pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants

Background

Underweight and severe and morbid obesity are associated with highly elevated risks of adverse health outcomes. We estimated trends in mean body-mass index (BMI), which characterises its population distribution, and in the prevalences of a complete set of BMI categories for adults in all countries.

Methods

We analysed, with use of a consistent protocol, population-based studies that had measured height and weight in adults aged 18 years and older. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to these data to estimate trends from 1975 to 2014 in mean BMI and in the prevalences of BMI categories (<18·5 kg/m2 [underweight], 18·5 kg/m2 to <20 kg/m2, 20 kg/m2 to <25 kg/m2, 25 kg/m2 to <30 kg/m2, 30 kg/m2 to <35 kg/m2, 35 kg/m2 to <40 kg/m2, ≥40 kg/m2 [morbid obesity]), by sex in 200 countries and territories, organised in 21 regions. We calculated the posterior probability of meeting the target of halting by 2025 the rise in obesity at its 2010 levels, if post-2000 trends continue.
Findings

We used 1698 population-based data sources, with more than 19·2 million adult participants (9·9 million men and 9·3 million women) in 186 of 200 countries for which estimates were made. Global age-standardised mean BMI increased from 21·7 kg/m2 (95% credible interval 21·3–22·1) in 1975 to 24·2 kg/m2 (24·0–24·4) in 2014 in men, and from 22·1 kg/m2 (21·7–22·5) in 1975 to 24·4 kg/m2 (24·2–24·6) in 2014 in women. Regional mean BMIs in 2014 for men ranged from 21·4 kg/m2 in central Africa and south Asia to 29·2 kg/m2 (28·6–29·8) in Polynesia and Micronesia; for women the range was from 21·8 kg/m2 (21·4–22·3) in south Asia to 32·2 kg/m2 (31·5–32·8) in Polynesia and Micronesia. Over these four decades, age-standardised global prevalence of underweight decreased from 13·8% (10·5–17·4) to 8·8% (7·4–10·3) in men and from 14·6% (11·6–17·9) to 9·7% (8·3–11·1) in women. South Asia had the highest prevalence of underweight in 2014, 23·4% (17·8–29·2) in men and 24·0% (18·9–29·3) in women. Age-standardised prevalence of obesity increased from 3·2% (2·4–4·1) in 1975 to 10·8% (9·7–12·0) in 2014 in men, and from 6·4% (5·1–7·8) to 14·9% (13·6–16·1) in women. 2·3% (2·0–2·7) of the world's men and 5·0% (4·4–5·6) of women were severely obese (ie, have BMI ≥35 kg/m2). Globally, prevalence of morbid obesity was 0·64% (0·46–0·86) in men and 1·6% (1·3–1·9) in women.
Interpretation

If post-2000 trends continue, the probability of meeting the global obesity target is virtually zero. Rather, if these trends continue, by 2025, global obesity prevalence will reach 18% in men and surpass 21% in women; severe obesity will surpass 6% in men and 9% in women. Nonetheless, underweight remains prevalent in the world's poorest regions, especially in south Asia.Copyright c NCD Risk Factor Collaboration. Open Access article distributed under the terms of CC BY
The mysterious optical afterglow spectrum of GRB 140506A  at z = 0.889

International audienceContext. Gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglows probe sightlines to star-forming regions in distant star-forming galaxies. Here we present a study of the peculiar afterglow spectrum of the z = 0.889Swift GRB 140506A.Aims. Our aim is to understand the origin of the very unusual properties of the absorption along the line of sight.Methods. We analyse spectroscopic observations obtained with the X-shooter spectrograph mounted on the ESO/VLT at two epochs 8.8 h and 33 h after the burst, and with imaging from the GROND instrument. We also present imaging and spectroscopy of the host galaxy obtained with the Magellan telescope.Results. The underlying afterglow appears to be a typical afterglow of a long-duration GRB. However, the material along the line of sight has imprinted very unusual features on the spectrum. First, there is a very broad and strong flux drop below 8000 Å (~4000 Å in the rest frame), which seems to be variable between the two spectroscopic epochs. We can reproduce the flux-drops both as a giant 2175 Å extinction bump and as an effect of multiple scattering on dust grains in a dense environment. Second, we detect absorption lines from excited H i and He i. We also detect molecular absorption from CH+.Conclusions. We interpret the unusual properties of these spectra as reflecting the presence of three distinct regions along the line of sight: the excited He i absorption originates from an H ii-region, whereas the Balmer absorption must originate from an associated photodissociation region. The strong metal line and molecular absorption and the dust extinction must originate from a third, cooler region along the line of sight. The presence of at least three separate regions is reflected in the fact that the different absorption components have different velocities relative to the systemic redshift of the host galaxy
A Radiotracer study of the adsorption behaviour of aqueous Ba2+ ions on nonoparticles of zero-valent iron

