pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Interneuronal Mechanism for Tinbergen’s Hierarchical Model of Behavioral Choice

SummaryRecent studies of behavioral choice support the notion that the decision to carry out one behavior rather than another depends on the reconfiguration of shared interneuronal networks [1]. We investigated another decision-making strategy, derived from the classical ethological literature [2, 3], which proposes that behavioral choice depends on competition between autonomous networks. According to this model, behavioral choice depends on inhibitory interactions between incompatible hierarchically organized behaviors. We provide evidence for this by investigating the interneuronal mechanisms mediating behavioral choice between two autonomous circuits that underlie whole-body withdrawal [4, 5] and feeding [6] in the pond snail Lymnaea. Whole-body withdrawal is a defensive reflex that is initiated by tactile contact with predators. As predicted by the hierarchical model, tactile stimuli that evoke whole-body withdrawal responses also inhibit ongoing feeding in the presence of feeding stimuli. By recording neurons from the feeding and withdrawal networks, we found no direct synaptic connections between the interneuronal and motoneuronal elements that generate the two behaviors. Instead, we discovered that behavioral choice depends on the interaction between two unique types of interneurons with asymmetrical synaptic connectivity that allows withdrawal to override feeding. One type of interneuron, the Pleuro-Buccal (PlB), is an extrinsic modulatory neuron of the feeding network that completely inhibits feeding when excited by touch-induced monosynaptic input from the second type of interneuron, Pedal-Dorsal12 (PeD12). PeD12 plays a critical role in behavioral choice by providing a synaptic pathway joining the two behavioral networks that underlies the competitive dominance of whole-body withdrawal over feeding
Proton hexality from an anomalous flavor U(1) and neutrino masses: Linking to the string scale

AbstractWe devise minimalistic gauged U(1)X Froggatt–Nielsen models which at low-energy give rise to the recently suggested discrete gauge Z6-symmetry, proton hexality, thus stabilizing the proton. Assuming three generations of right-handed neutrinos, with the proper choice of X-charges, we obtain viable neutrino masses. Furthermore, we find scenarios such that no X-charged hidden sector superfields are needed, which from a bottom–up perspective allows the calculation of gstring, gX and GSM's Kač–Moody levels. The only mass scale apart from Mgrav is msoft
Sequences of elliptical distributions and mixtures of normal distributions

AbstractTwo conditions are shown under which elliptical distributions are scale mixtures of normal distributions with respect to probability distributions. The issue of finding the mixing distribution function is also considered. As a unified theoretical framework, it is also shown that any scale mixture of normal distributions is always a term of a sequence of elliptical distributions, increasing in dimension, and that all the terms of this sequence are also scale mixtures of normal distributions sharing the same mixing distribution function. Some examples are shown as applications of these concepts, showing the way of finding the mixing distribution function
Meta-analysis of asthma-related hospitalization in mepolizumab studies of severe eosinophilic asthma

BackgroundStudies show that mepolizumab can reduce the frequency of clinically significant exacerbations in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma, compared with placebo. However, important events such as hospitalizations and emergency room visits are rare and difficult to characterize in single studies.ObjectiveWe sought to compare hospitalization or hospitalization and/or emergency room visit rates in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma treated with mepolizumab or placebo in addition to standard of care for at least 24 weeks.MethodsThis study was conducted and reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. PubMed and the GSK Clinical Study Register were searched for suitable studies. The primary end points were the rate of exacerbations requiring hospitalization and the rate of exacerbations requiring hospitalization/emergency room visit. The proportion of patients with 1 or more event was also assessed. All mepolizumab doses were combined and individual patient-level data were analyzed.ResultsFour studies (n = 1388) were eligible for inclusion. Mepolizumab significantly reduced the rate of exacerbations requiring hospitalization (relative rate, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.30-0.80; P = .004) and hospitalization/emergency room visit (relative rate, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.33-0.73; P < .001) versus placebo. Significant reductions of 45% and 38% were also observed for the proportion of patients experiencing 1 or more hospitalization and hospitalization and/or emergency room visit, respectively.ConclusionsMepolizumab approximately halved exacerbations requiring hospitalization and/or emergency room visits compared with placebo in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma. This treatment addresses a key outcome in a patient population with a high unmet need (GSK Study 204664)
A search for excited leptons in pp collisions at s=7 TeV

