pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Influence of high protein digestibility sorghums on free amino nitrogen (FAN) production during malting and mashing

In sorghum brewing, obtaining sufficient Free Amino Nitrogen
(FAN) for rapid and complete fermentation remains a problem
due to the high proportions of unmalted sorghum used and the
poor digestibility of wet-heat treated sorghum protein. Sorghum
mutant lines with high protein digestibility have been developed
through breeding. These high protein digestibility sorghums
(HPDS) have protein bodies with villi-like borders that apparently
facilitate protease access. This work investigated FAN
production from HPDS when malted and mashed, to assess their
potential for use in sorghum brewing to improve wort FAN levels.
When malted, HPDS contained substantially higher levels of
FAN than normal protein digestibility sorghums (NPDS), 32
mg/100 g malt more. However, when the HPDS were mashed
either as malt, or as grain or malt plus exogenous proteases,
FAN production during mashing was not substantially higher
than with NPDS subjected to the same treatments, only 6, 6–18
and 9–13 mg/100 g grain or malt, respectively. This is probably
due to wet-heat induced cross-linking of the kafirin proteins
reducing their susceptibility to proteolysis. Notwithstanding this,
HPDS could be very useful for improving FAN levels in sorghum
brewing if they are malted. sorghum this is a particular issue as the grists often comprise
a low proportion of malt relative to unmalted adjunct
or even 100% unmalted sorghum. Recent work on improving
FAN production in sorghum brewing has focused
on the use of exogenous proteases7,10,12. However, it appears
that to achieve sufficient proteolysis of the sorghum
proteins, excessively high levels of exogenous proteases
may be required. This can be attributed to the poor digestibility
of the sorghum kafirin storage protein3, when it
has been subjected to wet-heat treatment, as occurs in the
brewing process.
Weaver and co-workers at Purdue University identified
mutant sorghum lines with improved protein digestibility23.
These high protein digestibility sorghums (HPDS)
were developed by crossing normal sorghum lines with a
high-lysine sorghum mutant. More recently, research at
Texas A&M University has focused on breeding to improve
the agronomic and end-use quality of the HPDS,
and determination of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for the
HPD trait24.
This work therefore investigated FAN production from
HPDS when malted and mashed, with the objective of
assessing their potential for use in sorghum brewing to
improve wort FAN levels.The International Sorghum, Millet and Other Grains Collaborative
Research Support Program (INTSORMIL), Sun Grant Program, US Department of Transportation, Project No. DTOS59-07-G-00056 to D.B. Hays, Novozymes SA, Mr J. van Aswegen, Mr I. Kennedy and Mr B. Higgins.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)2050-041
Temperature dependence of volume and surface symmetry energy coefficients of nuclei

AbstractThe thermal evolution of the energies and free energies of a set of spherical and near-spherical nuclei spanning the whole periodic table are calculated in the subtracted finite-temperature Thomas–Fermi framework with the zero-range Skyrme-type KDE0 and the finite-range modified Seyler–Blanchard interaction. The calculated energies are subjected to a global fit in the spirit of the liquid-drop model. The extracted parameters in this model reflect the temperature dependence of the volume symmetry and surface symmetry coefficients of finite nuclei, in addition to that of the volume and surface energy coefficients. The temperature dependence of the surface symmetry energy is found to be very substantial whereas that of the volume symmetry energy turns out to be comparatively mild
Exact solution of the 2d dimer model: Corner free energy, correlation functions and combinatorics

AbstractIn this work, some classical results of the pfaffian theory of the dimer model based on the work of Kasteleyn, Fisher and Temperley are introduced in a fermionic framework. Then we shall detail the bosonic formulation of the model via the so-called height mapping and the nature of boundary conditions is unravelled. The complete and detailed fermionic solution of the dimer model on the square lattice with an arbitrary number of monomers is presented, and finite size effect analysis is performed to study surface and corner effects, leading to the extrapolation of the central charge of the model. The solution allows for exact calculations of monomer and dimer correlation functions in the discrete level and the scaling behavior can be inferred in order to find the set of scaling dimensions and compare to the bosonic theory which predicts particular features concerning corner behaviors. Finally, some combinatorial and numerical properties of partition functions with boundary monomers are discussed, proved and checked with enumeration algorithms
Implementing odd-axions in dimensional oxidation of 4D non-geometric type IIB scalar potential

