pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
On the distributional properties of size, pro fit and growth of Icelandic firms

In this paper, we analyze the distributional properties of
the balance sheets of Icelandic firms by performing an
empirical analysis of total assets, profit rates and growth
rates using a data set of 2818 Icelandic firms during the period 2000-2009. We find that the firms size measure, i.e. total assets, have the same heavy tail characteristics as various studies have shown, e.g. for
U.S. and Italian firms. The heavy tail nature of the total assets distribution seems to be robust w.r.t. a boom-bust cycle of the economy as well as special characteristics of Icelandic firms, e.g. their relatively small size and private ownership. Another important finding is that the profit rates, or return on assets, of Icelandic firms follow a Laplace like distribution similar to U.S. firms. Additionally, we identified deviations from the distributional regularities, namely the power law behavior of firms' size and laplacian distributions of growth and profit rates, during the booming period of the economy 2005-2007.
Estimation of a significance threshold for epigenome-wide association studies.

Epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) are designed to characterise population-level epigenetic differences across the genome and link them to disease. Most commonly, they assess DNA-methylation status at cytosine-guanine dinucleotide (CpG) sites, using platforms such as the Illumina 450k array that profile a subset of CpGs genome wide. An important challenge in the context of EWAS is determining a significance threshold for declaring a CpG site as differentially methylated, taking multiple testing into account. We used a permutation method to estimate a significance threshold specifically for the 450k array and a simulation extrapolation approach to estimate a genome-wide threshold. These methods were applied to five different EWAS datasets derived from a variety of populations and tissue types. We obtained an estimate of α=2.4×10-7 for the 450k array, and a genome-wide estimate of α=3.6×10-8. We further demonstrate the importance of these results by showing that previously recommended sample sizes for EWAS should be adjusted upwards, requiring samples between ∼10% and ∼20% larger in order to maintain type-1 errors at the desired level.Peer-reviewedPublisher Versio
Measurement of the cross-section for b-jets produced in association with a Z boson at root s=7 TeV with the ATLAS detector ATLAS Collaboration

A measurement is presented of the inclusive cross-section for b-jet production in association with a Z boson in pp   collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of View the MathML sources=7 TeV. The analysis uses the data sample collected by the ATLAS experiment in 2010, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of approximately 36 pb−1. The event selection requires a Z   boson decaying into high pTpT electrons or muons, and at least one b  -jet, identified by its displaced vertex, with transverse momentum pT>25 GeVpT>25 GeV and rapidity |y|<2.1|y|<2.1. After subtraction of background processes, the yield is extracted from the vertex mass distribution of the candidate b-jets. The ratio of this cross-section to the inclusive Z cross-section (the average number of b-jets per Z event) is also measured. Both results are found to be in good agreement with perturbative QCD predictions at next-to-leading order.We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, DNSRC and Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark; ARTEMIS, European Union; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNAS, Georgia; BMBF, DFG, HGF, MPG and AvH Foundation, Germany; GSRT, Greece; ISF, MINERVA, GIF, DIP and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, Poland; GRICES and FCT, Portugal; MERYS (MECTS), Romania; MES of Russia and ROSATOM, Russian Federation; JINR; MSTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MVZT, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MICINN, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SER, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; NSC, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Production of associated Y and open charm hadrons in pp collisions at ∔s = 7 and 8 TeV via double parton scattering

Associated production of bottomonia and open charm hadrons in pp collisions at s√=7s=7 and 8 TeV is observed using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3 fb−1 accumulated with the LHCb detector. The observation of five combinations, Y(1S)D0, Y(2S)D0, Y(1S)D+, Y(2S)D+ and Y(1S)D s + , is reported. Production crosssections are measured for Y(1S)D0 and Y(1S)D+ pairs in the forward region. The measured cross-sections and the differential distributions indicate the dominance of double parton scattering as the main production mechanism
'Snorkel' sea lice barrier technology reduces sea lice loads on harvest-sized Atlantic salmon with minimal welfare impacts

-The infestation of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) by ectoparasitic sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) presents a need for new approaches to parasite control. One option is the use of ‘snorkel’ sea lice barrier technology, which restricts salmon from accessing the surface except via a vertical chamber impermeable to sea lice larvae. This prevents the salmon from swimming at the depths where infective sea lice are most abundant. Before snorkels can be implemented in commercial sea-cages, knowledge is required about their effects on salmon welfare and growth. Here, we installed snorkels of 4 m depth into three 12 × 12 × 12 m3 cages, and recorded the lice infestation of stocked fish along with their growth, behaviour, and snout and fin condition over a 12-week period. Three standard sea-cages were utilised for comparison, and all six cages were stocked with ~ 3500 salmon (2.3 ± 0.6 kg). After 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks, fish in snorkel cages had 65, 24, 43, and 56% lower lice levels than in standard cages, respectively. Salmon in both snorkel and standard cages grew similarly well and we detected little or no adverse effects on fish mortality or welfare. The results indicate that snorkel sea-cage barrier technology provides a promising new tool in parasite management in salmon aquaculture
High spatial resolution X-ray spectroscopy of the IC 443 pulsar wind nebula and environs

