pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Review on technical aspects of image acquisition, analysis and retrieval for leukaemia cells

This paper reviews the technical aspects of the state-of-art techniques and procedures for image acquisition, pre-processing, image processing and analysis, search and retrieval techniques for leukaemia blood cell images. Hospital Ampang gets a fair amount of leukaemia cases every year but the hematology department of Hospital Ampang lacks the digital format of patient management system and leukaemia images storage and retrieval system. So, a survey on technical aspects of acquisition, analysis and retrieval was conducted to propose and develop patient management system and leukaemia diagnosis support system for Hospital Ampang, Malaysia. Â© 2008 Springer-Verlag
Solar cycle dependence of the diurnal anisotropy of 0.6 TeV cosmic ray
  intensity observed with the Matsushiro underground muon detector

We analyze the temporal variation of the diurnal anisotropy of sub-TeV cosmic
ray intensity observed with the Matsushiro (Japan) underground muon detector
over two full solar activity cycles in 1985-2008. The average sidereal
amplitude over the entire period is 0.034+-0.003 %, which is roughly one third
of the amplitude reported from AS and deep-underground muon experiments
monitoring multi-TeV GCR intensity suggesting a significant attenuation of the
anisotropy due to the solar modulation. We find, on the other hand, only weak
correlations either with the solar activity- or magnetic-cycles. We examine the
temporal variation of the "single-band valley depth" (SBVD) quoted by the
Milagro experiment and, by contrast with recent Milagro reports, we find no
steady increase in the Matsushiro observations in a 7-year period between 2000
and 2007. We suggest, therefore, that the steady increase of the SBVD reported
by the Milagro experiment is not caused by the decreasing solar modulation in
the declining phase of the 23rd solar activity cycle.Comment: submitted to the Astrophysical Journa
A Bare Molecular Cloud at z~0.45

Several neutral species (MgI, SiI, CaI, FeI) have been detected in a weak
MgII absorption line system (W_r(2796)~0.15 Angstroms) at z~0.45 along the
sightline toward HE0001-2340. These observations require extreme physical
conditions, as noted in D'Odorico (2007). We place further constraints on the
properties of this system by running a wide grid of photoionization models,
determining that the absorbing cloud that produces the neutral absorption is
extremely dense (~100-1000/cm^3), cold (<100 K), and has significant molecular
content (~72-94%). Structures of this size and temperature have been detected
in Milky Way CO surveys, and have been predicted in hydrodynamic simulations of
turbulent gas. In order to explain the observed line profiles in all neutral
and singly ionized chemical transitions, the lines must suffer from unresolved
saturation and/or the absorber must partially cover the broad emission line
region of the background quasar. In addition to this highly unusual cloud,
three other ordinary weak MgII clouds (within densities of ~0.005/cm^3 and
temperatures of ~10000K) lie within 500 km/s along the same sightline. We
suggest that the "bare molecular cloud", which appears to reside outside of a
galaxy disk, may have had in situ star formation and may evolve into an
ordinary weak MgII absorbing cloud.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures, 4 tables, ApJ accepte
Controlled non uniform random generation of decomposable structures

