pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Alexithymia, not Autism Spectrum Disorders, is the consequence of interoceptive failure

It has been proposed that Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is associated with difficulties perceiving the internal state of one's body (i.e., impaired interoception), causing the socio-emotional deficits which are a diagnostic feature of the condition. However, research indicates that alexithymia – characterized by difficulties in recognizing emotions from internal bodily sensations – is also linked to atypical interoception. Elevated rates of alexithymia in the autistic population have been shown to underpin several socio-emotional impairments thought to be symptomatic of ASD, raising the possibility that interoceptive difficulties in ASD are also due to co-occurring alexithymia. Following this line of inquiry, the present study examined the relative impact of alexithymia and autism on interoceptive accuracy (IA). Across two experiments, it was found that alexithymia, not autism, was associated with atypical interoception. Results indicate that interoceptive impairments should not be considered a feature of ASD, but instead due to co-occurring alexithymia
Palladium-catalysed amination of electron-deficient or relatively electron-rich benzo[b]thienyl bromides - Preliminary studies of antimicrobial activity and SARs

Several diarylamines in the benzo[b]thiophene series were
prepared in good to high yields by palladium-catalysed amination
of ethyl 3-bromobenzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylate
with anilines and 5-aminoindole in the presence of Pd(OAc)2,
BINAP and Cs2CO3 in toluene. The presence of the ester
group at the 2-position of the benzo[b]thiophene moiety increases
the yields and lowers the heating times relative to the
reactions performed with 3-bromobenzo[b]thiophene. When
aminopyridines were used instead of anilines, the ligand and
the solvent need to be changed to XANTHPHOS and dioxane
in the amination reaction. With 2-aminopyridine a onepot
C−N coupling and intramolecular cyclization involving
the nitrogen atom of the pyridine ring occurred, with loss of ethanol, giving an interesting fluorescent tetracyclic heteroaromatic
compound. The antimicrobial activity, the minimal
inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the structure-activity
relationships (SARs) were evaluated. A selectivity with
low MICs was observed against Bacillus Cereus, and good
results were also obtained against Candida albicans. The acids
obtained by hydrolysis of the ester group, as non-proteinogenic
α,β-unsaturated β-amino acids, can be incorporated
into peptide chains to induce conformational constraints
An observational study of dust nucleation in Mira (o Ceti). II. Titanium oxides are negligible for nucleation at high temperatures

Context. The formation of silicate dust in oxygen-rich envelopes of evolved stars is thought to be initiated by the formation of seed particles that can withstand the high temperatures close to the stellar photosphere and act as condensation cores farther away from the star. TiO and TiO2 are among the candidate species considered as first condensates.\ud
Aims. We aim to identify and characterize the circumstellar gas-phase chemistry of titanium that leads to the formation of solid titanium compounds in the envelope of o Ceti, the prototypical Mira, and seek an observational verification of whether titanium oxides play a major role in the onset of dust formation in M-type asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars.\ud
Methods. We present high angular resolution (145 mas) ALMA observations at submillimeter (submm) wavelengths supplemented by APEX and Herschel spectra of the rotational features of TiO and TiO2. In addition, circumstellar features of TiO and Ti i are identified in optical spectra, which cover multiple pulsation cycles of o Ceti.\ud
Results. The submm ALMA data reveal TiO and TiO2 bearing gas within the extended atmosphere of Mira. While TiO is traceable up to a radius (FWHM/2) of 4.0 stellar radii (R⋆), TiO2 extends as far as 5.5 R⋆ and, unlike TiO, appears to be anisotropically distributed. Optical spectra display variable emission of Ti i and TiO from inner parts of the extended atmosphere (<3 R⋆).\ud
Conclusions. Chemical models that include shocks are in general agreement with the observations of gas-phase, titanium-bearing molecules. It is unlikely that substantial amounts of titanium is locked up in solids because the abundance of the gaseous titanium species is very high. The formation of hot titanium-rich condensates is very improbable because we find no traces of their hot precursor species in the gas phase. It therefore appears unlikely that the formation of dust in Mira, and possibly other M-type AGB stars, is initiated by titanium oxides
Latent Liquidity: A New Measure of Liquidity, with an Application Corporate Bonds

We present a new measure of liquidity known as “latent liquidity” and apply it to a unique corporate bond database.
Latent liquidity is defined as the weighted average turnover of investors who hold a bond, in which the weights are the
fractional investor holdings. It can be used to measure liquidity in markets with sparse transactions data. For bonds
that trade frequently, our measure has predictive power for both transaction costs and the price impact of trading,
over and above trading activity and bond-specific characteristics thought to be related to liquidity. Additionally, this
measure exhibits relationships with bond characteristics similar to those of other trade-based measures
Vertical slice modelling of nonlinear Eady waves using a compatible finite element method.

A vertical slice model is developed for the Euler–Boussinesq equations with a constant temperature gradient in the direction normal to the slice (the Eady–Boussinesq model). The model is a solution of the full three-dimensional equations with no variation normal to the slice, which is an idealised problem used to study the formation and subsequent evolution of weather fronts. A compatible finite element method is used to discretise the governing equations. To extend the Charney–Phillips grid staggering in the compatible finite element framework, we use the same node locations for buoyancy as the vertical part of velocity and apply a transport scheme for a partially continuous finite element space. For the time discretisation, we solve the semi-implicit equations together with an explicit strong-stability-preserving Runge–Kutta scheme to all of the advection terms. The model reproduces several quasi-periodic lifecycles of fronts despite the presence of strong discontinuities. An asymptotic limit analysis based on the semi-geostrophic theory shows that the model solutions are converging to a solution in cross-front geostrophic balance. The results are consistent with the previous results using finite difference methods, indicating that the compatible finite element method is performing as well as finite difference methods for this test problem. We observe dissipation of kinetic energy of the cross-front velocity in the model due to the lack of resolution at the fronts, even though the energy loss is not likely to account for the large gap on the strength of the fronts between the model result and the semi-geostrophic limit solution
Diversity of Lactase Persistence Alleles in Ethiopia : Signature of a Soft Selective Sweep

The persistent expression of lactase into adulthood in humans is a recent genetic adaptation that allows the consumption of milk from other mammals after weaning. In Europe, a single allele (−13910∗T, rs4988235) in an upstream region that acts as an enhancer to the expression of the lactase gene LCT is responsible for lactase persistence and appears to have been under strong directional selection in the last 5,000 years, evidenced by the widespread occurrence of this allele on an extended haplotype. In Africa and the Middle East, the situation is more complicated and at least three other alleles (−13907∗G, rs41525747; −13915∗G, rs41380347; −14010∗C, rs145946881) in the same LCT enhancer region can cause continued lactase expression. Here we examine the LCT enhancer sequence in a large lactose-tolerance-tested Ethiopian cohort of more than 350 individuals. We show that a further SNP, −14009T>G (ss 820486563), is significantly associated with lactose-digester status, and in vitro functional tests confirm that the −14009∗G allele also increases expression of an LCT promoter construct. The derived alleles in the LCT enhancer region are spread through several ethnic groups, and we report a greater genetic diversity in lactose digesters than in nondigesters. By examining flanking markers to control for the effects of mutation and demography, we further describe, from empirical evidence, the signature of a soft selective sweep.The persistent expression of lactase into adulthood in humans is a recent genetic adaptation that allows the consumption of milk from other mammals after weaning. In Europe, a single allele (−13910∗T, rs4988235) in an upstream region that acts as an enhancer to the expression of the lactase gene LCT is responsible for lactase persistence and appears to have been under strong directional selection in the last 5,000 years, evidenced by the widespread occurrence of this allele on an extended haplotype. In Africa and the Middle East, the situation is more complicated and at least three other alleles (−13907∗G, rs41525747; −13915∗G, rs41380347; −14010∗C, rs145946881) in the same LCT enhancer region can cause continued lactase expression. Here we examine the LCT enhancer sequence in a large lactose-tolerance-tested Ethiopian cohort of more than 350 individuals. We show that a further SNP, −14009T>G (ss 820486563), is significantly associated with lactose-digester status, and in vitro functional tests confirm that the −14009∗G allele also increases expression of an LCT promoter construct. The derived alleles in the LCT enhancer region are spread through several ethnic groups, and we report a greater genetic diversity in lactose digesters than in nondigesters. By examining flanking markers to control for the effects of mutation and demography, we further describe, from empirical evidence, the signature of a soft selective sweep
Inflammatory markers and incident heart failure risk in older adults: the Health ABC (Health, Aging, and Body Composition) study.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between inflammation and heart failure (HF) risk in older adults. BACKGROUND: Inflammation is associated with HF risk factors and also directly affects myocardial function. METHODS: The association of baseline serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and C-reactive protein (CRP) with incident HF was assessed with Cox models among 2,610 older persons without prevalent HF enrolled in the Health ABC (Health, Aging, and Body Composition) study (age 73.6 +/- 2.9 years; 48.3% men; 59.6% white). RESULTS: During follow-up (median 9.4 years), HF developed in 311 (11.9%) participants. In models controlling for clinical characteristics, ankle-arm index, and incident coronary heart disease, doubling of IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and CRP concentrations was associated with 29% (95% confidence interval: 13% to 47%; p &lt; 0.001), 46% (95% confidence interval: 17% to 84%; p = 0.001), and 9% (95% confidence interval: -1% to 24%; p = 0.087) increase in HF risk, respectively. In models including all 3 markers, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, but not CRP, remained significant. These associations were similar across sex and race and persisted in models accounting for death as a competing event. Post-HF ejection fraction was available in 239 (76.8%) cases; inflammatory markers had stronger association with HF with preserved ejection fraction. Repeat IL-6 and CRP determinations at 1-year follow-up did not provide incremental information. Addition of IL-6 to the clinical Health ABC HF model improved model discrimination (C index from 0.717 to 0.734; p = 0.001) and fit (decreased Bayes information criterion by 17.8; p &lt; 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Inflammatory markers are associated with HF risk among older adults and may improve HF risk stratification
Technical efficiency of mainstream airlines and low-cost carriers : New evidence using bootstrap data envelopment analysis truncated regression

Between 2001 and 2005, the US airline industry faced financial turmoil while the European airline industry entered a period of substantive deregulation. Consequently, this opened up opportunities for low-cost carriers to become more competitive in the market. To assess airline performance and identify the sources of efficiency in the immediate aftermath of these events, we employ a bootstrap data envelopment analysis truncated regression approach. The results suggest that at the time the mainstream airlines needed to significantly reorganize and rescale their operations to remain competitive. In the second-stage analysis, the results indicate that private ownership, status as a low-cost carrier, and improvements in weight load contributed to better organizational efficiency
Decomposition driven interface evolution for layers of binary mixtures:
  I. Model derivation and stratified base states

A dynamical model is proposed to describe the coupled decomposition and
profile evolution of a free surface film of a binary mixture. An example is a
thin film of a polymer blend on a solid substrate undergoing simultaneous phase
separation and dewetting. The model is based on model-H describing the coupled
transport of the mass of one component (convective Cahn-Hilliard equation) and
momentum (Navier-Stokes-Korteweg equations) supplemented by appropriate
boundary conditions at the solid substrate and the free surface.
  General transport equations are derived using phenomenological
non-equilibrium thermodynamics for a general non-isothermal setting taking into
account Soret and Dufour effects and interfacial viscosity for the internal
diffuse interface between the two components. Focusing on an isothermal setting
the resulting model is compared to literature results and its base states
corresponding to homogeneous or vertically stratified flat layers are analysed.Comment: Submitted to Physics of Fluid
Algebraic Bethe ansatz for the Sl(2) Gaudin model with boundary

Following Sklyanin's proposal in the periodic case, we derive the generating function of the Gaudin Hamiltonians with boundary terms. Our derivation is based on the quasi-classical expansion of the linear combination of the transfer matrix of the XXX Heisenberg spin chain and the central element, the so-called Sklyanin determinant. The corresponding Gaudin Hamiltonians with boundary terms are obtained as the residues of the generating function. By defining the appropriate Bethe vectors which yield strikingly simple off shell action of the generating function, we fully implement the algebraic Bethe ansatz, obtaining the spectrum of the generating function and the corresponding Bethe equations. (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V.Serbian Ministry of Science and Technological Development [ON 171031]; FCT [SFRH/BSAB/1366/2013
Comment on ``Reduction of static field equation of Faddeev model to
  first order PDE'', arXiv:0707.2207

The authors of the article Phys. Lett. B 652 (2007) 384, (arXiv:0707.2207),
propose an interesting method to solve the Faddeev model by reducing it to a
set of first order PDEs. They first construct a vectorial quantity $\bm \alpha
$, depending on the original field and its first derivatives, in terms of which
the field equations reduce to a linear first order equation. Then they find
vectors $\bm \alpha_1$ and $\bm \alpha_2$ which identically obey this linear
first order equation. The last step consists in the identification of the $\bm
\alpha_i$ with the original $\bm \alpha$ as a function of the original field.
Unfortunately, the derivation of this last step in the paper cited above
contains an error which invalidates most of its results
Towards successful OSL sampling strategies in glacial environments : deciphering the influence of depositional processes on bleaching of modern glacial sediments from Jostedalen, Southern Norway

GEK was supported by NERC studentship F008589/1 and was a SAGES affiliated student. Financial support in the form of a New Workers Research Award is acknowledged from the QRA. Open Access funded by Natural Environment Research Council.The optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) signals of quartz and K-feldspar are known to bleach poorly within some glacial settings, and can present a major challenge to dating applications. However, because the OSL signal is extremely sensitive to sunlight exposure history, the residual luminescence signals of modern glacial sediments also encode information about transport and depositional processes. Through examination of the residual luminescence properties (equivalent dose (De) and overdispersion values) of a suite of modern glacial sediments from different depositional settings (sandar, proglacial delta and main meltwater channel), this study provides insights not only into which sediments are likely to be fully bleached within glacial settings, but also into how OSL can be used to trace different depositional processes across sedimentary landforms. Improved understanding of the processes of sediment bleaching will enable better sample selection and may improve the accuracy and precision of OSL dating of glacial sediments. The luminescence signals of both coarse-grained quartz and K-feldspar with similar sediment sources are found to be sensitive to both depositional process and specific depositional setting. Whereas modern braid-bar-head deposits from the Nigardsdalen ice-proximal proglacial delta typically have ages of ≤3 ka, similar depositional features from the Fåbergstølsgrandane sandur have residual ages of ≥26 ka. Exploration of changing residual luminescence signals across individual sandur and proglacial delta braid-bar features shows that braid-bar-head deposits can retain large residual De values, while the partner braid-bar-tail deposits are almost completely bleached. The quartz OSL signal and K-feldspar IRSL50 and post-IR IRSL250 signals are shown to bleach at the same rate across the same bar feature and the IRSL50 K-feldspar signal is also shown to be completely bleached for bar-tail deposits in Nigardsdalen. Therefore the IRSL50 K-feldspar signal is suitable for dating some glacial deposits, circumventing the challenges associated with dim quartz signals.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
Topological Insulators and Superconductors from D-branes

Realization of topological insulators (TIs) and superconductors (TSCs), such
as the quantum spin Hall effect and the Z_2 topological insulator, in terms of
D-branes in string theory is proposed. We establish a one-to-one correspondence
between the K-theory classification of TIs/TSCs and D-brane charges. The string
theory realization of TIs and TSCs comes naturally with gauge interactions, and
the Wess-Zumino term of the D-branes gives rise to a gauge field theory of
topological nature. This sheds light on TIs and TSCs beyond non-interacting
systems, and the underlying topological field theory description thereof. In
particular, our string theory realization includes the honeycomb lattice Kitaev
model in two spatial dimensions, and its higher-dimensional extensions.Comment: 5 pages, 1 figur
Computing diagonal form and Jacobson normal form of a matrix using
  Gr\"obner bases

