pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
A framework and computer system for knowledge-level acquisition, representation, and reasoning with process knowledge

The development of knowledge-based systems is usually approached through the combined skills of software and knowledge engineers (SEs and KEs, respectively) and of subject matter experts (SMEs). One of the most critical steps in this task aims at transferring knowledge from SMEs’ expertise to formal, machine-readable representations, which allow systems to reason with such knowledge. However, this process is costly and error prone. Alleviating such knowledge acquisition bottleneck requires enabling SMEs with the means to produce the target knowledge representations, minimizing the intervention of KEs. This is especially difficult in the case of complex knowledge types like processes. The analysis of scientific domains like Biology, Chemistry, and Physics uncovers: (i) that process knowledge is the single most frequent type of knowledge occurring in such domains and (ii) specific solutions need to be devised in order to allow SMEs to represent it in a computational form. We present a framework and computer system for the acquisition and representation of process knowledge in scientific domains by SMEs. We propose methods and techniques to enable SMEs to acquire process knowledge from the domains, to formally represent it, and to reason about it. We have developed an abstract process metamodel and a library of problem solving methods (PSMs), which support these tasks, respectively providing the terminology for SME-tailored process diagrams and an abstract formalization of the strategies needed for reasoning about processes. We have implemented this approach as part of the DarkMatter system and formally evaluated it in the context of the intermediate evaluation of Project Halo, an initiative aiming at the creation of question answering systems by SMEs
Flow regime patterns and their controlling factors in the Ebro basin (Spain)

Natural intra-annual ﬂow ﬂuctuations vary between rivers, being a determining factor for aquatic insects, ﬁsh and riparian communities which are adapted to the habitat conditions and different ﬂows throughout the seasons. Moreover, restoration of seasonal ﬂow patterns plays an important role in achieving good ecological status of rivers, through the preservation and/or recovery of components and processes of natural river ecosystems. In this work we: (a) classify ﬂuvial segments in the Ebro basin (North-Eastern Spain) according to the intra-annual variability of ﬂows under natural conditions using statistical cluster analysis of monthly mean ﬂow data; (b) characterise the resulting ﬂow typologies according to several ecologically important hydrological variables; (c) analyse the relationships between ﬂow regimes of ﬂuvial segments and physical variables from their catchments; and ﬁnally (d) predict the most probable natural ﬂow regime using logistic models based on the most determinant physical characteristics. Fifteen natural ﬂow typologies were described in the Ebro basin, which were characterised in terms of ﬂow ﬂuctuation through the year as well as timing, ﬂow ratio and duration of the maximum and minimum ﬂows. Precipitation, biogeography and geology of catchments showed the highest correlations with ﬂow regimes. Basin size, mean elevation and slope were also correlated. The logistic model we developed had a prediction success of 72% in the Ebro basin. The deﬁnition of the natural hydrological conditions (to which the biological communities are tailored), even when ﬂow data are not available, is an important support in the management of river ecosystems. It is especially suitable for setting goals in aquatic ecosystem conservation or restoration projects
Relationship among research collaboration, number of documents and number of citations. A case study in Spanish computer science production in 2000-2009.

This paper analyzes the relationship among research collaboration, number of documents and number of citations of computer science research activity. It analyzes the number of documents and citations and how they vary by number of authors. They are also analyzed (according to author set cardinality) under different circumstances, that is, when documents are written in different types of collaboration, when documents are published in different document types, when documents are published in different computer science subdisciplines, and, finally, when documents are published by journals with different impact factor quartiles. To investigate the above relationships, this paper analyzes the publications listed in the Web of Science and produced by active Spanish university professors between 2000 and 2009, working in the computer science field. Analyzing all documents, we show that the highest percentage of documents are published by three authors, whereas single-authored documents account for the lowest percentage. By number of citations, there is no positive association between the author cardinality and citation impact. Statistical tests show that documents written by two authors receive more citations per document and year than documents published by more authors. In contrast, results do not show statistically significant differences between documents published by two authors and one author. The research findings suggest that international collaboration results on average in publications with higher citation rates than national and institutional collaborations. We also find differences regarding citation rates between journals and conferences, across different computer science subdisciplines and journal quartiles as expected. Finally, our impression is that the collaborative level (number of authors per document) will increase in the coming years, and documents published by three or four authors will be the trend in computer science literature
Lattice sites of ion-implanted Li in diamond

Published in: Appl. Phys. Lett. 66 (1995) 2733-2735 
citations recorded in [Science Citation Index]
Abstract: Radioactive Li ions were implanted into natural IIa diamonds at temperatures between 100 K and 900 K. Emission channelling patterns of a-particles emitted in the nuclear decay of 8Li (t1/2 = 838 ms) were measured and, from a comparison with calculated emission channelling and blocking effects from Monte Carlo simulations, the lattice sites taken up by the Li ions were quantitatively determined. A fraction of 40(5)% of the implanted Li ions were found to be located on tetrahedral interstitial lattice sites, and 17(5)% on substitutional sites. The fractions of implanted Li on the two lattice sites showed no change with temperature, indicating that Li diffusion does not take place within the time window of our measurements.
Towards a high-resolution numerical strategy based on separated representations

Many models in Science and Engineering are defined in spaces (the so-called conformation spaces) of high dimensionality. In kinetic theory, for instance, the micro scale of a fluid evolves in a space whose number of dimensions is much higher than the usual physical space (two or three). Models defined in such a framework suffer from the curse of dimensionality, since the complexity of the problem growths exponentially with the number of dimensions. This curse of dimensionality makes this class of problems nearly intractable if we perform a standard discretization, say, with finite element methods, for instance. Problems defined in two or three-dimensional spaces, but densely discretized along each spatial dimension are also hardly tractable by finite element methods. In this paper we present some recent results concerning a method based on the method of separation of variables, originally developed in [1]. We focus on an efficient imposition of essential non-homogeneous boundary conditions and the treatment of problems with a very high number of degrees of freedom
Potential fatigue strength improvement of AA 5083-H111 notched parts by wire brush hammering: Experimental analysis and numerical simulation

The effects of milling as machining process and a post-machining treatment by wire-brush hammering, on the near surface layer characteristics of AA 5083-H111 were investigated. Surface texture, work-hardening and residual stress profiles were determined by roughness measurement, scanning electron microscope (SEM) examinations, microhardness and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. The effects of surface preparation on the fatigue strength were assessed by bending fatigue tests performed on notched samples for two loading stress ratios R0.1 and R0.5. It is found that the bending fatigue limit at R0.1 and 107 cycles is 20% increased, with respect to the machined surface, by wire-brush hammering. This improvement was discussed on the basis of the role of surface topography, stabilized residual stress and work-hardening on the fatigue-crack network nucleation and growth. The effects biaxial residual stress field and surface work-hardening were taken into account in the finite element model. A multi-axial fatigue criterion was proposed to predict the fatigue strength of aluminum alloy notched parts for both machined and treated states
Square wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry of nickel and cobalt at wall-jet electrodes in continuous flow

Square wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry (SWAdSV) of nickel and cobalt at wall-jet electrodes in a continuous flow system has been evaluated. Characteristics and advantages relative to differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry (DPAdSV) in continuous flow systems are explored. Under optimized experimental conditions, sensitivity is approximately a factor of ten higher than DPAdSV, and one-nanomolar detection limits are achieved. Solution deoxygenation is unnecessary and sample throughput is increased.http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.114008121
An Interactive Method for 0-1 Multiobjective Problems Using Simulated Annealing and Tabu Search

This paper presents an interactive method for solving general 0-1 multiobjective linear programs using Simulated Annealing and Tabu Search. The interactive protocol with the decision maker is based on the specification of reservation levels for the objective function values. These reservation levels narrow the scope of the search in each interaction in order to identify regions of major interest to the decision maker. Metaheuristic approaches are used to generate potentially nondominated solutions in the computational phases. Generic versions of Simulated Annealing and Tabu Search for 0-1 single objective linear problems were developed which include a general routine for repairing unfeasible solutions. This routine improves significantly the results of single objective problems and, consequently, the quality of the potentially nondominated solutions generated for the multiobjective problems. Computational results and examples are presented.http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:100968661661
Study of a colliding laser-produced plasma by analysis of time and space-resolved image spectra

The interaction of two counter-propagating laser-produced plasmas was studied using simultaneous\ud
imaging and spectroscopic techniques. Spectrally-filtered time-gated ICCD imaging was used\ud
to obtain information about the spatial dynamics and temporal evolution of the collision process.\ud
While, time-resolved imaging spectroscopy was used to determine the spatial and temporal distributions\ud
of electron temperature and density within the interaction region. We examine specifically\ud
the interaction of plasmas whose parameters match those typically used in pulsed laser deposition\ud
of thin films. These low temperature plasmas are highly collisional leading to the creation of a\ud
pronounced stagnation layer in the interaction region
Determinants of capital structure in Irish SMEs

This paper presents an empirical examination of firm characteristic determinants of the capital structure of a sample of 299 Irish small and medium sized firms (SMEs). Hypotheses formulated from pecking order and agency theories incorporating a financial growth life cycle approach are tested on a number of multivariate regression models. Results suggest that age, size, level of intangible activity, ownership structure and the provision of collateral are important determinants of the capital structure in SMEs. A generalization of Zellner's (1962) Seemingly Unrelated Regression approach (SUR) is used to examine industry effects and to test the stability of parameter estimates across sectors. Results suggest that the influence of age, size, ownership structure and provision of collateral is similar across industry sectors, indicating the universal effect of information asymmetries. Firms overcome the lack of adequate collateralizable firm assets in two ways; by providing personal assets as collateral for business debt, and by employing additional external equity to finance research and development projects
Development of miniature all-solid-state potentiometric sensing system

A procedure for the development of a pen-like, multi-electrode potentiometric sensing platform is described. The platform comprises a seven-in-one electrode incorporating all-solid-state ion-selective and reference electrodes based on the conductive polymer (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)) as an intermediate layer between the contacts and ion-selective membranes. The ion-selective electrodes are based on traditional, ionophore-based membranes, while the reference electrode is based on a polymer membrane doped with the lipophilic salt tetrabutyl ammonium tetrabutyl borate (TBA-TBB). The electrodes, controlled with a multichannel detector system, were used for simultaneous determination of the concentration of Pb2+ and pH in environmental water samples. The results obtained using pH-selective electrodes were compared with data obtained using a conventional pH meter and the average percent difference was 0.3%. Furthermore, the sensing system was successfully used for lead-speciation analysis in environmental water samples
Metallic tube type energy absorbers: a synopsis

This paper presents an overview of energy absorbers in the form of tubes in which the material used is predominantly mild steel and/or aluminium. A brief summary is also made of frusta type energy absorbers. The common modes of deformation such as lateral and axial compression, indentation and inversion are reviewed. Theoretical, numerical and experimental methods which help to understand the behaviour of such devices under various loading conditions are outlined. Although other forms of energy absorbing materials and structures exist such as composites and honeycombs, this is deemed outside the scope of this review. However, a brief description will be given on these materials. It is hoped that this work will provide a useful platform for researchers and design engineers to gain a useful insight into the progress made over the last few decades in the field of tube type energy absorbers
An investigation of software development process terminology

The practice of software development has evolved considerably in recent decades, with new programming technologies, the affordability of hardware, pervasive internet access and mobile computing all contributing to the emergence of new software development processes. The newer process initiatives, which include those which are sometimes referred to as agile or lean methods, have brought with them new terms, which sometimes reflect the introduction of novel concepts. Other times, new terms correspond to long established concepts that have been repackaged. The net position is that we have a proliferation of language and term usage in the software development process domain, a problem which has implications for assessors and assessment frameworks, and for the broader community. In this paper, we explore this problem, finding that it is worthy of further research. Plus, we identify a technique suited to addressing this concern: the establishment of a canonical software process ontological model
Interventions and Causality in Quantum Mechanics

I argue that the Causal Markov Condition (CMC) is in principle applicable to the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) correlations. This is in line with my defence in the past of the applicability of the Principle of Common Cause to quantum mechanics. I first review a contrary claim by Dan Hausman and Jim Woodward, who endeavour to preserve the CMC against a possible counterexample by asserting that the conditions for the application of the CMC are not met in the EPR experiment. In their view the CMC is inapplicable to the EPR correlations – i.e. it neither obtains nor fails. The view is grounded upon the non-separability of the quantum state, and the consequent unavailability of interventions. I urge that whether interventions are available in EPR – and why – is a complex and contextual question that does not have a unique or uniform answer. Instead, I argue that different combinations of causal hypotheses under test, and different interpretations of quantum mechanics, will yield different answers to the question
One-step reduced kinetics for lean hydrogen–air deflagration

A short mechanism consisting of seven elementary reactions, of which only three are reversible, is shown\ud
to provide good predictions of hydrogen–air lean-flame burning velocities. This mechanism is further\ud
simplified by noting that over a range of conditions of practical interest, near the lean flammability\ud
limit all reaction intermediaries have small concentrations in the important thin reaction zone that\ud
controls the hydrogen–air laminar burning velocity and therefore follow a steady state approximation,\ud
while the main species react according to the global irreversible reaction 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O. An\ud
explicit expression for the non-Arrhenius rate of this one-step overall reaction for hydrogen oxidation\ud
is derived from the seven-step detailed mechanism, for application near the flammability limit. The\ud
one-step results are used to calculate flammability limits and burning velocities of planar deflagrations.\ud
Furthermore, implications concerning radical profiles in the deflagration and reasons for the success\ud
of the approximations are clarified. It is also demonstrated that adding only two irreversible direct\ud
recombination steps to the seven-step mechanism accurately reproduces burning velocities of the full\ud
detailed mechanism for all equivalence ratios at normal atmospheric conditions and that an eight-step\ud
detailed mechanism, constructed from the seven-step mechanism by adding to it the fourth reversible\ud
shuffle reaction, improves predictions of O and OH profiles. The new reduced-chemistry descriptions can\ud
be useful for both analytical and computational studies of lean hydrogen–air flames, decreasing required\ud
computation times
Aluminum nitride for heatspreading in RF IC&#8217;s

To reduce the electrothermal instabilities in silicon-on-glass high-frequency bipolar devices, the integration of thin-film aluminum nitride as a heatspreader is studied. The AlN is deposited by reactive sputtering and this material is shown to fulfill all the requirements for actively draining heat from RF IC’s, i.e., it has good process compatibility, sufficiently high thermal conductivity and good electrical isolation also at high frequencies. The residual stress and the piezoelectric character of the material, both of which can be detrimental for the present application, are minimized by a suitable choice of deposition conditions including variable biasing of the substrate in a multistep deposition cycle. Films of AlN as thick as 4 lm are successfully integrated in RF silicon-on-glass bipolar junction transistors that display a reduction of more than 70% in the value of the thermal resistance
InAs Quantum Dot Formation Studied at the Atomic Scale\ud
by Cross-sectional Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy

Self-assembled quantum dots (QDs) have attracted much attention in the last years. These nanostructures are very interesting from a scientifi c point of view because they form nearly ideal zero-dimensional systems in which quantum confi nement effects become very important. These unique properties also make them very interesting from a technological point of view. For example, InAs QDs are employed in QD lasers, single electron transistors, midinfrared detectors, single-photon sources, etc. InAs QDs are commonly created by the Stranski–Krastanov growth mode when InAs is deposited on a substrate with a bigger lattice constant, like GaAs or InP [10] . Above a certain critical thickness of InAs, three-dimensional islands are spontaneously formed on top of a wetting layer (WL) to reduce the strain energy. Once created, the QDs are subsequently capped, a step which is required for any device application. Self-assembled quantum dots (QDs) have attracted much attention in the last years. These nanostructures are very interesting from a scientifi c point of view because they form nearly ideal zero-dimensional systems in which quantum confi nement effects become very important. These unique properties also make them very interesting from a technological point of view. For example, InAs QDs are employed in QD lasers, single electron transistors, midinfrared detectors, single-photon sources, etc. InAs QDs are commonly created by the Stranski–Krastanov growth mode when InAs is deposited on a substrate with a bigger lattice constant, like GaAs or InP. Above a certain critical thickness of InAs, three-dimensional islands are spontaneously formed on top of a wetting layer (WL) to reduce the strain energy. Once created, the QDs are subsequently capped, a step which is required for any device application
Developing Ontologies withing Decentralized Settings

This chapter addresses two research questions: “How should a well-engineered methodology facilitate the development of ontologies within communities of practice?” and “What methodology should be used?” If ontologies are to be developed by communities then the ontology development life cycle should be better understood within this context. This chapter presents the Melting Point (MP), a proposed new methodology for developing ontologies within decentralised settings. It describes how MP was developed by taking best practices from other methodologies, provides details on recommended steps and recommended processes, and compares MP with alternatives. The methodology presented here is the product of direct first-hand experience and observation of biological communities of practice in which some of the authors have been involved. The Melting Point is a methodology engineered for decentralised communities of practice for which the designers of technology and the users may be the same group. As such, MP provides a potential foundation for the establishment of standard practices for ontology engineering
Linear and non-linear amplification of high-mode perturbations at the ablation fronts in HIPER targets.

The linear and non-linear sensitivity of the 180 kJ baseline HiPER target to high-mode perturbations, i.e. surface roughness, is addressed using two-dimensional simulations and a complementary analysis by linear and non-linear ablative Rayleigh–Taylor models. Simulations provide an assessment of an early non-linear stage leading to a significant deformation of the ablation surface for modes of maximum linear growth factor. A design using a picket prepulse evidences an improvement in the target stability inducing a delay of the non-linear behavior. Perturbation evolution and shape, evidenced by simulations of the non-linear stage, are analyzed with existing self-consistent non-linear theory