pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Charged particle multiplicities in heavy and light quark initiated events above the Z0 peak

AbstractWe have measured the mean charged particle multiplicities separately for bb̄, cc̄ and light quark (uū,dd̄,ss̄) initiated events produced in e+e− annihilations at LEP. The data were recorded with the OPAL detector at eleven different energies above the Z0 peak, corresponding to the full statistics collected at LEP1.5 and LEP2.The difference in mean charged particle multiplicities for bb̄ and light quark events, δbl, measured over this energy range is consistent with an energy independent behaviour, as predicted by QCD, but is inconsistent with the prediction of a more phenomenological approach which assumes that the multiplicity accompanying the decay of a heavy quark is independent of the quark mass itself. Our results, which can be combined into the single measurement δbl=3.44±0.40(stat)±0.89(syst) at a luminosity weighted average centre-of-mass energy of 195 GeV, are also consistent with an energy independent behaviour as extrapolated from lower energy data
Measurement of spin correlation between top and antitop quarks produced in pp¯ collisions at s=1.96 TeV

AbstractWe present a measurement of the correlation between the spins of t and t¯ quarks produced in proton–antiproton collisions at the Tevatron Collider at a center-of-mass energy of 1.96 TeV. We apply a matrix element technique to dilepton and single-lepton+jets final states in data accumulated with the D0 detector that correspond to an integrated luminosity of 9.7 fb−1. The measured value of the correlation coefficient in the off-diagonal basis, Ooff=0.89±0.22(stat+syst), is in agreement with the standard model prediction, and represents evidence for a top–antitop quark spin correlation difference from zero at a level of 4.2 standard deviations
Likelihood-based Imprecise Regression

AbstractWe introduce a new approach to regression with imprecisely observed data, combining likelihood inference with ideas from imprecise probability theory, and thereby taking different kinds of uncertainty into account. The approach is very general: it provides a uniform theoretical framework for regression analysis with imprecise data, where all kinds of relationships between the variables of interest may be considered and all types of imprecisely observed data are allowed.Furthermore, we propose a regression method based on this approach, where no parametric distributional assumption is needed and likelihood-based interval estimates of quantiles of the residuals distribution are used to identify a set of plausible descriptions of the relationship of interest. Thus, the proposed regression method is very robust and yields a set-valued result, whose extent is determined by the amounts of both kinds of uncertainty involved in the regression problem with imprecise data: statistical uncertainty and indetermination.In addition, we apply our robust regression method to an interesting question in the social sciences by analyzing data from a social survey. As result we obtain a large set of plausible relationships, reflecting the high uncertainty inherent in the analyzed data set
A Deformable Model for Magnetic Vortex Pinning

A two-parameter analytical model of the magnetic vortex in a thin disk of
soft magnetic material is constructed. The model is capable of describing the
change in evolution of net vortex state magnetization and of core position when
the vortex core interacts with a magnetic pinning site. The model employs a
piecewise, physically continuous, magnetization distribution obtained by the
merger of two extensively used one-parameter analytical models of the vortex
state in a disk. Through comparison to numerical simulations of ideal disks
with and without pinning sites, the model is found to accurately predict the
magnetization, vortex position, hysteretic transitions, and 2-D displacement of
the vortex in the presence of pinning sites. The model will be applicable to
the quantitative determination of vortex pinning energies from measurements of
magnetization.Comment: 27 pages, 7 figures, including supplementary information, ancillary
  files:3 supplementary movie
Integrability of generalised type II defects in affine Toda field theory

The Liouville integrability of the generalised type II defects is
investigated. Full integrability is not considered, only the existence of an
infinite number of conserved quantities associated with a system containing a
defect. For defects in affine Toda field theories (ATFTs) it is shown that
momentum conservation is very likely to be a necessary condition for
integrability. The defect Lax matrices which guarantee zero curvature, and so
an infinite number of conserved quantities, are calculated for the momentum
conserving Tzitz\'eica defect and the momentum conserving $D_4$ ATFT defect.
Some additional calculations pertaining to the $D_4$ defect are also carried
out to find a more complete set of defect potentials than has appeared
previously.Comment: 39 pages, 1 figure, reference adde
Structure of the harmonic oscillator in the space of          n-particle Glauber correlators