In this paper we present two algorithms for the computation of a diagonal
form of a matrix over non-commutative Euclidean domain over a field with the
help of Gr\"obner bases. This can be viewed as the pre-processing for the
computation of Jacobson normal form and also used for the computation of Smith
normal form in the commutative case. We propose a general framework for
handling, among other, operator algebras with rational coefficients. We employ
special "polynomial" strategy in Ore localizations of non-commutative
$G$-algebras and show its merits. In particular, for a given matrix $M$ we
provide an algorithm to compute $U,V$ and $D$ with fraction-free entries such
that $UMV=D$ holds. The polynomial approach allows one to obtain more precise
information, than the rational one e. g. about singularities of the system.
  Our implementation of polynomial strategy shows very impressive performance,
compared with methods, which directly use fractions. In particular, we
experience quite moderate swell of coefficients and obtain uncomplicated
transformation matrices. This shows that this method is well suitable for
solving nontrivial practical problems. We present an implementation of
algorithms in SINGULAR:PLURAL and compare it with other available systems. We
leave questions on the algorithmic complexity of this algorithm open, but we
stress the practical applicability of the proposed method to a bigger class of
non-commutative algebras
Basis set effects on the hyperpolarizability of CHCl_3: Gaussian-type
  orbitals, numerical basis sets and real-space grids

Calculations of the hyperpolarizability are typically much more difficult to
converge with basis set size than the linear polarizability. In order to
understand these convergence issues and hence obtain accurate ab initio values,
we compare calculations of the static hyperpolarizability of the gas-phase
chloroform molecule (CHCl_3) using three different kinds of basis sets:
Gaussian-type orbitals, numerical basis sets, and real-space grids. Although
all of these methods can yield similar results, surprisingly large, diffuse
basis sets are needed to achieve convergence to comparable values. These
results are interpreted in terms of local polarizability and
hyperpolarizability densities. We find that the hyperpolarizability is very
sensitive to the molecular structure, and we also assess the significance of
vibrational contributions and frequency dispersion
Last giant impact on the Neptunian system. Constraints on oligarchic
  masses in the trans-Saturnian region

Stochastic impacts by large bodies are, at present, the usually accepted
mechanisms able to account for the obliquity of the ice giants. We attempt to
set constraints on giant impacts as the cause of Neptune's current obliquity in
the framework of modern theories. We also use the present orbital properties of
the Neptunian irregular satellites (with the exception of Triton) to set
constraints on the scenario of giant impacts at the end of Neptune formation.
We model the angular momentum transfer to proto-Neptune and the impulse
transfer to its irregular satellites by the last stochastic collision (GC)
between the protoplanet and an oligarchic mass at the end of Neptune's
formation. We obtain that an impactor mass greather than 4 Earth masses is not
possible since it cannot reproduce the present rotational properties of the
planet, unless the impact parameter of the collision were very small. On the
other hand, if the impactor mass was greather than 1.4 Earth masses, the
present Neptunian irregular satellites had to be formed or captured after the
end of stochastic impacts. The upper bounds on the oligarchic masses (4 Earth
masses from the obliquity of Neptune and 1.4 earth masses from the Neptunian
irregular satellites) are independent of unknown parameters, such as the mass
and distribution of the planetesimals, the location at which Uranus and Neptune
were formed, the Solar Nebula initial surface mass density, and the growth
regime. If stochastic impacts had occurred, these results should be understood
as upper constraints on the oligarchic masses in the trans-Saturnian region at
the end of ice planet formation and may be used to set constraints on planetary
formation scenarios.Comment: Paper accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysic