pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Application of polymer interlayers in silicon–carbon nanotube heterojunction solar cells

We explore the use of polymers as a conducting interlayer within silicon–carbon nanotube heterojunction photovoltaics. Three types of devices have been fabricated and characterized including silicon–carbon nanotube, silicon–conducting polymer and silicon–conducting polymer–carbon nanotube. The conducting polymers studied were polyaniline, poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonate). A thin conducting polymer interlayer significantly improves photovoltaic performance by creating a better depletion layer within the underlying silicon. With the addition of a top antireflection layer, a photovoltaic device, silicon-poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonate)–carbon nanotube–poly(styrene) has been fabricated with a photovoltaic conversion efficiency of 8.7 %
1 D Hierarchical MnCo2O4 Nanowire@MnO2 Sheet Core–Shell Arrays on Graphite Paper as Superior Electrodes for Asymmetric Supercapacitors

Heterostructured metal oxide core–shell architectures have attracted considerable attention owing to their superior electrochemical performance in supercapacitors compared to a single structure. Here, we report a simple and effective synthesis of hierarchical MnCo2O4 nanowire@MnO2 sheet core–shell nanostructures anchored on graphite paper for use in supercapacitors. The proposed electrode exhibits a specific capacitance of 2262 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. In addition, good rate capability and excellent cycling performance are observed. An asymmetric supercapacitor with operating potential at 1.6 V is demonstrated using MnCo2O4@MnO2 as cathode and graphene/nickel foam (NF) as anode. The MnCo2O4@MnO2//graphene/NF asymmetric device shows a high energy density of 85.7 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 800 W kg−1 while maintaining a high energy density of 34.7 Wh kg−1 at 24 kW kg−1. Moreover, the device demonstrates a long-term cycling stability of 81.6 % retention of its initial specific capacitance
Manipulating the monolayer : responsive and reversible control of colloidal inorganic nanoparticle properties

Funding: EPSRC EP/K016342/1; Leverhulme Trust: RPG-2015-042For a wide range of nanomaterials, surface-bound molecules play a central role in defining properties, and are key to integration with other components – be they molecules, surfaces, or other nanoparticles. Predictable and general methods for manipulating the surface monolayer are therefore crucial to exploiting this new region of chemical space. This review highlights limitations of the few established methods for controlling nanoparticle-bound molecular functionality, then focuses on emerging new strategies. In particular, approaches that can achieve stimuli-responsive and reversible modification of surface-bound molecules in colloidal solution are examined, with an emphasis on using these methods to control nanoparticle properties such as solvent compatibility, catalytic activity and cytotoxicity. Finally, the outstanding challenges and future potential for precisely controlled nanoparticle bound monolayers are discussed.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
Structural Determinants of the Stability of Enzyme‐Responsive Polyion Complex Nanoparticles Targeting Pseudomonas aeruginosa’s Elastase

YesHere, we report how the stability of polyion complex (PIC) particles containing Pseudomonas aeruginosa’s elastase (LasB) degradable peptides and antimicrobial poly(ethylene imine) is significantly improved by careful design of the peptide component. Three LasB‐degradable peptides are reported herein, all of them carrying the LasB‐degradable sequence −GLA− and for which the number of anionic amino acids and cysteine units per peptide were systematically varied. Our results suggest that while net charge and potential to cross‐link via disulfide bond formation do not have a predictable effect on the ability of LasB to degrade these peptides, a significant effect of these two parameters on particle preparation and stability is observed. A range of techniques has been used to characterize these new materials and demonstrates that increasing the charge and cross‐linking potential of the peptides results in PIC particles with better stability in physiological conditions and upon storage. These results highlight the importance of molecular design for the preparation of PIC particles and should underpin the future development of these materials for responsive drug delivery.Wellcome Trust, EPSRC, Birminghan Science City, European Regional Development Fund, University of Birmingha
Influence of surface roughness on color changes in building stones

The influence of surface roughness on color change in several Spanish building stones is studied in samples of the following: Red Alicante, Black Marquina, White Macael, and Yellow Triana. In an experimental laboratory test (acid attack), we simulated the weathering process and made a comparative analysis between this and the polishing process. Changes in both color and roughness were measured during these processes. In limestones with medium or high chroma (Red Alicante) and both low chroma and lightness (Black Marquina), the total color changes were particularly affected in both the polishing and acid attack processes. On the other hand, in marbles with both low chroma and high lightness (White Macael and Yellow Triana), the total color changes were almost imperceptible in both processes. However, no change occurred in the hue of any of the analyzed stones. Spectrophotometric data showed that color change was due mainly to changes in surface roughness and not to chemical reactions that may have altered the oxidation state of the chromophore in the chromogen of the stone.Contract grant sponsor: Research Project GV-97-RN-14-3 Contract grant sponsor: predoctoral research fellowship from Generalitat Valenciana awarded to D. Benavente
Environmental colouration and/or the design process

Environmental colour is multifaceted, playing a variety of roles in our everyday lives. However, is colour considered important in the design of our built environment by those who practice design, such as architects and interior designers? Prototypes and massing models for designs are often presented in white or monochromatic combinations, irrespective of the materials incorporated and the colours that may be applied in the final constructed building, interior, or object. Therefore, questions are raised concerning design professionals’ perceptions of the importance of colour in relation to space and form, and to the experience of place. The built environment is understood by the designers and design researchers generally in one of four contexts—as object, as product, as communicator, or as social domain (Smith, Architectural Experience: A Composition of Viewpoints, doctoral dissertation, Queensland University of Technology, Australia; 2000). Designers who consider place as an experience, or as part of a social domain, will address the design task differently than those who treat it as an object to be coloured. In addition, Franz (A Phenomenographic Study of Design in the Interior Context, doctoral dissertation, Queensland university of Technology, Australia; 1997) identified four conceptions of designing held by designers: experiential, structural, production, and retail. Therefore, designers’ conceptions of what it is to design in general are related to the manner in which they design in practice. In association with such conceptions, it is assumed that the integration of colour in the built environment is also influenced by these understandings. Explorations into environmental meaning, in addition to colour theory and decorative applications, are hypothesized to be important sources of information for designers involved in colouring the built environment. Discussions of environments in terms of signification and experience may broaden practitioners’ understanding of the role that colour plays in place formation. In addition, the findings of a study in which 16 Queensland architects and interior designers were surveyed to ascertain whether colour is considered an integral part of their design process are reported. The study is not  conclusive, however; although further investigation is required, the study does identify differences and commonalities among participants that are of interest in light of the aforementioned issues
Concerning the calculation of the color gamut in a digital camera

Several methods to determine the color gamut of any digital camera are shown. Since an input device is additive, its color triangle was obtained from their spectral sensitivities and it was compared with the theoretical sensors of Ives-Abney-Yule and MacAdam. On the other hand, the RGB digital data of the optimal or MacAdam colors were simulated to transform them into XYZ data according to the colorimetric profile of the digital camera. From this, the MacAdam limits associated to the digital camera are compared with the corresponding ones of the CIE-1931 XYZ standard observer, resulting that our color device has much smaller MacAdam loci than those of the colorimetric standard observer. Taking this into account, we have estimated the reduction of discernible colors by the digital camera applying a chromatic discrimination model and a packing algorithm to obtain color discrimination ellipses. Calculating the relative decrement of distinguishable colors by the digital camera in comparison with the colorimetric standard observer at different luminance factors of the optimal colors, we have found that the camera distinguishes considerably fewer very dark than very light ones, but relatively much more colors with middle lightness (Y between 40 and 70, or L* between 69.5 and 87.0). This behavior is due to the short dynamic range of the digital camera response.Contract grant sponsor: Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (Spain), contract grant number: DPI2002-00118, DPI2005-08999-C02
Colour displays for categorical images

We propose a method for identifying a set of colours for displaying 2-D and 3-D categorical images when the categories are unordered labels. The principle is to find maximally distinct sets of colours. We either generate colours sequentially, to maximise the dissimilarity or distance between a new colour and the set of colours already chosen, or use a simulated annealing algorithm to find a set of colours of specified size. In both cases, we use a Euclidean metric on the perceptual colour space, CIE-LAB, to specify distances
Color-person-environment relationships

Although the nature of colour and the person environment relationship are both well documented, it is posited that both domains need to be integrated to understand the active role that colour plays in the relationship between a person and the surrounding environment. The colour person environment relationship (COL-PE) introduced in this paper is an important theoretical concept for designers, and as a consequence, for environmental-colour researchers to investigate. \ud
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The potential of colour to be an active agent in the relationship between people and environments is introduced by drawing upon what is known about colour and the person environment relationship from other sources. The nature of transition spaces is used to emphasise how colour affects the emotional connection and disconnection between people and spaces As an example of COL-PE, transition spaces highlight the nature of the person who is also psychologically in-transition and colour as a potentially important aspect of the transitory experience. In addition, the connections between colour and the constructs that we hold of the people who visit, work, or live in particular environments will be discussed briefly. \ud
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Designers often focus on the object or artefact which is being coloured (whether a building or a chair) as an end in itself, without considering in any depth how the designed objects or places can influence how people experience their daily activities and each other. COL-PE is introduced as a means to address this omission and broaden designers’ understandings of the potential impact of their work. The discussion of the aspects of environmental design (with particular reference to architecture and interior design), introduces the foundation of the colour-person-environment relationship (COL-PE) as a particular way of addressing colour in the built environment. \ud
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The principles of COL-PE are relevant for a range of disciplines involved in environmental design including urban design, landscape architecture, interior design, industrial design, and architecture. The colour-person-environment relationship (COL-PE) aims to make explicit what is often an unrecognised or tacit understanding of the role of environmental colour, and thereby, the paper highlights the need for research to understand the relationship more fully
Comparison of color gamuts among several types of paper with the same printing technology

In this work, we have studied the relationship among the colorimetric properties of different types of paper, having different finishing and grammage. Their color reproduction capability has also been analyzed by using the same printing technology (inkjet printing). On the one hand, we have plotted CIELAB data under the illuminant D50 into constant lightness and hue-angle planes to be compared with MacAdam limits and with Pointer's real-world surface color. On the other hand, we have calculated the volume gamut of the color solid associated to each color paper gamut. Analyzing the results, we have checked that there is not any clear relationship among the colorimetric properties of paper (for instance, CIE whiteness index, etc.) and the color gamut volume associated. However, the colorimetric parameters associated to the printed sample showed a quite good linear correlation between the minimum lightness (or the maximum blackness value) of the printed color chart and the color gamut volume. In particular, the greatest color gamut volume corresponds to the glossy papers taking into account this correlation for inkjet printing
Analyzing the metrics of the perceptual space in a new multistage physiological colour vision model

In this work, the metric of a new multistage colour vision model, ATTD05, is assessed and a new colour difference formula is suggested. Firstly, the uniformity of the ATTD05 colour space was compared with that of CIECAM02 for some Munsell samples, because if the model yields a uniform perceptual space, we will be able to implement a colour difference formula as a Euclidian distance between two points. Secondly, we developed a new space based on the perceptual descriptors of the 
model: brightness, hue, colourfulness, and saturation. After that, we calculated the free parameters of the space that better fit the measured and experimental data of two datasets (small-magnitude and large-magnitude colour differences), by minimizing the performance factor (PF/3). Finally, we compare colour differences calculated for ATTD05 and for other models. The PF/3 and the STRESS parameters were used to decide which model predicts better perceptual differences and, therefore, which model was the more uniform.Spanish Ministry for Education and Science; contract grant numbers: DPI2005-08999-C02-02 and DPI2008-06455-C02-02
Reproducibility comparison among multiangle spectrophotometers

New color-measuring instruments known as multiangle spectrophotometers have been recently created to measure and characterize the goniochromism of special-effect pigments in many materials with a particular visual appearance (metallic, interference, pearlescent, sparkle, or glitter). These devices measure the gonioapparent color from the spectral relative reflectance factor and the L*a*b* values of the sample with different illumination and observation angles. These angles usually coincide with requirements marked in American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and Deutsches Institut Für Normung standards relating to the gonioapparent color, but the results of comparisons between these instruments are still inconclusive. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to compare several multiangle spectrophotometers at a reproducibility level according to ASTM E2214-08 guidelines. In particular, we compared two X-Rite multi-gonio spectrophotometers (MA98 and MA68II), a Datacolor multi-gonio spectrophotometer (FX10), and a BYK multi-gonio spectrophotometer (BYK-mac). These instruments share only five common measurement geometries: 45° × −30° (as 15°), 45° × −20° (as 25°), 45° × 0° (as 45°), 45° × 30° (as 75°), 45° × 65° (as 110°). Specific statistical studies were used for the reproducibility comparison, including a Hotelling test and a statistical intercomparison test to determine the confidence interval of the partial color differences ΔL*, Δa*, Δb*, and the total color difference ΔE*ab. This was conducted using a database collection of 88 metallic and pearlescent samples that were measured 20 times without the replacement of all the instruments. The final findings show that in most measurement geometries, the reproducibility differences between pairs of instruments are statistically significant, although in general, there is a better reproducibility level at certain common geometries for newer instruments (MA98 and BYK-mac). This means that these differences are due to systematic or bias errors (angle tolerances for each geometry, photometric scales, white standards, etc.), but not exclusively to random errors. However, neither of the statistical tests used is valid to discriminate and quantify the detected bias errors in this comparison between instruments.Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation; contract grant number: DPI2008-06455-C02-02
Saturation-specific pattern of acquired colour vision deficiency in two clinical populations revealed by the method of triads

