pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
High Impact/ Low Frequency extreme events: Enabling Reflection and Resilience in a Hyper-connected World

Helbing (2013:51) poignantly argues that ‘Globalization and technological revolutions are changing our planet’. Along with the benefits and opportunities associated with worldwide collaboration networks comes ‘pathways along which dangerous and damaging events can spread rapidly and globally’. With our hyper-connected world underpinned by hyper or hybrid-risks, the impact of unexpected events such as floods, earthquakes, financial crisis, and cyber-attacks has revealed the fragility and vulnerabilities that lie within the social/technological/economic/political/ecological interdependent systems. In particular, events that affect critical infrastructure such as damage to electric power, telecommunications, transportation, health care systems, financial markets and water-supply systems can have local, regional and global impact. calls these extreme events ‘Black swans’ to describe their inherent quality of surprise. Many of the systemic risks that characterize Natural Hazard triggered Technological disasters (NATECH) often arise from unanticipated consequences of interactions within and between different types of systems. Johnson and Tivnan (2012:65) argue that, ‘…understanding, controlling and predicting extreme behavior [of NATECH] is an important strategic goal to support resilience planning’. In this light, a new paradigm is required to support disaster risk reduction (DRR) embedded in hyper-risks; one that will develop not only anticipatory measures for risk management but also prepare for the unpredictable and the ‘unknown’ by building organisational resilience for hyper-risks in general and NATECH disasters in particular. In this paper we explore the emergency management domain associated with the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident to show the hyper-connectivity and hyper-risks that permeated the problem space and thereby show how ‘reflective responses’ underpinned by ‘critical reflective practices’ can be used to support resilience in such a complex disaster.Peer-reviewedPublisher Version4th International Conference on Building Resilience, Incorporating the 3rd Annual Conference of the ANDROID Disaster Resilience Network, 8th – 11th September 2014, Salford Quays, United Kingdo
Non-uniform reionization by galaxies and its effect on the cosmic microwave background.

We present predictions for the reionization of the intergalactic medium (IGM) by stars in high-redshift galaxies, based on a semi-analytic model of galaxy formation. We calculate ionizing luminosities of galaxies, including the effects of absorption by interstellar gas and dust on the escape fraction ƒesc, and follow the propagation of the ionization fronts around each galaxy in order to calculate the filling factor of ionized hydrogen in the IGM. For a ΛCDM cosmology, with parameters of the galaxy formation model chosen to match observations of present-day galaxies, and a physical calculation of the escape fraction, we find that the hydrogen in the IGM will be reionized at redshift z=6.1 if the IGM has uniform density, but only by z=4.5 if the IGM is clumped. If instead we assume a constant escape fraction of 20 per cent for all galaxies, then we find reionization at z=4.5 and 7.8 for the same two assumptions about IGM clumping. We combine our semi-analytic model with an N-body simulation of the distribution of dark matter in the Universe in order to calculate the evolution of the spatial and velocity distribution of the ionized gas in the IGM, and use this to calculate the secondary temperature anisotropies induced in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) by scattering off free electrons. The models predict a spectrum of secondary anisotropies covering a broad range of angular scales, with fractional temperature fluctuations ∼10−7-10−6 on arcminute scales. The amplitude depends strongly on the total baryon density, and less sensitively on ƒesc. The amplitude also depends somewhat on the geometry of reionization, with models in which the regions of highest gas density are reionized first giving larger CMB fluctuations than the case where galaxies ionize surrounding spherical regions, and models where low-density regions reionize first giving the smallest fluctuations. Measurement of these anisotropies can therefore put important constraints on the reionization process, in particular, the redshift evolution of the filling factor, and should be a primary objective of a next generation submillimetre telescope such as the Atacama Large Millimeter Array
Search for novel circulating cancer chemopreventive biomarkers of dietary rice bran intervention in ApcMin mice model of colorectal carcinogenesis, using proteomic and metabolic profiling strategies

