pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Exploring the origin of magnetic fields in massive stars: II. New
  magnetic field measurements in cluster and field stars

Theories on the origin of magnetic fields in massive stars remain poorly
developed, because the properties of their magnetic field as function of
stellar parameters could not yet be investigated.
  To investigate whether magnetic fields in massive stars are ubiquitous or
appear only in stars with a specific spectral classification, certain ages, or
in a special environment, we acquired 67 new spectropolarimetric observations
for 30 massive stars. Among the observed sample, roughly one third of the stars
are probable members of clusters at different ages, whereas the remaining stars
are field stars not known to belong to any cluster or association.
  Spectropolarimetric observations were obtained during four different nights
using the low-resolution spectropolarimetric mode of FORS2 (FOcal Reducer low
dispersion Spectrograph) mounted on the 8-m Antu telescope of the VLT.
Furthermore, we present a number of follow-up observations carried out with the
high-resolution spectropolarimeters SOFIN mounted at the Nordic Optical
Telescope (NOT) and HARPS mounted at the ESO 3.6m between 2008 and 2011. To
assess the membership in open clusters and associations, we used astrometric
catalogues with the highest quality kinematic and photometric data currently
available.
  The presence of a magnetic field is confirmed in nine stars previously
observed with FORS1/2: HD36879, HD47839, CPD-282561, CPD-472963, HD93843,
HD148937, HD149757, HD328856, and HD164794. New magnetic field detections at a
significance level of at least 3sigma were achieved in five stars: HD92206c,
HD93521, HD93632, CPD-468221, and HD157857. Among the stars with a detected
magnetic field, five stars belong to open clusters with high membership
probability. According to previous kinematic studies, five magnetic O-type
stars in our sample are candidate runaway stars.Comment: 14 pages, nine figures, four tables, accepted for publication in A&
Coupled Reversible and Irreversible Bistable Switches Underlying
  TGF-\beta-induced Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays important roles in embryonic
development, tissue regeneration and cancer metastasis. While several feedback
loops have been shown to regulate EMT, it remains elusive how they coordinately
modulate EMT response to TGF-\beta treatment. We construct a mathematical model
for the core regulatory network controlling TGF-\beta-induced EMT. Through
deterministic analyses and stochastic simulations, we show that EMT is a
sequential two-step program that an epithelial cell first transits to partial
EMT then to the mesenchymal state, depending on the strength and duration of
TGF-\beta stimulation. Mechanistically the system is governed by coupled
reversible and irreversible bistable switches. The SNAIL1/miR-34 double
negative feedback loop is responsible for the reversible switch and regulates
the initiation of EMT, while the ZEB/miR-200 feedback loop is accountable for
the irreversible switch and controls the establishment of the mesenchymal
state. Furthermore, an autocrine TGF-\beta/miR-200 feedback loop makes the
second switch irreversible, modulating the maintenance of EMT. Such coupled
bistable switches are robust to parameter variation and molecular noise. We
provide a mechanistic explanation on multiple experimental observations. The
model makes several explicit predictions on hysteretic dynamic behaviors,
system response to pulsed stimulation and various perturbations, which can be
straightforwardly tested.Comment: 32 pages, 8 figures, accepted by Biophysical Journa
Strong Gravitational Lensing in a Charged Squashed Kaluza- Klein
  G\"{o}del Black hole

In this paper we investigate the strong gravitational lansing in a charged
squashed Kaluza-Klein G\"{o}del black hole. The deflection angle is considered
by the logarithmic term proposed by Bozza et al. Then we study the variation of
deflection angle and its parameters $\bar{a}$ and $\bar{b}$ . We suppose that
the supermassive black hole in the galaxy center can be considered by a charged
squashed Kaluza-Klein black hole in a G\"{o}del background and by relation
between lensing parameters and observables, we estimate the observables for
different values of charge, extra dimension and G\"{o}del parameters.Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1205.080
A tug-of-war between driver and passenger mutations in cancer and other
  adaptive processes

