pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Symbolic Maximum Likelihood Estimation with Mathematica

Mathematica is a symbolic programming language that empowers the user to undertake complicated algebraic tasks. One such task is the derivation of maximum likelihood estimators, demonstrably an important topic in statistics at both the research and expository level. In this paper, a Mathematica package is provided that contains a function entitled SuperLog. This function utilises pattern-matching code that enhances Mathematica's ability to simplify expressions involving the natural logarithm of a product of algebraic terms. This enhancement to Mathematica's functionality can be of particular benefit for maximum likelihood estimation.
The Use of Subset Selection in Combined Array Experiments to Determine Optimal Product or Process Designs. (REVISED, June 1997)

A number of authors in the quality control literature have advocated the use of combined-arrays in screening experiments to identify robust product or process designs [Shoemaker, Tsui, and Wu (1991); Nair et al. (1992); Myers, Khuri, and Vining (1992), for example].  This paper considers a product manufacturing or process design setting in which there are several factors under the control of the manufacturer, called control settings, and other environmental (noise) factors that that vary under field or manufacturing conditions.  We show how Gupta's subset selection philosophy can be used in such a quality improvement setting to identify combinations of the levels of the control factors that correspond either to products that are robust to environmental variations during their use or to processes that fabricate items whose quality is independent of the variations in the raw materials used in their manufacture.  [Gupta (1956, 1965)].
Identification of Chirps with Continuous Wavelet Transform

International audienceChirps are signals (or sums of signals) that may be characterized by a local (i.e. time-dependent) amplitude and a local frequency. Time-frequency representations such as wavelet representations are well adapted to the characterization problem of such chirps. Ridges in the modulus of the transform determine regions in the transform domain with a high concentration of energy, and are regarded as natural candidates for the characterization and the reconstruction of the original signal. A couple of algorithmic procedures for the estimation of ridges from the modulus of the (continuous) wavelet transform of one-dimensional signals are described, together with a new reconstruction procedure, using only information of the restriction of the wavelet transform to a sample of points from the ridge. This provides with a very efficient way to code the information contained in the signal
Strong edge features for image coding

A two-component model is proposed for perceptual image coding. For the first component of the model, the watershed operator is used to detect strong edge features. Then, an efficient morphological interpolation algorithm reconstructs the smooth areas of the image from the extracted edge information, also known as sketch data. The residual component, containing fine textures, is separately coded by a subband coding scheme. The morphological operators involved in the coding of the primary component perform very efficiently compared to conventional techniques like the LGO operator, used for the edge extraction, or the diffusion filters, iteratively applied for the interpolation of smooth areas in previously reported sketch-based coding schemes.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version
Supersymmetric unification

The measured value of the weak mixing angle is, at present, the only precise experimental indication for physics beyond the Standard Model. It points in the direction of Unified Theories with Supersymmetric particles at accessible energies. We recall the ideas that led to the construction of these theories in 1981.The measured value of the weak mixing angle is, at present, the only precise experimental indication for physics beyond the Standard Model. It points in the direction of Unified Theories with Supersymmetric particles at accessible energies. We recall the ideas that led to the construction of these theories in 1981.The measured value of the weak mixing angle is, at present, the only precise experimental indication for physics beyond the Standard Model. It points in the direction of Unified Theories with Supersymmetric particles at accessible energies. We recall the ideas that led to the construction of these theories in 1981.The measured value of the weak mixing angle is, at present, the only precise experimental indication for physics beyond the Standard Model. It points in the direction of Unified Theories with Supersymmetric particles at accessible energies. We recall the ideas that led to the construction of these theories in 1981
Optimization of Stochastic Models

Stochastic models are everywhere. In manufacturing, queuing models are used for modeling production processes, realistic inventory models are stochastic in nature. Stochastic models are considered in transportation and communication. Marketing models use stochastic descriptions of the demands and buyer's behaviors. In finance, market prices and exchange rates are assumed to be certain stochastic processes, and insurance claims appear at random times with random amounts.\ud
To each decision problem, a cost function is associated. Costs may be direct or indirect, like loss of time, quality deterioration, loss in production or dissatisfaction of customers. In decision making under uncertainty, the goal is to minimize the expected costs. However, in practically all realistic models, the calculation of the expected costs is impossible due to the model complexity. Simulation is the only practicable way of getting insight into such models. Thus, the problem of optimal decisions can be seen as getting simulation and optimization effectively combined.\ud
The field is quite new and yet the number of publications is enormous. This book does not even try to touch all work done in this area. Instead, many concepts are presented and treated with mathematical rigor and necessary conditions for the correctness of various approaches are stated.\ud
Optimization of Stochastic Models: The Interface Between Simulation and Optimization is suitable as a text for a graduate level course on Stochastic Models or as a secondary text for a graduate level course in Operations Research
Zebrafish: Model for the study of inflammation and the innate immune response to infectious diseases

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been extensively used in biomedical research as a\ud
model to study vertebrate development and hematopoiesis and recently, it has been adopted into varied fields including immunology. After fertilization, larvae survive with only the innate immune reponses because adaptive immune system is morphologically and functionally mature only after 4-6 weeks post fertilization. This temporal separation provides a suitable system to study the vertebrate innate immune response in vivo, independently from the adaptive immune response. The transparency of early life stages allows a useful real-time visualization. Adult zebrafish which have complete (innate and adaptative) immune systems offer also advantages over other vertebrate infection models: small size, relatively rapid life cycle, ease of breeding and a growing list of molecular tools for the study of infectious diseases. In this review, we have tried to give some examples of the potential of zebrafish as a valuable model in innate immunity and inflammation studies.Funding from the project CSD2007-00002 “Aquagenomics” of the\ud
program Consolider-Ingenio 2010 from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación.Peer reviewe
Blocking Coloured Point Sets

This paper studies problems related to visibility among points in the plane.
A point $x$ \emph{blocks} two points $v$ and $w$ if $x$ is in the interior of
the line segment $\bar{vw}$. A set of points $P$ is \emph{$k$-blocked} if each
point in $P$ is assigned one of $k$ colours, such that distinct points $v,w\in
P$ are assigned the same colour if and only if some other point in $P$ blocks
$v$ and $w$. The focus of this paper is the conjecture that each $k$-blocked
set has bounded size (as a function of $k$). Results in the literature imply
that every 2-blocked set has at most 3 points, and every 3-blocked set has at
most 6 points. We prove that every 4-blocked set has at most 12 points, and
that this bound is tight. In fact, we characterise all sets
$\{n_1,n_2,n_3,n_4\}$ such that some 4-blocked set has exactly $n_i$ points in
the $i$-th colour class. Amongst other results, for infinitely many values of
$k$, we construct $k$-blocked sets with $k^{1.79...}$ points
The Term Structure of Interest Rate as a Predictor of Inflation and Real Economic Activity: Nonlinear Evidence from Turkey

This study investigates whether the term structure of interest rates contains useful information about future real economic activity and inflation in Turkey during the 1991:7-2004:3 periods. In order to analyze these relationships, we have employed the Generalized Impulse Response (GIRF) analysis to the Logistic Smooth Transition Vector Autoregressive (LSTVAR) model. We have determined that the results of a GIRF analysis are consistent with the recursive Chow test and parameter stability tests. Besides, we have found out that the relationships between spread-real economic activity and spread-inflation are negative. These negative relationships have also been examined by GIRF analysis; because of a negative reverse relationship between Expectation Hypothesis and Interest Transmission Channel, a negative correlation between real economic activity and spread has occurred.
Fractional Cauchy problems on bounded domains: survey of recent results

