pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Characterising the VHE diffuse emission in the central 200 parsecs of
  our Galaxy with H.E.S.S

The diffuse very high-energy (VHE, > 100 GeV) gamma-ray emission observed in
the central 200 pc of the Milky Way by H.E.S.S. was found to follow the dense
matter distribution in the Central Molecular Zone (CMZ) up to a longitudinal
distance of about 130 pc to the Galactic Centre (GC), where the flux rapidly
decreases. Recent sensitive H.E.S.S. analysis revealed that the cosmic-ray (CR)
density profile drops with the distance to the centre, making data compatible
with a steady cosmic PeVatron at the GC. In this paper, we extend this analysis
to obtain for the first time a detailed characterisation of the correlation
with matter and to search for additional features and individual gamma-ray
sources in the inner 200 pc. Taking advantage of 250 hours of H.E.S.S. data and
improved analysis techniques we perform a detailed morphology study of the
diffuse VHE emission observed from the GC ridge and reconstruct its total
spectrum. We show that the emission correlated with dense matter covers the
full CMZ and that its flux is about half the total diffuse emission flux. We
also detect some emission at higher latitude likely produced by hadronic
collisions of CRs in less dense regions of the GC interstellar medium. We
detect an additional emission component centred on the GC and extending over
about 15 pc that is consistent with the existence of a strong CR density
gradient and confirms the presence of a CR accelerator at the very centre of
our Galaxy. We show that the spectrum of the full ridge diffuse emission is
compatible with the one previously derived from the central regions, suggesting
that a single population of particles fills the entire CMZ. Finally, we report
the discovery of a VHE gamma-ray source near the GC radio arc and argue that it
is produced by the pulsar wind nebula candidate G0.13-0.11
Search for dark matter in association with a Higgs boson decaying to b-quarks in pp collisions at √s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

A search for dark matter pair production in association with a Higgs boson decaying to a pair of bottom quarks is presented, using 3.2 fb−1 of pp   collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV collected by the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The decay of the Higgs boson is reconstructed as a high-momentum b¯b system with either a pair of small-radius jets, or a single large-radius jet with substructure. The observed data are found to be consistent with the expected backgrounds. Results are interpreted using a simplified model with a Z′Z′ gauge boson mediating the interaction between dark matter and the Standard Model as well as a two-Higgs-doublet model containing an additional Z′Z′ boson which decays to a Standard Model Higgs boson and a new pseudoscalar Higgs boson, the latter decaying into a pair of dark matter particles
Constraints on the Higgs boson width from off-shell production and decay to Z-boson pairs

Constraints are presented on the total width of the recently discovered Higgs boson, ΓH, using its relative on-shell and off-shell production and decay rates to a pair of Z bosons, where one Z boson decays to an electron or muon pair, and the other to an electron, muon, or neutrino pair. The analysis is based on the data collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC in 2011 and 2012, corresponding to integrated luminosities of 5.1fb -1 at a center-of-mass energy s=7TeV and 19.7fb -1 at s=8TeV. A simultaneous maximum likelihood fit to the measured kinematic distributions near the resonance peak and above the Z-boson pair production threshold leads to an upper limit on the Higgs boson width of ΓH < 22MeV at a 95% confidence level, which is 5.4 times the expected value in the standard model at the measured mass of mH = 125.6GeV. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey, and Turkish Atomic Energy Authorit
Inference regarding multiple structural changes in linear models estimated via two stage least squares

In this paper, we extend Bai and Perron’s (1998, Econometrica, p.47-78) framework for multiple
break testing to linear models estimated via Two Stage Least Squares (2SLS). Within our
framework, the break points are estimated simultaneously with the regression parameters via
minimization of the residual sum of squares on the second step of the 2SLS estimation. We
establish the consistency of the resulting estimated break point fractions. We show that various
F-statistics for structural instability based on the 2SLS estimator have the same limiting distribution
as the analogous statistics for OLS considered by Bai and Perron (1998). This allows us
to extend Bai and Perron’s (1998) sequential procedure for selecting the number of break points
to the 2SLS setting. Our methods also allow for structural instability in the reduced form that
has been identified a priori using data-based methods. As an empirical illustration, our methods
are used to assess the stability of the New Keynesian Phillips curve.
Properties of Foreign Exchange Risk Premia

