pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Measurement of the Z boson differential cross section in transverse momentum and rapidity in proton-proton collisions at 8 TeV

We present a measurement of the Z boson differential cross section in rapidity and transverse momentum using a data sample of pp collision events at a centre-of-mass energy √s=8 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb-1. The Z boson is identified via its decay to a pair of muons. The measurement provides a precision test of quantum chromodynamics over a large region of phase space. In addition, due to the small experimental uncertainties in the measurement the data has the potential to constrain the gluon parton distribution function in the kinematic regime important for Higgs boson production via gluon fusion. The results agree with the next-to-next-to-leading-order predictions computed with the fewz program. The results are also compared to the commonly used leading-order MadGraph and next-to-leading-order powheg generatorsWe acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMWFW and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MOST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); MoER, ERC IUT and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); OTKA and NIH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); CINVESTAV, CONACYT, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS and RFBR (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI and CPAN (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA). Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and EPLANET (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A.P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Oﬃce; the Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l’Industrie et dans l’Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science, coﬁnanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund; the Compagnia di San Paolo (Torino); the Consorzio per la Fisica (Trieste); MIUR project 20108T4XTM (Italy); the Thalis and Aristeia programs coﬁnanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; and the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fun
The UK’s total nitrogen budget from 1990 to 2020 : a transition from source to sink?

This study estimates the annual total nitrogen balance of the UK from 1990 to 2020. The following inputs of nitrogen are considered: inorganic fertilizer, atmospheric deposition; food and feed imports; and biological nitrogen fixation. The outputs considered compose: atmospheric emissions; direct losses of sewage and industrial effluent to the sea; fluvial losses at source; food and feed exports; and terrestrial denitrification. It is shown that: (1) Inputs of inorganic fertilizer declined significantly over the study period with both atmospheric deposition and food and feed imports significantly increasing. (2) Outputs of total N also significantly declined with all output pathways decreasing except for atmospheric emissions and terrestrial denitrification to N2. (3) The UK was a net source of total nitrogen in 1990 of approximately −1941 ± 224 kilotonnes N/year (−8 tonnes N/km2/year; inter-quartile range of ±0.9 tonnes/km2/year). However, by 2012, this net nitrogen source had decreased to about −1446 ± 195 kilotonnes N/year (−5.9 tonnes N/km2/year). The future total N balance of the UK is being driven by declines in outputs rather than changes in inputs. The largest declines are in the atmospheric emissions of reactive nitrogen (Nr) and the fluvial flux of N such that by 2020 to the total N budget is predicted to be −1042 (±246) kilotonnes N/year (−4.2 tonnes N/km2/year) and by 2031 the UK would be a net sink of total N
More than counting pixels – perspectives on the importance of remote sensing training in ecology and conservation

This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Wiley via http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rse2.27As remote sensing (RS) applications and resources continue to expand, their importance for ecology and conservation increases – and so does the need for effective and successful training of professionals working in those fields. Methodological and applied courses often form part of university curricula, but their practical and long-term benefits only become clear afterwards. Having recently received such training in an interdisciplinary master’s programme, we provide our perspectives on our shared education. Through an online survey we include experiences of students and professionals in different fields. Most participants perceive their RS education as useful for their career, but express a need for more training at university level. Hands-on projects are considered the most effective learning method. Besides methodological knowledge, soft skills are clear gains, including problem solving, self-learning and finding individual solutions, and the ability to work in interdisciplinary teams. The largest identified gaps in current RS training concern the application regarding policy making, methodology and conservation. To successfully prepare students for a career, study programmes need to provide RS courses based on state-of-the-art methods, including programming, and interdisciplinary projects linking research and practice supported by a sound technical background.German Research Foundation (DFG), University of Bayreut
Measurement of CP asymmetries in the decays B 0 → K *0 μ + μ − and B + → K + μ + μ −

The direct CP asymmetries of the decays B 0 → K *0 μ + μ − and B + → K + μ + μ − are measured using pp collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.0 fb−1 collected with the LHCb detector. The respective control modes B 0 → J/ψK *0 and B + → J/ψK + are used to account for detection and production asymmetries. The measurements are made in several intervals of μ + μ − invariant mass squared, with the ϕ(1020) and charmonium resonance regions excluded. Under the hypothesis of zero CP asymmetry in the control modes, the average values of the asymmetries are

ACP(B0→K∗0μ+μ−)=−0.035±0.024±0.003,ACP(B+→K+μ+μ−)=0.012±0.017±0.001,

where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second are due to systematic effects. Both measurements are consistent with the Standard Model prediction of small CP asymmetry in these decays.National Science Foundation (U.S.
Loss of XIAP facilitates switch to TNFα-induced necroptosis in mouse neutrophils

