pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
The relative balance of goal-directed and habitual behaviours in obsessive-compulsive disorder

Our decisions are based on parallel and competing systems of goal-directed and habitual learning, systems which can be impaired in pathological behaviours. Here we focus on the influence of motivation and compare reward and loss outcomes in subjects with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) on model-based goal-directed and model-free habitual behaviours using the two-step task. We further investigate the relationship with acquisition learning using a one-step probabilistic learning task. Forty-eight OCD subjects and 96 healthy volunteers were tested on a reward and 30 OCD subjects and 53 healthy volunteers on the loss version of the two-step task. Thirty-six OCD subjects and 72 healthy volunteers were also tested on a one-step reversal task. OCD subjects compared with healthy volunteers were less goal oriented (model-based) and more habitual (model-free) to reward outcomes with a shift towards greater model-based and lower habitual choices to loss outcomes. OCD subjects also had enhanced acquisition learning to loss outcomes on the one-step task, which correlated with goal-directed learning in the two-step task. OCD subjects had greater stay behaviours or perseveration in the one-step task irrespective of outcome. Compulsion severity was correlated with habitual learning in the reward condition. Obsession severity was correlated with greater switching after loss outcomes. In healthy volunteers, we further show that greater reward magnitudes are associated with a shift towards greater goal-directed learning further emphasizing the role of outcome salience. Our results highlight an important influence of motivation on learning processes in OCD and suggest that distinct clinical strategies based on valence may be warranted.The study was funded through a Wellcome Trust Intermediate Clinical Fellowship for VV (093705/Z/10/Z).This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from NPG via http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/tp.2015.16
Search for high mass dilepton resonances in pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS experiment

This Letter presents a search for high mass e[superscript +]e[superscript −] or μ[superscript +]μ[superscript −] resonances in pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV at the LHC. The data were recorded by the ATLAS experiment during 2010 and correspond to a total integrated luminosity of ~40 pb[superscript −1]. No statistically significant excess above the Standard Model expectation is observed in the search region of dilepton invariant mass above 110 GeV. Upper limits at the 95% confidence level are set on the cross section times branching ratio of Z′Z′ resonances decaying to dielectrons and dimuons as a function of the resonance mass. A lower mass limit of 1.048 TeV on the Sequential Standard Model Z′ boson is derived, as well as mass limits on Z* and E[subscript 6]-motivated Z′ models.Brookhaven National LaboratoryUnited States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)European Organization for Nuclear Researc
Search for $s$ channel single top quark production in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$=7 and 8 TeV

A search is presented for single top quark production in the s channel in proton-proton collisions with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC in decay modes of the top quark containing a muon or an electron in the final state. The signal is extracted through a maximum-likelihood fit to the distribution of a multivariate discriminant defined using boosted decision trees to separate the expected signal contribution from background processes. The analysis uses data collected at centre-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV and corresponding to integrated luminosities of 5.1 and 19.7 fb$^{−1}$, respectively. The measured cross sections of 7.1 ${\pm}$ 8.1 pb (at 7 TeV) and 13.4 ${\pm}$ 7.3 pb (at 8 TeV) result in a best fit value of 2.0 ${\pm}$ 0.9 for the combined ratio of the measured and expected values. The signal significance is 2.5 standard deviations, and the upper limit on the rate relative to the standard model expectation is 4.7 at 95% confidence level
Effects of nuclear potential on the cumulants of net-proton and net-baryon multiplicity distributions in Au plus Au collisions atv root(NN)-N-S=5 GeV

We analyze the rapidity and transverse momentum dependence for the cumulants of the net-proton and net-baryon distributions in Au+Au collisions at View the MathML sourcesNN=5GeV with a microscopic hadronic transport (JAM) model. To study the effects of mean field potential and softening of equation of state (EoS) on the fluctuations of net-proton (baryon) in heavy-ion collisions, the calculations are performed with two different modes. The softening of EoS is realized in the model by implementing the attractive orbit in the two-body scattering to introduce a reduction pressure of the system. By comparing the results from the two modes with the results from default cascade, we find the mean field potential and softening of EoS have strong impacts on the rapidity distributions (dN/dydN/dy) and the shape of the net-proton (baryon) multiplicity distributions. The net-proton (baryon) cumulants and their ratios calculated from all of the three modes are with similar trends and show significant suppression with respect to unity, which can be explained by the presence of baryon number conservations. It indicates that the effects of mean field potential and softening of EoS might be not the ingredients that are responsible to the observed strong enhancement in the most central Au+Au collisions at 7.7 GeV measured by the STAR experiment at RHIC
Finite element methods for flow in porous media

This thesis studies the application of finite element methods to porous flow problems. Particular attention is paid to locally mass conserving methods, which are very well suited for typical multiphase flow applications in porous media. The focus is on the Brinkman model, which is a parameter dependent extension of the classical Darcy model for porous flow taking the viscous phenomena into account. The thesis introduces a mass conserving finite element method for the Brinkman flow, with complete mathematical analysis of the method. In addition, stochastic material parameters are considered for the Brinkman flow, and parameter dependent Robin boundary conditions for the underlying Darcy flow. All of the theoretical results in the thesis are also verified with extensive numerical testing. Furthermore, many implementational aspects are discussed in the thesis, and computational viability of the methods introduced, both in terms of usefulness and computational complexity, is taken into account
The quest for the best: The impact of different EPI sequences on the sensitivity of random effect fMRI group analyses

AbstractWe compared the sensitivity of standard single-shot 2D echo planar imaging (EPI) to three advanced EPI sequences, i.e., 2D multi-echo EPI, 3D high resolution EPI and 3D dual-echo fast EPI in fixed effect and random effects group level fMRI analyses at 3T. The study focused on how well the variance reduction in fixed effect analyses achieved by advanced EPI sequences translates into increased sensitivity in the random effects group level analysis. The sensitivity was estimated in a functional MRI experiment of an emotional learning and a reward based learning tasks in a group of 24 volunteers. Each experiment was acquired with the four different sequences. The task-related response amplitude, contrast level and respective t-value were proxies for the functional sensitivity across the brain. All three advanced EPI methods increased the sensitivity in the fixed effects analyses, but standard single-shot 2D EPI provided a comparable performance in random effects group analysis when whole brain coverage and moderate resolution are required. In this experiment inter-subject variability determined the sensitivity of the random effects analysis for most brain regions, making the impact of EPI pulse sequence improvements less relevant or even negligible for random effects analyses. An exception concerns the optimization of EPI reducing susceptibility-related signal loss that translates into an enhanced sensitivity e.g. in the orbitofrontal cortex for multi-echo EPI. Thus, future optimization strategies may best aim at reducing inter-subject variability for higher sensitivity in standard fMRI group studies at moderate spatial resolution
The time-dependent Aharonov–Casher effect

AbstractIn this paper we give a covariant expression for Aharonov–Casher phase. This expression is a combination of the canonical electric field, Aharonov–Casher phase plus a magnetic field phase shift. We use this covariant expression for the Aharonov–Casher phase to investigate the case of a neutral particle with a non-zero magnetic moment moving in the time dependent electric and magnetic fields of a plane electromagnetic wave background. We focus on the case where the magnetic moment of the particle is oriented so that both the electric and magnetic fields lead to non-zero phases, and we look at the interplay between these electric and magnetic phases
Developmental changes in children's facial preferences

AbstractFacial averageness, symmetry, health, and femininity are positively associated with adults' judgements of attractiveness, but little is known about the age at which preferences for individual facial traits develop. We investigated preferences for these facial traits and global attractiveness in 4- to 17-year-olds (N=346). All age groups showed preferences for globally attractive faces. Preferences for averageness, symmetry, and health did not emerge until middle childhood and experienced apparent disruption or stasis around age 10- to 14-years; femininity was not preferred until early adulthood, and this preference was seen only in girls. Children's pubertal development was not clearly related to any facial preferences, but the results are consistent with the suggestion that early adrenal hormone release may play an activating role in mate preferences, while other constraints may delay further increases in preferences during later puberty
Operational definition of (brane-induced) space–time and constraints on the fundamental parameters

AbstractFirst we contemplate the operational definition of space–time in four dimensions in light of basic principles of quantum mechanics and general relativity and consider some of its phenomenological consequences. The quantum gravitational fluctuations of the background metric that comes through the operational definition of space–time are controlled by the Planck scale and are therefore strongly suppressed. Then we extend our analysis to the braneworld setup with low fundamental scale of gravity. It is observed that in this case the quantum gravitational fluctuations on the brane may become unacceptably large. The magnification of fluctuations is not linked directly to the low quantum gravity scale but rather to the higher-dimensional modification of Newton's inverse square law at relatively large distances. For models with compact extra dimensions the shape modulus of extra space can be used as a most natural and safe stabilization mechanism against these fluctuations
Social inequalities and smoking-associated breast cancer — Results from a prospective cohort study