We study the properties of foreign exchange risk premia that can explain the forward bias puzzle - the tendency of high-interest rate currencies to appreciate rather than depreciate. These risk premia arise endogenously from imposing the no-arbitrage condition on the relation between the term structure of interest rates and exchange rates, and they compensate for both currency risk and interest rate risk. In our empirical analysis, we estimate risk premia using an affine multi-currency term structure model and find that model-implied risk premia yield unbiased predictions for exchange rate excess returns. While interest rate risk affects the level of risk premia, the time-variation in excess returns is almost entirely driven by currency risk. Furthermore, risk premia are (i) closely related to global risk aversion, (ii) countercyclical to the state of the economy, and (iii) tightly linked to traditional exchange rate fundamentals.
An infrared background-TeV gamma-ray crisis?

Submitted to Cornell University’s online archive www.arXiv.org in 2000 by Ray Protheroe Post-print sourced from www.arxiv.org. Copyright © 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.We consider the implications of the recent determination of the universal infrared background for the propagation of photons up to 20 TeV from the active galaxy Markarian 501 as observed by HEGRA. At 20 TeV the mean free path for photon-photon collisions on the infrared background would be much shorter than the distance to Markarian 501, implying absorption factors of the order of exp(-10), or greater, and consequently an excessive power output for this active galaxy. Possible solutions of this problem are discussed.R. J. Protheroe and H. Meyerhttp://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/505706/description#descriptio
Search for $WW/WZ$ resonance production in $\ell \nu qq$ final states in
  $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

A search is conducted for new resonances decaying into a $WW$ or $WZ$ boson
pair, where one $W$ boson decays leptonically and the other $W$ or $Z$ boson
decays hadronically. It is based on proton-proton collision data with an
integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb$^{-1}$ collected with the ATLAS detector at
the Large Hadron Collider at a centre-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV in
2015 and 2016. The search is sensitive to diboson resonance production via
vector-boson fusion as well as quark-antiquark annihilation and gluon-gluon
fusion mechanisms. No significant excess of events is observed with respect to
the Standard Model backgrounds. Several benchmark models are used to interpret
the results. Limits on the production cross section are set for a new narrow
scalar resonance, a new heavy vector-boson and a spin-2 Kaluza-Klein graviton.Comment: 44 pages in total, author list starting page 28, 7 figures, 5 tables,
  published version, all figures including auxiliary figures are available at
  https://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/PAPERS/EXOT-2016-28
15q11.2 CNV affects cognitive, structural and functional correlates of dyslexia and dyscalculia

Several copy number variants have been associated with neuropsychiatric disorders and these variants have been shown to also influence cognitive abilities in carriers unaffected by psychiatric disorders. Previously, we associated the 15q11.2(BP1–BP2) deletion with specific learning disabilities and a larger corpus callosum. Here we investigate, in a much larger sample, the effect of the 15q11.2(BP1–BP2) deletion on cognitive, structural and functional correlates of dyslexia and dyscalculia. We report that the deletion confers greatest risk of the combined phenotype of dyslexia and dyscalculia. We also show that the deletion associates with a smaller left fusiform gyrus. Moreover, tailored functional magnetic resonance imaging experiments using phonological lexical decision and multiplication verification tasks demonstrate altered activation in the left fusiform and the left angular gyri in carriers. Thus, by using convergent evidence from neuropsychological testing, and structural and functional neuroimaging, we show that the 15q11.2(BP1–BP2) deletion affects cognitive, structural and functional correlates of both dyslexia and dyscalculia.The research leading to these results has received support from the Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking under grant agreements’ no. 115008 (NEWMEDS) and no. 115300 (EUAIMS) of which resources are composed of EFPIA in-kind contribution and financial contribution from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (EU-FP7/2007-2013), EU-FP7 funded grant no. 602450 (IMAGEMEND) and EU funded FP7-People-2011-IAPP grant agreement no. 286213 (PsychDPC). Approval for this study was obtained from the National Bioethics Committee of Iceland and the Icelandic Data Protection Authority.Peer Reviewe
Lumped finite elements for reaction-cross-diffusion systems on stationary surfaces

All the authors (AM, IS, CV, MF) thank the Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences for its hospitality during the programme (Coupling Geometric PDEs with Physics for Cell Morphology, Motility and Pattern Formation; EPSRC EP/K032208/1). This work (AM) has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 642866. AM and CV acknowledge support from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/J016780/1) on Modelling, analysis and simulation of spatial patterning on evolving biological surfaces and the Leverhulme Trust Research Project Grant (RPG-2014-149) on Unravelling new mathematics for 3D cell migration. AM was partially supported by a fellowship from the Simons Foundation. AM is a Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award Holder, generously funded by the Wolfson Foundation.We consider a lumped surface finite element method (LSFEM) for the spatial approximation of reaction-diffusion equations on closed compact surfaces in R3 in the presence of cross-diffusion. We provide a fully-discrete scheme by applying the implicit-explicit (IMEX) Euler method. We provide sufficient conditions for the existence of polytopal invariant regions for the numerical solution after spatial and full discretisations. Furthermore, we prove optimal error bounds for the semi- and fully-discrete methods, that is the convergence rates are quadratic in the meshsize and linear in the timestep. To support our theoretical findings, we provide two numerical tests. The first test confirms that in the absence of lumping numerical solutions violate the invariant region leading to blow-up due to the nature of the kinetics. The second experiment is an example of Turing pattern formation in the presence of cross-diffusion on the sphere.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
An implicit-gradient-enhanced incremental-secant mean- field homogenization scheme for elasto-plastic composites with damage

This paper presents an incremental-secant mean- field homogenization (MFH) procedure for composites made of elasto-plastic constituents exhibiting damage. During the damaging process of one phase, the proposed method can account for the resulting unloading of the other phase, ensuring an accurate prediction of the scheme. When strain softening of materials is involved, classical fi nite element formulations lose solution uniqueness and face the strain
localization problem. To avoid this issue the model is formulated in a so-called implicit gradient-enhanced approach, with a view toward macro-scale simulations. The method is then used to predict the behavior of composites whose matrix phases exhibit strain softening, and is shown to be accurate compared to unit cell simulations and experimental results. Then the convergence of the method upon strain softening, with respect to the mesh size, is demonstrated on a notched composite ply. Finally, applications consisting in a stacking plate, successively without and with a hole, are given as illustrations of the possibility of the method to be used in a multiscale framework.Peer reviewe
Experimental and theoretical study of iron and mild steel combustion in oxygen flows

The effects of oxygen flow speed and pressure on the iron and mild steel combustion are investigated experimentally and theoretically. The studied specimens are vertical cylindrical rods subjected to an axial oxygen flow and ignited at the upper end by laser irradiation. Three main stages of the combustion process have been identified experimentally: (1) induction period, during which the rod is heated until an intensive metal oxidation begins at its upper end; (2) static combustion, during which a laminar liquid “cap’’ slowly grows on the upper rod end, and, after the liquid cap detachment from the sample; (3) dynamic combustion, which is characterized by a rapid metal consumption and turbulent liquid motions. An analytical description of these stages is given. In particular, a model of the dynamic combustion is constructed based on the turbulent oxygen transport through the liquid metal-oxide flow. This model yields a simple expression for the fraction of metal burned in the process and allows one to calculate the normal propagation speed of the solid metal–liquid interface as a function of the oxygen flow speed and pressure. A comparison of the theory with the experimental results is made, and its potential application is mentioned
Planck intermediate results VIII. Filaments between interacting clusters

