Gaia Data Release 1: Summary of the astrometric, photometric, and survey properties

Context. At about 1000 days after the launch of Gaia we present the first Gaia data release, Gaia DR1, consisting of astrometry and photometry for over 1 billion sources brighter than magnitude 20.7.\ud
Aims. A summary of Gaia DR1 is presented along with illustrations of the scientific quality of the data, followed by a discussion of the limitations due to the preliminary nature of this release.\ud
Methods. The raw data collected by Gaia during the first 14 months of the mission have been processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC) and turned into an astrometric and photometric catalogue.\ud
Results. Gaia DR1 consists of three components: a primary astrometric data set which contains the positions, parallaxes, and mean proper motions for about 2 million of the brightest stars in common with the Hipparcos and Tycho-2 catalogues – a realisation of the Tycho-Gaia Astrometric Solution (TGAS) – and a secondary astrometric data set containing the positions for an additional 1.1 billion sources. The second component is the photometric data set, consisting of mean G-band magnitudes for all sources. The G-band light curves and the characteristics of ~3000 Cepheid and RR Lyrae stars, observed at high cadence around the south ecliptic pole, form the third component. For the primary astrometric data set the typical uncertainty is about 0.3 mas for the positions and parallaxes, and about 1 mas yr-1 for the proper motions. A systematic component of ~0.3 mas should be added to the parallax uncertainties. For the subset of ~94 000 Hipparcos stars in the primary data set, the proper motions are much more precise at about 0.06 mas yr-1. For the secondary astrometric data set, the typical uncertainty of the positions is ~10 mas. The median uncertainties on the mean G-band magnitudes range from the mmag level to ~0.03 mag over the magnitude range 5 to 20.7.\ud
Conclusions. Gaia DR1 is an important milestone ahead of the next Gaia data release, which will feature five-parameter astrometry for all sources. Extensive validation shows that Gaia DR1 represents a major advance in the mapping of the heavens and the availability of basic stellar data that underpin observational astrophysics. Nevertheless, the very preliminary nature of this first Gaia data release does lead to a number of important limitations to the data quality which should be carefully considered before drawing conclusions from the data.This work has made use of results from the European Space\ud
Agency (ESA) space mission Gaia, the data from which were processed by the\ud
Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC). Funding for the DPAC\ud
has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating\ud
in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement. The Gaia mission website is http:\ud
//www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia. The authors are current or past members of the\ud
ESA Gaia mission team and of the Gaia DPAC. This work has received financial\ud
supported from the Algerian Centre de Recherche en Astronomie, Astrophysique\ud
et Géophysique of Bouzareah Observatory; the Austrian FWF Hertha Firnberg\ud
Programme through grants T359, P20046, and P23737; the BELgian federal Science\ud
Policy Office (BELSPO) through various PROgramme de Développement\ud
d’EXpériences scientifiques (PRODEX) grants; the Brazil-France exchange programmes\ud
FAPESP-COFECUB and CAPES-COFECUB; the Chinese National\ud
Science Foundation through grant NSFC 11573054; the Czech-Republic Ministry\ud
of Education, Youth, and Sports through grant L.G. 15010; the Danish Ministry\ud
of Science; the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research through grant\ud
IUT40-1; the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme through the\ud
European Leadership in Space Astrometry (ELSA) Marie Curie Research Training\ud
Network (MRTN-CT-2006-033481), through Marie Curie project PIOF-GA-\ud
2009-255267 (SAS-RRL), and through a Marie Curie Transfer-of-Knowledge\ud
(ToK) fellowship (MTKD-CT-2004-014188); the European Commission’s Seventh\ud
Framework Programme through grant FP7-606740 (FP7-SPACE-2013-\ud
1) for the Gaia European Network for Improved data User Services (GENIUS)\ud
and through grant 264895 for the Gaia Research for European Astronomy\ud
Training (GREAT-ITN) network; the European Research Council (ERC)\ud
through grant 320360 and through the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research\ud
