pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Measurements of prompt charm production cross-sections in pp collisions at $\sqrt s$ = 13 TeV

Production cross-sections of prompt charm mesons are measured with the first data from pp collisions at the LHC at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of $4.98 \pm 0.19 pb^{−1}$ collected by the LHCb experiment. The production cross-sections of $D^0, D^+, D_s^+$, and $D^{*+}$ mesons are measured in bins of charm meson transverse momentum, $p_T$, and rapidity, $y$, and cover the range $0 < p_T < 15GeV/c$ and $2.0 < y < 4.5$. The inclusive cross-sections for the four mesons, including charge conjugation, within the range of $1 < p_T < 8 GeV/c$ are found to be\ud
$\sigma (pp \to D^0X) = 2460 \pm 3 \pm 130 \mu b$\ud
$\sigma (pp \to D^+X) = 1000 \pm 3 \pm 110 \mu b$\ud
$\sigma (pp \to D^+_sX) = 460 \pm 13 \pm 100 \mu b$\ud
$\sigma (pp \to D^{∗+}X) = 880 \pm 5 \pm 140 \mu b$\ud
where the uncertainties are due to statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively
Low dose chest CT protocol (50 mAs) as a routine protocol for comprehensive assessment of intrathoracic abnormality

Purpose: To determine the diagnostic capability of low-dose CT (50 mAs) in comparison to standard-dose CT (150 mAs). Materials and methods: Fifty-nine consecutive patients underwent two non-contrast chest CT scans with different current-time products (50 and 150 mAs at 120 kVp) on a 64-detector row CT scanner. Three board certified chest radiologists independently reviewed 118 series of 2 mm-thick images (2 series for each of 59 patients) in a random order. The readers assessed abnormal findings including emphysema, ground-glass opacity, reticular opacity, micronodules, bronchiectasis, honeycomb, nodules (>5 mm), aortic aneurysm, coronary artery calcification, pericardial and pleural effusion, pleural thickening, mediastinal tumor and lymph node enlargement. Five-point scale from 1 (definitely absent) to 5 (definitely present) was used to record the results. The rates of score agreement between two images were calculated. Deviation of one observer's score from other two observers was compared between low dose CT and standard dose CT. Results: Mean agreement rate of the lung parenchymal findings between low dose CT and standard dose CT images was 0.836 (range, 0.746-0.926). Mean agreement rates for mediastinal and pleural findings were 0.920 (range, 0.735-1.000). There was no statistically significant difference in the deviation of the observers' scores between low-dose CT and standard-dose CT. Conclusion: Low dose CT protocol at 50 mAs can produce the screening results consistent with standard dose CT protocol (150 mAs), supporting routine use of low dose chest CT protocol
Characterising one-to-one conservatoire teaching : Some implications of a quantitative analysis

Despite the significant recent growth in research relating to instrumental, vocal and composition tuition in higher education, little is known about the diversity of approaches that characterise one-to-one teaching in the Conservatoire, and what counts as optimal practice for educating 21st-century musicians.  Through analysis of video-recorded one-to-one lessons that draws on a ‘bottom up’ methodology for characterising pedagogical practices (Taylor, 2012; Taylor et al, 2012), this paper provides empirical evidence about the nature of one-to-one pedagogy in one Australian institution. The research aims (1) to enable a better understanding of current one-to-one conservatoire teaching; and (2) to build and improve upon existing teaching practice using authentic insights gained through systematic investigation. The authors hope the research will lead to a better understanding of the diversity and efficacy of the pedagogical practice within the specific context in which the study was conducted, and beyond, to Conservatoire pedagogy generally
New measures for open-domain question answering evaluation within a time constraint

Previous works on evaluating the performance of Question Answering (QA) systems are focused on the evaluation of the precision.
In this paper, we developed a mathematic procedure in order to explore new evaluation measures in QA systems considering the answer
time. Also, we carried out an exercise for the evaluation of QA systems within a time constraint in the CLEF-2006 campaign, using the proposed measures. The main conclusion is that the evaluation of QA systems in realtime can be a new scenario for the evaluation of QA systems.This research has been partially supported by the framework of the project
QALL-ME (FP6-IST-033860), which is a 6th Framenwork Research Programme
of the European Union (EU), by the Spanish Government, project TEXT-MESS
(TIN-2006-15265-C06-01) and by the Valencia Government under project number
GV06-161
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine implementation in low andmiddle-income countries (LMICs): health system experiences and prospects

Prophylactic vaccines for human papillomavirus (HPV) are being introduced in many countries for the prevention of cervical cancer, the second most important cause of cancer-related death in women globally. This is likely to have a significant impact on the future burden of cervical cancer, particularly where screening is non-existent or limited in scale. Previous research on the challenges of vaccinating girls with the HPV vaccine has focused on evidence from developed countries. We conducted a systematic search of the literature in order to describe the barriers and challenges to implementation of HPV vaccine in low- and middle-income countries. We identified literature published post-2006 to September 2012 from five major databases. We validated the findings of the literature review with evidence from qualitative key informant interviews. Three key barriers to HPV vaccine implementation were identified: sociocultural, health systems and political. A linked theme, the sustainability of HPV vaccines programs in low- and middle-income countries, cuts across these three barriers. Delivering HPV vaccine successfully will require multiple barriers to be addressed. Earlier research in developed countries emphasized sociocultural issues as the most significant barriers for vaccine roll-out. Our evidence suggests that the range of challenges for poorer countries is significantly greater, not least the challenge of reaching girls for three doses in settings where school attendance is low and/or irregular. Financial and political barriers to HPV vaccine roll-out continue to be significant for many poorer countries. Several demonstration and pilot projects have achieved high rates of acceptability and coverage and lessons learned should be documented and shared
On the possibility of Dark Energy from corrections to the Wheeler-De
  Witt equation

We present a method for approximating the effective consequence of generic
quantum gravity corrections to the Wheeler-DeWitt equation. We show that in
many cases these corrections can produce departures from classical physics at
large scales and that this behaviour can be interpreted as additional matter
components. This opens up the possibility that dark energy (and possible dark
matter) could be large scale manifestations of quantum gravity corrections to
classical general relativity. As a specific example we examine the first order
corrections to the Wheeler-De Witt equation arising from loop quantum cosmology
in the absence of lattice refinement and show how the ultimate breakdown in
large scale physics occurs.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure. Minor modifications to match version to appear in
  Phys. Let.
CANGAROO-III search for TeV Gamma-rays from two clusters of galaxies

Because accretion and merger shocks in clusters of galaxies may accelerate
particles to high energies, clusters are candidate sites for the origin of
ultra-high-energy (UHE) cosmic-rays. A prediction was presented for gamma-ray
emission from a cluster of galaxies at a detectable level with the current
generation of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. The gamma-ray emission
was produced via inverse Compton upscattering of cosmic microwave background
(CMB) photons by electron-positron pairs generated by collisions of UHE cosmic
rays in the cluster. We observed two clusters of galaxies, Abell 3667 and Abell
4038, searching for very-high-energy gamma-ray emission with the CANGAROO-III
atmospheric Cherenkov telescope system in 2006. The analysis showed no
significant excess around these clusters, yielding upper limits on the
gamma-ray emission. From a comparison of the upper limit for the north-west
radio relic region of Abell 3667 with a model prediction, we derive a lower
limit for the magnetic field of the region of ~0.1 micro G. This shows the
potential of gamma-ray observations in studies of the cluster environment. We
also discuss the flux upper limit from cluster center regions using a model of
gamma-ray emission from neutral pions produced in hadronic collisions of
cosmic-ray protons with the intra-cluster medium (ICM). The derived upper limit
of the cosmic-ray energy density within this framework is an order of magnitude
higher than that of our Galaxy.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures, Accepted in Ap
Physical aging studied by a device allowing for rapid thermal
  equilibration