AbstractObjectiveThe association between smoking and breast cancer has been found in most recent, large cohort studies. We wanted to investigate how smoking-associated breast cancer varies by level of education, a well-established measure of socioeconomic status.MethodsWe included 302,865 women with 7490 breast cancer cases. Participants were assigned to low, moderate or high level of education and analyzed by smoking status (ever/never), and stratified by birth cohorts (≤1950>). We used Cox proportional hazard to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for age, number of children, age at first childbirth, BMI, age at enrollment and physical activity.ResultsWomen born ≤1950 with low and moderate levels of education had a 40% increase in smoking-associated breast cancer risk (HR=1.40, 95% CI 1.25–1.57 and HR=1.14, 95% CI 1.05–1.24, respectively). Women in the same age group with high level of education did not have an increase in risk. No increased breast cancer risk was found among women born after 1950 for any level of education, when analyzed by smoking status. Longer duration of smoking before first childbirth was consistently associated with increasing risk of breast cancer in all three categories of education (all p for trends<0.01).ConclusionSmoking for several years before first childbirth increases the risk of breast cancer, regardless of educational level
Elastic and large t rapidity gap vector meson production in ultraperipheral proton–ion collisions

AbstractWe evaluate the cross sections for the production of vector mesons in exclusive ultraperipheral proton–ion collisions at LHC. We find that the rates are high enough to study the energy and momentum transfer dependence of vector meson (ρ,ϕ, J/ψ, ϒ) photoproduction in γp scattering in a wide energy range. This would extend the measurements which were performed at HERA providing new information about interplay of soft and hard physics in diffraction. Also, we calculate the contributions to the vector meson yield due to production of vector mesons off nuclear target by photons emitted by proton. We find, that at least in the case of ϒ production it is feasible to observe simultaneously both these processes. Such measurements would increase the precision with which the A-dependence of exclusive onium production can be determined. This would also enable one to estimate the amount of nuclear shadowing of generalized gluon distributions at much smaller x than that is possible in AA collisions and to measure the cross sections for photoproduction processes in a significantly wider energy range than that achieved in experiments with fixed nuclear targets. We also present the cross section for vector meson production in pA collisions at RHIC. In addition, we consider production of vector mesons off protons with large rapidity gaps and large t. These processes probe small x dynamics of the elastic interaction of small dipoles at high energies and large but finite t, that is in the kinematics where DGLAP evolution is strongly suppressed. We estimate that this process could be studied at LHC up to W∼1 TeV with detectors which will be available at LHC
Donor Lymphocyte Infusion May Reduce the Incidence of Bronchiolitis Obliterans after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation

Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) is a serious pulmonary complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic methods used, the incidence of BO, risk factors, and outcome in patients with BO at our center. The study included 527 HSCT patients transplanted between 1995 and 2003. Lung function tests (n = 1177) and risk factor analyses were performed in all patients. Chest X-rays and high-resolution tomographies were investigated in patients with BO. The incidence of BO was 4.8%, as the diagnosis was established in 25 patients (4 children). Median time between HSCT and diagnosis of BO was 356 (84-1823) days. Eight patients (32%) had radiologic changes consistent with BO. Forced expiratory volume for 1 second (FEV1) and forced expiratory flow at 50% (FEF50) and 75% (FEF75) of forced vital capacity (FVC) produced median values that were 49%, 25%, and 18% of the reference values at the time of BO diagnosis. FEF75 was reduced before BO diagnosis in 7 patients (28%). In a multivariate risk factor analysis, chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) was found to be associated with BO (P < .001), whereas donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) diminished the risk (P = .02). For 10 patients with late BO (>1 year after HSCT), 80% survived 5 years after diagnosis, compared to 38% survival in 15 patients with early-onset BO (P = .06). We conclude that lung function tests with a persistent decrease in FEV1 were more important than radiographic methods to recognize and monitor BO, that FEF75 may serve as an early warning of BO, and that late-onset BO appears to be associated with better outcome. Chronic GVHD was confirmed as a risk factor, and administration of DLI may diminish the risk
The effects of inbreeding on disease susceptibility: Gyrodactylus turnbulli infection of guppies, Poecilia reticulata

AbstractInbreeding can threaten population persistence by reducing disease resistance through the accelerated loss of gene diversity (i.e. heterozygosity). Such inbreeding depression can affect many different fitness-related traits, including survival, reproductive success, and parasite susceptibility. Empirically quantifying the effects of inbreeding on parasite resistance is therefore important for ex-situ conservation of vertebrates. The present study evaluates the disease susceptibility of individuals bred under three different breeding regimes (inbred, crossed with full siblings; control, randomly crossed mating; and fully outbred). Specifically, we examined the relationship between inbreeding coefficient (F-coefficient) and susceptibility to Gyrodactylus turnbulli infection in a live bearing vertebrate, the guppy Poecilia reticulata. Host-breeding regime significantly affected the trajectories of parasite population growth on individual fish. Inbred fish showed significantly higher mean parasite intensity than fish from the control and outbred breeding regimes, and in addition, inbred fish were slower in purging their gyrodactylid infections. We discuss the role of inbreeding on the various arms of the immune system, and argue that the increased disease susceptibility of inbred individuals could contribute to the extinction vortex. This is one of the first studies to quantify the effects of inbreeding and breeding regime on disease susceptibility in a captive bred vertebrate of wild origin, and it highlights the risks faced by small (captive-bred) populations when exposed to their native parasites
Stable monopole–antimonopole string background in SU(2) QCD

