pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Dimensionally continued Oppenheimer-Snyder gravitational collapse II:
  solutions in odd dimensions

The Lovelock gravity extends the theory of general relativity to higher
dimensions in such a way that the field equations remain of second order. The
theory has many constant coefficients with no a priori meaning. Nevertheless it
is possible to reduce them to two, the cosmological constant and Newton's
constant. In this process one separates theories in even dimensions from
theories in odd dimensions. In a previous work gravitational collapse in even
dimensions was analysed. In this work attention is given to odd dimensions. It
is found that black holes also emerge as the final state of gravitational
collapse of a regular dust fluid.Comment: 16 pages, 3figures, latex Journal: to appear in Journal of
  Mathematical Physic
Decay constants of the pion and B mesons with the Bethe-Salpeter
  equation

In this article, we investigate the under-structures of the $\pi$ and B
mesons in the framework of the Bethe-Salpeter equation with the bare
quark-gluon vertex, bare quark propagator and the confining effective potential
(infrared modified flat bottom potential) firstly.
  Although the bare quark propagator can not embody dynamical chiral symmetry
breaking and has a mass pole in the time-like region, it can give reasonable
results for the values of decay constants $f_\pi$ and $f_B$ compared with the
values of experimental data and other theoretical calculations, such as lattice
simulations and QCD sum rules. Secondly, we explore those mesons within the
framework of the coupled rain-bow Schwinger-Dyson equation and ladder
Bethe-Salpeter equation. The Schwinger-Dyson functions for the $u$ and $d$
quarks are greatly renormalized at small momentum region and the curves are
steep which indicates an explicitly dynamical symmetry breaking. The Euclidean
time fourier transformed quark propagator has no mass poles in the time-like
region which naturally implements confinement. As for the $b$ quark, the
current mass is very large, the renormalization is more tender, however, mass
pole in the time-like region is also absent. The Bethe-Salpeter wavefunctions
for both the $\pi$ and B mesons have the same type (Gaussian type) momentum
dependence as the corresponding wavefunctions with the bare quark propagator,
however, the quantitative values are changed and the values for the decay
constants $f_\pi$ and $f_B$ are changed correspondingly.Comment: 12 Pages, 4 figures; the revised version to appear in Phys.Lett.
Measurement of the distributions of event-by-event flow harmonics in
  Pb-Pb Collisions at sqrt(s_nn)=2.76 TeV with the ATLAS detector

The event-by-event distributions of harmonic flow coefficients v_n for n=2-4
are measured in Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt(s_nn)=2.76 TeV with the ATLAS
detector, using charged particles with p_T > 0.5 GeV and |\eta|<2.5. The shape
of the v_n distributions is consistent with Gaussian fluctuations in central
collisions for v_2 and over the measured centrality range for v_3 and v_4. When
these distributions are rescaled to have the same <v_n>, the resulting shapes
are nearly the same for p_T>1 GeV and 0.5<p_T<1 GeV. The v_n distributions are
compared with the eccentricity distributions from two initial geometry models:
Glauber and the MC-KLN model. Both fail to describe the v_2 data consistently
over the full centrality rangeComment: 4 pages, 5 figures, proceedings of talk at the 23rd International
  Conference on Ultra-Relativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions, QM2012, August
  13-18, 2012, Washington D
Magnesium in the atmosphere of the planet HD209458b: Observations of the
  thermosphere-exosphere transition region

We report new near ultraviolet HST/STIS observations of atmospheric
absorptions during the planetary transit of HD209458b. We detect absorption in
atomic magnesium (MgI), while no signal has been detected in the lines of
singly ionized magnesium (MgII). We measure the MgI atmospheric absorption to
be 6.2+/-2.9% in the velocity range from -62 to -19 km/s. The detection of
atomic magnesium in the planetary upper atmosphere at a distance of several
planetary radii gives a first view into the transition region between the
thermosphere and the exobase, where atmospheric escape takes place. We estimate
the electronic densities needed to compensate for the photo-ionization by
dielectronic recombination of Mg+ to be in the range of 10^8-10^9 cm^{-3}. Our
finding is in excellent agreement with model predictions at altitudes of
several planetary radii.
  We observe MgI atoms escaping the planet, with a maximum radial velocity (in
the stellar rest frame) of -60 km/s. Because magnesium is much heavier than
hydrogen, the escape of this species confirms previous studies that the
planet's atmosphere is undergoing hydrodynamic escape. We compare our
observations to a numerical model that takes the stellar radiation pressure on
the MgI atoms into account. We find that the MgI atoms must be present at up to
~7.5 planetari radii altitude and estimate an MgI escape rate of ~3x10^7 g/s.
Compared to previous evaluations of the escape rate of HI atoms, this
evaluation is compatible with a magnesium abundance roughly solar. A hint of
absorption, detected at low level of significance, during the post-transit
observations, could be interpreted as a MgI cometary-like tail. If true, the
estimate of the absorption by MgI would be increased to a higher value of about
8.8+/-2.1%.Comment: To be published in Astronomy & Astrophysic
Residual Z2 x Z2 symmetries and lepton mixing

