pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
High-ET isolated-photon plus jets production in pp collisions at √s=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

The dynamics of isolated-photon plus one-, two- and three-jet production in pp   collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV are studied with the ATLAS detector at the LHC using a data set with an integrated luminosity of 20.2 fb−120.2 fb−1. Measurements of isolated-photon plus jets cross sections are presented as functions of the photon and jet transverse momenta. The cross sections as functions of the azimuthal angle between the photon and the jets, the azimuthal angle between the jets, the photon–jet invariant mass and the scattering angle in the photon–jet centre-of-mass system are presented. The pattern of QCD radiation around the photon and the leading jet is investigated by measuring jet production in an annular region centred on each object; enhancements are observed around the leading jet with respect to the photon in the directions towards the beams. The experimental measurements are compared to several different theoretical calculations, and overall a good description of the data is found
Measurement of the pp→ZZ production cross section and constraints on anomalous triple gauge couplings in four-lepton final states at √s = 8 TeV

A measurement of the inclusive ZZ production cross section and constraints on anomalous triple gauge couplings in proton-proton collisions at s=8 TeV are presented. The analysis is based on a data sample, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.6fb -1, collected with the CMS experiment at the LHC. The measurements are performed in the leptonic decay modes ZZ→ℓℓℓ ' ℓ ', where ℓ = e, μ and ℓ ' = e, μ, τ. The measured total cross section σ(pp→ZZ)=7.7±0.5 (stat)-0.4+0.5 (syst)±0.4(theo)±0.2 (lumi) pb, for both Z bosons produced in the mass range 60 < mZ < 120 GeV, is consistent with standard model predictions. Differential cross sections are measured and well described by the theoretical predictions. The invariant mass distribution of the four-lepton system is used to set limits on anomalous ZZZ and ZZγ couplings at the 95% confidence level: -0.004<f4Z<0.004, -0.004<f5Z<0.004, -0.005<f4γ<0.005, and -0.005<f5γ<0.005. © 2014 The Authors.The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey, and Turkish Atomic Energy Authorit
Publicly provided private goods: education and selective vouchers

The literature on vouchers often concludes that a vouchers-based system cannot be the outcome of a majority vote. This paper shows that, when the value of vouchers and who is entitled to receive them are fixed exogenously, the majority of voters are in favour of selective vouchers. On top of that, as long as the introduction of vouchers does not undermine the existence of the public school system, introducing selective vouchers induces a Pareto improvement. Middle class agents are the only one using vouchers in equilibrium, while the poorest agents in the economy profit from the reduction in public school congestion.
Variety-Skill Complementarity: A Simple Resolution of the Trade-Wage Inequality Anomaly

The Stolper-Samuelson theorem predicts that the relative wage of high-skilled to low-skilled labor will increase in the high-skill abundant U.S. but decrease in low-skill abundant Mexico after trade liberalization, while it actually began to rise in both countries in the late 1980s. We present a simple resolution of this "trade-wage inequality anomaly" in a model of variety trade. Variety trade increases the variety of intermediate goods used by the final good. If the varieties and high-skilled labor are complements, the skill premium rises in both countries. This linking of imports of new foreign varieties--the extensive margin--to wage inequality is compatible with evidence. Our numerical examples illustrate that small amounts of variety trade can produce a significant increase in relative wage.
Using health state utility values from the general population to approximate baselines in decision analytic models when condition specific data are not available

Decision analytic models in healthcare require baseline health related quality of life (HRQoL) data to accurately assess the benefits of interventions. The use of inappropriate baselines such as assuming the value of perfect health (EQ-5D = 1) for not having a condition may overestimate the benefits of some treatment and thus distort policy decisions informed by cost per QALY thresholds.

The primary objective was to determine if data from the general population are appropriate for baseline health state utility values (HSUVs) when condition-specific data are not available.

     Methods: Data from four consecutive Health Surveys for England were pooled. Self-reported health status and EQ-5D data were extracted and used to generate mean HSUVs for cohorts with or without prevalent health conditions. These were compared with mean HSUVs from all respondents irrespective of health status.