Deep Chandra ACIS observations of the region around the putative pulsar, CXOU J061705.3+222127, in the supernova remnant (SNR) IC 443 reveal an ~5'' radius ring-like structure surrounding the pulsar and a jet-like feature oriented roughly north–south across the ring and through the pulsar's location at 06h17m5fs200 + 22°21'27farcs52 (J2000.0 coordinates). The observations further confirm that (1) the spectrum and flux of the central object are consistent with a rotation-powered pulsar, (2) the non-thermal spectrum and morphology of the surrounding nebula are consistent with a pulsar wind, and (3) the spectrum at greater distances is consistent with thermal emission from the SNR. The cometary shape of the nebula, suggesting motion toward the southwest, appears to be subsonic: There is no evidence either spectrally or morphologically for a bow shock or contact discontinuity; the nearly circular ring is not distorted by motion through the ambient medium; and the shape near the apex of the nebula is narrow. Comparing this observation with previous observations of the same target, we set a 99% confidence upper limit to the proper motion of CXOU J061705.3+222127 to be less than 44 mas yr−1 (310 km s−1 for a distance of 1.5 kpc), with the best-fit (but not statistically significant) projected direction toward the west.Fil: Swartz, Douglas A.. NASA Marshall Space Flight Center; Estados UnidosFil: Pavlov, George G.. Pennsylvania State University; Estados UnidosFil: Clarke, Tracy. Naval Research Laboratory; Estados UnidosFil: Castelletti, Gabriela Marta. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciónes Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio. - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio; ArgentinaFil: Zavlin, Vyacheslav E..  NASA Marshall Space Flight Center,; Estados UnidosFil: Bucciantini, Niccolò. Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri; ItaliaFil: Karovska, Margarita. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Estados UnidosFil: Van Der Horst, Alexander J.. The George Washington University; Estados UnidosFil: Yukita, Mihoko. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Estados UnidosFil: Weisskopf, Martin C.. NASA Marshall Space Flight Center; Estados Unido
The effects of mothers’ past infant-holding preferences on their adult children’s face processing lateralization

Contains fulltext :
                  99802.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)Face processing development is negatively affected when infants have not been exposed to faces for some time because of congenital cataract blocking all vision (Le Grand, Mondloch, Maurer, & Brent, 2001). It is not clear, however, whether more subtle differences in face exposure may also have an influence. The present study looked at the effect of the mother's preferred side of holding an infant, on her adult child's face processing lateralisation. Adults with a mother who had a left-arm preference for holding infants were compared with adults with a mother who had a right-arm holding preference. All participants were right-handed and had been exclusively bottle-fed during infancy. The participants were presented with two chimeric faces tests, one involving emotion and the other one gender. The left-arm held individuals showed a normal left-bias on the chimeric face tests, whereas the right-arm held individuals a significantly decreased left-bias. The results might suggest that reduced exposure to high quality emotional information on faces in infancy results in diminished right-hemisphere lateralisation for face processing.7 p
Dual control of fault intersections on stop-start rupture in the 2016 Central Italy seismic sequence

Large continental earthquakes necessarily involve failure of multiple faults or segments. But these same critically-stressed systems sometimes fail in drawn-out sequences of smaller earthquakes over days or years instead. These two modes of failure have vastly different implications for seismic hazard and it is not known why fault systems sometimes fail in one mode or the other, or what controls the termination and reinitiation of slip in protracted seismic sequences.  A paucity of modern observations of seismic sequences has hampered our understanding to-date, but a series of three Mw>6 earthquakes from August to November 2016 in Central Italy represents a uniquely well-observed example. Here we exploit a wealth of geodetic, seismological and field data to understand the spatio-temporal evolution of the sequence. Our results suggest that pre-existing fault structures controlled the extent and termination of rupture in each event in the sequence, and that fluid diffusion, channelled along these same structures, may have also determined the timing of rupture reinitiation. This dual control of subsurface structure on the stop-start rupture in seismic sequences may be common; future efforts should focus on investigating its prevalence
Look before you leap: a confidence-based method for selecting species criticality while avoiding negative populations in $\tau$-leaping

