pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Scoring and ranking farmland conservation activities to evaluate environmental performance and encourage sustainable farming

This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of the following article: Kathleen Lewis, John Skinner, James Finch, Tina Kaho, Marguerite Newbold, and Keith Bardon, ???Scoring and ranking farmland conservation activities to evaluate environmental performance and encourage sustainable farming???, Sustainable Development, Vol. 5 (2): 71-77, version of record online 4 December 1998. The final, published version is available online at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1719(199708)5:2%3C71::AID-SD61%3E3.0.CO;2-F/pdf ?? 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.The University of Hertfordshire, in collaboration with two UK agricultural establishments ADAS and IACR-Rothamsted are developing a computerised decision support system for environmental management of arable agriculture. Part of this system is aimed towards encouraging sound farmland conservation to protect existing plants and animals, to encourage greater biodiversity and to help the farming community adopt more sustainable practices. The software aims to assess performance, help identify areas where improvements to existing habitats can be made and highlight the potential for new habitat creation. The assessment routines used determine a numerical eco-rating and textual description of performance by comparing actual practices with best practice
Familiar objects and memory color

Memory color for a set of eight different familiar objects has been investigated. Our results obtained with one hundred observers, eighty color samples of NCS, and two illuminants indicate that: (a) the shifts that are produced in the dominant wavelength with memory depend on the familiar object considered; (b) colorimetric purity, as a measure of saturation, of the remembered objects is not the same as that of the familiar objects; (c) in the SVF representation space, with illuminant D65 and regardless of experience in color matching of the observer, the color that was best remembered was purple aubergine and the worst remembered was brown chestnut. With the illuminant A, red tomato was the best remembered color and yellow lemon the worst.This research was supported in part by a grant from ADEIT- Universitat de València and IMPIVA to M.D. de F
Sense of community: community resilient responses to oppression and change

Resilience refers to the positive ways in which people respond to adversity and stressful life events. Much of the research and writing in resilience has focussed on how children respond to adversity. Community resilience, however, represents an extension of this focus. Often oppressed communities are represented as lacking in resilience and competence. Models that characterize group responses to inter-group and intercultural contact often simplify the responses of communities. Drawing on these concepts it is argued that oppressed groups do not always capitulate or assimilate to oppressive systems, but in alternative forums and settings these groups find ways to resist oppression and experience a sense of community. In settings such as church groups, sporting clubs, extended family networks and other organizations groups find ways to protect and propagate what is valued and central for their survival. This has implications for how we interpret and understand the ways in which groups adapt to oppressive and changed contexts and alerts us to the dangers in under-emphasising and overlooking the positive functions of alternative settings
Ag2Cu2O3 : The First Silver-Copper Oxide

An efficient low-temperature route provides the first mixed oxide of silver and copper. Ag2Cu2O3 represents an important precedent in the search for silver-containing superconductors. It has an open structure with three-dimensional tunnels displaying square-planar CuO4 units, linerly coordinated silver ions, and vacant oxygen sites (see picture; Ag, Cu, and O are represented by white, large black, and small black spheres, respectively). The last feature allows for a rich solid-state redox chemistry.This work was supported by CICYT (Spain;MAT96-1057-C02-01 and MAT98-0807-C02-02). We thank the Ministry of Education and\ud
Culture (Spain) for a predoctoral fellowship awarded to E.M.T.-R.Peer reviewe
Bosonization for Beginners --- Refermionization for Experts