Subjective colour spaces were reconstructed for persons occupationally exposed to mercury (Hg) and patients with diabetes mellitus type 2, two groups at risk for acquired colour-vision deficiency, and compared with healthy normal trichromats. Judgments of colour dissimilarity were collected with the method of triads, applied to a composite assortment of colour samples. These were drawn from two widely used colour arrangement tests—10 hues from the Farnsworth D-15 test and five from the Lanthony Desaturated D-15d test, ensuring that the assortment sampled two levels of lightness and saturation. The data were analyzed with maximum-likelihood multidimensional scaling (MDS) and within a novel individual-differences MDS model to estimate subject-specific parameters. The MDS solutions for the two clinical groups showed a compression along a blue-yellow axis, limited however to desaturated hues. This result was confirmed by the individual-differences model. In addition, the clinical groups were found to place significantly higher weights on the lightness differences between stimuli, conceivably to compensate for their reduced chromatic discrimination. The specific form of colour-space distortion in the clinical groups indicated an increase in their thresholds for blue-yellow signals, providing insights into the nature of impairment mechanisms. The results have implications for stimuli and diagnostic procedures for testing individual differences in color vision, and for analyzing the responses. This approach is sensitive to distinctive patterns of subtle colour-vision impairment underestimated by the conventional D-15d test
Software for simulating dichromatic perception of video streams

We have designed a configurable stand-alone Matlab-based software to simulate dichromatic perception of video streams. The algorithm used is an extension for video streams of the “corresponding pair algorithm” by Capilla and coworkers for simulation of dichromatic perception of images. The software allows the user to upload a video sequence and to process it using different dichromatic color vision models and viewing conditions. The output video may be generated in different spatial and temporal resolutions and file formats. The functions for Matlab environment and a stand-alone application may be downloaded from the Repository of the University of Alicante
The alternating least squares technique for nonuniform intensity color correction

Color correction involves mapping device RGBs to display counterparts or to corresponding XYZs. A popular methodology is to take an image of a color chart and then solve for the best 3 × 3 matrix that maps the RGBs to the corresponding known XYZs. However, this approach fails at times when the intensity of the light varies across the chart. This variation needs to be removed before estimating the correction matrix. This is typically achieved by acquiring an image of a uniform gray chart in the same location, and then dividing the color checker image by the gray-chart image. Of course, taking images of two charts doubles the complexity of color correction. In this article, we present an alternative color correction algorithm that simultaneously estimates the intensity variation and the 3 × 3 transformation matrix from a single image of a color chart. We show that the color correction problem, that is, finding the 3 × 3 correction matrix, can be solved using a simple alternating least-squares procedure. Experiments validate our approach. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 40, 232–242, 201
Modelling of chromatic contrast for retrieval of wallpaper images

Colour remains one of the key factors in presenting an object and consequently has been widely applied in retrieval of images based on their visual contents. However, a colour appearance changes with the change of viewing surroundings, the phenomenon that has not been paid attention yet while performing colour-based image retrieval. To comprehend this effect, in this paper, a chromatic contrast model, CAMcc, is developed for the application of retrieval of colour intensive images, cementing the gap that most of existing colour models lack to fill by taking simultaneous colour contrast into account. Subsequently, the model is applied to the retrieval task on a collection of museum wallpapers of colour-rich images. In comparison with current popular colour models including CIECAM02, HSI, and RGB, with respect to both foreground and background colours, CAMcc appears to outperform the others with retrieved results being closer to query images. In addition, CAMcc focuses more on foreground colours, especially by maintaining the balance between both foreground and background colours, while the rest of existing models take on dominant colours that are perceived the most, usually background tones. Significantly, the contribution of the investigation lies in not only the improvement of the accuracy of colour-based image retrieval, but also the development of colour contrast model that warrants an important place in colour and computer vision theory, leading to deciphering the insight of this age-old topic of chromatic contrast in colour science