The stochastic simulation algorithm was introduced by Gillespie and in a different form by Kurtz. There have been many attempts at accelerating the algorithm without deviating from the behavior of the simulated system. The crux of the explicit $\tau$-leaping procedure is the use of Poisson random variables to approximate the number of occurrences of each type of reaction event during a carefully selected time period, $\tau$. This method is acceptable providing the leap condition, that no propensity function changes “significantly” during any time-step, is met. Using this method there is a possibility that species numbers can, artificially, become negative. Several recent papers have demonstrated methods that avoid this situation. One such method classifies, as critical, those reactions in danger of sending species populations negative. At most, one of these critical reactions is allowed to occur in the next time-step. We argue that the criticality of a reactant species and its dependent reaction channels should be related to the probability of the species number becoming negative. This way only reactions that, if fired, produce a high probability of driving a reactant population negative are labeled critical. The number of firings of more reaction channels can be approximated using Poisson random variables thus speeding up the simulation while maintaining the accuracy. In implementing this revised method of criticality selection we make use of the probability distribution from which the random variable describing the change in species number is drawn. We give several numerical examples to demonstrate the effectiveness of our new metho
Cell autonomy of the mouse claw paw mutation.

Mice homozygous for the autosomal recessive mutation claw paw (clp) are characterized by limb posture abnormalities and congenital hypomyelination, with delayed onset of myelination of the peripheral nervous system but not the central nervous system. Although this combination of limb and peripheral nerve abnormalities in clp/clp mice might suggest a common neurogenic origin of the syndrome, it is not clear whether the clp gene acts primarily in the neurone, the Schwann cell or both. In the work described here, we address this question of cell autonomy of the clp mutation through reciprocal nerve grafting experiments between wild-type and clp/clp animals. Our results demonstrate that the clp mutation affects the Schwann cell compartment and possibly also the neuronal compartment. These data suggest that the clp gene product is expressed in Schwann cells as well as neurones and is likely to be involved in direct axon--Schwann cell interactions. Within the Schwann cell, clp affects a myelin-related signaling pathway that regulates periaxin and Krox-20 expression, but not Oct-6
Urban renewal without displacement? Belgium's 'housing contract experiment' and the risks of gentrification

Gentrification has become part and parcel of urban policies throughout the world. Critics have argued against those policies but they have not yet developed concrete and comprehensive alternatives. This paper seeks to remedy this omission by investigating the Belgian 'housing contract' experiment (2005-2007). Quite exceptionally, Belgium's 'housing contract' experiment was based on the premise that housing policies should improve the quality of life in deprived urban neighborhoods without displacing the poor. We investigate both the philosophy of the housing contract experiment as well as its effects. On the basis of this evaluation, we sketch the contours of a housing policy that incorporates rent gap theory and counters the negative effects arising from disinvestment and gentrification
Responding to Global Challenges in Food, Energy, Environment and Water: Risks and Options Assessment for Decision-Making

We analyse the threats of global environmental change, as they relate to food security. First, we review three discourses: (i) ‘sustainable intensification’, or the increase of food supplies without compromising food producing inputs, such as soils and water;(ii) the ‘nexus’ that seeks to understand links across food, energy, environment and water systems; and(iii)‘resilience thinking’ that focuses on how to ensure the critical capacities of food, energy and water systems are maintained in the presence of uncertainties and threats. Second, we build on these discourses to present the causal, risks and options assessment for decision-making process to improve decisionmaking in the presence of risks. The process provides a structured, but flexible, approach that moves from problem diagnosis to better risk-based decision-making and outcomes by responding to causal risks within and across food, energy, environment and water systems
Dust-grain processing in circumbinary discs around evolved binaries. The
  RV Tauri spectral twins RU Cen and AC Her

Context: We study the structure and evolution of circumstellar discs around
evolved binaries and their impact on the evolution of the central system. Aims:
To study in detail the binary nature of RUCen and ACHer, as well as the
structure and mineralogy of the circumstellar environment. Methods: We combine
multi-wavelength observations with a 2D radiative transfer study. Our radial
velocity program studies the central stars, while our Spitzer spectra and
broad-band SEDs are used to constrain mineralogy, grain sizes and physical
structure of the circumstellar environment. Results: We determine the orbital
elements of RUCen showing that the orbit is highly eccentric with a rather long
period of 1500 days. The infrared spectra of both objects are very similar and
the spectral dust features are dominated by Mg-rich crystalline silicates. The
small peak-to-continuum ratios are interpreted as being due to large grains.
Our model contains two components with a cold midplain dominated by large
grains, and the near- and mid-IR which is dominated by the emission of smaller
silicates. The infrared excess is well modelled assuming a hydrostatic passive
irradiated disc. The profile-fitting of the dust resonances shows that the
grains must be very irregular. Conclusions: These two prototypical RVTauri
pulsators with circumstellar dust are binaries where the dust is trapped in a
stable disc. The mineralogy and grain sizes show that the dust is highly
processed, both in crystallinity and grain size. The cool crystals show that
either radial mixing is very efficient and/or that the thermal history at grain
formation has been very different from that in outflows. The physical processes
governing the structure of these discs are similar to those observed in
protoplanetary discs around young stellar objects.Comment: 11 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication by A&
Observation of VHE gamma-rays from Cassiopeia A with the MAGIC telescope\ud

Aims. We searched for very high energy (VHE)gamma-ray emission from the supernova remnant Cassiopeia A. Methods. The shell-type supernova remnant Cassiopeia A was observed with the 17 m MAGIC telescope between July 2006 and January 2007 for a total time of 47 h. Results. The source was detected above an energy of 250 GeV with a significance of 5.2s and a photon flux above 1 TeV of (7.3 +/- 0.7(stat) +/- 2.2(sys)) x 10(-13) cm(-2)s(-1). The photon spectrum is compatible with a power law dN/dE proportional to E-r with a photon index Gamma = 2.3 +/- 0.2(stat) +/- 0.2(sys). The source is point- like within the angular resolution of the telescope.\u
Mapping the interstellar medium in galaxies with Herschel/SPIRE

The standard method of mapping the interstellar medium in a galaxy, by
observing the molecular gas in the CO 1-0 line and the atomic gas in the 21-cm
line, is largely limited with current telescopes to galaxies in the nearby
universe. In this letter, we use SPIRE observations of the galaxies M99 and
M100 to explore the alternative approach of mapping the interstellar medium
using the continuum emission from the dust. We have compared the methods by
measuring the relationship between the star-formation rate and the surface
density of gas in the galaxies. We find the two methods give relationships with
a similar dispersion, confirming that observing the continuum emission from the
dust is a promising method of mapping the interstellar medium in galaxies.Comment: Astronomy and Astrophysics in pres
Exterior cloaking with active sources in two dimensional acoustics

We cloak a region from a known incident wave by surrounding the region with
three or more devices that cancel out the field in the cloaked region without
significantly radiating waves. Since very little waves reach scatterers within
the cloaked region, the scattered field is small and the scatterers are for all
practical purposes undetectable. The devices are multipolar point sources that
can be determined from Green's formula and an addition theorem for Hankel
functions. The cloaking devices are exterior to the cloaked region
A Near Infrared Polarized Bipolar Cone in the CIRCINUS Galaxy

We present near-infrared broad-band polarization images of the nuclear
regions of the Circinus galaxy in the J, H and K bands. For the first time the
south-eastern reflection cone is detected in polarized light, which is obscured
at optical wavelengths behind the galactic disk. This biconical structure is
clearly observed in J and H band polarized flux whilst in the K band a more
compact structure is detected. Total flux J-K and H-K colour maps reveal a
complex colour gradient toward the south-east direction (where the Circinus
galactic disk is nearer to us). We find enhanced extinction in an arc shaped
structure, at about 200pc from the nucleus, probably part of the star-formation
ring.
  We model the polarized flux images with the scattering and torus model of
Young etal, with the same basic input parameters as used by Alexander etal in
the spectropolarimetry modelling of Circinus. The best fit to the polarized
flux is achieved with a torus radius of ~16pc, and a visual extinction Av,
through the torus, to the near-infrared emission regions of >66 mags.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables, accepted to MNRA
Monte-Carlo simulations of photohadronic processes in astrophysics

A new Monte Carlo program for photohadronic interactions of relativistic
nucleons with an ambient photon radiation field is presented. The event
generator is designed to fulfil typical astrophysical requirements, but can
also be used for radiation and background studies at high energy colliders such
as LEP2 and HERA, as well as for simulations of photon induced air showers.
  We consider the full photopion production cross section from the pion
production threshold up to high energies.
  It includes resonance excitation and decay, direct single pion production and
diffractive and non-diffractive multiparticle production.
  The cross section of each individual process is calculated by fitting
experimental data, while the kinematics is determined by the underlying
particle production process. We demonstrate that our model is capable of
reproducing known accelerator data over a wide energy range.Comment: 39 pages, 17 figures, submitted to Comp.Phys.Co
Two-loop QCD corrections to massless quark-gluon scattering

We present the O(alphas^4) virtual QCD corrections to the scattering process
of massless quark qqbar -> gg due to the interference of tree and two-loop
amplitudes and to the self-interference of one-loop amplitudes. We work in
conventional dimensional regularisation and our results are renormalised in the
MSbar scheme. The structure of the infrared divergences agrees with that
predicted by Catani while expressions for the finite remainder are given for
the qqbar -> gg and the qg -> qg (gqbar -> gqbar) scattering processes in terms
of logarithms and polylogarithms that are real in the physical region. These
results, together with those previously obtained for quark-quark scattering,
are important ingredients in the next-to-next-to-leading order contribution to
inclusive jet production at hadron colliders.Comment: 32 pages, LaTeX, JHEP class, typo in Eq.4.6 fixed, typo in Eq 3.2
  fixe