Cataloged from PDF version of article.Recently, iron nanoparticles are increasingly being tested as adsorbents for various types of organic and inorganic pollutants. In this study, nanoparticles of zero-valent iron (NZVI) synthesized under atmospheric conditions were employed for the removal of Ba2+ ions in a concentration range 10-3 to 10-6 M. Throughout the study, 133Ba was used as a tracer to study the effects of time, concentration, and temperature. The obtained data was analyzed using various kinetic models and adsorption isotherms. Pseudo-second-order kinetics and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm model provided the best correlation with the obtained data. Observed thermodynamic parameters showed that the process is exothermic and hence enthalpy-driven. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Biotech rice : current developments and future detection challenges in food and feed chain

Background: To improve agricultural practices and the food/feed security, plant breeding techniques were developed, including transgenesis commonly using Agrobacterium tumefaciens or biolistic technologies. To guarantee the traceability of GMO in food/feed chain and the consumer's freedom of choice, regulatory frameworks were established in many countries around the world, such as in Europe. Their implementations, including detection systems usually based on qPCR, are becoming complex and expensive regarding the number of analysis to perform. Moreover, the dispersion of publicly available information about developed GMO prevents to accurately estimate the efficiency of the standard detection system applied to unauthorized GMO. 
Scope and approach: To illustrate this problem, the case of rice, one of the leading staple crops, was investigated. An overview of worldwide developed biotech rice generated by transgenesis was thus conducted, based on 1067 peer-reviewed publications, and analysed regarding inter alia their expressed genes of interest and the corresponding traits, their transformation processes and the elements composing their transgenic cassettes. From this work, the power and weakness of the standard detection system, notably used by the European enforcement laboratories, are evaluated. To strengthen this system, especially with unauthorized GMO, additional strategies are suggested. Moreover, given the growing interest for biotech rice produced by new plant breeding techniques, related challenges for their detection are discussed. 
Key findings and conclusions: According to all collected information, suitable detection strategies, combining qPCR to additional technologies (e.g., DNA walking and NGS), are proposed to cover most of inventoried biotech rice. The present approach, including the data centralization to subsequently suggest appropriated detection strategies, can be extended to biotech events from different species
First measurement of the cross section for top-quark pair production in proton-proton collisions at √s=7 TeV

Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, solo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si le hubiere, y los autores pertenecientes a la UAMThe first measurement of the cross section for top-quark pair production in pp collisions at the Large Hadron Collider at center-of-mass energy √ s = 7 TeV has been performed using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.1 ± 0.3 pb−1 recorded by the CMS detector. This result utilizes the final state with two isolated, highly energetic charged leptons, large missing transverse energy, and two or more jets. Backgrounds from Drell–Yan and non-W/Z boson production are estimated from data. Eleven events are observed in the data with 2.1 ± 1.0 events expected from background. The measured cross section is 194±72(stat.)±24(syst.)±21(lumi.) pb, consistent with next-to-leading order predictionsWe thank the technical and administrative staff at CERN and other CMS institutes, and acknowledge support from: FMSR (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); Academy of Sciences and NICPB (Estonia); Academy of Finland, ME, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); OTKA and NKTH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); NRF and WCU (Korea); LAS (Lithuania); CINVESTAV, CONACYT, SEP, and UASLPFAI (Mexico); PAEC (Pakistan); SCSR (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan); MST and MAE (Russia); MSTD (Serbia); MICINN and CPAN (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); NSC (Taipei); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA
Search for heavy vector-like quarks coupling to light quarks in proton–proton collisions at √ s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, solo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si le hubiere, y los autores pertenecientes a la UAMThis Letter presents a search for singly produced vector-like quarks, Q , coupling to light quarks, q. The search is sensitive to both charged current (CC) and neutral current (NC) processes, pp → Q q→ Wqqꞌ and pp→ Q q→ Zqqꞌ with a leptonic decay of the vector gauge boson. In 1.04 fb−1 of data taken in 2011 by the ATLAS experiment at a center-of-mass energy √ s = 7 TeV, no evidence of such heavy vector-like quarks is observed above the expected Standard Model background. Limits on the heavy vector-like quark production cross section times branching ratio as a function of mass mQ are obtained. For a coupling κqQ = v/mQ, where v is the Higgs vacuum expectation value, 95% C.L. lower limits on the mass of a vector-like quark are set at 900 GeV and 760 GeV from CC and NC processes, respectivelyWe thank A. Atre, M. Carena, T. Han, and J. Santiago for the MadGraph code used to produce the signal MC samples. We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, DNSRC and Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark; ARTEMIS, European Union; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNAS, Georgia; BMBF, DFG, HGF, MPG and AvH Foundation, Germany; GSRT, Greece; ISF, MINERVA, GIF, DIP and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, Poland; GRICES and FCT, Portugal; MERYS (MECTS), Romania; MES of Russia and ROSATOM, Russian Federation; JINR; MSTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MVZT, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MICINN, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SER, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; NSC, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN and the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA) and in the Tier-2 facilities worldwid
Renormalization of the S-1(0) one-pion-exchange NN interaction in presence of derivative contact interactions

