pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Expanding the biomass resource : Sustainable oil production via fast pyrolysis of low input high diversity biomass and the potential integration of thermochemical and biological conversion routes

Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBS/E/W/10963A01);Waste biomass is generated during the conservation management of semi-natural habitats, and represents an unused resource and potential bioenergy feedstock that does not compete with food production. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to characterise a representative range of biomass generated during conservation management in Wales. Of the biomass types assessed, those dominated by rush (Juncus effuses) and bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) exhibited the highest and lowest volatile compositions respectively and were selected for bench scale conversion via fast pyrolysis. Each biomass type was ensiled and a sub-sample of silage was washed and pressed. Demineralization of conservation biomass through washing and pressing was associated with higher oil yields following fast pyrolysis. The oil yields were within the published range established for the dedicated energy crops miscanthus and willow. In order to examine the potential a multiple output energy system was developed gross power production estimates following valorisation of the press fluid, char and oil. If used in multi fuel industrial burners the char and oil alone would displace 3.9 x 105 tonnes per year of No. 2 light oil using Welsh biomass from conservation management. Bioenergy and product development using these feedstocks could simultaneously support biodiversity management and substitute for fossil fuels, thereby reducing GHG emissions. Gross power generation predictions show good potential.publishersversionPeer reviewe
Securing disunion: young people’s nationalism, identities and (in)securities in the campaign for an independent Scotland

This work was supported by the Arts and Humanities Research Council (grant number AH/K000594/1).This paper explores ethnic and religious minority youth perspectives of security and nationalism in Scotland during the independence campaign in 2014. We discuss how young people co-construct narratives of Scottish nationalism alongside minority ethnic and faith identities in order to feel secure. By critically combining literatures from feminist geopolitics,international relations (IR) and children’s emotional geographies, we employ the concept of‘ontological security’. The paper departs from state-centric approaches to security to explore the relational entanglements between geopolitical discourses and the ontological security of young people living through a moment of political change. We examine how everyday encounters with difference can reflect broader geopolitical narratives of security and insecurity, which subsequently trouble notions of ‘multicultural nationalism’ in Scotland and demonstrate ways that youth ‘securitize the self’ (Kinnvall, 2004). The paper responds to calls for empirical analyses of youth perspectives on nationalism and security (Benwell,2016) and on the nexus between security and emotional subjectivity in critical geopolitics(Pain, 2009; Shaw et al., 2014). Funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council(AHRC), this paper draws on focus group and interview data from 382 ethnic and religious minority young people in Scotland collected over the 12-month period of the campaign.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
Dynamic mineral clouds on HD 189733b : I. 3D RHD with kinetic, non-equilibrium cloud formation

Context. Observations of exoplanet atmospheres have revealed the presence of cloud particles in their atmospheres. 3D modelling of cloud formation in atmospheres of extrasolar planets coupled to the atmospheric dynamics has long been a challenge. Aims. We investigate the thermo-hydrodynamic properties of cloud formation processes in the atmospheres of hot Jupiter exoplanets. Methods. We simulate the dynamic atmosphere of HD 189733b with a 3D model that couples 3D radiative-hydrodynamics with a kinetic, microphysical mineral cloud formation module designed for RHD/GCM exoplanet atmosphere simulations. Our simulation includes the feedback effects of cloud advection and settling, gas phase element advection and depletion/replenishment and the radiative effects of cloud opacity. We model the cloud particles as a mix of mineral materials which change in size and composition as they travel through atmospheric thermo-chemical environments. All local cloud properties such as number density, grain size and material composition are time-dependently calculated. Gas phase element depletion as a result of cloud formation is included in the model. In situ effective medium theory and Mie theory is applied to calculate the wavelength dependent opacity of the cloud component. Results. We present a 3D cloud structure of a chemically complex, gaseous atmosphere of the hot Jupiter HD 189733b. Mean cloud particle sizes are typically sub-micron (0.01−0.5 μm) at pressures less than 1 bar with hotter equatorial regions containing the smallest grains. Denser cloud structures occur near terminator regions and deeper (~1 bar) atmospheric layers. Silicate materials such as MgSiO3[s] are found to be abundant at mid-high latitudes, while TiO2[s] and SiO2[s] dominate the equatorial regions. Elements involved in the cloud formation can be depleted by several orders of magnitude. Conclusions. The interplay between radiative-hydrodynamics and cloud kinetics leads to an inhomogeneous, wavelength dependent opacity cloud structure with properties differing in longitude, latitude and depth. This suggests that transit spectroscopy would sample a variety of cloud particles properties (sizes, composition, densities).Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
The electromagnetic form factors of the $\Lambda$ in the timelike region