In a fractional Cauchy problem, the usual first order time derivative is
replaced by a fractional derivative. This problem was first considered by
\citet{nigmatullin}, and \citet{zaslavsky} in $\mathbb R^d$ for modeling some
physical phenomena.
  The fractional derivative models time delays in a diffusion process. We will
give a survey of the recent results on the fractional Cauchy problem and its
generalizations on bounded domains $D\subset \rd$ obtained in \citet{m-n-v-aop,
mnv-2}. We also study the solutions of fractional Cauchy problem where the
first time derivative is replaced with an infinite sum of fractional
derivatives. We point out a connection to eigenvalue problems for the
fractional time operators considered. The solutions to the eigenvalue problems
are expressed by Mittag-Leffler functions and its generalized versions. The
stochastic solution of the eigenvalue problems for the fractional derivatives
are given by inverse subordinators
Fractional Analogous Models in Mechanics and Gravity Theories

We briefly review our recent results on the geometry of nonholonomic
manifolds and Lagrange--Finsler spaces and fractional calculus with Caputo
derivatives. Such constructions are used for elaborating analogous models of
fractional gravity and fractional Lagrange mechanics.Comment: latex2e, 11pt, 11 pages with table of content; it is summary of the
  results presented in our talk at the 3d Conference on "Nonlinear Science and
  Complexity", 28--31 July, 2010, \c{C}hankaya University, Ankara, Turke
Fractional Exact Solutions and Solitons in Gravity

We survay our recent results on fractional gravity theory. It is also
provided the Main Theorem on encoding of geometric data (metrics and
connections in gravity and geometric mechanics) into solitonic hierarchies. Our
approach is based on Caputo fractional derivative and nonlinear connection
formalism.Comment: latex2e, 11pt, 10 pages with table of content; a summary of our talk
  at Conference "New Trends in Nanotechnology and Nonlinear Dynamical Systems",
  25--27 July, 2010, \c{C}ankaya University, Ankara, Turke
AGN feedback in elliptical galaxies: numerical simulations

The importance of feedback (radiative and mechanical) from massive black
holes at the centers of elliptical galaxies is not in doubt, given the well
established relation among black hole mass and galaxy optical luminosity. Here,
with the aid of high-resolution hydrodynamical simulations, we discuss how this
feedback affects the hot ISM of isolated elliptical galaxies of different mass.
The cooling and heating functions include photoionization plus Compton heating,
the radiative transport equations are solved, and the mechanical feedback due
to the nuclear wind is also described on a physical basis; star formation is
considered. In the medium-high mass galaxies the resulting evolution is highly
unsteady. At early times major accretion episodes caused by cooling flows in
the recycled gas produced by stellar evolution trigger AGN flaring: relaxation
instabilities occur so that duty cycles are small enough to account for the
very small fraction of massive ellipticals observed to be in the QSO-phase,
when the accretion luminosity approaches the Eddington luminosity. At low
redshift all models are characterized by smooth, very sub-Eddington mass
accretion rates. The mass accumulated by the central black hole is limited to
range observed today, even though the mass lost by the evolving stellar
population is roughly two order of magnitude larger than the black hole masses
observed in elliptical galaxies.Comment: 20 pages, 4 (low-resolution) figures. Abbreviated version of the
  article to appear in book "Hot Interstellar Matter in Elliptical Galaxies",
  D.-W. Kim and S. Pellegrini eds., Astrophysics and Space Science Library
  (ASSL), Springe
Dark Matter in Elliptical Galaxies

We review X-ray constraints on dark matter in giant elliptical galaxies
(10^{12} M_sun <~ M_vir <~ 10^{13} M_sun) obtained using the current generation
of X-ray satellites, beginning with an overview of the physics of the hot
interstellar medium and mass modeling methodology. Dark matter is now firmly
established in many galaxies, with inferred NFW concentration parameters
somewhat larger than the mean theoretical relation. X-ray observations confirm
that the total mass profile (baryons+DM) is close to isothermal (M ~ r), and
new evidence suggests a more general power-law relation for the slope of the
total mass profile that varies with the stellar half-light radius. We also
discuss constraints on the baryon fraction, super-massive black holes, and
axial ratio of the dark matter halo. Finally, we review constraints on
non-thermal gas motions and discuss the accuracy of the hydrostatic equilibrium
approximation in elliptical galaxies.Comment: 36 pages, 11 figures. Abbreviated version of the article to appear in
  Hot Interstellar Matter in Elliptical Galaxies, eds. D.-W. Kim and S.
  Pellegrini, Astrophysics and Space Science Library (ASSL), Springe
Effects of organic herbicides on phototrophic microbial communities in freshwater ecosystems

Over the past 15 years, significant research efforts have been channelled into assessing the effects of organic herbicides on freshwater phototrophic microbial communities. The results of this research are reviewed herein. Main conclusions could be summarized into 5 points: - Most relevant assessments of this sort have dealt with the effects of triazine and phenylurea herbicides. Herbicides from these chemical classes are often considered to be model compounds when photosystem-II inhibitors are studied. - Until the early 2000s, the vast majority of investigations conducted to evaluate herbicide effects on phototropic microbes were performed in micro- or meso-cosms. In such studies, herbicides were usually applied alone, and often at concentrations much higher than those detected in the environment. More recently, the trend has been towards more realistic and relevant studies, in which lower herbicide concentrations were considered, and compound mixtures or successive treatments were tested. Increasingly, in situ studies are being designed to directly evaluate microbial community responses, following chemical exposures in contaminated aquatic environments. - Several biological endpoints are used to evaluate how organisms in the phototrophic microbial community respond to herbicide exposure. These endpoints allow the detection of quantitative changes, such as chl a concentrations, total cell counts or periphytic biomass, qualitative changes such as community structure to algal diversity, or functional changes such as photosynthesis, respiration, etc. They could give different and complementary information concerning the responses of microbial communities. - In addition, PICT approaches, which have generally combined functional and structural measurements, may prove to be valuable for assessing both an immediate impact, and for factoring in the contamination history of an ecosystem at the community level. - A relevant assessment of pesticides effects should include details on environmental characterization, such as abiotic parameters (light, flow speed, nutrients content) or biotic parameters (diversity and structure of biofilms), as they control the bioavailability of pesticides and the exposure of microbial communities. To improve the value of ecotoxicological risk assessments, future research is needed in two key areas: first, the effects of pollutants at the community level must be detailed (new tools and new end points), and second, more effort must be directed to reinforcing the ecological relevance of toxicological investigations
The use of blocking sets in Galois geometries and in related research areas

Blocking sets play a central role in Galois geometries. Besides their intrinsic geometrical importance, the importance of blocking sets also arises from the use of blocking sets for the solution of many other geometrical problems, and problems in related research areas. This article focusses on these applications to motivate researchers to investigate blocking sets, and to motivate researchers to investigate the problems that can be solved by using blocking sets. By showing the many applications on blocking sets, we also wish to prove that researchers who improve results on blocking sets in fact open the door to improvements on the solution of many other problems
Semidefinite programming in matrix unknowns which are dimension free

One of the main applications of semidefinite programming lies in linear
systems and control theory. Many problems in this subject, certainly the
textbook classics, have matrices as variables, and the formulas naturally
contain non-commutative polynomials in matrices. These polynomials depend only
on the system layout and do not change with the size of the matrices involved,
hence such problems are called "dimension-free". Analyzing dimension-free
problems has led to the development recently of a non-commutative (nc) real
algebraic geometry (RAG) which, when combined with convexity, produces
dimension-free Semidefinite Programming. This article surveys what is known
about convexity in the non-commutative setting and nc SDP and includes a brief
survey of nc RAG. Typically, the qualitative properties of the non-commutative
case are much cleaner than those of their scalar counterparts - variables in
R^g. Indeed we describe how relaxation of scalar variables by matrix variables
in several natural situations results in a beautiful structure.Comment: 25 pages; surve
Syntrophic degradation of fatty acids by methanogenic communities

In methanogenic environments degradation of fatty acids is a key process in the conversion of organic matter to methane and carbon dioxide. For degradation of fatty acids with three or more carbon atoms syntrophic communities are required. This chapter describes the general features of syntrophic degradation in methanogenic environments and the properties of the microorganisms involved. Syntrophic fatty acid-degrading communities grow at the minimum of what is thermodynamically possible and they employ biochemical mechanisms to share the minimum amount of chemical energy that is available. Aggregation of the syntrophic fatty acid-degrading communities is required for high rate conversion
An Event-Based Conversational System for the Nao Robot

Conversational systems play an important role in scenarios without a keyboard, e.g., talking to a robot. Communication in human-robot interaction (HRI) ultimately involves a combination of verbal and non-verbal inputs and outputs. HRI systems must process verbal and non-verbal observations and execute verbal and non-verbal actions in parallel, to interpret and produce synchronized behaviours. The development of such systems involves the integration of potentially many components and ensuring a complex interaction and synchronization between them. Most work in spoken dialogue system development uses pipeline architectures. Some exceptions are [1, 17], which execute system components in parallel (weakly-coupled or tightly-coupled architectures). The latter are more promising for building adaptive systems, which is one of the goals of contemporary research systems. In this paper we present an event-based approach for integrating a conversational HRI system. This approach has been instantiated using the Urbi middleware [6] on a Nao robot, used as a testbed for investigating child-robot interaction in the ALIZ-E project. We focus on the implementation for two scenarios: an imitation game of arm movements and a quiz game
The fate of arsenic in soil-plant systems

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1463-6_1Arsenic (As) is an element belonging to the group V-A, and it demonstrates characteristics of a metalloid. Because arsenic more easily forms anions, its non-metal properties dominate. When arsenic is in an oxidation state of +5, it acts similar to phosphorus, a fact that has many implications for the way in which it reacts in soil, as well as its potential toxicity in plants. The most common oxidation states of As are -3, 0, +3, and +5. Arsines and metal arsines are those in which As has an oxidation state of -3, and these forms are very unstable under oxidizing conditions. Under aerobic conditions, the oxidation state of As tends to be +5, and when this occurs at a pH between 2 and 3, arsenic acid (H3AsO4) is formed. When the pH rises to values between 3 and 11, this compound disassociates to H2AsO4 - and HAsO4 2- (Smedley and Kinninburgh 2002). Under anaerobic conditions, the predominant As species is H3AsO3This study was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science, project CTM 2010-21922-CO2-02, and by Comunidad de Madrid, project S2009/AMB- 147
The confounding effect of systemic physiology on the hemodynamic response in newborns

During neural activity, increases in glucose and oxygen consumption and release of vasoactive neurotransmitters cause a local increase in cerebral blood fl ow (CBF) [1] and cerebral blood volume (CBV). Increases in oxygen consumption are signifi-cantly lower than increases in CBF and as a result we see a net increase in the amount of oxygen in the blood and tissue [2]. Typical measures of neural activity in adults with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) show a local increase in oxy-hemoglobin concentration (HbO) and a decrease in deoxy-hemoglobin concentration (HbR), which corresponds to a local increase in BOLD signal measured with fMRI. In many neonatal functional studies inversions of these hemoglobin signals have been reported, across visual [3, 4], olfactory [5], sensory-motor [6] and auditory [7] cortices. In general, the inversion starts at a few weeks of age.\ud
\ud
The reason for such an inversion in the functional hemodynamic signals is not yet understood. We hypothesize that changes in hematocrit during the transition from fetal to adult hemoglobin and the consequent period of low hematocrit cause such an inversion. To test this hypothesis, we performed a longitudinal auditory functional study in premature infants