Neutrophils are essential players in the first-line defense against invading bacteria and fungi. Besides its antiapoptotic role, the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family member X-linked IAP (XIAP) has been shown to regulate innate immune signaling. Whereas the role of XIAP in innate signaling pathways is derived mostly from work in macrophages and dendritic cells, it is not known if and how XIAP contributes to these pathways in neutrophils. Here we show that in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), mouse neutrophils secreted considerable amounts of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and, in accordance with earlier reports, XIAP prevented LPS-induced hypersecretion of IL-1β also in neutrophils. Interestingly, and in contrast to macrophages or dendritic cells, Xiap-deficient neutrophils were insensitive to LPS-induced cell death. However, combined loss of function of XIAP and cIAP1/-2 resulted in rapid neutrophil cell death in response to LPS. This cell death occurred by classical apoptosis initiated by a TNFα- and RIPK1-dependent, but RIPK3- and MLKL-independent, pathway. Inhibition of caspases under the same experimental conditions caused a shift to RIPK3-dependent cell death. Accordingly, we demonstrate that treatment of neutrophils with high concentrations of TNFα induced apoptotic cell death, which was fully blockable by pancaspase inhibition in wild-type neutrophils. However, in the absence of XIAP, caspase inhibition resulted in a shift from apoptosis to RIPK3- and MLKL-dependent necroptosis. Loss of XIAP further sensitized granulocyte–macrophage colonystimulating factor (GM-CSF)-primed neutrophils to TNFα-induced killing. These data suggest that XIAP antagonizes the switch from TNFα-induced apoptosis to necroptosis in mouse neutrophils. Moreover, our data may implicate an important role of neutrophils in the development of hyperinflammation and disease progression of patients diagnosed with X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome type 2, which are deficient in XIAP
Quarkonium production at the LHC: a data-driven analysis of NRQCD's
  predictions

While non-relativistic QCD (NRQCD) foresees a variety of elementary
quarkonium production mechanisms naturally leading to state-dependent kinematic
patterns, the LHC cross sections and polarization measurements reveal a
remarkably simple production scenario, independent of the quantum numbers and
masses of the quarkonia. Surprisingly, NRQCD is able to accommodate the
observed universal scenario, through a series of conspiring cancellations
smoothing out its otherwise variegated hierarchy of mechanisms. This seemingly
unnatural solution implies that the $\chi_{c1}$ and $\chi_{c2}$ polarizations,
not yet measured, are strong and opposite, representing the only potential
exception to a remarkably simple picture of quarkonium production. The
observation of a large difference between $\chi_{c2}$ and $\chi_{c1}$
polarizations, which cannot be indirectly extracted from existing measurements
because they mutually cancel each other in their contribution to the observed
J/$\psi$ production, would be a smoking gun signal finally proving the
multifaceted but mysteriously elusive structure of NRQCD. On the other hand,
the measurement of two similar, small polarizations will urge improved P-wave
calculations, if not a substantial revision of the NRQCD hierarchies.Comment: Submitted to Phys. Lett.
Upper bounds on ATSP neighborhood size.

We consider the Asymmetric Traveling Salesman Problem (ATSP) and use the definition of neighborhood by Deineko and Woeginger (see Math. Programming 87 (2000) 519–542). Let μ(n) be the maximum cardinality of polynomial time searchable neighborhood for the ATSP on n vertices. Deineko and Woeginger conjectured that μ(n)<β(n−1)! for any constant β>0 provided P≠NP. We prove that μ(n)<β(n−k)! for any fixed integer k1 and constant β>0 provided NPP/poly, which (like P≠NP) is believed to be true. We also give upper bounds for the size of an ATSP neighborhood depending on its search time
Measurement of inclusive jet charged-particle fragmentation functions in Pb+Pb collisions at root sNN = 2.76 TeV with the ATLAS detector

Measurements of charged-particle fragmentation functions of jets produced in ultra-relativistic nuclear collisions can provide insight into the modification of parton showers in the hot, dense medium created in the collisions. ATLAS has measured jets in View the MathML sourcesNN=2.76 TeV Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC using a data set recorded in 2011 with an integrated luminosity of 0.14 nb -1. Jets were reconstructed using the anti-ktkt algorithm with distance parameter values View the MathML sourceR=0.2,0.3,and 0.4. Distributions of charged-particle transverse momentum and longitudinal momentum fraction are reported for seven bins in collision centrality for R=0.4R=0.4 jets with View the MathML sourcepTjet>100 GeV. Commensurate minimum pTpT values are used for the other radii. Ratios of fragment distributions in each centrality bin to those measured in the most peripheral bin are presented. These ratios show a reduction of fragment yield in central collisions relative to peripheral collisions at intermediate z values, 0.04</~ z </~0.20.04</~ z </~0.2, and an enhancement in fragment yield for z </~0.04z </~0.04. A smaller, less significant enhancement is observed at large z and large pTpT in central collisions.G. Aad … P. Jackson … L. Lee … A. Petridis … N. Soni ... M. White ... et al. (ATLAS Collaboration
Charge polarization at catalytic metal-support junctions : Part B : Theoretical modeling of Kelvin probe force microscopy

Existing models for the analysis of Kelvin probe microscopy experiments are extended and
used to analyze the experimental electrical potential profiles for a Pt/TiO2 model nanoparticle.
The derived model reproduces in detail the Kelvin probe image that reveals a characteristic
ring-shaped negative charge zone at the surface around the particle: A planar negative charge
zone at the surface of the support extends beyond the diameter of the Pt particle. It is
compensated mostly by a planar layer of positive charges in the metal across the interface,
and by a smaller number of positive charges at the metal-air interface. These latter charges
determine the positive electrical potential of the metal particle, and they are likely responsible
for the extent of the metal-support interaction in catalytic reactions.http://pubs.acs.org/journal/jpcafh2017-06-30hb2016Chemistr
Enhancing postgraduate learning and development : a participatory action learning and action research approach through conferences

Anxiety often prevents postgraduate students from maximising learning opportunities at a
conference when presenting their work publicly, or interacting with experienced
researchers. Since supervision is an opportunity for supervisors to help postgraduate
students most fully develop their ability as emerging researchers, overcoming such anxiety
is an important task for supervisors as well as students. As supervisors, we developed a
participatory action learning and action research (PALAR) support program to help
postgraduate students prepare for a conference to make overall participation, presenting a
paper and subsequent publication a true learning experience. We generated and analysed
data from the written reflections of 11 postgraduate students who participated in our
PALAR support program. The findings suggest that action learning, specifically PALAR, can
be used to enable a rich learning experience for postgraduate students attending
conferences through fostering relationships, building trust, a supportive environment,
collaboration, communication and competence among them. Postgraduate students who
experienced our PALAR support program developed not only skills, knowledge, confidence,
and deeper appreciation of learning opportunities through conferences, but also
understanding of the principles of PALAR that apply not just to the conference context but
across all aspects of learning and research and life at large.The National Research Foundation (NRF)http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/calr202018-08-31hb2017Education Innovatio
Sphingolipids of the mycopathogen Sporothrix schenckii: identification of a glycosylinositol phosphorylceramide with novel core GlcNH2α1→2Ins motif

AbstractAcidic glycosphingolipid components were extracted from the yeast form of the dimorphic mycopathogen Sporothrix schenckii. Two minor and the major fraction from the yeast form (Ss-Y1, -Y2, and -Y6, respectively) have been isolated. By a combination of 1- and 2-D 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), Ss-Y6 was determined to be triglycosylinositol phosphorylceramide with a novel glycan structure, Manα1→3Manα1→6GlcNH2α1→2Ins1-P-1Cer (where Ins=myo-inositol, P=phosphodiester). While the GlcNH2α1→6Ins1-P- motif is found widely distributed in eukaryotic GPI anchors, the linkage GlcNH2α1→2Ins1-P- has not been previously observed in any glycolipid. Ss-Y1 and Ss-Y2 were both found to have the known glycan structure Manα1→3Manα1→2Ins1-P-1Cer. Together with the results of a prior study [Toledo et al. (2001) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 280, 19–24] which showed that the mycelium form expresses GIPCs with the structures Manα1→6Ins1-P-1Cer and Manα1→3Manα1→6Ins1-P-1Cer, these results demonstrate that S. schenckii can synthesize glycosylinositol phosphorylceramides with at least three different core linkages
A carbazole–oxadiazole diad molecule for single-emitting-component white organic light-emitting devices (WOLEDs)

AbstractThe synthesis is reported of a new molecule consisting of N-phenylcarbazole linked through a butadiyne bridge to 2,5-diphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole. The compound shows blue photoluminescence with positive solvatochromism: e.g., λmax 401 nm in cyclohexane, 461 nm in chloroform solution (quantum yield Φf 0.55) and 428 nm in thin film, with a low intensity band extending to ca. 700 nm in films. OLEDs with a device configuration of [ITO/PEDOT:PSS (50 nm)/molecule:PVK:OXD-7 (80 nm)/Bphen (20 nm)/LiF (0.8 nm)/Al (120 nm)] were fabricated. Pure white-light emission with Commission Internationale De L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.313, 0.330) at 13 V and good colour stability with a very small offset of coordinates (0.034, 0.033) under biases of 9–15 V has been achieved
Beyond coherence: Recovering structured time–frequency representations