We consider two novel scenarios of residual symmetries of the lepton mass
matrices. Firstly we assume a Z2 x Z2 symmetry G_ell for the charged-lepton
mass matrix and a Z2 symmetry G_nu for the light neutrino mass matrix. With
this setting, the moduli of the elements of one column of the lepton mixing
matrix are fixed up to a reordering. One may interchange the roles of G_ell and
G_nu in this scenario, thereby constraining a row, instead of a column, of the
mixing matrix. Secondly we assume a residual symmetry group G_ell \cong Zm
(m>2) which is generated by a matrix with a doubly-degenerate eigenvalue. Then,
with G_nu \cong Z2 x Z2 the moduli of the elements of a row of the lepton
mixing matrix get fixed. Using the library of small groups we have performed a
search for groups which may embed G_ell and G_nu in each of these two
scenarios. We have found only two phenomenologically viable possibilities, one
of them constraining a column and the other one a row of the mixing matrix.Comment: 14 pages, 1 figur
The Zee-Babu Model revisited in the light of new data

We update previous analyses of the Zee-Babu model in the light of new data,
e.g., the mixing angle $\theta_{13}$, the rare decay $\mu\to e \gamma$ and the
LHC results. We also analyse the possibility of accommodating the deviations in
$\Gamma(H\to \gamma\gamma)$ hinted by the LHC experiments, and the stability of
the scalar potential. We find that neutrino oscillation data and low energy
constraints are still compatible with masses of the extra charged scalars
accessible to LHC. Moreover, if any of them is discovered, the model can be
falsified by combining the information on the singly and doubly charged scalar
decay modes with neutrino data. Conversely, if the neutrino spectrum is found
to be inverted and the CP phase $\delta \neq \pi$, the masses of the charged
scalars will be well outside the LHC reach.Comment: 40 pages, 11 figures. Minor changes, improved RGE discussion; matches
  published versio
Statistical properties of Schrödinger real and imaginary cat states

We study the Photon statistics in the superpositions of coherent states |\alpha\rangle and |\alpha^*\rangle named ``Schr\"odinger real and imaginary cat states''. The oscillatory character of photon distribution function (PDF) emerging due to the quantum interference between the two components is shown, and the phenomenon of the quadrature squeezing is observed for the moderate values of |\alpha|\sim 1. Despite the quantity {\langle\triangle n^2\rangle}/{\langle n\rangle} tends to the unit value (like in the Poissonian PDF) at |\alpha|\gg 1, the photon statistics is essentially non-Poissonian for all values of |\alpha|. The factorial moments and cumulants of the PDF are calculated, and the oscillations of their ratio are demonstrated
Galilean symmetry in a nonabelian Chern-Simons matter system

We study the Galilean symmetry in a nonrelativistic model, recently advanced by Bak, Jackiw and Pi, involving the coupling of a nonabelian Chern-Simons term with matter fields. The validity of the Galilean algebra on the constraint surface is demonstrated in the gauge independent formalism. Then the reduced space formulation is discussed in the axial gauge using the symplectic method. An anomalous term in the Galilean algebra is obtained which can be eliminated by demanding conditions on the Green function. Finally, the axial gauge is also treated by Dirac's method. Galilean symmetry is preserved in this method. Comparisions with the symplectic approach reveal some interesting features
Cardy-Verlinde Formula and Holographic Dark Energy

