pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Design parameters for continuously variable power-split transmissions using planetaries with 3 active shafts

Since 1996, when the first agricultural tractor with CVT transmission was shown, the presence of this type of transmissions has been increasing. All companies offer them in their products range. Nevertheless, there is little technical documentation that explains the basics of its operation. This report shows all types of CVT transmissions: non-power-split type and power-split ones, as well as the three types used in agricultural tractors, hydro-mechanical power-split transmissions (3 active shafts, input coupled planetary; 3 active shafts, output\ud
coupled planetary and 4 active shafts). The report also describes the design parameters of a type of CVT transmission, which use a power-split system with 3 active shafts as well as the fundamental relations among them.\ud
Crown Copyright  2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of ISTVS. All rights reserved
Are fluctuations in electricity consumption per capita transitory? evidence from developed and developing economies

This paper investigates the unit root properties of electricity consumption per capita for the 67
developed and developing countries for 1971-2007 period. To examine the stationary
properties of electricity consumption per capita, we have adopted Lee and Strazicich (2003,
2004) test of unit root that allows us to test for at most two endogenous breaks and uses the
Lagrange Multiplier (LM) test statistics. Results show that 65 country series reject the unit
root null hypothesis except for 2 country series. Thus, our empirical findings provide
significant evidence that electricity consumption per capita is stationary in almost all
countries considered in the study. The stationarity of electricity consumption per capita
indicates that it should be possible for the series to forecast future movements in the energy
consumption based on the past behaviors of the series.
LSE method using the CHSS model

Testing the reliability at a nominal stress level may lead to extensive test time. Estimations of reliability parameters can be obtained faster thanks to step-stress accelerated life tests (ALT). Usually, a transfer functional defined among a given class of parametric functions is required, but Bagdonavičius and Nikulin showed that ALT tests are still possible without any assumption about this functional. When shape and scale parameters of the lifetime distribution change with the stress level, they suggested an ALT method using a model called CHanging Shape and Scale (CHSS). They estimated the lifetime parameters at the nominal stress with maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). However, this method usually requires an initialization of lifetime parameters, which may be difficult when no similar product has been tested before. This paper aims to face this issue by using an iterating least square estimation (LSE) method. It will enable one to initialize the optimization required to carry out the MLE and it will give estimations that can sometimes be better than those given by MLE
Cyclodextrin multicomponent complexation and controlled release delivery strategies to optimize the oral bioavailability of vinpocetine

In the present work, to maintain a suitable blood level of vinpocetine (VP) for a long period of time, VP-cyclodextrin-tartaric acid multicomponent complexes were prepared and formulated in hydroxypropylmethylcellulose matrix tablets. In vitro and in vivo performances of these formulations were investigated over a VP immediate release dosage form. Solubility studies were performed to evaluate the drug pH solubilization profile and to assess the effect of multicomponent complexation on VP solubility. The drug release process was investigated using United States Pharmacopeia apparatus 3 and a comparative oral pharmacokinetic study was subsequently undertaken in rabbits. Solubility studies denoted the pH-solubility dependence of VP and solubility improvement attained by complexation. Dissolution results showed controlled and almost complete release behavior of VP over a 12-h period from complex hydroxypropylmethylcellulose-based formulations. A clear difference between the pharmacokinetic patterns of VP immediate release and VP complex-based formulations was revealed. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve after oral administration of complex-based formulations was 2.1-2.9 times higher than that for VP immediate release formulation. Furthermore, significant differences found for mean residence time, elimination half-life, and elimination rate constant values corroborated prolonged release of VP from complex-based formulations. These results suggest that the oral bioavailability of VP was significantly improved by both multicomponent complexation and controlled release delivery strategies. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 96:2018-2028, 2007http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.2029
A case of double alleles at three Y-STR loci: forensic implications

In a genetic study of unrelated donors from Bahia (Brazil), one sample contained a 16 Y-STR haplotype with double peaks at three loci: DYS389 II, DYS437 and DYS439. The son of the subject had the same haplotype as found in the father. This profile was compared with a similar case found in a paternity case investigation in Madrid (Spain) and a match was found for the full 16 Y-STR haplotype. Because these three loci are located within the AZFa segment, these results are in accordance with duplication of the AZFa region that includes also other Y-STRs currently used in forensic investigation, for example DYS389I and DYS438. This case attracts our attention in the forensic interpretation of Y-haplotype profiles, because multiple alleles at various loci do not indicate forcibly that the sample under analysis is a mixture.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00414-005-0526-
Time-resolved pump-probe experiments beyond the jitter limitations at FLASH

