pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
The Trade-off between money and time: A test of the theory of reference-dependent preferences

We formulate a model of reference-dependent preferences based on the marginal rate of substitution at the reference-point of a reference-free utility function. Using binary choices on the trade-off between money and travel time, reference-dependence is captured by value functions that are centered at the reference. The model predicts a directly testable relationship among four commonly used valuation measures (willingness to pay (WTP), willingness to accept (WTA), equivalent gain (EG) and equivalent loss (EL)). Moreover, we show that the model allows recovering the underlying ‘reference-free’ value of time. Based on a large survey data set, we estimate an econometric version of the model, allowing for both observed and unobserved heterogeneity. In a series of tests of high statistical power, we find that the relationship among the four valuation measures conforms to our model and that the constraints on the parameters implied by the model are met. The gap between WTP and WTA is found to be a factor of four. Loss aversion plays an important role in explaining responses; moreover, participants are more loss averse in the time dimension than the cost dimension. We further find evidence of asymmetrically diminishing sensitivity. Finally, we show that the fraction of ´mistakes` (in the sense that participants are observed to sometimes select dominated options), varies systematically in a way consistent with the model of reference-dependence. The results of the paper have important implications for the evaluation of infrastructure investment and pricing reforms in the transport sector.
Understanding forecast failure in ESTAR models of real exchange rates

The forecast performance of the empirical ESTAR model of Taylor et al. (2001) is
examined for 4 bilateral real exchange rate series over an out-of-sample evaluation
period of nearly 12 years. Point as well as density forecasts are evaluated relative to
a simple AR(1) specification, considering horizons up to 22 steps head. The results
of this study suggest that no forecast gains over a simple AR(1) model exist at any of
the forecast horizons that are considered, regardless of whether point or density forecasts
are used. Using simulation and non-parametric techniques in conjunction with
graphical methods, this study shows that the non-linearity in the point forecasts of the
ESTAR model decrease as the forecast horizon increases. Multiple steps ahead density
forecasts of the ESTAR model are approximately normal looking, with no signs
of skewness or bimodality. For an applied forecaster, there do not appear to exist any
gains in using the non-linear ESTAR model over a simple AR(1) specification.
Nascent entrepreneurship and the developing individual: Early entrepreneurial competence in adolescence and venture creation success during the career

What predicts a person's venture creation success over the course of the career, such as making progress in the venture creation process and multiple successful venture creations? Applying a life span approach of human development, this study examined the effect of early entrepreneurial competence in adolescence, which was gathered retrospectively by means of the Life History Calendar method. Human and social capitals during the founding process were investigated as mediators between adolescent competence and performance. Findings were derived from regression analyses on the basis of prospective and retrospective data from two independent samples (N=88 nascent founders; N=148 founders). We found that early entrepreneurial competence in adolescence had a positive effect on making progress in the venture creation process. Nascent founders' current human and social capital also had a direct effect, but it did not mediate the effect of early competences. Finally, the data revealed that early entrepreneurial competence in adolescence positively predicted habitual entrepreneurship (multiple successful venture creations) exhibited over a longer period of the individual career (specifically, 18 years). In linewith the results fromprospective longitudinal studies on early precursors of entrepreneurship, our findings underscore the long neglected importance of adolescent development in the explanation of entrepreneurial performance during the subsequent working life.
Molecular gas in AzTEC/C159: a star-forming disk galaxy 1.3Gyr after the
  Big Bang

We studied the molecular gas properties of AzTEC/C159, a star-forming disk
galaxy at $z=4.567$. We secured $^{12}$CO molecular line detections for the
$J=2\to1$ and $J=5\to4$ transitions using the Karl G. Jansky VLA and the NOEMA
interferometer. The broad (FWHM$\sim750\,{\rm km\,s}^{-1}$) and tentative
double-peaked profiles of both $^{12}$CO lines are consistent with an extended
molecular gas reservoir, which is distributed in a rotating disk as previously
revealed from [CII] 158$\mu$m line observations. Based on the
$^{12}$CO(2$\to$1) emission line we derived
$L'_{\rm{CO}}=(3.4\pm0.6)\times10^{10}{\rm \,K\,km\,s}^{-1}{\rm \,pc}^{2}$,
that yields a molecular gas mass of $M_{\rm H_2 }(\alpha_{\rm
CO}/4.3)=(1.5\pm0.3)\times 10^{11}{\rm M}_\odot$ and unveils a gas-rich system
with $\mu_{\rm gas}(\alpha_{\rm CO}/4.3)\equiv M_{\rm H_2}/M_\star=3.3\pm0.7$.
The extreme star formation efficiency (SFE) of AzTEC/C159, parametrized by the
ratio $L_{\rm{IR}}/L'_{\rm{CO}}=(216\pm80)\, {\rm L}_{\odot}{\rm
\,(K\,km\,s}^{-1}{\rm \,pc}^{2})^{-1}$, is comparable to merger-driven
starbursts such as local ultra-luminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs) and SMGs.
Likewise, the $^{12}$CO(5$\to$4)/CO(2$\to$1) line brightness temperature ratio
of $r_{52}= 0.55\pm 0.15$ is consistent with high excitation conditions,
similar to that observed in SMGs. We constrained the value for the
$L'_{\text{CO}}-{\rm H}_2$ mass conversion factor in AzTEC/C159, i.e.
$\alpha_{\text{CO}}=3.9^{+2.7}_{-1.3}{\rm \,M}_{\odot}{\rm \,K}^{-1}{\rm
\,km}^{-1}{\rm \,s\,pc}^{-2}$, that is consistent with a self-gravitating
molecular gas distribution as observed in local star-forming disk galaxies.
Cold gas streams from cosmological filaments might be fueling a gravitationally
unstable gas-rich disk in AzTEC/C159, which breaks into giant clumps forming
stars as efficiently as in merger-driven systems and generate high gas
excitation.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, Accepted for publication in A&
Mammographic density and molecular subtypes of breast cancer.

: Background:Gene expression profiling has led to a subclassification of breast cancers independent of established clinical parameters, such as the Sorlie-Perou subtypes. Mammographic density (MD) is one of the strongest risk factors for breast cancer, but it is unknown if MD is associated with molecular subtypes of this carcinoma.Methods:We investigated whether MD was associated with breast cancer subtypes in 110 women with breast cancer, operated in Stockholm, Sweden, during 1994 to 1996. Subtypes were defined using expression data from HGU133A+B chips. The MD of the unaffected breast was measured using the Cumulus software. We used multinomial logistic models to investigate the relationship between MD and Sorlie-Perou subtypes.Results:Although the distribution of molecular subtypes differed in women with high vs low MD, this was statistically non-significant (P=0.249), and further analyses revealed no association between the MD and Sorlie-Perou subtypes as a whole, nor with individual subtypes.Conclusion:These findings suggest that although MD is one of the strongest risk factors for breast cancer, it does not seem to be differentially associated with breast cancer molecular subtypes. However, larger studies with more comprehensive covariate information are needed to confirm these results.British Journal of Cancer advance online publication, 29 May 2012; doi:10.1038/bjc.2012.234 www.bjcancer.com
Suppression of Upsilon(1S), Upsilon(2S), and Upsilon(3S) production in PbPb collisions at sqrt(s[NN]) = 2.76 TeV

The production yields of Upsilon(1S), Upsilon(2S), and Upsilon(3S) quarkonium states are measured through their decays into muon pairs in the CMS detector, in PbPb and pp collisions at the centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of 2.76 TeV. The data correspond to integrated luminosities of 166 inverse microbarns and 5.4 inverse picobarns for PbPb and pp collisions, respectively. Differential production cross sections are reported as functions of Upsilon rapidity y up to 2.4, and transverse momentum pT up to 20 GeV/c. A strong centrality-dependent suppression is observed in PbPb relative to pp collisions, by factors of up to approximately 2 and 8, for the Upsilon(1S) and Upsilon(2S) states, respectively. No significant dependence of this suppression is observed as a function of y or pT. The Upsilon(3S) state is not observed in PbPb collisions, which corresponds to a suppression for the centrality-integrated data by at least a factor of approximately 7 at a 95% confidence level. The observed suppression is in agreement with theoretical scenarios modeling the sequential melting of quarkonium states in a quark gluon plasma
Measurement of the $ZZ$ production cross section in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 8 TeV using the $ZZ\to\ell^{-}\ell^{+}\ell^{\prime -}\ell^{\prime +}$ and $ZZ\to\ell^{-}\ell^{+}ν\barν$ channels with the ATLAS detector

A measurement of the $ZZ$ production in the $\ell^{-}\ell^{+}\ell^{\prime -}\ell^{\prime +}$ and $\ell^{-}\ell^{+}\nu\bar{\nu}$ channels $(\ell = e, \mu)$ in proton--proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 8$ TeV at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 20.3 fb$^{-1}$ collected by the ATLAS experiment in 2012 is presented. The fiducial cross sections for $ZZ\to\ell^{-}\ell^{+}\ell^{\prime -}\ell^{\prime +}$ and $ZZ\to \ell^{-}\ell^{+}\nu\bar{\nu}$ are measured in selected phase-space regions. The total cross section for $ZZ$ events produced with both $Z$ bosons in the mass range 66 to 116 GeV is measured from the combination of the two channels to be $7.3\pm0.4\textrm{(stat)}\pm0.3\textrm{(syst)}\pm0.2\textrm{(lumi)}$ pb, which is consistent with the Standard Model prediction of $6.6^{+0.7}_{-0.6}$ pb. The differential cross sections in bins of various kinematic variables are presented. The differential event yield as a function of the transverse momentum of the leading $Z$ boson is used to set limits on anomalous neutral triple gauge boson couplings in $ZZ$ production
First-Line Afatinib versus Chemotherapy in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Common Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Gene Mutations and Brain Metastases

Introduction: Metastatic spread to the brain is common in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but these patients are generally excluded from prospective clinical trials. The studies, phase III study of afatinib or cisplatin plus pemetrexed in patients with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma with EGFR mutations (LUX-Lung 3) and a randomized, open-label, phase III study of BIBW 2992 versus chemotherapy as first-line treatment for patients with stage IIIB or IV adenocarcinoma of the lung harbouring an EGFR activating mutation (LUX-Lung 6) investigated first-line afatinib versus platinum-based chemotherapy in epidermal growth factor receptor gene (EGFR) mutation positive patients with NSCLC and included patients with brain metastases; prespecified subgroup analyses are assessed in this article. Methods: For both LUX-Lung 3 and LUX-Lung 6, prespecified subgroup analyses of progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival, and objective response rate were undertaken in patients with asymptomatic brain metastases at baseline (n = 35 and n = 46, respectively). Post hoc analyses of clinical outcomes was undertaken in the combined data set (n = 81). Results: In both studies, there was a trend toward improved PFS with afatinib versus chemotherapy in patients with brain metastases (LUX-Lung 3:11.1 versus 5.4 months, hazard ratio [HR] = 0.54, p = 0.1378; LUX-Lung 6:8.2 versus 4.7 months, HR = 0.47, p = 0.1060). The magnitude of PFS improvement with afatinib was similar to that observed in patients without brain metastases. In combined analysis, PFS was significantly improved with afatinib versus with chemotherapy in patients with brain metastases (8.2 versus 5.4 months; HR, 0.50; p = 0.0297). Afatinib significantly improved the objective response rate versus chemotherapy in patients with brain metastases. Safety findings were consistent with previous reports. Conclusions: These findings lend support to the clinical activity of afatinib in EGFR mutation-positive patients with NSCLC and asymptomatic brain metastases. (C) 2015 International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer. Published by Elsevier Inc
Long-term multi-wavelength studies of GRS 1915+105. I. A High-energy and mid-infrared focus with RXTE/INTEGRAL and SPitzer

To date, mid-infrared properties of Galactic black hole binaries have barely been investigated in the framework of multi-wavelength campaigns. Yet, studies in this spectral domain are crucial to get complementary information on the presence of dust and/or on the physical processes such as dust heating and thermal bremsstrahlung. Here, we report a long-term multi-wavelength study of the microquasar GRS 1915+105. On the one hand, we aimed at understanding the origins of the mid-infrared emission, and on the other hand, at searching for correlation with the high-energy and/or radio activities. We observed the source at several epochs between 2004 and 2006 with the photometer IRAC and spectrometer IRS, both mounted on the Spitzer Space Telescope. When available, we completed our set of data with quasi-simultaneous RXTE/INTEGRAL high-energy and/or Ryle radio observations from public archives. We then studied the mid-infrared environment and activities of GRS 1915+105 through spectral analysis and broadband fitting of its radio to X-ray spectral energy distributions. We detected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules in all but one IRS spectra of GRS 1915+105 which unambiguously proves the presence of a dust component, likely photoionized by the high-energy emission. We also argue that this dust is distributed in a disk-like structure heated by the companion star, as observed in some Herbig Ae/Be and isolated cool giant stars. Moreover, we show that some of the soft X-ray emission emanating from the inner regions of the accretion disk is reprocessed and thermalized in the outer part. This leads to a mid-infrared excess that is very likely correlated to the soft X-ray emission. We exclude thermal bremsstrahlung as contributing significantly in this spectral domain.Fil: Rahoui, F.. Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7; FranciaFil: Chaty, S.. Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7; FranciaFil: Rodriguez, J.. Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7; FranciaFil: Fuchs, Y.. Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7; FranciaFil: Mirabel Miquele, Igor Felix. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciónes Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio. - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio; ArgentinaFil: Pooley, G. G.. Astrophysics, Cavendish Laboratory; Reino Unid
Longitudinal Study of Recurrent Metastatic Melanoma Cell Lines Underscores the Individuality of Cancer Biology.

Recurrent metastatic melanoma provides a unique opportunity to analyze disease evolution in metastatic cancer. Here, we followed up eight patients with an unusually prolonged history of metastatic melanoma, who developed a total of 26 recurrences over several years. Cell lines derived from each metastasis were analyzed by comparative genomic hybridization and global transcript analysis. We observed that conserved, patient-specific characteristics remain stable in recurrent metastatic melanoma even after years and several recurrences. Differences among individual patients exceeded within-patient lesion variability, both at the DNA copy number (P<0.001) and RNA gene expression level (P<0.001). Conserved patient-specific traits included expression of several cancer/testis antigens and the c-kit proto-oncogene throughout multiple recurrences. Interestingly, subsequent recurrences of different patients did not display consistent or convergent changes toward a more aggressive disease phenotype. Finally, sequential recurrences of the same patient did not descend progressively from each other, as irreversible mutations such as homozygous deletions were frequently not inherited from previous metastases. This study suggests that the late evolution of metastatic melanoma, which markedly turns an indolent disease into a lethal phase, is prone to preserve case-specific traits over multiple recurrences and occurs through a series of random events that do not follow a consistent stepwise process.Journal of Investigative Dermatology advance online publication, 2 January 2014; doi:10.1038/jid.2013.495
Developmental programming : Cumulative effects of increased pre-hatching corticosterone levels and post-hatching unpredictable food availability on physiology and behaviour in adulthood

Prolonged exposure to stress during development can have long-term detrimental effects on health and wellbeing. However, the environmental matching hypothesis proposes that developmental stress programs physiology and behaviour in an adaptive way that can enhance fitness if early environments match those experienced later in life. Most research has focused on the harmful effects that stress during a single period in early life may exert in adulthood. In this study, we tested the potential additive and beneficial effects that stress experienced during both pre- and post-hatching development may have on adult physiology and behaviour. Japanese quail experienced different stress-related treatments across two developmental life stages: pre-hatching corticosterone (CORT) injection, post-hatching unpredictable food availability, both pre- and post-hatching treatments, or control. In adulthood, we determined quails' acute stress response, neophobia and novel environment exploration. The pre-hatching CORT treatment resulted in attenuated physiological responses to an acute stressor, increased activity levels and exploration in a novel environment. Post-hatching unpredictable food availability decreased adults' latency to feed. Furthermore, there were cumulative effects of these treatments across the two developmental stages: quail subjected to both pre- and post-hatching treatments were the most explorative and risk-taking of all treatment groups. Such responses to novel environments could enhance survival in unpredictable environments in later life. Our data also suggest that these behavioural responses may have been mediated by long-term physiological programming of the adrenocortical stress response, creating phenotypes that could exhibit fitness-enhancing behaviours in a changing environment.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
Investigation of acyclic uridine amide and 5'-amido nucleoside analogues as potential inhibitors of the Plasmodium falciparum dUTPase

Previously we have shown that trityl and diphenyl deoxyuridine derivatives and their acyclic analogues can inhibit Plasmodium falciparum dUTPase (PfdUTPase). We report the synthesis of conformationally restrained amide derivatives as inhibitors PfdUTPase, including both acyclic and cyclic examples. Activity was dependent on the orientation and location of the amide constraining group. In the case of the acyclic series, we were able to obtain amide-constrained analogues which showed similar or greater potency than the unconstrained analogues. Unfortunately these compounds showed lower selectivity in cellular assays
Transit spectrophotometry of the exoplanet HD189733b. II. New Spitzer
  observations at 3.6 microns

We present a new primary transit observation of the hot-jupiter HD189733b,
obtained at 3.6 microns with the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) onboard the
Spitzer Space Telescope. Previous measurements at 3.6 microns suffered from
strong systematics and conclusions could hardly be obtained with confidence on
the water detection by comparison of the 3.6 and 5.8 microns observations. We
use a high S/N Spitzer photometric transit light curve to improve the precision
of the near infrared radius of the planet at 3.6 microns. The observation has
been performed using high-cadence time series integrated in the subarray mode.
We are able to derive accurate system parameters, including planet-to-star
radius ratio, impact parameter, scale of the system, and central time of the
transit from the fits of the transit light curve. We compare the results with
transmission spectroscopic models and with results from previous observations
at the same wavelength. We obtained the following system parameters:
R_p/R_\star=0.15566+0.00011-0.00024, b=0.661+0.0053-0.0050, and
a/R_\star=8.925+0.0490-0.0523 at 3.6 microns. These measurements are three
times more accurate than previous studies at this wavelength because they
benefit from greater observational efficiency and less statistic and systematic
errors. Nonetheless, we find that the radius ratio has to be corrected for
stellar activity and present a method to do so using ground-based long-duration
photometric follow-up in the V-band. The resulting planet-to-star radius ratio
corrected for the stellar variability is in agreement with the previous
measurement obtained in the same bandpass (Desert et al. 2009). We also discuss
that water vapour could not be evidenced by comparison of the planetary radius
measured at 3.6 and 5.8 microns, because the radius measured at 3.6 microns is
affected by absorption by other species, possibly Rayleigh scattering by haze.Comment: 19 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy &
  Astrophysic
Light-cone Gauge NSR Strings in Noncritical Dimensions II -- Ramond
  Sector

Light-cone gauge superstring theory in noncritical dimensions corresponds to
a worldsheet theory with nonstandard longitudinal part in the conformal gauge.
The longitudinal part of the worldsheet theory is a superconformal field theory
called X^{\pm} CFT. We show that the X^{\pm} CFT combined with the
super-reparametrization ghost system can be described by free variables. It is
possible to express the correlation functions in terms of these free variables.
Bosonizing the free variables, we construct the spin fields and BRST invariant
vertex operators for the Ramond sector in the conformal gauge formulation. By
using these vertex operators, we can rewrite the tree amplitudes of the
noncritical light-cone gauge string field theory, with external lines in the
(R,R) sector as well as those in the (NS,NS) sector, in a BRST invariant way.Comment: 33 pages; v2: minor modification
Theory of internal transitions of charged excitons in quantum wells in
  magnetic fields

For charged semiconductor complexes in magnetic fields B, we discuss an exact
classification of states, which is based on magnetic translations. In this
scheme, in addition to the total orbital angular momentum projection $M_z$ and
electron and hole spins $S_e$, $S_h$, a new exact quantum number appears. This
oscillator quantum number, k, is related physically to the center of the
cyclotron motion of the complex as a whole. In the dipole approximation k is
strictly conserved in magneto-optical transitions. We discuss implications of
this new exact selection rule for internal intraband magneto-optical
transitions of charged excitons $X^-$ in quantum wells in B.Comment: Latex, 3 pages, 2 eps figures; Contribution to Int. Conf. "Optics of
  Excitons in Confined Systems"(OECS-VI, Aug.30-Sept.2, Ascona, Switzerland),
  to be published in Physica Status Solid