pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Modelling Land use / cover changes: a comparison of conceptual approaches and softwares

International audienceLand use/cover change (LUCC), as an important factor in global change, is a topic that has recently received considerable attention in the prospective modeling domain. There are many approaches and software packages for modeling LUCC, many of them are empirical approaches based on past LUCC such as CLUE, DINAMICA, CA_MARKOV and Land Change Modeler (both available in IDRISI). This study reviews the possibilities and the limits of these four modeling software packages. First, a revision of the methods and tools available for each model was performed, taking into account how the models carry out the different procedures involved in the modeling process: quantity of change estimate, change potential evaluation, spatial allocation of change, reproduction of temporal and spatial patterns, model evaluation and advanced modeling options. Additional considerations, such as flexibility, user friendliness, were also taken into account. Then, the four models were applied to a virtual case study to illustrate the previous descriptions with a typical LUCC scenario that consists of four processes of change (conversion of forest to two different types of crops, crop abandonment and urban sprawl) that follow different spatial patterns and are conditioned by different drivers. The outputs were compared to assess the quantity of change estimates, the change potential and the simulated prospective maps. Finally, we discussed some basic criteria to define a "good" model
Moment Boundedness of Linear Stochastic Delay Differential Equation with
  Distributed Delay

This paper studies the moment boundedness of solutions of linear stochastic
delay differential equations with distributed delay. For a linear stochastic
delay differential equation, the first moment stability is known to be
identical to that of the corresponding deterministic delay differential
equation. However, boundedness of the second moment is complicated and depends
on the stochastic terms. In this paper, the characteristic function of the
equation is obtained through techniques of Laplace transform. From the
characteristic equation, sufficient conditions for the second moment to be
bounded or unbounded are proposed.Comment: 38 pages, 2 figure
Improvement of the NOx selectivity for a planar YSZ

International audienceThe present work aims to develop a sensor that can leave the laboratory and be industrialised. For this reason potentiometric sensors based on a solid electrolyte YSZ and 2 metallic electrodes (platinum and gold) were fabricated by screenprinting technology and were tested in a laboratory test bench for different concentrations of CO, NO and NO2 in oxygen rich atmosphere. By deposing a catalytic filter consisting of 1.7%Pt dispersed in alumina directly on the electrodes, it was shown that the selectivity towards NOx could be highly reinforced. This filter was characterized by the use of SEM, TPD, and XRD technology
First determination of the one-proton induced Non-Mesonic Weak Decay width of p-shell Λ-Hypernuclei

Previous studies of proton and neutron spectra from Non-Mesonic Weak Decay of eight Λ  -Hypernuclei (A=5–16) have been revisited. New values of the ratio of the two-nucleon and the one-proton induced decay widths, Γ2N/Γp, are obtained from single proton spectra, Γ2N/Γp=0.50±0.24, and from neutron and proton coincidence spectra, View the MathML source, in full agreement with previously published ones. With these values, a method is developed to extract the one-proton induced decay width in units of the free Λ   decay width, Γp/ΓΛ, without resorting to Intra Nuclear Cascade models but by exploiting only experimental data, under the assumption of a linear dependence on A of the Final State Interaction contribution. This is the first systematic determination ever done and it agrees within the errors with recent theoretical calculations
Measurement of the Z/γ∗ boson transverse momentum distribution in pp collisions at s√ = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

This paper describes a measurement of the Z/γ∗ boson transverse momentum
spectrum using ATLAS proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of
√
s = 7 TeV at the LHC. The measurement is performed in the Z/γ∗ → e
+e
− and
Z/γ∗ → µ
+µ
− channels, using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.7 fb−1
.
Normalized differential cross sections as a function of the Z/γ∗ boson transverse momentum
are measured for transverse momenta up to 800 GeV. The measurement is performed
inclusively for Z/γ∗
rapidities up to 2.4, as well as in three rapidity bins. The channel
results are combined, compared to perturbative and resummed QCD calculations and used
to constrain the parton shower parameters of Monte Carlo generators.We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWF and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, DNSRC and Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark; EPLANET, ERC and NSRF, European Union; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNSF, Georgia; BMBF, DFG, HGF, MPG and AvH Foundation, Germany; GSRT and NSRF, Greece; ISF, MINERVA, GIF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; BRF and RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; GRICES and FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and ROSATOM, Russian Federation; JINR; MSTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SER, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; NSC, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America
Search for pair and single production of new heavy quarks that decay to a Z boson and a third-generation quark in pp collisions at s√=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

A search is presented for the production of new heavy quarks that decay to a
Z boson and a third-generation Standard Model quark. In the case of a new charge +2/3
quark (T), the decay targeted is T → Zt, while the decay targeted for a new charge −1/3
quark (B) is B → Zb. The search is performed with a dataset corresponding to 20.3 fb−1
of pp collisions at √
s = 8 TeV recorded in 2012 with the ATLAS detector at the CERN
Large Hadron Collider. Selected events contain a high transverse momentum Z boson
candidate reconstructed from a pair of oppositely charged same-flavor leptons (electrons
or muons), and are analyzed in two channels defined by the absence or presence of a third
lepton. Hadronic jets, in particular those with properties consistent with the decay of a
b-hadron, are also required to be present in selected events. Different requirements are
made on the jet activity in the event in order to enhance the sensitivity to either heavy
quark pair production mediated by the strong interaction, or single production mediated
by the electroweak interaction. No significant excess of events above the Standard Model
expectation is observed, and lower limits are derived on the mass of vector-like T and B
quarks under various branching ratio hypotheses, as well as upper limits on the magnitude
of electroweak coupling parameters.We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, DNSRC and Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark; EPLANET, ERC and NSRF, European Union; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNSF, Georgia; BMBF, DFG, HGF, MPG and AvH Foundation, Germany; GSRT and NSRF, Greece; ISF, MINERVA, GIF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; BRF and RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; GRICES and FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and ROSATOM, Russian Federation; JINR; MSTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SER, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; NSC, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America
Search for a heavy gauge boson W' in the final state with an electron and large missing transverse energy in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV

Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, solo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si le hubiere, y los autores pertenecientes a la UAMA search for a heavy gauge boson W' has been conducted by the CMS experiment at the LHC in the decay channel with an electron and large transverse energy imbalance Emiss T, using proton–proton collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36 pb−1. No excess above standard model expectations is seen in the transverse mass distribution of the electron-Emiss T system. Assuming standard-model-like couplings and decay branching fractions, a W' boson with a mass less than 1.36 TeV/c2 is excluded at 95% confidence levelWe wish to congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC machine. We thank the technical and administrative staff at CERN and other CMS institutes, and acknowledge support from: FMSR (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); Academy of Sciences and NICPB (Estonia); Academy of Finland, ME, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); OTKA and NKTH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); NRF and WCU (Korea); LAS (Lithuania); CINVESTAV, CONACYT, SEP, and UASLPFAI (Mexico); PAEC (Pakistan); SCSR (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan); MST and MAE (Russia); MSTD (Serbia); MICINN and CPAN (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); NSC (Taipei); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA
Biomass production and biochemical composition in mass cultures of the marine microalga Isochrysis galbana Parke at varying nutrient concentrations

Mass cultures of Isochrysis galbana were carried out with four nutrient concentrations ranging from 2 to 16 mM of NaNO3 and salinity 35‰. An air flow of 15 l/min maintained a CO2 transference rate sufficient to keep the pH below 8.4. Using these conditions, equations were calculated by a multiple non-linear least squares regression of order four, enabling predictions to be made of growth kinetics and chemical composition. Maximum cellular density of 65.5 × 106 cells/ml was obtained with 4 mM NaNO3. Cellular volume was constant in the different nutrient concentrations. Protein content reached a maximum value of 374 μg/ml at 4 mM of NaNO3, and this concentration also presented the maximum efficiency of transformation from nitrate to protein, i.e. 114%. As a result, lowest costs for harvesting are obtained at a nutrient concentration of 4 mM NaNO3. Efficiencies decreased to 15% as nutrient concentration increased. Maximum values of chlorophyll a (21.9 μg/ml) and carbohydrates (213 μg/ml) were also obtained with 4 mM NaNO3. In the logarithmic phase, the contents of protein, chlorophyll a, carbohydrates, RNA and DNA per cell were constant. Chlorophyll a reached values between 0.15 and 0.33 pg/cell in the stationary phase. Carbohydrate levels reached the maximum value of 3.16 pg/cell with 4 mM NaNO3 in the
stationary phase. The levels of RNA/cell and DNA/cell were constant in all the nutrient concentrations tested and in both growth phases, and ranged from 1.15 to 1.71 pg/cell for RNA and from 0.006 to 0.014 pg/cell for DNA. Growth in mass cultures is closely coupled to changes in nutrient concentrations and variations occur in protein, chlorophyll a and carbohydrate contents, showing differences of 177%, 220% and 136%, respectively, in the stationary phase. This biochemical variability, mainly in protein content, must have a marked effect on the nutritive value of this microalga as a feed in mariculture.Spain. Direccion General de Ordenacion Pesquera.Fundacion Juan March
Genetics in experimental traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability in the young population in the industrialized world. It comprises a heterogeneous group of brain pathologies where head trauma initiates a series of complex molecular pathways, which, together with the initial injury, account for the final outcome. Although extensive research has shed some light on these pathways, they are still incompletely understood. No pharmacological treatment for TBI exists. This project was initiated to study a possible impact of genetic heterogeneity in experimental TBI and identify genes/loci that regulate the secondary TBI pathways and outcome.



Brain contusion was induced using the weight drop injury (WDI) model in inbred and congenic rat strains. Inflammatory pathways, infiltration of neutrophils, NK cells and monocytes/macrophages and activation of microglia and the complement pathway were found to be regulated by non-MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) genes. Non-MHC genes did also influence neurodegeneration, and interestingly, a stronger inflammatory response was correlated to a more vigorous neuronal/axonal injury and neurodegenerative outcome. Further, the use of congenic rats with loci harboring the Ciita gene or the MHC-gene complex, revealed that mainly MHC genes regulate MHC-II presentation after TBI with a smaller contribution from Ciita, and also that MHC genes regulate a delayed T cell infiltration after TBI, suggesting a role for adaptive immune responses and autoimmunity in TBI.



We used various genetic mapping approaches to disclose genes that regulate neurodegeneration in a rat ventral root avulsion (VRA) model and found that glutathione-S-transferase alpha 4 (Gsta4) is a candidate gene for regulating motorneuron death in this model. Levels of Gsta4 were genetically regulated by a variation in the Gsta4 gene region and had an inverse correlation to the degree of neurodegeneration. This effect of Gsta4 gene variation was replicated in experimental TBI where it regulated the degree of hippocampal neuronal cell loss. Gsta4 exerts its effect possibly via more efficient detoxification of the highly reactant product of lipid peroxidation, 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). The presence of 4-HNE was demonstrated in experimental TBI and also in human pericontusional tissue providing evidence for the importance of the Gsta4 – 4HNE pathway also in human TBI. Taken together, the findings in both VRA and TBI suggest that the Gsta4 - 4-HNE detoxification pathway can be important, not only in TBI, but possibly also in other neurodegenerative diseases.



Alltogether, the findings of this thesis demonstrate that genetic heterogeneity has a substantial impact on the secondary pathways and outcome in experimental TBI and highlight the need for further research in the field of genetics in TBI
QCD Compositeness as Revealed in Exclusive Vector Boson Reactions
  through Double-Photon Annihilation: $e^+ e^- \to \gamma \gamma^\ast \to
  \gamma V^0 $ and $e^+ e^- \to \gamma^\ast \gamma^\ast \to V^0 V^0$

We study the exclusive double-photon annihilation processes, $e^+ e^- \to
\gamma \gamma^\ast\to \gamma V^0$ and $e^+ e^- \to \gamma^\ast \gamma^\ast \to
V^0_a V^0_b,$ where the $V^0_i$ is a neutral vector meson produced in the
forward kinematical region: $s \gg -t$ and $-t \gg \Lambda_{\rm QCD}^2$. We
show how the differential cross sections $\frac{d\sigma}{dt}$, as predicted by
QCD, have additional falloff in the momentum transfer squared $t$ due to the
QCD compositeness of the hadrons, consistent with the leading-twist
fixed-$\theta_{\rm CM} $ scaling laws. However, even though they are exclusive
channels and not associated with the conventional electron-positron
annihilation process $e^+ e^- \to \gamma^\ast \to q \bar q,$ these total cross
sections $\sigma(e^+ e^- \to \gamma V^0) $ and $\sigma(e^+ e^- \to V^0_a
V^0_b),$ integrated over the dominant forward- and backward-$\theta_{\rm CM}$
angular domains, scale as $1/s$, and thus contribute to the leading-twist
scaling behavior of the ratio $R_{e^+ e^-}$. We generalize these results to
exclusive double-electroweak vector-boson annihilation processes accompanied by
the forward production of hadrons, such as $e^+ e^- \to Z^0 V^0$ and $e^+ e^-
\to W^-\rho^+$. These results can also be applied to the exclusive production
of exotic hadrons such as tetraquarks, where the cross-section scaling behavior
can reveal their multiquark nature.Comment: 10 page
Parameter estimation of squirrel-cage motors  with parasitic torques in the torque-slip curve

This paper studies parasitic torques in steady-state torque-slip curves of squirrel-cage
induction motors. The curves of nine motors (small, medium and large size units), three of which
were measured in the range s = 2 to s = 0, are analyzed. The torque-slip curves of eight of these
nine motors differ significantly from the smooth curves predicted by the classical single- and
double-cage models: a torque dip at large slips in the motoring regime and a noticeable torque
increase in the braking regime occur. As parasitic torques have been traditionally associated with
space harmonics, two single-cage chain models (which consider the space harmonics) are tested to
fit the measured torque and current of the three measured motors: one neglects the skin effect,
leading to the wrong torque prediction while the other (the classical chain model in the literature)
considers the skin effect, leading to an accurate torque prediction.This research work has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through
project DPI2011-28021
An Animation System for Fracturing of Rigid Objects.