Aging to the equilibrium liquid state of organic glasses is studied. The
glasses were prepared by cooling the liquid to temperatures just below the
glass transition. Aging following a temperature jump was studied by measuring
the dielectric loss at a fixed frequency using a microregulator in which
temperature is controlled by means of a Peltier element. Compared to
conventional equipment the new device adds almost two orders of magnitude to
the span of observable aging times. Data for the following five glass-forming
liquids are presented: Dibutyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, 2,3-epoxy
propyl-phenyl-ether, 5-polyphenyl-ether, and triphenyl phosphite. The aging
data were analyzed using the Tool-Narayanaswamy formalism. The following
features are found for all five liquids: 1) Each liquid has an "internal
clock", a fact that is established by showing that the aging of the structure
is controlled by the same material time that controls the dielectric
properties. 2) There are no so-called expansion gaps between the long-time
limits of the relaxation rates following up and down jumps to the same
temperature. 3) At long times the structural relaxation is not stretched, but a
simple exponential decay. 4) For small temperature steps the rate of the
long-time exponential structural relaxation is identical to that of the
long-time decay of the dipole autocorrelation function.Comment: Considerably extended version of arXiv:0811.099
First observation of two hyperfine transitions in antiprotonic He-3

We report on the first experimental results for microwave spectroscopy of the
hyperfine structure of antiprotonic He-3. Due to the helium nuclear spin,
antiprotonic He-3 has a more complex hyperfine structure than antiprotonic He-4
which has already been studied before. Thus a comparison between theoretical
calculations and the experimental results will provide a more stringent test of
the three-body quantum electrodynamics (QED) theory. Two out of four
super-super-hyperfine (SSHF) transition lines of the (n,L)=(36,34) state were
observed. The measured frequencies of the individual transitions are
11.12559(14) GHz and 11.15839(18) GHz, less than 1 MHz higher than the current
theoretical values, but still within their estimated errors. Although the
experimental uncertainty for the difference of these frequencies is still very
large as compared to that of theory, its measured value agrees with theoretical
calculations. This difference is crucial to be determined because it is
proportional to the magnetic moment of the antiproton.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, just published (online so far) in Physics Letters
Abelian vortices from Sinh--Gordon and Tzitzeica equations

It is shown that both the sinh--Gordon equation and the elliptic Tzitzeica
equation can be interpreted as the Taubes equation for Abelian vortices on a
CMC surface embedded in $\R^{2, 1}$, or on a surface conformally related to a
hyperbolic affine sphere in $\R^3$. In both cases the Higgs field and the U(1)
vortex connection are constructed directly from the Riemannian data of the
surface corresponding to the sinh--Gordon or the Tzitzeica equation. Radially
symmetric solutions lead to vortices with a topological charge equal to one,
and the connection formulae for the resulting third Painlev\'e transcendents
are used to compute explicit values for the strength of the vortices.Comment: 10 pages. Possible physical applications discussed + one reference
  added. Final version, to appear in Physics Letters
Phenomenological High Precision Neutron-Proton Delta-Shell Potential

We provide a successful fit for proton-neutron scattering below pion
production threshold up to LAB energies of 350 MeV. We use seven high-quality
fits based on potentials with different forms as a measure of the systematic
uncertainty. We represent the interaction as a sum of delta-shells in
configuration space below the 3fm and a charge dependent one pion exchange
potential above 3fm together with magnetic and vacuum polarization effects.
Special attention is paid to estimate the errors of the phenomenological
interaction.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures. Comments and one figure with differential
  observables adde
A Proton Synchrotron Blazar Model for Flaring in Markarian~501

(abr.) The spectral energy distribution (SED) of blazars typically has a
double-humped appearance usually interpreted in terms of synchrotron
self-Compton models. In proton blazar models, the SED is instead explained in
terms of acceleration of protons and subsequent cascading. We discuss a
variation of the Synchrotron Proton Blazar model, first proposed by M\"ucke &
Protheroe (1999), in which the low energy part of the SED is mainly synchrotron
radiation by electrons co-accelerated with protons which produce the high
energy part of the SED mainly asproton synchrotron radiation. Using a Monte
Carlo/numerical technique to simulate the interactions and subsequent cascading
of the accelerated protons, we are able to fit the observed SED of Markarian
501 during the April 1997 flare. We find that the emerging cascade spectra
initiated by gamma-rays from $\pi^0$ decay and by $e^\pm$ from $\mu^\pm$ decay
turn out to be relatively featureless. Synchrotron radiation produced by
$\mu^\pm$ from $\pi^\pm$ decay, and even more importantly by protons, and
subsequent synchrotron-pair cascading, is able to reproduce well the high
energy part of the SED. For this fit we find that synchrotron radiation by
protons dominates the TeV emission, pion photoproduction being less important
with the consequence that we predict a lower neutrino flux than in other proton
blazar models.Comment: 28 pages, 8 Figures, accepted for publication in Astropart.Phy
Parametric representation of open quantum systems and crossover from
  quantum to classical environment