Consider a class of decomposable combinatorial structures, using different
types of atoms $\Atoms = \{\At_1,\ldots ,\At_{|{\Atoms}|}\}$. We address the
random generation of such structures with respect to a size $n$ and a targeted
distribution in $k$ of its \emph{distinguished} atoms. We consider two
variations on this problem. In the first alternative, the targeted distribution
is given by $k$ real numbers $\TargFreq_1, \ldots, \TargFreq_k$ such that $0 <
\TargFreq_i < 1$ for all $i$ and $\TargFreq_1+\cdots+\TargFreq_k \leq 1$. We
aim to generate random structures among the whole set of structures of a given
size $n$, in such a way that the {\em expected} frequency of any distinguished
atom $\At_i$ equals $\TargFreq_i$. We address this problem by weighting the
atoms with a $k$-tuple $\Weights$ of real-valued weights, inducing a weighted
distribution over the set of structures of size $n$. We first adapt the
classical recursive random generation scheme into an algorithm taking
$\bigO{n^{1+o(1)}+mn\log{n}}$ arithmetic operations to draw $m$ structures from
the $\Weights$-weighted distribution. Secondly, we address the analytical
computation of weights such that the targeted frequencies are achieved
asymptotically, i. e. for large values of $n$. We derive systems of functional
equations whose resolution gives an explicit relationship between $\Weights$
and $\TargFreq_1, \ldots, \TargFreq_k$. Lastly, we give an algorithm in
$\bigO{k n^4}$ for the inverse problem, {\it i.e.} computing the frequencies
associated with a given $k$-tuple $\Weights$ of weights, and an optimized
version in $\bigO{k n^2}$ in the case of context-free languages. This allows
for a heuristic resolution of the weights/frequencies relationship suitable for
complex specifications. In the second alternative, the targeted distribution is
given by a $k$ natural numbers $n_1, \ldots, n_k$ such that
$n_1+\cdots+n_k+r=n$ where $r \geq 0$ is the number of undistinguished atoms.
The structures must be generated uniformly among the set of structures of size
$n$ that contain {\em exactly} $n_i$ atoms $\At_i$ ($1 \leq i \leq k$). We give
a $\bigO{r^2\prod_{i=1}^k n_i^2 +m n k \log n}$ algorithm for generating $m$
structures, which simplifies into a $\bigO{r\prod_{i=1}^k n_i +m n}$ for
regular specifications
Dipole coupling induced magnetic ordering in an ensemble of
  nanostructured islands

The magnetic ordering due to the long range dipole coupling in an ensemble of
magnetic islands is investigated. If the islands are large enough and closely
separated, the average dipole energy per island can explain the magnitude of
the observed ordering temperature of such an ensemble. The energetical
degeneracy with respect to a continuous in-plane rotation of the magnetic
moments in a periodic ensemble of islands is lifted in presence of an island
size dispersion and an irregular island array. Many different (metastable)
magnetic states are obtained, reminiscent of a spin-glass behavior. We obtain
that the average magnetic binding energy per island due to the dipole coupling
increases with increasing positional disorder. The island ensembles exhibit
non-collinear magnetic structures, resulting in non-saturated ensemble
magnetizations. The calculations are performed with a classical spin model for
ensembles of islands in unit cells with periodic boundary conditions. The point
dipole sums are augmented by an island areal correction.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figure
Length measurement in accelerated systems

We investigate the limitations of length measurements by accelerated
observers in Minkowski spacetime brought about via the hypothesis of locality,
namely, the assumption that an accelerated observer at each instant is
equivalent to an otherwise identical momentarily comoving inertial observer. We
find that consistency can be achieved only in a rather limited neighborhood
around the observer with linear dimensions that are negligibly small compared
to the characteristic acceleration length of the observer.Comment: LaTeX file (annalen.cls), 4 figures, 17 pages, accepted for
  publication in Annalen der Physi
Infinities in Quantum Gravities

We first present a review, intended for classical relativists, of the
ultraviolet difficulties faced by local quantum gravity theories in both the
usual Einstein versions and in their supergravity extensions, at least
perturbatively. These problems, present in arbitrary dimensions, are traceable
to the dimensionality of the Einstein constant. We then summarize very recent
results about supergravity at the highest allowed dimension, D=11, showing that
also this unique model suffers from infinities already at 2 loops, despite its
high degree of supersymmetry. The conclusion is that there is no viable
nonghost quantum field model that includes general relativity.Comment: 8 pages. Plenary lecture at Journees Relativistes 199
Search for heavy neutrinos mixing with tau neutrinos

We report on a search for heavy neutrinos ($\nus$) produced in the decay
$D_s\to \tau \nus$ at the SPS proton target followed by the decay $\nudecay$ in
the NOMAD detector. Both decays are expected to occur if $\nus$ is a component
of $\nu_{\tau}$.\
  From the analysis of the data collected during the 1996-1998 runs with
$4.1\times10^{19}$ protons on target, a single candidate event consistent with
background expectations was found. This allows to derive an upper limit on the
mixing strength between the heavy neutrino and the tau neutrino in the $\nus$
mass range from 10 to 190 $\rm MeV$. Windows between the SN1987a and Big Bang
Nucleosynthesis lower limits and our result are still open for future
experimental searches. The results obtained are used to constrain an
interpretation of the time anomaly observed in the KARMEN1 detector.\Comment: 20 pages, 7 figures, a few comments adde
Production of Ds** mesons in hadronic Z decays

The production rates of the orbitally excited Ds** mesons, Ds1 and Ds2*, are
measured with the 4.1 million hadronic Z decays recorded by the ALEPH detector
during 1991--1995. The Ds** mesons are reconstructed in the decay modes Ds1+ ->
D*+ K0, Ds1+ -> D*0 K+ and Ds2*+ -> D0 K+. The production rate of the Ds1 is
measured to be n(Z->Ds1+-)=(0.52+-0.09+-0.06)%, under the assumption that the
two considered decay modes of the Ds1 saturate the branching ratio. The
production rate of the Ds2* is determined to be
n(Z->Ds2*+-)=(0.83+-0.29+0.07-0.13)%, assuming that the branching fraction of
the decay Ds2*+ -> D0 K+ is 45%. The production rates in Z->cc and Z->bbar
decays are measured separatelyComment: 14 pages, 5 figure
Measurement of W-pair production in e+e- collisions at 183 GeV

The production of W+W- pairs is analysed in a data sample collected by ALEPH
at a mean centre-of-mass energy of 182.7 GeV, corresponding to an integrated
luminosity of 57 pb-1. Cross sections are given for different topologies of W
decays into leptons or hadrons. Under Standard Model assumptions for the W-pair
production and decay, the W-pair cross section is measured to be
15.57+-0.62(stat.)+-0.29(syst.) pb. Using also the W-pair data samples
collected by ALEPH at lower centre-of-mass energies, the decay branching ratio
of the W boson into hadrons is measured to be B(W->hadrons)=
68.93+-1.21(stat.)+-0.51(syst.)%, allowing a determination of the CKM matrix
element |Vcs|= 1.043 +- 0.058(stat.) +- 0.026(syst.). The agreement of the
cross sections with the Standard Model prediction allows a limit to be set on
the W decay rate to undetectable final states.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figure
CERN to Gran Sasso; An ideal distance for superbeam?

We use the CP trajectory diagram as a tool for pictorial representation of
the genuine CP and the matter effects to explore the possibility of an in situ
simultaneous measurement of \delta and the sign of \Delta m^2_{13}. We end up
with a low-energy conventional superbeam experiment with a megaton-class water
Cherenkov detector and baseline length of about 700 km. A picturesque
description of the combined ambiguity which may arise in simultaneous
determination of \theta_{13} and the above two quantities is given in terms of
CP trajectory diagram.Comment: A minor correction in Fig. 1. 3 pages with 3 postscript figures. Talk
  presented at 7th International Workshop on Topics in Astroparticle and
  Underground Physics (TAUP2001), Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Italy,
  September 8-12, 200
Statistical Methods for Estimating Complexity from Competition
  Experiments between Two Populations

Often a screening or selection experiment targets a cell or tissue, which
presents many possible molecular targets and identifies a correspondingly large
number of ligands. We describe a statistical method to extract an estimate of
the complexity or richness of the set of molecular targets from competition
experiments between distinguishable ligands, including aptamers derived from
combinatorial experiments (SELEX or phage display). In simulations, the
nonparametric statistic provides a robust estimate of complexity from a 100x100
matrix of competition experiments, which is clearly feasible in high-throughput
format. The statistic and method are potentially applicable to other ligand
binding situations
Quark mass dependence of the X(3872) binding energy

We explore the quark-mass dependence of the pole position of the X(3872)
state within the molecular picture. The calculations are performed within the
framework of a nonrelativistic Faddeev-type three-body equation for the
$D\bar{D}\pi$ system in the $J^{PC}=1^{++}$ channel. The $\pi D$ interaction is
parametrised via a $D^*$ pole, and a three-body force is included to render the
equations well defined. Its strength is adjusted such that the X(3872) appears
as a $D\bar{D}^*$ bound state 0.5 MeV below the neutral threshold. We find that
the trajectory of the X(3872) depends strongly on the assumed quark-mass
dependence of the short-range interactions which can be determined in future
lattice QCD calculations. At the same time we are able to provide nontrivial
information on the chiral extrapolation in the $X$ channel.Comment: LaTeX2e, 14 pages, 5 figures, references updated and extended, to
  appear in Phys.Lett.
Self-adjoint extensions of the Laplace-Beltrami operator and unitaries
  at the boundary

