pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Efficient Benzodithiophene/Benzothiadiazole-Based\ud
n-Channel Charge Transporters

A series of donor–acceptor small molecules based on electrondeficient benzothiadiazole (BTD) and electron-rich benzodithiophene (BDT) featuring an A-D-A structure is presented. Exhaustive spectroscopic, electrochemical, and computational studies evidence their electroactive nature and their ability to form well-ordered thin films with broad visible absorptions and low band gaps (ca. 2 eV). Time-resolved microwave conductivity (TRMC) studies unveil unexpected n-type charge transport displaying high electron mobilities around 0.1 cm2V1 s 1 . Efficient electron transport properties are consistent with the low electron reorganization energies (0.11–0.17 eV) theoretically predicted
Planarity vs. Non-Planarity in the Electronic Communication of TCAQ-Based Push-Pull Chromophores

Donor-acceptor alkynes, endowed with 11,11,12,12-tetracyano-9,10-anthraquinodimethane (TCAQ) and N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA) units, have been further functionalized by a [2+2] tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) cycloaddition followed by a subsequent retroelectrocyclization to form distorted non-planar molecular structures with 1,1,4,4-tetracyanobuta-1,3-diene (TCBD) bridge ligands. Comprehensive spectroscopic, electrochemical, and computational studies have been carried out to compare the electronic communication in these planar (alkyne) and nonplanar (with TCBD units) TCAQ-based push-pull chromophores. Cyclic voltammetry and UV-Vis absorption measurements confirm a noticeable electronic communication between the TCAQ and DMA units regardless the quasi-orthogonal arrangement of the two dicyanovinyl halves of the TCBD groups, which partially hinder the electronic communication. The experimental trends are strongly supported by theoretical calculations performed at the density functional theory level, which further evidence an active electron-withdrawing role of the TCBD bridge both in the formation of the charged species and in the lowest-lying absorption features. The novel push-pull TCAQ-based derivatives including the TCBD bridge show a broad absorption in the whole visible range while having a structure highly distorted from planarity. These chromophores may therefore be viewed as appealing candidates to be exploited in photovoltaic devices with minimal aggregation phenomena
Winner-relaxing and winner-enhancing Kohonen maps: Maximal mutual
  information from enhancing the winner

The magnification behaviour of a generalized family of self-organizing
feature maps, the Winner Relaxing and Winner Enhancing Kohonen algorithms is
analyzed by the magnification law in the one-dimensional case, which can be
obtained analytically. The Winner-Enhancing case allows to acheive a
magnification exponent of one and therefore provides optimal mapping in the
sense of information theory. A numerical verification of the magnification law
is included, and the ordering behaviour is analyzed. Compared to the original
Self-Organizing Map and some other approaches, the generalized Winner Enforcing
Algorithm requires minimal extra computations per learning step and is
conveniently easy to implement.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures. For an extended version refer to cond-mat/0208414
  (Neural Computation 17, 996-1009
Nonequilibrium statistical mechanics of swarms of driven particles

As a rough model for the collective motions of cells and organisms we develop
here the statistical mechanics of swarms of self-propelled particles. Our
approach is closely related to the recently developed theory of active Brownian
motion and the theory of canonical-dissipative systems. Free motion and motion
of a swarms confined in an external field is studied. Briefly the case of
particles confined on a ring and interacting by repulsive forces is studied. In
more detail we investigate self-confinement by Morse-type attracting forces. We
begin with pairs N = 2; the attractors and distribution functions are
discussed, then the case N > 2 is discussed. Simulations for several dynamical
modes of swarms of active Brownian particles interacting by Morse forces are
presented. In particular we study rotations, drift, fluctuations of shape and
cluster formation.Comment: 11 pages, 2 figure
On the emergence of complex systems on the basis of the coordination of
  complex behaviors of their elements

We argue that the coordination of the activities of individual complex agents
enables a system to develop and sustain complexity at a higher level. We
exemplify relevant mechanisms through computer simulations of a toy system, a
coupled map lattice with transmission delays. The coordination here is achieved
through the synchronization of the chaotic operations of the individual
elements, and on the basis of this, regular behavior at a longer temporal scale
emerges that is inaccessible to the uncoupled individual dynamics
Evolution in complex systems

