pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Average tree solutions for graph games

In this paper we consider cooperative graph games being TU-games 
in which players cooperate if they are connected in the communication 
graph. We focus our attention to the average tree solutions introduced 
by Herings, van der Laan and Talman [6] and Herings, van der Laan, 
Talman and Yang [7]. Each average tree solution is defined with re- 
spect to a set, say T , of admissible rooted spanning trees. Each average 
tree solution is characterized by efficiency, linearity and an axiom of T - 
hierarchy on the class of all graph games with a fixed communication 
graph. We also establish that the set of admissible rooted spanning 
trees introduced by Herings, van der Laan, Talman and Yang [7] is the 
largest set of rooted spanning trees such that the corresponding aver- 
age tree solution is a Harsanyi solution. One the other hand, we show 
that this set of rooted spanning trees cannot be constructed by a dis- 
tributed algorithm. Finally, we propose a larger set of spanning trees 
which coincides with the set of all rooted spanning trees in clique-free 
graphs and that can be computed by a distributed algorithm.
The Effect of Uncertainty on Pollution Control Policy

I study a class of differential games of pollution control with profit functions that are polynomial in the global pollution stock.  Given an emissions path satisfying mild regularity conditions, a simple polynomial ambient transfer scheme is exhibited that induces it in Markov-perfect equilibrium (MPE).  Proposed transfers are a polynomial function of the difference between actual and desired pollution levels; moreover, they are designed so that in MPE no tax or subsidy is ever levied. Their applicability under stochastic pollution dynamics is studied for a symmetric game of polluting oligopolists with linear demand. I discuss a quadratic scheme that induces agents to adopt Markovian emissions strategies that are stationary and linear-decreasing in total pollution. Total expected ambient transfers are always non-positive and increase linearly in volatility and the absolute value of the slope of the inverse demand function. However, if the regulator is interested in inducing a constant emissions strategy then, in expectation, transfers vanish.
Mitochondrial Protein Import

The role of nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) in mitochondrial protein import was investigated with the precursors of N. crassa ADP/ATP carrier, F1-ATPase subunit β, F0-ATPase subunit 9, and fusion proteins between subunit 9 and mouse dihydrofolate reductase. NTPs were necessary for the initial interaction of precursors with the mitochondria and for the completion of translocation of precursors from the mitochondrial surface into the mitochondria. Higher levels of NTPs were required for the latter reactions as compared with the early stages of import. Import of precursors having identical presequences but different mature protein parts required different levels of NTPs. The sensitivity of precursors in reticulocyte lysate to proteases was decreased by removal of NTPs and increased by their readdition. We suggest that the hydrolysis of NTPs is involved in modulating the folding state of precursors in the cytosol, thereby conferring import competence.
Complementary Sensory and Associative Microcircuitry in Primary Olfactory Cortex

The three-layered primary olfactory (piriform) cortex is the largest component of the olfactory cortex. Sensory and intracortical inputs
converge on principal cells in the anterior piriform cortex (aPC).Wecharacterize organization principles of the sensory and intracortical
microcircuitry of layer II and III principal cells in acute slices of rat aPC using laser-scanning photostimulation and fast two-photon
population Ca²⁺ imaging. Layer II and III principal cells are set up on a superficial-to-deep vertical axis. We found that the position on
this axis correlates with input resistance and bursting behavior. These parameters scale with distinct patterns of incorporation into
sensory and associative microcircuits, resulting in a converse gradient of sensory and intracortical inputs. In layer II, sensory circuits
dominate superficial cells, whereas incorporation in intracortical circuits increases with depth. Layer III pyramidal cells receive more
intracortical inputs than layer II pyramidal cells, but with an asymmetric dorsal offset. This microcircuit organization results in a diverse
hybrid feedforward/recurrent network of neurons integrating varying ratios of intracortical and sensory input depending on a cell’s
position on the superficial-to-deep vertical axis. Since burstiness of spiking correlates with both the cell’s location on this axis and its
incorporation in intracortical microcircuitry, the neuronal output mode may encode a given cell’s involvement in sensory versus associative
processing.
Search for squarks and gluinos using final states with jets and missing transverse momentum with the ATLAS detector in root s=7 TeV proton-proton collisions