The reaction $e^+e^- \to \bar \Lambda \Lambda$ is investigated for energies
close to the threshold. Specific emphasis is put on the role played by the
interaction in the final $\bar \Lambda \Lambda$ system which is taken into
account rigorously. For that interaction a variety of $\bar \Lambda \Lambda$
potential models is employed that have been constructed for the analysis of the
reaction $\bar p p \to \bar \Lambda \Lambda$ in the past. The enhancement of
the effective form factor for energies close to the $\bar \Lambda \Lambda$
threshold, seen in pertinent experiments, is reproduced. Predictions for the
$\Lambda$ electromagnetic form factors $G_M$ and $G_E$ in the timelike region
and for spin-dependent observables such as spin-correlation parameters are
presented.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figure
On the Bargmann-Radon transform in the monogenic setting

In this paper we introduce and study a Bargmann-Radon transform on the real
monogenic Bargmann module. This transform is defined as the projection of the
real Bargmann module on the closed submodule of monogenic functions spanned by
the monogenic plane waves. We prove that this projection can be written in
integral form in terms the so-called Bargmann-Radon kernel. Moreover, we have a
characterization formula for the Bargmann-Radon transform of a function in the
real Bargmann module in terms of its complex extension and then its restriction
to the nullcone in $\mathbb C^m$. We also show that the formula holds for the
Szeg\H{o}-Radon transform that we introduced in [4] (see list of references).
Finally, we define the dual transform and we provide an inversion formula
Search for light bosons in decays of the 125 GeV Higgs boson in
  proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV

A search is presented for decays beyond the standard model of the 125 GeV
Higgs bosons to a pair of light bosons, based on models with extended scalar
sectors. Light boson masses between 5 and 62.5 GeV are probed in final states
containing four tau leptons, two muons and two b quarks, or two muons and two
tau leptons. The results are from data in proton-proton collisions
corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 inverse femtobarns,
accumulated by the CMS experiment at the LHC at a center-of-mass energy of 8
TeV. No evidence for such exotic decays is found in the data. Upper limits are
set on the product of the cross section and branching fraction for several
signal processes. The results are also compared to predictions of
two-Higgs-doublet models, including those with an additional scalar singlet.Comment: Replaced with the published version. Added the journal reference and
  DOI. All the figures and tables can be found at
  http://cms-results.web.cern.ch/cms-results/public-results/publications/HIG-16-015
  (CMS Public Pages
Levels of insulin and HOMA-IR in adolescents in Saltillo,\ud
Coahuila, Mexico

An alarming rise of obesity in adolescents has been observed, placing them at risk of developing resistance to insulin (IR) and its adverse metabolic consequences such as diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2), metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Objective: To know the prevalence of obesity, and the levels of glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR and its association with the BMIz, waist circumference and the pubertal stage in a random\ud
sample of adolescents. Materials and methods: 292 adolescents between 12 and 15 years (152 female and 140 male), whose anthropometric measurements (weight, height and waist circumference) were taken, body mass index calculated and Z-score determined. Blood glucose and insulin levels were evaluated from a sample of blood and their HOMA-IR was determined. Results: The results showed that 32.5% were obese, 22.3% were overweight and 23.6%\ud
showed adolescent central obesity. Glucose levels (p = 0.016), insulin (p = 0.0001) and HOMA-IR (p = 0.0001) showed significant differences in the group with obesity. Values of the three parameters were increased with the stage of puberty. We found significant differences in the levels of glucose (p = 0.0388), insulin (p = 0.0005) and HOMA-IR (p = 0.0001) between the prepubertal and postpubertal stages
Dynamics of monopole walls.

The moduli space of centred Bogomolny–Prasad–Sommerfield 2-monopole fields is a 4-dimensional manifold M with a natural metric, and the geodesics on M correspond to slow-motion monopole dynamics. The best-known case is that of monopoles on R3, where M is the Atiyah–Hitchin space. More recently, the case of monopoles periodic in one direction (monopole chains) was studied a few years ago. Our aim in this note is to investigate M for doubly-periodic fields, which may be visualized as monopole walls. We identify some of the geodesics on M as fixed-point sets of discrete symmetries, and interpret these in terms of monopole scattering and bound orbits, concentrating on novel features that arise as a consequence of the periodicity
Pilot investigation of photoplethysmographic signals and blood oxygen saturation values during blood pressure cuff-induced hypoperfusion

Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a non-invasive electro-optical technique widely used in the monitoring of the pulsations associated with changes in blood volume in a peripheral vascular bed. The technique is based on the absorption properties of vascular tissue when it is transilluminated by light. Photoplethysmography is also used in the estimation of arterial blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) by pulse oximetry where the technique relies on the presence of adequate peripheral arterial pulsations. The aim of this study was to investigate (14 healthy volunteers) the effect of pressure cuff-induced hypoperfusion on PPG signals and SpO2s using a custom made finger blood oxygen saturation PPG/SpO2 sensor and a commercial finger pulse oximeter. PPG signals with high signal-to-noise ratios were obtained from all induced pressures prior to full brachial occlusion. An Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) on ranks showed that there are statistically significant differences (p<0.05) between the PPGs in the low pressures (0–80 mmHg) than those in the upper pressures (90–150 mmHg). Both pulse oximeters showed gradual decrease of saturations during induced hypoperfusion which demonstrate the direct relation between blood volumes (PPG amplitudes), arterial vessel stenosis and blood oxygen saturation. The custom made pulse oximeter was found to be more sensitive to SpO2 changes than the commercial pulse oximeter especially at high occluding pressures
Environmental change in the Limfjord, Denmark (ca 7500-1500 cal yrs BP): a multiproxy study

Supplementary data related to this article can be found at http://\ud
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.05.020.The Limfjord region of northern Jutland, Denmark, supports a rich archaeological record dating back to the Mesolithic, which documents long-term change in human practices and utilisation of marine resources since approximately 7500 BP. The presence and availability of marine resources in the Limfjord is sensitively regulated by environmental parameters such as salinity, sedimentary regime, nutrient status and primary productivity, but long-term changes in these parameters are currently poorly understood. In this study a multiproxy approach (including sedimentary parameters, diatoms, molluscs, foraminifera, sedimentary pigments, C and O stable isotopes and plant macrofossils) has been adopted to assess environmental change over the period ca 7500–1500 cal yrs BP at Kilen, a coastal fjord (before AD 1856) situated in the Western Limfjord. A diatom-based salinity transfer function based on a pan-Baltic training set has been applied to the fossil diatom dataset for quantitative assessment of salinity change over the study period. This study demonstrates that large-scale shifts in salinity are a common feature of the Limfjord's long-term history and are driven by the level of connection with the North Sea and the Skagerrak respectively, which in turn is likely driven by the complex interplay between climate, sea-level change, current velocity and rates of erosion/sedimentary accretion. Three shifts in state at Kilen are identified over the study period: a deep, periodically stratified fjord with medium–high salinity (and high productivity) between ca 7500–5000 BP, followed by a gradual transition to a shallow benthic system with more oceanic conditions (i.e. higher salinity, lower productivity, slower sedimentary accumulation rate and poorer fossil preservation) after ca 5000 BP and no stratification after ca 4400 BP, and lastly, within this shallow phase, an abrupt shift to brackish conditions around 2000 BP. Environmental–societal interactions are discussed on the basis of the data presented in this study and current environmental hypotheses for cultural change are challenged.Funding from Loughborough University Development Fund (Ph.D. funding for JPL), Quaternary Research Association (QRA) New Researchers' Award (for sedimentary pigments to JPL) and NERC Isotope Geosciences Facilities Steering Committee (NIGFSC; award no. IP/1080/1108, for isotope analysis to DBR and JPL) and the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (for funding several 14C-datings) are gratefully acknowledged.Peer-reviewedPublisher Versio
Application of pulsed UV-irradiation and pre-coagulation to control ultrafiltration membrane fouling in the treatment of micro-polluted surface water.

A major cause of ultrafiltration (UF) membrane fouling is the accumulation of microorganisms and their associated soluble products. To mitigate fouling the application of pulsed short-wavelength ultraviolet (UVC) light (around 254 nm) within the membrane tank together with pre-coagulation was investigated. In mini-pilot-scale tests carried out in parallel with conventional pre-treatment (CUF), the impact of pulsed UV (CUF-UV) at different UV irradiances and fluxes on the increase of trans-membrane pressure (TMP) was evaluated and explained in terms of the quantity and nature of membrane deposits in the membrane cake layer and pores. The results indicated that at a flux of 20 L m(-2) h(-1), the pulsed UV (1 min within 31 min cycle) at 3.17 × 10(-2) W/cm(2) prevented any measureable increase in TMP over a period of 32 days, while there was a fourfold increase in TMP for the conventional pre-treatment. For the CUF-UV system the concentration of bacteria and soluble microbial products was much less than the conventional CUF system, and the cake layer was thinner and contained less biopolymers (proteins and polysaccharides). In addition, the pores of the CUF-UV membrane appeared to have less organic deposits, and particularly fractions with a high molecular weight (>10 kDa). At a lower UV irradiance (1.08 × 10(-2) W/cm(2)), or higher flux (40 L m(-2) h(-1)) with the same UV irradiance, there was a measurable increase in TMP, indicating some fouling of the CUF-UV membrane, but the rate of TMP development was significantly lower (∼50%) than the conventional CUF membrane system. Overall, the results show the potential advantages of applying intermittent (pulsed) UVC irradiation with coagulation to control UF membrane fouling
Age-related patterns of vigorous-intensity physical activity in youth: The International Children's Accelerometry Database.

Physical activity declines during youth but most evidence reports on combined moderate and vigorous-intensity physical activity. We investigated how vigorous-intensity activity varies with age. Cross-sectional data from 24,025 participants (5.0-18.0 y; from 20 studies in 10 countries obtained 2008-2010) providing ≥ 1 day accelerometer data (International Children's Accelerometry Database (ICAD)). Linear regression was used to investigate age-related patterns in vigorous-intensity activity; models included age (exposure), adjustments for monitor wear-time and study. Moderate-intensity activity was examined for comparison. Interactions were used to investigate whether the age/vigorous-activity association differed by sex, weight status, ethnicity, maternal education and region. A 6.9% (95% CI 6.2, 7.5) relative reduction in mean vigorous-intensity activity with every year of age was observed; for moderate activity the relative reduction was 6.0% (5.6%, 6.4%). The age-related decrease in vigorous-intensity activity remained after adjustment for moderate activity. A larger age-related decrease in vigorous activity was observed for girls (- 10.7%) versus boys (- 2.9%), non-white (- 12.9% to - 9.4%) versus white individuals (- 6.1%), lowest maternal education (high school (- 2.0%)) versus college/university (ns) and for overweight/obese (- 6.1%) versus healthy-weight participants (- 8.1%). In addition to larger annual decreases in vigorous-intensity activity, overweight/obese individuals, girls and North Americans had comparatively lower average vigorous-intensity activity at 5.0-5.9 y. Age-related declines in vigorous-intensity activity during youth appear relatively greater than those of moderate activity. However, due to a higher baseline, absolute moderate-intensity activity decreases more than vigorous. Overweight/obese individuals, girls, and North Americans appear especially in need of vigorous-intensity activity promotion due to low levels at 5.0-5.9 y and larger negative annual differences
New tissue priors for improved automated classification of subcortical brain structures on MRI.