AbstractIn a setup of type IIB superstring compactification on an orientifold of a T6/Z4 sixfold, the presence of geometric flux (ω) and non-geometric fluxes (Q, R) is implemented along with the standard NS–NS and RR three-form fluxes (H, F). After computing the F/D-term contributions to the N=1 four dimensional effective scalar potential, we rearrange the same into ‘suitable’ pieces by using a set of new generalized flux orbits. Subsequently, we dimensionally oxidize the various pieces of the total four dimensional scalar potential to guess their ten-dimensional origin
fMRI neurofeedback of higher visual areas and perceptual biases

AbstractThe self-regulation of brain activation via neurofeedback training offers a method to study the relationship between brain areas and perception in a more direct manner than the conventional mapping of brain responses to different types of stimuli. The current proof-of-concept study aimed to demonstrate that healthy volunteers can self-regulate activity in the parahippocampal place area (PPA) over the fusiform face area (FFA). Both areas are involved in higher order visual processing and are activated during the imagery of scenes and faces respectively. Participants (N=9) were required to upregulate PPA relative to FFA activity, and all succeeded at the task, with imagery of scenes being the most commonly reported mental strategy. A control group (N=8) underwent the same imagery and testing procedure, albeit without neurofeedback, in a mock MR scanner to account for any non-specific training effects. The upregulation of PPA activity occurred concurrently with activation of prefrontal and parietal areas, which have been associated with ideation and mental image generation. We tested whether successful upregulation of the PPA relative to FFA had consequences on perception by assessing bistable perception of faces and houses in a binocular rivalry task (before and after the scanning sessions) and categorisation of faces and scenes presented in transparent composite images (during scanning, interleaved with the self-regulation blocks). Contrary to our expectations, upregulation of the PPA did not alter the duration of face or house perception in the rivalry task and response speed and accuracy in the categorisation task. This conclusion was supported by the results of another control experiment (N=10 healthy participants) that involved intensive exposure to category-specific stimuli and did not show any behavioural or perceptual changes. We conclude that differential self-regulation of higher visual areas can be achieved, but that perceptual biases under conditions of stimulus rivalry are relatively robust against such internal modulation of localised brain activity. This study sets the basis for future investigations of perceptual and behavioural consequences of localised self-regulation of neural activity
Dynamic expression of Lrp2 pathway members reveals progressive epithelial differentiation of primitive endoderm in mouse blastocyst

AbstractMesenchyme to epithelium transitions are crucial to embryonic development. The early mouse embryo offers an excellent model to study epithelium formation as during the first three days of development two epithelia are formed, the trophectoderm (TE) and the primitive endoderm (PrE). We have previously shown that PrE cells are determined within the blastocyst ICM long before epithelium formation. In this work, we isolated Lrp2 as a novel PrE precursor (pre-PrE) marker by using a microarray strategy that combines a transcriptome analysis of three stem cell lines and early embryos. A detailed expression analysis shows that Lrp2 expression is induced in late E3.5 embryos indicating that pre-PrE cells are progressively maturing prior to polarization into an epithelium. Furthermore, the subcellular location of Lrp2, Disabled-2 (Dab2) and Collagen-IV shows that the epithelial structure is acquired in individual cells through successive steps
Non-standard shocks in the Buckley–Leverett equation

AbstractIt is shown how delta shock waves which consist of Dirac delta distributions and classical shocks can be used to construct non-monotone solutions of the Buckley–Leverett equation. These solutions are interpreted using a recent variational definition of delta shock waves in which the Rankine–Hugoniot deficit is explicitly accounted for [6]. The delta shock waves are also limits of approximate solutions constructed using a recent extension of the weak asymptotic method to complex-valued approximations [15]. Finally, it is shown how these non-standard shocks can be fitted together to construct similarity and traveling-wave solutions which are non-monotone, but still admissible in the sense that characteristics either enter or are parallel to the shock trajectories
Resolvent growth and Birkhoff-regularity

AbstractWe prove a long standing conjecture in the theory of two-point boundary value problems that unconditional basisness implies Birkhoff-regularity. It is a corollary of our two main results: minimal resolvent growth along a sequence of points implies nonvanishing of a regularity determinant, and sparseness of nth-order roots of eigenvalues in small sectors provided that eigen and associated functions of the boundary value problem form an unconditional basis.Considerations are based on a new direct method, exploiting almost orthogonality of Birkhoff's solutions of the equation l(y)=λy. This property was discovered earlier by the author
The radiation condition at infinity for the high-frequency Helmholtz equation with source term: a wave-packet approach

AbstractWe consider the high-frequency Helmholtz equation with a given source term, and a small absorption parameter α>0. The high-frequency (or: semi-classical) parameter is ɛ>0. We let ɛ and α go to zero simultaneously. We assume that the zero energy is non-trapping for the underlying classical flow. We also assume that the classical trajectories starting from the origin satisfy a transversality condition, a generic assumption.Under these assumptions, we prove that the solution uɛ radiates in the outgoing direction, uniformly in ɛ. In particular, the function uɛ, when conveniently rescaled at the scale ɛ close to the origin, is shown to converge towards the outgoing solution of the Helmholtz equation, with coefficients frozen at the origin. This provides a uniform version (in ɛ) of the limiting absorption principle.Writing the resolvent of the Helmholtz equation as the integral in time of the associated semi-classical Schrödinger propagator, our analysis relies on the following tools: (i) for very large times, we prove and use a uniform version of the Egorov Theorem to estimate the time integral; (ii) for moderate times, we prove a uniform dispersive estimate that relies on a wave-packet approach, together with the above-mentioned transversality condition; (iii) for small times, we prove that the semi-classical Schrödinger operator with variable coefficients has the same dispersive properties as in the constant coefficients case, uniformly in ɛ
Large Randall–Sundrum II black holes

AbstractUsing a novel numerical spectral method, we have constructed an AdS5–CFT4 solution to the Einstein equation with a negative cosmological constant Λ that is asymptotically conformal to the Schwarzschild metric. This method is independent of the Ricci–DeTurck-flow method used by Figueras, Lucietti, and Wiseman. We have perturbed the solution to get large static black hole solutions to the Randall–Sundrum II (RSII) braneworld model. Our solution agrees closely with that of Figueras et al. and also allows us to deduce the new results that to first order in 1/(−ΛM2), the Hawking temperature and entropy of an RSII static black hole have the same values as the Schwarzschild metric with the same mass, but the horizon area is increased by about 4.7/(−Λ)
Ubiquitin and endocytic internalization in yeast and animal cells

AbstractEndocytosis is involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, and the internalization step of endocytosis has been extensively studied in both lower and higher eukaryotic cells. Studies in mammalian cells have described several endocytic pathways, with the main emphasis on clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Genetic studies in yeast have underlined the critical role of actin and actin-binding proteins, lipid modification, and the ubiquitin conjugation system. The combined results of studies of endocytosis in higher and lower eukaryotic cells reveal an interesting interplay in the two systems, including a crucial role for ubiquitin-associated events. The ubiquitylation of yeast cell-surface proteins clearly acts as a signal triggering their internalization. Mammalian cells display variations on the common theme of ubiquitin-linked endocytosis, according to the cell-surface protein considered. Many plasma membrane channels, transporters and receptors undergo cell-surface ubiquitylation, required for the internalization or later endocytic steps of some cell-surface proteins, whereas for others, internalization involves interaction with the ubiquitin conjugation system or with ancillary proteins, which are themselves ubiquitylated. Epsins and Eps15 (or Eps15 homologs), are commonly involved in the process of endocytosis in all eukaryotes, their critical role in this process stemming from their capacity to bind ubiquitin, and to undergo ubiquitylation
A new interpretation of the sedimentary cover in the western Siljan Ring area, central Sweden, based on seismic data

AbstractTwo new reflection seismic profiles over the Paleozoic successions of the western part of the Siljan Ring impact structure show a contrasting seismic signature. The more southerly c. 10km long Mora profile reveals a highly disturbed structure, with only a few kilometers of relatively horizontally layered structures observed. However, interpretations of refracted arrivals in the data, that can be correlated to reflections, indicate the Silurian clastic rocks to be about 200m thick in the central part of the profile. Weak reflections from about 600m depth suggest a 400m thick Ordovician limestone sequence to be present. Cores from the area show a mainly shale lithology for the Silurian and only a thin sequence of Ordovician strata, suggesting a rapid thickening of the Ordovician towards the north. On the more northern c. 12km Orsa profile clear reflections from the Paleozoic successions are seen along the entire profile, except on the southernmost few kilometers. Based on interpretations of refracted arrivals, the Silurian succession appears to be considerably thinner here, and possibly absent at some locations. The Ordovician is also interpreted to be thinner in this area, with a maximum thickness of about 200–300m along most of the profile. A deeper reflection from about 2km within the crystalline basement may represent a dolerite sill. The lack of clear basement reflections on the Mora profile can be attributed to near-surface conditions and the acquisition geometry. The seismic data and recent coring in the area suggest the presence of a deeper paleo-basin towards the southwest with significantly more shales being deposited and the Paleozoic successions being severely disturbed. The shallow coring and seismic data will help form the basis for locating future boreholes for deeper drilling to study impact processes and the Paleozoic evolution of central Sweden
Undetectable levels of N6-methyl adenine in mouse DNA: Cloning and analysis of PRED28, a gene coding for a putative mammalian DNA adenine methyltransferase

AbstractThree methylated bases, 5-methylcytosine, N4-methylcytosine and N6-methyladenine (m6A), can be found in DNA. However, to date, only 5-methylcytosine has been detected in mammalian genomes. To reinvestigate the presence of m6A in mammalian DNA, we used a highly sensitive method capable of detecting one N6-methyldeoxyadenosine per million nucleosides. Our results suggest that the total mouse genome contains, if any, less than 103 m6A. Experiments were next performed on PRED28, a putative mammalian N6-DNA methyltransferase. The murine PRED28 encodes two alternatively spliced RNA. However, although recombinant PRED28 proteins are found in the nucleus, no evidence for an adenine-methyltransferase activity was detected
Scenario planning with a sociological eye: Augmenting the intuitive logics approach to understanding the Future of Scotland and the UK

AbstractThis paper draws on a social theory-informed understanding of causality to illustrate how notions of agent–structure interactions can enhance the intuitive logics (IL) approach to scenario planning. It incorporates concepts such as the ‘subjective’ predispositions of agency, ‘objective’ structures of social systems, activity dependence, unintended consequences of action and event-time temporality in the IL method to augment causal analysis in the scenario development process. The paper illustrates the social theory-informed IL framework through its application to a scenario exercise undertaken in the lead-up to the Scottish referendum on independence from the United Kingdom on September 18th, 2014. The central thesis of the paper is that agent–structure interactions underpin the unfolding of futures in social systems by both constraining and enabling the range of possible futures that can emerg
Susceptibility and adaptation to human TRIM5α alleles at positive selected sites in HIV-1 capsid

AbstractNumerous in vitro studies attribute to human TRIM5α some modest anti-HIV-1 activity and human population studies suggest some differential effect of TRIM5α polymorphisms on disease progression. If the activity of TRIM5α were relevant in vivo, it could result in positive selection on the viral capsid. To address this issue, we identified 10 positively selected sites in HIV-1 capsid from multiple viral strains and generated 17 clade B viruses carrying a minor (i.e. low frequency) residue or an alanine at those positions. All recombinant viruses were susceptible to the modest effect of common human TRIM5α and allelic variants R136Q, and H419Y; H43Y and G249D TRIM5α were generally inactive. Increased sensitivity to TRIM5α was observed for some capsid variants, suggesting that minor residues are selected against in human populations. On the other hand, the modest potency of human TRIM5α does not translate in escape mutations in the viral capsid
Strongly interacting WLWL, ZLZL and hh from unitarized one-loop computations

AbstractRecently, a new boson h has been discovered at the LHC which, so far, is compatible with the properties of the SM Higgs. However, the SM is not the most general low-energy dynamics for the minimal electroweak symmetry breaking sector with three Goldstone bosons and one light scalar. By using non-linear effective Lagrangian for these four particles we study different processes at one-loop precision, identifying the counterterms needed to cancel the divergences. Then we apply the IAM unitarization method on the partial waves, both to make more realistic pre-dictions which could be tested at the LHC and to discuss the limitations of the one-loop computations. The studied processes are the elastic scattering amplitude for both the longitudinal components of the gauge bosons V=W,Z and the hh→hh, as well as the inelastic VV→hh
Antihyperon potentials in nuclei via exclusive antiproton–nucleus reactions

AbstractThe exclusive production of hyperon–antihyperon pairs close to their production threshold in p‾-nucleus collisions offers a unique and hitherto unexplored opportunity to elucidate the behavior of antihyperons in nuclei. For the first time we analyze these reactions in a microscopic transport model using the Gießen Boltzmann–Uehling–Uhlenbeck transport model. The calculation takes the delicate interplay between the strong absorption of antihyperons, their rescattering and mean field deflection as well as the Fermi motion of the struck nucleon into account. We find a substantial sensitivity of transverse momentum correlations of coincident Λ‾Λ-pairs to the assumed depth of the Λ‾-potential. Because of the high cross section for this process and the simplicity of the experimental method our results are highly relevant for future activities at the international Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR)
Incentives for breastfeeding and for smoking cessation in pregnancy: An exploration of types and meanings

AbstractFinancial or tangible incentives are a strategy for improving health behaviours. The mechanisms of action of incentives are complex and debated. Using a multidisciplinary integrated mixed methods study, with service-user collaboration throughout, we developed a typology of incentives and their meanings for initiating and sustaining smoking cessation in pregnancy and breastfeeding. The ultimate aim was to inform incentive intervention design by providing insights into incentive acceptability and mechanisms of action.Systematic evidence syntheses of incentive intervention studies for smoking cessation in pregnancy or breastfeeding identified incentive characteristics, which were developed into initial categories. Little published qualitative data on user perspectives and acceptability was available. Qualitative interviews and focus groups conducted in three UK regions with a diverse socio-demographic sample of 88 women and significant others from the target population, 53 service providers, 24 experts/decision makers, and conference attendees identified new potential incentives and providers, with and without experience of incentives.Identified incentives (published and emergent) were classified into eight categories: cash and shopping vouchers, maternal wellbeing, baby and pregnancy-related, behaviour-related, health-related, general utility, awards and certificates, and experiences. A typology was refined iteratively through concurrent data collection and thematic analysis to explore participants' understandings of ‘incentives’ and to compare and contrast meanings across types. Our typology can be understood in three dimensions: the degree of restriction, the extent to which each is hedonic and/or utilitarian, and whether each has solely monetary value versus monetary with added social value.The layers of autonomy, meanings and the social value of incentive types influence their acceptability and interact with structural, social, and personal factors. Dimensions of incentive meaning that go beyond the simple incentive description should inform incentive programme design and are likely to influence outcomes