pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
The use of charge extraction by linearly increasing voltage in polar organic light-emitting diodes

We demonstrate the application of the CELIV (charge carrier extraction by linearly increasing voltage) technique to bilayer organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) in order to selectively determine the hole mobility in N,N0-bis(1-naphthyl)-N,N0-diphenyl-1,10-biphenyl-4,40-diamine (α-NPD). In the CELIV technique, mobile charges in the active layer are extracted by applying a negative voltage ramp, leading to a peak superimposed to the measured displacement current whose temporal position is related to the charge carrier mobility. In fully operating devices, however, bipolar carrier transport and recombination complicate the analysis of CELIV transients as well as the assignment of the extracted mobility value to one charge carrier species. This has motivated a new approach of fabricating dedicated metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) devices, where the extraction current contains signatures of only one charge carrier type. In this work, we show that the MIS-CELIV concept can be employed in bilayer polar OLEDs as well, which are easy to fabricate using most common electron transport layers (ETLs), like Tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum (Alq3). Due to the macroscopic polarization of the ETL, holes are already injected into the hole transport layer below the built-in voltage and accumulate at the internal interface with the ETL. This way, by a standard CELIV experiment only holes will be extracted, allowing us to determine their mobility. The approach can be established as a powerful way of selectively measuring charge mobilities in new materials in a standard device configuration
A numerical study into the influence of quantum dot size on the sub-bandgap interband photocurrent in intermediate band solar cells

A numerical study is presented of the sub-bandgap interband photon absorption in quantum dot intermediate band solar cells. Absorption coefficients and photocurrent densities are calculated for the valence band to intermediate band transitions using a four-band k · p method. It is found that reducing the quantum dot width in the plane perpendicular to the growth direction increases the photocurrent from the valence band to the intermediate-band ground state if the fractional surface coverage of quantum dots is conserved. This provides a path to increase the sub-bandgap photocurrent in intermediate band solar cells
Recirculating Flows Involving Short Fiber Suspensions: Numerical Difficulties and Efficient Advanced Micro-Macro Solvers

Numerical modelling of non-Newtonian flows usually involves the coupling between equations of motion characterized by an elliptic character, and the fluid constitutive equation, which defines an advection problem linked to the fluid history. There are different numerical techniques to treat the hyperbolic advection equations. In non-recirculating flows, Eulerian discretizations can give a convergent solution within a short computing time. However, the existence of steady recirculating flow areas induces additional difficulties. Actually, in these flows neither boundary conditions nor initial conditions are known. In this paper we compares different advanced strategies (some of them recently proposed and extended here for addressing complex flows) when they are applied to the solution of the kinetic theory description of a short fiber suspension fluid flows
Measuring Semantic and Emotional Responses to Bio-inspired Design

This research explores the relation between specific inspirations such as animals postures and the expressiveness of the design solutions provided by the designers. The prediction of semantic and emotional responses underlying animals’ postures and attitudes might help designers to define design specifications and imagine design solutions with a high expressivity. To address this issue, an experiment was conducted with designers in watching six sets of animal posture images and corresponding product images. This experiment derived quantitative and qualitative results from the combination of cogntive/physiological methods: a questionnaire, Galvanic Skin Reponse (GSR), and eye tracking system
Effect of Seasonal Changes on Predictive Model Assessments of Streams Water Quality with Macroinvertebrates

In this study we investigate how seasonal variability in aquatic macroinvertebrate communities affects the performance of a predictive model developed to assess environmental quality. Macroinvertebrates were sampled from nine not visibly disturbed sites located in different streams of the Mondego catchment across a full year. Organisms were identified to the lowest practicable taxonomic level and their abundances recorded at three taxonomic levels (order, family and lowest level). The seasonal samples were examined with regard to seasonal variation using three predictive models at order, family and lowest taxonomic level. The models showed increasing effect of seasonal changes across taxonomic levels, from order to the lowest level. When using the current models samples should be taken in the same season as the reference sites were sampled. Furthermore, data from more reference sites should be added to the model in order to encompass sufficient natural variation and allow the use of the model in different seasons. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/iroh.20061087
Characterisation of the surface of a cellulosic multi-purpose office paper by inverse gas chromatography

