pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Confirmation of functional zones within the human subthalamic nucleus: patterns of connectivity and sub-parcellation using diffusion weighted imaging.

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a small, glutamatergic nucleus situated in the diencephalon. A critical component of normal motor function, it has become a key target for deep brain stimulation in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Animal studies have demonstrated the existence of three functional sub-zones but these have never been shown conclusively in humans. In this work, a data driven method with diffusion weighted imaging demonstrated that three distinct clusters exist within the human STN based on brain connectivity profiles. The STN was successfully sub-parcellated into these regions, demonstrating good correspondence with that described in the animal literature. The local connectivity of each sub-region supported the hypothesis of bilateral limbic, associative and motor regions occupying the anterior, mid and posterior portions of the nucleus respectively. This study is the first to achieve in-vivo, non-invasive anatomical parcellation of the human STN into three anatomical zones within normal diagnostic scan times, which has important future implications for deep brain stimulation surgery
Dimer models, integrable systems and quantum Teichmuller space.

We introduce a correspondence between dimer models (and hence superconformal quivers) and the quantum Teichmüller space of the Riemann surfaces associated to them by mirror symmetry. Via the untwisting map, every brane tiling gives rise to a tiling of the Riemann surface with faces surrounding punctures. We explain how to obtain an ideal triangulation by dualizing this tiling. In order to do so, tiling nodes of valence greater than 3 (equivalently superpotential terms of order greater than 3 in the corresponding quiver gauge theories) must be decomposed by the introduction of 2-valent nodes. From a quiver gauge theory perspective, this operation corresponds to integrating-in massive fields. Fock coordinates in Teichmüller space are in one-to-one correspondence with chiral fields in the quiver. We present multiple explicit examples, including infinite families of theories, illustrating how the right number of Fock coordinates is generated by this procedure. Finally, we explain how Chekhov and Fock commutation relations between coordinates give rise to the commutators associated to dimer models by Goncharov and Kenyon in the context of quantum integrable systems. For generic dimer models (i.e. those containing nodes that are not 3-valent), this matching requires the introduction of a natural generalization of Chekhov and Fock rules. We also explain how urban renewal in the original brane tiling (Seiberg duality for the quivers) is mapped to flips of the ideal triangulation
A disc in the heart of the Ant nebula

We present the discovery of a silicate disc at the centre of the planetary
nebula Mz3 (the Ant). The nebula was observed with MIDI on the Very Large
Telescope Interferometer (VLTI). The visibilities obtained at different
orientations clearly indicate the presence of a dusty, nearly edge-on disc in
the heart of the nebula. An amorphous silicate absorption feature is clearly
seen in our mid-IR spectrum and visibility curves. We used radiative transfer
Monte Carlo simulations to constrain the geometrical and physical parameters of
the disc. We derive an inner radius of 9 AU (~6mas assuming D=1.4kpc). This
disc is perpendicular to, but a factor of 10^{3} smaller than the optical
bipolar outflow.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, to appear in the proceedings of the "Asymmetrical
  Planetary Nebulae IV" conference, corrected typ
Preliminary study: The impact of moderate exercises on biomechanical response of the humans muscles

The electromyography (EMG) activity of the biceps femoris, rectus femoris, gastrocnemius, and fourth lumbar (L4) and fifth lumbar (L5) muscles of 5 male subjects was measured during a series of maneuvers which include standing, bowing, prostration, and sitting. Raw EMG was processed by root-mean-square (RMS) technique using a time constant of 50 ms. The results show that the gastrocnemius is the most active. The series of standing to prostration maneuvers showed 13.21Â±10.67 RMS, Î¼V (meanÂ±standard deviation), standing to bowing, 11.97Â± 4.89, sitting to prostration, 8.36Â±12.55. Preliminary EMG profiles in this study demonstrated that subjects used relatively higher levels of gastrocnemius muscle compare to the biceps femoris, rectus femoris, and fourth lumbar (L4) and fifth lumbar (L5) muscles to perform the set of moderate exercises. Â© 2008 Springer-Verlag
Representations and cohomology for Frobenius-Lusztig kernels

Let $U_\zeta$ be the quantum group (Lusztig form) associated to the simple
Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$, with parameter $\zeta$ specialized to an $\ell$-th
root of unity in a field of characteristic $p>0$. In this paper we study
certain finite-dimensional normal Hopf subalgebras $U_\zeta(G_r)$ of $U_\zeta$,
called Frobenius-Lusztig kernels, which generalize the Frobenius kernels $G_r$
of an algebraic group $G$. When $r=0$, the algebras studied here reduce to the
small quantum group introduced by Lusztig. We classify the irreducible
$U_\zeta(G_r)$-modules and discuss their characters. We then study the
cohomology rings for the Frobenius-Lusztig kernels and for certain nilpotent
and Borel subalgebras corresponding to unipotent and Borel subgroups of $G$. We
prove that the cohomology ring for the first Frobenius-Lusztig kernel is
finitely-generated when $\g$ has type $A$ or $D$, and that the cohomology rings
for the nilpotent and Borel subalgebras are finitely-generated in general.Comment: 26 pages. Incorrect references fixe
The Tutte-Potts connection in the presence of an external magnetic field

The classical relationship between the Tutte polynomial of graph theory and
the Potts model of statistical mechanics has resulted in valuable interactions
between the disciplines. Unfortunately, it does not include the external
magnetic fields that appear in most Potts model applications. Here we define
the V-polynomial, which lifts the classical relationship between the Tutte
polynomial and the zero field Potts model to encompass external magnetic
fields. The V-polynomial generalizes Nobel and Welsh's W-polynomial, which
extends the Tutte polynomial by incorporating vertex weights and adapting
contraction to accommodate them. We prove that the variable field Potts model
partition function (with its many specializations) is an evaluation of the
V-polynomial, and hence a polynomial with deletion-contraction reduction and
Fortuin-Kasteleyn type representation. This unifies an important segment of
Potts model theory and brings previously successful combinatorial machinery,
including complexity results, to bear on a wider range of statistical mechanics
models.Comment: This e-print is an extended version, including additional background
  information and more detailed proofs, of a paper of the same name that is to
  appear in Advances in Applied Mathematic
QCD studies in e+e- annihilation from 30GeV to 189GeV

We present results obtained from a study of the structure of hadronic events
recorded by the L3 detector at various centre-of-mass energies. The
distributions of event shape variables and the energy dependence of their mean
values are measured from 30GeV to 189GeV and compared with various QCD models.
The energy dependence of the moments of event shape variables is used to test a
power law ansatz for the non-perturbative component. We obtain a universal
value of the non-perturbative parameter alpha_0 = 0.537 +/- 0.073. From a
comparison with resummed O(alpha_s^2) QCD calculations, we determine the strong
coupling constant at each of the selected energies. The measurements
demonstrate the running of alpha_s as expected in QCD with a value of
alpha_s(m_Z) = 0.1215 +/- 0.0012 (exp) +/- 0.0061 (th)
Genuine Correlations of Like-Sign Particles in Hadronic Z0 Decays

Correlations among hadrons with the same electric charge produced in Z0
decays are studied using the high statistics data collected from 1991 through
1995 with the OPAL detector at LEP. Normalized factorial cumulants up to fourth
order are used to measure genuine particle correlations as a function of the
size of phase space domains in rapidity, azimuthal angle and transverse
momentum. Both all-charge and like-sign particle combinations show strong
positive genuine correlations. One-dimensional cumulants initially increase
rapidly with decreasing size of the phase space cells but saturate quickly. In
contrast, cumulants in two- and three-dimensional domains continue to increase.
The strong rise of the cumulants for all-charge multiplets is increasingly
driven by that of like-sign multiplets. This points to the likely influence of
Bose-Einstein correlations. Some of the recently proposed algorithms to
simulate Bose-Einstein effects, implemented in the Monte Carlo model PYTHIA,
are found to reproduce reasonably well the measured second- and higher-order
correlations between particles with the same charge as well as those in
all-charge particle multiplets.Comment: 26 pages, 6 figures, Submitted to Phys. Lett.
Genetic Algorithm for Lattice Gauge Theory. on SU(2) and U(1) on 4
  dimensional lattice, how to hitchhike to thermal equilibrium state

Applying Genetic Algorithm for the Lattice Gauge Theory is formed to be an
effective method to minimize the action of gauge field on a lattice. In 4
dimensions, the critical point and the Wilson loop behaviour of SU(2) lattice
gauge theory as well as the phase transition of U(1) theory have been studied.
The proper coding methodi has been developed in order to avoid the increase of
necessary memory and the overload of calculation for Genetic Algorithm. How
hichhikers toward equlibrium appear against kidnappers is clarified.Comment: 3 pages 4 figure
Photon Production from Nonequilibrium Disoriented Chiral Condensates in
  a Spherical Expansion

We study the production of photons through the non-equilibrium relaxation of
a disoriented chiral condensate formed in the expanding hot central region in
ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. It is found that the expansion
smoothes out the resonances in the process of parametric amplification such
that the non-equilibrium photons are dominant to the thermal photons over the
range 0.2-2 GeV. We propose that to search for non-equilibrium photons in the
direct photon measurements of heavy-ion collisions can be a potential test of
the formation of disoriented chiral condensates.Comment: 13 pages, 3 figure
Neutrino Masses Induced by R-Parity Violation in a SUSY SU(5) Model with
  Additional \bar{5}'_L+5'_L

Within the framework of an SU(5) SUSY GUT model, a possible general form of
the neutrino mass matrix induced by R-parity violation is investigated. The
model has matter fields \bar{5}'_{L}+5'_{L} in addition to the ordinary matter
fields \bar{5}_{L}+10_{L} and Higgs fields H_u+\bar{H}_d. The R-parity
violating terms are given by \bar{5}_{L} \bar{5}_{L} 10_{L}, while the Yukawa
interactions are given by \bar{H}_d \bar{5}'_{L} 10_{L}. Since the matter
fields \bar{5}'_L and \bar{5}_L are different from each other at the
unification scale, the R-parity violation effects at a low energy scale appear
only through the \bar{5}'_L \leftrightarrow \bar{5}_{L} mixings. In order to
make this R-parity violation effect harmless for proton decay, a discrete
symmetry Z_3 and a triplet-doublet splitting mechanism analogous to that in the
5-plet Higgs fields are assumed.Comment: 10 pages, Latex, version accepted by Physics Letters
Classical Conformal Blocks and Painleve VI

We study the classical c\to \infty limit of the Virasoro conformal blocks. We
point out that the classical limit of the simplest nontrivial null-vector
decoupling equation on a sphere leads to the Painleve VI equation. This gives
the explicit representation of generic four-point classical conformal block in
terms of the regularized action evaluated on certain solution of the Painleve
VI equation. As a simple consequence, the monodromy problem of the Heun
equation is related to the connection problem for the Painleve VI.Comment: 19 pages, 5 figures; references adde
The classical Yang-Baxter equation and the associated Yangian symmetry
  of gauged WZW-type theories

We construct the Lax-pair, the classical monodromy matrix and the
corresponding solution of the Yang--Baxter equation, for a two-parameter
deformation of the Principal chiral model for a simple group. This deformation
includes as a one-parameter subset, a class of integrable gauged WZW-type
theories interpolating between the WZW model and the non-Abelian T-dual of the
principal chiral model. We derive in full detail the Yangian algebra using two
independent methods: by computing the algebra of the non-local charges and
alternatively through an expansion of the Maillet brackets for the monodromy
matrix. As a byproduct, we also provide a detailed general proof of the Serre
relations for the Yangian symmetry.Comment: 1+32 pages, Latex, v2: few minor changes, NPB version, v3: A factor
  of two corrected in (A.22
A numerical study of the RG equation for the deformed O(3) nonlinear sigma model

The Renormalization Group equation describing the evolution of the metric of the nonlinear sigma model poses some nice mathematical problems involving functional analysis, differential geometry and numerical analysis. In this article we briefly report some results obtained from the numerical study of the solutions in the case of a two dimensional target space (deformation of the O(3) sigma model). In particular, our analysis shows that the so-called sausages define an attracting manifold in the U(1)-symmetric case, at one-loop level. Moreover, data from two-loop evolution are used to test the association put forward in Nucl. Phys., B406 (1993) 521 between the so-called SSM_{\nu} field theory and a certain U(1)-symmetric, factorized scattering theory (FST)
Kinetic limit of N-body description of wave-particle self-consistent interaction