We construct in this article a class of closed semi-bounded quadratic forms
on the space of square integrable functions over a smooth Riemannian manifold
with smooth boundary. Each of these quadratic forms specifies a semi-bounded
self-adjoint extension of the Laplace-Beltrami operator. These quadratic forms
are based on the Lagrange boundary form on the manifold and a family of domains
parametrized by a suitable class of unitary operators on the boundary that will
be called admissible. The corresponding quadratic forms are semi-bounded below
and closable. Finally, the representing operators correspond to semi-bounded
self-adjoint extensions of the Laplace-Beltrami operator. This family of
extensions is compared with results existing in the literature and various
examples and applications are discussed
$tt^*$ equations, localization and exact chiral rings in 4d N=2 SCFTs

We compute exact 2- and 3-point functions of chiral primaries in
four-dimensional N=2 superconformal field theories, including all perturbative
and instanton contributions. We demonstrate that these correlation functions
are nontrivial and satisfy exact differential equations with respect to the
coupling constants. These equations are the analogue of the $tt^*$ equations in
two dimensions. In the SU(2) N=2 SYM theory coupled to 4 hypermultiplets they
take the form of a semi-infinite Toda chain. We provide the complete solution
of this chain using input from supersymmetric localization. To test our results
we calculate the same correlation functions independently using Feynman
diagrams up to 2-loops and we find perfect agreement up to the relevant order.
As a spin-off, we perform a 2-loop check of the recent proposal of
arXiv:1405.7271 that the logarithm of the sphere partition function in N=2
SCFTs determines the K\"ahler potential of the Zamolodchikov metric on the
conformal manifold. We also present the $tt^*$ equations in general SU(N) N=2
superconformal QCD theories and comment on their structure and implications.Comment: 45 pages, 2 figure
Turbulent two dimensional magnetohydrodynamics and conformal field theory

We show that an infinite number of non-unitary minimal models may describe two dimensional turbulent magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), both in the presence and absence of the Alf'ven effect. We argue that the existence of a critical dynamical index results in the Alf'ven effect or equivelently the equipartition of energy. We show that there are an infinite number of conserved quantities in 2D-MHD turbulent systems both in the limit of vanishing the viscocities and in force free case. In the force free case, using the non-unitary minimal model M_{2,7} we derive the correlation functions for the velocity stream function and magnetic flux function. Generalising this simple model we find the exponents of the energy spectrum in the inertial range for a class of conformal field theories
Higher Spins from Nonlinear Realizations of $OSp(1|8)$

We exhibit surprising relations between higher spin theory and nonlinear
realizations of the supergroup $OSp(1|8)$, a minimal superconformal extension
of N=1, 4D supersymmetry with tensorial charges. We construct a realization of
$OSp(1|8)$ on the coset supermanifold $OSp(1|8)/SL(4,R)$ which involves the
tensorial superspace $R^{(10|4)}$ and Goldstone superfields given on it. The
covariant superfield equation encompassing the component ones for all integer
and half-integer massless higher spins amounts to the vanishing of covariant
spinor derivatives of the suitable Goldstone superfields, and, via
Maurer-Cartan equations, to the vanishing of $SL(4,R)$ supercurvature in odd
directions of $R^{(10|4)}$. Aiming at higher spin extension of the
Ogievetsky-Sokatchev formulation of N=1 supergravity, we generalize the notion
of N=1 chirality and construct first examples of invariant superfield actions
involving a non-trivial interaction. Some other potential implications of
$OSp(1|8)$ in the proposed setting are briefly outlined.Comment: LaTeX, 13 pages. Minor, mostly typographic corrections. Version which
  appears in Physics Letters
Field theory limit of branes and gauged supergravities

We discuss the field theory limit of Dp-branes. In this limit, the black
Dp-brane solution approaches a solution which is conformal to adS_{p+2} \times
S^{8-p}. We argue that the frame in which the conformal factor is equal to one,
the dual frame, is a `holographic' frame. The radial coordinate of adS_{p+2}
provides a UV/IR connection as in the case of the D3 brane. The gravitational
description involves gauged supergravities, typically with non-compact gauge
groups. The near-horizon Dp-brane solution becomes a domain-wall solution of
the latter.Comment: 4 pages. Talk delivered at the 32nd International Symposium
  Ahrenshoop in Buckow, Germany, to appear in the proceeding
Excitation functions in central Au+Au collisions from SIS/GSI to
  AGS/Brookhaven

Using the relativistic transport model (ART), we predict the energy
dependence of the stopping power, maximum baryon and energy densities, the
population of resonance matter as well as the strength of the transverse and
radial flow for central Au+Au reactions at beam momentum from 2 to 12 GeV/c
available at Brookhaven's AGS. The maximum baryon and energy densities are
further compared to the predictions of relativistic hydrodynamics assuming the
formation of shock waves. We also discuss the Fermi-Landau scaling of the pion
multiplicity in these reactions.Comment: 20 pages, latex, 10 figures available upon request from the authors,
  Nucl. Phys. A in pres
Microwave-enhanced densification of sol-gel alumina films

This is a journal article. It was published in the journal, Thin solid films [© Elsevier]. The definitive version is available at: www.elsevier.com/locate/tsf.Alumina films prepared by the sol-gel method were sintered at 1160 °C and 1200 °C using a 2.45 GHz microwave / conventional hybrid furnace in order to study the influence of microwave power on the sintering process and resultant samples. Experiments were designed to ensure that each series of samples underwent an identical thermal history in terms of temperature / time profiles. Sintering was carried out using three different heating approaches: pure conventional heating and hybrid heating with 600 W and 1000 W of microwave radiation, respectively. The results obtained showed that, compared with pure conventional heating, the presence of the microwave field led to higher sintered densities and crystallinity in the samples, indicating that the microwave field enhanced the sintering of the sol-gel alumina films and supporting the existence of the microwave effect
Statistical normalization techniques for magnetic resonance imaging☆☆☆

While computed tomography and other imaging techniques are measured in absolute units with physical meaning, magnetic resonance images are expressed in arbitrary units that are difficult to interpret and differ between study visits and subjects. Much work in the image processing literature on intensity normalization has focused on histogram matching and other histogram mapping techniques, with little emphasis on normalizing images to have biologically interpretable units. Furthermore, there are no formalized principles or goals for the crucial comparability of image intensities within and across subjects. To address this, we propose a set of criteria necessary for the normalization of images. We further propose simple and robust biologically motivated normalization techniques for multisequence brain imaging that have the same interpretation across acquisitions and satisfy the proposed criteria. We compare the performance of different normalization methods in thousands of images of patients with Alzheimer's disease, hundreds of patients with multiple sclerosis, and hundreds of healthy subjects obtained in several different studies at dozens of imaging centers
Resurgence and the Nekrasov-Shatashvili Limit: Connecting Weak and
  Strong Coupling in the Mathieu and Lam'e Systems

The Nekrasov-Shatashvili limit for the low-energy behavior of N=2 and N=2*
supersymmetric SU(2) gauge theories is encoded in the spectrum of the Mathieu
and Lam'e equations, respectively. This correspondence is usually expressed via
an all-orders Bohr-Sommerfeld relation, but this neglects non-perturbative
effects, the nature of which is very different in the electric, magnetic and
dyonic regions. In the gauge theory dyonic region the spectral expansions are
divergent, and indeed are not Borel-summable, so they are more properly
described by resurgent trans-series in which perturbative and non-perturbative
effects are deeply entwined. In the gauge theory electric region the spectral
expansions are convergent, but nevertheless there are non-perturbative effects
due to poles in the expansion coefficients, and which we associate with
worldline instantons. This provides a concrete analog of a phenomenon found
recently by Drukker, Marino and Putrov in the large N expansion of the ABJM
matrix model, in which non-perturbative effects are related to complex
space-time instantons. In this paper we study how these very different regimes
arise from an exact WKB analysis, and join smoothly through the magnetic
region. This approach also leads to a simple proof of a resurgence relation
found recently by Dunne and Unsal, showing that for these spectral systems all
non-perturbative effects are subtly encoded in perturbation theory, and
identifies this with the Picard-Fuchs equation for the quantized elliptic
curve.Comment: 43 pages, 6 fig