pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Beyond von-Neumann computing with nanoscale phase-change memory devices

OnlineOpen ArticleThis is the final version of the article. Available from the publisher via the DOI in this record.Historically, the application of phase-change materials and devices has been limited to the provision of non-volatile memories. Recently however the potential has been demonstrated for using phase-change devices as the basis for new forms of brain-like computing, by exploiting their multi-level resistance capability to provide electronic mimics of biological synapses. Here we exploit a different and previously under-explored property also intrinsic to phase-change materials and devices, namely accumulation, to demonstrate that nanoscale electronic phase-change devices can also provide a powerful form of arithmetic computing. We carry out complicated arithmetic operations, including parallel factorization and fractional division, using simple nanoscale phase-change cells that process and store data simultaneously and at the same physical location, promising a most efficient and effective means for implementing 'beyond von-Neumann' computing. We also show that this same accumulation property can be used to provide a particularly simple form phase-change integrate-and-fire 'neuron' which, by combining both phase-change synapse and neuron electronic mimics, potentially opens up a route to the realization of all-phase-change neuromorphic processing.The authors gratefully acknowledge EPSRC for grant funding (EP/
F015046/1). They also would like to thank Dr. A Pauza, formerly
of Plasmon Data Systems Ltd, for help in preparation of the GST
samples. Professor Peter Ashwin from the University of Exeter is also
acknowledged for helpful discussions and guidance in the formulation
of the GCA simulator. The authors are also very grateful to Mr. David
Anderson of the University of Exeter for valuable assistance with the
lithography of the pseudo-devices
Nonlinear absorption applications of CH₃NH₃PbBr₃ perovskite crystals

Researchers have recently revealed that hybrid lead halide perovskites exhibit ferroelectricity, which is often associated with other physical characteristics, such as a large nonlinear optical response. In this work, we study the non-linear optical properties of single crystal inorganic-organic hybrid perovskite CH3NH3PbBr3. By exciting the material with a 1044 nm laser, we were able to observe strong two-photon absorption-induced photoluminescence in the green spectral region. Using the transmission open-aperture Z-scan technique, we estimated the values of the two-photon absorption coefficient to be 8.5 cm GW-1, which is much higher than that of standard two-photon absorbing materials that are industrially used in nonlinear optical applications, such as LiNbO3, LiTaO3, KTiOPO4, and KH2PO4. Such a strong two-photon absorption effect in CH3NH3PbBr3 can be used to modulate the spectral and spatial profiles of laser pulses, as well as reduce noise, and can be used to strongly control the intensity of incident light. In this study, we demonstrate the superior optical limiting, pulse reshaping, and stabilization properties of CH3NH3PbBr3, opening new applications for perovskites in nonlinear optics
The impact of global economic crisis and austerity on quality of working life and work-life balance: a capabilities perspective

This paper draws on the capabilities approach as a framework for examining the impact of the global economic crisis and austerity on quality of working life and work-life balance. Our paper focuses on Greece, an extreme case of a country in economic crisis, characterised by a weak institutional basis. We build on the work of Barbara Hobson and colleagues who first applied the capabilities approach to explore work-life balance capabilities. Our study contributes to the development of theory by emphasising the sense of entitlement concept within the capabilities approach and by proposing a modified conceptual framework that encapsulates the link between capabilities, agency, and the sense of entitlement, where the latter acts as a cognitive ‘filter’ that enhances or weakens an individual’s perception of her/his agency to enact on her/his capabilities. Drawing on the accounts of twenty Greek professional and managerial workers, we illustrate how the crisis and austerity measures have eroded working conditions and thus the sense of entitlement, leading to the weakening of our participants’ agency and capabilities to achieve quality of working life and work-life balance
Investigating patterns of local climate governance: how low-carbon municipalities and intentional communities intervene into social practices

The local level has gained prominence in climate policy and governance in recent years as it is increasingly perceived as privileged arena for policy experimentation and social and institutional innovation. Yet, the success of local climate governance in industrialised countries has been limited so far. One reason may be that local communities focus too much on strategies of technology-oriented ecological modernisation (EM) and individual behaviour change and too little on strategies that target unsustainable social practices and their embeddedness in complex patterns of practices. In this paper we assess and compare the strategies of ‘low-carbon municipalities’ (top-down initiatives) and those of ‘intentional communities’ (bottom-up initiatives). We are interested to find out to what extent and in which ways each community type intervenes in social practices to curb carbon emissions and to explore the scope for further and deeper interventions on the local level. Employing an analytical framework based on social practice theory we identify characteristic patterns of intervention for each community type. We find that low-carbon municipalities face tenacious difficulties in transforming carbon-intensive social practices. While offering some additional low-carbon choices, their ability to reduce carbon-intensive practices is very limited. Their focus on efficiency and individual choice shows little transformative potential. Intentional communities, by contrast, have more institutional and organisational options to intervene into the web of social practices. Finally, we explore to what extent low-carbon municipalities can learn from intentional communities and propose strategies of hybridisation for policy innovation to combine the strengths of both models
Give and take in major gift relationships