What features characterise complex system dynamics? Power laws and scale
invariance of fluctuations are often taken as the hallmarks of complexity,
drawing on analogies with equilibrium critical phenomena[1-3]. Here we argue
that slow, directed dynamics, during which the system's properties change
significantly, is fundamental. The underlying dynamics is related to a slow,
decelerating but spasmodic release of an intrinsic strain or tension. Time
series of a number of appropriate observables can be analysed to confirm this
effect. The strain arises from local frustration. As the strain is released
through "quakes", some system variable undergoes record statistics with
accompanying log-Poisson statistics for the quake event times[4]. We
demonstrate these phenomena via two very different systems: a model of magnetic
relaxation in type II superconductors and the Tangled Nature model of
evolutionary ecology, and show how quantitative indications of ageing can be
found.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures all in one fil
Construction Theory, Self-Replication, and the Halting Problem

This essay aims to propose construction theory, a new domain of theoretical
research on machine construction, and use it to shed light on a fundamental
relationship between living and computational systems. Specifically, we argue
that self-replication of von Neumann's universal constructors holds a close
similarity to circular computational processes of universal computers that
appear in Turing's original proof of the undecidability of the halting problem.
The result indicates the possibility of reinterpreting a self-replicating
biological organism as embodying an attempt to solve the halting problem for a
{\em diagonal} input in the context of construction. This attempt will never be
completed because of the indefinite cascade of self-computation/construction,
which accounts for the undecidability of the halting problem and also agrees
well with the fact that life has maintained its reproductive activity for an
indefinitely long period of time.Comment: 14 pages, 2 figures. Complexity, in pres
Experimental evidence for mixed reality states

Recently researchers at the University of Illinois coupled a real pendulum to
its virtual counterpart. They observed that the two pendulums suddenly start to
move in synchrony if their lengths are sufficiently close. In this synchronized
state, the boundary between the real system and the virtual system is blurred,
that is, the pendulums are in a mixed reality state. An instantaneous,
bidirectional coupling is a prerequisite for mixed reality states. In this
article we explore the implications of mixed reality states in the context of
controlling real-world systems.Comment: 2 pages, 2 figure
Towards quantification of the role of materials innovation in overall technological development

This article presents a method for quantitatively assessing the role of materials innovation in overall technological development. The method involves classifying the technical changes underlying the overall innovation process first within a set of functional categories and then within each category as a hierarchical array of technical changes. It is specifically found that about 2/3 of the total progress in computation over the past 40 years has been due to materials/process innovations. More speculatively, materials/process innovation contributes at least 20% of the progress in all areas and the relative contribution of materials/process innovation to overall technological progress has grown in the past few decades.W. L. Gore & Associate
Complexity of Networks (reprise)

Network or graph structures are ubiquitous in the study of complex systems.
Often, we are interested in complexity trends of these system as it evolves
under some dynamic. An example might be looking at the complexity of a food web
as species enter an ecosystem via migration or speciation, and leave via
extinction.
  In a previous paper, a complexity measure of networks was proposed based on
the {\em complexity is information content} paradigm. To apply this paradigm to
any object, one must fix two things: a representation language, in which
strings of symbols from some alphabet describe, or stand for the objects being
considered; and a means of determining when two such descriptions refer to the
same object. With these two things set, the information content of an object
can be computed in principle from the number of equivalent descriptions
describing a particular object.
  The previously proposed representation language had the deficiency that the
fully connected and empty networks were the most complex for a given number of
nodes. A variation of this measure, called zcomplexity, applied a compression
algorithm to the resulting bitstring representation, to solve this problem.
Unfortunately, zcomplexity proved too computationally expensive to be
practical.
  In this paper, I propose a new representation language that encodes the
number of links along with the number of nodes and a representation of the
linklist. This, like zcomplexity, exhibits minimal complexity for fully
connected and empty networks, but is as tractable as the original measure.
  ...Comment: Accepted in Complexit
Non-computability, unpredictability, and financial markets

One of the most significant achievements from theoretical computer science was to show that there are non-computable problems, which can-
not be solved through algorithms. Although the formulation of such prob-
lems is mathematical, they often can be interpreted as problems derived
from other  elds, like physics or computer science. However no non-
computable problem with economical or financial inspiration has been
presented before.1 Here we study the problem of valuation: given some
adequate data, find the value of an asset. Valuation is modeled mathemat-
ically by the discounted cash 
ow operator. We show, using surprisingly
simple arguments, that this operator is not computable. Since, theoreti-
cally, financial markets should trade assets based on their fair value, our
result suggests that unpredictability of such markets may partially stem
from inherent non-computable behavior. A discussion of this result is also
included
Interdependent binary choices under social influence: phase diagram for
  homogeneous unbiased populations