16.01.15 KB. Ok to add accepted version, 12 months embargo expired.This paper describes a system for the animation of fracturing brittle objects. The system combines rigid body simulation methods with a constraint-based model to animate fracturing of arbitrary polyhedral shaped objects under impact. The objects are represented as sets of masses, where pairs of adjacent masses are connected via a distance-preserving linear constraint. Lagrange multipliers are used to compute the forces exerted by those constraints, where these forces determine how and where the object will break. However, a problem with existing systems is that the initial body models exhibit well-defined uniformity, which makes the generated animations unrealistic. This work introduces a method for generating more realistic cracks without any performance loss. This method is easy to implement and applicable on different models. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005
Landslide Inventories in the European Alps and their applicability and use in Climate Change Studies.

Landslides present a geomorphological hazard in alpine regions, threatening life, infrastructure and property. Presented in this thesis is the development of a new Regional Landslide Inventory (RI) for the European Alps. The new inventory is used to investigate links between landslide size and frequency in the European Alps and weather and climatic controls. Temperatures in the European Alps have risen by   2 C since the end of the Little Ice Age (LIA); a trend which is set to continue. Previous research has shown that past landslide clusters are centred around periods of signi ficant climate change, thus understanding how this translates to the current warming trend is important both for communities living in the European Alps and for the insurance industry.

The RI compiled here, provides a substantial temporal and spatial picture of landsliding in the Alps; with particular focus on the Swiss and French Alps. The temporal distribution and estimates of completeness were tested through the use of segmented models, scaling relationships and area-frequency distributions; the post-1970 portion of the database is considered most complete, although underestimating the frequency of medium-sized landslides.

Analysis of the RI in the context of synoptic weather types demonstrates that high precipitation over the European Alps is consistent with higher landslide frequencies. Whilst analysis with climate data show that annual landslide frequencies are correlated with changes in precipitation and temperature across the European Alps; accounting for up to 35% of the seasonal variation in landslide frequency.Lloyd's of Londo
Overcoming Chemical, Biological and Computational Challenges in the Development of Inhibitors Targeting Protein-Protein Interactions

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) underlie the majority of biological processes, signaling and disease. Approaches to modulate PPIs with small molecules have therefore attracted increasing interest over the past decade. However, there are a number of challenges inherent in developing small molecule PPI inhibitors that have prevented these approaches from reaching their full potential. From target validation to small molecule screening and lead optimization, identifying therapeutically-relevant PPIs that can be successfully modulated by small molecules is not a simple task. Following from the recent review by Arkin et al., which summarized lessons learnt from prior successes, we focus in this article on the specific challenges of developing PPI inhibitors and detail the recent advances in chemistry, biology and computation that facilitate overcoming them. We conclude by providing a perspective on the field and outlining four innovations that we see as key enabling steps for successful development of small molecule inhibitors targeting PPIs.Work in DRS’s laboratory is supported by the the European Union, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, Medical Research Council and Wellcome Trust. Work in ARV’s laboratory is supported by the Medical Research Council and Wellcome Trust. Work in DJH's laboratory is supported by the Medical Research Council under grant ML/L007266/1. All calculations were performed using the Darwin Supercomputer of the University of Cambridge High Performance Computing Service (http://www.hpc.cam.ac.uk/) provided by Dell Inc. using Strategic Research Infrastructure Funding from the Higher Education Funding Council for England and were funded by the EPSRC under grants EP/F032773/1 and EP/J017639/1. GJM and ARV are affiliated with PhoreMost Ltd, Cambridge. We thank Alicia Higueruelo and John Skidmore for helpful discussions.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Elsevier via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.04.01
Search for events with large missing transverse momentum, jets, and at least two tau leptons in 7 TeV proton-proton collision data with the ATLAS detector

A search for events with large missing transverse momentum, jets, and at least two tau leptons has been performed using 2 fb⁻¹ of proton–proton collision data at √s = 7 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. No excess above the Standard Model background expectation is observed and a 95% CL upper limit on the visible cross section for new phenomena is set, where the visible cross section is defined by the product of cross section, branching fraction, detector acceptance and event selection efficiency. A 95% CL lower limit of 32 TeV is set on the gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking (GMSB) scale Λ independent of tanβ. These limits provide the most stringent tests to date in a large part of the considered parameter space.G. Aad ... P. Jackson ... L. Lee ... A. Petridis ... N. Soni ... M. J. White ... et al. (ATLAS Collaboration