We use standard distorted wave theory techniques and dimensional regularization to find out solutions of the nucleon-nucleon Lippman-Schwinger equation with a potential that includes one-pion exchange and additional contact terms with derivatives. Though for simplicity, we restrict the discussion to the 1 So channel and to contact terms containing up to two derivatives, the generalization to higher waves and/or number of derivatives is straightforward. The undetermined low energy constants emerging out of the renormalization. procedure are fitted to data
Charged-particle nuclear modification factors in PbPb and pPb collisions
  at sqrt(s[NN]) = 5.02 TeV

The spectra of charged particles produced within the pseudorapidity window
abs(eta) < 1 at sqrt(s[NN]) = 5.02 TeV are measured using 404 inverse
microbarns of PbPb and 27.4 inverse picobarns of pp data collected by the CMS
detector at the LHC in 2015. The spectra are presented over the transverse
momentum ranges spanning 0.5 < pt < 400 GeV in pp and 0.7 < pt < 400 GeV in
PbPb collisions. The corresponding nuclear modification factor, R[AA], is
measured in bins of collision centrality. The R[AA] in the 5% most central
collisions shows a maximal suppression by a factor of 7-8 in the pt region of
6-9 GeV. This dip is followed by an increase, which continues up to the highest
pt measured, and approaches unity in the vicinity of pt = 200 GeV. The R[AA] is
compared to theoretical predictions and earlier experimental results at lower
collision energies. The newly measured pp spectrum is combined with the pPb
spectrum previously published by the CMS Collaboration to construct the pPb
nuclear modification factor, R[pA], up to 120 GeV. For pt > 20 GeV, R[pA]
exhibits weak momentum dependence and shows a moderate enhancement above unity.Comment: Replaced with the published version. Added the journal reference and
  DOI. All the figures and tables can be found at
  http://cms-results.web.cern.ch/cms-results/public-results/publications/HIN-15-015/index.htm
On Painlev\'e/gauge theory correspondence

We elucidate the relation between Painlev\'e equations and four-dimensional
rank one ${\cal N= 2}$ theories by identifying the connection associated to
Painlev\'e isomonodromic problems with the oper limit of the flat connection of
the Hitchin system associated to gauge theories and by studying the
corresponding renormalisation group flow. Based on this correspondence we
provide long-distance expansions at various canonical rays for all Painlev\'e
functions in terms of magnetic and dyonic Nekrasov partition functions for
${\cal N= 2}$ SQCD and Argyres-Douglas theories at self-dual Omega background
$\epsilon_1+\epsilon_2= 0$, or equivalently in terms of $c= 1$ irregular
conformal blocks.Comment: 51 pages, 2 figure
Minimal basis iterative stockholder : atoms in molecules for force-field development

Atomic partial charges appear in the Coulomb term of many force-field models and can be derived from electronic structure calculations with a myriad of atoms-in molecules (AIM) methods. More advanced models have also been proposed, using the distributed nature of the electron cloud and atomic multipoles. In this work, an electrostatic force field is defined through a concise approximation of the electron density, for which the Coulomb interaction is trivially evaluated. This approximate "pro-density" is expanded in a minimal basis of atom-centered s-type Slater density functions, whose parameters are optimized by minimizing the Kullback-Leibler divergence of the pro-density from a reference electron density, e.g., obtained from an electronic structure calculation. The proposed method, Minimal Basis Iterative Stockholder (MBIS), is a variant of the Hirshfeld AIM method, but it can also be used as a density-fitting technique. An iterative algorithm to refine the pro-density is easily implemented with a linear-scaling computational cost, enabling applications to supramolecular systems. The benefits of the MBIS method are demonstrated with systematic applications to molecular databases and extended models of condensed phases. A comparison to 14 other AIM methods shows its effectiveness when modeling electrostatic interactions. MBIS is also suitable for rescaling atomic polarizabilities in the Tkatchenko-Scheffler scheme for dispersion interactions
Tuberculosis stigma as a social determinant of health: a systematic mapping review of research in low incidence countries