A search for squarks and gluinos in events containing jets, missing transverse momentum and no electrons or muons is presented. The data were recorded in 2011 by the ATLAS experiment in √s=7 TeV proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider. No excess above the Standard Model background expectation is observed in 1.04 fb⁻¹ of data. Gluino and squark masses below 700 GeV and 875 GeV respectively are excluded at the 95% confidence level in simplified models containing only squarks of the first two generations, a gluino octet and a massless neutralino. The exclusion limit increases to 1075 GeV for squarks and gluinos of equal mass. In MSUGRA/CMSSM models with tanβ=10, A0=0 and μ>0, squarks and gluinos of equal mass are excluded for masses below 950 GeV. These limits extend the region of supersymmetric parameter space excluded by previous measurements.ATLAS Collaboration, G. Aad ... P. Jackson ... et al
Direct numerical simulation of turbulence at lower costs

Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) is the most accurate, but also the most expensive, way of computing turbulent flow. To cut the costs of DNS we consider a family of second-order, explicit one-leg time-integration methods and look for the method with the best linear stability properties. It turns out that this method requires about two times less computational effort than Adams–Bashforth. Next, we discuss a fourth-order finite-volume method that is constructed as the Richardson extrapolate of a classical second-order method. We compare the results of this fourth-order method and the underlying second-order method for a DNS of the flow in a cubical driven cavity at Re = 10^4. Experimental results are available for comparison. For this example, the fourth-order results are clearly superior to the second-order results, whereas their computational effort is about twenty times less. With the improved simulation method, a DNS of a turbulent flow in a cubical lid-driven flow at Re = 50,000 and a DNS of a turbulent flow past a square cylinder at Re = 22,000 are performed.
Whole-Genome Sequencing Coupled to Imputation Discovers Genetic Signals for Anthropometric Traits.

Supplemental Data include consortia members and affiliations, acknowledgments\ud
and conflicts of interest, cohort descriptions, annotations\ud
of identified variants, 32 figures, and 29 tables and can\ud
be found with this article online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.\ud
ajhg.2017.04.014.Deep sequence-based imputation can enhance the discovery power of genome-wide association studies by assessing previously unexplored variation across the common- and low-frequency spectra. We applied a hybrid whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and deep imputation approach to examine the broader allelic architecture of 12 anthropometric traits associated with height, body mass, and fat distribution in up to 267,616 individuals. We report 106 genome-wide significant signals that have not been previously identified, including 9 low-frequency variants pointing to functional candidates. Of the 106 signals, 6 are in genomic regions that have not been implicated with related traits before, 28 are independent signals at previously reported regions, and 72 represent previously reported signals for a different anthropometric trait. 71% of signals reside within genes and fine mapping resolves 23 signals to one or two likely causal variants. We confirm genetic overlap between human monogenic and polygenic anthropometric traits and find signal enrichment in cis expression QTLs in relevant tissues. Our results highlight the potential of WGS strategies to enhance biologically relevant discoveries across the frequency spectrum.Peer-reviewedPublisher Versio
A nocturnal atmospheric loss of CH2I2 in the remote marine boundary layer