A system of N particles eN=(x1,v1,...,xN,vN) interacting self-consistently with M waves Zn=An*exp(iTn) is considered. Hamiltonian dynamics transports initial data (eN(0),Zn(0)) to (eN(t),Zn(t)). In the limit of an infinite number of particles, a Vlasov-like kinetic equation is generated for the distribution function f(x,v,t), coupled to envelope equations for the M waves. Any initial data (f(0),Z(0)) with finite energy is transported to a unique (f(t),Z(t)). Moreover, for any time T>0, given a sequence of initial data with N particles distributed so that the particle distribution fN(0)-->f(O) weakly and with Zn(0)-->Z(O) as N tends to infinity, the states generated by the Hamiltonian dynamics at all time 0<t<T are such that (eN(t),Zn(t)) converges weakly t
Schr\"odinger invariance and space-time symmetries

The free Schr\"odinger equation with mass M can be turned into a non-massive Klein-Gordon equation via Fourier transformation with respect to M. The kinematic symmetry algebra sch_d of the free d-dimensional Schr\"odinger equation with M fixed appears therefore naturally as a parabolic subalgebra of the complexified conformal algebra conf_d+2 in d+2 dimensions. The explicit classification of the parabolic subalgebras of conf_3 yields physically interesting dynamic symmetry algebras. This allows us to propose a new dynamic symmetry group relevant for the description of ageing far from thermal equilibrium, with a dynamical exponent z=2. The Ward identities resulting from the invariance under conf_d+2 and its parabolic subalgebras are derived and the corresponding free-field energy-momentum tensor is constructed. We also derive the scaling form and the causality conditions for the two- and three-point functions and their relationship with response functions in the context of Martin-Siggia-Rose theory
Mirror Symmetry for Calabi-Yau Hypersurfaces in Weighted P_4 and
  Extensions of Landau Ginzburg Theory

Recently two groups have listed all sets of weights (k_1,...,k_5) such that
the weighted projective space P_4^{(k_1,...,k_5)} admits a transverse
Calabi-Yau hypersurface. It was noticed that the corresponding Calabi-Yau
manifolds do not form a mirror symmetric set since some 850 of the 7555
manifolds have Hodge numbers (b_{11},b_{21}) whose mirrors do not occur in the
list. By means of Batyrev's construction we have checked that each of the 7555
manifolds does indeed have a mirror. The `missing mirrors' are constructed as
hypersurfaces in toric varieties. We show that many of these manifolds may be
interpreted as non-transverse hypersurfaces in weighted P_4's, ie,
hypersurfaces for which dp vanishes at a point other than the origin. This
falls outside the usual range of Landau--Ginzburg theory. Nevertheless
Batyrev's procedure provides a way of making sense of these theories.Comment: 29 pages, plain TeX. Two figures submitted separately as a uuencoded
  file. A plot at the end of the paper requires an extended memory version of
  TeX. Instructions for suppressing the plot included at head of source fil
Constructing Probabilistic ATMS Using Extended Incidence Calculus

This paper discusses the relations between extended incidence calculus and assumption-based truth maintenance systems (ATMSs). We first prove that managing labels for statements (nodes) in an ATMS is equivalent to producing incidence sets of these statements in extended incidence calculus. We then demonstrate that the justification set for a node is functionally equivalent to the implication relation set for the same node in extended incidence calculus. As a consequence, extended incidence calculus can provide justifications for an ATMS, because implication relation sets are discovered by the system automatically. We also show that extended incidence calculus provides a theoretical basis for constructing a probabilistic ATMS by associating proper probability distributions on assumptions. In this way, we can not only produce labels for all nodes in the system, but also calculate the probability of any of such nodes in it. The nogood environments can also be obtained automatically. Therefore, extended incidence calculus and the ATMS are equivalent in carrying out inferences at both the symbolic level and the numerical level. This extends a result due to Laskey and Lehner
A Turnover in the Galaxy Main Sequence of Star Formation at $M_{*} \sim
  10^{10} M_{\odot}$ for Redshifts $z < 1.3$