We map the Hilbert space of the quantum harmonic oscillator to the space of Glauber’s nth-order intensity correlators, in effect showing “the correlations between the correlators” for a random sampling of the quantum states. In particular, we show how the popular g(2) function is correlated to the mean population and how a recurrent criterion to identify single-particle states or emitters, namely, g(2)<1/2g(2)<1/2, actually identifies states with at most two particles on average. Our charting of the Hilbert space allows us to capture its structure in a simpler and physically more intuitive way that can be used to classify quantum sources by surveying which territory they can access
Tax Evasion and Coordination

We consider corporate tax evasion as a decision affecting business partners. There are costs of uncoordinated tax reports, both in terms of catching inspectors' attention and running accounts. If these costs are small, there exist a unique Nash equilibrium of the game between the tax authority and a population of heterogenous firms. In this equilibrium, the miscoordination costs enhance non-compliance if and only if more than 50% of the firms are cheating. This provides one rationale for developing countries to be cautious with employing refined auditing schemes and for developed countries to promote complicated accounting procedures.
The economics of early social stratification

We develop an endogenous fertility model of social stratification with two hereditary classes: a warrior elite and a peasantry. Our model shows that the extra cost warriors must incur to raise their children and to equip them for war is the key determinant of (1) the relative sizes of both classes and (2) the warriors' economic privileges in terms of income and consumption. Higher costs of warrior children imply greater economic privileges for warriors and a smaller ratio of warriors to peasants. Historical evidence confirms this prediction. Finally, we identify conditions under which the military function of warriors may legitimise their privileges.
Development of polymeric hollow fiber membranes containing catalytic metal nanoparticules

Metal nanoparticles (MNPs) have unique physico-chemical properties advantageous for catalytic applications which differ from bulk material. However, the main drawback of MNPs is their insufﬁcient stability due to a high trend for aggregation. To cope with this inconvenience, the stabilization of MNPs in polymeric matrices has been tested. This procedure is a promising strategy to maintain catalytic properties. The aim of this work is the synthesis of polymer-stabilized MNPs inside functionalized polymeric membranes in order to build catalytic membrane reactors. First, the polymeric support must have functional groups capable to retain nanoparticle precursors (i.e. sulfonic), then, nanoparticles can grow inside the polymeric matrix by chemical reduction of metal ions. Two different strategies have been used in this work. Firstly, polyethersulfone microﬁltration hollow ﬁbers have been modiﬁed by applying polyelectrolyte multilayers. Secondly, polysulfone ultraﬁltration membranes were modiﬁed by UV-photografting using sodium p-styrene sulfonate as a vinyl monomer. The catalytic performance of developed hollow ﬁbers has been evaluated by using the reduction of nitrophenol to aminophenol by sodium borohydride. Hollow ﬁber modules with Pd MNPs have been tested in dead-end and cross-ﬂow ﬁltration. Complete nitrophenol degradation is possible depending on operation parameters such as applied pressure and permeate ﬂux
Student and community perceptions about organ donors, non-donors and transplant recipients

Despite efforts to encourage organ donation, low organ donation rates in Australia and other Western nations do not meet the demand for transplantable organs. One influence on organ donation decision-making yet to be fully explored is that of prototype perceptions about organ donors, non-donors and transplant recipients. We conducted focus groups and interviews with 54 student and community participants to explore these perceptions of donors and non-donors in a living and posthumous context, as well as transplant recipients. Using content and thematic analysis, transcripts were analysed for consistently emerging themes. Donors were generally perceived positively as altruistic and giving and as ordinary people; however, some participants questioned the motives of living anonymous donors. Non-donors were commonly viewed negatively as self-absorbed and unaware, with living-related non-donors particularly perceived as cold-hearted and weak. Transplant recipients were generally viewed sympathetically (unfortunate and unwell); however, many participants also expressed negative views about transplant recipients as responsible for their predicament, depending upon the type of organ transplant needed. To encourage people's willingness to donate their organs, it is crucial to understand the extent to which these perceptions influence organ donation decisions.Full Tex
Speeding by young novice drivers: What can personal characteristics and psychosocial theory add to our understanding?

Purpose: Young novice drivers continue to be overrepresented in fatalities and injuries arising from crashes even with the introduction of countermeasures such as graduated driver licensing (GDL). Enhancing countermeasures requires a better understanding of the variables influencing risky driving. One of the most common risky behaviours performed by drivers of all ages is speeding, which is particularly risky for young novice drivers who, due to their driving inexperience, have difficulty in identifying and responding appropriately to road hazards. Psychosocial theory can improve our understanding of contributors to speeding, thereby informing countermeasure development and evaluation. This paper reports an application of Akers' social learning theory (SLT), augmented by Gerrard and Gibbons' prototype/willingness model (PWM), in addition to personal characteristics of age, gender, car ownership, and psychological traits/states of anxiety, depression, sensation seeking propensity and reward sensitivity, to examine the influences on self-reported speeding of young novice drivers with a Provisional (intermediate) licence in Queensland, Australia. Method: Young drivers (n = 378) recruited in 2010 for longitudinal research completed two surveys containing the Behaviour of Young Novice Drivers Scale, and reported their attitudes and behaviours as pre-Licence/Learner (Survey 1) and Provisional (Survey 2) drivers and their sociodemographic characteristics. Results: An Akers' measurement model was created. Hierarchical multiple regressions revealed that (1) personal characteristics (PC) explained 20.3%; (2) the combination of PC and SLT explained 41.1%; (3) the combination of PC, SLT and PWM explained 53.7% of variance in self-reported speeding. Whilst there appeared to be considerable shared variance, the significant predictors in the final model included gender, car ownership, reward sensitivity, depression, personal attitudes, and Learner speeding. Conclusions: These results highlight the capacity for psychosocial theory to improve our understanding of speeding by young novice drivers, revealing relationships between previous behaviour, attitudes, psychosocial characteristics and speeding. The findings suggest multi-faceted countermeasures should target the risky behaviour of Learners, and Learner supervisors should be encouraged to monitor their Learners' driving speed. Novice drivers should be discouraged from developing risky attitudes towards speeding.Full Tex
Quantum discord is Bohr’s notion of non-mechanical disturbance introduced to answer EPR

By rigorously formalizing the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) argument, and Bohr's reply, one can appreciate that both arguments were technically correct. Their opposed conclusions about the completeness of quantum mechanics hinged upon an explicit difference in their criteria for when a measurement on Alice's system can be regarded as not disturbing Bob's system. The EPR criteria allow their conclusion-incompleteness-to be reached by establishing the physical reality of just a single observable q (not of both q and its conjugate observable p), but I show that Bohr's definition of disturbance prevents the EPR chain of reasoning from establishing even this. Moreover, I show that Bohr's definition is intimately related to the asymmetric concept of quantum discord from quantum information theory: if and only if the joint state has no Alice-discord, she can measure any observable without disturbing (in Bohr's sense) Bob's system. Discord can be present even when systems are unentangled, and this has implications for our understanding of the historical development of notions of quantum nonlocality.Full Tex
Measurements of top-quark pair differential cross-sections in the lepton+jets channel in pp collisions at s√=13 TeV using the ATLAS detector

Measurements of differential cross-sections of top-quark pair production in fiducial phase-spaces are presented as a function of top-quark and tt¯ system kinematic observables in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of s√=13 TeV. The data set corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 3.2 fb−1, recorded in 2015 with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Events with exactly one electron or muon and at least two jets in the final state are used for the measurement. Two separate selections are applied that each focus on different top-quark momentum regions, referred to as resolved and boosted topologies of the tt¯ final state. The measured spectra are corrected for detector effects and are compared to several Monte Carlo simulations by means of calculated χ2 and p-values
Optimising the performance of the spectral/hp element method with collective linear algebra operations

This is the final version of the article. Available from Elsevier via the DOI in this record.As computing hardware evolves, increasing core counts mean that memory bandwidth is becoming the deciding factor in attaining peak performance of numerical methods. High-order finite element methods, such as those implemented in the spectral/hp framework Nektar++, are particularly well-suited to this environment. Unlike low-order methods that typically utilise sparse storage, matrices representing high-order operators have greater density and richer structure. In this paper, we show how these qualities can be exploited to increase runtime performance on nodes that comprise a typical high-performance computing system, by amalgamating the action of key operators on multiple elements into a single, memory-efficient block. We investigate different strategies for achieving optimal performance across a range of polynomial orders and element types. As these strategies all depend on external factors such as BLAS implementation and the geometry of interest, we present a technique for automatically selecting the most efficient strategy at runtime.We thank D. Ekelschot and M. Turner for their assistance in generating the mesh and parameters for the simulation of Section  6. We also thank F. Witherden for initial discussions motivating this study. This work was funded in part by support from the libHPC II EPSRC project under grant EP/K038788/1. DM additionally acknowledges support under the Laminar Flow Control Centre funded by Airbus/EADS and EPSRC under grant EP/I037946. SJS acknowledges Royal Academy of Engineering support under their research chair scheme. We thank the Imperial College High Performance Computing Service for computing time used to calculate the results seen in Section  6. We additionally acknowledge access to ARCHER with support from the UK Turbulence Consortium under EPSRC grant EP/L000261/1
Planck intermediate results: XXXIV. The magnetic field structure in the Rosette Nebula