AbstractWe consider the problem of recovering a structured sparse representation of a signal in an overcomplete time–frequency dictionary with a particular structure. For infinite dictionaries that are the union of a nice wavelet basis and a Wilson basis, sufficient conditions are given for the basis pursuit and (orthogonal) matching pursuit algorithms to recover a structured representation of an admissible signal. The sufficient conditions take into account the structure of the wavelet/Wilson dictionary and allow very large (even infinite) support sets to be recovered even though the dictionary is highly coherent
Cyclic nanoindentation and nano-impact fatigue mechanisms of functionally graded TiN/TiNi film

The mechanisms of nanoscale fatigue of functionally graded TiN/TiNi films have been studied using multiple-loading cycle nanoindentation and nano-impact tests. The functionally graded films were sputter deposited onto silicon substrates, in which the TiNi film provides pseudo-elasticity and shape memory behaviour, while a top TiN surface layer provides tribological and anti-corrosion properties. Nanomechanical tests were performed to investigate the localised film performance and failure modes of the functionally graded film using both Berkovich and conical indenters with loads between 100 μN and 500 mN. The loading history was critical to define film failure modes (i.e. backward depth deviation) and the pseudo-elastic/shape memory effect of the functionally graded layer. The results were sensitive to the applied load, loading mode (e.g. semi-static, dynamic) and probe geometry. Based on indentation force–depth profiles, depth–time data and post-test surface observations of films, it was concluded that the shape of the indenter is critical to induce localised indentation stress and film failure, and generation of pseudo-elasticity at a lower load range. Finite-element simulation of the elastic loading process indicated that the location of subsurface maximum stress near the interface influences the backward depth deviation type of film failure
Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde measurements in urban atmosphere impacted by the use of ethanol biofuel: Metropolitan Area of Sao Paulo (MASP), 2012–2013

AbstractThere is a consensus that particulate matter and gases pollutants originating from industry and vehicle emission processes in urban areas are important from the point of view of public health and climate change. Local anthropogenic emissions, especially those resulting from energy generation processes from the industrial and transport sector, are connected with those occurring at the regional and global scales. A major concern in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP) is the impact of the large scale use of ethanol as a fuel and as an additive for Otto vehicles. In this study, atmospheric concentrations of ozone, nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2), formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were measured in the MASP in Brazil, over four seasons in 2012 and 2013. The results were compared with data collected in previous studies. Our results demonstrate that, although there was a large increase in the number of vehicles in the MASP that use ethanol (“flex-fuel” vehicles), technological advances in vehicle emissions control have prevented any significant increase in the atmospheric concentrations of aldehydes. In addition, an increase in the formaldehyde/acetaldehyde ratio has been observed
Folate Acts in E. coli to Accelerate C. elegans Aging Independently of Bacterial Biosynthesis

SummaryFolates are cofactors for biosynthetic enzymes in all eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Animals cannot synthesize folate and must acquire it from their diet or microbiota. Previously, we showed that inhibiting E. coli folate synthesis increases C. elegans lifespan. Here, we show that restriction or supplementation of C. elegans folate does not influence lifespan. Thus, folate is required in E. coli to shorten worm lifespan. Bacterial proliferation in the intestine has been proposed as a mechanism for the life-shortening influence of E. coli. However, we found no correlation between C. elegans survival and bacterial growth in a screen of 1,000+ E. coli deletion mutants. Nine mutants increased worm lifespan robustly, suggesting specific gene regulation is required for the life-shortening activity of E. coli. Disrupting the biosynthetic folate cycle did not increase lifespan. Thus, folate acts through a growth-independent route in E. coli to accelerate animal aging
Expanding the biomass resource: sustainable oil production via fast pyrolysis of low input high diversity biomass and the potential integration of thermochemical and biological conversion routes

AbstractWaste biomass is generated during the conservation management of semi-natural habitats, and represents an unused resource and potential bioenergy feedstock that does not compete with food production. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to characterise a representative range of biomass generated during conservation management in Wales. Of the biomass types assessed, those dominated by rush (Juncus effuses) and bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) exhibited the highest and lowest volatile compositions respectively and were selected for bench scale conversion via fast pyrolysis. Each biomass type was ensiled and a sub-sample of silage was washed and pressed. Demineralization of conservation biomass through washing and pressing was associated with higher oil yields following fast pyrolysis. The oil yields were within the published range established for the dedicated energy crops miscanthus and willow. In order to examine the potential a multiple output energy system was developed with gross power production estimates following valorisation of the press fluid, char and oil. If used in multi fuel industrial burners the char and oil alone would displace 3.9×105tonnes per year of No. 2 light oil using Welsh biomass from conservation management. Bioenergy and product development using these feedstocks could simultaneously support biodiversity management and displace fossil fuels, thereby reducing GHG emissions. Gross power generation predictions show good potential