pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Second Language Learner Knowledge of Verb–Argument Constructions: Effects of Language Transfer and Typology

This article examines second language (L2) learner knowledge of English verb–argument constructions (VACs), for example, the ‘V  against  n’ construction. It investigates to what extent constructions underpin L2 learners' linguistic competence, how VAC mental representations in native speakers and learners differ, and whether there are observable effects of the learners' first language. Native speakers of English and advanced learners of 3 different first language backgrounds (Czech, German, Spanish) were asked to generate the first verb that came to mind to fill the gap in 20 sparse VAC frames like “she ____ against the….” The comparison of learner and native speaker verb responses highlights crosslinguistic transfer effects as well as effects of language typology that impact verb semantics (cf. Talmy, 1985). Our findings suggest that learners whose L1 is, like English, satellite‐framed (here Czech and German) produce more target‐like verbs than learners whose L1 is verb‐framed (here Spanish)
It is Not Possible to Reduce Biological Explanations to Explanations in Chemistry and/or Physics

Chapter from Contemporary Debates in Philosophy of Biology edited by Francisco J. Ayala and Robert ArpThis collection of specially commissioned essays puts top scholars head to head to debate the central issues in the lively and fast growing field of philosophy of biology Brings together original essays on ten of the most hotly debated ... This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction: No Need for Special Biological Laws? The Reductionist Principle Strong Emergence Complex Relations in Biology A Misinformed Slogan and Its Contributions Genes Causation Systems Biology Metaphysical Coda Postscript: Counterpoint Acknowledgments Notes Reference
Managing stakeholders conflicts

It is not unusual that a chapter on conflict management, which is about, generally speaking,
helping people or organizations that are in conflict with each other to deal with their differences,
opens up with this statement (Moore, 1986 cited in Gordon, 1966):
All societies, communities, organizations, and interpersonal relationships experience conflict at one
time or another in the process of day-to-day interaction. Conflict is not necessarily bad, abnormal,
or dysfunctional; it is a fact of life
Nitric Oxide Signalling in Plants: Cross-Talk With Ca2+, Protein Kinases and Reactive Oxygen Species

International audienceNitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous free radical recognized as a ubiquitous signal transducer that contributes to various biological processes in animals. It exerts most of its effects by regulating the activities of various proteins including Ca2+ channels, protein kinases and transcription factors. In plants, studies conducted over the past ten years revealed that NO also functions as an endogenous mediator in diverse physiological processes ranging from root development to stomatal closure. Its biological role as an intracellular plant messenger molecule, however, remains poorly understood. Here, we review the molecular basis of NO signaling in animals and discuss current knowledge of NO signaling in plants, focusing on its interplay with Ca2+, protein kinases and reactive oxygen species which are well established as widespread key regulators of signal transduction
Australia, migration, early 20th century to present

Australia's modern history has been defined by the country's experience of migration and its associated sociocultural debates. The Australian constitution, enacted in 1901, created the new Commonwealth of Australia from the six hitherto separate British colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia. The new country's identity was far from settled however, despite its shared imperial British heritage. The new nation was acutely conscious of its whiteness and the land's supposedly rugged and underdeveloped nature. The consequence was to be a highly masculinized society, predicated on the need to preserve and expand its north European pioneering values. The new Commonwealth of Australia was profoundly conscious of its geographical position, close to Asia and far from other white populations (with the exception of New Zealand).
Informal labor and irregular migrant workers

Irregular migrants, also referred to as “undocumented migrants” or “illegal migrants,” are immigrants who do not have legal permission to stay in the country they have migrated to and frequently take on informal and precarious employment. They may have entered the country legally – on a tourist visa for example – but are not allowed to reside or work there. There is broad consensus that the numbers and the global scale of irregular migration have increased over the last decades. Although there are no reliable data, it is estimated that there are between 1.9 and 3.8 million irregular migrants in the EU (Vogel 2009), over 10 million in the US, and over 20 million in India (Koser 2007)
Schwarzschild modelling of elliptical galaxies and their black holes

This article describes the Schwarzschild orbit superposition method. It is
the state-of-the-art dynamical modelling tool for early-type galaxies. Tests
with analytic models show that masses and orbital anisotropies of not too
face-on galaxies can be recovered with about 15 percent accuracy from typical
observational data. Applying Schwarzschild models to a sample of Coma galaxies
their dark matter halos were found to be 13 times denser than those of spirals
with the same stellar mass. Since denser halos assembled earlier, this result
indicates that the formation redshift 1+z of ellipticals is about two times
higher than of spirals. Roughly half of the sample galaxies have halo assembly
redshifts in agreement with their stellar-population ages. Galaxies where stars
appear younger than the halos show strong phase-space density gradients in
their orbital structure, indicative for dissipational evolution and possibly
connected with secondary star-formation after the main halo assembly epoch. The
importance of considering dark-matter in dynamical models aimed to measure
black-hole masses is briefly discussed.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures; to appear in Reviews in Modern Astronomy, volume
  2
How a "Hit" is Born: The Emergence of Popularity from the Dynamics of
  Collective Choice

In recent times there has been a surge of interest in seeking out patterns in
the aggregate behavior of socio-economic systems. One such domain is the
emergence of statistical regularities in the evolution of collective choice
from individual behavior. This is manifested in the sudden emergence of
popularity or "success" of certain ideas or products, compared to their
numerous, often very similar, competitors. In this paper, we present an
empirical study of a wide range of popularity distributions, spanning from
scientific paper citations to movie gross income. Our results show that in the
majority of cases, the distribution follows a log-normal form, suggesting that
multiplicative stochastic processes are the basis for emergence of popular
entities. This suggests the existence of some general principles of complex
organization leading to the emergence of popularity. We discuss the theoretical
principles needed to explain this socio-economic phenomenon, and present a
model for collective behavior that exhibits bimodality, which has been observed
in certain empirical popularity distributions.Comment: 17 pages, 14 figures, A version of the work is published in
  Econophysics and Sociophysics: Trends and Perspectives, (eds.) Bikas K.
  Chakrabarti, Anirban Chakraborti, Arnab Chatterjee; Wiley-VCH, Berlin (2006);
  Chapter-15, pages: 417-44
Hot Stars: Old-Fashioned or Trendy?

Spectroscopic analyses with the intention of the interpretation of the UV-spectra of the brightest stars as individuals - supernovae - or as components of star-forming regions - massive O stars - provide a powerful tool with great astrophysical potential for the determination of extragalactic distances and of the chemical composition of star-forming galaxies even at high redshifts. The perspectives of already initiated work with the new generation of tools for quantitative UV-spectroscopy of Hot Stars that have been developed during the last two decades are presented and the status of the continuing effort to construct corresponding models for Hot Star atmospheres is reviewed. Because the physics of the atmospheres of Hot Stars are strongly affected by velocity expansion dominating the spectra at all wavelength ranges, hydrodynamic model atmospheres for O-type stars and explosion models for Supernovae of Type Ia are necessary as basis for the synthesis and analysis of the spectra. It is shown that stellar parameters, abundances and stellar wind properties can be determined by the methods of spectral diagnostics already developed. Additionally, it will be demonstrated that models and synthetic spectra of Type Ia Supernovae of required quality are already available that make it possible to tackle the question of whether Supernovae Ia are standard candles in a cosmological sense and the SN-luminosity distances thus indicate accelerated expansion of the universe
Honey: Antimicrobial actions and role in disease management

The ancient treatment of dressing infected wounds with honey is rapidly becoming re-established in professional medicine, especially where wounds are infected with antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This is because of the demonstrated sensitivity of such bacteria to the antibacterial activity of honey, which is not influenced by whether or not strains are resistant to antibiotics. Honey has been found to have a very broad spectrum of activity, but its potency of antibacterial activity can vary greatly. In most honeys the antibacterial activity is due to enzymatically produced hydrogen peroxide and thus the potency of its antibacterial activity can be decreased by catalase present in an open wound. Manuka honey has an antibacterial component derived from the plant source. Manuka honey with a quality-assured level of antibacterial activity is being used by companies marketing honey products for wound care that are registered with the medical regulatory authorities in various countries. Such honey can be diluted IO-fold or more and still completely inhibit the usual wound-infecting species. There is a large amount of clinical evidence for the effectiveness of honey in clearing infection in wounds, and some clinical evidence of its effectiveness in treating other infections. Although the antibacterial potency of honey is insufficient to allow its use systemically, there are various clinical applications besides wound care in which it is used topically or where it does not get excessively diluted, such as for treatment of gastritis, enteritis, gingivitis, ophthalmological infections and bronchial infections. In most of these applications the anti-inflammatory activity of honey is of additional benefit in decreasing the inflammation resulting from infection. Additional clinical research is needed to provide better evidence of the effectiveness of honey in these therapeutic applications of honey
The Early Years: Lyman Spitzer, Jr. and the Physics of Star Formation

The discovery of the interstellar medium and the early work of Lyman Spitzer,
Jr. are reviewed here in the context of the remarkable observation in the early
1950's that star formation continues in the present age. Prior to this
observation, stars were thought to have formed only at the beginning of the
universe. The main debate in the 1930's was whether stars had the young age of
~3 Gyr suggested by the expansion of the universe and the meteorites, or the
old age of 10^{13} yr suggested by thermalized stellar motions. The adoption of
Ambartsumian's claim of modern-day star formation was slow and mixed in the
early 1950's. While some astronomers like Adriaan Blaauw immediately followed,
adding more from their own data, others were slow to change. By the end of the
1950's, Lyman had deduced the basic theory for star formation that we would
recognize today.Comment: 27 pages, 4 figures, From the International Meeting JENAM 2008 in
  Vienn
On the origin of gaseous galaxy halos - Low-column density gas in the
  Milky Way halo

Recent observations show that spiral galaxies are surrounded by extended
gaseous halos as predicted by the hierarchical structure formation scenario.
The origin and nature of extraplanar gas is often unclear since the halo is
continuously fueled by different circulation processes as part of the on-going
formation and evolution of galaxies (e.g., outflows, galaxy merging, and gas
accretion from the intergalactic medium). We use the Milky Way as a laboratory
to study neutral and mildly ionised gas located in the inner and outer halo.
Using spectral line absorption and emission measurements in different
wavelength regimes we obtain detailed information on the physical conditions
and the distribution of the gas. Such studies are crucial for our understanding
of the complex interplay between galaxies and their gaseous environment as part
of the formation and evolution of galaxies. Our analysis suggests that the
column-density distribution and physical properties of gas in the Milky Way
halo are very similar to that around other disk galaxies at low and high
redshifts.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, Highlight talk at the Annual Meeting and General
  Assembly of the Astronomische Gesellschaft in Bonn, 2010. To appear in
  "Reviews in Modern Astronomy
Radio studies of galaxy formation: Dense Gas History of the Universe

Line and continuum studies at centimeter through submillimeter wavelengths
address probe deep into the earliest, most active and dust obscured phases of
galaxy formation, and reveal the molecular and cool atomic gas. We summarize
the techniques of radio astronomy to perform these studies, then review the
progress on radio studies of galaxy formation. The dominant work over the last
decade has focused on massive, luminous starburst galaxies (submm galaxies and
AGN host galaxies). The far infrared luminosities are ~ 1e13 Lsun, implying
star formation rates, SFR > 1e3 Msun/year. Molecular gas reservoirs are found
with masses: M(H_2) > 1e10 (alpha/0.8}) Msun. The CO excitation in these
luminous systems is much higher than in low redshift spiral galaxies. Imaging
of the gas distribution and dynamics suggests strongly interacting and merging
galaxies, indicating gravitationally induced, short duration (~ 1e7 year)
starbursts. These systems correspond to a major star formation episode in
massive galaxies in proto-clusters at intermediate to high redshift. Recently,
radio observations have probed the more typical star forming galaxy population
(SFR ~ 100 Msun/year), during the peak epoch of Universal star formation (z ~
1.5 to 2.5). These observations reveal massive gas reservoirs without
hyper-starbursts, and show that active star formation occurs over a wide range
in galaxy stellar mass. The conditions in this gas are comparable to those
found in the Milky Way disk. A key result is that the peak epoch of star
formation in the Universe also corresponds to an epoch when the baryon content
of star forming galaxies was dominated by molecular gas, not stars. We consider
the possibility of tracing out the dense gas history of the Universe, and
perform initial, admittedly gross, calculations. ABRIDGEDComment: aastex format, 21figures, Review for the Astronomische Gesellschaft
  to appear in Astronomische Nachrichte
Processing-Induced Disorder in Pharmaceutical Materials

This chapter focuses on the major types of pharmaceutical processing methods that have been widely reported to produce disordered material either intentionally or unintentionally. Milling is one of the most frequently used unit operations used by the pharmaceutical industry for reducing the particle size of solids. Thermal processing techniques are mainly used for controlling or improving the release and the subsequent bioavailability of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Techniques such as melt-mixing, spray-congealing, sintering, melt-granulation, and hot-melt extrusion (HME) have developed and evolved rapidly for large-scale pharmaceutical production. Solvent-evaporation-based methods are important processing techniques for both raw materials, such as crystallization of the raw drug, and formulation manufacturing in the pharmaceutical industry. The chapter discusses the processing that can potentially induce the formation of the disordered state during the manufacture of formulations. The widely used solvent-evaporation-based processing techniques in pharmaceutical formulation production include spray-drying, freeze-drying, film casting, and film coating
Near IR spectroscopy for the characterization of dispersion in polymer-clay nanocomposites

© 2015 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH  &  Co. KGaA. Since their potential has become widely recognized, one of the major research lines on polymer-clay nanocomposites has focused on the preparation of well-dispersed systems. Currently, there is an understanding that a high degree of dispersion, particularly exfoliation, of the nanoclay is required to improve the overall performance. Twin screw extrusion not only allows for control of the main variables (shear, stress and time), but also, due to the typical modular construction, offers a high degree of freedom in creating the adequate screw design and enables knowledgeable alteration of the barrel. These features offer a solid basis for the development and implementation of apt in-line/on-line monitoring techniques, able to follow up the evolution of dispersion of polymer-clay nanocomposites during processing. This chapter includs the validation, implementation, and application of a methodology based on inline near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for the characterization of the dispersion along the extruder axis. Overall, the results obtained confirm that NIR is a valid tool for the on-line characterization of these materials, offering the possibility of assessing in real time the clay dispersion, enabling proper corrective and/or optimization actions over the material characteristics in a timely manner
Visual motion processing and human tracking behavior

The accurate visual tracking of a moving object is a human fundamental skill
that allows to reduce the relative slip and instability of the object's image
on the retina, thus granting a stable, high-quality vision. In order to
optimize tracking performance across time, a quick estimate of the object's
global motion properties needs to be fed to the oculomotor system and
dynamically updated. Concurrently, performance can be greatly improved in terms
of latency and accuracy by taking into account predictive cues, especially
under variable conditions of visibility and in presence of ambiguous retinal
information. Here, we review several recent studies focusing on the integration
of retinal and extra-retinal information for the control of human smooth
pursuit.By dynamically probing the tracking performance with well established
paradigms in the visual perception and oculomotor literature we provide the
basis to test theoretical hypotheses within the framework of dynamic
probabilistic inference. We will in particular present the applications of
these results in light of state-of-the-art computer vision algorithms
Sparse models for Computer Vision

The representation of images in the brain is known to be sparse. That is, as
neural activity is recorded in a visual area ---for instance the primary visual
cortex of primates--- only a few neurons are active at a given time with
respect to the whole population. It is believed that such a property reflects
the efficient match of the representation with the statistics of natural
scenes. Applying such a paradigm to computer vision therefore seems a promising
approach towards more biomimetic algorithms. Herein, we will describe a
biologically-inspired approach to this problem. First, we will describe an
unsupervised learning paradigm which is particularly adapted to the efficient
coding of image patches. Then, we will outline a complete multi-scale framework
---SparseLets--- implementing a biologically inspired sparse representation of
natural images. Finally, we will propose novel methods for integrating prior
information into these algorithms and provide some preliminary experimental
results. We will conclude by giving some perspective on applying such
algorithms to computer vision. More specifically, we will propose that
bio-inspired approaches may be applied to computer vision using predictive
coding schemes, sparse models being one simple and efficient instance of such
schemes
Graph entropies in texture segmentation of images

We study the applicability of a set of texture descriptors introduced in
recent work by the author to texture-based segmentation of images. The texture
descriptors under investigation result from applying graph indices from
quantitative graph theory to graphs encoding the local structure of images. The
underlying graphs arise from the computation of morphological amoebas as
structuring elements for adaptive morphology, either as weighted or unweighted
Dijkstra search trees or as edge-weighted pixel graphs within structuring
elements. In the present paper we focus on texture descriptors in which the
graph indices are entropy-based, and use them in a geodesic active contour
framework for image segmentation. Experiments on several synthetic and one
real-world image are shown to demonstrate texture segmentation by this
approach. Forthermore, we undertake an attempt to analyse selected
entropy-based texture descriptors with regard to what information about texture
they actually encode. Whereas this analysis uses some heuristic assumptions, it
indicates that the graph-based texture descriptors are related to fractal
dimension measures that have been proven useful in texture analysis.Comment: 28 pages, 6 figure
They made you perfect : a test of the social reaction model of perfectionism

Perfectionism serves as a mediator in the relationship between difficult life experiences and psychological distress, but to date no research has examined the effect of recalled peer victimisation on perfectionism and adult depressive symptomatology (DS). The present study assessed the Social Reaction Model of Perfectionism (SRMP; Flett, et al., 2002b), which proposes that perfectionism (self-oriented, other-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism) results from harsh experiences. This may include experiences of peer victimisation (physical, verbal and indirect). The model was extended to also include adult DS and rumination (brooding and reflection). Self-report questionnaires measuring recalled childhood experiences of peer victimisation (Owens, Daly & Slee, 2005), current trait perfectionism (Hewitt & Flett, 1991), rumination (Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991) and DS (Radloff, 1977) were completed by 338 adult participants (54% female). Path-analyses revealed recalled indirect victimisation to be associated with adults’ self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism. However, only socially prescribed perfectionism mediated the relation between recalled indirect victimisation and adult DS. Brooding rumination also mediated the effect of socially prescribed perfectionism upon DS. The findings support the SRMP, and extend the theory to include the effects of perfectionism on rumination and DS