If we separate energy in a holographic theory into an extensive part and an
intrinsic part, where the extensive part is given by the cosmological constant,
and assume entropy be given by the Gibbon-Hawking formula, the Cardy-Verlinde
formula then implies an intrinsic part which agrees with a term recently
proposed by Hsu and Zee. Moreover, the cosmological constant so derived is in
the form of the holographic dark energy, and the coefficient is just the one
proposed recently by Li. If we replace the entropy by the so-called Hubble
bound, we show that the Cardy-Verlinde formula is the same as the Friedmann
equation in which the intrinsic energy is always dark energy. We work in an
arbitrary dimension.Comment: 6 pages, harvmac; v2: refs. adde
N=2 6-dimensional Supersymmetric $E_{6}$ Breaking

We study the N=2 supersymmetric $E_6$ models on the 6-dimensional space-time where the supersymmetry and gauge symmetry can be broken by the discrete symmetry. On the space-time $M^4\times S^1/(Z_2\times Z_2') \times S^1/(Z_2\times Z_2')$, for zero modes, we obtain the 4-dimensional N=1 supersymmetric models with gauge groups $SU(3)\times SU(2) \times SU(2) \times U(1)^2$, $SU(4)\times SU(2) \times SU(2) \times U(1)$, and $SU(3)\times SU(2) \times U(1)^3$ with one extra pair of Higgs doublets from the vector multiplet. In addition, considering that the extra space manifold is the annulus $A^2$ and disc $D^2$, we list all the constraints on constructing the 4-dimensional N=1 supersymmetric $SU(3)\times SU(2) \times U(1)^3$ models for the zero modes, and give the simplest model with $Z_9$ symmetry. We also comment on the extra gauge symmetry breaking and its generalization
On the Classification of All Self-Dual Additive Codes over GF(4) of
  Length up to 12

We consider additive codes over GF(4) that are self-dual with respect to the
Hermitian trace inner product. Such codes have a well-known interpretation as
quantum codes and correspond to isotropic systems. It has also been shown that
these codes can be represented as graphs, and that two codes are equivalent if
and only if the corresponding graphs are equivalent with respect to local
complementation and graph isomorphism. We use these facts to classify all codes
of length up to 12, where previously only all codes of length up to 9 were
known. We also classify all extremal Type II codes of length 14. Finally, we
find that the smallest Type I and Type II codes with trivial automorphism group
have length 9 and 12, respectively.Comment: 18 pages, 4 figure
Measurement of the $x$- and $Q^2$-Dependence of the Asymmetry $A_1$ on
  the Nucleon

We report results for the virtual photon asymmetry $A_1$ on the nucleon from
new Jefferson Lab measurements. The experiment, which used the CEBAF Large
Acceptance Spectrometer and longitudinally polarized proton ($^{15}$NH$_3$) and
deuteron ($^{15}$ND$_3$) targets, collected data with a longitudinally
polarized electron beam at energies between 1.6 GeV and 5.7 GeV. In the present
paper, we concentrate on our results for $A_1(x,Q^2)$ and the related ratio
$g_1/F_1(x,Q^2)$ in the resonance and the deep inelastic regions for our lowest
and highest beam energies, covering a range in momentum transfer $Q^2$ from
0.05 to 5.0 GeV$^2$ and in final-state invariant mass $W$ up to about 3 GeV.
Our data show detailed structure in the resonance region, which leads to a
strong $Q^2$--dependence of $A_1(x,Q^2)$ for $W$ below 2 GeV. At higher $W$, a
smooth approach to the scaling limit, established by earlier experiments, can
be seen, but $A_1(x,Q^2)$ is not strictly $Q^2$--independent. We add
significantly to the world data set at high $x$, up to $x = 0.6$. Our data
exceed the SU(6)-symmetric quark model expectation for both the proton and the
deuteron while being consistent with a negative $d$-quark polarization up to
our highest $x$. This data setshould improve next-to-leading order (NLO) pQCD
fits of the parton polarization distributions.Comment: 7 pages LaTeX, 5 figure
Conditional inference and advanced mathematical study : further evidence.