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: NORRIS, L. ...et al., 2015. Search for novel circulating cancer chemopreventive biomarkers of dietary rice bran intervention in ApcMin mice model of colorectal carcinogenesis, using proteomic and metabolic profiling strategies. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 59(9), pp. 1827-1836, which has been published in final form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201400818. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.Scope: There is strong epidemiological evidence indicating that consumption by humans of whole-grain foods including rice bran may be associated with a low incidence of cancer, especially in the colorectum. Molecular processes associated with cancer development may be retarded by fiber consumption. Consequently, intervention with dietary fiber might be suitable as a cancer chemoprevention strategy in high-risk populations. Here, we searched for putative\ud
molecular mechanism-based efficacy biomarkers of rice fiber consumption in the plasma of mice characterized by a genetic propensity to develop gastrointestinal adenomas. The hypothesis was tested that metabolic and proteomic changes in blood reflect the chemopreventive activity of rice bran. Methods and results: ApcMin mice received diet supplemented with rice bran at 5, 15, and 30%. Blood and tissue samples were taken. Plasma was subjected to MS-based proteomic and metabolic profiling analyses as well as assessment of hematocrit values. Gastrointestinal tracts were removed and adenomas were counted and their size was measured so that total tumor burden could be calculated. The hypothesis was tested that metabolic and proteomic changes in blood reflect chemopreventive activity.\ud
Conclusion: Rice bran consumption reduced adenoma burden and number in a dose-related\ud
fashion when compared to controls. Metabolic profiling data demonstrated strong clustering\ud
of the groups indicating that metabolic pathways are perturbed. Proteomic analysis identified adiponectin as a molecule that was significantly altered, which may play a role in tumor suppression
Does Service Employees’ Appearance Affect the Healthiness of Food Choice

Derived from previous research on social influence on food consumption and social comparison theory, this article examines the effect of service employees’ appearance on consumers’ food choice using an experimental study, involving a video manipulation and eye-tracking technique. The video shows a menu being proffered by a waitress whose degree of apparent healthiness varies (healthy, overweight, unhealthy lifestyle). The menu contains both healthy and unhealthy meal alternatives. The analysis of participants’ eye movements demonstrated that exposure to the overweight employee did not stimulate greater (i.e., earlier or longer) attention to unhealthy meal alternatives, whereas exposure to the employee who displayed an unhealthy lifestyle did. These findings have social and managerial implications: The postulated stigma according to which the presence of overweight others encourages unhealthy eating appears questionable. Service providers that might secretly hire according to body weight have no grounds to do so. In contrast, employees signaling an unhealthy lifestyle through their style choices prompt patrons to pay more attention to unhealthy meal alternatives. Food service providers might want to take this factor into consideration and actively manage the aspects that can be altered by simple measures
So who really does the donkey work? Comparing the election campaign activity of party members and party supporters

One of the traditional functions of party members is to campaign on behalf of their party at general elections. However, they are not the only people who volunteer for the job. Indeed, there is evidence to suggest that non-members who strongly support a party may do even more than those who actually join it. This paper examines how different actors contributed to the electoral campaigns of six parties at the 2015 UK General Election. It uses new survey data covering not only members of the Labour, Conservative, Liberal Democrat, United Kingdom Independence, Scottish Nationalist, and Green parties but also, firstly, voters who identified themselves as being close to one of those parties but did not formally belong to them and, secondly, those belonging to trade unions officially affiliated to the Labour Party. As well as exploring how much work they do during campaigns, we ask whether the three groups choose different activities and are differently motivated. We find that, at the individual level, party members do more than union members or non-member supporters, and that this is especially true of more intensive forms of activity. We also find that constituency context and political attitudes influence levels of activity, although there is no consistent impact from demographic factors. At the aggregate level, we estimate that the campaign work done by supporters and trade union members may match or even exceed that done by party members
The problem with 'dots': questioning the role of rationality in the online environment

Regulatory theorists often use the ‘dot’ as a metaphor to help conceptualise their models of a given environment. Lessig famously used the ‘pathetic dot’ in his classic, ‘Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace’ and Murray’s ‘Regulation of Cyberspace’ used interconnected dots to help describe networked communitarianism and to discuss the effectiveness and implementation of symbiotic regulation. However in both models, the dot is seen as a rational actor. The rational ‘dot’ is presumed to have a complete set of preferences and the ability to gather all the necessary information in order to make an informed decision that optimally reflects their choices and preferences. However, research from psychology and, increasingly, economics has shown that humans are often prone to making errors in judgements. The paper argues that using the metaphor of dots to describe how rational actors behave in the digital environment is problematic. Actors deploy heuristics when making judgements, resulting in systematic errors and biases, often compromising the assumptions of the regulator. Accordingly, the way actors behave in the online environment is not rational at all; thus, models built on rationality start from a false premise
Gamra: Simple Meshes for Complex Earthquakes

The static offsets caused by earthquakes are well described by elastostatic
models with a discontinuity in the displacement along the fault. A traditional
approach to model this discontinuity is to align the numerical mesh with the
fault and solve the equations using finite elements. However, this distorted
mesh can be difficult to generate and update. We present a new numerical
method, inspired by the Immersed Interface Method, for solving the elastostatic
equations with embedded discontinuities. This method has been carefully
designed so that it can be used on parallel machines on an adapted finite
difference grid. We have implemented this method in Gamra, a new code for earth
modelling. We demonstrate the correctness of the method with analytic tests,
and we demonstrate its practical performance by solving a realistic earthquake
model to extremely high precision.Comment: 38 pages, 20 figure
Search for new physics in final states with two opposite-sign,
  same-flavor leptons, jets, and missing transverse momentum in pp collisions
  at sqrt(s) = 13 TeV

A search is presented for physics beyond the standard model in final states
with two opposite-sign, same-flavor leptons, jets, and missing transverse
momentum. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 2.3
inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 13 TeV collected
with the CMS detector at the LHC in 2015. The analysis uses the invariant mass
of the lepton pair, searching for a kinematic edge or a resonant-like excess
compatible with the Z boson mass. Both search modes use several event
categories in order to increase the sensitivity to new physics. These
categories are based on the rapidity of the leptons, the multiplicity of jets
and b jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta, and missing transverse
momentum. The observations in all signal regions are consistent with the
expectations from the standard model, and the results are interpreted in the
context of simplified models of supersymmetry.Comment: Replaced with the published version. Added the journal reference and
  DOI. All the figures and tables can be found at
  http://cms-results.web.cern.ch/cms-results/public-results/publications/SUS-15-011/index.htm
Search for lepton flavour violating decays of the Higgs boson to e tau
  and e mu in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV

A direct search for lepton flavour violating decays of the Higgs boson (H) in
the H to e tau and H to e mu channels is described. The data sample used in the
search was collected in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV with the
CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 19.7
inverse femtobarns. No evidence is found for lepton flavour violating decays in
either final state. Upper limits on the branching fractions, B(H to e tau ) <
0.69% and B(H to e mu) < 0.035%, are set at the 95% confidence level. The
constraint set on B(H to e tau) is an order of magnitude more stringent than
the existing indirect limits. The limits are used to constrain the
corresponding flavour violating Yukawa couplings, absent in the standard model.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added the journal reference. All the
  figures and tables can be found at
  http://cms-results.web.cern.ch/cms-results/public-results/publications/HIG-14-040/index.htm
Analysis of events with b-jets and a pair of leptons of the same charge in pp collisions at root s=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

Çetin, Serkant Ali (Dogus Author)An analysis is presented of events containing jets including at least one b-tagged jet, sizeable missing transverse momentum, and at least two leptons including a pair of the same electric charge, with the scalar sum of the jet and lepton transverse momenta being large. A data sample with an integrated luminosity of 20.3 fb−1 of pp collisions at √s = 8 TeV recorded by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider is used. Standard Model processes rarely produce these final states, but there are several models of physics beyond the Standard Model that predict an enhanced rate of production of such events; the ones considered here are production of vector-like quarks, enhanced four-top-quark production, pair production of chiral b′-quarks, and production of two positively charged top quarks. Eleven signal regions are defined; subsets of these regions are combined when searching for each class of models. In the three signal regions primarily sensitive to positively charged top quark pair production, the data yield is consistent with the background expectation. There are more data events than expected from background in the set of eight signal regions defined for searching for vector-like quarks and chiral b′-quarks, but the significance of the discrepancy is less than two standard deviations. The discrepancy reaches 2.5 standard deviations in the set of five signal regions defined for searching for four-top-quark production. The results are used to set 95% CL limits on various models
Depressed mantle discontinuities beneath Iceland: Evidence of a garnet controlled 660 km discontinuity

The presence of a mantle plume beneath Iceland has long been hypothesised to explain its high volumes of crustal volcanism. Practical constraints in seismic tomography mean that thin, slow velocity anomalies representative of a mantle plume signature are difficult to image. However it is possible to infer the presence of temperature anomalies at depth from the effect they have on phase transitions in surrounding mantle material. Phase changes in the olivine component of mantle rocks are thought to be responsible for global mantle seismic discontinuities at 410 and 660 km depth, though exact depths are dependent on surrounding temperature conditions. This study uses P to S seismic wave conversions at mantle discontinuities to investigate variation in topography allowing inference of temperature anomalies within the transition zone. We employ a large data set from a wide range of seismic stations across the North Atlantic region and a dense network in Iceland, including over 100 stations run by the University of Cambridge. Data are used to create over 6000 receiver functions. These are converted from time to depth including 3D corrections for variations in crustal thickness and upper mantle velocity heterogeneities, and then stacked based on common conversion points. We find that both the 410 and 660 km discontinuities are depressed under Iceland compared to normal depths in the surrounding region. The depression of 30 km observed on the 410 km discontinuity could be artificially deepened by un-modelled slow anomalies in the correcting velocity model. Adding a slow velocity conduit of −1.44% reduces the depression to 18 km; in this scenario both the velocity reduction and discontinuity topography reflect a temperature anomaly of 210 K. We find that much larger velocity reductions would be required to remove all depression on the 660 km discontinuity, and therefore correlated discontinuity depressions appear to be a robust feature of the data. While it is not possible to definitively rule out the possibility of uncorrected velocity anomalies causing the observed correlated topography we show that this is unlikely. Instead our preferred interpretation is that the 660 km discontinuity is controlled by a garnet phase transition described by a positive Clapeyron slope, such that depression of the 660 is representative of a hot anomaly at depth
Search for W' -> tb decays in the lepton + jets final state in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV

Results are presented from a search for the production of a heavy gauge boson W′ decaying into a top and a bottom quark, using a data set collected by the CMS experiment at s√ = 8 TeV and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.5 fb−1. Various models of W′-boson production are studied by allowing for an arbitrary combination of left- and right-handed couplings. The analysis is based on the detection of events with a lepton (e, μ), jets, and missing transverse energy in the final state. No evidence for W′-boson production is found and 95% confidence level upper limits on the production cross section times branching fraction are obtained. For W′ bosons with purely right-handed couplings, and for those with left-handed couplings assuming no interference effects, the observed 95% confidence level limit is M(W′) > 2.05 TeV. For W′ bosons with purely left-handed couplings, including interference effects, the observed 95% confidence level limit is M(W′) > 1.84 TeV. The results presented in this paper are the most stringent limits published to date
Sensitivity analysis and correlation Experimental/Numerical FEMBEM for Noise Reduction assessment of an engine beauty cover

In this paper a deep analysis on an internal combustion engine’s beauty cover is carried out for identifying the best material for\ud
Noise Reduction improvements.\ud
The paper is organized as follows:\ud
• Experimental modal analysis and comparison with the FEM simulation\ud
• Experimental test on Noise Reduction assessment by using a novel experimental set up with a Pressure/Velocity Sound\ud
Intensity\ud
• Numerical Boundary Element Analysis for computing the Noise Reduction on the engine cover\ud
• Comparison between the experimental and BEM simulation\ud
The comparison of the experimental and FEM/BEM analysis results show a very good agreement in all investigated frequency\ud
range. The obtained results encourage to use the numerical model for further investigations aimed at the improvement of the\ud
acoustic performances.\ud
The implemented numerical procedure can be applied successfully not only in automotive field but also in all problems where\ud
material acoustic performances is due
Unveiling the intracellular trafficking of drug-loaded dendrimer nanoparticles in astrocytes

Introduction: Multifunctional dendrimers are emerging as promising solutions to the current dilemma of drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS). Herein, we are proposing the use of carboxymethylchito- san (CMCht)-grafted PAMAM dendrimer nanoparticles (NP) to provide a targeted and sustained methylprednisolone (MP) release to CNS cells. MP is widely used following neurotrauma and neuroinflammation, however its actions are accompanied by deleterious effects. Despite recent research on nanomedicine, basic knowledge on the interactions of NP with living systems is still sparse. Thus, the interaction of MP-NP with the astrocyte membrane and its intracellular trafficking were investigated using a new combination of techniques, namely patch-- clamp electrophysiology and live confocal imaging
Search for the neutral higgs bosons of the minimal supersymmetric standard model in pp collisions at s√=7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

A search for neutral Higgs bosons of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard
Model (MSSM) is reported. The analysis is based on a sample of proton-proton collisions
at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron
Collider. The data were recorded in 2011 and correspond to an integrated luminosity of
4.7 fb−1
to 4.8 fb−1
. Higgs boson decays into oppositely-charged muon or τ lepton pairs are
considered for final states requiring either the presence or absence of b-jets. No statistically
significant excess over the expected background is observed and exclusion limits at the 95%
confidence level are derived. The exclusion limits are for the production cross-section of
a generic neutral Higgs boson, φ, as a function of the Higgs boson mass and for h/A/H
production in the MSSM as a function of the parameters mA and tan β in the mmax
h
scenario
for mA in the range of 90 GeV to 500 GeV.We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWIT and FWF, Austria; ANAS Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and PAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic: DNRF, ONSRC and Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark; EPLANET, ERC and NSRF, European Union; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNSF, Georgia; BMBF, DFG, HOF, MPG and AvH Foundation, Germany; GSRT and NSRF Greece; ISF MINERVA, CIF, DIP and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; BRF and RCN, Norway; MNiSW, Poland; GRICES and FCT, Portugal: MERYS (MECTS), Romania; MES of Russia and ROSATOM, Russian Federation; JINR; MSTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MVZT, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MICINN, Spain: SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SER, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; NSC, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America