pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Bridging the ensemble Kalman filter and particle filters: the adaptive Gaussian mixture filter

The nonlinear filtering problem occurs in many scientific areas. Sequential Monte Carlo solutions with the correct asymptotic behavior such as particle filters exist, but they are computationally too expensive when working with high-dimensional systems. The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is a more robust method that has shown promising results with a small sample size, but the samples are not guaranteed to come from the true posterior distribution. By approximating the model error with a Gaussian distribution, one may represent the posterior distribution as a sum of Gaussian kernels. The resulting Gaussian mixture filter has the advantage of both a local Kalman type correction and the weighting/resampling step of a particle filter. The Gaussian mixture approximation relies on a bandwidth parameter which often has to be kept quite large in order to avoid a weight collapse in high dimensions. As a result, the Kalman correction is too large to capture highly non-Gaussian posterior distributions. In this paper, we have extended the Gaussian mixture filter (Hoteit et al., Mon Weather Rev 136:317–334, 2008) and also made the connection to particle filters more transparent. In particular, we introduce a tuning parameter for the importance weights. In the last part of the paper, we have performed a simulation experiment with the Lorenz40 model where our method has been compared to the EnKF and a full implementation of a particle filter. The results clearly indicate that the new method has advantages compared to the standard EnKF
Mid-IR spectra of pre-main sequence Herbig stars : an explanation for the non-detections of water lines

The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme FP7-2011 under grant agreement No. 284405.Context. The mid-IR detection rate of water lines in disks around Herbig stars disks is about 5%, while it is around 50% for disks around T Tauri stars. The reason for this is still unclear. Aims. In this study, we want to find an explanation for the different detection rates between low mass and high mass pre-main-sequence stars in the mid-IR regime. Methods. We ran disk models with stellar parameters adjusted to spectral types B9 through M2, using the radiation thermo-chemical disk modelling code ProDiMo. We explored also a small parameter space around a standard disk model, considering dust-to-gas mass ratio, disk gas mass, mixing coefficient for dust settling, flaring index, dust maximum size, and size power law distribution index. We produced convolved spectra at the resolution of Spitzer, IRS, JWST MIRI, and VLT VISIR spectrographs. We applied random noise derived from typical Spitzer spectra for a direct comparison with observations. Results. The strength of the mid-IR water lines correlates directly with the luminosity of the central star. The models show that it is possible to suppress the water emission; however, current observations are not sensitive enough to detect mid-IR lines in disks for most of the explored parameters. The presence of noise in the spectra, combined with the high continuum flux (noise level is proportional to the continuum flux), is the most likely explanation for the non-detections towards Herbig stars. Conclusions. Mid-IR spectra with resolution higher than 20 000 are needed to investigate water in protoplanetary disks. Intrinsic differences in disk structure, such as inner gaps, gas-to-dust ratio, dust size and distribution, and inner disk scale height, between Herbig and T Tauri star disks are able to explain a lower water detection rate in disks around Herbig stars.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
Fossil group origins IV. Characterization of the sample and observational properties of fossil systems