This article investigates the complex phenomenon of major gift giving to charitable institutions. Drawing on empirical evidence from interviews with 16 Australian major donors (who gave a single gift of at least AU$10,000 in 2008 or 2009), we seek to better understand donor expectations and (dis)satisfaction. Given growing need for social services, and the competition among nonprofit organisations (NPOs) to secure sustainable funding, this research is particularly timely. Currently, little is known about major donors’ expectations, wants and needs. Equity theory, with the concept of reciprocity at its core, was found to provide a useful framework for understanding these phenomena. A model of equitable major gift relationships was developed from the data, which portrays balanced relationships and identifies potential areas of dissatisfaction for major donors. We conclude by offering suggestions for NPOs seeking to understand the complexities of major gift relationships, with practical implications for meeting donors’ needs
Raman study of insulating and conductive ZnO: (Al, Mn) thin films

Raman spectroscopy results obtained for undoped and Al- and/or Mn-doped ZnO thin films produced by RF-sputtering are reported. The effect of the doping method (either co-sputtering or ion implantation), the dopant type and its concentration on the Raman-active vibrational modes in these films were studied in detail. The results are discussed with focus on the peak shifts and broadening, and on the doping-induced relaxation of the symmetry selection rules. A particular attention is paid to the 520-530 cm-1 Raman band observed in all Mn containing samples and a simple theoretical model and arguments are presented in support of its relation to the local (gap) phonon mode produced by Mn atoms substituting Zn in the cationic sublattice of the ZnO crystal.Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), a Helmholtz Research Infrastructure at KI
Methods of Deciduous Dental Pulp Research

Aim: The aim of our study was to evaluate the condition, particular structure and properties of the pulpal tissue by using various methods.\ud
Material and methods: The pulps used for this research had originated from intact teeth of healthy children, (five deciduous teeth without, and five deciduous teeth with physiological resorption).\ud
Immediately after the extraction (performed due to orthodontic reasons, under local anaesthesia), each tooth was cut perpendicularly to its long axis with a rotating carborundum disc under a water jet. The separated halves were dissected with plastic instrument,\ud
and the tooth pulp was excavated completely.\ud
Results and discussion: The extracellular matrix is the major constituent of the connective tissue. This is composed of ground substance and fibrillar proteins. The main cells of the connective tissue are the fibroblasts. The pulp also contains odontoblasts (the highest differentiated cells), undifferentiated mesenchymal cells,\ud
and immunocompetent cells (lymphocytes, macrophages, leucocytes\ud
Conclusion: The developments of models are needed for better\ud
investigation of deciduous dental pulp, but also for better her preservation
A combination of genetic algorithm-based fuzzy c-means with a convex hull-based regression for real-time fuzzy switching regression analysis: application to industrial intelligent data analysis

Processing an increasing volume of data, especially in industrial and manufacturing domains, calls for advanced tools of data
analysis. Knowledge discovery is a process of analyzing data from different perspectives and summarizing the results into some
useful and transparent findings. To address such challenges, a thorough extension and generalization of well-known techniques
such as regression analysis becomes essential and highly advantageous. In this paper, we extend the concept of regression models
so that they can handle hybrid data coming from various sources which quite often exhibit diverse levels of data quality. The
major objective of this study is to develop a sound vehicle of a hybrid data analysis, which helps in reducing the computing time,
especially in cases of real-time data processing. We propose an efficient real-time fuzzy switching regression analysis based on
a genetic algorithm-based fuzzy C-means associated with a convex hull-based fuzzy regression approach. The method enables
us to deal with situations when one has to deal with heterogeneous data which were derived from various database sources
(distributed databases). In the proposed design, we emphasize a pivotal role of the convex hull approach, which is essential to
alleviate the limitations of linear programming when being used in modeling of real-time systems. O 2013 Institute of Electrical
Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Managing leadership and cultural change at Beak and Johnston: a work in progress

types: ArticleThis is the author’s pre-refereed version of the following article: Methodological Approaches for Interviewing Elites, Global Business and Organizational Excellence, Volume 33, Issue 6, September/October 2014, Pages: 43–50 which has been published in final form at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/joe.21572/abstractAs it strives to attain its goal of becoming an AUD$1 billion company by 2020, Beak and Johnston (B&J), a family-owned food processing business based in Sydney, Australia, has embarked on a transformative leadership and cultural enhancement process. The company’s founder and CEO, David Beak, is trying to improve the capabilities of his senior strategy team while stepping back from the business. To that end, the company has adopted a leadership development approach with an eye on succession planning in which workers at all levels are encouraged to speak openly. It also is fostering cultural change with a less hierarchical organizational structure in which factory managers are empowered with greater levels of responsibility and accountability. The insights revealed in this candid snapshot of an organization in transition offer valuable lessons on the essential elements of an effective change effort
Transdermal drug delivery by coated microneedles: geometry effects on drug concentration in blood