Using a noninvasive, electro-optically based electron bunch arrival time measurement at FLASH (free electron laser in Hamburg) the temporal resolution of two-color pump-probe experiments has been significantly improved. The system determines the relative arrival time of the extended ultraviolet pulse of FLASH and an amplified Ti:sapphire femtosecond-laser pulse at the interaction region better than 90 fs rms. In a benchmarking pump-probe experiment using two-color above threshold ionization of noble gases, an enhancement in the timing resolution by a factor of 4 compared to the uncorrected data is obtained
CALL for endangered languages: Challenges and rewards

The interaction between CALL and Endangered Languages (EL) is an under-researched and under-exploited field. It is perhaps no surprise that this should be the case as CALL in the EL context has to address additional requirements and deal with extra constraints over and above those that prevail in mainstream CALL. This article introduces the topic of Endangered Languages and lists two classifications for Endangered Languages (Terralingua, 2000; Unesco, 1993). It outlines why a language becomes endangered and why it is important to save ELs. It identifies the special constraints that prevail in the EL CALL situation. These constraints determine the EL CALL requirements. In a case study, a software template and suggested syllabus have been developed for the production of CALL materials for ELs. A working example of courseware developed using the template is presented. Finally, the cultural dimension of EL CALL is outlined
Mitigation and control of the overcuring effect in mask projection micro-stereolithography

Mask Projection micro-Stereolithography (MPμSL) is an additive manufacturing technique capable of producing solid parts with micron-scale resolution from a vat of photocurable liquid polymer resin. Although the physical mechanism remains the same, the process differs from traditional laser-galvanometer based stereolithography (SL) in its use of a dynamic mask UV projector, or digital light processor (DLP), which cures each location within each 3D layer at the same time. One area where MPµSL has garnered considerable attention is in the field of microfluidics and Lab-on-a-Chip, where complex multistep microfabrication techniques adopted from the semiconductor industry are still widely used, and where MPµSL offers the ability to fabricate completely encapsulated fluidic channels in a single step and at low cost [1–3]. However, a significant obstacle exists in the prevention of channel blockage due to overcuring of the polymer resin [4, 5]. Overcuring can be attributed to the so-called ‘back side effect’ [2] which occurs during the build process as light from successive layers penetrates into the resin to a depth greater than the layer thickness. This effect is most prevalent in channels or features oriented horizontally (in a parallel plane to that of the build platform). Currently there are two main approaches in controlling the cure depth; 1. the chemical approach, which involves doping the resin material with a chemical light absorber [6–8]; and 2. by improving the system's hardware and optical elements to improve the homogeneity of the light dosage and control the cure depth [9]. Here we investigate a third approach through modification of the 3D CAD file prior to printing to mitigate for UV light leakage from successive build layers. Although used here in conjunction with the MPμSL technique, this approach can be applied to a range of SL techniques to improve printer resolution and enable production of internal features with higher dimensional accuracy
Assessing overexploitation in Mediterranean aquifers using system stability condition analysis

This paper analyses competitive groundwater exploitation for irrigation by means of a special case of a dynamic predator–prey or human-resource theoretical model. On the human side, the model considers both farmers’ rational behaviour and a set of economic parameters. Then the model explicitly links these issues to the dynamics of the natural resource. Equilibrium states are evaluated, and the drivers and conditions for final states leading to groundwater overexploitation are assessed. The theoretical model finally serves to discuss the long-term sustainability of the processes of transformation from traditional to highly intensive pumping-based agricultural systems. These are processes now taking place in aquifers of southern Spain and Maghreb oases
Nanoindentation of Bridgman YBCO samples

In this study, the mechanical properties of YBa2Cu3O7−x, obtained by the Bridgman technique, were examined using a Berkovich tip indenter on the basal plane (0 0 1). Intrinsic hardness was measured by nanoindentation tests and corrected using the Nix and Gao model for this material. Furthermore, Vickers hardness tests were performed, in order to determine the possible size effect on these measurements. The results showed an underestimation of the hardness value when the tests were performed with large loads. Moreover, the elastic modulus of the Bridgman samples was 128 ± 5 GPa. Different residual imprints were visualised by atomic force microscopy and a focused ion beam, in order to observe superficial and internal fracturing. Mechanical properties presented a considerable reduction at the interface. This effect could be attributed to internal stress generated during the texturing process. In order to corroborate this hypothesis, an observation using transmission electron microscopy was performed
A review of the distribution of particulate trace elements in urban terrestrial environments and its application to considerations of risk

We review the evolution, state of the art and future lines of research on the sources, transport pathways, and sinks of particulate trace elements in urban terrestrial environments to include the atmosphere, soils, and street and indoor dusts. Such studies reveal reductions in the emissions of some elements of historical concern such as Pb, with interest consequently focusing on other toxic trace elements such as As, Cd, Hg, Zn, and Cu. While establishment of levels of these elements is important in assessing the potential impacts of human society on the urban environment, it is also necessary to apply this knowledge in conjunction with information on the toxicity of those trace elements and the degree of exposure of human receptors to an assessment of whether such contamination represents a real risk to the city’s inhabitants and therefore how this risk can be addressed
Artificial auroral effects from a bare conducting tether

