pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Macrophage Ontogeny Underlies Differences in Tumor-Specific Education in Brain Malignancies

SummaryExtensive transcriptional and ontogenetic diversity exists among normal tissue-resident macrophages, with unique transcriptional profiles endowing the cells with tissue-specific functions. However, it is unknown whether the origins of different macrophage populations affect their roles in malignancy. Given potential artifacts associated with irradiation-based lineage tracing, it remains unclear if bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) are present in tumors of the brain, a tissue with no homeostatic involvement of BMDMs. Here, we employed multiple models of murine brain malignancy and genetic lineage tracing to demonstrate that BMDMs are abundant in primary and metastatic brain tumors. Our data indicate that distinct transcriptional networks in brain-resident microglia and recruited BMDMs are associated with tumor-mediated education yet are also influenced by chromatin landscapes established before tumor initiation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that microglia specifically repress Itga4 (CD49D), enabling its utility as a discriminatory marker between microglia and BMDMs in primary and metastatic disease in mouse and human
Prediction properties of Aitken's iterated Δ2 process, of Wynn's epsilon algorithm, and of Brezinski's iterated theta algorithm

AbstractThe prediction properties of Aitken's iterated Δ2 process, Wynn's epsilon algorithm, and Brezinski's iterated theta algorithm for (formal) power series are analyzed. As a first step, the defining recursive schemes of these transformations are suitably rearranged in order to permit the derivation of accuracy-through-order relationships. On the basis of these relationships, the rational approximants can be rewritten as a partial sum plus an appropriate transformation term. A Taylor expansion of such a transformation term, which is a rational function and which can be computed recursively, produces the predictions for those coefficients of the (formal) power series which were not used for the computation of the corresponding rational approximant
Understanding space weather to shield society: A global road map for 2015–2025 commissioned by COSPAR and ILWS

AbstractThere is a growing appreciation that the environmental conditions that we call space weather impact the technological infrastructure that powers the coupled economies around the world. With that comes the need to better shield society against space weather by improving forecasts, environmental specifications, and infrastructure design. We recognize that much progress has been made and continues to be made with a powerful suite of research observatories on the ground and in space, forming the basis of a Sun–Earth system observatory. But the domain of space weather is vast – extending from deep within the Sun to far outside the planetary orbits – and the physics complex – including couplings between various types of physical processes that link scales and domains from the microscopic to large parts of the solar system. Consequently, advanced understanding of space weather requires a coordinated international approach to effectively provide awareness of the processes within the Sun–Earth system through observation-driven models. This roadmap prioritizes the scientific focus areas and research infrastructure that are needed to significantly advance our understanding of space weather of all intensities and of its implications for society. Advancement of the existing system observatory through the addition of small to moderate state-of-the-art capabilities designed to fill observational gaps will enable significant advances. Such a strategy requires urgent action: key instrumentation needs to be sustained, and action needs to be taken before core capabilities are lost in the aging ensemble. We recommend advances through priority focus (1) on observation-based modeling throughout the Sun–Earth system, (2) on forecasts more than 12h ahead of the magnetic structure of incoming coronal mass ejections, (3) on understanding the geospace response to variable solar-wind stresses that lead to intense geomagnetically-induced currents and ionospheric and radiation storms, and (4) on developing a comprehensive specification of space climate, including the characterization of extreme space storms to guide resilient and robust engineering of technological infrastructures. The roadmap clusters its implementation recommendations by formulating three action pathways, and outlines needed instrumentation and research programs and infrastructure for each of these. An executive summary provides an overview of all recommendations
Absence of ground state for the Nelson model on static space–times

AbstractWe consider the Nelson model on some static space–times and investigate the problem of absence of a ground state. Nelson models with variable coefficients arise when one replaces in the usual Nelson model the flat Minkowski metric by a static metric, allowing also the boson mass to depend on position. We investigate the absence of a ground state of the Hamiltonian in the presence of the infrared problem, i.e. assuming that the boson mass m(x) tends to 0 at spatial infinity. Using path space techniques, we show that if m(x)⩽C|x|−μ at infinity for some C>0 and μ>1 then the Nelson Hamiltonian has no ground state
Environmental DNA (eDNA) detects the invasive crayfishesﾠOrconectes rusticusﾠandﾠPacifastacus leniusculusﾠin large lakes of North America