Context. Virialized halos grow by the accretion of smaller ones in the cold dark matter scenario. The rate of accretion depends on the different properties of the host halo. Those halos for which this accretion rate was very fast and efficient resulted in systems dominated by a central galaxy surrounded by smaller galaxies that were at least two magnitudes fainter. These galaxy systems are called fossil systems, and they can be the fossil relics of ancient galaxy structures. Aims. We started an extensive observational program to characterize a sample of 34 fossil group candidates spanning a broad range of physical properties. Methods. Deep r-band images were obtained with the 2.5-m Isaac Newton Telescope and Nordic Optic Telescope. Optical spectroscopic observations were performed at the 3.5-m Telescopio Nazionale Galileo for similar to 1200 galaxies. This new dataset was completed with Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7 archival data to obtain robust cluster membership and global properties of each fossil group candidate. For each system, we recomputed the magnitude gaps between the two brightest galaxies (Delta m(12)) and the first and fourth ranked galaxies (Delta m(14)) within 0.5 R-200. We consider fossil systems to be those with Delta m(12) >= 2 mag or Delta m(14) >= 2.5 mag within the errors. Results. We find that 15 candidates turned out to be fossil systems. Their observational properties agree with those of non-fossil systems. Both follow the same correlations, but the fossil systems are always extreme cases. In particular, they host the brightest central galaxies, and the fraction of total galaxy light enclosed in the brightest group galaxy is larger in fossil than in non-fossil systems. Finally, we confirm the existence of genuine fossil clusters. Conclusions. Combining our results with others in the literature, we favor the merging scenario in which fossil systems formed from mergers of L* galaxies. The large magnitude gap is a consequence of the extreme merger ratio within fossil systems and therefore it is an evolutionary effect. Moreover, we suggest that at least one fossil group candidate in our sample could represent a transitional fossil stage. This system could have been a fossil in the past, but not now owing to the recent accretion of another group of galaxies
Keck-I mosfire spectroscopy of compact star-forming galaxies at z ≳ 2: High velocity dispersions in progenitors of compact quiescent galaxies

We present Keck-I MOSFIRE near-infrared spectroscopy for a sample of 13 compact star-forming galaxies (SFGs) at redshift 2 ≤ z ≤ 2.5 with star formation rates of SFR ∼ 100 M  yr−1 and masses of log(M/M ) ∼ 10.8. Their high integrated gas velocity dispersions of σint = 230+40 −30 km s−1, as measured from emission lines of Hα and [O iii], and the resultant M –σint relation and M –Mdyn all match well to those of compact quiescent galaxies at z ∼ 2, as measured from stellar absorption lines. Since log(M /Mdyn) = −0.06 ± 0.2 dex, these compact SFGs appear to be dynamically relaxed and evolved, i.e., depleted in gas and dark matter (˂13+17 −13%), and present larger σint than their non-compact SFG counterparts at the same epoch. Without infusion of external gas, depletion timescales are short, less than ∼300 Myr. This discovery adds another link to our new dynamical chain of evidence that compact SFGs at z ≳ 2 are already losing gas to become the immediate progenitors of compact quiescent galaxies by z ∼ 2
Measurement of $CP$ violation and constraints on the CKM angle $\gamma$ in $B^{\pm}\rightarrow D K^{\pm}$ with $D \rightarrow K_S^0 \pi^+ \pi^-$ decays

A model-dependent amplitude analysis of $B^{\pm} \rightarrow D K^{\pm}$ with $D \rightarrow K_S^0 \pi^+ \pi^-$ decays is performed using proton-proton collision data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $1$ fb$^{-1}$, recorded by LHCb at a centre-of-mass energy of $7$ TeV in $2011$. Values of the $CP$ violation observables $x_{\pm}$ and $y_{\pm}$, which are sensitive to the CKM angle $\gamma$, are measured to be \begin{align*} x_- &amp;= +0.027 \pm 0.044 ^{+0.010}_{-0.008} \pm 0.001, \\ y_- &amp;= +0.013 \pm 0.048 ^{+0.009}_{-0.007} \pm 0.003, \\ x_+ &amp;= -0.084 \pm 0.045 \pm 0.009 \pm 0.005, \\ y_+ &amp;= -0.032 \pm 0.048 ^{+0.010}_{-0.009} \pm 0.008, \end{align*} where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second systematic and the third arises from the uncertainty of the $D \rightarrow K_S^0 \pi^+ \pi^-$ amplitude model. The value of $\gamma$ is determined to be $(84^{+49}_{-42})^\circ$, including all sources of uncertainty. Neutral $D$ meson mixing is found to have negligible effect
Embedding inflation into the Standard Model — More evidence for classical scale invariance

