X-ray imaging of the chest in Switzerland in 1998: a nationwide survey

The use in Switzerland of three chest X-ray imaging modalities is studied. The frequency and dosimetric aspects associated with chest radiography, chest CT, and photofluorography are investigated and the Swiss figures are compared with those of other countries. The frequencies are established by means of a nationwide survey performed in 1998, whereas the doses are determined by modelling, based on the technical parameters of the examinations. The annual frequencies of chest radiography, chest CT, and photofluorography are 201, 7, and 7 per thousand population, respectively. The standard effective doses related to these three types of examinations are 0.057, 9, and 0.13 mSv, respectively. The collective dose associated with chest X-ray imaging amounts to 606 man.Sv, representing 8.5% of the total collective dose due to diagnostic and interventional radiology. The geographic and seasonal variations, as well as the distribution with the medical specialty and with the age of the patient, are established. The Swiss results compare well with the average data published in the literature for other countries of similar health care level. Chest radiography shows a significant decrease with time. It dropped by a factor of 2 in 20 years. The conformity of the indication of chest X-ray modalities with referral guidelines is also investigated. [Authors]]]></dc:description>
   <dc:subject>Health Care Surveys ;  Photofluorography ;  Radiography, Thoracic ;  Tomography, X-Ray Computed</dc:subject>
   <dc:language>eng</dc:language>
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   <dc:title>Toxicokinetics of captan and folpet biomarkers in orally exposed volunteers</dc:title>
   <dc:identifier>info:doi:10.1002/jat.1653</dc:identifier>
   <dc:relation>info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1002/jat.1653</dc:relation>
   <dc:relation>info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pmid/21381057</dc:relation>
   <dc:creator>Berthet, Aurélie</dc:creator>
   <dc:creator>Bouchard, Michèle</dc:creator>
   <dc:creator>Danuser, Brigitta</dc:creator>
   <dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
   <dc:type>article</dc:type>
   <dc:date>2012</dc:date>
   <dc:source>Journal of Applied Toxicology, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 194-201</dc:source>
   <dc:relation>info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1099-1263</dc:relation>
   <dc:identifier>urn:issn:0260-437X</dc:identifier>
   <dc:description><![CDATA[The time courses of key biomarkers of exposure to captan and folpet was assessed in accessible biological matrices of orally exposed volunteers. Ten volunteers ingested 1 mg kg(-1) body weight of captan or folpet. Blood samples were withdrawn at fixed time periods over the 72 h following ingestion and complete urine voids were collected over 96 h post-dosing. The tetrahydrophthalimide (THPI) metabolite of captan along with the phthalimide (PI) and phthalic acid metabolites of folpet were then quantified in these samples. Plasma levels of THPI and PI increased progressively after ingestion, reaching peak values ~10 and 6 h post-dosing, respectively; subsequent elimination phase appeared monophasic with a mean elimination half-life (t(½) ) of 15.7 and 31.5 h, respectively. In urine, elimination rate time courses of PI and phthalic acid evolved in parallel, with respective t(½) of 27.3 and 27.6 h; relatively faster elimination was found for THPI, with mean t(½) of 11.7 h. However, phthalic acid was present in urine in 1000-fold higher amounts than PI. In the 96 h period post-treatment, on average 25% of folpet dose was excreted in urine as phthalic acid as compared with only 0.02% as PI. The corresponding value for THPI was 3.5%. Overall, THPI and PI appear as interesting biomarkers of recent exposure, with relatively short half-lives; their sensitivity to assess exposure in field studies should be further verified. Although not a metabolite specific to folpet, the concomitant use of phthalic acid as a major biomarker of exposure to folpet should also be considered. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd