pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
A review and analysis of renewable energy curtailment schemes and Principles of Access : transitioning towards business as usual

Abstract In the last decade, the EU has driven forward the development and connection of renewable power sources across Europe. This has changed the way in which distribution networks operate, moving from a passive system, to a more active system where generation and demand are located closer together with system states being more complex and variable. Increased penetration of renewable generation into distribution networks is presenting a number of challenges to Distribution Network Operators (DNOs) including the provision of network access in capacity constrained networks. The introduction of Active Network Management (ANM) is enabling an increase in renewable generation connections through enhanced network access in otherwise ‘full’ networks. This paper presents a way in which DNOs might move towards Business as Usual (BAU) arrangements for ANM schemes. It is necessary to determine the curtailment arrangements, or Principles of Access (PoA), and from this estimate generation access under ANM and the flow of services and money for different scenarios. In this paper, a comprehensive literature review, detailed case study evaluation on early ANM schemes, quantitative curtailment assessment for different PoA and a qualitative analysis of business models for different ANM PoA is presented in turn with conclusions drawn from these three approaches
Pion production in p+p interactions and Be+Be collisions at the CERN SPS
  energies

Evidence for the onset of deconfinement in central Pb+Pb collisions was
reported by NA49 in fixed target measurements at beam momentum 30A GeV/c. This
observation motivated the NA61/SHINE program started in 2009 at the CERN SPS,
which, in particular, aims to study properties of the onset of deconfinement by
measurements of hadron production in proton-proton, proton-nucleus and
nucleus-nucleus collisions.
  This contribution presents spectra of charged pions produced in p+p
interactions and $^7$Be+$^9$Be collisions at 20A-158A GeV/c beam momentum. The
NA61/SHINE results are compared with the corresponding NA49 data from central
Pb+Pb collisions at the same beam momenta per nucleon
Microlensing events by Proxima Centauri in 2014 and 2016 : opportunities for mass determination and possible planet detection

Partial support for this research was provided by NASA through grant GO-12985 from the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS5-26555. K.S. acknowledges support from the European Southern Observatory, the Institute for Theory and Computation at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, and the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton for sabbatical visits, during which parts of this work were carried out. M.D. is thankful to the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF), member of the Qatar Foundation, for support through grant NPRP 09-476-1-078.We have found that Proxima Centauri, the star closest to our Sun, will pass close to a pair of faint background stars in the next few years. Using Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images obtained in 2012 October, we determine that the passage close to a mag 20 star will occur in 2014 October (impact parameter 1.″6), and to a mag 19.5 star in 2016 February (impact parameter 0.″5). As Proxima passes in front of these stars, the relativistic deflection of light will cause shifts in the positions of the background stars of ~0.5 and 1.5 mas, respectively, readily detectable by HST imaging, and possibly by Gaia and ground-based facilities such as the Very Large Telescope. Measurement of these astrometric shifts offers a unique and direct method to measure the mass of Proxima. Moreover, if Proxima has a planetary system, the planets may be detectable through their additional microlensing signals, although the probability of such detections is small. With astrometric accuracies of 0.03 mas (achievable with HST spatial scanning), centroid shifts caused by Jovian planets are detectable at separations of up to 2.″0 (corresponding to 2.6 AU at the distance of Proxima), and centroid shifts by Earth-mass planets are detectable within a small band of 8 mas (corresponding to 0.01 AU) around the source trajectories. Jovian planets within a band of about 28 mas (corresponding to 0.036 AU) around the source trajectories would produce a brightening of the source by >0.01 mag and could hence be detectable. Estimated timescales of the astrometric and photometric microlensing events due to a planet range from a few hours to a few days, and both methods would provide direct measurements of the planetary mass.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
Detection, size, measurement, and structural analysis limits for the 2MASS, UKIDSS-LAS, and VISTA VIKING surveys

SKA is supported by a summer scholarship provided by the School of Physics at UWA. LSK is supported by the Austrian Science Foundation FWF under grantSKA is supported by a summer scholarship provided by the School of Physics at UWA. LSK is supported by the Austrian Science Foundation FWF under grant P23946..The 2MASS, UKIDSS-LAS, and VISTA VIKING surveys have all now observed the GAMA 9hr region in the Ks band. Here we compare the detection rates, photometry, basic size measurements, and single-component GALFIT structural measurements for a sample of 37 591 galaxies. We explore the sensitivity limits where the data agree for a variety of issues including: detection, star-galaxy separation, photometric measurements, size and ellipticity measurements, and Sérsic measurements. We find that 2MASS fails to detect at least 20% of the galaxy population within all magnitude bins, however for those that are detected we find photometry is robust (± 0.2 mag) to 14.7 AB mag and star-galaxy separation to 14.8 AB mag. For UKIDSS-LAS we find incompleteness starts to enter at a flux limit of 18.9 AB mag, star-galaxy separation is robust to 16.3 AB mag, and structural measurements are robust to 17.7 AB mag. VISTA VIKING data are complete to approximately 20.0 AB mag and structural measurements appear robust to 18.8 AB mag.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
Sunspot rotation. I : A consequence of flux emergence

ZS acknowledges the financial support of the Carnegie Trust for Scotland and CMM the support of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. This work used the DIRAC 1, UKMHD Consortium machine at the University of St Andrews and the DiRAC Data Centric system at Durham University, operated by the Institute for Computational Cosmology on behalf of the STFC DiRAC HPC Facility (www.dirac.ac.uk). This equipment was funded by BIS National E-infrastructure capital grant ST/K00042X/1, STFC capital grant ST/H008519/1, and STFC DiRAC Operations grant ST/K003267/1 and Durham University. DiRAC is part of the National E-Infrastructure.Context. Solar eruptions and high flare activity often accompany the rapid rotation of sunspots. The study of sunspot rotation and the mechanisms driving this motion are therefore key to our understanding of how the solar atmosphere attains the conditions necessary for large energy release. Aims. We aim to demonstrate and investigate the rotation of sunspots in a 3D numerical experiment of the emergence of a magnetic flux tube as it rises through the solar interior and emerges into the atmosphere. Furthermore, we seek to show that the sub-photospheric twist stored in the interior is injected into the solar atmosphere by means of a definitive rotation of the sunspots. Methods. A numerical experiment is performed to solve the 3D resistive magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations using a Lagrangian-Remap code. We track the emergence of a toroidal flux tube as it rises through the solar interior and emerges into the atmosphere investigating various quantities related to both the magnetic field and plasma. Results. Through detailed analysis of the numerical experiment, we find clear evidence that the photospheric footprints or sunspots of the flux tube undergo a rotation. Significant vertical vortical motions are found to develop within the two polarity sources after the field emerges. These rotational motions are found to leave the interior portion of the field untwisted and twist up the atmospheric portion of the field. This is shown by our analysis of the relative magnetic helicity as a significant portion of the interior helicity is transported to the atmosphere. In addition, there is a substantial transport of magnetic energy to the atmosphere. Rotation angles are also calculated by tracing selected fieldlines; the fieldlines threading through the sunspot are found to rotate through angles of up to 353º over the course of the experiment. We explain the rotation by an unbalanced torque produced by the magnetic tension force, rather than an apparent effect.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
Is the left hemisphere androcentric? Evidence of the learned categorical perception of gender

© 2015 Taylor & Francis. Effects of language learning on categorical perception have been detected in multiple domains. We extended the methods of these studies to gender and pitted the predictions of androcentrism theory and the spatial agency bias against each other. Androcentrism is the tendency to take men as the default gender and is socialized through language learning. The spatial agency bias is a tendency to imagine men before women in the left–right axis in the direction of one's written language. We examined how gender-ambiguous faces were categorized as female or male when presented in the left visual fields (LVFs) and right visual fields (RVFs) to 42 native speakers of English. When stimuli were presented in the RVF rather than the LVF, participants (1) applied a lower threshold to categorize stimuli as male and (2) categorized clearly male faces as male more quickly. Both findings support androcentrism theory suggesting that the left hemisphere, which is specialized for language, processes face stimuli as male-by-default more readily than the right hemisphere. Neither finding evidences an effect of writing direction predicted by the spatial agency bias on the categorization of gender-ambiguous faces
An ice-sheet scale comparison of eskers with modelled subglacial drainage routes

Open Access funded by Natural Environment Research CouncilEskers record the signature of channelised meltwater drainage during deglaciation providing vital information on the nature and evolution of subglacial drainage. In this paper, we compare the spatial pattern of eskers beneath the former Laurentide Ice Sheet with subglacial drainage routes diagnosed at discrete time intervals from the results of a numerical ice-sheet model. Perhaps surprisingly,we showthat eskers predominantly occur in regions where modelled subglacial water flow is low. Eskers and modelled subglacial drainage routes were found to typically match over distances of <10 km, and most eskers show a better agreement with the routes close to the ice margin just prior to deglaciation. This supports a time-transgressive esker pattern, with formation in short (<10km) segments of conduit close behind a retreating ice margin, and probably associated with thin, stagnant or sluggish ice. Esker-forming conduits were probably dominated by supraglacially fed meltwater inputs. We also show that modelled subglacial drainage routes containing the largest concentrations of meltwater show a close correlation with palaeo-ice stream locations. The paucity of eskers along the terrestrial portion of these palaeo-ice streams and meltwater routes is probably because of the prevalence of distributed drainage and the high erosion potential of fast-flowing ice
Primary cilia disassembly down-regulates mechanosensitive hedgehog signalling: a feedback mechanism controlling ADAMTS-5 expression in chondrocytes.