Ocean emissions of inorganic and organic iodine compounds drive the biogeochemical cycle of iodine and produce reactive ozone-destroying iodine radicals that influence the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere. Di-iodomethane (CH2I2) and chloro-iodomethane (CH2ICl) are the two most important organic iodine precursors in the marine boundary layer. Ship-borne measurements made during the TORERO (Tropical Ocean tRoposphere Exchange of Reactive halogens and Oxygenated VOC) field campaign in the east tropical Pacific Ocean in January/February 2012 revealed strong diurnal cycles of CH2I2 and CH2ICl in air and of CH2I2 in seawater. Both compounds are known to undergo rapid photolysis during the day, but models assume no night-time atmospheric losses. Surprisingly, the diurnal cycle of CH2I2 was lower in amplitude than that of CH2ICl, despite its faster photolysis rate. We speculate that night-time loss of CH2I2 occurs due to reaction with NO3 radicals. Indirect results from a laboratory study under ambient atmospheric boundary layer conditions indicate a k CH2I2+NO3 of ≤4 × 10−13 cm3 molecule−1 s−1; a previous kinetic study carried out at ≤100 Torr found k CH2I2+NO3 of 4 × 10−13 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. Using the 1-dimensional atmospheric THAMO model driven by sea-air fluxes calculated from the seawater and air measurements (averaging 1.8 +/− 0.8 nmol m−2 d−1 for CH2I2 and 3.7 +/− 0.8 nmol m−2 d−1 for CH2ICl), we show that the model overestimates night-time CH2I2 by >60 % but reaches good agreement with the measurements when the CH2I2 + NO3 reaction is included at 2–4 × 10−13 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. We conclude that the reaction has a significant effect on CH2I2 and helps reconcile observed and modeled concentrations. We recommend further direct measurements of this reaction under atmospheric conditions, including of product branching ratios
Planck intermediate results: XXX. The angular power spectrum of polarized dust emission at intermediate and high Galactic latitudes

The polarized thermal emission from diffuse Galactic dust is the main foreground present in measurements of the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) at frequencies above 100 GHz. In this paper we exploit the uniqueness of the Planck HFI polarization data from 100 to 353 GHz to measure the polarized dust angular power spectra C-l(EE) and C-l(BB) over the multipole range 40 < l < 600 well away from the Galactic plane. These measurements will bring new insights into interstellar dust physics and allow a precise determination of the level of contamination for CMB polarization experiments. Despite the non-Gaussian and anisotropic nature of Galactic dust, we show that general statistical properties of the emission can be characterized accurately over large fractions of the sky using angular power spectra. The polarization power spectra of the dust are well described by power laws in multipole, C-l proportional to l(alpha), with exponents alpha(EE,BB) = -2.42 +/- 0.02. The amplitudes of the polarization power spectra vary with the average brightness in a way similar to the intensity power spectra. The frequency dependence of the dust polarization spectra is consistent with modified blackbody emission with beta(d) = 1.59 and T-d = 19.6 K down to the lowest Planck HFI frequencies. We find a systematic difference between the amplitudes of the Galactic B-and E-modes, C-l(BB) = C-l(EE) = 0.5. We verify that these general properties are preserved towards high Galactic latitudes with low dust column densities. We show that even in the faintest dust-emitting regions there are no "clean" windows in the sky where primordial CMB B-mode polarization measurements could be made without subtraction of foreground emission. Finally, we investigate the level of dust polarization in the specific field recently targeted by the BICEP2 experiment. Extrapolation of the Planck 353 GHz data to 150 GHz gives a dust power D-l(BB) equivalent to l(l + 1)C-l(BB)/(2 pi) of 1.32 x 10(-2) mu K-CMB(2) over the multipole range of the primordial recombination bump (40 < l < 120); the statistical uncertainty is +/-0.29 x 10(-2) mu K-CMB(2) and there is an additional uncertainty (+0.28, -0.24) x 10(-2) mu K-CMB(2) from the extrapolation. This level is the same magnitude as reported by BICEP2 over this l range, which highlights the need for assessment of the polarized dust signal even in the cleanest windows of the sky
Supervised vessel delineation in retinal fundus images with the automatic selection of B-COSFIRE filters

The inspection of retinal fundus images allows\ud
medical doctors to diagnose various pathologies. Computer\ud
aided diagnosis systems can be used to assist in this process.\ud
As a first step, such systems delineate the vessel tree from\ud
the background.We propose a method for the delineation of\ud
blood vessels in retinal images that is effective for vessels\ud
of different thickness. In the proposed method we employ\ud
a set of B-COSFIRE filters selective for vessels and vesselendings.\ud
Such a set is determined in an automatic selection\ud
process and can adapt to different applications.We compare\ud
the performance of different selection methods based upon\ud
machine learning and information theory. The results that\ud
we achieve by performing experiments on two public benchmark\ud
data sets, namely DRIVE and STARE demonstrate the\ud
effectiveness of the proposed approach.peer-reviewe
Non-oscillatory flux correlation functions for efficient nonadiabatic rate theory.

There is currently much interest in the development of improved trajectory-based methods for the simulation of nonadiabatic processes in complex systems. An important goal for such methods is the accurate calculation of the rate constant over a wide range of electronic coupling strengths and it is often the nonadiabatic, weak-coupling limit, which being far from the Born-Oppenheimer regime, provides the greatest challenge to current methods. We show that in this limit there is an inherent sign problem impeding further development which originates from the use of the usual quantum flux correlation functions, which can be very oscillatory at short times. From linear response theory, we derive a modified flux correlation function for the calculation of nonadiabatic reaction rates, which still rigorously gives the correct result in the long-time limit regardless of electronic coupling strength, but unlike the usual formalism is not oscillatory in the weak-coupling regime. In particular, a trajectory simulation of the modified correlation function is naturally initialized in a region localized about the crossing of the potential energy surfaces. In the weak-coupling limit, a simple link can be found between the dynamics initialized from this transition-state region and an generalized quantum golden-rule transition-state theory, which is equivalent to Marcus theory in the classical harmonic limit. This new correlation function formalism thus provides a platform on which a wide variety of dynamical simulation methods can be built aiding the development of accurate nonadiabatic rate theories applicable to complex systems
META-INTERPRETERS FOR RULE-BASED REASONING UNDER UNCERTAINTY

One of the key challenges in designing expert systems is a credible representation
of uncertainty and partial belief. During the past decade, a number of
rule-based belief languages were proposed and implemented in applied systems.
Due to their quasi-probabilistic nature, the external validity of these
languages is an open question. This paper discusses the theory of belief revision
in expert systems through a canonical belief calculus model which is
invariant across different languages. A meta-interpreter for non-categorical
reasoning is then presented. The purposes of this logic model is twofold:
first, it provides a clear and concise conceptualization of belief representation
and propagation in rule-based systems. Second, it serves as a working
shell which can be instantiated with different belief calculi. This enables
experiments to investigate the net impact of alternative belief languages on
the external validity of a fixed expert system.Information Systems Working Papers Serie
Giant relaxation oscillations in a very strongly hysteretic superconductive quantum interference device ring-tank circuit system

This article was published in the Journal of Applied Physics [© American Institute of Physics] and the definitive version is available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1398594In this article, we show that the radio frequency (rf) dynamical characteristics of a very strongly hysteretic superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) ring, coupled to a rf tank circuit resonator, display relaxation oscillations. We demonstrate that the overall form of these characteristics, together with the relaxation oscillations, can be modeled accurately by solving the quasiclassical nonlinear equations of motion for the system. We suggest that in these very strongly hysteretic regimes, SQUID ring-resonator systems may find application in logic and memory devices
Evolutionary Fuzzy Cognitive Maps: A Hybrid System for Crisis Management and Political Decision Making

This paper proposes an extension of Certainty Neuron Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (CNFCMs) used in crisis management and decision-making, aiming at increasing their reliability. The objective of the Genetically Evolved Certainty Neuron Fuzzy Cognitive Map (GECNFCM) as it is introduced here is
to overcome the main weakness of CNFCMs, which lies with the recalculation of the weights corresponding to each concept every time a new strategy is adopted. The problem is overcome through the introduction of a Genetic Algorithm (GA), which produces a set of solutions and new weights following a strategy change. The GA concepts are very appealing since they offer the optimal solution without a problem-solving strategy, once the requirements are defined. It is interesting to point out that the hybrid approach is reflected in both the implementation of the GA and in the methodology applied for solving the problem. In fact, the reasoning behind this hybrid methodology is
to use it for obtaining the optimal values of the weights corresponding to the variables of the model rather than the optimal values of the variables themselves.
Sarcoptes-World Molecular Network (Sarcoptes-WMN) : integrating research on scabies