This tutorial gives an elementary and self-contained review of abelian
bosonization in 1 dimension in a system of finite size $L$, following and
simplifying Haldane's constructive approach. As a non-trivial application, we
rigorously resolve (following Furusaki) a recent controversy regarding the
tunneling density of states, $\rho_{dos} (\omega)$, at the site of an impurity
in a Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid: we use finite-size refermionization to show
exactly that for g=1/2 its asymptotic low-energy behavior is
$\rho_{dos}(\omega) \sim \omega$. This agrees with the results of Fabrizio &
Gogolin and of Furusaki, but not with those of Oreg and Finkel'stein (probably
because we capture effects not included in their mean-field treatment of the
Coulomb gas that they obtained by an exact mapping; their treatment of
anti-commutation relations in this mapping is correct, however, contrary to
recent suggestions in the literature). --- The tutorial is addressed to readers
unfamiliar with bosonization, or for those interested in seeing ``all the
details'' explicitly; it requires knowledge of second quantization only, not of
field theory. At the same time, we hope that experts too might find useful our
explicit treatment of certain subtleties -- these include the proper treatment
of the so-called Klein factors that act as fermion-number ladder operators (and
also ensure the anti-commutation of different species of fermion fields), the
retention of terms of order 1/L, and a novel, rigorous formulation of
finite-size refermionization of both $e^{-i \Phi(x)}$ and the boson field $\Phi
(x)$ itself.Comment: Revtex, 70 pages. Changes: Regarding the controversial tunneling
  density of states at an impurity in a g=1/2 Luttinger liquid, we (1) give a
  new, more explicit calculation, (2) show that contrary to recent suggestions
  (including our own), Oreg and Finkel'stein treat fermionic anticommutation
  relations CORRECTLY (see Appendix K), but (3) suggest that their MEAN-FIELD
  treatment of their Coulomb gas may not be sufficiently accurat
Chiral supergravity and anomalies

Similarily as in the Ashtekar approach, the translational Chern-Simons term
is, as a generating function, instrumental for a chiral reformulation of simple
(N=1) supergravity. After applying the algebraic Cartan relation between spin
and torsion, the resulting canonical transformation induces not only
decomposition of the gravitational fields into selfdual and antiselfdual modes,
but also a splitting of the Rarita-Schwinger fields into their chiral parts in
a natural way. In some detail, we also analyze the consequences for axial and
chiral anomalies.Comment: Plain Latex 25 pages, no figures. to appear in Annalen der Physik
  (Leipzig) 199
Perturbative gauge invariance: electroweak theory II

A recent construction of the electroweak theory, based on perturbative
quantum gauge invariance alone, is extended to the case of more generations of
fermions with arbitrary mixing. The conditions implied by second order gauge
invariance lead to an isolated solution for the fermionic couplings in
agreement with the standard model. Third order gauge invariance determines the
Higgs potential. The resulting massive gauge theory is manifestly gauge
invariant, after construction.Comment: 16 pages, latex, no figure
Interface of General Relativity, Quantum Physics and Statistical Mechanics: Some Recent Developments

The arena normally used in black holes thermodynamics was recently generalized to incorporate a broad class of physically interesting situations. The key idea is to replace the notion of stationary event horizons by that of `isolated horizons.' Unlike event horizons, isolated horizons can be located in a space-time quasi-locally. Furthermore, they need not be Killing horizons. In particular, a space-time representing a black hole which is itself in equilibrium, but whose exterior contains radiation, admits an isolated horizon. In spite of this generality, the zeroth and first laws of black hole mechanics extend to isolated horizons. Furthermore, by carrying out a systematic, non-perturbative quantization, one can explore the quantum geometry of isolated horizons and account for their entropy from statistical mechanical considerations. After a general introduction to black hole thermodynamics as a whole, these recent developments are briefly summarized
Magnetic Properties of Dilute Alloys: Equations for Magnetization and
  its Structural Fluctuations

The dilute Heisenberg ferromagnet is studied taking into account fluctuations
of magnetization caused by disorder. A self-consistent system of equations for
magnetization and its mean quadratic fluctuations is derived within the
configurationally averaged two-time temperature Green's function method. This
system of equations is analised at low concentration of non-magnetic
impurities. Mean relative quadratic fluctuations of magnetization are revealed
to be proportional to the square of concentration of impurities.Comment: 16 pages, LaTe
Ferromagnetism within the periodic Anderson model: A new approximation
  scheme