Coupled Ising models are studied in a discrete choice theory framework, where
they can be understood to represent interdependent choice making processes for
homogeneous populations under social influence. Two different coupling schemes
are considered. The nonlocal or group interdependence model is used to study
two interrelated groups making the same binary choice. The local or individual
interdependence model represents a single group where agents make two binary
choices which depend on each other. For both models, phase diagrams, and their
implications in socioeconomic contexts, are described and compared in the
absence of private deterministic utilities (zero opinion fields).Comment: 17 pages, 3 figures. This is the pre-peer reviewed version of the
  following article: Ana Fern\'andez del R\'io, Elka Korutcheva and Javier de
  la Rubia, Interdependent binary choices under social influence, Wiley's
  Complexity, 2012; which has been published in final form at
  http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cplx.21397/abstrac
Consciousness and the structuring property of typical data

The theoretical base for consciousness, in particular an explanation of how
consciousness is defined by the brain, has long been sought by science. We
propose a partial theory of consciousness as relations defined by typical data.
The theory is based on the idea that a brain state on its own is almost
meaningless but in the context of the typical brain states, defined by the
brain's structure, a particular brain state is highly structured by relations.
The proposed theory can be applied and tested both theoretically and
experimentally. Precisely how typical data determines relations is fully
established using discrete mathematics.Comment: 16 pages, 8 figures, First submitted for publication March 201
The evolutionary ecology of technological innovations

Technological evolution has been compared to biological evolution by many authors over the last two centuries. As a parallel experiment of innovation involving economic, historical, and social components, artifacts define a universe of evolving properties that displays episodes of diversification and extinction. Here, we critically review previous work comparing the two types of evolution. Like biological evolution, technological evolution is driven by descent with variation and selection, and includes tinkering, convergence, and contingency. At the same time, there are essential differences that make the two types of evolution quite distinct. Major distinctions are illustrated by current specific examples, including the evolution of cornets and the historical dynamics of information technologies. Due to their fast and rich development, the later provide a unique opportunity to study technological evolution at all scales with unprecedented resolution. Despite the presence of patterns suggesting convergent trends between man-made systems end biological ones, they provide examples of planned design that have no equivalent with natural evolutionPeer ReviewedPostprint (author’s final draft
Topological structures of complex belief systems

The concepts of substantive beliefs and derived beliefs are defined, a set of substantive beliefs S like open set and the neighborhood of an element substantive belief. A semantic operation of conjunction is defined with a structure of an Abelian group. Mathematical structures exist such as poset beliefs and join-semilattttice beliefs. A metric space of beliefs and the distance of belief depending on the believer are defined. The concepts of closed and opened ball are defined. S′ is defined as subgroup of the metric space of beliefs Σ and S′ is a totally limited set. The term s is defined (substantive belief) in terms of closing of S′. It is deduced that Σ is paracompact due to Stone's Theorem. The pseudometric space of beliefs is defined to show how the metric of the nonbelieving subject has a topological space like a nonmaterial abstract ideal space formed in the mind of the believing subject, fulfilling the conditions of Kuratowski axioms of closure. To establish patterns of materialization of beliefs we are going to consider that these have defined mathematical structures. This will allow us to understand better cultural processes of text, architecture, norms, and education that are forms or the materialization of an ideology. This materialization is the conversion by means of certain mathematical correspondences, of an abstract set whose elements are beliefs or ideas, in an impure set whose elements are material or energetic. Text is a materialization of ideology
Topological structures of complex belief systems (II): Textual materialization

Mythical and religious belief systems in a social context can be regarded as a conglomeration of sacrosanct rites, which revolve around substantive values that involve an element of faith. Moreover, we can conclude that ideologies, myths and beliefs can all be analyzed in terms of systems within a cultural context. The significance of being able to define ideologies, myths and beliefs as systems is that they can figure in cultural explanations. This, in turn, means that such systems can figure in logic-mathematical analyses
A Theorical Point of View of Reality, Perception, and Language