OBJECTIVE: Hedgehog signalling is mediated by the primary cilium and promotes cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis. Primary cilia are influenced by pathological stimuli and cilia length and prevalence are increased in osteoarthritic cartilage. This study aims to investigate the relationship between mechanical loading, hedgehog signalling and cilia disassembly in articular chondrocytes. METHODS: Primary bovine articular chondrocytes were subjected to cyclic tensile strain (CTS; 0.33 Hz, 10% or 20% strain). Hedgehog pathway activation (Ptch1, Gli1) and A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin Motifs 5 (ADAMTS-5) expression were assessed by real-time PCR. A chondrocyte cell line generated from the Tg737(ORPK) mouse was used to investigate the role of the cilium in this response. Cilia length and prevalence were quantified by immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy. RESULTS: Mechanical strain upregulates Indian hedgehog expression and activates hedgehog signalling. Ptch1, Gli1 and ADAMTS-5 expression were increased following 10% CTS, but not 20% CTS. Pathway activation requires a functioning primary cilium and is not observed in Tg737(ORPK) cells lacking cilia. Mechanical loading significantly reduced cilium length such that cilia became progressively shorter with increasing strain magnitude. Inhibition of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), a tubulin deacetylase, prevented cilia disassembly and restored mechanosensitive hedgehog signalling and ADAMTS-5 expression at 20% CTS. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates for the first time that mechanical loading activates primary cilia-mediated hedgehog signalling and ADAMTS-5 expression in adult articular chondrocytes, but that this response is lost at high strains due to HDAC6-mediated cilia disassembly. The study provides new mechanistic insight into the role of primary cilia and mechanical loading in articular cartilage
The Nornir run-time system for parallel programs using  Kahn process networks on multi-core machines    A flexible alternative to MapReduce

Even though shared-memory concurrency is a paradigm frequently used for developing parallel applications on small- and middle-sized machines, experience has shown that it is hard to use. This is largely caused by synchronization primitives which are low-level, inherently non-deterministic, and, consequently, non-intuitive to use. In this paper, we present the Nornir run-time system. Nornir is comparable to well-known frameworks such as MapReduce and Dryad that are recognized for their efficiency and simplicity. Unlike these frameworks, Nornir also supports process structures containing branches and cycles. Nornir is based on the formalism of Kahn process networks, which is a shared-nothing, message-passing model of concurrency. We deem this model a simple and deterministic alternative to shared-memory concurrency. Experiments with real and synthetic benchmarks on up to 8 CPUs show that performance in most cases scales almost linearly with the number of CPUs, when not limited by data dependencies. We also show that the modeling flexibility allows Nornir to outperform its MapReduce counterparts using well-known benchmarks.

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited
Fate of semi-natural grassland in England between 1960 and\ud
2013: a test of national conservation policy

It is well documented that significant losses in semi-natural grassland occurred across\ud
Europe during the second half of the twentieth century. However, comparatively few\ud
studies have investigated and quantified the fate of large numbers of individual grassland\ud
areas. This is important for understanding the causes of decline, and consequently\ud
establishing new policies to conserve and restore lost habitats. This study addresses this\ud
problem; GIS was used to compare historic survey data collected between 1960 and 1981\ud
with two contemporary spatial datasets of habitats in England. The datasets included the\ud
Priority Habitats Inventory 2013 and the Land Cover Map 2007 and this was undertaken for\ud
different types of semi-natural grassland across England. Considerable decreases occurred\ud
across the different grassland types, with a loss of 47% of studied semi-natural grasslands\ud
sites in England over 32–53 years. Of this, the majority of grassland was lost to conversion to\ud
agriculturally-improved grassland or arable cultivation, 45% and 43% respectively. Changes\ud
to woodland and urban areas were also evident, but on a much smaller scale. Sites receiving\ud
statutory protection as a Site of Special Scientific Interest were found to have retained\ud
more grassland (91%), compared with non-protected sites (27%), thus highlighting the\ud
effectiveness of this aspect of current conservation policy in England, and the need for this\ud
to continue in the future
Temporal dynamics of different cases of bi-stable figure-ground perception

Segmentation of a visual scene in “figure” and “ground” is essential for perception of
the three-dimensional layout of a scene. In cases of bi-stable perception, two distinct figureground
interpretations alternate over time. We were interested in the temporal dynamics of
these alternations, in particular when the same image is presented repeatedly, with short
blank periods in-between. Surprisingly, we found that the intermittent presentation of
Rubin’s classical “face-or-vase” figure, which is frequently taken as a standard case of bistable
figure-ground perception, often evoked perceptual switches during the short
presentations and stabilization was not prominent. Interestingly, bi-stable perception of
Kanizsa’s anomalous transparency figure did strongly stabilize across blanks. We also found
stabilization for the Necker cube, which we used for comparison. The degree of stabilization
(and the lack of it) varied across stimuli and across individuals. Our results indicate, against
common expectation, that the stabilization phenomenon cannot be generally evoked by
intermittent presentation. We argue that top-down feedback factors such as familiarity,
semantics, expectation, and perceptual bias contribute to the complex processes underlying
the temporal dynamics of bi-stable figure-ground perception.status: publishe
D-instanton probe and the enhançon mechanism from a quiver gauge theory

We study the $ \mathcal{N} $ = 2 field theory realized by D3-branes on the $ \mathbb{C} $ 2 / $ \mathbb{Z} $ 2 orbifold. The dual supergravity solution exhibits a repulson singularity cured by the enhançon mechanism. By comparing the open and closed string descriptions of a probe D-instanton, we can compute the exact non-perturbative profile of the supergravity twisted field, which determines the supergravity background. We then show how the non-trivial IR physics of the field theory translates into the stringy effects that give rise to the enhançon mechanism and the associated excision procedure
Exact partition functions of Higgsed 5d T N theories

We present a general prescription by which we can systematically compute exact partition functions of five-dimensional supersymmetric theories which arise in Higgs branches of the T N theory. The theories may be realised by webs of 5-branes whose dual geometries are non-toric. We have checked our method by calculating the partition functions of the theories realised in various Higgs branches of the T 3 theory. A particularly interesting example is the E 8 theory which can be obtained by Higgsing the T 6 theory. We explicitly compute the partition function of the E 8 theory and find agreement with the field theory result as well as enhancement of the global symmetry to E 8
An assessment of the foundational assumptions inhigh-resolution climate projections: the case of UKCP09

The United Kingdom Climate Impacts Programme’s UKCP09 project makes highresolution projections of the climate out to 2100 by post-processing the outputs of a large-scale global climate model. The aim of this paper is to describe and analyse the methodology used and then urge some caution. Given the acknowledged systematic, shared shortcomings in all current climate models, treating model outputs as decision relevant projections can be significantly misleading. In extrapolatory situations, such as projections of future climate change impacts, there is little reason to expect that postprocessing of model outputs can correct for the consequences of such errors. This casts doubt on our ability, today, to make trustworthy, high-resolution probabilistic projections out to the end of this century
De novo CNV analysis implicates specific abnormalities of postsynaptic signalling complexes in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.

To access publisher's full text version of this article click on the hyperlink at the bottom of the pageA small number of rare, recurrent genomic copy number variants (CNVs) are known to substantially increase susceptibility to schizophrenia. As a consequence of the low fecundity in people with schizophrenia and other neurodevelopmental phenotypes to which these CNVs contribute, CNVs with large effects on risk are likely to be rapidly removed from the population by natural selection. Accordingly, such CNVs must frequently occur as recurrent de novo mutations. In a sample of 662 schizophrenia proband-parent trios, we found that rare de novo CNV mutations were significantly more frequent in cases (5.1% all cases, 5.5% family history negative) compared with 2.2% among 2623 controls, confirming the involvement of de novo CNVs in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Eight de novo CNVs occurred at four known schizophrenia loci (3q29, 15q11.2, 15q13.3 and 16p11.2). De novo CNVs of known pathogenic significance in other genomic disorders were also observed, including deletion at the TAR (thrombocytopenia absent radius) region on 1q21.1 and duplication at the WBS (Williams-Beuren syndrome) region at 7q11.23. Multiple de novos spanned genes encoding members of the DLG (discs large) family of membrane-associated guanylate kinases (MAGUKs) that are components of the postsynaptic density (PSD). Two de novos also affected EHMT1, a histone methyl transferase known to directly regulate DLG family members. Using a systems biology approach and merging novel CNV and proteomics data sets, systematic analysis of synaptic protein complexes showed that, compared with control CNVs, case de novos were significantly enriched for the PSD proteome (P=1.72 × 10⁻⁶. This was largely explained by enrichment for members of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) (P=4.24 × 10⁻⁶) and neuronal activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (ARC) (P=3.78 × 10⁻⁸) postsynaptic signalling complexes. In an analysis of 18 492 subjects (7907 cases and 10 585 controls), case CNVs were enriched for members of the NMDAR complex (P=0.0015) but not ARC (P=0.14). Our data indicate that defects in NMDAR postsynaptic signalling and, possibly, ARC complexes, which are known to be important in synaptic plasticity and cognition, play a significant role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia