pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Optimal inference with suboptimal models: addiction and active Bayesian inference

When casting behaviour as active (Bayesian) inference, optimal inference is defined with respect to an agent's beliefs - based on its generative model of the world. This contrasts with normative accounts of choice behaviour, in which optimal actions are considered in relation to the true structure of the environment - as opposed to the agent's beliefs about worldly states (or the task). This distinction shifts an understanding of suboptimal or pathological behaviour away from aberrant inference as such, to understanding the prior beliefs of a subject that cause them to behave less 'optimally' than our prior beliefs suggest they should behave. Put simply, suboptimal or pathological behaviour does not speak against understanding behaviour in terms of (Bayes optimal) inference, but rather calls for a more refined understanding of the subject's generative model upon which their (optimal) Bayesian inference is based. Here, we discuss this fundamental distinction and its implications for understanding optimality, bounded rationality and pathological (choice) behaviour. We illustrate our argument using addictive choice behaviour in a recently described 'limited offer' task. Our simulations of pathological choices and addictive behaviour also generate some clear hypotheses, which we hope to pursue in ongoing empirical work. Copyright 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd
Institutional change and innovation system transformation : a tale of two academies

This paper investigates interactions between institutional adaptation and the transformation of science and innovation systems by analysing change and adjustment in post-socialist science academies. Two leading examples are examined: the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS). A heuristic framework of institutional change markers is applied to the analysis of nanotechnology research in both countries. We draw on bibliometric sources, interviews and secondary sources. We find that while the two Academies share a common past as the dominant research agents in their respective systems, their current positions and trajectories now differ. The nanotechnology case shows that CAS has adapted to China’s modernisation, engaged in central government policy initiatives, and interacted with other research performers. CAS remains central to the Chinese research system, and has rejuvenated and expanded its resource base. RAS, on the contrary, has taken a protectionist stance: it still dominates the Russian research system and has a strong nanotechnology position, enforced by its gatekeeper control over journal publication. Nevertheless, RAS has faced difficulties in internal modernisation, leading to the external imposition of reforms and further role diminishment. The paper offers comparative insights into processes of institutional adaptation and highlights how key institutions can influence system transition
Reconstruction of total solar irradiance 1974–2009

Context. The study of variations in total solar irradiance (TSI) is important for understanding how the Sun affects the Earth’s climate.
Aims. Full-disk continuum images and magnetograms are now available for three full solar cycles. We investigate how modelled TSI compares with direct observations by building a consistent modelled TSI dataset. The model, based only on changes in the photospheric magnetic flux can then be tested on rotational, cyclical and secular timescales.
Methods. We use Kitt Peak and SoHO/MDI continuum images and magnetograms in the SATIRE-S model to reconstruct TSI over cycles 21–23. To maximise independence from TSI composites, SORCE/TIM TSI data are used to fix the one free parameter of the model. We compare and combine the separate data sources for the model to estimate an uncertainty on the reconstruction and prevent any additional free parameters entering the model.
Results. The reconstruction supports the PMOD composite as being the best historical record of TSI observations, although on timescales of the solar rotation the IRMB composite provides somewhat better agreement. Further to this, the model is able to account for 92% of TSI variations from 1978 to 2009 in the PMOD composite and over 96% during cycle 23. The reconstruction also displays an inter-cycle, secular decline of 0.20 (+0.12, −0.09) Wm−2 between cycle 23 minima, in agreement with the PMOD composite.
Conclusions. SATIRE-S is able to recreate TSI observations on all timescales of a day and longer over 31 years from 1978. This is strong evidence that changes in photospheric magnetic flux alone are responsible for almost all solar irradiance variations over the last three solar cycles
Measurement of J/psi production in pp collisions at sqrt(s)=2.76 TeV

The production of J/ψ mesons is studied with the LHCb detector using data from pp collisions at s√=2.76 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 71 nb−1. The differential cross-section for inclusive J/ψ production is measured as a function of its transverse momentum p T. The cross-section in the fiducial region 0 < p T  < 12 GeV/c and rapidity 2.0 < y < 4.5 is measured to be 5.6 ± 0.1 (stat) ± 0.4 (syst) μb, with the assumption of unpolarised J/ψ production. The fraction of J/ψ production from b-hadron decays is measured to be (7.1 ± 0.6 (stat) ± 0.7 (syst))%
Game Theory Explorer: software for the applied game theorist

his paper presents the “Game Theory Explorer” software tool to create and analyze games as models of strategic interaction. A game in extensive or strategic form is created and nicely displayed with a graphical user interface in a web browser. State-of-the-art algorithms then compute all Nash equilibria of the game after a mouseclick. In tutorial fashion, we present how the program is used, and the ideas behind its main algorithms. We report on experiences with the architecture of the software and its development as an open-source project
Tri-Bimaximal Lepton Mixing and Leptogenesis

In models with flavour symmetries added to the gauge group of the Standard
Model the CP-violating asymmetry necessary for leptogenesis may be related with
low-energy parameters. A particular case of interest is when the flavour
symmetry produces exact Tri-Bimaximal lepton mixing leading to a vanishing
CP-violating asymmetry. In this paper we present a model-independent discussion
that confirms this always occurs for unflavoured leptogenesis in type I see-saw
scenarios, noting however that Tri-Bimaximal mixing does not imply a vanishing
asymmetry in general scenarios where there is interplay between type I and
other see-saws. We also consider a specific model where the exact Tri-Bimaximal
mixing is lifted by corrections that can be parametrised by a small number of
degrees of freedom and analyse in detail the existing link between low and
high-energy parameters - focusing on how the deviations from Tri-Bimaximal are
connected to the parameters governing leptogenesis.Comment: 29 pages, 6 figures; version 2: references added, minor correction
A bulk inflaton from large volume extra dimensions

The universe may have extra spatial dimensions with large volume that we
cannot perceive because the energy required to excite modes in the extra
directions is too high. Many examples are known of such manifolds with a large
volume and a large mass gap. These compactifications can help explain the
weakness of four-dimensional gravity and, as we show here, they also have the
capacity to produce reasonable potentials for an inflaton field. Modeling the
inflaton as a bulk scalar field, it becomes very weakly coupled in four
dimensions, and this enables us to build phenomenologically acceptable
inflationary models with tunings at the few per mil level. We speculate on dark
matter candidates and the possibility of braneless models in this setting.Comment: 21 pages, LaTeX, 2 pdf figures. v2: additional references. v3: added
  comments on moduli stabilizatio
Neighborhood radius estimation in Variable-neighborhood Random Fields

We consider random fields defined by finite-region conditional probabilities
depending on a neighborhood of the region which changes with the boundary
conditions. To predict the symbols within any finite region it is necessary to
inspect a random number of neighborhood symbols which might change according to
the value of them. In analogy to the one dimensional setting we call these
neighborhood symbols the context of the region. This framework is a natural
extension, to d-dimensional fields, of the notion of variable-length Markov
chains introduced by Rissanen (1983) in his classical paper. We define an
algorithm to estimate the radius of the smallest ball containing the context
based on a realization of the field. We prove the consistency of this
estimator. Our proofs are constructive and yield explicit upper bounds for the
probability of wrong estimation of the radius of the context
Herschel ATLAS: The angular correlation function of submillimetre
  galaxies at high and low redshift

We present measurements of the angular correlation function of galaxies
selected from the first field of the H-ATLAS survey. Careful removal of the
background from galactic cirrus is essential, and currently dominates the
uncertainty in our measurements. For our 250 micron-selected sample we detect
no significant clustering, consistent with the expectation that the 250
micron-selected sources are mostly normal galaxies at z<~ 1. For our 350 micron
and 500 micron-selected samples we detect relatively strong clustering with
correlation amplitudes A of 0.2 and 1.2 at 1', but with relatively large
uncertainties. For samples which preferentially select high redshift galaxies
at z~2-3 we detect significant strong clustering, leading to an estimate of r_0
~ 7-11 h^{-1} Mpc. The slope of our clustering measurements is very steep,
delta~2. The measurements are consistent with the idea that sub-mm sources
consist of a low redshift population of normal galaxies and a high redshift
population of highly clustered star-bursting galaxies.Comment: Accepted for publication in the A&A Herschel Special issue. 5 pages,
  3 figures
U(1) effective confinement theory from SU(2) restricted gauge theory via
  the Julia-Toulouse Approach

We derive an U(1) effective theory of color confinement by applying the
so-called Julia-Toulouse Approach for defects condensation to the SU(2)
restricted gauge theory defined by means of the Cho decomposition of the
non-abelian connection. Cho's geometric construction naturally displays the
topological degrees of freedom of the theory and can be used to put the
Yang-Mills action into an abelianized form under certain conditions. On the
other hand, the use of the Julia-Toulouse prescription to deal with the
monopole condensation leads to an effective action describing the phase whose
dynamics is dominated by the magnetic condensate. The effective theory we found
describes the interaction between external electric currents displaying a
short-range Yukawa interaction plus a linear confinement term that governs the
long distance physics.Comment: 7 page
Sun-as-a-star Observation of White-Light Flares

Solar flares radiates energy at all wavelengths, but the spectral
distribution of this energy is still poorly known. White-light continuum
emission is sometimes observed and the flares are then termed "white-light
flares" (WLF). In this paper, we investigate if all flares are white-light
flares and how is the radiated energy spectrally distributed. We perform a
superposed epoch analysis of spectral and total irradiance measurements
obtained since 1996 by the SOHO and GOES spacecrafts at various wavelength,
from Soft X-ray to the visible domain. The long-term record of solar irradiance
and excellent duty cycle of the measurements allow us to detect a signal in
visible irradiance even for moderate (C-class) flares, mainly during the
impulsive phase. We identify this signal as continuum emission emitted by
white-light flares, and find that it is consistent with a blackbody emission at
~9000K. We estimate for several sets of flares the contribution of the WL
continuum and find it to be of ~70% of the total radiated energy. We re-analyse
the X17 flare that occurred on 28 October 2003 and find similar results. This
paper brings evidence that all flares are white-light flares and that the
white-light continuum is the main contributor to the total radiated energy;
this continuum is consistent with blackbody spectrum at ~9000K. These
observational results are important in order to understand the physical
mechanisms during flares and open the way to a possible contribution of flares
to TSI variations
Fluctuation effects in disordered Peierls systems

We review the density of states and related quantities of quasi
one-dimensional disordered Peierls systems in which fluctuation effects of a
backscattering potential play a crucial role. The low-energy behavior of
non-interacting fermions which are subject to a static random backscattering
potential will be described by the fluctuating gap model (FGM). Recently, the
FGM has also been used to explain the pseudogap phenomenon in high-$T_c$
superconductors. After an elementary introduction to the FGM in the context of
commensurate and incommensurate Peierls chains, we develop a non-perturbative
method which allows for a simultaneous calculation of the density of states
(DOS) and the inverse localization length. First, we recover all known results
in the limits of zero and infinite correlation lengths of the random potential.
Then, we attack the problem of finite correlation lengths. While a complex
order parameter, which describes incommensurate Peierls chains, leads to a
suppression of the DOS, i.e. a pseudogap, the DOS exhibits a singularity at the
Fermi energy if the order parameter is real and therefore refers to a
commensurate system. We confirm these results by calculating the DOS and the
inverse localization length for finite correlation lengths and Gaussian
statistics of the backscattering potential with unprecedented accuracy
numerically. Finally, we consider the case of classical phase fluctuations
which apply to low temperatures where amplitude fluctuations are frozen out. In
this physically important regime, which is also characterized by finite
correlation lengths, we present analytic results for the DOS, the inverse
localization length, the specific heat, and the Pauli susceptibility.Comment: 60 pages, 16 figure
Relation between dry granular flow regimes and morphology of deposits:
  formation of levees in pyroclastic deposits

Experiments on dry granular matter flowing down an inclined plane are
performed in order to study the dynamics of dense pyroclastic flows. The plane
is rough, and always wider than the flow, focusing this study on the case of
laterally unconfined (free boundary) flows.We found that several flow regimes
exist depending on the input fluxand on the inclination of the plane. Each flow
regime corresponds to a particular morphology of the associated deposit. In one
of these regimes, the flow reaches a steady state, and the deposit exhibits a
levee/channel morphology similar to those observed on small pyroclastic flow
deposits. The levees result from the combination between lateral static zones
on each border of the flow and the drainage of the central part of the flow
after the supply stops. Particle segregation featuresare created during the
flow, corresponding to those observed on the deposits of pyroclastic flows.
Moreover, the measurements of the deposit morphology (thickness of the channel,
height of the levees, width of the deposit) are quantitatively related to
parameters of the dynamics of the flow (flux, velocity, height of the flow),
leading to a way of studying the flow dynamics from only measurements of the
deposit. Some attempts to make extensions to natural cases are discussed
through experiments introducing the polydispersity of the particle sizes and
the particle segregation process
Mechanisms of the $f_0(980)$ production in the reaction $\pi^-p\to\pi^0
  \pi^0n$

The model of the pure one-pion exchange mechanism, which gives a good
description of the GAMS results on the alteration of the $S$-wave $\pi^0\pi^0$
mass spectrum in the $f_0(980)$ region in the reaction $\pi^-p\to\pi^0\pi^0n$
with increasing $-t$, is compared with the recent detailed data on the $m$ and
$t$ distributions of the $\pi^-p\to\pi^0\pi^0n$ events obtained by the BNL-E852
Collaboration. It is shown that the predictions of this model are not confirmed
by the BNL data. Therefore the observed phenomenon should be explained by the
different exchange mechanism. It is most likely to be the $a_1$ exchange
mechanism.Comment: 11 pages including 3 figure
The form factor of the pion in "point-form" of relativistic dynamics
  revisited

The electromagnetic form factor of the pion is calculated in the "point-form"
of relativistic quantum mechanics using simple, phenomenological wave
functions. It is found that the squared charge radius of the pion is predicted
one order of magnitude larger than the experimental value and the asymptotic
behavior expected from QCD cannot be reproduced. The origin of these
discrepancies is analyzed. The present results confirm previous ones obtained
from a theoretical model and call for major improvements in the implementation
of the "point-form" approach.Comment: 8 pages, 3 eps figure
Understanding the nature of $D_s(2317)$ and $D_s(2460)$ through
  nonleptonic B Decays

We consider the nonleptonic B decays $ B \to D^{(*)} D_s(2317)$ and $ B \to
D^{(*)} D_s(2460)$, involving the newly discovered $D_s(2317)$ and the
$D_s(2460)$ states. We find that experiments indicate disagreement with model
calculations of their properties and/or breakdown of the factorization
assumption for these decays . We point out that decays involving $B_s$ mesons
where the $D_s$ resonances can be produced via the weak decay of the $b$ quark
can provide further information about the nature of these newly discovered
states. We also propose a model to calculate the two body nonleptonic decays $
B \to D^{(*)} D_s(2317)(D_s(2460))$, if the $D_s(2317)$ and $D_s(2460)$ are
interpreted as $DK$ and $D^*K$ molecules.Comment: 14 pages LaTeX; additional reference, notational corrections and
  minor clarifications of tex
Stable Bianchi III attractor in $U(1)_R$ gauged supergravity

Bianchi attractors are homogeneous but anisotropic extremal black brane
horizons. We study the $AdS_3 \times \mathbb{H}^2$ solution which is a special
case of Bianchi type III in a $U(1)_R$ gauged supergravity. For a wide range of
values for certain free parameters in gauged supergravity, there exist a large
class of solutions that satisfy conditions for the attractor mechanism to hold.
We investigate the response of the solution against linearized fluctuations of
the scalar field. The sufficient conditions for the attractor mechanism ensure
that there exist a solution for the scalar fluctuation which dies out at the
horizon. Furthermore, we solve for the gauge field and metric fluctuations that
are sourced by scalar fluctuations and show that they are well behaved near the
horizon. Thus, we have an example of a stable Bianchi attractor in gauged
supergravity. We also analyze the Killing spinor equations of gauged
supergravity in the background of our solution. We find that a radial Killing
spinor consistent with the Bianchi III symmetry breaks supersymmetry.Comment: 29 pages, V2 added clarifications, V3 typos corrected, minor change
Mass-deformed Brane Tilings