Context. About half of the baryons of the Universe are expected to be in the form of filaments of hot and low-density intergalactic medium. Most of these baryons remain undetected even by the most advanced X-ray observatories, which are limited in sensitivity to the diffuse low-density medium. \ud
Aims: The Planck satellite has provided hundreds of detections of the hot gas in clusters of galaxies via the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (tSZ) effect and is an ideal instrument for studying extended low-density media through the tSZ effect. In this paper we use the Planck data to search for signatures of a fraction of these missing baryons between pairs of galaxy clusters. \ud
Methods: Cluster pairs are good candidates for searching for the hotter and denser phase of the intergalactic medium (which is more easily observed through the SZ effect). Using an X-ray catalogue of clusters and the Planck data, we selected physical pairs of clusters as candidates. Using the Planck data, we constructed a local map of the tSZ effect centred on each pair of galaxy clusters. ROSAT data were used to construct X-ray maps of these pairs. After modelling and subtracting the tSZ effect and X-ray emission for each cluster in the pair, we studied the residuals on both the SZ and X-ray maps. \ud
Results: For the merging cluster pair A399-A401 we observe a significant tSZ effect signal in the intercluster region beyond the virial radii of the clusters. A joint X-ray SZ analysis allows us to constrain the temperature and density of this intercluster medium. We obtain a temperature of kT = 7.1 ± 0.9 keV (consistent with previous estimates) and a baryon density of (3.7 ± 0.2) × 10-4 cm-3. \ud
Conclusions: The Planck satellite mission has provided the first SZ detection of the hot and diffuse intercluster gas. © 2013 ESO
Phospho-MEK1/2 and uPAR Expression Determine Sensitivity of AML Blasts to a Urokinase-Activated Anthrax Lethal Toxin (PrAgU2/LF) 1

In this study, we attempt to target both the urokinase plasminogen activator and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines and primary AML blasts using PrAgU2/LF, a urokinase-activated anthrax lethal toxin. PrAgU2/LF was cytotoxic to five out of nine AML cell lines. Cytotoxicity of PrAgU2/LF appeared to be nonapoptotic and was associated with MAPK activation and urokinase activity because all the PrAgU2/LF-sensitive cell lines showed both uPAR expression and high levels of MEK1/2 phosphorylation. Inhibition of uPAR or desensitization of cells to MEK1/2 inhibition blocked toxicity of PrAgU2/LF, indicating requirement for both uPAR expression and MAPK activation for activity. PrAgU2/LF was also cytotoxic to primary blasts from AML patients, with blasts from four out of five patients showing a cytotoxic response to PrAgU2/LF. Cytotoxicity of primary AML blasts was also dependent on uPAR expression and phos-MEK1/2 levels. CD34+ bone marrow blasts and peripheral blood mononuclear cells lacked uPAR expression and were resistant to PrAgU2/LF, demonstrating the lack of toxicity to normal hematological cells and, therefore, the tumor selectivity of this approach. Dose escalation in mice revealed that the maximal tolerated dose of PrAgU2/LF is at least 5.7-fold higher than that of the wild-type anthrax lethal toxin, PrAg/LF, further demonstrating the increased safety of this molecule. We have shown, in this study, that PrAgU2/LF is a novel, dual-specific molecule for the selective targeting of AML.PublishedN/
An alternative path integral for quantum gravity

We define a (semi-classical) path integral for gravity with Neumann boundary conditions in D dimensions, and show how to relate this new partition function to the usual picture of Euclidean quantum gravity. We also write down the action in ADM Hamiltonian formulation and use it to reproduce the entropy of black holes and cosmological horizons. A comparison between the (background-subtracted) covariant and Hamiltonian ways of semi-classically evaluating this path integral in flat space reproduces the generalized Smarr formula and the first law. This ``Neumann ensemble'' perspective on gravitational thermodynamics is parallel to the canonical (Dirichlet) ensemble of Gibbons-Hawking and the microcanonical approach of Brown-York
Functional characterisation of novel NR5A1 variants reveals multiple complex roles in Disorders of Sex Development