Planck has mapped the polarized dust emission over the whole sky, making it possible to trace the Galactic magnetic field structure that pervades the interstellar medium (ISM). We combine polarization data from Planck with rotation measure (RM) observations towards a massive star-forming region, the Rosette Nebula in the Monoceros molecular cloud, to study its magnetic field structure and the impact of an expanding H ii region on the morphology of the field. We derive an analytical solution for the magnetic field, assumed to evolve from an initially uniform configuration following the expansion of ionized gas and the formation of a shell of swept-up ISM. From the RM data we estimate a mean value of the line-of-sight component of the magnetic field of about 3 Î¼G (towards the observer) in the Rosette Nebula, for a uniform electron density of about 12 cm-3. The dust shell that surrounds the Rosette H ii region is clearly observed in the Planck intensity map at 353 GHz, with a polarization signal significantly different from that of the local background when considered asa whole. The Planck observations constrain the plane-of-the-sky orientation of the magnetic field in the Rosette's parent molecular cloud to be mostly aligned with the large-scale field along the Galactic plane. The Planck data are compared with the analytical model, which predicts the mean polarization properties of a spherical and uniform dust shell for a given orientation of the field. This comparison leads to an upper limit of about 45Â° on the angle between the line of sight and the magnetic field in the Rosette complex, for an assumed intrinsic dust polarization fraction of 4%. This field direction can reproduce the RM values detected in the ionized region if the magnetic field strength in the Monoceros molecular cloud is in the range 6.5-9 Î¼G. The present analytical model is able to reproduce the RM distribution across the ionized nebula, as well as the mean dust polarization properties of the swept-up shell, and can be directly applied to other similar objects
Pig farmers' perceptions, attitudes, influences and management of information in the decision-making process for disease control

The objectives of this study were (1) to explore the factors involved in the decision-making process used by pig farmers for disease control and (2) to investigate pig farmers’ attitudes and perceptions about different information sources relating to disease control.\ud
In 2011 a qualitative study involving 20 face-to-face interviews with English pig farmers was conducted. The questionnaire was composed of three parts. The first part required farmers to identify two diseases they had experienced and which were difficult to recognize and/or control. They were asked to report how the disease problem was recognized, how the need for control was decided, and what affected the choice of control approach. For the latter, a structure related to the Theory of Planned Behaviour was used. Their verbal responses were classified as associated with: (1) attitude and beliefs, (2) subjective norms, or (3) perceived behavioural control (PBC). In the second part, five key sources of information for disease control and barriers to knowledge were investigated. Interviews were recorded and transcribed. A qualitative analysis of the text of the interview transcripts was carried out using templates. \ud
Drivers for disease control were ‘pig mortality’, ‘feeling of entering in an economically critical situation’, ‘animal welfare’ and ‘feeling of despair’. Veterinarians were perceived by several participating farmers, as the most trusted information sources on disease control. However, in particular non-sustainable situations, other producers, and especially experiences from abroad, seemed to considerably influence the farmers’ decision-making. ‘Lack of knowledge’, ‘farm structure and management barriers’ and ‘economic constrains’ were identified in relation to PBC. Several negative themes, such as ‘lack of communication’, ‘not knowing where to look’, and ‘information bias were associated with research from academia. \ud
This study identified a range of factors influencing the decision-making process for disease control by pig farmers. In addition, it highlighted the lack of awareness and difficult access of producers to current scientific research outputs. The factors identified should be considered when developing communication strategies to disseminate research findings and advice for disease control
Associated production of a Higgs boson at NNLO.

In this paper we present a Next-to-Next-to Leading Order (NNLO) calculation of the production of a Higgs boson in association with a massive vector boson. We include the decays of the unstable Higgs and vector bosons, resulting in a fully flexible parton-level Monte Carlo implementation. We also include all   O(α2s)  contributions that occur in production for these processes: those mediated by the exchange of a single off-shell vector boson in the s-channel, and those which arise from the coupling of the Higgs boson to a closed loop of fermions. We study final states of interest for Run II phenomenology, namely   H→bb¯¯ , γγ and WW ∗. The treatment of the   H→bb¯¯  decay includes QCD corrections at NLO. We use the recently developed N -jettiness regularization procedure, and study its viability in the presence of a large final-state phase space by studying pp → V (H → WW ∗) → leptons