In this paper, we examine the support given for the ‘theory of formal discipline’ by Inglis and Simpson (Educational Studies Mathematics 67:187–204, 2008). This theory, which is widely accepted by mathematicians and curriculum bodies, suggests that the study of advanced mathematics develops general thinking skills and, in particular, conditional reasoning skills. We further examine the idea that the differences between the conditional reasoning behaviour of mathematics and arts undergraduates reported by Inglis and Simpson may be put down to different levels of general intelligence in the two groups. The studies reported in this paper call into question this suggestion, but they also cast doubt on a straightforward version of the theory of formal discipline itself (at least with respect to university study). The paper concludes by suggesting that either a pre-university formal discipline effect or a filtering effect on ‘thinking dispositions’ may give a better account for the findings
A Mouse Model of Vitiligo with Focused Epidermal Depigmentation Requires IFN-γ for Autoreactive \(CD8^+\) T Cell Accumulation in the Skin

Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease of the skin causing disfiguring patchy depigmentation of the epidermis and, less commonly, hair. Therapeutic options for vitiligo are limited, reflecting in part limited knowledge of disease pathogenesis. Existing mouse models of vitiligo consist of hair depigmentation but lack prominent epidermal involvement, which is the hallmark of human disease. They are thus unable to provide a platform to fully investigate disease mechanisms and treatment. \(CD8^+\) T cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of vitiligo and expression of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is increased in the lesional skin of patients, however it is currently unknown what role IFN-γ plays in disease. Here, we have developed an adoptive transfer mouse model of vitiligo using melanocyte-specific \(CD8^+\) T cells, which recapitulates the human condition by inducing epidermal depigmentation while sparing the hair. Like active lesions in human vitiligo, histology of depigmenting skin reveals a patchy mononuclear infiltrate and single-cell infiltration of the epidermis. Depigmentation is accompanied by accumulation of autoreactive \(CD8^+\) T cells in the skin, quantifiable loss of tyrosinase transcript, and local IFN-γ production. Neutralization of IFN-γ with antibody prevents \(CD8^+\) T cell accumulation and depigmentation, suggesting a therapeutic potential for this approach
De Novo CNV Analysis Implicates Specific Abnormalities of Postsynaptic Signalling Complexes in the Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia

A small number of rare, recurrent genomic copy number variants (CNVs) are known to substantially increase susceptibility to schizophrenia. As a consequence of the low fecundity in people with schizophrenia and other neurodevelopmental phenotypes to which these CNVs contribute, CNVs with large effects on risk are likely to be rapidly removed from the population by natural selection. Accordingly, such CNVs must frequently occur as recurrent de novo mutations. In a sample of 662 schizophrenia proband–parent trios, we found that rare de novo CNV mutations were significantly more frequent in cases (5.1% all cases, 5.5% family history negative) compared with 2.2% among 2623 controls, confirming the involvement of de novo CNVs in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Eight de novo CNVs occurred at four known schizophrenia loci (3q29, 15q11.2, 15q13.3 and 16p11.2). De novo CNVs of known pathogenic significance in other genomic disorders were also observed, including deletion at the TAR (thrombocytopenia absent radius) region on 1q21.1 and duplication at the WBS (Williams–Beuren syndrome) region at 7q11.23. Multiple de novos spanned genes encoding members of the DLG (discs large) family of membrane-associated guanylate kinases (MAGUKs) that are components of the postsynaptic density (PSD). Two de novos also affected EHMT1, a histone methyl transferase known to directly regulate DLG family members. Using a systems biology approach and merging novel CNV and proteomics data sets, systematic analysis of synaptic protein complexes showed that, compared with control CNVs, case de novos were significantly enriched for the PSD proteome (P=1.72×10\(^{−6}\)). This was largely explained by enrichment for members of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) (P=4.24×10\(^{−6}\)) and neuronal activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (ARC) (P=3.78×10\(^{−8}\)) postsynaptic signalling complexes. In an analysis of 18 492 subjects (7907 cases and 10 585 controls), case CNVs were enriched for members of the NMDAR complex (P=0.0015) but not ARC (P=0.14). Our data indicate that defects in NMDAR postsynaptic signalling and, possibly, ARC complexes, which are known to be important in synaptic plasticity and cognition, play a significant role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia
No Margin, No Mission? A Field Experiment on Incentives for Public Services Delivery

A substantial body of research investigates the effect of pay for performance in firms, yet less is known about the effect of non-financial rewards, especially in organizations that hire individuals to perform tasks with positive social spillovers. We conduct a field experiment in which agents recruited by a public health organization to sell condoms are randomly allocated to four groups. Agents in the control group are hired as volunteers, whereas agents in the three treatment groups receive, respectively, a small monetary margin on each pack sold, a large margin, and a non-financial reward. The analysis yields three main findings. First, non-financial rewards are more effective at eliciting effort than either financial rewards or the volunteer contract and are also the most cost-effective of the four schemes. Second, non-financial rewards leverage intrinsic motivation and, contrary to existing laboratory evidence, financial incentives do not appear to crowd it out. Third, the responses to both types of incentives are stronger when their relative value is higher. Indeed, financial rewards are effective at motivating the poorest agents, and non-financial rewards are more effective when the peer group is larger. Overall, the findings demonstrate the power of non-financial rewards to motivate agents in settings where there are limits to the use of financial incentives
Foehn warming distributions in nonlinear and linear flow regimes: a focus on the Antarctic Peninsula

The structure of lee-side warming during foehn events is investigated as a function of cross-barrier flow regime linearity. Two contrasting cases of westerly flow over the Antarctic Peninsula (AP) are considered – one highly nonlinear, the other relatively linear. Westerly flow impinging on the AP provides one of the best natural laboratories in the world for the study of foehn, owing to its maritime setting and the Larsen C Ice Shelf (LCIS) providing an expansive, homogeneous and smooth surface on its east side. Numerical simulations with the Met Office Unified Model (at 1.5 km grid size) and aircraft observations are utilized. In case A, relatively weak southwesterly cross-Peninsula flow and an elevated upwind inversion dictate a highly nonlinear foehn event, with mountain wave breaking observed. The consequent strongly accelerated downslope flow leads to high-amplitude warming and ice-shelf melt in the immediate lee of the AP. However this foehn warming diminishes rapidly downwind due to upward ascent of the foehn flow via a hydraulic jump. In case C, strong northwesterly winds dictate a relatively linear flow regime. There is no hydraulic jump and strong foehn winds are able to flow at low levels across the entire ice shelf, mechanically mixing the near-surface flow, preventing the development of a strong surface inversion and delivering large fluxes of sensible heat to the ice shelf. Consequently, in case C ice-melt rates are considerably greater over the LCIS as a whole than in case A. Our results imply that although nonlinear foehn events cause intense warming in the immediate lee of mountains, linear foehn events will commonly cause more extensive lee-side warming and, over an ice surface, higher melt rates. This has major implications for the AP, where recent east-coast warming has led to the collapse of two ice shelves immediately north of the LCIS
Friends of Hot Jupiters II: No Correspondence Between Hot-Jupiter
  Spin-Orbit Misalignment and the Incidence of Directly Imaged Stellar
  Companions

Multi-star systems are common, yet little is known about a stellar
companion's influence on the formation and evolution of planetary systems. For
instance, stellar companions may have facilitated the inward migration of hot
Jupiters towards to their present day positions. Many observed short period gas
giant planets also have orbits that are misaligned with respect to their star's
spin axis, which has also been attributed to the presence of a massive outer
companion on a non-coplanar orbit. We present the results of a multi-band
direct imaging survey using Keck NIRC2 to measure the fraction of short period
gas giant planets found in multi-star systems. Over three years, we completed a
survey of 50 targets ("Friends of Hot Jupiters") with 27 targets showing some
signature of multi-body interaction (misaligned or eccentric orbits) and 23
targets in a control sample (well-aligned and circular orbits). We report the
masses, projected separations, and confirmed common proper motion for the 19
stellar companions found around 17 stars. Correcting for survey incompleteness,
we report companion fractions of $48\%\pm9\%$, $47\%\pm12\%$, and $51\%\pm13\%$
in our total, misaligned/eccentric, and control samples, respectively. This
total stellar companion fraction is $2.8\,\sigma$ larger than the fraction of
field stars with companions approximately $50-2000\,$AU. We observe no
correlation between misaligned/eccentric hot Jupiter systems and the incidence
of stellar companions. Combining this result with our previous radial velocity
survey, we determine that $72\% \pm 16\%$ of hot Jupiters are part of
multi-planet and/or multi-star systems.Comment: typos and references updated; 25 pages, 7 figures and 10 tables,
  accepted for publication in Ap