pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Regional fat mobilization and training type on sedentary, premenopausal overweight and obese women.

OBJECTIVE: Little is known about the influence of different training types on relative fat mobilization with exercise. The purpose of this study was to analyze the changes induced by aerobic training (AT), resistance (RT) or a combination of both (AT+RT) on total fat mass (TFM) and regional fat mass (RFM). Further, the relative contribution of different regions, upper limbs (UL), lower limbs (LL), and trunk (Tr), were compared.
DESIGN AND METHODS: Forty-five overweight and premenopausal women were randomized in either AT, RT or AT+RT. All training groups exercised for the same duration (60 min), 3 times per week for 5 months. Body composition was estimated using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.
RESULTS: TFM decreased significantly in all groups (-4.6 ± 1.9 kg; -3.8 ± 2.6 kg, and -4.7 ± 3.0 kg in AT, RT, and AT+RT groups respectively; P &lt; 0.001). The relative contribution of FM into each segment changed significantly: TrFM represented 46.6% ± 5.8% of TFM at baseline and reduced to 43.1% ± 5.5% (P &lt; 0.001); LLFM was 39.7% ± 5.8% vs. 41.6% ± 5.7% (P &lt; 0.01); ULFM was 11.3% ± 1.3% vs. 12.2% ± 1.4% (P &lt; 0.01).
CONCLUSION: Training type did not influence changes of TFM and RFM. Fat mobilization came predominantly from Tr in all training protocols. These findings suggest that overweight and obese women can reduce TFM and RFM, independently of training type
Obesity susceptibility loci and uncontrolled eating, emotional eating and cognitive restraint behaviors in men and women

Objective: Many confirmed genetic loci for obesity are expressed in regions of the brain that regulate energy intake and reward-seeking behavior. Whether these loci contribute to the development of specific eating behaviors has not been investigated. We examined the relationship between a genetic susceptibility to obesity and cognitive restraint, uncontrolled and emotional eating. Design and Methods Eating behavior and body mass index (BMI) were determined by questionnaires for 1471 men and 2381 women from two U.S cohorts. Genotypes were extracted from genome-wide scans and a genetic-risk score (GRS) derived from 32 obesity-loci was calculated. Results: The GRS was positively associated with emotional and uncontrolled eating(P<0.002). In exploratory analysis, BMI-increasing variants of MTCH2, TNNI3K and ZC3H4 were positively associated with emotional eating and those of TNNI3K and ZC3H4 were positively associated with uncontrolled eating. The BMI-increasing variant of FTO was positively and those of LRP1B and TFAP2B were inversely associated with cognitive restraint. These associations for single SNPs were independent of BMI but were not significant after multiple-testing correction. Conclusions: An overall genetic susceptibility to obesity may also extend to eating behaviors. The link between specific loci and obesity may be mediated by eating behavior but larger studies are warranted to confirm these results
Does Being Overweight Really Reduce Mortality?

There is indisputable evidence from epidemiologic and clinical studies that being overweight and obese elevates the risk of developing debilitating and costly chronic diseases, including hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and cancer (1). Nonetheless, the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and mortality remains the subject of much debate. A recent meta-analysis concluded that compared to those of normal weight (BMI<25.0), overweight individuals (BMI 25.0–29.9) had a significantly lower mortality risk (2). Even Class 1 obesity (BMI 30–34.9) was associated with marginally reduced mortality. In this Perspective, we discuss why this finding is likely to be an artifact of methodological limitations and what the clinical and public health implications may be
Modifying effect of obesity on the association between sitting time and incident diabetes in post-menopausal women

Objective: To evaluate the association between self-reported daily sitting time and the incidence of type II diabetes in a cohort of postmenopausal women. Design and Methods Women (N = 88,829) without diagnosed diabetes reported the number of hours spent sitting over a typical day. Incident cases of diabetes were identified annually by self-reported initiation of using oral medications or insulin for diabetes over 14.4 years follow-up. Results: Each hour of sitting time was positively associated with increased risk of diabetes (Risk ratio (RR): 1.05; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02–1.08]. However, sitting time was only positively associated with incident diabetes in obese women. Obese women reporting sitting 8–11 (RR: 1.08; 95% CI 1.0–1.1), 12–15 (OR: 1.13; 95% CI 1.0–1.2), and ≥16 hours (OR: 1.25; 95% CI 1.0–1.5) hours per day had an increased risk of diabetes compared to women sitting ≤ 7 hours per day. These associations were adjusted for demographics, health conditions, behaviors (smoking, diet and alcohol intake) and family history of diabetes. Time performing moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity did not modify these associations. Conclusion: Time spent sitting was independently associated with increased risk of diabetes diagnosis among obese women— a population already at high risk of the disease
Subclinical inflammation during third trimester of pregnancy was not associated with markers of the metabolic syndrome in young adult offspring.

To access publisher's full text version of this article, please click on the hyperlink in Additional Links field or click on the hyperlink at the top of the page marked Files.Growing evidence indicates that the metabolic syndrome (MS) is rooted in adverse exposures during fetal life. The aim of this study was to assess the possible associations between biomarkers of inflammation during third trimester of pregnancy and markers of MS in adult offspring.High-sensitive C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleuki-6 (IL-6) were measured in serum samples obtained in gestational week 30. Offspring were clinically examined at age 20 years. Analyses based on 439 mother-offspring dyads were adjusted for maternal smoking during pregnancy, height, prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), education, and offspring's sex. Offspring MS markers included waist circumference, BMI, blood pressure, HOMA insulin resistance, and plasma levels of fasting glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol fractions, insulin, and leptin.The median level was 2.8 (interquartile range = 3.3) µg/ml for CRP, for TNF-α: 5.7 (3.2) pg/ml, for IL-1β: 0.5 (0.4) pg/ml, and for IL-6: 1.1 (0.7) pg/ml. Concentrations were not significantly associated with MS markers in the offspring. The results remained essentially unchanged after correction for potential confounding.Markers for subclinical inflammation in third trimester in healthy women were not associated with components of MS in their adult offspring
Association of body mass index and waist circumference with successful ageing: 16 year follow-up of the Whitehall II study

Objective: We examined whether midlife body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) predict successful ageing. Design and Methods BMI/WC were assessed in 4869 persons (mean age 51.2, range 42–63 in 1991/93) and survival and successful ageing (alive, no chronic disease at age >60 years, not in the worst age- and sex-standardized quintile of cognitive, physical, respiratory, and cardiovascular, and mental health) ascertained over a 16-year follow-up, analysed using logistic regression adjusted for socio-demographic factors and health behaviours. Results: 507 participants died, 1008 met the criteria for successful ageing. Those with BMI≥30 kg/m2 had lower odds of successful ageing (Odds Ratio (OR)=0.37; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.27, 0.50) and survival (OR=0.55; 95% CI: 0.41, 0.74) compared to BMI between 18.5–25 kg/m2. Those with a large waist circumference (≥102/88 cm in men/women) had lower odds of successful ageing (OR=0.41; 95% CI: 0.31, 0.54) and survival (OR=0.57; 95% CI: 0.44, 0.73) compared to those with a small waist (<94/80 cm in men/women). Analysis with finer categories showed lower odds of successful ageing starting at BMI ≥23.5 kg/m2 and waist circumference 82/68 cm in men/women. Conclusions: Optimal midlife BMI and waist circumference for successful ageing might be substantially below the current thresholds used to define obesity
Child eating behaviour outcomes of an early feeding intervention to reduce risk indicators for child obesity : the NOURISH RCT

Objective\ud
\ud
Describe parent-reported child eating behaviour and maternal parenting impact outcomes of an infant feeding intervention to reduce child obesity risk.\ud
\ud
Design and Methods\ud
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An assessor masked Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT) with concealed allocation of individual mother-infant dyads. The NOURISH RCT enrolled 698 first-time mothers (mean age 30.1 years, SD=5.3) with healthy term infants (51% female) aged 4.3 months (SD=1.0) at baseline. Outcomes were assessed six months post-intervention when the children were 2-years old. Mothers reported on child eating behaviours using the Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ), food preferences and dietary intake using a 24-hour telephone recall.  Parenting was assessed using five scales validated for use in Australia.\ud
\ud
Results\ud
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Intervention effects were evident on the CEBQ overall (MANOVA P=.002) and 4/8 subscales: child satiety responsiveness (P=.03), fussiness (P=.01), emotional overeating (P<.01), and food responsiveness (P=.06). Intervention children ‘liked’ more fruits (P<.01) and fewer non-core foods and beverages (Ps=.06, .03).  The intervention mothers reported greater ‘autonomy encouragement’ (P=.002)\ud
\ud
Conclusions\ud
\ud
Anticipatory guidance on protective feeding practices appears to have modest positive impacts on child eating behaviours that are postulated to reduce future obesity risk
Course of Depressive Symptoms and Treatment in the Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery (LABS-2) Study

Objective

To examine changes in depressive symptoms and treatment in the first three years following bariatric surgery.

Design and Methods

The Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery-2 is an observational cohort study of adults (n=2,458) who underwent a bariatric surgical procedure at one of ten US hospitals between 2006–9. This study includes 2,148 participants who completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) at baseline and ≥ one follow-up visit in years 1–3.

Results

At baseline, 40.4% self-reported treatment for depression. At least mild depressive symptoms (BDI score≥10) were reported by 28.3%; moderate (BDI score 19–29) and severe (BDI score ≥30) symptoms were uncommon (4.2% and 0.5%, respectively). Mild-to-severe depressive symptoms independently increased the odds (OR=1.75; p=.03) of a major adverse event within 30 days of surgery. Compared with baseline, symptom severity was significantly lower at all follow-up time points (e.g., mild-to-severe symptomatology was 8.9%, 6 months; 8.4%, 1yr; 12.2%, 2yrs; 15.6%, 3yrs; ps<.001), but increased between 1 and 3 years postoperatively (p<.01). Change in depressive symptoms was significantly related to change in body mass index (r=.42; p<0001).

Conclusion

Bariatric surgery has a positive impact on depressive features. However, data suggest some deterioration in improvement after the first postoperative year
Genome-wide association study of height-adjusted BMI in childhood identifies functional variant in ADCY3

Objective: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of BMI are mostly undertaken under the assumption that "kg/m2" is an index of weight fully adjusted for height, but in general this is not true. The aim here was to assess the contribution of common genetic variation to a adjusted version of that phenotype which appropriately accounts for covariation in height in children. Methods: A GWAS of height-adjusted BMI (BMI[x]=weight/heightx), calculated to be uncorrelated with height, in 5809 participants (mean age 9.9 years) from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) was performed. Results: GWAS based on BMI[x] yielded marked differences in genomewide results profile. SNPs in ADCY3 (adenylate cyclase 3) were associated at genome-wide significance level (rs11676272 (0.28 kg/m3.1 change per allele G (0.19, 0.38), P=6 × 10-9). In contrast, they showed marginal evidence of association with conventional BMI [rs11676272 (0.25 kg/m2 (0.15, 0.35), P=6 × 10-7)]. Results were replicated in an independent sample, the Generation R study. Conclusions: Analysis of BMI[x] showed differences to that of conventional BMI. The association signal at ADCY3 appeared to be driven by a missense variant and it was strongly correlated with expression of this gene. Our work highlights the importance of well understood phenotype use (and the danger of convention) in characterising genetic contributions to complex traits
Persistent financial hardship, 11-year weight gain and health behaviours in the Whitehall II study

Objective: To ascertain prospectively gender-specific associations between types and amounts of FH and weight gain, and investigate potential behavioural mechanisms.

Design and Methods: Prospective study of 3,701 adults British civil servants with repeated measures of difficulty paying bills or insufficient money to afford adequate for food/clothing (1985-88; 1989-90; 1991-93; 1997-99), and weight (1985-88; 1997-99). 

Results: Persistent hardships were associated with adjusted mean weight change in women over 10.9 years, but no consistent pattern was seen in men.  During follow-up, 46% of women gained ≥5 Kg.  Women reporting persistent insufficient money for food/clothing had a significantly greater odds of gaining ≥5 Kg (1.42 [1.05, 1.92]) compared to no hardship history, which remained after SES adjustment (1.45 [1.05, 2.01]).  The association between persistent difficulty paying bills and odds of excess weight gain was also significant (1.42 [1.03, 1.97]) but attenuated after considering SES (1.39 [0.98, 1.97]).  Four health behaviours as single measures or change variables did not attenuate associations.

Conclusions: Results suggested strategies to tackle obesity must address employed women's everyday financial troubles which may influence weight through more biological pathways than classical correlates of economic disadvantage and weight.This is the final version, originally published in the journal Obesity here: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/oby.20875/abstract;jsessionid=EDA4F761217B492D16E7384EB67A7399.f02t02
Obesity, fat distribution, and risk of frailty in two population-based cohorts of older adults in Spain

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate for the first time the longitudinal relationship between abdominal obesity and the onset of frailty.
METHODS:
Study based on results from two population-based cohorts, the Seniors-ENRICA, with 1801 individuals aged ≥60, and the Toledo Study for Healthy Ageing (TSHA), with 1289 participants ≥65 years. Incident frailty was assessed with the Fried criteria.
RESULTS:
During 3.5 years of follow-up, 125 individuals with incident frailty in Seniors-ENRICA and 162 in TSHA were identified. After adjustment for the main confounders, the pooled odds ratio (pooled OR) for general obesity and risk of frailty was 1.73 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.18-2.28). Abdominal obesity was also associated with frailty (pooled OR: 1.67; 95% CI: 1.09-2.25). Compared with individuals with BMI <25 kg/m(2) and no abdominal obesity, the risk of frailty was highest among individuals with concurrent general and abdominal obesity (pooled OR: 2.55; 95% CI: 1.23-3.86). General obesity was associated with increased risk of exhaustion (pooled OR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.11-2.21), low physical activity (pooled OR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.08-2.05), and weakness (pooled OR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.12-2.05). For abdominal obesity, results were in the same direction, although they showed statistical significance only for weakness (OR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.11-1.80)This work has been supported by grants from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI12/1166, PI11/01379, PI13/00288 and RD12/0043/0001 RETICEF) and the European Commission (FRAILOMIC Initiative FP7-HEALTH-2012-Proposal No: 305483-2
Hepatic steatosis is associated with lower levels of physical activity measured via accelerometry

This is the peer reviewed version of the article, which has been published in final form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oby.21058. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.Objective\ud
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Prior studies on the association of physical activity (PA) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are limited by reliance on subjective measures of PA. We examined the association between objectively measured PA and hepatic steatosis defined by computed tomography (CT).\ud
Methods\ud
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We conducted a cross-sectional study of 1,060 Framingham Heart Study participants who participated in the Multidetector CT 2 substudy and who underwent assessment of PA via accelerometry. Hepatic steatosis was estimated by liver attenuation, as measured by CT. We explored the relationship between liver attenuation and PA using multivariable regression models.\ud
Results\ud
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In multivariable-adjusted models, we observed an inverse association between PA and liver attenuation. Each 30 minutes/day increase in moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) was associated with a reduced odds of hepatic steatosis (OR = 0.62, P < 0.001). This association was attenuated and no longer statistically significant after adjustment for body mass index (BMI) (OR = 0.77, P = 0.05) or visceral adipose tissue (VAT) (OR = 0.83, P = 0.18). Participants who met the national PA recommendations of engaging in ≥150 minutes/week of MVPA had the lowest odds of hepatic steatosis, even after adjusting for BMI (OR = 0.63, P = 0.007) or VAT (OR = 0.67, P = 0.03).\ud
Conclusions\ud
\ud
There is an inverse association between PA and hepatic steatosis. Participants who met the national PA guidelines had the lowest prevalence of hepatic steatosis
Efficacy of water preloading before main meals as a strategy for weight loss in primary care patients with obesity: RCT

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: PARRETTI, H.M. ... et al, 2015. Efficacy of water preloading before main meals as a strategy for weight loss in primary care patients with obesity: RCT. Obesity, 23 (9), pp.1785-1791, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21167. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.Objective To investigate the efficacy of water preloading before meals as a weight loss strategy for adults with obesity. Methods A two-group randomized controlled trial was conducted in Birmingham, England. Eighty-four adults with obesity were recruited from general practices. All participants were given a face-to-face weight management consultation at baseline (30 min) and a follow-up telephone consultation at 2 weeks (10 min). At baseline, participants were randomized to either drinking 500 ml of water 30 min before their main meals or an attention control group where participants were asked to imagine their stomach was full before meals. The primary outcome was weight change at 12-week follow-up. Several measures of adherence were also used, including 24 h total urine collections. Results 41 participants were randomized to the intervention group and 43 to the comparator group. The water preloading group lost -1.3 kg (95% CI -2.4 to -0.1, P = 0.028) more than comparators at follow up. Adjusting for ethnicity, deprivation, age, and gender resulted in the intervention group losing -1.2 kg (95% CI -2.4 to 0.07, P = 0.063) more than the comparator. Conclusions There is preliminary evidence that water preloading before main meals leads to a moderate weight loss at follow up. ISRCTN3323815
The Associations of ‘Fatness’, ‘Fitness’ and Physical Activity With All Cause Mortality in Older Adults: A Systematic Review Of Observational Studies.

Objectives:
This review explored whether cardiorespiratory fitness or physical activity act as either confounders or effect modifiers of the relationship between adiposity markers and all-cause mortality in older adults.

Methods:
Systematic searches were carried out to identify observational studies that examined the association of adiposity markers (body mass index, waist circumference and waist-hip ratio) with all-cause mortality in adults aged ≥60 which took into account cardiorespiratory fitness or physical activity. Data from each included study was analysed to produce a graphical representation of this relationship.

Results:
14 of the 15 identified studies found that increasing BMI had a non-positive association with all-cause mortality, with persistence of the obesity paradox despite adjustment for physical activity or cardiorespiratory fitness. Physical activity measurement methods were all subjective and often unvalidated. The two studies stratifying for cardiorespiratory fitness did not find that fitness had a significant impact on the relationship between excess adiposity and mortality, but found that overweight and fit people had better survival than normal weight unfit people.

Conclusions:
The predominant use of poor physical activity measurement suggests that studies are currently not adequately accounting for possible physical activity confounding. More studies are needed addressing the modification of the relationship between adiposity markers and mortality by cardiorespiratory fitness.This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Wiley via http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oby.2118
Effects of an obesity intervention program on cognitive function in children: a randomized controlled trial

Dette er siste tekst-versjon av artikkelen, og den kan inneholde små forskjeller fra forlagets pdf-versjon. Forlagets pdf-versjon finner du på www.wiley.com / 
This is the final text version of the article, and it may contain minor differences from the journal's pdf version. The original publication is available at www.wiley.comObjective:

Adiposity may be associated with poorer cognitive function in children. The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of an obesity intervention on cognitive function in children.


Methods:

One hundred and fifteen children were randomly allocated to either the Day Camp Intervention Arm (DCIA) or the Standard Intervention Arm (SIA). Children in the DCIA participated in a 6-week day camp intervention and a subsequent 46-week family-based intervention. The camp intervention mainly consisted of physical exercise and health classes. The SIA was offered one weekly physical exercise session for 6 weeks and one educational meeting. Anthropometrics and cognitive function were measured at baseline, 6 weeks, and 52 weeks.


Results:

At 6 weeks, the improvement in visuospatial construction skills was larger in the DCIA than the SIA (standardized mean difference, 0.47, 95% CI, 0.08 to 0.86, P = 0.02). At 52 weeks, the improvements in emotional control (standardized mean difference, −0.42, 95% CI, −0.68 to −0.16, P = 0.002) and monitoring (standardized mean difference, −0.32, 95% CI, −0.63 to −0.02, P = 0.04) were larger in the DCIA than the SIA. No group differences were observed in changes in other cognitive outcomes.


Conclusions:

The obesity intervention may benefit emotional control, monitoring, and visuospatial construction skills in children.Seksjon for idrettsmedisinske fag / Department of Sports Medicin