AbstractMotivated by the instability of the Savvidy–Nielsen–Olesen (SNO) vacuum we make a systematic search for a stable magnetic background in pure SU(2) QCD. It is shown that a pair of axially symmetric monopole and antimonopole strings is stable, provided that the distance between the two strings is less than a critical value. The existence of a stable monopole–antimonopole string background strongly supports that a magnetic condensation of monopole–antimonopole pairs can generate a dynamical symmetry breaking, and thus the magnetic confinement of color in QCD
Clonal Dynamics Reveal Two Distinct Populations of Basal Cells in Slow-Turnover Airway Epithelium

SummaryEpithelial lineages have been studied at cellular resolution in multiple organs that turn over rapidly. However, many epithelia, including those of the lung, liver, pancreas, and prostate, turn over slowly and may be regulated differently. We investigated the mouse tracheal epithelial lineage at homeostasis by using long-term clonal analysis and mathematical modeling. This pseudostratified epithelium contains basal cells and secretory and multiciliated luminal cells. Our analysis revealed that basal cells are heterogeneous, comprising approximately equal numbers of multipotent stem cells and committed precursors, which persist in the basal layer for 11 days before differentiating to luminal fate. We confirmed the molecular and functional differences within the basal population by using single-cell qRT-PCR and further lineage labeling. Additionally, we show that self-renewal of short-lived secretory cells is a feature of homeostasis. We have thus revealed early luminal commitment of cells that are morphologically indistinguishable from stem cells
Disruption of Mouse RAD54 Reduces Ionizing Radiation Resistance and Homologous Recombination

AbstractDouble-strand DNA break (DSB) repair by homologous recombination occurs through the RAD52 pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Its biological importance is underscored by the conservation of many RAD52 pathway genes, including RAD54, from fungi to humans. We have analyzed the phenotype of mouse RAD54−/− (mRAD54−/−) cells. Consistent with a DSB repair defect, these cells are sensitive to ionizing radiation, mitomycin C, and methyl methanesulfonate, but not to ultraviolet light. Gene targeting experiments demonstrate that homologous recombination in mRAD54−/− cells is reduced compared to wild-type cells. These results imply that, besides DNA end-joining mediated by DNA-dependent protein kinase, homologous recombination contributes to the repair of DSBs in mammalian cells. Furthermore, we show that mRAD54−/− mice are viable and exhibit apparently normal V(D)J and immunoglobulin class-switch recombination. Thus, mRAD54 is not required for the recombination processes that generate functional immunoglobulin and T cell receptor genes
Rapid early Holocene sea-level rise in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica

AbstractPrydz Bay is one of the largest embayments on the East Antarctic coast and it is the discharge point for approximately 16% of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. Geological constraints on the regional ice sheet history include evidence of past relative sea-level change at three sites; the Vestfold Hills, Rauer Islands and Larsemann Hills. In this paper we compile updated regional relative sea-level data from these sites. We compare these with a suite of relative sea-level predictions derived from glacial isostatic adjustment models and discuss the significance of departures between the models and the field evidence. The compiled geological data extend the relative sea-level curve for this region to 11,258calyr BP and include new constraints based on abandoned penguin colonies, new isolation basin data in the Vestfold Hills, validation of a submarine relative sea-level constraint in the Rauer Islands and recalibrated radiocarbon ages at all sites dating from 12,728calyr BP. The field data show rapid increases in rates of relative sea level rise of 12–48mm/yr between 10,473 (or 9678) and 9411calyr BP in the Vestfold Hills and of 8.8mm/yr between 8882 and 8563calyr BP in the Larsemann Hills. The relative sea-level high stands of ≥8.8m from 9411 to after 7564calyr BP (Vestfold Hills) and ≥8m at 8563 and 7066calyr BP (Larsemann Hills) are over-predicted by some of the glacial isostatic adjustment models considered here, suggesting that assumptions relating to the magnitude and timing of regional ice loss since the Last Glacial Maximum may need revising. In the Vestfold Hills and Rauer Islands the final deglacial sea-level rise was almost exactly cancelled out by local rebound between 9411 and 5967calyr BP and this was followed by a near exponential decay in relative sea-level. In the Larsemann Hills the sea-level data suggest that the rate of ice retreat in this region was not uniform throughout the Holocene. Swath bathymetric surveys of the benthic seafloor topography show the presence of multiple offshore basins. These are a priority for further study as those that remained free of grounded ice should provide precise constraints on relative sea-level rise and ice sheet history during the most rapid phases of the last major deglaciation