Variants in the NR5A1 gene encoding SF1 have been described in a diverse spectrum of disorders of sex development (DSD). Recently, we reported the use of a targeted gene panel for DSD where we identified 15 individuals with a variant in NR5A1, nine of which are novel. Here, we examine the functional effect of these changes in relation to the patient phenotype. All novel variants tested had reduced trans-activational activity, while several had altered protein level, localization, or conformation. In addition, we found evidence of new roles for SF1 protein domains including a region within the ligand binding domain that appears to contribute to SF1 regulation of Mu¨llerian development. There was little correlation between the severity of the phenotype and the nature of the NR5A1 variant. We report two familial cases of NR5A1 deficiency with evidence of variable expressivity; we also report on individuals with oligogenic inheritance. Finally, we found that the nature of the NR5A1 variant does not inform patient outcomes (including pubertal androgenization and malignancy risk). This study adds nine novel pathogenic NR5A1 variants to the pool of diagnostic variants. It highlights a greater need for understanding the complexity of SF1 function and the additional factors that contribute
Boundaries, mirror symmetry, and symplectic duality in 3d  N=4 gauge theory.

We introduce several families of   N=(2, 2)  UV boundary conditions in 3d   N=4 gaugetheoriesandstudytheirIRimagesinsigma-modelstotheHiggsandCoulomb branches. In the presence of Omega deformations, a UV boundary condition defines a pair of modules for quantized algebras of chiral Higgs- and Coulomb-branch operators, respec-tively, whose structure we derive. In the case of abelian theories, we use the formalism of hyperplane arrangements to make our constructions very explicit, and construct a half-BPS interface that implements the action of 3d mirror symmetry on gauge theories and boundary conditions. Finally, by studying two-dimensional compactifications of 3d   N=4  gauge theories and their boundary conditions, we propose a physical origin for symplectic duality — an equivalence of categories of modules associated to families of Higgs and Coulomb branches that has recently appeared in the mathematics literature, and generalizes classic results on Koszul duality in geometric representation theory. We make several predictions about the structure of symplectic duality, and identify Koszul duality as a special case of wall crossing
NLTT 41135: A FIELD M DWARF + BROWN DWARF ECLIPSING BINARY IN A TRIPLE SYSTEM, DISCOVERED BY THE MEARTH OBSERVATORY

We report the discovery of an eclipsing companion to NLTT 41135, a nearby M5 dwarf that was already known to have a wider, slightly more massive common proper motion companion, NLTT 41136, at 2″.4 separation. Analysis of combined-light and RV curves of the system indicates that NLTT 41135B is a (31-34) ± 3M Jup brown dwarf (where the range depends on the unknown metallicity of the host star) on a circular orbit. The visual M dwarf pair appears to be physically bound, so the system forms a hierarchical triple, with masses approximately in the ratio 8:6:1. The eclipses are grazing, preventing an unambiguous measurement of the secondary radius, but follow-up observations of the secondary eclipse (e.g., with the James Webb Space Telescope) could permit measurements of the surface brightness ratio between the two objects, and thus place constraints on models of brown dwarfs
CP-odd Higgs boson production in eγ collisions

We investigate the CP-odd Higgs boson production via two-photon processes in eγ collisions. The CP-odd Higgs boson, which we denote as A°, is expected to appear in the Two-Higgs Doublet Models (2HDM) as a minimal extension of Higgs sector for which the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) is a special case. The scattering amplitude for eγ → eA° is evaluated at the electroweak one-loop level. The dominant contribution comes from top-quark loops when eA° boson is rather light and tan β is not large. There are no contributions from the W-boson and Z-boson loops nor the scalar top-quark (stop) loops. The differential cross section for the A° production is analyzed
Entanglement Content of Quantum Particle Excitations I. Free Field Theory

We evaluate the entanglement entropy of a single connected region in excited states of one-dimensional massive free theories with finite numbers of particles, in the limit of large volume and region length. For this purpose, we use finite-volume form factor expansions of branch-point twist field two-point functions. We find that the additive contribution to the entanglement due to the presence of particles has a simple "qubit" interpretation, and is largely independent of momenta: it only depends on the numbers of groups of particles with equal momenta. We conjecture that at large momenta, the same result holds for any volume and region lengths, including at small scales. We provide accurate numerical verifications