This is the pre-peer reviewed version of the following article: AL-QALLAF, B., DAS, D.B. and DAVIDSON, A., 2009. Transdermal drug delivery by coated microneedles: geometry effects on drug concentration in blood. Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering, 4 (6), pp.845-857, which has been\ud
published in final form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apj.353Drug administration through transdermal delivery is restricted by the top layer of skin, the\ud
stratum corneum. One possible solution to overcome the barrier function of the stratum\ud
corneum is to employ microneedle arrays. However, detailed theoretical models relating drugcoated\ud
microneedles and their geometry to the drug concentration in the blood are limited.\ud
This paper aims to address this issue by examining the blood concentration profiles for a\ud
model drug, insulin, that has been administered via coated microneedles. A mathematical\ud
model is introduced and applied to predict theoretical blood concentrations. Furthermore, the\ud
insulin concentration in blood is calculated for a range of different microneedle shapes and\ud
dimensions to identify the most effective geometry. The results indicate that the optimum\ud
mic r2o0needle geometry in terms of maximimizing insulin concentration was a rocket shaped\ud
needle that has a constant tip angle of 90º. Also, it has been found that the number of\ud
microneedles in an array is the most significant factor in determining maximum insulin\ud
concentration in the blood (Cb,max)
Entrepreneurial opportunities, implicit contracts and market making for complex consumer goods

This article extends the theory of entrepreneurial opportunity exploitation, outlining how under certain conditions, opportunity exploitation is dependent on market making innovations. Where adverse selection and moral hazard characterize markets, consumers are likely to withdraw regardless of product quality. In order to overcome consumer resistance, entrepreneurs must signal credible commitments. But because consumers purchase without fully specifying requirements, entrepreneurs' commitments take the partial form of implicit contracts, creating strong mutual commitments to repeated transactions. These commitments enable novel markets to function, but introduce additional costs. This article illustrates the theory with the historic case of Singer in sewing machine
CD10, BCL6, and MUM1 expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma on FNA samples

BACKGROUND: Gene expression profiling has divided diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) into 2 main subgroups: germinal center B (GCB) and non-GCB type. This classification is reproducible by immunohistochemistry using specific antibodies such as CD10, B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6), and multiple myeloma oncogene 1 (MUM1). Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) plays an important role in the diagnosis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and in some cases FNA may be the only available pathological specimen. The objectives of the current study were to evaluate CD10, BCL6, and MUM1 immunostaining on FNA samples by testing the CD10, BCL6, and MUM1 algorithm on both FNA cell blocks (CB) and conventional smears (CS), evaluating differences in CB and CS immunocytochemical (ICC) performance, and comparing results with histological data. METHODS: Thirty-eight consecutive DLBCL cases diagnosed by FNA were studied. Additional passes were used to prepare CB in 22 cases and CS in 16 cases; the corresponding sections and smears were immunostained using CD10, BCL6, and MUM1 in all cases. The data obtained were compared with histological immunostaining in 24 cases. RESULTS: ICC was successful in 33 cases (18 CB and 15 CS) and not evaluable in 5 cases (4 CB and 1 CS). The CD10-BCL6-MUM1 algorithm subclassified DLBCL as GCB (9 cases) and non-GCB (24 cases). ICC data were confirmed on histologic staining in 24 cases. CONCLUSIONS: CD10, BCL6, and MUM1 ICC staining can be performed on FNA samples. The results herein prove it is reliable both on CB and CS, and is equally effective and comparable to immunohistochemistry data
Assessment of anatomical knowledge by practical examinations: the effect of question design on student performance

The objective structural practical examination (OSPE) is a timed examination that assesses topographical and/or applied knowledge of anatomy with the use of cadaveric resources and medical images. This study investigated whether elements of question design (provision of clinical context, type of visual resources used, gender context, and difficulty) of an anatomy question affected students' performance and also whether there was any effect of basic demography or participation in various voluntary activities. Study participants were second-year medical students (n = 150), 83 of whom consented to fill in a questionnaire collecting demographics, revision preferences, and assessment preferences. The examination scores were matched with students' responses collected on the questionnaire and all data analyzed by multiple linear regression. Difficulty of the question was the only design element found to be significantly associated with the number of students that answered correctly (P = 0.001); clinical context, visual resources used and gender of the question were not significant. When individual students' marks were analyzed along with the questionnaire data, only the students' interest in participating in department's demonstrator program was a significant predictor of a high individual score, gender of the students showed a strong trend toward significance, with female students scoring on average higher than male students. The two part OSPE questions were dissociated and analyzed using binary logistic regression to determine whether a correct answer to Part 1 (identification of a tagged or pinned anatomical structures on a specimen or medical image) was predictive of a correct answer to Part 2 (assessment of the relevant functional, applied, or clinical knowledge), but no association was found. Anat Sci Educ. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists
Particle transport in fouling caused by kaolin-water suspensions on copper tubes

Particulate fouling tests were carried out using kaolin-water suspensions flowing through an annular heat exchanger with a copper inner tube. The flow rate was changed from test to test, but the fluid temperature and pH, as well as the particle concentration, were maintained constant. In the lower range of fluid velocities (<0.5 m/s), the deposition process seemed to be controlled by mass transfer. The corresponding experimental transport fluxes were compared to the predictions obtained with several models, showing that diffusion governed particle transport. The absolute values of the mass transfer fluxes and their dependences on the Reynolds number were satisfactorily predicted by some of the models
Second-order finite volume with hydrostatic reconstruction for tsunami simulation

Tsunami modeling commonly accepts the shallow water system as governing equations where
the major difficulty is the correct treatment of the nonconservative term due to bathymetry variations. The
finite volume method for solving the shallow water equations with such source terms has received great
attention in the two last decades. The built-in conservation property, the capacity to correctly treat
discontinuities, and the ability to handle complex bathymetry configurations preserving some steady state
configurations (well-balanced scheme) make the method very efficient. Nevertheless, it is still a challenge to
build an efficient numerical scheme, with very few numerical artifacts (e.g., small numerical diffusion, correct
propagation of the discontinuities, accuracy, and robustness), to be used in an operational environment,
and that is able to better capture the dynamics of the wet-dry interface and the physical phenomena that
occur in the inundation area. In the first part of this paper, we present a new second-order finite volume
code. The code is developed for the shallow water equations with a nonconservative term based on the
hydrostatic reconstruction technology to achieve a well-balanced scheme and an adequate dry/wet
interface treatment. A detailed presentation of the numerical method is given. In the second part of the
paper, we highlight the advantages of the new numerical technique. We benchmark the numerical code
against analytical, experimental, and field results to assess the robustness and the accuracy of the numerical
code. Finally, we use the 28 February 1969 North East Atlantic tsunami to check the performance of the
code with real data.Historical data for Cascais and Lagos (1969 Lisbon Tsunami) are available at http://www.dgterritorio.pt/cartografia_e_geodesia/geodesia/redes_geodesicas/rede_maregrafica/. The tagus estuary data (typewriter document) are available at the Dom Luiz Institute library http://idl.ul.pt/node/33. This work is funded by the Portugal-France research agreement, through the research project GEONUM FCT-ANR/MAT-NAN/0122/2012. This research was financed by Portuguese Funds through FCT-Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, within the Project UID/MAT/00013/2013
Algorithms for Hierarchical Clustering: An Overview, II

We survey agglomerative  hierarchical clustering algorithms and discuss  efficient implementations that are available in R and other software environments.  We look at hierarchical self-organizing  maps, and mixture models.  We review grid-based clustering, focusing on hierarchical density-based approaches.  Finally we describe a recently developed very efficient (linear time) hierarchical clustering algorithm, which can also be viewed as a hierarchical grid-based algorithm.  This review adds to the earlier version, Murtagh and Contreras (2012)
The Emergence of New Psychoactive Substance (NPS) \ud
Benzodiazepines: A Review

The market for new psychoactive substances has increased markedly in recent years and there is now a steady stream of compounds appearing every year. Benzodiazepines consist of only a fraction of the total number of these compounds but their use and misuse has rapidly increased. Some of these benzodiazepines have only been patented, some of them have not been previously synthesised, and the majority have never undergone clinical trials or tests. Despite their structural and chemical similarity, large differences exist between the benzodiazepines in their pharmacokinetic parameters and metabolic pathways and so they are not easily comparable. As benzodiazepines have been clinically used since the 1960s, many analytical methods exist to quantify them in a variety of biological matrices and it is expected that these methods would also be suitable for the detection of benzodiazepines that are novel psychoactive substances. Illicitly obtained benzodiazepines have been found to contain a wide range of compounds such as opiates which presents a problem since the use of them in conjunction with each other can lead to respiratory depression and death. This review collates the available information on these benzodiazepines and provides a starting point for the further investigation of their pharmacokinetics which is clearly required