Despite the constant improvement of algorithms for automated brain tissue classification, the accurate delineation of subcortical structures using magnetic resonance images (MRI) data remains challenging. The main difficulties arise from the low gray-white matter contrast of iron rich areas in T1-weighted (T1w) MRI data and from the lack of adequate priors for basal ganglia and thalamus. The most recent attempts to obtain such priors were based on cohorts with limited size that included subjects in a narrow age range, failing to account for age-related gray-white matter contrast changes. Aiming to improve the anatomical plausibility of automated brain tissue classification from T1w data, we have created new tissue probability maps for subcortical gray matter regions. Supported by atlas-derived spatial information, raters manually labeled subcortical structures in a cohort of healthy subjects using magnetization transfer saturation and R2* MRI maps, which feature optimal gray-white matter contrast in these areas. After assessment of inter-rater variability, the new tissue priors were tested on T1w data within the framework of voxel-based morphometry. The automated detection of gray matter in subcortical areas with our new probability maps was more anatomically plausible compared to the one derived with currently available priors. We provide evidence that the improved delineation compensates age-related bias in the segmentation of iron rich subcortical regions. The new tissue priors, allowing robust detection of basal ganglia and thalamus, have the potential to enhance the sensitivity of voxel-based morphometry in both healthy and diseased brains
Differential branching fraction and angular analysis of the decay B0s→ ϕμ+μ−

The determination of the differential branching fraction and the first angular analysis of the decay  B[superscript 0][subscript 0]  → ϕμ[superscript +]μ[subscript −] are presented using data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.0 fb[superscript −1], collected by the LHCb experiment at  s√=7s=7 TeV. The differential branching fraction is determined in bins of q[superscript 2], the invariant dimuon mass squared. Integration over the full q[superscript 2] range yields a total branching fraction of  B(B[superscript 0][subscript s]→ϕμ[superscript +]μ[subscript −])=(7.07[superscript +0.64][subscript −0.59]±0.71±0.71))  × 10[subscript −7], where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second systematic, and the third originates from the branching fraction of the normalisation channel. An angular analysis is performed to determine the angular observables F[subscript L], S[subscript 3], A[subscript 6], and A[subscript 9]. The observables are consistent with Standard Model expectations.National Science Foundation (U.S.
Measurement of the $W^+W^-$ production cross section in $pp$ collisions
  at a centre-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV with the ATLAS experiment

The production of opposite-charge $W$-boson pairs in proton-proton collisions
at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV is measured using data corresponding to 3.16 fb$^{-1}$
of integrated luminosity collected by the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large
Hadron Collider in 2015. Candidate $W$-boson pairs are selected by identifying
their leptonic decays into an electron, a muon and neutrinos. Events with
reconstructed jets are not included in the candidate event sample. The
cross-section measurement is performed in a fiducial phase space close to the
experimental acceptance and is compared to theoretical predictions. Agreement
is found between the measurement and the most accurate calculations available.Comment: 38 pages in total, author list starting page 22, 3 figures, 5 tables,
  submitted to Phys. Lett. B. All figures including auxiliary figures are
  available at
  http://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/PAPERS/STDM-2015-20/. This
  version matches publicatio
On the parameterized complexity of coloring graphs in the absence of a linear forest

AbstractThe k-Coloring problem is to decide whether a graph can be colored with at most k colors such that no two adjacent vertices receive the same color. The List k-Coloring problem requires in addition that every vertex u must receive a color from some given set L(u)⊆{1,…,k}. Let Pn denote the path on n vertices, and G+H and rH the disjoint union of two graphs G and H and r copies of H, respectively. We show that List k-Coloring is fixed-parameter tractable on graphs with no induced rP1+P2 when parameterized by k+r, and that for any fixed integer r, the problem k-Coloring restricted to such graphs allows a polynomial kernel when parameterized by k. Finally, we show that List k-Coloring is fixed-parameter tractable on graphs with no induced P1+P3 when parameterized by k