An electrically floating metallic bare tether in a low Earth orbit would be highly negative with respect to the ambient plasma over most of its length, and would be bombarded by ambient ions.This would liberates secondary electrons which after acceleration through the same voltage, would form a magnetically guided two-sided planar e beam,and result in auroral effects(ionization and light emission)upon impacto on the atmospheric E layer, at\ud
about 120-140 km altitude.This papere examines in a preliminary way the feasibility of using this effecet as an uppeart atmospheric probe. Ionization rate can reach up to 10 3 cm 3 S -1 if a tape, instead of a wire, is used as tether. Contrary to standard e beams,the beam from the\ud
tether is free of spacecrafct charging and plasma interaction problems and its energy flux varies across the crosss ection,w hich is quite large;this would make possible continuous observation from the satellite, with high resolution both spectral and vertical, of the induced optical emissions. Ground observation might be possible at latitudes around 40ø , for night, magnetically quiet conditions
Synergetic Material and Structure Optimization Yields Robust Spider Web Anchorages

Millions of years of evolution have adapted spider webs to achieve a range of properties, including the well-known capture of prey, with efficient use of materials. One feature that remains poorly understood is the attachment disc, a network of silk fibers that mechanically anchors a web to its environment. Experimental observations suggest that one possible attachment disc adheres to a substrate through multiple symmetrically branched structures composed of sub-micrometer scale silk fibers. Here, a theoretical model is used to explore the adaptation of the strength of attachment of such an anchorage, and complementary mesoscale simulations are applied to demonstrate a novel mechanism of synergetic material and structural optimization, such that the maximum anchorage strength can be achieved regardless of the initial anchor placement or material type. The optimal delamination (peeling) angle is facilitated by the inherent extensibility of silk, and is attained automatically during the process of delamination. This concept of self-optimizing peeling angle suggests that attachment discs do not require precise placement by the spider, irrespective of adhesion strength. Additional hierarchical branching of the anchorage increases efficiency, where both the delamination force and toughness modulus increase with a splitting of the cross-sectional area
The cognitive-affective-conative model of destination image: a confirmatory analysis

Destination image influences tourist behaviour before, during and after travel, as it is an important instrument which contributes to tourists’ loyalty. Although Gartner (1993) advocates that the cognitive, affective and conative dimensions of destination image are hierarchically interrelated, there is no empirical evidence to support the complete model. This study aims to test the hierarchical nature of the relationship between the dimensions of destination image. The results of structural equation modelling confirm Gartner’s theoretical model, validating the theory that the influence of the cognitive component on the conative dimension is higher when mediated by the affective component, raising managerial implications
A Universalist strategy for the design of Assistive Technology

Assistive Technologies are specialized products aiming to partly compensate for the loss of autonomy experienced by disabled people. Because they address special needs in a highly-segmented market, they are often considered as niche products. To improve their design and make them tend to Universality, we propose the EMFASIS framework (Extended Modularity, Functional Accessibility, and Social Integration Strategy). We ﬁrst elaborate on how this strategy conciliates niche and Universalist views, which may
appear conﬂicting at ﬁrst sight. We then present three examples illustrating its application for designing Assistive Technologies: the design of an overbed table, an upper-limb powered orthose and a powered wheelchair. We conclude on the expected outcomes of our strategy for the social integration and participation of disabled people
Multi-criteria based design approach of multiphase permanent magnet low speed synchronous machines

Version éditeur disponible à cette adresse :
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4797497&isnumber=4797494A design methodology dedicated to multi-phase permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) supplied by pulse width modulation voltage source inverters (PWM VSIs) is presented. First, opportunities for increasing torque density using the harmonics are considered. The specific constraints caused by the PWM supply of multi-phase machines are also taken into account during the design phase. All the defined constraints are expressed in a simple manner by using a multi-machine modelling of the multi-phase machines. This multi-machine design is then applied to meet the specifications of a marine propeller: verifying simultaneously four design constraints, an initial 60-pole three-phase machine is converted into a 58-pole five-phase machine without changing the geometry and the active volume (iron, copper and magnet). First, a specific fractional-slot winding, which yields to good characteristics for PWM supply and winding factors, is chosen. Then, using this winding, the magnet layer is designed to improve the flux focussing. According to analytical and numerical calculations, the five-phase machine provides a higher torque (about 15%) and less pulsating torque (71% lower) than the initial three-phase machine with the same copper losses
Statin therapy for the octogenarian?

