pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Physical requirements in Olympic sailing

I Brage finner du siste tekst-versjon av artikkelen, og den kan inneholde ubetydelige forskjeller fra forlagets pdf-versjon. Forlagets pdf-versjon finner du på www.tandfonline.com: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.955130 / In Brage you'll find the final text version of the article, and it may contain insignificant differences from the journal's pdf version. The definitive version is available at www.tandfonline.com: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.955130Physical fitness and muscular strength are important performance parameters in Olympic sailing although their relative importance changes between classes. The Olympic format consists of eight yacht types combined into 10 so-called events with total 15 sailors (male and female) in a complete national Olympic delegation. The yachts have different requirements with respect to handling, and moreover, each sailor plays a specific role when sailing. Therefore physical demands remain heterogeneous for Olympic sailors. Previous studies have mainly examined sailors where ‘hiking’ (the task of leaning over the side of the yacht to increase righting moment) is the primary requirement. Other than the ability to sustain prolonged quasi-isometric contractions, hiking seems to require significant maximal muscle strength especially in knee extensors, hip flexors and abdominal and lower back muscles. Another group of studies has investigated boardsailing and provided evidence to show that windsurfing requires very high aerobic and anaerobic capacity. Although data exist on other types of sailors, the information is limited, and moreover the profile of the Olympic events has changed markedly over the last few years to involve more agile, fast and spectacular yachts. The change of events in Olympic sailing has likely added to physical requirements; however, data on sailors in the modern-type yachts are scarce. The present paper describes the recent developments in Olympic sailing with respect to yacht types, and reviews the existing knowledge on physical requirements in modern Olympic sailing. Finally, recommendations for future research in sailing are given.Seksjon for fysisk prestasjonsevne / Department of Physical Performanc
Detection of Drug–Drug Interactions Inducing Acute Kidney Injury by Electronic Health Records Mining

International audienceBackground and Objective : While risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) is a well documented adverse effect of some drugs, few studies have assessed the relationship between drug–drug interactions (DDIs) and AKI. Our objective was to develop an algorithm capable of detecting potential signals on this relationship by retrospectively mining data from electronic health records.Material and methods : Data were extracted from the clinical data warehouse (CDW) of the Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou (HEGP). AKI was defined as the first level of the RIFLE criteria, that is, an increase ≥50 % of creatinine basis. Algorithm accuracy was tested on 20 single drugs, 10 nephrotoxic and 10 non-nephrotoxic. We then tested 45 pairs of non-nephrotoxic drugs, among the most prescribed at our hospital and representing distinct pharmacological classes for DDIs.Results : Sensitivity and specificity were 50 % [95 % confidence interval (CI) 23.66–76.34] and 90 % (95 % CI 59.58–98.21), respectively, for single drugs. Our algorithm confirmed a previously identified signal concerning clarithromycin and calcium-channel blockers (unadjusted odds ratio (ORu) 2.92; 95 % CI 1.11–7.69, p = 0.04). Among the 45 drug pairs investigated, we identified a signal concerning 55 patients in association with bromazepam and hydroxyzine (ORu 1.66; 95 % CI 1.23–2.23). This signal was not confirmed after a chart review. Even so, AKI and co-prescription were confirmed for 96 % (95 % CI 88–99) and 88 % (95 % CI 76–94) of these patients, respectively.Conclusion : Data mining techniques on CDW can foster the detection of adverse drug reactions when drugs are used alone or in combination
Controlling Helical Chirality in Atrane Structures: Solvent-Dependent Chirality Sense in Hemicryptophane-Oxidovanadium(V) Complexes