and innovation programme through grant agreement 670519 (Mixing\ud
and Angular Momentum tranSport of massIvE stars – MAMSIE); the European\ud
Science Foundation (ESF), in the framework of the Gaia Research for\ud
European Astronomy Training Research Network Programme (GREAT-ESF);\ud
the European Space Agency in the framework of the Gaia project; the European\ud
Space Agency Plan for European Cooperating States (PECS) programme\ud
through grants for Slovenia; the Czech Space Office through ESA PECS contract\ud
98058; the Academy of Finland; the Magnus Ehrnrooth Foundation; the\ud
French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) through action\ud
“Défi MASTODONS”; the French Centre National d’Études Spatiales (CNES);\ud
the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) “investissements d’avenir”\ud
Initiatives D’EXcellence (IDEX) programme PSL∗ through grant ANR-10-\ud
IDEX-0001-02; the Région Aquitaine; the Université de Bordeaux; the French\ud
Utinam Institute of the Université de Franche-Comté, supported by the Ré-\ud
gion de Franche-Comté and the Institut des Sciences de l’Univers (INSU);\ud
the German Aerospace Agency (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt\ud
e.V., DLR) through grants 50QG0501, 50QG0601, 50QG0602, 50QG0701,\ud
50QG0901, 50QG1001, 50QG1101, 50QG140, 50QG1401, 50QG1402, and\ud
50QG1404; the Hungarian Academy of Sciences through Lendület Programme\ud
LP2014-17; the Hungarian National Research, Development, and Innovation\ud
Office through grants NKFIH K-115709 and PD-116175; the Israel Ministry\ud
of Science and Technology through grant 3-9082; the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana\ud
(ASI) through grants I/037/08/0, I/058/10/0, 2014-025-R.0, and 2014-\ud
025-R.1.2015 to INAF and contracts I/008/10/0 and 2013/030/I.0 to ALTEC\ud
S.p.A.; the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF); the Netherlands Organisation\ud
for Scientific Research (NWO) through grant NWO-M-614.061.414\ud
and through a VICI grant to A. Helmi; the Netherlands Research School for\ud
Astronomy (NOVA); the Polish National Science Centre through HARMONIA\ud
grant 2015/18/M/ST9/00544; the Portugese Fundação para a Ciência e a\ud
Tecnologia (FCT) through grants PTDC/CTE-SPA/118692/2010, PDCTE/CTEAST/81711/2003,\ud
and SFRH/BPD/74697/2010; the Strategic Programmes PEstOE/AMB/UI4006/2011\ud
for SIM, UID/FIS/00099/2013 for CENTRA, and\ud
UID/EEA/00066/2013 for UNINOVA; the Slovenian Research Agency; the\ud
Spanish Ministry of Economy MINECO-FEDER through grants AyA2014-\ud
55216, AyA2011-24052, ESP2013-48318-C2-R, and ESP2014-55996-C2-R and\ud
MDM-2014-0369 of ICCUB (Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu); the\ud
Swedish National Space Board (SNSB/Rymdstyrelsen); the Swiss State Secretariat\ud
for Education, Research, and Innovation through the ESA PRODEX\ud
programme, the Mesures d’Accompagnement, and the Activités Nationales\ud
Complémentaires; the Swiss National Science Foundation, including an Early\ud
Postdoc.Mobility fellowship; the United Kingdom Rutherford Appleton Laboratory;\ud
the United Kingdom Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)\ud
through grants PP/C506756/1 and ST/I00047X/1; and the United Kingdom\ud
Space Agency (UKSA) through grants ST/K000578/1 and ST/N000978/1. We\ud
acknowledge the valuable advice provided by Vincenzo Innocente (CERN)\ud
during two pre-launch reviews of DPAC. This research has made use of\ud
the Set of Identifications, Measurements, and Bibliography for Astronomical\ud
Data (Wenger et al. 2000) and of the “Aladin sky atlas” (Bonnarel et al. 2000;\ud
Boch & Fernique 2014), which are developed and operated at Centre de Données\ud
astronomiques de Strasbourg (CDS), France. Some of the figures in this paper\ud
were made with TOPCAT (http://www.starlink.ac.uk/topcat/) or\ud
through the use of the STIL library (http://www.starlink.ac.uk/stil).\ud
This research made use of the AAVSO Photometric All-Sky Survey (APASS,\ud
https://www.aavso.org/apass), funded by the Robert Martin Ayers Sciences\ud
Fund. This publication made use of data products from the Two Micron\ud
All Sky Survey, which is a joint project of the University of Massachusetts and\ud
the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center/California Institute of Technology,\ud
funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National\ud
Science Foundation. We thank the anonymous referee for suggestions that helped\ud
improve this paper.Peer-reviewedPublisher Versio