Cardiovascular risk increases progressively with age. Statins in octogenarians may therefore potentially bring about large reductions in absolute risk. Epidemiological studies, however, show that statin prescription declines with age and is lowest in the oldest patients with the highest cardiovascular risk. Reasons for low statin utilisation in the elderly include safety concerns, doubts about the utility of statin therapy in those of advanced age and a paucity of definite trial evidence supporting statin prescription in octogenarians. Some of the more recently completed statin outcome trials have randomised patients as old as 82 years. A meta-analysis of secondary prevention, with patients aged 65–82 years at randomisation, supported statin prescription in this age group, as statin therapy was associated with relative risk reduction similar to that observed in younger patients. A Swedish registry study showed improved survival in octogenarians prescribed a statin following hospitalisation with an acute myocardial infarction. Currently there is no definite evidence that statin therapy prevents or ameliorates cognitive impairment or dementia. Statin therapy should be considered in octogenarians at high cardiovascular risk, taking into account factors such as biological vs. chronological age, life expectancy, quality of life, risk of interaction with medications taken for co-morbidities and the ability of the patient to take the statin safely
Fungal Activity Associated with Decomposing Wood is Affected by Nitrogen Concentration in Water

We examined the effect of two contrasting nitrogen concentrations in water (0.16 and 0.82 mg L-1) in the mass loss of pre-conditioned balsa wood, and associated fungal activity, in a laboratory microcosm experiment. Contrary to our predictions given the poor nutrient quality of balsa wood, an increase in dissolved nitrogen concentration did not result in increased mass loss or microbial oxygen consumption. Conidial production was stimulated in high, but not in low nitrogen microcosms, although the number of fungal species was similar between both treatments. The percentage contribution of each fungal species to total conidial production was similar at both N concentrations. The results support the notion that reproductive activity of aquatic hyphomycetes is the most sensitive microbial parameter to changes in the environment. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/iroh.20061092
BRST invariant formulation of spontaneously broken gauge theory in
  generalized differential geometry

Noncommutative geometry(NCG) on the discrete space successfully reproduces
the Higgs mechanism of the spontaneously broken gauge theory, in which the
Higgs boson field is regarded as a kind of gauge field on the discrete space.
We could construct the generalized differential geometry(GDG) on the discrete
space $M_4\times Z_N$ which is very close to NCG in case of $M_4\times Z_2$.
GDG is a direct generalization of the differential geometry on the ordinary
manifold into the discrete one. In this paper, we attempt to construct the BRST
invariant formulation of spontaneously broken gauge theory based on GDG and
obtain the BRST invariant Lagrangian with the t'Hooft-Feynman gauge fixing
term.Comment: 15 page
Physical interpretation of the Mullins softening in a carbon-black filled SBR

A 40 phr carbon-black filled styrene butadiene rubber has been submitted to several experiments in order to identify the physical damage responsible for the mechanical softening recorded upon first stretch. Damage in the rubber matrix was determined by swelling. The filler structure alteration was monitored by electrical conductivity measurements. Both damages are shown to be of minor importance compared to the substantial mechanical softening undergone by the material. Degradation at the rubber-filler interface may be recovered by exposing the material at high temperatures in vacuo. The chain mobility in such storage conditions promotes free chain adsorption at the filler surface. The existence of a layer of polymer whose movements are hindered adds to the filler reinforcement and its desorption creates Mullins softening
Wounding of Arabidopsis halleri leaves enhances cadmium accumulation that acts as a defense against herbivory

Approximately 0.2% of all angiosperms are classified as metal hyperaccumulators based on their extraordinarily high leaf metal contents, for example >1% zinc, >0.1% nickel or >0.01% cadmium (Cd) in dry biomass. So far, metal hyperaccumulation has been considered to be a taxon-wide, constitutively expressed trait, the extent of which depends solely on available metal concentrations in the soil. Here we show that in the facultative metallophyte Arabidopsis halleri, both insect herbivory and mechanical wounding of leaves trigger an increase specifically in leaf Cd accumulation. Moreover, the Cd concentrations accumulated in leaves can serve as an elemental defense against herbivory by larvae of the Brassicaceae specialist small white (Pieris rapae), thus allowing the plant to take advantage of this non-essential trace element and toxin. Metal homeostasis genes are overrepresented in the systemic transcriptional response of roots to the wounding of leaves in A. halleri, supporting that leaf Cd accumulation is preceded by systemic signaling events. A similar, but quantitatively less pronounced transcriptional response was observed in A. thaliana, suggesting that the systemically regulated modulation of metal homeostasis in response to leaf wounding also occurs in non-hyperaccumulator plants. This is the first report of an environmental stimulus influencing metal hyperaccumulation