International audienceThe diastereomeric hemicryptophane oxidovanadium(V) complexes (P)-(S,S,S)-3 and (M)-(S,S,S)-4 have been synthesized. 1H and 51V NMR spectra in solution are consistent with the formation of Λ and Δ forms of the propeller-like vanatrane moiety, leading to two diastereomeric conformers for each complex: that is, (P)-(S,S,S-Λ)-3/(P)-(S,S,S-Δ)-3 and (M)-(S,S,S-Λ)-4/(M)-(S,S,S-Δ)-4. The Λ/Δ ratio is rather temperature-insensitive but strongly dependent on the solvent (the de of (M)-(S,S,S)-4 changes from 0 in benzene to 92 % in DMSO). The solvent therefore controls the preferential clockwise or anticlockwise orientation of the propeller-like atrane unit. The energy barriers for the Λ⇄Δ equilibrium were determined by NMR experiments, and the highest ΔG≠ value (103.7 kJ mol−1) was obtained for (P)-(S,S,S)-3, much higher than those reported for other atrane derivatives. This is attributed to the constraints arising from the cage structure. Determination of the activation parameters provides evidence for a concerted, rather than a stepwise, interconversion mechanism with entropies (ΔS≠) of −243 and −272 J mol−1 K−1 for (P)-(S,S,S)-3 and (M)-(S,S,S)-4, respectively. The molecular structure of the (P)-(S,S,S-Λ)-3 isomer was solved by X-ray diffraction and shows a distorted structure with one of the linkers located in the CTV cavity. Complementary quantum chemical calculations were carried out to obtain the energy-minimized structures of (P)-(S,S,S)-3 and (M)-(S,S,S)-4. Our density functional theory calculations suggest that the (P)-(S,S,S-Λ)-3 is favored, in agreement with experimental data. For the M series, a similar strategy was used to extract molecular structures and relative energies. As in the case of the P diastereomer, the Λ form dominates over the Δ one
A new method to predict meteor showers. II. Application to the Leonids

The original publication is available in Astronomy & Astrophysics at www.aanda.org.International audienceOur model of meteor shower forecasting (described in Paper I) is applied to the Leonid shower. This model is based on the "dirty snowball" model of comets, and on heavy numerical simulation of the generation and evolution of meteoroid streams. The amount of dust emitted by comet 55P/Tempel-Tuttle is computed. A statistical weight is associated to each simulated particle. This weight represents the real amount of meteoroids released by the comet. Particles close to the Earth are examined. There is no unique set of initial conditions (velocity and angle of ejection) for them to reach the Earth at the time of the shower. The shape of the metoroid stream projected on the ecliptic is not elliptical, due to non-gravitational forces and ejection processes. The mixing of particles is revealed to be very efficient. A comparison between observations and predictions of Leonid meteor showers is done. The time of maximum is found to be very accurate, except for certain years (1999 in particular). This problem is common to all models. The level of the predicted shower is obtained through a fit of the size distribution index s = 2.4±0.1. This model provides a unique opportunity to derive cometary parameters from meteor shower observations. Leonid meteor shower forecasts are provided for years up to 2100. The next storm is expected in 2034
Phylogeny.fr: robust phylogenetic analysis for the non-specialist

International audiencePhylogenetic analyses are central to many research areas in biology and typically involve the identification of homologous sequences, their multiple alignment, the phylogenetic reconstruction and the graphical representation of the inferred tree. The Phylogeny.fr platform transparently chains programs to automatically perform these tasks. It is primarily designed for biologists with no experience in phylogeny, but can also meet the needs of specialists; the first ones will find up-to-date tools chained in a phylogeny pipeline to analyze their data in a simple and robust way, while the specialists will be able to easily build and run sophisticated analyses. Phylogeny.fr offers three main modes. The 'One Click' mode targets non-specialists and provides a ready-to-use pipeline chaining programs with recognized accuracy and speed: MUSCLE for multiple alignment, PhyML for tree building, and TreeDyn for tree rendering. All parameters are set up to suit most studies, and users only have to provide their input sequences to obtain a ready-to-print tree. The 'Advanced' mode uses the same pipeline but allows the parameters of each program to be customized by users. The 'A la Carte' mode offers more flexibility and sophistication, as users can build their own pipeline by selecting and setting up the required steps from a large choice of tools to suit their specific needs. Prior to phylogenetic analysis, users can also collect neighbors of a query sequence by running BLAST on general or specialized databases. A guide tree then helps to select neighbor sequences to be used as input for the phylogeny pipeline. Phylogeny.fr is available at: http://www.phylogeny.fr
Agreeing to disagree: Uncertainty management in assessing climate change, impacts and responses by the IPCC

