portuguese children aged 3–10 years from all 18 mainland districts took place
between March 2009 and January 2010. The sample was composed by 17,136 children, 3–10 years of age (8,455 boys;
8,681 girls). Height, weight, and other anthropometric measurements were obtained by trained technicians. Body mass
index (BMI) was calculated along with other anthropometric variables. Data analyses took place between April and
September 2012. The overweight/obesity classification was established by age-and sex-specific BMI cut-off points as
defined by the International obesity task force (IOTF). Parents completed questionnaires about socio-demographic and
behavioral characteristics of the family.
Results: Almost 28% of the Portuguese children were overweight or obese (19.7% overweight; 8.2% obese). Prevalence
was greater in girls than in boys. Logistic regression models found that the odds of childhood obesity were significantly
affected by biological, socio-demographic, and behavioral factors.
Conclusions: The protective factors against childhood overweight/obesity in this sample of Portuguese children are:
(i) being male; (ii) having been breastfeed; (iii) having been born from mothers who did not smoke during pregnancy;
(iv) engaging in little sedentary behaviors (TV, PC, and playing electronic games); (iv) performing at least 1 h of moderate
physical activity every day; and (v) having parents with higher educational levels who also have their BMI within
the healthy ranges.Contract grant sponsor: Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia; Contract
grant number: FCOMP-01–0124-FEDER-007483
Ac magnetic susceptibility of a molecular magnet submonolayer directly
  patterned onto a microSQUID sensor

We report the controlled integration, via Dip Pen Nanolithography, of
monolayer dots of ferritin-based CoO nanoparticles (12 Bohr magnetons) into the
most sensitive areas of a microSQUID sensor. The nearly optimum flux coupling
between these nanomagnets and the microSQUID improves the achievable
sensitivity by a factor 100, enabling us to measure the linear susceptibility
of the molecular array down to very low temperatures (13 mK). This method opens
the possibility of applying ac susceptibility experiments to characterize
two-dimensional arrays of single molecule magnets within a wide range of
temperatures and frequencies.Comment: 4 pages 3 figure
The role of technology in shaping the professional future of community pharmacists: the case of the electronic prescription service in the English NHS

Information and communication technology (ICT) has been extensively proposed in the last decade as a means to reform, modernize and reshape national health systems around the globe. If it does these things then it will inevitably change work practices, and may thus have longer term consequences for health care professions. This paper considers how ICT may shape the professional future of community pharmacists drawing from ongoing research into a national project in England to establish the electronic transmission of prescriptions between doctors and pharmacies. The project illustrates how technology opens up various possibilities that may influence pharmacists’ professional standing by shaping their work practices, jurisdictions, roles, values, power and boundaries. The aim here is not to evaluate these subtle and contradictory changes, which are in the future, but to develop an appropriate analytical framework, and to contribute to a debate concerning the role of technology in shaping professional futures