The surface of multi-purpose cellulosic office paper has been analysed by inverse gas chromatography (IGC). The parameters determined were the dispersive component of the surface free energy, the enthalpy of adsorption and the entropy of adsorption of polar and apolar probes, the Lewis acidity constant, Ka, and the Lewis basicity constant, Kb. It can be concluded that the dispersive component of the surface free energy, ?sd decreases with temperature, in the range 50–90°C. The temperature coefficient of ?sd, d?sd/dT, is -0.35 mJm -2K-1. The values of Ka and Kb were determined to be 0.11±0.011 and 0.94±0.211, respectively. The predominant surface basicity agrees with expectation, bearing in mind the presence of calcium carbonate, and of a styrene-acrylic copolymer, in the surface sizing formulation. It is thought that during the drying stages following the surface sizing treatment, the starch used as the binder migrates to the interior of the surface sizing layer and then to the paper bulk itself. This migration contributes to a decrease in the hydrophilicity of the surface, and also results in the surface showing only slight Lewis.http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:101311122616
Iron: The Redox-active Center of Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer Disease

Abstract  Although iron is essential in maintaining the function of the central nervous system, it is a potent source of reactive oxygen species. Excessive iron accumulation occurs in many neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, raising the possibility that oxidative stress is intimately involved in the neurodegenerative process. AD in particular is associated with accumulation of numerous markers of oxidative stress; moreover, oxidative stress has been shown to precede hallmark neuropathological lesions early in the disease process, and such lesions, once present, further accumulate iron, among other markers of oxidative stress. In this review, we discuss the role of iron in the progression of AD.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11064-007-9360-
Superhydrophobicity on transparent fluorinated ethylene propylene films with nano-protrusion morphology by Ar+O2 plasma etching: Study of the degradation in hydrophobicity after exposure to the environment

Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) films were made superhydrophobic by Ar + O2 plasma etching process. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy studies of the plasma-treated FEP samples detected the presence of uniformly distributed nano-protrusions exhibiting a low surface roughness necessary for maintaining the transparency of the samples. In fact, optical transmittance measurements showed an improvement in the transparency of FEP samples after plasma treatment. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis showed the presence of –CF x –O–CF x – (x = 1, 2, or 3) linkages in both untreated and plasma-treated samples which explains the hydrophilic nature (contact angle below 90∘) of the untreated sample. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed no changes in the bulk properties of the plasma-treated samples. Moreover, exposure to the environment caused the surfaces to lose their superhydrophobic property in an indefinite amount of time. This has been further studied through a water immersion experiment and explained through the wetting state transition from Cassie state to Wenzel state
A reduced-order strategy for 4D-Var data assimilation

This paper presents a reduced-order approach for four-dimensional variational
data assimilation, based on a prior EO F analysis of a model trajectory. This
method implies two main advantages: a natural model-based definition of a mul
tivariate background error covariance matrix $\textbf{B}_r$, and an important
decrease of the computational burden o f the method, due to the drastic
reduction of the dimension of the control space. % An illustration of the
feasibility and the effectiveness of this method is given in the academic
framework of twin experiments for a model of the equatorial Pacific ocean. It
is shown that the multivariate aspect of $\textbf{B}_r$ brings additional
information which substantially improves the identification procedure. Moreover
the computational cost can be decreased by one order of magnitude with regard
to the full-space 4D-Var method
Exon-Intron Structure and Evolution of the Lipocalin Gene Family

Innovación EducativaThe Lipocalins are an ancient protein family whose expression is currently confirmed in bacteria, protoctists, plants,
arthropods, and chordates. The evolution of this protein family has been assessed previously using amino acid sequence
phylogenies. In this report we use an independent set of characters derived from the gene structure (exon-intron
arrangement) to infer a new lipocalin phylogeny. We also present the novel gene structure of three insect lipocalins. The
position and phase of introns are well preserved among lipocalin clades when mapped onto a protein sequence alignment,
suggesting the homologous nature of these introns. Because of this homology, we use the intron position and phase of 23
lipocalin genes to reconstruct a phylogeny by maximum parsimony and distance methods. These phylogenies are very
similar to the phylogenies derived from protein sequence. This result is confirmed by congruence analysis, and
a consensus tree shows the commonalities between the two source trees. Interestingly, the intron arrangement phylogeny
shows that metazoan lipocalins have more introns than other eukaryotic lipocalins, and that intron gains have occurred in
the C-termini of chordate lipocalins. We also analyze the relationship of intron arrangement and protein tertiary structure,
as well as the relationship of lipocalins with members of the proposed structural superfamily of calycins. Our congruence
analysis validates the gene structure data as a source of phylogenetic information and helps to further refine our
hypothesis on the evolutionary history of lipocalins.2015-09-1
Raw material effect on hemicellulose extraction yield and molecular weight during hot pressurized water pretreatment by autohydrolysis