We propose an approach to the study of open quantum systems based on a
parametric representation of the principal system. The representation is
obtained introducing generalized coherent states for the environment, and is
such that the evolution from a fully quantum environment to a classical one can
be inherently followed. The method is applied to the specific case where the
principal system is a central qubit and the environment is a surrounding ring
of interacting spins, with the overall Hamiltonian being that of the $s=1/2$
Heisenberg star with frustration. In this case the quantum character of the
environment, embodied by the total spin $S$ of the ring, can be physically
varied by acting on the ratio between the couplings entering the Hamiltonian,
and formally followed by increasing $S$. We find that when the star is in any
of its eigenstates, the qubit behaves as if it were under the effect of an
external magnetic field, whose direction in real space is set by the variables
defining the environmental coherent states, and is hence broadened according to
their quantum probability distribution. When the quantum character of the
environment is reduced, such distribution becomes narrower, finally collapsing
into a Dirac-$\delta$ as $S\to\infty$. The entanglement between the central
qubit and its environment remains well defined even in this limit, where it
comes across as the binary entropy of the $2\pi$-normalized Berry phase
characterizing the dynamics of a qubit in an adiabatically precessing magnetic
field.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figure
An extended Herschel drop-out source in the center of AS1063, a 'normal'
  dusty galaxy at z=6.1 or SZ substructures?

In the course of our 870um APEX/LABOCA follow up of the Herschel Lensing
Survey we have detected a source in AS1063 (RXC J2248.7-4431), that has no
counterparts in any of the Herschel PACS/SPIRE bands, it is a Herschel
'drop-out' with S_870/S_500>0.5. The 870um emission is extended and centered on
the brightest cluster galaxy suggesting either a multiply imaged background
source or substructure in the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) increment due to
inhomogeneities in the hot cluster gas of this merging cluster. We discuss both
interpretations with emphasis on the putative lensed source. Based on the
observed properties and on our lens model we find that this source could be the
first SMG with a moderate far infrared luminosity (L_FIR<10^12 L_sol) detected
so far at z>4. In deep HST observations we identified a multiply imaged z~6
source and we measured its spectroscopic redshift z=6.107 with VLT/FORS. This
source could be associated with the putative SMG but it is most likely offset
spatially by 10-30kpc and they could be interacting galaxies. With a FIR
luminosity in the range [5-15]x10^{11} L_sol corresponding to a star formation
rate in the range [80-260]M_sol/yr, this SMG would be more representative than
the extreme starbursts usually detected at z>4. With a total magnification of
~25 it would open a unique window to the 'normal' dusty galaxies at the end of
the epoch of reionization.Comment: accepted for publication in A&
Predicting the Values of the Leptonic CP Violation Phases

Using the fact that the neutrino mixing matrix $U = U^\dagger_{e}U_{\nu}$,
where $U_{e}$ and $U_{\nu}$ result from the diagonalisation of the charged
lepton and neutrino mass matrices, we consider a number of forms of $U_{\nu}$
associated with a variety of flavour symmetries: i) bimaximal (BM) and ii)
tri-bimaximal (TBM) forms, the forms corresponding iii) to the conservation of
the lepton charge $L' = L_e - L_\mu - L_{\tau}$ (LC), iv) to golden ratio type
A (GRA) mixing, v) golden ratio type B (GRB) mixing, and iii) to hexagonal (HG)
mixing. Employing the minimal form of $U_e$ that can provide the requisite
corrections to $U_{\nu}$ so that reactor, atmospheric and solar neutrino mixing
angles $\theta_{13}$, $\theta_{23}$ and $\theta_{12}$ have values compatible
with the current data, including a possible sizable deviation of $\theta_{23}$
from $\pi/4$, we discuss the possibility to obtain predictions for the CP
violation phases in the neutrino mixing matrix. Following the approach
developed in [1] we derive predictions for the Dirac phase $\delta$ and the
rephasing invariant $J_{\rm CP}$ in the cases of GRA, GRB and HG forms of
$U_{\nu}$ (results for the TBM and BM (LC) forms were obtained in [1]). We show
also that under rather general conditions within the scheme considered the
values of the Majorana phases in the PMNS matrix can be predicted for each of
the forms of $U_{\nu}$ discussed. We give examples of these predictions and of
their implications for neutrinoless double beta decay. In the GRA, GRB and HG
cases, as in the TBM one, relatively large CP violation effects in neutrino
oscillations are predicted ($|J_{CP}| \sim (0.031 - 0.034)$). Distinguishing
between the TBM, BM (LC), GRA, GRB and HG forms of $U_{\nu}$ requires a
measurement of $\cos\delta$ or a relatively high precision measurement of
$J_{\rm CP}$.Comment: 30 pages, results unchanged, title modified, text (including the
  Introduction) streamlined, with exception of a few added references version
  to be published in Nuclear Physics
Status and prospects for $CPT$ and Lorentz invariance violation searches
  in neutral meson mixing

An overview of current experimental bounds on $CPT$ violation in neutral
meson mixing is given. New values for the $CPT$ asymmetry in the $B^0$ and
$B_s^0$ systems are deduced from published BaBar, Belle and LHCb results. With
dedicated analyses, LHCb will be able to further improve the bounds on $CPT$
violation in the $D^0$, $B^0$ and $B_s^0$ systems. Since $CPT$ violation
implies violation of Lorentz invariance in an interacting local quantum field
theory, the observed $CPT$ asymmetry will exhibit sidereal- and boost-dependent
variations. Such $CPT$-violating and Lorentz-violating effects are accommodated
in the framework of the Standard-Model Extension (SME). The large boost of the
neutral mesons produced at LHCb results in a high sensitivity to the
corresponding SME coefficients. For the $B^0$ and $B_s^0$ systems, using
existing LHCb results, we determine with high precision the SME coefficients
that are not varying with sidereal time. With a full sidereal analysis, LHCb
will be able to improve the existing SME bounds in the $D^0$, $B^0$ and $B_s^0$
systems by up to two orders of magnitude.Comment: 12 page
Star cluster ecology IVa: Dissection of an open star cluster-photometry

The evolution of star clusters is studied using N-body simulations in which the evolution of single stars and binaries are taken self-consistently into account. Initial conditions are chosen to represent relatively young Galactic open clusters, such as the Pleiades, Praesepe and the Hyades. The calculations include a realistic mass function, primordial binaries and the external potential of the parent Galaxy. Our model clusters are generally significantly flattened in the Galactic tidal field, and dissolve before deep core collapse occurs. The binary fraction decreases initially due to the destruction of soft binaries, but increases later because lower mass single stars escape more easily than the more massive binaries. At late times, the cluster core is quite rich in giants and white dwarfs. There is no evidence for preferential evaporation of old white dwarfs, on the contrary the formed white dwarfs are likely to remain in the cluster. Stars tend to escape from the cluster through the first and second Lagrange points, in the direction of and away from the Galactic center. Mass segregation manifests itself in our models well within an initial relaxation time. As expected, giants and white dwarfs are much more strongly affected by mass segregation than main-sequence stars. Open clusters are dynamically rather inactive. However, the combined effect of stellar mass loss and evaporation of stars from the cluster potential drives its dissolution on a much shorter timescale than if these effects are neglected. The often-used argument that a star cluster is barely older than its relaxation time and therefore cannot be dynamically evolved is clearly in error for the majority of star clusters
ON TOPOLOGICAL $2D$ STRING AND INTERSECTION THEORY

The topological description of $2D$ string theory at the self-dual radius is
studied in the algebro-geometrical formulation of the $A_{k+1}$ topological
models at $k=-3$. Genus zero correlators of tachyons and their gravitational
descendants are computed as intersection numbers on moduli space and compared
to $2D$ string results. The interpretation of negative momentum tachyons as
gravitational descendants of the cosmological constant, as well as
modifications of this, is shown to imply a disagreement between $2D$ string
correlators and the associated intersection numbers.Comment: Latex, 10 pages, no figure