AbstractA search for excited leptons is carried out with the CMS detector at the LHC, using 36 pb−1 of pp collision data recorded at s=7 TeV. The search is performed for associated production of a lepton and an oppositely charged excited lepton pp→ℓℓ⁎, followed by the decay ℓ⁎→ℓγ, resulting in the ℓℓγ final state, where ℓ=e,μ. No excess of events above the standard model expectation is observed. Interpreting the findings in the context of ℓ⁎ production through four-fermion contact interactions and subsequent decay via electroweak processes, first upper limits are reported for ℓ⁎ production at this collision energy. The exclusion region in the compositeness scale Λ and excited lepton mass Mℓ⁎ parameter space is extended beyond previously established limits. For Λ=Mℓ⁎, excited lepton masses are excluded below 1070 GeV/c2 for e⁎ and 1090 GeV/c2 for μ⁎ at the 95% confidence level
ϒ(nS) polarizations versus particle multiplicity in pp collisions at s=7 TeV

AbstractThe polarizations of the ϒ(1S), ϒ(2S), and ϒ(3S) mesons are measured as a function of the charged particle multiplicity in proton–proton collisions at s=7 TeV. The measurements are performed with a dimuon data sample collected in 2011 by the CMS experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.9 fb−1. The results are extracted from the dimuon decay angular distributions, in two ranges of ϒ(nS) transverse momentum (10–15 and 15–35 GeV), and in the rapidity interval |y|<1.2. The results do not show significant changes from low- to high-multiplicity pp collisions, although large uncertainties preclude definite statements in the ϒ(2S) and ϒ(3S) cases
Polymorphism in dhfr/dhps genes, parasite density and ex vivo response to pyrimethamine in Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites in Thies, Senegal

AbstractResistance to sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine (SP) in Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites is associated with mutations in the dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) and dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) genes, and these mutations have spread resistance worldwide. SP, used for several years in Senegal, has been recommended for intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in pregnancy (IPTp) and has been widely implemented since 2003 in this country. There is currently limited data on SP resistance from molecular marker genotyping, and no data on pyrimethamine ex vivo sensitivity in Senegal. Molecular markers of SP resistance and pyrimethamine ex vivo sensitivity were investigated in 416 parasite samples collected from the general population, from the Thies region between 2003 and 2011. The prevalence of the N51I/C59R/S108N triple mutation in dhfr increased from 40% in 2003 to 93% in 2011. Furthermore, the prevalence of the dhfr N51I/C59R/S108N and dhps A437G quadruple mutation increased, from 20% to 66% over the same time frame, then down to 44% by 2011. There was a significant increase in the prevalence of the dhfr triple mutation, as well as an association between dhfr genotypes and pyrimethamine response. Conversely, dhps mutations in codons 436 and 437 did not show consistent variation between 2003 and 2011. These findings suggest that regular screening for molecular markers of antifolate resistance and ex vivo drug response monitoring should be incorporated with ongoing in vivo efficacy monitoring in areas where IPTp-SP is implemented and where pyrimethamine and sulfa drugs are still widely administered in the general population
Measurement of CP observables in B±→DK± and B±→Dπ± with two- and four-body D decays

AbstractMeasurements of CP observables in B±→DK± and B±→Dπ± decays are presented where the D meson is reconstructed in the final states K±π∓, π±K∓, K+K−, π+π−, K±π∓π+π−, π±K∓π+π− and π+π−π+π−. This analysis uses a sample of charged B mesons from pp collisions collected by the LHCb experiment in 2011 and 2012, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.0 fb−1. Various CP-violating effects are reported and together these measurements provide important input for the determination of the unitarity triangle angle γ. The analysis of the four-pion D decay mode is the first of its kind
Tissue Crowding Induces Caspase-Dependent Competition for Space

SummaryRegulation of tissue size requires fine tuning at the single-cell level of proliferation rate, cell volume, and cell death. Whereas the adjustment of proliferation and growth has been widely studied [1–5], the contribution of cell death and its adjustment to tissue-scale parameters have been so far much less explored. Recently, it was shown that epithelial cells could be eliminated by live-cell delamination in response to an increase of cell density [6]. Cell delamination was supposed to occur independently of caspase activation and was suggested to be based on a gradual and spontaneous disappearance of junctions in the delaminating cells [6]. Studying the elimination of cells in the midline region of the Drosophila pupal notum, we found that, contrary to what was suggested before, Caspase 3 activation precedes and is required for cell delamination. Yet, using particle image velocimetry, genetics, and laser-induced perturbations, we confirmed [6] that local tissue crowding is necessary and sufficient to drive cell elimination and that cell elimination is independent of known fitness-dependent competition pathways [7–9]. Accordingly, activation of the oncogene Ras in clones was sufficient to compress the neighboring tissue and eliminate cells up to several cell diameters away from the clones. Mechanical stress has been previously proposed to contribute to cell competition [10, 11]. These results provide the first experimental evidences that crowding-induced death could be an alternative mode of super-competition, namely mechanical super-competition, independent of known fitness markers [7–9], that could promote tumor growth
Observation of the Λb0→Λϕ decay

AbstractThe Λb0→Λϕ decay is observed using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.0 fb−1 recorded by the LHCb experiment. The decay proceeds at leading order via a b→ss‾s loop transition and is therefore sensitive to the possible presence of particles beyond the Standard Model. A first observation is reported with a significance of 5.9 standard deviations. The value of the branching fraction is measured to be (5.18±1.04±0.35−0.62+0.67)×10−6, where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second is systematic, and the third is related to external inputs. Triple-product asymmetries are measured to be consistent with zero
Addendum to “Leptogenesis in an SU(5)×A5 golden ratio flavour model” [Nucl. Phys. B 896 (2015) 311–329]

AbstractWe derive and discuss the solution of the Boltzmann equations for leptogenesis in a phenomenologically viable SU(5)×A5 golden ratio flavour model proposed in [1,2]. The model employs, in particular, the seesaw mechanism of neutrino mass generation. We find that the results on the baryon asymmetry of the Universe, obtained earlier in [2] using approximate analytic expressions for the relevant CP violating asymmetry and efficiency factors, are correct, as was expected, up to 20–30%. The phenomenological predictions for the low energy neutrino observables, derived using values of the parameters of the model for which we reproduce the observed value of the baryon asymmetry, change little with respect to those presented in [2]. Among the many predictions of the model we find, for instance, that the neutrinoless double beta decay effective Majorana mass mee lies between 3.3 meV and 14.3 meV
Massive relativistic free fields with Lorentz spins and electric charges

AbstractThe sixteen real coordinates of two-twistor space are transformed by a nonlinear mapping into an enlarged space–time framework. The standard relativistic phase space of coordinates (Xμ,Pμ) is supplemented by a six-parameter spin phase manifold (two pairs (ηα,σα) and (η̄α̇,σ̄α̇) of canonically conjugated Weyl spinors constrained by two second class constraints) and the electric charge phase space (e,φ). The free two-twistor classical mechanics is rewritten in this enlarged relativistic phase space as a model for a relativistic particle. Definite values for the mass, spin and the electric charge of the particle are introduced by means of three first class constraints
The Process of Acetonitrile Synthesis over γ-Al2O3 Promoted by Phosphoric Acid Catalysts