A study on hemicellulose extraction from 10 different tree species was performed using a batchwise operated cascade reactor constituted by 5 units of 200 mL and a buffer vessel of 2000 mL where a flowrate of 150 L h−1 was fully recirculated (close loop operatioin). The experiments were performed at 160 °C, 9 bar and with wood chips particle size of 1.25–2 mm (average solid load of 6.57 g/L). The aim was to identify which wood species were the best candidates to obtain a high yield and/or molecular weight of hemicelluloses. Hydrothermal extractions at different times (from 5 to 80 min) were investigated. The highest yield was obtained with eucalyptus wood (40.3 wt%) after 80 min of extraction. Furthermore, 3 different trends were obtained for molecular weight evolution, where the different tree species can be grouped.MINECO and FEDER Funds, Project CTQ2015-64892-R (BioFraHynery
Procedure for verification of sound source coverage over façades according to the International Standard ISO 140-5

This paper presents a new verification procedure for sound source coverage according to ISO 140?5 requirements. The ISO 140?5 standard applies to the measurement of façade insulation and requires a sound source able to achieve a sufficiently uniform sound field in free field conditions on the façade under study. The proposed method involves the electroacoustic characterisation of the sound source in laboratory free field conditions (anechoic room) and the subsequent prediction by computer simulation of the sound free field radiated on a rectangular surface equal in size to the façade being measured. The loudspeaker is characterised in an anechoic room under laboratory controlled conditions, carefully measuring directivity, and then a computer model is designed to calculate the acoustic free field coverage for different loudspeaker positions and façade sizes. For each sound source position, the method provides the maximum direct acoustic level differences on a façade specimen and therefore determines whether the loudspeaker verifies the maximum allowed level difference of 5 dB (or 10 dB for façade dimensions greater than 5 m) required by the ISO standard. Additionally, the maximum horizontal dimension of the façade meeting the standard is calculated and provided for each sound source position, both with the 5 dB and 10 dB criteria. In the last section of the paper, the proposed procedure is compared with another method used by the authors in the past to achieve the same purpose: in situ outdoor measurements attempting to recreate free field conditions. From this comparison, it is concluded that the proposed method is able to reproduce the actual measurements with high accuracy, for example, the ground reflection effect, at least at low frequencies, which is difficult to avoid in the outdoor measurement method, and it is fully eliminated with the proposed method to achieve the free field requisite
On Higher-Dimensional Dynamics

Technical results are presented on motion in N(>4)D manifolds to clarify the
physics of Kaluza-Klein theory, brane theory and string theory. The so-called
canonical or warp metric in 5D effectively converts the manifold from a
coordinate space to a momentum space, resulting in a new force (per unit mass)
parallel to the 4D velocity. The form of this extra force is actually
independent of the form of the metric, but for an unbound particle is tiny
because it is set by the energy density of the vacuum or cosmological constant.
It can be related to a small change in the rest mass of a particle, and can be
evaluated in two convenient gauges relevant to gravitational and quantum
systems. In the quantum gauge, the extra force leads to Heisenberg's relation
between increments in the position and momenta. If the 4D action is quantized
then so is the higher-dimensional part, implying that particle mass is
quantized, though only at a level of 10^{-65} gm or less which is unobservably
small. It is noted that massive particles which move on timeline paths in 4D
can move on null paths in 5D. This agrees with the view from inflationary
quantum field theory, that particles acquire mass dynamically in 4D but are
intrinsically massless. A general prescription for dynamics is outlined,
wherein particles move on null paths in an N(>4)D manifold which may be flat,
but have masses set by an embedded 4D manifold which is curved
What can we learn from neutrinoless double beta decay experiments?

We assess how well next generation neutrinoless double beta decay and normal
neutrino beta decay experiments can answer four fundamental questions. 1) If
neutrinoless double beta decay searches do not detect a signal, and if the
spectrum is known to be inverted hierarchy, can we conclude that neutrinos are
Dirac particles? 2) If neutrinoless double beta decay searches are negative and
a next generation ordinary beta decay experiment detects the neutrino mass
scale, can we conclude that neutrinos are Dirac particles? 3) If neutrinoless
double beta decay is observed with a large neutrino mass element, what is the
total mass in neutrinos? 4) If neutrinoless double beta decay is observed but
next generation beta decay searches for a neutrino mass only set a mass upper
limit, can we establish whether the mass hierarchy is normal or inverted? We
base our answers on the expected performance of next generation neutrinoless
double beta decay experiments and on simulations of the accuracy of
calculations of nuclear matrix elements.Comment: Added reference
The effect of many sources on the genuine multiparticle correlations

We report on a study aimed to explore the dependence of the genuine multiparticle correlations on the number of sources when the influence of other possible factors during multihadron production are avoided. The analysis utilised the normalised cumulants calculated in three-dimensional phase space of the reaction ee -> Z -> hadrons using a large Monte Carlo sample. The multi-sources events were simulated by overlaying a few independent single ee annihilation events. It was found that as the number of sources increases, the cumulants do not change significantly their structure, but those of an order higher than two decrease fast in their magnitude. This reduction and its amount can be understood in terms of combinatorial considerations of source mixing which dilutes the correlations. The diminishing of the genuine correlations is consistent with recent cumulant measurements in hadron and nucleus induced reactions and should also be relevant to other dynamical correlations like the Bose-Einstein one, in ee -> WW -> hadrons and in nucleus-nucleus reactions
Charge density and electric charge in quantum electrodynamics