We study renormalization group flows among N=1 SCFTs realized on the
worldvolume of D3-branes probing toric Calabi-Yau singularities, thus admitting
a brane tiling description. The flows are triggered by masses for adjoint or
vector-like pairs of bifundamentals and are generalizations of the
Klebanov-Witten construction of the N=1 theory for the conifold starting from
the N=2 theory for the C^2/Z_2 orbifold. In order to preserve the toric
condition pairs of masses with opposite signs have to be switched on. We offer
a geometric interpretation of the flows as complex deformations of the
Calabi-Yau singularity preserving the toric condition. For orbifolds, we
support this interpretation by an explicit string amplitude computation of the
gauge invariant mass terms generated by imaginary self-dual 3-form fluxes in
the twisted sector. In agreement with the holographic a-theorem, the volume of
the Sasaki-Einstein 5-base of the Calabi-Yau cone always increases along the
flow.Comment: 40 pages, 13 figure
A geometric approach to D-branes in group manifolds

This is a brief review of some recent results on the geometric approach to
symmetric D-branes in group manifolds, both twisted and untwisted. We describe
the geometry of the gluing conditions and the quantisation condition in the
boundary WZW model, and we illustrate this by determining the consistent
twisted and untwisted D-branes in the Lie group SU_3.Comment: 6 pages; based on talks given at the conference "Modern trends in
  string theory" (Lisbon, July 2001), and the RTN meeting "The quantum
  structure of spacetime and the geometric nature of fundamental interactions"
  (Corfu, September 2001
On the Super Higgs Effect in Extended Supergravity

We consider the reduction of supersymmetry in N-extended four dimensional
supergravity via the super Higgs mechanism in theories without cosmological
constant. We provide an analysis largely based on the properties of long and
short multiplets of Poincare' supersymmetry. Examples of the super Higgs
phenomenon are realized in spontaneously broken N=8 supergravity through the
Scherk-Schwarz mechanism and in superstring compactification in presence of
brane fluxes. In many models the massive vectors count the difference in number
of the translation isometries of the scalar sigma-model geometries in the
broken and unbroken phase.Comment: Version to appear on Nuclear Physics
The Effective Prepotential of N=2 Supersymmetric SU(N_c) Gauge Theories

We determine the effective prepotential for N=2 supersymmetric SU(N_c) gauge
theories with an arbitrary number of flavors N_f < 2N_c, from the exact
solution constructed out of spectral curves. The prepotential is the same for
the several models of spectral curves proposed in the literature. It has to all
orders the logarithmic singularities of the one-loop perturbative corrections,
thus confirming the non-renormalization theorems from supersymmetry. In
particular, the renormalized order parameters and their duals have all the
correct monodromy transformations prescribed at weak coupling. We evaluate
explicitly the contributions of one- and two-instanton processes.Comment: 34 pages, Plain TeX, no macros needed, no figure
A superspace formulation of an "asymptotic" OSp(3,1|2) invariance of
  Yang-Mills theories

We formulate a superspace field theory which is shown to be equivalent to the
$c-\bar{c}$ symmetric BRS/Anti-BRS invariant Yang-Mills action. The theory uses
a 6-dimensional superspace and one OSp(3,1|2) vector multiplet of unconstrained
superfields. We establish a superspace WT identity and show that the
formulation has an asymptotic OSp(3,1|2) invariance as the gauge parameter goes
to infinity. We give a physical interpretation of this asymptotic OSp(3,1|2)
invariance as a symmetry transformation among the longitudinal/time like
degrees of freedom of $A_\mu$ and the ghost degrees of freedom.Comment: Latex, 20pages, No fig