If cosmological inflation is due to a slowly rolling single inflation field taking trans-Planckian values as suggested by the BICEP2 measurement of primordial tensor modes in CMB, embedding inflation into the Standard Model challenges standard paradigm of effective field theories. Together with an apparent absence of Planck scale contributions to the Higgs mass and to the cosmological constant, BICEP2 provides further experimental evidence for the absence of large M P induced operators. We show that classical scale invariance — the paradigm that all fundamental scales in Nature are induced by quantum effects — solves the problem and allows for a remarkably simple scale-free Standard Model extension with inflaton without extending the gauge group. Due to trans-Planckian inflaton values and vevs, a dynamically induced Coleman-Weinberg-type inflaton potential of the model can predict tensor-to-scalar ratio r in a large range, converging around the prediction of chaotic m 2 ϕ 2 inflation for a large trans-Planckian value of the inflaton vev. Precise determination of r in future experiments will single out a unique scale-free inflation potential, allowing to test the proposed field-theoretic framework
Measurement of the analysing power in proton–proton elastic scattering at small angles

The proton analysing power in p→p elastic scattering has been measured at small angles at COSY-ANKE at 796 MeV and five other beam energies between 1.6 and 2.4 GeV using a polarised proton beam. The asymmetries obtained by detecting the fast proton in the ANKE forward detector or the slow recoil proton in a silicon tracking telescope are completely consistent. Although the analysing power results agree well with the many published data at 796 MeV, and also with the most recent partial wave solution at this energy, the ANKE data at the higher energies lie well above the predictions of this solution at small angles. An updated phase shift analysis that uses the ANKE results together with the World data leads to a much better description of these new measurements
Vortex hair on AdS black holes

We analyse vortex hair for charged rotating asymptotically AdS black holes in the abelian Higgs model. We give analytical and numerical arguments to show how the vortex interacts with the horizon of the black hole, and how the solution extends to the boundary. The solution is very close to the corresponding asymptotically flat vortex, once one transforms to a frame that is non-rotating at the boundary. We show that there is a Meissner effect for extremal black holes, with the vortex flux being expelled from sufficiently small black holes. The phase transition is shown to be first order in the presence of rotation, but second order without rotation. We comment on applications to holography
Lepton universality in the ν MSM

We consider the ν MSM which is an extension of the Standard Model by three right-handed neutrinos with masses below the electroweak scale, in which the origins of neutrino masses, dark matter, and baryon asymmetry of the universe are simultaneously explained. Among three heavy neutral leptons, N2 and N3 , which are responsible to the seesaw mechanism of active neutrino masses and the baryogenesis via flavor oscillation, can induce sizable contributions to various lepton universality in decays of charged mesons. Then the possible deviations of the universality in the ν MSM are investigated. We find that the deviation in kaon decay can be as large as O(10−3) , which will be probed in near future experiments
Magnetic memory based on La0.7Ca0.3MnO 3/YBa2Cu3O7/La0.7Ca 0.3MnO3 ferromagnet/superconductor hybrid structures

3 páginas, 2 figuras.-- et al.We report a memory concept utilizing ferromagnet/superconductor/ferromagnet La0.7Ca0.3MnO3/YBa2Cu 3O7/La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 thin film hybrid structures. The orientation of the magnetic field with respect to the ferromagnetic easy axis has a strong effect on superconductivity as indicated by a strong variation in the magnetoresistance (MR). MR can be controlled by rotating a small magnetic field applied in the plane of the film in a way that is determined by the in-plane biaxial magnetic anisotropy. The proposed memory device has the advantages of superconducting detection elements (fast response and low dissipation), small (100-150 Oe) writing fields, and resistance read-out without need for applied field. © 2010 American Institute of Physics.Work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Basic Energy Science under Contract Nos. DE-AC02-06CH11357 and DE-AC02NA25396, by Spanish MICINN under Contracts “Ramon y Cajal,” Grant Nos. MAT2008-06517 and CONSOLIDER INGENIO 2010 CSD2009-00013 IMAGINE , by CAM under PHAMA Grant No. S2009/Mat-1756, and by OTKA Grant Nos. K68807 and PF63954 and the “Bolyai” program of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.Peer Reviewe
Volume of interest-based [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose PET discriminates MCI converting to Alzheimer\u27s disease from healthy controls. A European Alzheimer\u27s Disease Consortium (EADC) study

An emerging issue in neuroimaging is to assess the diagnostic reliability of PET and its application in clinical practice. Weaimed at assessing the accuracy of brain FDG-PET in discriminating patients withMCI due to Alzheimer3s disease and healthy controls. Sixty-two patients with amnestic MCI and 109 healthy subjects recruited in five centers of the European AD Consortium were enrolled. Group analysis was performed by SPM8 to confirm metabolic differences. Discriminant analyseswere then carried out using the mean FDG uptake values normalized to the cerebellumcomputed in 45 anatomical volumes of interest (VOIs) in each hemisphere (90 VOIs) as defined in the Automated Anatomical Labeling (AAL) Atlas and on 12 meta-VOIs, bilaterally, obtained merging VOIs with similar anatomo-functional characteristics. Further, asymmetry indexes were calculated for both datasets. Accuracy of discrimination by a Support Vector Machine and the AAL VOIs was tested against a validated method (PALZ). At the voxel level SMP8 showed a relative hypometabolism in the bilateral precuneus, and posterior cingulate, temporo-parietal and frontal cortices. Discriminant analysis classified subjects with an accuracy ranging between .91 and .83 as a function of data organization. The best values were obtained from a subset of 6 meta- VOIs plus 6 asymmetry values reaching an area under the ROC curve of .947, significantly larger than the one obtained by the PALZ score. High accuracy in discriminatingMCI converters from healthy controls was reached by a non-linear classifier based on SVM applied on predefined anatomo-functional regions and inter-hemispheric asymmetries. Data pre-processingwas automated and simplified by an in-house created Matlab-based script encouraging its routine clinical use. Further validation toward nonconverter MCI patients with adequately long follow-up is needed
How doctors record breaking bad news in ovarian cancer

Revealing the diagnosis of cancer to patients is a key event in their cancer journey. At present, there are no minimal legal recommendations for documenting such consultations. We reviewed the Hospital records of 359 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer in the Mersey Area between 1992 and 1994. We identified the following factors: age, hospital, postcode, surgeon, stage of disease and survival. These were compared to information recorded at the time of the interview such as person present, descriptive words used, prognosis, further treatment and emotional response. In 11.6%, there was no information recorded in the notes. The diagnosis was recorded in 304 (94.7%), prognosis in 66 (20.6%) and collusion with relatives in 33 (10.3%). A total of 42 separate words/phrases were identified relating to diagnosis; cancer was recorded in 60 (19.6%). Collusion was three times as common in the patients over 65 years (17.9 vs 5.7%, P=0.001). There was a reduction in the number of diagnostic words recorded in the patients over 65 years (90.3 vs 98.3%, P=0.002) and by type of surgeon (P=0.001). Information was often poorly recorded in the notes. We have shown that the quality of information varies according to patient age, surgeon and specialty.Peer-reviewedPublisher Version1757
Rapid bedrock uplift in the Antarctic Peninsula explained by viscoelastic response to recent ice unloading.

Since 1995 several ice shelves in the Northern Antarctic Peninsula have collapsed and triggered ice-mass unloading, invoking a solid Earth response that has been recorded at continuous GPS (cGPS) stations. A previous attempt to model the observation of rapid uplift following the 2002 breakup of Larsen B Ice Shelf was limited by incomplete knowledge of the pattern of ice unloading and possibly the assumption of an elastic-only mechanism. We make use of a new high resolution dataset of ice elevation change that captures ice-mass loss north of 66°S to first show that non-linear uplift of the Palmer cGPS station since 2002 cannot be explained by elastic deformation alone. We apply a viscoelastic model with linear Maxwell rheology to predict uplift since 1995 and test the fit to the Palmer cGPS time series, finding a well constrained upper mantle viscosity but less sensitivity to lithospheric thickness. We further constrain the best fitting Earth model by including six cGPS stations deployed after 2009 (the LARISSA network), with vertical velocities in the range 1.7 to 14.9 mm/yr. This results in a best fitting Earth model with lithospheric thickness of 100–140 km and upper mantle viscosity of View the MathML source6×1017–2×1018 Pas – much lower than previously suggested for this region. Combining the LARISSA time series with the Palmer cGPS time series offers a rare opportunity to study the time-evolution of the low-viscosity solid Earth response to a well-captured ice unloading event
Four-dimensional Kähler metrics admitting c-projective vector fields