Highlights\ud
•Tuberculosis (TB)-related stigma is an important social determinant of health that can impact health-seeking practices and illness management.\ud
•Much research on TB-related stigma has been conducted in high incidence countries.\ud
•This study aimed to systematically map out the research in low incidence countries.\ud
•Few studies included stigma as a substantive topic; only one study aimed to reduce stigma.\ud
•Both TB control programmes and media reporting were implicated in the production of stigma.\ud
•Few studies theorized how stigma intersects with the social and structural determinants of health.\ud
•Future interventions to reduce stigma would benefit from a stronger theoretical underpinning in relation to stigma and the intersection with the social determinants.\ud
\ud
Summary\ud
Tuberculosis (TB)-related stigma is an important social determinant of health. Research generally highlights how stigma can have a considerable impact on individuals and communities, including delays in seeking health care and adherence to treatment. There is scant research into the assessment of TB-related stigma in low incidence countries. This study aimed to systematically map out the research into stigma. A particular emphasis was placed on the methods employed to measure stigma, the conceptual frameworks used to understand stigma, and whether structural factors were theorized. Twenty-two studies were identified; the majority adopted a qualitative approach and aimed to assess knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about TB. Few studies included stigma as a substantive topic. Only one study aimed to reduce stigma. A number of studies suggested that TB control measures and representations of migrants in the media reporting of TB were implicated in the production of stigma. The paucity of conceptual models and theories about how the social and structural determinants intersect with stigma was apparent. Future interventions to reduce stigma, and measurements of effectiveness, would benefit from a stronger theoretical underpinning in relation to TB stigma and the intersection between the social and structural determinants of health
Search for supersymmetry in electroweak production with photons and large missing transverse energy in pp collisions at √s = 8 TeV

© 2016 The Author.Results are reported from a search for supersymmetry with gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking in electroweak production. Final states with photons and large missing transverse energy ( ETmiss) were examined. The data sample was collected in pp collisions at √s=8TeV with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to 7.4fb-1. The analysis focuses on scenarios in which the lightest neutralino has bino- or wino-like components, resulting in decays to photons and gravitinos, where the gravitinos escape undetected. The data were obtained using a specially designed trigger with dedicated low thresholds, providing good sensitivity to signatures with photons, ETmiss, and low hadronic energy. No excess of events over the standard model expectation is observed. The results are interpreted using the model of general gauge mediation. With the wino mass fixed at 10GeV above that of the bino, wino masses below 710GeV are excluded at 95% confidence level. Constraints are also set in the context of two simplified models, for which the analysis sets the lowest cross section limits on the electroweak production of supersymmetric particles
Taurine increases hippocampal neurogenesis in aging mice.

Aging is associated with increased inflammation and reduced hippocampal neurogenesis, which may in turn contribute to cognitive impairment. Taurine is a free amino acid found in numerous diets, with anti-inflammatory properties. Although abundant in the young brain, the decrease in taurine concentration with age may underlie reduced neurogenesis. Here, we assessed the effect of taurine on hippocampal neurogenesis in middle-aged mice. We found that taurine increased cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus through the activation of quiescent stem cells, resulting in increased number of stem cells and intermediate neural progenitors. Taurine had a direct effect on stem/progenitor cells proliferation, as observed in vitro, and also reduced activated microglia. Furthermore, taurine increased the survival of newborn neurons, resulting in a net increase in adult neurogenesis. Together, these results show that taurine increases several steps of adult neurogenesis and support a beneficial role of taurine on hippocampal neurogenesis in the context of brain aging
A Horizon Scan of Global Conservation Issues for 2016

This paper presents the results of our seventh annual horizon scan, in which we aimed to identify issues that could have substantial effects on global biological diversity in the future, but are not currently widely well-known or understood within the conservation community. Fifteen issues were identified by a team that included researchers, practitioners, professional horizon scanners and journalists. The topics include use of managed bees as transporters of biological control agents, artificial superintelligence, electric pulse trawling, testosterone in the aquatic environment, building artificial oceanic islands, and the incorporation of ecological civilisation principles into government policies in China.This is an exercise of the Cambridge Conservation Initiative and was funded by the UK Natural Environment Research Council and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. We thank the large number of individuals who suggested issues or responded to questions. For suggesting issues that in some form are included in this paper we thank Jeremy Clifford (changing costs of energy storage and consumption models), Jason Dinsdale (increasing aquatic concentrations of testosterone), Annewieke Vroom (the idea on which ecological civilisation policies in China was based), Victoria Price (passive acoustic monitoring), Jean-Louis Ecochard (one of those who suggested artificial superintelligence) and Jennifer Wickens and Victoria Wickens (use of managed bees as vectors). Nibedita Mukherjee documented and made useful contributions to the meeting discussion. WJS is funded by Arcadia.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Elsevier via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2013.11.00