We introduce a new approach to the periodic Anderson model (PAM) that allows
a detailed investigation of the magnetic properties in the Kondo as well as the
intermediate valence regime. Our method is based on an exact mapping of the PAM
onto an effective medium strong-coupling Hubbard model. For the latter, the
so-called spectral density approach (SDA) is rather well motivated since it is
based on exact results in the strong coupling limit. Besides the T=0 phase
diagram, magnetization curves and Curie temperatures are presented and
discussed with help of temperature-dependent quasiparticle densities of state.
In the intermediate valence regime, the hybridization gap plays a major role in
determining the magnetic behaviour. Furthermore, our results indicate that
ferromagnetism in this parameter regime is not induced by an effective
spin-spin interaction between the localized levels mediated by conduction
electrons as it is the case in the Kondo regime. The magnetic ordering is
rather a single band effect within an effective f-band.Comment: 13 pages, 16 figures, Phys. Stat. Sol. in pres
Binding energy of localized biexcitons in quantum wells

A variational calculation of the ground state energy of a biexciton in a
GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well is presented. The well width fluctuations leading to
trapping of the biexcitons are modeled by a parabolic potential. The results
obtained for different well widths are compared with recent experimental data.
Good agreement is obtained both for the biexciton binding energy and for the
Haynes factor. We find that the structure of a biexciton is similar to the one
of the H_2 molecule.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figure
Composite particles in the Theory of Quantum Hall Effect

The formation of composite particles in the electron liquid under QHE
conditions discussed by Jain in generalizing Laughlins many-particle state is
considered by using a model for two-dimensional guiding center configurations.
Describing the self-consistent field of electron repulsion by a negative
parabolic potential on effective centers and an inter-center amount we show
that with increasing magnetic field the ground state of so-called primary
composite particles $\nu=\frac{1}{q}$, $q=1,3,5,... $, is given for higher
negative quantum numbers of the total angular momentum. By clustering of
primary composite particles due to absorption or emission of flux quanta we
explain phenomenologically the quasi-particle structure behind the series of
relevant filling factors $\nu=\frac{p}{q}$, $p=1,2,3,...$.
  Our considerations show that the complicate interplay of electron-magnetic
field and electron-electron interactions in QHE systems may be understood in
terms of adding flux quanta $\Phi_0$ to charges $e$ and binding of charges by
flux quanta.Comment: RevTeX 3.0, LaTeX, 10 pages, one table at th en
Scattering on spin fluctuations in itinerant quantum disordered
  ferromagnets near quantum phase transition

Taking into account the long-ranged spin interactions due to weak
localization effects in disordered itinerant ferromagnets the scattering of
both electrons and neutrons on critical spin fluctuations near quantum phase
transition is considered. It is shown that for the case of low electron
density, when k_F \xi \ll 1, where k_F is the Fermi momentum and \xi is the
magnetic correlation length, the transport cross section of electrons is
proportional to conventional critical fluctuations in absence of weak
localization effects. However, the intensity of the multiple small-angle
neutron scattering becomes exponentially small as compared with the intensity
of the multiple scattering by conventional critical fluctuations.Comment: 4 pages, latex, no figures; to appear in Phys. Stat. Sol. (b
Relativistic photoemission theory for general nonlocal potentials

An improved formulation of the one-step model of photoemission from crystal
surfaces is proposed which overcomes different limitations of the original
theory. Considering the results of an electronic-structure calculation, the
electronic (one-particle) potential and the (many-body) self-energy, as given
quantities, we derive explicit expressions for the dipole transition-matrix
elements. The theory is formulated within a spin-polarized, relativistic
framework for general nonspherical and space-filling one-particle potentials
and general nonlocal, complex and energy-dependent self-energies. It applies to
semi-infinite lattices with perfect lateral translational invariance and
arbitrary number of atoms per unit cell.Comment: LaTeX, 18 pages, no figur
Absence of a Magnetic Phase Transition in Heisenberg, Hubbard, and
  Kondo-lattice (s-f) Films