We report results of a study that made reciprocal comparisons of environmental DNA (eDNA) assays for two major invasive crayfishes between their disparate invasive ranges in North America. Specifically, we tested for range expansions of the signal crayfishﾠPacifastacus leniusculusﾠ(Dana, 1852) into the Laurentian Great Lakes region known to be invaded by the rusty crayfishﾠOrconectes rusticusﾠ(Girard, 1852), as well as for the invasion ofﾠO. rusticusﾠinto large lakes of California and Nevada, US known to be invaded byﾠP. leniusculus.ﾠWe compared eDNA detections to historic localities forﾠO. rusticusﾠwithin the Great Lakes, and to recent sampling for presence/absence and relative abundance ofﾠP. leniusculusﾠin California and Nevada via overnight sets of baited traps. We successfully detectedﾠO. rusticusﾠeDNA at six sites from the Great Lakes andﾠP. leniusculusﾠfrom six of seven lakes where it was known to occur in California and Nevada, but did not detect any range expansions by either species across the North American continent. eDNA appears suitable to detect benthic arthropods from exceptionally large lakes, and will likely be useful in applications for monitoring of new biological invasions into these and other freshwater and marine habitats
Uniform Atmospheric Retrieval Analysis of Ultracool Dwarfs I :
                    Characterizing Benchmarks, Gl570D and HD3651B

Michael Line, et al, 'UNIFORM ATMOSPHERIC RETRIEVAL ANALYSIS OF ULTRACOOL DWARFS. I. CHARACTERIZING BENCHMARKS, Gl 570D AND HD 3651B', The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 802 (2), July 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/807/2/183, published by IOP.Interpreting the spectra of brown dwarfs is key to determining the fundamental physical and chemical processes occurring in their atmospheres. Powerful Bayesian atmospheric retrieval tools have recently been applied to both exoplanet and brown dwarf spectra to tease out the thermal structures and molecular abundances to understand those processes. In this manuscript we develop a significantly upgraded retrieval method and apply it to the SpeX spectral library data of two benchmark late T-dwarfs, Gl570D and HD3651B, to establish the validity of our upgraded forward model parameterization and Bayesian estimator. Our retrieved metallicities, gravities, and effective temperature are consistent with the metallicity and presumed ages of the systems. We add the carbon-to-oxygen ratio as a new dimension to benchmark systems and find good agreement between carbon-to-oxygens ratio derived in the brown dwarfs and the host stars. Furthermore, we have for the first time unambiguously determined the presence of ammonia in the low-resolution spectra of these two late T-dwarfs. We also show that the retrieved results are not significantly impacted by the possible presence of clouds, though some quantities are significantly impacted by uncertainties in photometry. This investigation represents a watershed study in establishing the utility of atmospheric retrieval approaches on brown dwarf spectra
Heterotic compactifications on nearly Kahler manifolds

We consider compactifications of heterotic supergravity on anti-de Sitter space, with a six-dimensional nearly Kahler manifold as the internal space. Completing the model proposed by Frey and Lippert [10] with the particular choice of SU(3)/U(1)xU(1) for the internal manifold, we show that it satisfies not only the supersymmetry constraints but also the equations of motion with string corrections of order alpha'. Furthermore, we present a non-supersymmetric model. In both solutions we find confirmed a recent result of Ivanov [18] on the connection used for anomaly cancellation. Interestingly, the volume of the internal space is fixed by the supersymmetry constraints and/or the equations of motion.DFG/EXC/QUESTHeisenberg-Landau programRFBR/09-02-9134
Measurement of vector boson scattering and constraints on anomalous
  quartic couplings from events with four leptons and two jets in proton-proton
  collisions at sqrt(s) = 13 TeV

A measurement of vector boson scattering and constraints on anomalous quartic
gauge couplings from events with two Z bosons and two jets are presented. The
analysis is based on a data sample of proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 13
TeV collected with the CMS detector and corresponding to an integrated
luminosity of 35.9 inverse femtobarns. The search is performed in the fully
leptonic final state ZZ to lll'l', where l, l' = e, mu. The electroweak
production of two Z bosons in association with two jets is measured with an
observed (expected) significance of 2.7 (1.6) standard deviations. A fiducial
cross section for the electroweak production is measured to be sigma[EW](pp ->
ZZjj -> lll'l'jj) = 0.40 -0.16 +0.21 (stat) -0.09 +0.13 (syst) fb, which is
consistent with the standard model prediction. Limits on anomalous quartic
gauge couplings are determined in terms of the effective field theory operators
T0, T1, T2, T8, and T9. This is the first measurement of vector boson
scattering in the ZZ channel at the LHC.Comment: Replaced with the published version. Added the journal reference and
  DOI. All the figures and tables can be found at
  http://cms-results.web.cern.ch/cms-results/public-results/publications/SMP-17-006/
  (CMS Public Pages). arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1709.0860
Study of double parton scattering using W + 2-jet events in proton-proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Double parton scattering is investigated in proton-proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV where the final state includes a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, and two jets. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5 fb-1, collected with the CMS detector at the LHC. Observables sensitive to double parton scattering are investigated after being corrected for detector effects and selection efficiencies. The fraction of W + 2-jet events due to double parton scattering is measured to be 0.055 ± 0.002 (stat.) ± 0.014 (syst.). The effective cross section, σ eff, characterizing the effective transverse area of hard partonic interactions in collisions between protons is measured to be 20.7 ± 0.8(stat.) ± 6.6(syst.)mb.The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey, and Turkish Atomic Energy Authorit
Measurement of transverse momentum relative to dijet systems in PbPb and pp collisions at root s(NN)=2.76 TeV

An analysis of dijet events in PbPb and pp collisions is performed to explore the properties of energy loss by partons traveling in a quark-gluon plasma. Data are collected at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of 2.76 TeV at the LHC. The distribution of transverse momentum (pT) surrounding dijet systems is measured by selecting charged particles in different ranges of pT and at different angular cones of pseudorapidity and azimuth. The measurement is performed as a function of centrality of the PbPb collisions, the pT asymmetry of the jets in the dijet pair, and the distance parameter R used in the anti-kT jet clustering algorithm. In events with unbalanced dijets, PbPb collisions show an enhanced multiplicity in the hemisphere of the subleading jet, with the pT imbalance compensated by an excess of low-pT particles at large angles from the jet axes. © 2016, The Author(s).The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey, and Turkish Atomic Energy Authorit
Rapid spread of Zika virus in the Americas: implications for public health preparedness for mass gatherings at the 2016 Brazil Olympic Games

Mass gatherings at major international sporting events put millions of international travelers and local host-country residents at risk of acquiring infectious diseases, including locally endemic infectious diseases. The mosquito-borne Zika virus (ZIKV) has recently aroused global attention due to its rapid spread since its first detection in May 2015 in Brazil to 22 other countries and other territories in the Americas. The ZIKV outbreak in Brazil, has also been associated with a significant rise in the number of babies born with microcephaly and neurological disorders, and has been declared a 'Global Emergency' by the World Health Organization. This explosive spread of ZIKV in Brazil poses challenges for public health preparedness and surveillance for the Olympics and Paralympics which are due to be held in Rio De Janeiro in August, 2016. We review the epidemiology and clinical features of the current ZIKV outbreak in Brazil, highlight knowledge gaps, and review the public health implications of the current ZIKV outbreak in the Americas. We highlight the urgent need for a coordinated collaborative response for prevention and spread of infectious diseases with epidemic potential at mass gatherings events. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases
Evolution of TNF signaling mechanisms: JNK-dependent apoptosis triggered by Eiger, the Drosophila homolog of the TNF superfamily.

Much of what we know about apoptosis in human cells stems from pioneering genetic studies in the nematode C. elegans. However, one important way in which the regulation of mammalian cell death appears to differ from that of its nematode counterpart is in the employment of TNF and TNF receptor superfamilies. No members of these families are present in C. elegans, yet TNF factors play prominent roles in mammalian development and disease. Here, we describe the cloning and characterization of Eiger, a unique TNF homolog in Drosophila. Like a subset of mammalian TNF proteins, Eiger is a potent inducer of apoptosis. Unlike its mammalian counterparts, however, the apoptotic effect of Eiger does not require the activity of the caspase-8 homolog DREDD, but it completely depends on its ability to activate the JNK pathway. Eiger-induced cell death requires the caspase-9 homolog DRONC and the Apaf-1 homolog DARK. Our results suggest that primordial members of the TNF superfamily can induce cell death indirectly by triggering JNK signaling, which, in turn, causes activation of the apoptosome. A direct mode of action via the apical FADD/caspase-8 pathway may have been coopted by some TNF signaling systems only at subsequent stages of evolution
Income inequality and the tax structure: Evidence from developed and developing countries

This paper seeks to examine the effect of income inequality on the structure of tax policies. We first use a simplified theoretical framework which allows us to formalize the testable implications of the relevant literature. Subsequently, our analysis indicates that more unequal economies rely heavier on capital relative to labor income taxation. This relationship remains robust across various alternative measures of income inequality and most importantly through alternative political regimes. In addition, our analysis places the spotlight on the potential reverse causality between income inequality and structure of the tax policies and seeks to address it by making use of the most appropriate data and techniques.
Educational Content, Educational Institutions and Economic Development: Lessons from History

Individuals’ choices of educational content are often shaped by the political economy of government policies that determine the incentives to acquire various skills. We first present a model to show how differences in educational content emerge as an equilibrium outcome of private decisions and government policy choices. We then illustrate these dynamics in two historical circumstances. In medieval Europe, states and the Church found individuals trained in Roman law valuable, and eventually supported investments in this new form of human capital. This had positive effects on Europe’s commercial and institutional development. In late 19th-century China, elites were afraid
of the introduction of Western science and engineering and continued to select civil servants - who enjoyed substantial rents—based on their knowledge of Confucian classics. As a result, China lacked skills useful in modern industry. Finally, we present a variety of other contemporary and historical applications of this theory.
Diffusion for Holographic Lattices