AbstractThe influence of principal parameters (reaction temperature, ratio of acetic acid and ammonia, composition of reactionary mixture and promotion of catalysts) on the selectivity and yield of the desired product was studied in the reaction of catalytic acetonitrile synthesis by ammonolysis of acetic acid. The processing of γ-Al2O3 by phosphoric acid increases amount of the centers, on which carries out reaction of acetamide dehydration. The kinetic model of a limiting stage of reaction – the acetamide dehydration to acetonitrile was suggested. In the process of ammonolysis of acetic acid it was demonstrated that the use of catalysts promoted by phosphoric acid and ratio NH3:CH3COOH=(3-4):1 at temperatures of a reactor 360-390°С leads to the increase of acetonitrile productivity to 0.7-0.8g/cm3·h and allows to minimize formation of by-products
The Taipan Galaxy Survey: Scientific Goals and Observing Strategy

Taipan is a multi-object spectroscopic galaxy survey starting in 2017 that
will cover 2pi steradians over the southern sky, and obtain optical spectra for
about two million galaxies out to z<0.4. Taipan will use the newly-refurbished
1.2m UK Schmidt Telescope at Siding Spring Observatory with the new TAIPAN
instrument, which includes an innovative 'Starbugs' positioning system capable
of rapidly and simultaneously deploying up to 150 spectroscopic fibres (and up
to 300 with a proposed upgrade) over the 6-deg diameter focal plane, and a
purpose-built spectrograph operating from 370 to 870nm with resolving power
R>2000. The main scientific goals of Taipan are: (i) to measure the distance
scale of the Universe (primarily governed by the local expansion rate, H_0) to
1% precision, and the structure growth rate of structure to 5%; (ii) to make
the most extensive map yet constructed of the mass distribution and motions in
the local Universe, using peculiar velocities based on improved Fundamental
Plane distances, which will enable sensitive tests of gravitational physics;
and (iii) to deliver a legacy sample of low-redshift galaxies as a unique
laboratory for studying galaxy evolution as a function of mass and environment.
The final survey, which will be completed within 5 years, will consist of a
complete magnitude-limited sample (i<17) of about 1.2x10^6 galaxies,
supplemented by an extension to higher redshifts and fainter magnitudes
(i<18.1) of a luminous red galaxy sample of about 0.8x10^6 galaxies.
Observations and data processing will be carried out remotely and in a
fully-automated way, using a purpose-built automated 'virtual observer'
software and an automated data reduction pipeline. The Taipan survey is
deliberately designed to maximise its legacy value, by complementing and
enhancing current and planned surveys of the southern sky at wavelengths from
the optical to the radio.Comment: Published in PASA; 29 pages, 17 figures, 2 table
Impact perforation of polymer-metal laminates: projectile nose shape sensitivity

Recent research has established that polymer–metal laminates are able to provide enhanced impact perforation resistance compared to monolithic metallic plates of the same mass. A number of mechanisms have been proposed to explain this benefit, including the dissipation of energy within the polymer itself, and the polymer deformation enhancing dissipation within the metallic layer. This understanding of the layer interactions and synergies informs the optimisation of the laminate. However, the effect of the nose shape geometry of the projectile on perforation resistance of a particular laminate configuration has not been established. An optimal laminate configuration for one projectile may be sub-optimal for another. This investigation aims to clarify this nose shape sensitivity for both the quasi-static and impact perforation resistance of light-weight polymer–metal laminates. Bi-layer plates are investigated, with a polyethylene layer positioned on either the impacted or distal face of a thin aluminium alloy substrate. Three contrasting nose shapes are considered: blunt, hemi-spherical and conical. These have been shown to induce distinctly different deformation and fracture modes when impacting monolithic metallic targets. For all projectile nose shapes, placing a polyethylene layer on the impacted (rather than distal) face of the bi-layer plate results in an increase in perforation resistance compared to the bare substrate, by promoting plastic deformation in the metal backing. However, the effectiveness of the polymer in enhancing perforation resistance is sensitive to both the thickness of the polymer layer and the nose shape of the projectile. For a thin polyethylene layer placed on the impacted face, the perforation resistance is greatest for the blunt projectile, followed by the hemi-spherical and conical nose geometries. As the thickness of the polymer facing layer approaches the projectile radius, there is a convergence in both failure mode and perforation energy for all three nose shapes. Bi-layer targets can outperform monolithic metallic targets on an equal mass basis, though this is sensitive to the type of polyethylene used, the polymer layer thickness and the projectile nose shape. The greatest benefit of bi-layer construction (on an equal mass basis) is seen for blunt projectiles, using a polyethylene that maintains a high degree of strain hardening at high strain rates (i.e. UHMWPE), and a polymer thickness just sufficient to switch the failure mode in the metal layer from discing (failure at the projectile perimeter) to tensile failure at the plate centre
The effect of tissue surface modification with collagenase and addition of TGF-beta3 on the healing potential of meniscal tears repaired with tissue glues in vitro.

Contains fulltext :
                  173936.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)The aim of the current in vitro study was to investigate if tissue surface modification with collagenase and addition of the TGF-beta3 can increase the number of cells present in meniscus tears repaired with the use of newly developed tissue adhesives based on isocyanate-terminated block copolymers. Cylindrical explants were harvested from the inner part of bovine menisci. To simulate a full-thickness tear, the central core of the explants was removed and glued back into the defect, with or without incubation in collagenase solution prior to gluing. The repair constructs were then cultured with or without addition of TGF-beta3, and assessed for their histological appearance. The histological staining of the constructs confirmed that both developed adhesives were not cytotoxic. After 28 days, meniscus cells were present in direct contact with the glues. The addition of TGF-beta3 to the culture medium resulted in the presence of cells that formed a sheath inside the simulated tear and in increased cell numbers at the edges of annulus of the explants. In the group in which the tissue was incubated in collagenase and cultured in medium containing TGF-beta3, thicker layers of cells were observed. These results suggest that repairing the torn meniscus with tissue adhesives after pre-treatment of the tissue with collagenase and stimulation with TGF-beta3 is a very promising treatment method, especially when treating the inner avascular part of the meniscus. Nevertheless, longer-term in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to confirm the beneficial effects of this combination therapy.1 januari 201
Measurement of the cross section ratio σttbb/σttjj in pp collisions at √s=8 TeV

The first measurement of the cross section ratio σttbb/σttjj is presented using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.6 fb-1 collected in pp collisions at √s = 8 TeV with the CMS detector at the LHC. Events with two leptons (e or μ) and four reconstructed jets, including two identified as b quark jets, in the final state are selected. The ratio is determined for a minimum jet transverse momentum pT of both 20 and 40 GeV/c. The measured ratio is 0.022±0.003(stat)±0.005(syst) for pT>20GeV/c. The absolute cross sections σttbb and σttjj are also measured. The measured ratio for pT>40GeV/c is compatible with a theoretical quantum chromodynamics calculation at next-to-leading order. © 2015 CERN for the benefit of the CMS Collaboration.The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey, and Turkish Atomic Energy Authorit
Search for the production of dark matter in association with top-quark pairs in the single-lepton final state in proton-proton collisions at √S= 8TeV

A search is presented for particle dark matter produced in association with a pair of top quarks in pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of √S= 8TeV. The data were collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb−1. This search requires the presence of one lepton, multiple jets, and large missing transverse energy. No excess of events is found above the SM expectation, and upper limits are derived on the production cross section. Interpreting the findings in the context of a scalar contact interaction between fermionic dark matter particles and top quarks, lower limits on the interaction scale are set. These limits are also interpreted in terms of the dark matter-nucleon scattering cross sections for the spin-independent scalar operator and they complement direct searches for dark matter particles in the low mass region. © 2015, The Author(s).The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey, and Turkish Atomic Energy Authorit