The possibility of a magnetic phase transition in Heisenberg, Hubbard, and
s-f (Kondo-lattice) films is investigated. It is shown that, for any finite
temperature and any finite number of layers, the magnetization within every
layer must vanish. Thus, the Mermin-Wagner theorem is extended to a variety of
system geometries. We also comment on the microscopic interpretation of the
transition from two to three dimensions in the limit of an infinite number of
layers.Comment: LaTeX, 20 pages, accepted for publication in phys.stat.sol. (b
Resonant Tunnelling through InAs Quantum Dots in Tilted Magnetic Fields:
  Experimental Determination of the g-factor Anisotropy

We have determined the Land\'e factor g* in self-organized InAs quantum dots
using resonant-tunnelling experiments. With the magnetic field applied parallel
to the growth direction z we find g*_\parallel = 0.75 for the specific dot
investigated. When the magnetic field is tilted away by theta from the growth
axis, g* gradually increases up to a value g*_\perp = 0.92 when B \perp z. Its
angular dependence is found to follow the phenomenological behaviour g* (theta)
= \sqrt{(g*_\parallel cos(theta)^2 + (g*_\perp sin(theta)^2}.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, International Conference on Semiconductor Quantum
  Dots July 31 - August 3, 2000, Munich, German
Failure mechanisms of a SiC particles 2024Al composite under dynamic loading

Dynamic mechanical response of a 20 vol% silicon carbide particles (SiCp) reinforced 2024 Al composite prepared by powder metallurgy techniques were studied with a split Hopkinson bar. The fracture mechanisms and the deformation microstructure were examined with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The present results indicate that the composite has a strong SiC-Al interfacial bonding; failure of the material is mainly caused by fracture of SiC particles and tearing failure of the SiC-Al interface. This failure by interface tearing with adhesion of an aluminium layer on SiC particles on the fracture surfaces has not been reported in SiC particle-reinforced aluminium composites. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy studies showed that many of the SiC-Al interfaces have coincident site lattice structures, which are considered to make a significant contribution to the strong interfacial bonding
Near-zone field effect of FIR laser radiation on tunnel current through the Schottky barrier under plasma reflection condition

Far infrared (FIR) radiation of high-power pulsed laser incident normal to the surface of GaAs/metal tunnel structures with a self-consistent Schottky barrier gives rise to a change in the tunnel conductance. It has been shown that the observed photoresistive effects are caused by ponderomotive forces of the radiation field on the free electron plasma in the junctions. The change of tunnel conductance rises linearly with increasing intensity at low power levels and proceeds into a strongly superlinear dependence at high intensities. It is shown that this superlinearity is a result of an enhancement of the local radiation field in the near zone of diffraction by inhomogeneities at the metal-semiconductor interface and depends strongly on the roughness of the metal electrode. Experimental results are compared to a nonlinear extension of the theory of electron redistribution due to the radiation pressure
Ion-Beam Induced Current in High-Resistance Materials

The peculiarities of electric current in high-resistance materials, such as
semiconductors or semimetals, irradiated by ion beams are considered. It is
shown that after ion--beam irradiation an unusual electric current may arise
directed against the applied voltage. Such a negative current is a transient
effect appearing at the initial stage of the process. The possibility of using
this effect for studying the characteristics of irradiated materials is
discussed. A new method for defining the mean projected range of ions is
suggested.Comment: 1 file, 7 pages, RevTex, no figure
The effect of Sb substitution of Cu in Bi1.7Pb0.3Sr2Ca2Cu 3-xSbxOy superconductors

The effect of partial substitution of Cu in Bi1.7Pb0.3Sr2Ca2Cu 3-xSbxOy at x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 levels on the electrical and structural properties was investigated in this work. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that these materials have a multiphase structure. Two different types of particles with different morphologies were observed in scanning electron micrographs. The Tc values decreased from 103.5 to 87 K for x = 0.1 Sb substitution level with a subsequent increase to 101 K at x = 0.2
The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics: Many Worlds or Many Words?