We consider black hole spacetimes that are holographically dual to strongly
coupled field theories in which spatial translations are broken explicitly. We
discuss how the quasinormal modes associated with diffusion of heat and charge
can be systematically constructed in a long wavelength perturbative expansion.
We show that the dispersion relation for these modes is given in terms of the
thermoelectric DC conductivity and static susceptibilities of the dual field
theory and thus we derive a generalised Einstein relation from Einstein's
equations. A corollary of our results is that thermodynamic instabilities imply
specific types of dynamical instabilities of the associated black hole
solutions.Comment: 36 pages; very minor changes, published versio
Squashed, magnetized black holes in $D=5$ minimal gauged supergravity

We construct a new class of black hole solutions in five-dimensional
Einstein-Maxwell-Chern-Simons theory with a negative cosmological constant.
These configurations are cohomogeneity-1, with two equal-magnitude angular
momenta. In the generic case, they possess a non-vanishing magnetic potential
at infinity with a boundary metric which is the product of time and a squashed
three-dimensional sphere. Both extremal and non-extremal black holes are
studied. The non-extremal black holes satisfying a certain relation between
electric charge, angular momenta and magnitude of the magnetic potential at
infinity do not trivialize in the limit of vanishing event horizon size,
becoming particle-like (non-topological) solitonic configurations. Among the
extremal black holes, we show the existence of a new one-parameter family of
supersymmetric solutions, which bifurcate from a critical Gutowski-Reall
configuration.Comment: 45 pages, 15 figures, corrected typos, matches version published in
  JHE
Multiscale modeling of a rectifying bipolar nanopore: explicit-water
  versus implicit-water simulations

In a multiscale modeling approach, we present computer simulation results for
a rectifying bipolar nanopore on two modeling levels. In an all-atom model, we
use explicit water to simulate ion transport directly with the molecular
dynamics technique. In a reduced model, we use implicit water and apply the
Local Equilibrium Monte Carlo method together with the Nernst-Planck transport
equation. This hybrid method makes the fast calculation of ion transport
possible at the price of lost details. We show that the implicit-water model is
an appropriate representation of the explicit-water model when we look at the
system at the device (i.e., input vs.\ output) level. The two models produce
qualitatively similar behavior of the electrical current for different voltages
and model parameters. Looking at details of concentration and potential
profiles, we find profound differences between the two models. These
differences, however, do not influence the basic behavior of the model as a
device because they do not influence the $z$-dependence of the concentration
profiles which are the main determinants of current. These results then address
an old paradox: how do reduced models, whose assumptions should break down in a
nanoscale device, predict experimental data? Our simulations show that reduced
models can still capture the overall device physics correctly, even though they
get some important aspects of the molecular-scale physics quite wrong; reduced
models work because they include the physics that is necessary from the point
of view of device function. Therefore, reduced models can suffice for general
device understanding and device design, but more detailed models might be
needed for molecular level understanding
Wavelet analysis of the association between the Southern Oscillation and the Indian Summer Monsoon

A new aspect of the monsoon-Southern Oscillation (SO) link has been investigated. All India Summer Monsoon Rainfall (AISMR) and Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) data (for August-September-October months) for the period 1871-1998 have been processed for wavelet analysis. Using the Haar wavelet function, the data are decomposed into seven dyadic scales corresponding to periods of 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 128 years. The time frequency localization in the wavelet analysis was used to study the temporal variability of modes in AISMR and SOI. The 2 and 8 year modes in both are found to exhibit low frequency modulation. The 4 year mode in both showed large intermittency. The periods of high/low activities of 2, 4 and 8 year modes were associated with a large/low number of deficient AISMR years. The SOI derived from 2, 4 and 8 year modes in the ENSO years, is found to be related to AISMR variability, at 1 level of significance. The 2, 4 and 8 year modes in AISMR and SOI are found to be correlated at a 5 level of significance. There is a large temporal variability in the correlations of these modes. The occurrences of maxima and minima in these correlations followed a sequence, first in the 8 year mode, then in the 4 year mode and in the end, in the 2 year mode. The reasons for de-association between AISMR activity and SOI in the last 8 years of the present decade have been attributed to (i) the negative contributions by 128, 64, 32 and 16 year modes, (ii) the low activity of 4 and 8 year modes and (iii) the weak correlation between AISMR and SOI in 4 and 8 year modes during this period