The convergence of integrals over charge densities is discussed in relation with the problem of electric charge and (non-local) charged states in Quantum Electrodynamics (QED). Delicate, but physically relevant, mathematical points like the domain dependence of local charges as quadratic forms and the time smearing needed for strong convergence of integrals of charge densities are analyzed. The results are applied to QED and the choice of time smearing is shown to be crucial for the removal of vacuum polarization effects responible for the time dependence of the charge (Swieca phenomenon). The possibility of constructing physical charged states in the Feynman-Gupta-Bleuler gauge as limits of local states vectors is discussed, compatibly with the vanishing of the Gauss charge on local states. A modification by a gauge term of the Dirac exponential factor which yields the physical Coulomb fields from the Feynman-Gupta-Bleuler fields is shown to remove the infrared divergence of scalar products of local and physical charged states, allowing for a construction of physical charged fields with well defined correlation functions with local fields
Load partitioning and evidence of deformation twinning in dual-phase fine-grained zr-2.5%Nb alloy.

In situ neutron diffraction loading experiments were carried out on a cold-rolled dual-phase (a-phase, '"' 10% b-phase) Zr–2.5%Nb alloy at room temperature. The specimens were cut at different angles from the rolling direction (RD) towards the transverse direction (TD), thus the loading axis changes gradually from the rolling to transverse direction. Due to the strong texture of the studied alloy, and unidirectional nature of deformation twinning, the changing loading direction with respect to initial texture has a signiﬁcant impact on the collaborative slip-twinning deformation mode in the hexagonal
close-packed  (hcp)  a-phase.  The  present  neutron  diffraction  results  provide  direct  evidence  of
{1 - 1.2}/1 - 1. - 1S ‘‘tensile’’ twins in the a-phase of dual-phase Zr–2.5%Nb alloy at room temperature. Additionally, TEM analysis was employed to conﬁrm the presence of ‘‘tensile’’ twins, and determine if
other type of twins were present. It is further clear from the neutron diffraction results that applied load is gradually transferred from the plastically softer a-phase to the plastically harder b-phase which acts as a reinforcing phase having a yield strength in the range 750–900 MPa depending on the loading direction
Using the discrete element method to simulate brittle fracture in the indentation of a silica glass with a blunt indenter

This work was supported by the Conseil Régional d’Aquitaine and was conducted under the auspices of the Etude et Formation en Surfacage Optique (EFESO 2) project. The developments realized in this project were implemented in the GranOO1 project.The mechanical behavior of materials is usually simulated by a continuous mechanics approach. However, noncontinuous phenomena such as multi-fracturing cannot be accurately simulated using a continuous description. The discrete element method (DEM) naturally accounts for discontinuities and is therefore a good alternative to the continuum approach.
This study continues previous work in which a DEM model was developed to quantitatively simulate an elastic material with the cohesive beam bond model. The simulation of brittle cracks is now tackled. This goal is attained by computing a failure criterion based on an equivalent hydrostatic stress. This microscopic criterion is then calibrated to fit experimental values of the macroscopic failure stress. The simulation results are compared to experimental results of indentation tests in which a spherical indenter is used to load a silica glass, which is considered to be a perfectly
brittle elastic material
Technology and culture and possibly vigilance too

Many have bowed before the recently acquired powers of ‘new technologies’. However, in the shift from tekhne to tekhnologia, it seems we have lost human values. These values are communicative in nature as technological progress has placed barriers like distance, web pages and ‘miscellaneous extras’ between individuals. Certain values, like the interpersonal pleasures of rendering service, have been lost as their domain of predilection has for many become fully commercially oriented, dominated by the cadence of profitability. Though the popular cultures of the artificial have surged forth to deliver us from the twentieth century, they have enabled some very superfluous dreaming—Man has succumbed to the Godly role of simulating himself and creating other beings. Communication is replaced by machines, services are rendered via many automated devices, procreation has entered the public sphere, robots and entertainment agents educate our youth and mesmerising screen-integrating ‘forms of intelligence’ even think for us. As such, this so-called culture threatens the very values Man constructed in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to guide himself into the future. But what if the phenomena mentioned just reflect our new values? The author presents an investigation into this cultural shift, its impact on human practices with regards the mind and the body and evokes some pros and cons of generally accepting the ‘Culture of the Artificial’