As cutting-edge experiments display ever more extreme forms of non-classical behavior, the prevailing view on the interpretation of quantum mechanics appears to be gradually changing. A (highly unscientific) poll taken at the 1997 UMBC quantum mechanics workshop gave the once all-dominant Copenhagen interpretation less than half of the votes. The Many Worlds interpretation (MWI) scored second, comfortably ahead of the Consistent Histories and Bohm interpretations. It is argued that since all the above-mentioned approaches to nonrelativistic quantum mechanics give identical cookbook prescriptions for how to calculate things in practice, practical-minded experimentalists, who have traditionally adopted the ``shut-up-and-calculate interpretation'', typically show little interest in whether cozy classical concepts are in fact real in some untestable metaphysical sense or merely the way we subjectively perceive a mathematically simpler world where the Schrodinger equation describes everything - and that they are therefore becoming less bothered by a profusion of worlds than by a profusion of words. Common objections to the MWI are discussed. It is argued that when environment-induced decoherence is taken into account, the experimental predictions of the MWI are identical to those of the Copenhagen interpretation except for an experiment involving a Byzantine form of ``quantum suicide''. This makes the choice between them purely a matter of taste, roughly equivalent to whether one believes mathematical language or human language to be more fundamental
Uncertainty, entropy and decoherence of the damped harmonic oscillator
  in the Lindblad theory of open quantum systems

In the framework of the Lindblad theory for open quantum systems, expressions
for the density operator, von Neumann entropy and effective temperature of the
damped harmonic oscillator are obtained. The entropy for a state characterized
by a Wigner distribution function which is Gaussian in form is found to depend
only on the variance of the distribution function. We give a series of
inequalities, relating uncertainty to von Neumann entropy and linear entropy.
We analyze the conditions for purity of states and show that for a special
choice of the diffusion coefficients, the correlated coherent states (squeezed
coherent states) are the only states which remain pure all the time during the
evolution of the considered system. These states are also the most stable under
evolution in the presence of the environment and play an important role in the
description of environment induced decoherence.Comment: 41 pages, LaTe
Miniaturization and application of the MTT assay to evaluate metabolic activity of protozoa in the presence of toxicants

This paper describes a critical evaluation of a miniaturised colorimetric assay, using MTT (3-[4,5-
dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) reduction, applied to protozoan viability
testing. The toxic substances used were copper, zinc, Triton X-100 (a membrane surfactant) and
cycloheximide (an inhibitor of the protein synthesis). The viability assay of the ciliate protozoan
Tetrahymena pyriformis was optimised in terms of MTT concentration and incubation time. Since
protozoa are non adherent cells the MTT assay was modified in order to maintain the medium in the
well. MTT proved to be effective in the measurement of Tetrahymena pyriformis viability. Four
hours of MTT incubation followed by 30 minutes of incubation with DMSO were found to be the
best incubation times for optical density reading. Furthermore, 10 mg/ml of MTT solution was the
concentration that gave higher values of optical densities with minor medium interference.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia  (FCT) - PRAXIS XXI - 2/2.1/ BIO/ 1118/ 95, BM/4291/97, BD/5080/95
Malachite Crystallisation in a Diffusing-Reacting System

The crystallisation of malachite has been studied in a system involving the counter diffusion of Cu2+ and CO3 through a silica gel column at 25 ºC. In such a system supersaturation is a function of time and position along gel column. Under these conditions kinetic variables are required in order to justify nucleation behaviour. Supersaturation rate has revealed as the most important parameter controlling nucleation features (waiting time, position of the precipitate, and metastability levels). The results presented here confirm the general nucleation behaviour reported by Prieto et al., (1989, 1991, 1994) for other carbonates. On the other hand, supersaturation changes during crystallisation process control the morphological evolution of malachite crystals