A vector field on a Kähler manifold is called c-projective if its flow preserves the J-planar curves. We give a complete local classification of Kähler real 4-dimensional manifolds that admit an essential c-projective vector field. An important technical step is a local description of 4-dimensional c-projectively equivalent metrics of arbitrary signature. As an application of our results we prove the natural analog of the classical Yano-Obata conjecture in the pseudo-Riemannian 4-dimensional case
Lifestyle interventions for type 2 diabetes prevention in women with prior gestational diabetes : a systematic review and meta-analysis of behavioural, anthropometric and metabolic outcomes

Purpose. To systematically review lifestyle interventions for women with prior Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) to report study characteristics, intervention design and study quality and explore changes in 1) diet, physical activity and sedentary behaviour; 2) anthropometric outcomes and; 3) glycaemic control and diabetes risk. Methods. Databases (Web of Science, CCRCT, EMBASE and Science DIRECT) were searched (1980 to April 2014) using keywords for controlled or pre–post design trials of lifestyle intervention targeting women with previous GDM reporting at least one behavioural, anthropometric or diabetes outcome. Selected studies were narratively synthesized with anthropometric and glycaemic outcomes synthesized using meta-analysis. Results. Three of 13 included studies were rated as low bias risk. Recruitment rates were poor but study retention good. Six of 11 studies reporting on physical activity reported favourable intervention effects. All six studies reporting on diet reported favourable intervention effects. In meta-analysis, significant weight-loss was attributable to one Chinese population study (WMD = − 1.06 kg (95% CI = − 1.68, − 0.44)). Lifestyle interventions did not change fasting blood glucose (WMD = − 0.05 mmol/L, 95% CI = − 0.21, 0.11) or type 2 diabetes risk. Conclusions. Lack of methodologically robust trials gives limited evidence for the success of lifestyle interventions in women with prior GDM. Recruitment into trials is challenging
Insights into the Influence of Solvent Polarity on the Crystallization of Poly(ethylene oxide) Spin-Coated Thin Films via in Situ Grazing Incidence Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering

Controlling polymer thin-film morphology and crystallinity is crucial for a wide range of applications, particularly in thin-film organic electronic devices. In this work, the crystallization behavior of a model polymer, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), during spin-coating is studied. PEO films were spun-cast from solvents possessing different polarities (chloroform, THF, and methanol) and probed via in situ grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering. The crystallization behavior was found to follow the solvent polarity order (where chloroform < THF < methanol) rather than the solubility order (where THF > chloroform > methanol). When spun-cast from nonpolar chloroform, crystallization largely followed Avrami kinetics, resulting in the formation of morphologies comprising large spherulites. PEO solutions cast from more polar solvents (THF and methanol) do not form well-defined highly crystalline morphologies and are largely amorphous with the presence of small crystalline regions. The difference in morphological development of PEO spun-cast from polar solvents is attributed to clustering phenomena that inhibit polymer crystallization. This work highlights the importance of considering individual components of polymer solubility, rather than simple total solubility, when designing processing routes for the generation of morphologies with optimum crystallinities or morphologies
Analytical solutions of basic models in quantum optics

The recent progress in the analytical solution of models invented to describe
theoretically the interaction of matter with light on an atomic scale is
reviewed. The methods employ the classical theory of linear differential
equations in the complex domain (Fuchsian equations). The linking concept is
provided by the Bargmann Hilbert space of analytic functions, which is
isomorphic to $L^2(\mathbb{R})$, the standard Hilbert space for a single
continuous degree of freedom in quantum mechanics. I give the solution of the
quantum Rabi model in some detail and sketch the solution of its
generalization, the asymmetric Dicke model. Characteristic properties of the
respective spectra are derived directly from the singularity structure of the
corresponding system of differential equations.Comment: To appear in the Conference Proceedings of the Forum of Mathematics
  for Industry 201