Parasites threaten human and animal health globally. It is estimated that more than 60% of people on planet Earth carry at least one parasite, many of them several different species. Unfortunately, parasite studies suffer from duplications and inconsistencies between different investigator groups. Hence, groups need to collaborate in an integratedmanner in areas including parasite control, improved therapy strategies, diagnostic and surveillance tools, and public awareness. Parasite studies will be better served if there is coordinated management of field data and samples across multidisciplinary approach plans, among academic and non-academic organizations worldwide. In this paper we report the first ‘Living organism-World Molecular Network’, with the cooperation of 167 parasitologists from 88 countries on all continents. This integrative approach, the ‘Sarcoptes-World Molecular Network’, seeks to harmonize Sarcoptes epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and molecular studies from all over the world, with the aim of decreasing mite infestations in humans and animals
Costs of falls in an ageing population: A nationwide study from the Netherlands (2007-2009)

Background: Falls are a common mechanism of injury in the older population, putting an increasing demand on scarce healthcare resources. The objective of this study was to determine healthcare costs due to falls in the older population. Methods: An incidence-based cost model was used to estimate the annual healthcare costs and costs per case spent on fall-related injuries in patients ≥65 years, The Netherlands (2007-2009). Costs were subdivided by age, gender, nature of injury, and type of resource use. Results: In the period 2007-2009, each year 3% of all persons aged ≥65 years visited the Emergency Department due to a fall incident. Related medical costs were estimated at €675.4 million annually. Fractures led to 80% (€540 million) of the fall-related healthcare costs. The mean costs per fall were €9370, and were higher for women (€9990) than men (€7510) and increased with age (from €3900 at ages 65-69 years to €14,600 at ages ≥85 year). Persons ≥80 years accounted for 47% of all fall-related Emergency Department visits, and 66% of total costs. The costs of long-term care at home and in nursing homes showed the largest age-related increases and accounted together for 54% of the fall-related costs in older people. Discussion: Fall-related injuries are leading to a high healthcare consumption and related healthcare costs, which increases with age. Programmes to prevent falls and fractures should be further implemented in order to reduce costs due to falls in the older population and to avoid that healthcare systems become overburdened
MAGIC TeV gamma-ray observations of Markarian 421 during multiwavelength campaigns in 2006\ud

Context. Wide-range spectral coverage of blazar-type active galactic nuclei is of paramount importance for understanding the particle acceleration mechanisms assumed to take place in their jets. The Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cerenkov (MAGIC) telescope participated in three multiwavelength (MWL) campaigns, observing the blazar Markarian (Mkn) 421 during the nights of April 28 and 29, 2006, and June 14, 2006. Aims. We analyzed the corresponding MAGIC very-high energy observations during 9 nights from April 22 to 30, 2006 and on June 14, 2006. We inferred light curves with sub-day resolution and night-by-night energy spectra. Methods. MAGIC detects gamma-rays by observing extended air showers in the atmosphere. The obtained air-shower images were analyzed using the standard MAGIC analysis chain. Results. A strong gamma-ray signal was detected from Mkn 421 on all observation nights. The flux (E > 250 GeV) varied on night-by-night basis between (0.92 +/- 0.11) x 10(-10) cm(-2) s(-1) (0.57 Crab units) and (3.21 +/- 0.15) x 10(-10) cm(-2) s(-1) (2.0 Crab units) in April 2006. There is a clear indication for intra-night variability with a doubling time of 36 +/- 10(stat) min on the night of April 29, 2006, establishing once more rapid flux variability for this object. For all individual nights gamma-ray spectra could be inferred, with power-law indices ranging from 1.66 to 2.47. We did not find statistically significant correlations between the spectral index and the flux state for individual nights. During the June 2006 campaign, a flux substantially lower than the one measured by the Whipple 10-m telescope four days later was found. Using a log-parabolic power law fit we deduced for some data sets the location of the spectral peak in the very-high energy regime. Our results confirm the indications of rising peak energy with increasing flux, as expected in leptonic acceleration models.\u