It is possible to view the relations between mathematics and natural language from different aspects. This relation between mathematics and language is not based on just one aspect. In this article, the authors address the role of the Subject facing Reality through language. Perception is defined and a mathematical theory of the perceptual field is proposed. The distinction between purely expressive language and purely informative language is considered false, because the subject is expressed in the communication of a message, and conversely, in purely expressive language, as in an exclamation, there is some information. To study the relation between language and reality, the function of ostensibility is defined and propositions are divided into ostensives and estimatives
Myth, Language, and Complex Ideologies

Ideologies use for their conservation and propagation persuasive methods of communication: rhetoric. Rhetoric is analyzed from the semiotic and logical-mathematical points of view. The following hypotheses are established: (1) language L is a self-explanatory system, mediated by a successive series of systems of cultural conventions, (2) connotative significances of an ideological advertising rhetoric must be known, and (3) the notion of ideological information is a neutral notion that does not imply the valuation of ideology or its conditions of veracity or falsification. Rhetorical figures like metonymy, metaphor, parable analogy, and allegory are defined as relations. Metaphor and parable are order relations. Operations of metonymic and metaphoric substitution are defined and several theorems derived from these operations have been deduced
Evolving a predator-prey ecosystem of mathematical expressions with grammatical evolution

This is the accepted version of the following article: Alfonseca, M. and Soler Gil, F. J. (2015), Evolving a predator–prey ecosystem of mathematical expressions with grammatical evolution. Complexity, 20: 66–83, which has been published in final form at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cplx.21507/abstractThis article describes the use of grammatical evolution to obtain a predator–prey ecosystem of artificial beings associated with mathematical functions, whose fitness is also defined mathematically. The system supports the simultaneous evolution of several ecological niches and through the use of standard measurements, makes it possible to explore the influence of the number of niches and the values of several parameters on “biological” diversity and similar functions. Sensitivity analysis tests have been made to find the effect of assigning different constant values to the genetic parameters that rule the evolution of the system and the predator–prey interaction or of replacing them by functions of time. One of the parameters (predator efficiency) was found to have a critical range, outside which the ecologies are unstable; two others (genetic shortening rate and predator–prey fitness comparison logistic amplitude) are critical just at one side of the range), the others are not critical. The system seems quite robust, even when one or more parameters are made variable during a single experiment, without leaving their critical ranges. Our results also suggest that some of the features of biological evolution depend more on the genetic substrate and natural selection than on the actual phenotypic expression of that substrat
Characterising Conversion Points and Complex Infrastructure Systems: Creating a System Representation for Agent-Based Modelling

Infrastructure, which is used to extract, transport, store, and transform resources into products or services to meet our utility needs faces numerous challenges caused by the agency of the various actors in the system. To understand these challenges, we propose it is necessary to move beyond considering each utility system as a distinct silo. In this paper, a conversion points approach is developed to characterize multiutility systems at any scale and for any specific or theoretical location. The story is told of the development of a conversion points approach and its application is examined using an agent-based model. Transport, energy, water, waste, and telecommunications systems are governed and run independently but in practice are highly interdependent. A way to represent all utility systems in an integrated way is described and the benefits of this representation are applied to UK household consumers
Modeling diffusion of energy innovations on a heterogeneous social network and approaches to integration of real-world data

Recent developments in complexity science enable the study of the effect of social influences on the diffusion of new innovations, along with the spread of information through the overlapping communities to which people belong. This paper describes work by an interdisciplinary team of engineers, mathematicians and social scientists applying these ideas to modelling the diffusion of domestic energy innovations on a social network at the city level. We ultimately aim to develop tools to inform decision-making by local authorities and others seeking to promote the adoption of such innovations as part of strategies to mitigate climate change. The model developed in this work represents individual households as nodes on a complex network, whose adoption of an energy innovation is based on a combination of personal and social benefit, where social benefit includes positive feedback from an individual's personal social network and from the wider population. Different types of household will weight these three factors differently according to their preferences. Numerical simulations have previously been carried out to explore the diffusion of energy innovation on various network topologies, based on a homogeneous population of households in the model. This paper describes an updated version of the model in which households are assigned different parameters, to reflect different preferences, making the population heterogeneous, and thus more like a real social system. The paper compares this model with existing models that address related questions. We describe the way in which real-world data on household preferences, gathered through a survey and other sources, are incorporated into the simulations, and discuss the incorporation of this data into the model and how this can influence the results. Finally, we discuss potential applications and extensions of the model, in relation to informing decision-making on the uptake of pro-environmental innovations