pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Field evaluation of the nematicide fluensulfone for control of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida

BACKGROUND\ud
Three field experiments evaluated the performance of the nematicide fluensulfone against the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida in Shropshire, England.\ud
RESULTS\ud
Experiments 1 and 2 showed reduced root infection and lowered multiplication of G. pallida following fluensulfone (Nimitz 15G®) soil treatments at five rates (1.95, 3.00, 4.05 (full rate), 5.05 and 6.00 kg AI ha−1) and Nimitz 480EC® at the full rate. Experiment 3 demonstrated a positive interaction between the full rate of Nimitz 15G and the potato variety Santé in the reduction of G. pallida. The fluensulfone treatments at the full rate had more consistent effects than the lower rates, and there were no greater effects for the treatments higher than this full rate. Generally, fluensulfone was less efficacious than oxamyl or fosthiazate, which suggests that the treatment may not be reliably integrated within shorter potato rotations.\ud
CONCLUSION\ud
The data suggest that fluensulfone soil application could make a useful addition to the few available nematicide treatments for the control of G. pallida rather than be a substitute for these treatments
Effect of plant resistance and BioAct WG (Purpureocillium lilacinum strain 251) on Meloidogyne incognita in a tomato-cucumber rotation in a greenhouse

BACKGROUND\ud
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The effectiveness of combining resistant tomato with BioAct WG (Purpureocillium lilacinum strain 251, Pl251) against Meloidogyne incognita was assessed in a tomato-cucumber rotation in a greenhouse over 2 years. Additionally, the enzymatic activity of the fungus, the percentage of fungal egg and juvenile parasitism, cardinal temperatures and the effect of water potential on mycelial growth and the soil receptivity to Pl251 were determined in vitro.\ud
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RESULTS\ud
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Plant resistance was the only factor that suppressed nematode and crop yield losses. Percentage of egg parasitism in plots treated with BioAct WG was less than 2.6%. However, under in vitro conditions, Pl251 showed protease, lipase and chitinase activities and parasitised 94.5% of eggs, but no juveniles. Cardinal temperatures were 14.2, 24–26 and 35.4¿°C. The maximum Pl251 mycelial growth was at -0.25 MPa and 25¿°C. Soil temperatures and water potential in the greenhouse were in the range of the fungus. However, soil receptivity was lower in greenhouse soil, irrespective of sterilisation, than in sterilised sand.\ud
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CONCLUSION\ud
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Plant resistance was the only factor able to suppress nematode densities, disease severity and yield losses, and to protect the following cucumber crop. Environmental factors involved in soil receptivity could have negatively affected fungus effectiveness.Postprint (updated version
Systemic RNAi in the small hive beetle (Aethina tumida Murray, Coleoptera : Nitidulidae), a serious pest of the European honey bee (Apis mellifera).

BACKGROUND:\ud
Aethina tumida is a serious pest of the European honey bee (Apis mellifera) in North America and Australia. Here we investigate whether Laccase 2, phenoloxidase gene essential for cuticle sclerotization and pigmentation in many insects, and vacuolar-ATPase V-type subunit A, vital for the generation of proton gradients used to drive a range of transport processes, could be potential targets for RNAi-mediated control of A. tumida.\ud
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RESULTS:\ud
Injection of V-ATPase subunit A (5 ng) and Laccase 2 (12.5 ng) dsRNAs resulted in 100 % larval mortality, qPCR confirmed significant decreases and enhanced suppression of transcript levels over time. Oral delivery of V-ATPase subunit A dsRNA in solutions resulted in 50 % mortality, however gene suppression could not be verified. We suggest that the inconsistent RNAi effect was a consequence of dsRNA degradation within the gut due to the presence of extracellular nucleases. Target specificity was confirmed by a lack of effect on survival or gene expression in honey bees injected with A. tumida dsRNAs.\ud
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CONCLUSIONS:\ud
This is the first study to show evidence for systemic RNAi in A. tumida in response to injected dsRNA but further research is required to develop methods to induce RNAi effects via ingestion
Bioassimilable sulphur provides effective control of Oidium neolycopersici in tomato, enhancing the plant immune system

BACKGROUND: Developments of alternatives to the use of chemical pesticides to control pests are focused on the induction
of natural plant defences. The study of new compounds based on liquid bioassimilable sulphur and its effect as an inductor
of the immune system of plants would provide an alternative option to farmers to enhance plant resistance against pathogen
attacks such as powdery mildew. In order to elucidate the efficacy of this compound in tomato against powdery mildew, we
tested several treatments: curative foliar, preventive foliar, preventive in soil drench and combining preventive in soil drench
and curative foliar.
RESULTS: In all cases, treated plants showed lower infection development, better physiological parameters and a higher level
of chlorophyll. We also observed better performance in parameters involved in plant resistance such as antioxidant response,
callose deposition and hormonal levels.
CONCLUSION: The results indicate that preventive and curative treatments can be highly effective for the prevention and control
of powdery mildew in tomato plants. Foliar treatments are able to stop the pathogen development when they are applied as
curative. Soil drench treatments induce immune response mechanisms of plants, increasing significantly callose deposition and
promoting plant development
Use of an individual-based simulation model to explore and evaluate potential insecticide resistance management strategies

BACKGROUND: Tools with the potential to predict risks of insecticide resistance and aid the evaluation and design of resistance management tactics are of value to all sectors of the pest management community. Here we describe use of a versatile individual-based model of resistance evolution to simulate how strategies employing single and multiple insecticides influence resistance development in the pollen beetle, Meligethes aeneus. RESULTS: Under repeated exposure to a single insecticide, resistance evolved faster to a pyrethroid (lambda-cyhalothrin) than to a pyridine azomethane (pymetrozine), due to difference in initial efficacy. A mixture of these compounds delayed resistance compared to use of single products. The effectiveness of rotations depended on the sequence in which compounds were applied in response to pest density thresholds. Effectiveness of a mixture strategy declined with reductions in grower compliance. At least 50% compliance was needed to cause some delay in resistance development. CONCLUSION: No single strategy meets all requirements for managing resistance. It is important to evaluate factors that prevail under particular pest management scenarios. The model used here provides operators with a valuable means for evaluating and extending sound resistance management advice, as well as understanding needs and opportunities offered by new control techniques. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industr
Biochemical evaluation of interactions between synergistic molecules and phase I enzymes involved in insecticide resistance in B- and Q-type Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

BACKGROUND
Metabolic resistance is an important consideration in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, where an esterase‐based mechanism has been attributed to pyrethroid resistance and over‐expression of the cytochrome P450, CYP6CM1, has been correlated to resistance to imidacloprid and other neonicotinoids.

RESULTS
In vitro interactions between putative synergists and CYP6CM1, B and Q‐type esterases were investigated, and structure–activity relationship analyses allowed the identification of chemical structures capable of acting as inhibitors of esterase and oxidase activities. Specifically, methylenedioxyphenyl (MDP) moieties with a polyether chain were preferable for optimum inhibition of B‐type esterase, whilst corresponding dihydrobenzofuran structures were potent for the Q‐esterase variation. Potent inhibition of CYP6CM1 resulted from structures which contained an alkynyl chain with a terminal methyl group.

CONCLUSIONS
Synergist candidates could be considered for field control of B. tabaci, especially to abrogate neonicotinoid resistance. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industr
Environmental fate and behaviour of the biocontrol agent Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CPA‐8 after preharvest application to stone fruit

BACKGROUND: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain CPA‐8 has been described as an effective biocontrol agent to control brown rot in stone fruit for both preharvest and postharvest applications. However, no information about the environmental fate and behaviour of this strain under field conditions is available.
RESULTS: The dispersion of the CPA‐8 application was evaluated using water‐sensitive papers, and complete coverage was observed on the leaves of treated trees, while <1% of non‐treated tree leaves had CPA‐8. CPA‐8 persisted on the fruit of treated trees during preharvest and postharvest conditions, while a significant decrease on leaves and weeds was observed 21 days after treatment. On non‐treated trees, CPA‐8 was detected on leaves until 180 days after treatment, and on weeds, the CPA‐8 population was dependent on the distance from the treated trees. A high persistence of CPA‐8 was detected on inert materials, such as clothes and gloves worn by handlers and plastic harvesting boxes. More than 99% of the samples with a CPA‐8 phenotype were confirmed as CPA‐8 using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
CONCLUSION: This work demonstrated a good distribution, persistence and adaptation of the CPA‐8 strain to field and postharvest conditions. Monitoring of dispersion and persistence is an excellent tool to determine the time of application and provides valuable information for registering issues.This research was supported by the European project BIOCOMES FP7-612713 and by the Catalan government (Generalitat de Catalunya) through PhD grant 2014-FI-B00367 (Amparo M. Gotor). The authors also thank CERCA Program (Generalitat de Catalunya) and the technical support provided by Cèlia Sánchez and Oana Berce
Reducing copper use in the environment: The use of larixol and larixyl acetate to treat downy mildew caused by Plasmopara viticola in viticulture

<p>BACKGROUND: Plant extracts might provide sustainable alternatives to copper fungicides, which are still widely used despite their unfavourable ecotoxicological profile. Larch bark extract and its constituents, larixyl acetate and larixol, have been shown to be effective against grapevine downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) under semi-controlled conditions. The aim of this study was to reduce the gap between innovation and the registration of a marketable product, namely to develop scalable extraction processes and to evaluate and optimize performance of larch extracts under different conditions.</p> \ud
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<p>RESULTS: Toxicologically and technically acceptable solvents like ethanol were used to extract the active compounds larixyl acetate and larixol from bark in sufficient amounts and their combined concentration could be increased up to 39% by purification steps. The combined concentration of larixyl acetate and larixol from larch turpentine could be increased up to 66%. MIC100 against P. viticola in vitro (6-23 g mL-1) and EC50 in planta under semi-controlled conditions (0.2-0.4 mg mL-1) were promising compared to other plant extracts. In vineyards, efficacies of larch extracts reached up to 68% in a stand-alone strategy and 84% in low-copper strategies.</p>\ud
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<p>CONCLUSIONS: Larch extracts represent valid candidates for copper reduction in organic vineyards, and their development into a sustainable plant protection product might be feasible</p
RNAi as an emerging approach to control Fusarium Head Blight disease and mycotoxin contamination in cereals

Fusarium graminearum is a major fungal pathogen of cereals worldwide, causing seedling, stem base and floral diseases, including Fusarium head blight (FHB). In addition to yield and quality losses, FHB contaminates cereal grain with mycotoxins, including deoxynivalenol, which are harmful to human, animal and ecosystem health. Currently, FHB control is only partially effective due to several intractable problems. RNA interference (RNAi) is a natural mechanism that regulates gene expression. RNAi has been exploited in the development of new genomic tools that allow the targeted silencing of genes of interest in many eukaryotes. Host‐induced gene silencing (HIGS) is a transgenic technology used to silence fungal genes in planta during attempted infection and thereby reduces disease levels. HIGS relies on the host plant's ability to produce mobile small interfering RNA molecules, generated from long double‐stranded RNA, which are complementary to targeted fungal genes. These molecules are transferred from the plant to invading fungi via an uncharacterised mechanism, to cause gene silencing. Here, we describe recent advances in RNAi‐mediated control of plant pathogenic fungi, highlighting the key advantages and disadvantages. We then discuss the developments and implications of combining HIGS with other methods of disease control
Measuring the effectiveness of management interventions at regional scales by integrating ecological monitoring and modelling

BACKGROUND: Because of site-specific effects and outcomes, it is often difficult to know whether a management strategy for the control of pests has worked or not. Population dynamics of pests are typically spatially and temporally variable. Moreover, interventions at the scale of individual fields or farms are essentially unreplicated experiments; a decrease in a target population following management cannot safely be interpreted as success because, for example, it might simply be a poor year for that species. Here, we argue that if large-scale data are available, population models can be used to measure outcomes against the prevailing mean and variance. We apply this approach to the problem of rotational management of the weed Alopecurus myosuroides. RESULTS: We derived density-structured population models for a set of fields that were not subject to rotational management (continuous winter wheat) and another group that were (rotated into spring barley to control A. myosuroides). We used these models to construct means and variances of the outcomes of management for given starting conditions, and to conduct transient growth analysis. We show that, overall, this management strategy is successful in reducing densities of weeds, albeit with considerable variance. However, we also show that one variant (rotation to spring barley along with variable sowing) shows little evidence for additional control. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that rotational strategies can be effective in the control of this weed, but also that strategies require careful evaluation against a background of spatiotemporal variation
Non‐target site SDHI resistance is present as standing genetic variation in field populations of Zymoseptoria tritici

BACKGROUND A new generation of more active succinate dehydrogenase (Sdh) inhibitors (SDHIs) is currently widely used to control Septoria leaf blotch in northwest Europe. Detailed studies were conducted on Zymoseptoria tritici field isolates with reduced sensitivity to fluopyram and isofetamid; SDHIs which have only just or not been introduced for cereal disease control, respectively. RESULTS Strong cross‐resistance between fluopyram and isofetamid, but not with other SDHIs, was confirmed through sensitivity tests using laboratory mutants and field isolates with and without Sdh mutations. The sensitivity profiles of most field isolates resistant to fluopyram and isofetamid were very similar to a lab mutant carrying SdhC‐A84V, but no alterations were found in SdhB, C and D. Inhibition of mitochondrial Sdh enzyme activity and control efficacy in planta for those isolates was severely impaired by fluopyram and isofetamid, but not by bixafen. Isolates with similar phenotypes were not only detected in northwest Europe but also in New Zealand before the widely use of SDHIs. CONCLUSION This is the first report of SDHI‐specific non‐target site resistance in Z. tritici. Monitoring studies show that this resistance mechanism is present and can be selected from standing genetic variation in field populations. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry
Horizontal transmission of Metarhizium anisopliae (Hypocreales: Clavicipitacea) and the effects of infection on oviposition rate in laboratory populations of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)

BACKGROUND Effective control of house fly, Musca domestica (L.), populations currently relies on the use of chemical insecticides in most situations. Entomopathogenic fungi such as Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokin may provide an alternative to chemicals and their efficacy may be enhanced by autodissemination amongst flies. This study assessed the capacity of M. anisopliae for transmission between adult M. domestica and the effects of infection on the fecundity of females. RESULTS Metarhizium anisopliae was transmitted between adult M. domestica flies with 91.67% - 100% mortality resulting across the three ratios of infected: non-infected flies tested (1:2, 1:5, 1:10). The mean lethal time (LT50) for female recipients mixed with infected male donor flies at the three ratios were 3.95, 4.79 and 5.65 days, respectively, whereas for male recipients mixed with infected female donors at the same ratios the LT50 were 4.98, 5.98 and 7.44 days, respectively. Infection with M. anisopliae significantly reduced the reproductive capacity of female flies during the first four days of infection with 25% less eggs oviposited by infected flies than those that were uninfected. CONCLUSION Autodissemination among house flies and reduction in oviposition in the early stages of infection could contribute significantly to the effectiveness of M. anisopliae used in biocontrol programs
Material properties determining the insecticidal activity of highly divided porous materials on the pharaoh ant (Monomorium pharaonis)

BACKGROUND

Historically, inert insecticidal powders such as diatomaceous earth were researched for pest management applications, revealing that these types of powders killed insects by desiccation. However, data on the critical material properties that affect their efficacy is sparse. The present study investigates the insecticidal effect of powdered materials on the pharaoh ant, a notorious domestic pest.

RESULTS

The insecticidal activity of 24 porous materials was tested. 8 of these materials performed better than the benchmark, diatomaceous earth. Zeolite Y and carbon black II performed best, inducing 50% mortality within 40 minutes and 55 minutes respectively. Statistical analysis of 7 material properties revealed that macroporous surface area and BET specific surface area were most predictive of insecticidal activity. For zeolites and ordered mesoporous silica materials the most important parameters were respectively BET and large mesopore surface area. Finally, GC-MS analysis confirmed the adsorption of epicuticular hydrocarbons onto the zeolite powders.

CONCLUSION

This study shows clear potential for the use of environmentally friendly, inert porous materials as insecticides against the pharaoh ant and identified the key material properties influencing insecticidal activity. The GC-MS data supports the hypothesis that the mortality was caused by the removal of the protective epicuticular hydrocarbons.status: publishe
Weed resistance to synthetic auxin herbicides

Herbicides classified as synthetic auxins have been most commonly used to control broadleaf weeds in a variety of crops and in non-cropland areas since the first synthetic auxin herbicide (SAH), 2,4-D, was introduced to the market in the mid-1940s. The incidence of weed species resistant to SAHs is relatively low considering their long-term global application with 29 broadleaf weed species confirmed resistant to date. An understanding of the context and mechanisms of SAH resistance evolution can inform management practices to sustain the longevity and utility of this important class of herbicides. A symposium was convened during the 2nd Global Herbicide Resistance Challenge (May 2017 in Denver, CO, USA) to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of SAH resistance mechanisms including case studies of weed species resistant to SAHs and perspectives on mitigating resistance development in SAH-tolerant crops.The authors are arrayed in alphabetical order because each made
substantive contributions to the success of the Weed Resistance to
Synthetic Auxin Herbicides symposium convened on May 15, 2017
during the Global Herbicide Resistance Challenge meeting in Denver,
Colorado,USA. The symposium organizers and speakerswould
like to thank the Global Herbicide Resistance Committee (www
.hracglobal.com) for their financial support that made the symposium
possible. The authors wish to thank Katrina Nelson, Dow
AgroSciences, LLC, for her assistance in manuscript preparation.
™ Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company (‘Dow’) or an
affiliated company of Dow. ® Trademark of Monsanto Company
Testing a chemical series inspired by plant stress oxylipin signalling agents for herbicide safening activity.

BACKGROUND\ud
Herbicide safening in cereals is linked to a rapid xenobiotic response (XR), involving the induction of glutathione transferases (GSTs). The XR is also invoked by oxidized fatty acids (oxylipins) released during plant stress, suggesting a link between these signalling agents and safening. To examine this relationship, a series of compounds modelled on the oxylipins 12‐oxophytodienoic acid and phytoprostane 1, varying in lipophilicity and electrophilicity, were synthesized. Compounds were then tested for their ability to invoke the XR in Arabidopsis and protect rice seedlings exposed to the herbicide pretilachlor, as compared with the safener fenclorim.\ud
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RESULTS\ud
Of the 21 compounds tested, three invoked the rapid GST induction associated with fenclorim. All compounds possessed two electrophilic carbon centres and a lipophilic group characteristic of both oxylipins and fenclorim. Minor effects observed in protecting rice seedlings from herbicide damage positively correlated with the XR, but did not provide functional safening.\ud
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CONCLUSION\ud
The design of safeners based on the characteristics of oxylipins proved successful in deriving compounds that invoke a rapid XR in Arabidopsis but not in providing classical safening in a cereal. The results further support a link between safener and oxylipin signalling, but also highlight species‐dependent differences in the responses to these compounds
Fate in the soil of an oil additive of plant origin

The methyl ester of oleic acid, a plant oil derivative, can be used as an additive oil for pesticides. We compared the biodegradability in soil of this oil with that of a mineral oil by means of laboratory experiments using lysimeters of 70 cm height × 20 cm diameter. The migration in soil of the oils and of the metabolites of the plant ester over 120 days was examined by gas chromatography and liquid chromatography. The plant oil and its metabolites were completely degraded within 60 days, whereas degradation of the mineral oil required 90 days. The molecules did not migrate far into the soil and therefore presented no risk of contaminating groundwater