The relationship between galaxy star formation rates (SFR) and stellar masses
($M_\ast$) is re-examined using a mass-selected sample of $\sim$62,000
star-forming galaxies at $z \le 1.3$ in the COSMOS 2-deg$^2$ field. Using new
far-infrared photometry from $Herschel$-PACS and SPIRE and $Spitzer$-MIPS 24
$\mu$m, along with derived infrared luminosities from the NRK method based on
galaxies' locations in the restframe color-color diagram $(NUV - r)$ vs. $(r -
K)$, we are able to more accurately determine total SFRs for our complete
sample. At all redshifts, the relationship between median $SFR$ and $M_\ast$
follows a power-law at low stellar masses, and flattens to nearly constant SFR
at high stellar masses. We describe a new parameterization that provides the
best fit to the main sequence and characterizes the low mass power-law slope,
turnover mass, and overall scaling. The turnover in the main sequence occurs at
a characteristic mass of about $M_{0} \sim 10^{10} M_{\odot}$ at all redshifts.
The low mass power-law slope ranges from 0.9-1.3 and the overall scaling rises
in SFR as a function of $(1+z)^{4.12 \pm 0.10}$. A broken power-law fit below
and above the turnover mass gives relationships of $SFR \propto M_{*}^{0.88 \pm
0.06}$ below the turnover mass and $SFR \propto M_{*}^{0.27 \pm 0.04}$ above
the turnover mass. Galaxies more massive than $M_\ast \gtrsim 10^{10}\ M_{\rm
\odot}$ have on average, a much lower specific star formation rate (sSFR) than
would be expected by simply extrapolating the traditional linear fit to the
main sequence found for less massive galaxies.Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures. Accepted for publication in Ap
Energy dependence of acceptance-corrected dielectron excess mass
  spectrum at mid-rapidity in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 19.6$ and
  200 GeV

The acceptance-corrected dielectron excess mass spectra, where the known
hadronic sources have been subtracted from the inclusive dielectron mass
spectra, are reported for the first time at mid-rapidity $|y_{ee}|<1$ in
minimum-bias Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 19.6 and 200 GeV. The excess
mass spectra are consistently described by a model calculation with a broadened
$\rho$ spectral function for $M_{ee}<1.1$ GeV/$c^{2}$. The integrated
dielectron excess yield at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 19.6 GeV for $0.4<M_{ee}<0.75$
GeV/$c^2$, normalized to the charged particle multiplicity at mid-rapidity, has
a value similar to that in In+In collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 17.3 GeV. For
$\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV, the normalized excess yield in central collisions is
higher than that at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 17.3 GeV and increases from peripheral to
central collisions. These measurements indicate that the lifetime of the hot,
dense medium created in central Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV
is longer than those in peripheral collisions and at lower energies.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figure
T violation in radiative $\beta$ decay and electric dipole moments

In radiative $\beta$ decay, $T$ violation can be studied through a
spin-independent $T$-odd correlation. We consider contributions to this
correlation by beyond the standard model (BSM) sources of $T$-violation,
arising above the electroweak scale. At the same time such sources,
parametrized by dimension-6 operators, can induce electric dipole moments
(EDMs). As a consequence, the manifestations of the $T$-odd BSM physics in
radiative $\beta$ decay and EDMs are not independent. Here we exploit this
connection to show that current EDM bounds already strongly constrain the
spin-independent $T$-odd correlation in radiative $\beta$ decay.Comment: 11 pages, 2 figure
$SU(n)$ symmetry breaking by rank three and rank two antisymmetric
  tensor scalars

We study $SU(n)$ symmetry breaking by rank three and rank two antisymmetric
tensor fields. Using tensor analysis, we derive branching rules for the adjoint
and antisymmetric tensor representations, and explain why for general $SU(n)$
one finds the same $U(1)$ generator mismatch that we noted earlier in special
cases. We then compute the masses of the various scalar fields in the branching
expansion, in terms of parameters of the general renormalizable potential for
the antisymmetric tensor fields.Comment: Latex, 11 pages; v2 has a minor revision above Eq. (30
Comment on "A three-loop radiative neutrino mass model with dark matter"
  [Phys. Lett. B 741 (2015) 163]

We revisit the calculation of the three-loop diagrams for the radiative
neutrino mass generation and consider some relevant constraints on the model
recently proposed by L. Jin {\it et al} [Phys. Lett. B 741 (2015) 163]. We find
that the previous approximation is inappropriate due to the neglect of some
important contributions, and the benchmark point proposed can neither give rise
to enough neutrino masses nor accommodate these additional constraints, such as
the validity of the perturbation theory, the electroweak precision
measurements, and the neutrinoless double beta decays.Comment: 5 pages, 1 figure, accepted for publication in Phys. Lett.