Cancer progression is an example of a rapid adaptive process where evolving
new traits is essential for survival and requires a high mutation rate.
Precancerous cells acquire a few key mutations that drive rapid population
growth and carcinogenesis. Cancer genomics demonstrates that these few 'driver'
mutations occur alongside thousands of random 'passenger' mutations-a natural
consequence of cancer's elevated mutation rate. Some passengers can be
deleterious to cancer cells, yet have been largely ignored in cancer research.
In population genetics, however, the accumulation of mildly deleterious
mutations has been shown to cause population meltdown. Here we develop a
stochastic population model where beneficial drivers engage in a tug-of-war
with frequent mildly deleterious passengers. These passengers present a barrier
to cancer progression that is described by a critical population size, below
which most lesions fail to progress, and a critical mutation rate, above which
cancers meltdown. We find support for the model in cancer age-incidence and
cancer genomics data that also allow us to estimate the fitness advantage of
drivers and fitness costs of passengers. We identify two regimes of adaptive
evolutionary dynamics and use these regimes to rationalize successes and
failures of different treatment strategies. We find that a tumor's load of
deleterious passengers can explain previously paradoxical treatment outcomes
and suggest that it could potentially serve as a biomarker of response to
mutagenic therapies. Collective deleterious effect of passengers is currently
an unexploited therapeutic target. We discuss how their effects might be
exacerbated by both current and future therapies
Universality in two dimensional gauge theory

We discuss two dimensional Yang -- Mills theories with massless fermions in arbitrary representations of a gauge group G. It is shown that the physics (spectrum and interactions) of the massive states in such models is independent of the detailed structure of the model, and only depends on the gauge group G and an integer k measuring the total anomaly. The massless physics, which does depend on the details of the model, decouples (almost) completely from that of the massive one. As an example, we discuss the equivalence of QCD_2 coupled to fermions in the adjoint, and fundamental representations
Large N solution of the 2D supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory

The Schwinger-Dyson equations of the Makeenko-Migdal type, when supplemented with some simple equations as consequence of supersymmetry, form a closed set of equations for Wilson loops and related quantities in the two dimensional super-gauge theory. We solve these equations. It appears that the planar Wilson loops are described by the Nambu string without folds. We also discuss how to put the model on a spatial lattice, where a peculiar gauge is chosen in order to keep one supersymmetry on the lattice. Supersymmetry is unbroken in this theory. We comment on possible generalization of these considerations to other models
A new method for selecting exclusive semileptonic charmless B-decays at e+e- colliders at the gamma(4S)

We introduce a new method for selecting exclusive semileptonic charmless B-decays in the presence of a large background. The method can be applied to charged and neutral B-mesons decaying into any exclusive neutral or charged hadronic final state. The method is designed for high luminosity $\eplemi$ colliders operating at the $\Upsilon(4S)$. It employs an improved partial reconstruction technique for $\Dstar-mesons$ and a novel 0-C event fit to both B-meson's decay products resulting in the kinematics of all particles (including neutrinos) in the event. The charged lepton energies are accessible from $1.0 \GeV$ to the kinematic limit
Search for a new gauge boson in $\pi^{0}$ decays

A search was made for a new light gauge boson $X$ which might be produced in $\pi^{0}\rightarrow\gamma + X$ decay from neutral pions generated by 450-GeV protons in the CERN SPS neutrino target. Th e X's would penetrate the downstream shielding and be observed in the NOMAD detector via the Primakoff effect, in the process of $X \rightarrow\pi^{0}$ conversion in the external Coulomb field of a nucleus.\ With $1.45\times10^{18}$ protons on target, 20 candidate events with energy between 8 and 140 GeV were found from the analysis of neutrino data.\ This number is in agreement with the e xpectation of 18.1$\pm$2.8 background events from standard neutrino processes.\ A new 90 $\% ~C.L.$ upper limit on the branching ratio $Br(\pi^{0}\rightarrow\gamma + X)<$ (3.3~to~1.9)$\times10^{-5}$ for $X$ masses ranging from 0 to 120 MeV/c$^{2}$ is obtained
"First Light" in the Universe: What Ended the "Dark Age"?

The universe would have been completely dark between the epoch of recombination and the development of the first non-linear structure. But at redshifts beyond 5 -- perhaps even beyond 20 -- stars formed within `subgalaxies' and created the first heavy elements; these same systems (together perhaps with `miniquasars') generated the UV radiation that ionized the IGM, and maybe also the first significant magnetic fields. Although we can already probe back to $z \simeq 5$, these very first objects may be so faint that their detection must await next-generation optical and infrared telescopes. Observations in other wavebands may offer indirect clues to when reionization occurred. Despite the rapid improvements in numerical simulations, the processes of star formation and feedback are likely to remain a challenge for the next decade
Measurements of the $Q^{2}$-Dependence of the Proton and Neutron Spin Structure Functions g1p and g1n

The structure functions g1p and g1n have been measured over the range 0.014 < x < 0.9 and 1 < Q2 < 40 GeV2 using deep-inelastic scattering of 48 GeV longitudinally polarized electrons from polarized protons and deuterons. We find that the Q2 dependence of g1p (g1n) at fixed x is very similar to that of the spin-averaged structure function F1p (F1n). From a NLO QCD fit to all available data we find $\Gamma_1^p - \Gamma_1^n =0.176 \pm 0.003 \pm 0.007$ at Q2=5 GeV2, in agreement with the Bjorken sum rule prediction of 0.182 \pm 0.005
Low-Energy Analysis of $M$ and $F$ Theories on Calabi-Yau Threefolds

We elucidate the interplay between gauge and supersymmetry anomalies in
six-dimensional $N=1$ supergravity with generalized couplings between tensor
and vector multiplets. We derive the structure of the five-dimensional
supergravity resulting from the $S_1$ reduction of these models and give the
constraints on Chern-Simons couplings that follow from duality to $M$ theory
compactified on a Calabi-Yau threefold. The duality is supported only on a
restricted class of Calabi-Yau threefolds and requires a special type of
intersection form. We derive five-dimensional central-charge formulas and
discuss briefly the associated phase transitions. Finally, we exhibit
connections with $F$-theory compactifications on Calabi-Yau manifolds that
admit elliptic fibrations. This analysis suggests that $F$ theory unifies
Type-$IIb$ three-branes and $M$-theory five-branes.Comment: 27 pages, LaTex. final version, to appear in Nucl. Phys.
Asymptotic regularity conditions for the strong convergence towards weak
  limit sets and weak attractors of the 3D Navier-Stokes equations

The asymptotic behavior of solutions of the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes
equations is considered on bounded smooth domains with no-slip boundary
conditions or on periodic domains. Asymptotic regularity conditions are
presented to ensure that the convergence of a Leray-Hopf weak solution to its
weak omega-limit set (weak in the sense of the weak topology of the space H of
square-integrable divergence-free velocity fields) are achieved also in the
strong topology of H. In particular, if a weak omega-limit set is bounded in
the space V of velocity fields with square-integrable vorticity then the
attraction to the set holds also in the strong topology of H. Corresponding
results for the strong convergence towards the weak global attractor of Foias
and Temam are also presented.Comment: 10 page
Spectator detection for the measurement of proton neutron interactions
  at ANKE

A telescope of three silicon detectors has been installed close to the
internal target position of the ANKE spectrometer, which is situated inside the
ultra-high vacuum of the COSY-Juelich light-ion storage ring. The detection and
identification of slow protons and deuterons emerging from a deuterium
cluster-jet target thus becomes feasible. A good measurement of the energy and
angle of such a spectator proton (p_sp) allows one to identify a reaction as
having taken place on the neutron in the target and then to determine the
kinematical variables of the ion-neutron system on an event-by-event basis over
a range of c.m. energies.
  The system has been successfully tested under laboratory conditions. By
measuring the spectator proton in the p d to p_sp d pi^0 reaction in
coincidence with a fast deuteron in the ANKE Forward Detector, values of the p
n to d pi^0 total cross-section have been deduced. Further applications of the
telescope include the determination of the luminosity and beam polarisation
which are required for several experiments.Comment: 16 pages, 9 figure
High value information in engineering organizations

This is a conference paper presented at the KIM Project Conference 2007. More details of the KIM project can be found at: http://www-edc.eng.cam.ac.uk/kim/ This paper was also published in the International Journal of Information Management, 28(4), pp. 246-258 [© Elsevier] and the definitive version is available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2007.09.007The management of information in engineering organizations is facing a particular challenge in the ever-increasing volume of information. It has been recognized that an effective methodology is required to evaluate information in order to avoid information overload and to retain the right information for reuse. By using, as a starting point, a number of the current tools and techniques which attempt to obtain ‘the value’ of information, it is proposed that an assessment or filter mechanism for information is needed to be developed. This paper addresses this issue firstly by briefly reviewing the information overload problem, the definition of value, and related research work on the value of information in various areas. Then a “characteristic” based framework of information evaluation is introduced using the key characteristics identified from related work as an example. A Bayesian Network diagram method is introduced to the framework to build the linkage between the characteristics and information value in order to quantitatively calculate the quality and value of information. The training and verification process for the model is then described using 60 real engineering documents as a sample. The model gives a reasonable accurate result and the differences between the model calculation and training judgments are summarized as the potential causes are discussed. Finally several further the issues including the challenge of the framework and the implementations of this evaluation assessment method are raised
Complexes of Native Ubiquitin and Dodecyl Sulfate Illustrate the Nature of Hydrophobic and Electrostatic Interactions in the Binding of Proteins and Surfactants

A previous study, using capillary electrophoresis (CE) [J. Am. Chem. Soc.2008, 130, 17384–17393], reported that six discrete complexes of ubiquitin (UBI) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) form at different concentrations of SDS along the pathway to unfolding of UBI in solutions of SDS. One complex (which formed between 0.8 and 1.8 mM SDS) consisted of native UBI associated with approximately 11 molecules of SDS. The current study used CE and 15N/13C–1H heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR spectroscopy to identify residues in folded UBI that associate specifically with SDS at 0.8–1.8 mM SDS, and to correlate these associations with established biophysical and structural properties of this well-characterized protein. The ability of the surface charge and hydrophobicity of folded UBI to affect the association with SDS (at concentrations below the CMC) was studied, using CE, by converting lys-ε-NH3+ to lys-ε-NHCOCH3 groups. According to CE, the acetylation of lysine residues inhibited the binding of 11 SDS ([SDS] < 2 mM) and decreased the number of complexes of composition UBI-(NHAc)8·SDSn that formed on the pathway of unfolding of UBI-(NHAc)8 in SDS. A comparison of 15N–1H HSQC spectra at 0 mM and 1 mM SDS with calculated electrostatic surface potentials of folded UBI (e.g., solutions to the nonlinear Poisson–Boltzmann (PB) equation) suggested, however, that SDS binds preferentially to native UBI at hydrophobic residues that are formally neutral (i.e., Leu and Ile), but that have positive electrostatic surface potential (as predicted from solutions to nonlinear PB equations); SDS did not uniformly interact with residues that have formal positive charge (e.g., Lys or Arg). Cationic functional groups, therefore, promote the binding of SDS to folded UBI because these groups exert long-range effects on the positive electrostatic surface potential (which extend beyond their own van der Waals radii, as predicted from PB theory), and not because cationic groups are necessarily the site of ionic interactions with sulfate groups. Moreover, SDS associated with residues in native UBI without regard to their location in α-helix or β-sheet structure (although residues in hydrogen-bonded loops did not bind SDS). No correlation was observed between the association of an amino acid with SDS and the solvent accessibility of the residue or its rate of amide H/D exchange. This study establishes a few (of perhaps several) factors that control the simultaneous molecular recognition of multiple anionic amphiphiles by a folded cytosolic protein.Chemistry and Chemical Biolog
Comparison of the Z/gamma* + jets to gamma + jets cross sections in pp
  collisions at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV

A comparison of the differential cross sections for the processes Z/gamma* +
jets and photon (gamma) + jets is presented. The measurements are based on data
collected with the CMS detector at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV corresponding to an
integrated luminosity of 19.7 inverse femtobarns. The differential cross
sections and their ratios are presented as functions of pt. The measurements
are also shown as functions of the jet multiplicity. Differential cross
sections are obtained as functions of the ratio of the Z/gamma* pt to the sum
of all jet transverse momenta and of the ratio of the Z/gamma* pt to the
leading jet transverse momentum. The data are corrected for detector effects
and are compared to simulations based on several QCD calculations.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO
Age-related proteostasis and metabolic alterations in Caspase-2-deficient mice.

Ageing is a complex biological process for which underlying biochemical changes are still largely unknown. We performed comparative profiling of the cellular proteome and metabolome to understand the molecular basis of ageing in Caspase-2-deficient (Casp2(-/-)) mice that are a model of premature ageing in the absence of overt disease. Age-related changes were determined in the liver and serum of young (6-9 week) and aged (18-24 month) wild-type and Casp2(-/-) mice. We identified perturbed metabolic pathways, decreased levels of ribosomal and respiratory complex proteins and altered mitochondrial function that contribute to premature ageing in the Casp2(-/-) mice. We show that the metabolic profile changes in the young Casp2(-/-) mice resemble those found in aged wild-type mice. Intriguingly, aged Casp2(-/-) mice were found to have reduced blood glucose and improved glucose tolerance. These results demonstrate an important role for caspase-2 in regulating proteome and metabolome remodelling during ageing
Aperture Method to Determine the Density and Geometry of Anti-Particle Plasmas

The density and geometry of 0 and e(+) plasmas in realistic trapping potentials are required if the rate of antihydrogen formation from them is to be understood. A new measurement technique determines these properties of trapped positron (e(+)) and antiproton (P) plasmas, the latter for the first time. The method does not require the common assumption of a spheroidal plasma geometry, which only pertains for a perfect electrostatic quadrupole trapping potential. Plasma densities, diameters, aspect ratios and angular momenta are deduced by comparing the number of particles that survive transmission through an aperture, to that obtained from self-consistent solutions of Poisson's equation. For P the results differ substantially from the spheroid plasmas of an ideal Penning trap. The angular momentum of the plasma emerges as smooth function of the number of particles in the plasma, independent of the depth of the potential well that confines them. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Heavy Hyperon-Antihyperon Production

Based on the experience from the production of anti-Lambda Lambda and anti-Sigma Sigma pairs at LEAR (experiment PS185) it is suggested to continue the investigations towards the heavier antihyperon--hyperon pairs anti-Xi Xi and anti-Omega Omega in view of: (1) the production dynamics of the heavier antihyperon--hyperon out of the anti-p p annihilation (2) a comparison of the (3s 3anti-s quark system) anti-Omega Omega to the (3 (anti-s s)) 3 phi meson production, where both systems have similar masses (3.345 and 3.057, respectively) and identical valence quark content. A systematic study of the antihyperon--hyperon production with increasing strangeness content is interesting for the following reasons: The anti-Omega Omega production is the creation of two spin 3/2 objects out of the two spin 1/2 anti-p p particles. Results of the PS185 experiments prove a clear dominance of the spin triplet anti-s s dissociation. In the Omega anti-Omega the three s-quarks (three anti-s quarks) are aligned to spin 3/2 each. If the three anti-s s pairs are now all in spin triplet configurations when created out of the gluonic interaction they should have spin parity quantum number as 3^- as long as Omega anti-Omega is created with relative L=0 angular momentum. The comparison of the Omega anti-Omega baryon pair to the phi phi phi three meson production (where the three anti-s s quark pairs might not but can be produced without relative correlation) would provide a unique determination of the intermediate matter state. Measurements of excitation functions and polarization transfers should be used to examine these gluon rich anti-p p --> anti-Omega Omega and anti-p p --> phi phi phi reaction channels. Such experiments should be performed at the PANDA detector at the FAIR facility of the GSI