     Results: Over 45% of respondents (n=41,174) reported at least one health condition and almost 20% reported at least two. Our results suggest that data from the general population could be used to approximate baseline HSUVs in some analyses but not all. In particular, HSUVs from the general population would not be an appropriate baseline for cohorts who have just one health condition. In these instances, if condition-specific data are not available, data from respondents who report they do not have a prevalent health condition may be more appropriate. Exploratory analyses suggest the decrement on HRQoL may not be constant across ages for all conditions and these relationships may be condition-specific. Additional research is required to validate our findings.
Electricity Consumption, Financial Development and Economic Growth Nexus: A Revisit Study of Their Causality in Pakistan

This study contributes to energy economic literature by incorporating financial development in neo-classical production function to investigate the electricity consumption and economic growth nexus in case of Pakistan. ARDL bounds testing approach has been applied to examine cointegration between the series over the period of 1971-2009. The direction of causal relationship between the variables is tested by applying VECM Granger causality approach and robustness of causality has been checked by innovative accounting approach (IAA). 

Our findings confirm the existence of cointegration among the variables. The results indicate that financial development, electricity consumption, capital and labour contribute to economic growth. The VECM Granger causality analysis reveals that feedback hypothesis is found between electricity consumption and economic growth, financial development and electricity consumption, economic growth and financial development, capital and economic growth and, capital and financial development. This implies that energy (electricity) conservation policies will not be appreciated in case of Pakistan. Furthermore, government of Pakistan should encourage making investments on research and development to articulate new energy savings technology to sustain economic growth. In this manner, financial sector should launch new financial policy to encounter the rising demand for electricity and enhance the process of capitalization to raise economic growth by offering and distributing financial resources to efficient and profit oriented ventures.
Renewable energy consumption and economic efficiency: Evidence from European countries

This paper examines the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic efficiency. For this reason conditional Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) estimators alongside with nonparametric regressions are applied in a sample of 25 European countries for the year 2010. Our results reveal that renewable energy consumption has a positive effect on countries’ economic efficiency for lower consumption levels while for higher levels the analysis reveals mixed effects, which are also subject to regional disparities. Finally, it appears that the effect of renewable energy consumption on countries’ economic efficiency depends also on countries’ specific regional characteristics as well as on the environmental policies adopted.
Nerve commitment in Hydra. II. Localization of commitment in S phase

The kinetics of nerve differentiation were investigated during head regeneration in Hydra. In particular the cell cycle parameters of stem cells undergoing nerve commitment were determined. Head regeneration induces extensive nerve commitment localized at the regenerating tip (G. Venugopal and C. David, 1981, Develop. Biol.83, 353–360). The appearance of committed nerve precursors is followed 12 hr later by the appearance of newly differentiated nerves. Under these conditions the time from the end of S phase to nerve differentiation is about 9 hr and the time from the beginning of S phase to nerve differentiation is about 18 hr. Thus nerve commitment occurs in mid- to late S phase of the stem cell precursor.
An adaptable parallel algorithm for the direct numerical simulation of incompressible turbulent flows using a Fourier spectral/ hp element method and MPI virtual topologies

This is the final version of the article. Available from Elsevier via the DOI in this record.A hybrid parallelisation technique for distributed memory systems is investigated for a coupled Fourier-spectral/hp element discretisation of domains characterised by geometric homogeneity in one or more directions. The performance of the approach is mathematically modelled in terms of operation count and communication costs for identifying the most efficient parameter choices. The model is calibrated to target a specific hardware platform after which it is shown to accurately predict the performance in the hybrid regime. The method is applied to modelling turbulent flow using the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in an axisymmetric pipe and square channel. The hybrid method extends the practical limitations of the discretisation, allowing greater parallelism and reduced wall times. Performance is shown to continue to scale when both parallelisation strategies are used.AB and SJS acknowledge support from EPSRC under grant EP/H000208/1. CDC acknowledges support of the British Heart Foundation under grant FS/11/22/28745. DS acknowledges support from CNPq under grant 231787/2013-8 and FAPESP under grant 2012/23493-0. DM acknowledges support under the Laminar Flow Control Centre funded by Airbus/EADS and EPSRC under grant EP/I037946
Dynamic cratering of graphite: Experimental results and simulations

The cratering process in brittle materials under hypervelocity impact (HVI) is of major relevance for debris shielding in spacecraft or high-power laser applications. Amongst other materials, carbon is of particular interest since it is widely used as elementary component in composite materials. In this paper we study a porous polycrystalline graphite under HVI and laser impact, both leading to strong debris ejection and cratering. First, we report new experimental data for normal impacts at 4100 and 4200 m s  1 of a 500-mm-diameter steel sphere on a thick sample of graphite. In a second step, dynamic loadings have been performed with a high-power nanosecond laser facility. High-resolution X-ray tomographies and observations with a scanning electron microscope have been performed in order to visualize the crater shape and the  subsurface cracks. These two post-mortem diagnostics also provide evidence that, in
the case of HVI tests, the fragmented steel sphere was buried into the graphite target below the crater surface. The current study aims to propose an interpretation of the results, including projectile trapping. In spite of their efficiency to capture overall trends in crater size and shape, semi-empirical scaling laws do not usually predict these phenomena. Hence, to offer better insight into the processes leading to this
observation, the need for a computational damage model is argued. After discussing energy partitioning in order to identify the dominant physical mechanisms occurring in our experiments, we propose a simple damage model for porous and brittle materials. Compaction and fracture phenomena are included in the model. A failure criterion relying on Weibull theory is used to relate material tensile strength to deformation rate and damage. These constitutive relations have been implemented in an Eulerian
hydrocode in order to compute numerical simulations and confront them with experiments. In this paper, we propose a simple fitting procedure of the unknown Weibull parameters based on HVI results. Good agreement is found with experimental observations of crater shapes and dimensions, as well as debris velocity. The projectile inclusion below the crater is also reproduced by the model and a mechanism
is proposed for the trapping process. At least two sets of Weibull parameters can be used to match the results. Finally, we show that laser experiment simulations may discriminate in favor of one set of parameters
Exact Solution of a Stefan Problem in a Nonhomogeneous Cylinder.

The exact solution is found for the Stefan problem of inwards freezing of a nonhomogeneous cylinder whose specific heat and latent heat depend upon the inverse square of the radial distance. The freezing time for the corresponding annular cylinder is found exactly. The validity of the pseudo-steady-state approximation for the solvable cylinder problem is verified explicitly. It is argued that the exact solution for the solvable cylinder problem may be used as a small-time start-up solution for numerical procedures for general axi-symmetric cylinder problems and for general Stefan numbers.Full Tex
Stereoselective disposition of S and R-licarbazepine in mice

The stereoselective disposition of S-licarbazepine (S-Lic) and R-licarbazepine (R-Lic) was investigated in plasma, brain, liver, and kidney tissues after their individual administration (350 mg/kg) to mice by oral gavage. Plasma, brain, liver, and kidney concentrations of licarbazepine enantiomers and their metabolites were determined over the time by a validated chiral HPLC-UV method. The mean concentration data, attained at each time point, were analyzed using a non-compartmental model. S-Lic and R-Lic were rapidly absorbed from gastrointestinal tract of mouse and immediately distributed to tissues supplied with high blood flow rates. Both licarbazepine enantiomers were metabolized to a small extent, each parent compound being mainly responsible for the systemic and tissue drug exposure. The stereoselectivity in the metabolism and distribution of S- and R-Lic was easily identified. An additional metabolite was detected following R-Lic administration and S-Lic showed a particular predisposition for hepatic and renal accumulation. Stereoselective processes were also identified at the blood-brain barrier, with the brain exposure to S-Lic almost twice that of R-Lic. Another finding, reported here for the first time, was the ability of the mouse to perform the chiral inversion of S- and R-Lic, albeit to a small extent. Chirality, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.2054
Search for supersymmetry in final states with two same-sign or three leptons and jets using 36 fb−1 of √s=13 TeV pp collision data with the ATLAS detector

A search for strongly produced supersymmetric particles using signatures involving multiple energetic jets and either two isolated same-sign leptons (e or μ), or at least three isolated leptons, is presented. The analysis relies on the identification of b-jets and high missing transverse momentum to achieve good sensitivity. A data sample of proton-proton collisions at s√=13 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider in 2015 and 2016, corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb−1, is used for the search. No significant excess over the Standard Model prediction is observed. The results are interpreted in several simplified supersymmetric models featuring R-parity conservation or R-parity violation, extending the exclusion limits from previous searches. In models considering gluino pair production, gluino masses are excluded up to 1.87 TeV at 95% confidence level. When bottom squarks are pair-produced and decay to a chargino and a top quark, models with bottom squark masses below 700 GeV and light neutralinos are excluded at 95% confidence level. In addition, model-independent limits are set on a possible contribution of new phenomena to the signal region yields
Search for electroweak production of charginos and neutralinos in WH events in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV

Results are reported from a search for physics beyond the standard model in proton-proton collision events with a charged lepton (electron or muon), two jets identified as originating from a bottom quark decay, and significant imbalance in the transverse momentum. The search was performed using a data sample corresponding to 35.9 $fb^{−1}$, collected by the CMS experiment in 2016 at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV. Events with this signature can arise, for example, from the electroweak production of gauginos, which are predicted in models based on supersymmetry. The event yields observed in data are consistent with the estimated standard model backgrounds. Limits are obtained on the cross sections for chargino-neutralino $(\tilde{\chi}_1^{\pm} \tilde{\chi}_2^0)$ production in a simplified model of supersymmetry with the decays $\chi_1^{\pm}\to {\mathrm{W}}^{\pm }{\tilde{\chi}}_1^0\kern0.5em \mathrm{and}\kern0.5em {\tilde{\chi}}_2^0\to \mathrm{H}{\chi}_1^0$. Values of $m_{{\tilde{\chi}}_1^{\pm}}$ between 220 and 490 GeV are excluded at 95% confidence level by this search when the $\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ is massless, and values of $m_{{\tilde{\chi}}_1^0}$ are 1 excluded up to 110 GeV for $m_{\tilde{\chi}_1^{\pm }}\approx 450$ GeV
Fracture-related infection: A consensus on definition from an international expert group

Fracture-related infection (FRI) is a common and serious complication in trauma surgery. Accurately estimating the impact of this complication has been hampered by the lack of a clear definition. The absence of a working definition of FRI renders existing studies difficult to evaluate or compare. In order to address this issue, an expert group comprised of a number of scientific and medical organizations has been convened, with the support of the AO Foundation, in order to develop a consensus definition.The process that led to this proposed definition started with a systematic literature review, which revealed that the majority of randomized controlled trials in fracture care do not use a standardized definition of FRI. In response to this conclusion, an international survey on the need for and key components of a definition of FRI was distributed amongst all registered AOTrauma users. Approximately 90% of the more than 2000 surgeons who responded suggested that a definition of FRI is required. As a final step, a consensus meeting was held with an expert panel. The outcome of this process led to a consensus definition of FRI.Two levels of certainty around diagnostic features were defined. Criteria could be confirmatory (infection definitely present) or suggestive. Four confirmatory criteria were defined: Fistula, sinus or wound breakdown; Purulent drainage from the wound or presence of pus during surgery; Phenotypically indistinguishable pathogens identified by culture from at least two separate deep tissue/implant specimens; Presence of microorganisms in deep tissue taken during an operative intervention, as confirmed by histopathological examination. Furthermore, a list of suggestive criteria was defined. These require further investigations in order to look for confirmatory criteria.In the current paper, an overview is provided of the proposed definition and a rationale for each component and decision. The intention of establishing this definition of FRI was to offer clinicians the opportunity to standardize clinical reports and improve the quality of published literature. It is important to note that the proposed definition was not designed to guide treatment of FRI and should be validated by prospective data collection in the future
Thinking outside of the box : transfer of shape-based reorientation across the boundary of an arena.

The way in which human and non-human animals represent the shape of their environments remains a contentious issue. According to local theories of shape learning, organisms encode the local geometric features of the environment that signal a goal location. In contrast, global theories of shape learning suggest that organisms encode the overall shape of the environment. There is, however, a surprising lack of evidence to support this latter claim, despite the fact that common behaviours seem to require encoding of the global-shape of an environment. We tested one such behaviour in 5 experiments, in which human participants were trained to navigate to a hidden goal on one side of a virtual arena (e.g. the inside) before being required to find the same point on the alternative side (e.g. the outside). Participants navigated to the appropriate goal location, both when inside and outside the virtual arena, but only when the shape of the arena remained the same between training and test (Experiments 1a and 1b). When the arena shape was transformed between these stages, participants were lost (Experiments 2a and 2b). When training and testing was conducted on the outside of two different-shaped arenas that shared local geometric cues participants once again explored the appropriate goal location (Experiment 3). These results provide core evidence that humans encode a global representation of the overall shape of the environments in, or around, which they navigate
Geometric aspects of space-time reflection symmetry in quantum mechanics

For nearly two decades, much research has been carried out on properties of physical systems described by Hamiltonians that are not Hermitian in the conventional sense, but are symmetric under space-time reflection; that is, they exhibit PT symmetry. Such Hamiltonians can be used to model the behavior of closed quantum systems, but they can also be replicated in open systems for which gain\ud
and loss are carefully balanced, and this has been implemented in laboratory experiments for a wide range of systems. Motivated by these ongoing research activities,\ud
we investigate here a particular theoretical aspect of the subject by unraveling the geometric structures of Hilbert spaces endowed with the parity and time-reversal operations, and analyze the characteristics of PT -symmetric Hamiltonians. A canonical relation between a PT -symmetric operator and a Hermitian operator is established in a geometric setting. The quadratic form corresponding to the parity operator, in particular, gives rise to a natural partition of the Hilbert space into two halves corresponding to states having positive and negative PT norm. Positive definiteness of the norm can be restored by introducing a conjugation operator C ; this leads to a positive-definite inner product in terms of CPT conjugation