International audienceDealing consistently with risk and uncertainty across the IPCC reports is a difficult challenge. Huge practical difficulties arise from the Panel's scale and interdisciplinary context, the complexity of the climate change issue and its political context. The key question of this paper is if the observed differences in the handling of uncertainties by the three IPCC Working Groups can be clarified. To address this question, the paper reviews a few key issues on the foundations of uncertainty analysis, and summarizes the history of the treatment of uncertainty by the IPCC. One of the key findings is that there is reason to agree to disagree: the fundamental differences between the issues covered by the IPCC's three interdisciplinary Working Groups, between the type of information available, and between the dominant paradigms of the practitioners, legitimately lead to different approaches. We argue that properly using the IPCC's Guidance Notes for Lead Authors for addressing uncertainty, adding a pedigree analysis for key findings, and particularly communicating the diverse nature of uncertainty to the users of the assessment would increase the quality of the assessment. This approach would provide information about the nature of the uncertainties in addition to their magnitude and the confidence assessors have in their findings.Ce texte examine le traitement de l'incertitude dans les rapports du Groupe d'experts Intergouvernemental sur les Changements Climatiques (IPCC). La première partie rappelle les différences fondamentales entre probabilités objectives et subjectives, entre probabilités précises et imprécises, ainsi qu'entre les systèmes causaux et intentionels. La seconde partie met en évidence les divergences entre les trois groupes de travail persistantes au cours de l'histoire de l'IPCC. On montre en particulier que les incertitudes sur la notion de coût et de potentiel de réduction ne sont pas quantifiables en termes de probabilités. En conclusion, le texte recommande de reconnaitre la diversité des approches épistémiques dans les différentes disciplines, et d'adopter une caractérisation multidimensionnelle permettant de jauger la confiance des jugements (approche par pedigree)
Generic representations of abelian groups and extreme amenability

Version 2International audienceIf $G$ is a Polish group and $\Gamma$ is a countable group, denote by $\Hom(\Gamma, G)$ the space of all homomorphisms $\Gamma \to G$. We study properties of the group $\cl{\pi(\Gamma)}$ for the generic $\pi \in \Hom(\Gamma, G)$, when $\Gamma$ is abelian and $G$ is one of the following three groups: the unitary group of an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space, the automorphism group of a standard probability space, and the isometry group of the Urysohn metric space. Under mild assumptions on $\Gamma$, we prove that in the first case, there is (up to isomorphism of topological groups) a unique generic $\cl{\pi(\Gamma)}$; in the other two, we show that the generic $\cl{\pi(\Gamma)}$ is extremely amenable. We also show that if $\Gamma$ is torsion-free, the centralizer of the generic $\pi$ is as small as possible, extending a result of King from ergodic theory
The SANTE Tool: Value Analysis, Program Slicing and Test Generation for C Program Debugging

The original publication is available at www.springerlink.comInternational audienceThis short paper presents a prototype tool called SANTE (Static ANalysis and TEsting) implementing an original method combining value analysis, program slicing and structural test generation for verification of C programs. First, value analysis is called to generate alarms when it can not guarantee the absence of errors. Then the program is reduced by program slicing. Alarm-guided test generation is then used to analyze the simplified program(s) in order to confirm or reject alarms
Influence of glass polymerisation and oxidation on micro-Raman water analysis in alumino-silicate glasses

International audienceThe development of an accurate analytical procedure for determination of dissolved water in complex alumino-silicate glasses via micro-Raman analysis requires the assessment of the spectra topology dependence on glass composition. We report here a detailed study of the respective influence of bulk composition, iron oxidation state and total water content on the absolute and relative intensities of the main Raman bands related to glass network vibrations (LF: not, vert, similar490 cm−1; HF: not, vert, similar960 cm−1) and total water stretching (H2OT: not, vert, similar3550 cm−1) in natural glasses. The evolution of spectra topology was examined in (i) 33 anhydrous glasses produced by the re-melting of natural rock samples, which span a very large range of polymerisation degree (NBO/T from 0.00 to 1.16), (ii) 2 sets of synthetic anhydrous basaltic glasses with variable iron oxidation state (Fe3+/FeT from 0.05 to 0.87), and (iii) 6 sets of natural hydrous glasses (CH2OT from 0.4 to 7.0 wt%) with NBO/T varying from 0.01 to 0.76. In the explored domain of water concentration, external calibration procedure based on the H2OT band height is matrix-independent but its accuracy relies on precise control of the focusing depth and beam energy on the sample. Matrix-dependence strongly affects the internal calibrations based on H2OT height scaled to that of LF or HF bands but its effect decreases from acid (low NBO/T, SM) to basic (high NBO/T, SM) glasses. Structural parameters such as NBO/T (non-bridging oxygen per tetrahedron) and SM (sum of structural modifiers) describe the matrix-dependence better than simple compositional parameters (e.g. SiO2, Na2O + K2O). Iron oxidation state has only a minor influence on band topology in basalts and is thus not expected to significantly affect the Raman determinations of water in mafic (e.g. low SiO2, iron-rich) glasses. Modelling the evolution of the relative band height with polymerisation degree allows us to propose a general equation to predict the dissolved water content in natural glasses: View the MathML source where CH2OT is the total water content (in wt%) dissolved in glass; TOTN represents the computed ILF/IHF variation as a function of the calculated NBO/T and SM parameters; IH2ON is the H2O band height scaled to ratio of the reference bands; k is the linearity spectrometer response on the H2OT band in function of water content. The water concentrations of the reference glasses are reproduced using this equation with a standard deviation of 0.06 wt%. The adopted parameterisation provides a useful tool towards the characterisation of composition dependence of micro-Raman procedures for silicate glasses. We show, based on the widest range of glass compositions so far investigated, that accurate evaluation of dissolved water content is achieved by micro-Raman spectroscopy
Evidence for marine microfossils from amber

International audienceAmber usually contains inclusions of terrestrial and rarely limnetic organisms that were embedded in the places were they lived in the amber forests. Therefore, it has been supposed that amber could not have preserved marine organisms. Here we report the first known amber-preserved marine microfossils. Diverse marine diatoms as well as radiolarians, sponge spicules, a foraminifer, and a larval spine of a sea urchin were found in Late Albian and Early Cenomanian amber samples of southwestern France. The highly fossiliferous resin samples solidified ca. 100 million years ago on the floor of coastal mixed forests dominated by conifers. The amber forests of southwestern France grew directly along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean and were influenced by the nearby sea: shells and remnants of marine organisms were probably introduced by wind, spray or high tide from the beach or the sea onto the resin flows
Rupture by damage accumulation in rocks

International audienceThe deformation of rocks is associated with microcracks nucleation and propagation, i.e. damage. The accumulation of damage and its spatial localization lead to the creation of a macroscale discontinuity, so-called "fault" in geological terms, and to the failure of the material, i.e. a dramatic decrease of the mechanical properties as strength and modulus. The damage process can be studied both statically by direct observation of thin sections and dynamically by recording acoustic waves emitted by crack propagation (acoustic emission). Here we first review such observations concerning geological objects over scales ranging from the laboratory sample scale (dm) to seismically active faults (km), including cliffs and rock masses (Dm, hm). These observations reveal complex patterns in both space (fractal properties of damage structures as roughness and gouge), time (clustering, particular trends when the failure approaches) and energy domains (power-law distributions of energy release bursts). We use a numerical model based on progressive damage within an elastic interaction framework which allows us to simulate these observations. This study shows that the failure in rocks can be the result of damage accumulation
Waning magmatic activity along the Southern Explorer Ridge revealed through fault restoration of rift topography

International audienceWe combine high-resolution bathymetry acquired using the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle ABE with digital seafloor imagery collected using the remotely operated vehicle ROPOS across the axial valley of the Southern Explorer Ridge (SER) to infer the recent volcanic and tectonic processes. The SER is an intermediate spreading ridge located in the northeast Pacific. It hosts the Magic Mountain hydrothermal vent. We reconstruct the unfaulted seafloor terrain at SER based on calculations of the vertical displacement field and fault parameters. The vertical changes between the initial and the restored topographies reflect the integrated effects of volcanism and tectonism on relief-forming processes over the last 11,000-14,000 years. The restored topography indicates that the axial morphology evolved from a smooth constructional dome >500 m in diameter, to a fault-bounded graben, ~500 m wide and 30-70 m deep. This evolution has been accompanied by changes in eruptive rate, with deposition of voluminous lobate and sheet flows when the SER had a domed morphology, and limited-extent low-effusion rate pillow eruptions during graben development. Most of the faults shaping the present axial valley postdate the construction of the dome. Our study supports a model of cyclic volcanism at the SER with periods of effusive eruptions flooding the axial rift, centered on the broad plateau at the summit of the ridge, followed by a decrease in eruptive activity and a subsequent dominance of tectonic processes, with minor low-effusion rate eruptions confined to the axial graben. The asymmetric shape of the axial graben supports an increasing role of extensional processes, with a component of simple shear in the spreading processes
CALPHAD formalism for Portland clinker: thermodynamic models and databases

International audienceThe so-called CALPHAD method is widely used in metallurgy to predict phase diagrams of multi-component systems. The application of the method to oxide systems is much more recent, because of the difficulty of modelling the ionic liquid phase. Since the 1980s, several models have been proposed by various communities. Thermodynamic databases for oxides are available and still under development. The purpose of this article is to discuss the distinct approaches of the method for the calculation of multi-component systems for Portland cement elaboration. The article gives a state of the art of the most recent experimental data and the various calculations for the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 phase diagram. A literature review of the three binary sub-systems leads to main conclusions: (i) discrepancies are found in the literature for the selected experimental data, (ii) the phase diagram data in the reference books are not complete and up to date and (iii) the two-sublattices model and the modified quasichemical model can be equally used for the modelling of the aluminates liquid. The predictive feature of the CALPHAD method is illustrated using the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 system with the two-sublattices model: extrapolated (predicted) and fully-assessed phase diagrams are compared in the clinkering zone of interest. The recent application of the predictive method for the calculations of high-order systems (taking into account Fe2O3, SO3, CaF2, P2O5) shows that the databases developed with the two-sublattices model and the modified quasichemical model are no longer equivalent
Parallel image restoration using surrogate constraint methods

Cataloged from PDF version of article.When formulated as a system of linear inequalities, the image restoration problem yields huge, unstructured, sparse matrices even for images
of small size. To solve the image restoration problem, we use the surrogate constraint methods that can work efficiently for large problems.
Among variants of the surrogate constraint method, we consider a basic method performing a single block projection in each step and a
coarse-grain parallel version making simultaneous block projections. Using several state-of-the-art partitioning strategies and adopting different
communication models, we develop competing parallel implementations of the two methods. The implementations are evaluated based on the
per iteration performance and on the overall performance. The experimental results on a PC cluster reveal that the proposed parallelization
schemes are quite beneficial.
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