pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
The role of econometrics in economic science: An essay about the monopolization of economic methodology by econometric methods

Econometrics is seen as the dominant method in terms of applicability, accuracy and efficiency in economic science. It is widely used and other methods have been reduced to marginal contributions. Econometricians behave as if their techniques were universal when in fact they are not. If alternative methods are accepted, one can largely eliminate the restrictions and distance to reality of econometrics. The article debates the pathways for a satisfactory economics in a context where theoretical and methodological pluralism is entering even in mainstream ideas. The historical construction of econometrics as the main method in economics and the limitations and possibilities of this tool are explored, underlining the need of pluralism
River Restoration in Spain: Theoretical and Practical Approach in the Context of the European Water Framework Directive.

River restoration is becoming a priority in many countries because of increasing the awareness of environmental degradation. In Europe, the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) has significantly reinforced river restoration, encouraging the improvement of ecological status for water bodies. To fulfill the WFD requirements, the Spanish Ministry of the Environment developed in 2006 a National Strategy for River Restoration whose design and implementation are described in this paper. At the same time many restoration projects have been conducted, and sixty of them have been evaluated in terms of stated objectives and pressures and implemented restoration measures. Riparian vegetation enhancement, weir removal and fish passes were the most frequently implemented restoration measures, although the greatest pressures came from hydrologic alteration caused by flow regulation for irrigation purposes. Water deficits in quantity and quality associated with uncontrolled water demands seriously affect Mediterranean rivers and represent the main constraint to achieving good ecological status of Spanish rivers, most of them intensively regulated. Proper environmental allocation of in-stream flows would need deep restrictions in agricultural water use which seem to be of very difficult social acceptance. This situation highlights the need to integrate land-use and rural development policies with water resources and river management, and identifies additional difficulties in achieving the WFD objectives and good ecological status of rivers in Mediterranean countries
A time-space varying speed of light and the Hubble Law in static Universe

We consider a hypothetical possibility of the variability of light velocity with time and position in space which is derived from two natural postulates. For the consistent consideration of such variability we generalize translational transformations of the Theory of Relativity. The formulae of transformations between two rest observers within one inertial system are obtained. It is shown that equality of velocities of two particles is as relative a statement as simultaneity of two events is. We obtain the expression for the redshift of radiation of a rest source which formally reproduces the Hubble Law. Possible experimental implications of the theory are discussed
Opinion dynamics: inhomogeneous Boltzmann-type equations modelling
  opinion leadership and political segregation

We propose and investigate different kinetic models for opinion formation,
when the opinion formation process depends on an additional independent
variable, e.g. a leadership or a spatial variable. More specifically, we
consider:(i) opinion dynamics under the effect of opinion leadership, where
each individual is characterised not only by its opinion, but also by another
independent variable which quantifies leadership qualities; (ii) opinion
dynamics modelling political segregation in the `The Big Sort', a phenomenon
that US citizens increasingly prefer to live in neighbourhoods with politically
like-minded individuals. Based on microscopic opinion consensus dynamics such
models lead to inhomogeneous Boltzmann-type equations for the opinion
distribution. We derive macroscopic Fokker-Planck-type equations in a
quasi-invariant opinion limit and present results of numerical experiments.Comment: 20 page
The effects of cocaine self-administration on dendritic spine density in the rat hippocampus are dependent on genetic background

Chronic exposure to cocaine induces modifications to neurons in the brain regions involved in addiction. Hence, we evaluated cocaine-induced changes in the hippocampal CA1 field in Fischer 344 (F344) and Lewis (LEW) rats, 2 strains that have been widely used to study genetic predisposition to drug addiction, by combining intracellular Lucifer yellow injection with confocal microscopy reconstruction of labeled neurons. Specifically, we examined the effects of cocaine self-administration on the structure, size, and branching complexity of the apical dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons. In addition, we quantified spine density in the collaterals of the apical dendritic arbors of these neurons. We found differences between these strains in several morphological parameters. For example, CA1 apical dendrites were more branched and complex in LEW than in F344 rats, while the spine density in the collateral dendrites of the apical dendritic arbors was greater in F344 rats. Interestingly, cocaine self-administration in LEW rats augmented the spine density, an effect that was not observed in the F344 strain. These results reveal significant structural differences in CA1 pyramidal cells between these strains and indicate that cocaine self-administration has a distinct effect on neuron morphology in the hippocampus of rats with different genetic backgrounds
Suitable and optimal locations for implementing photovoltaic water pumping systems for grassland irrigation in China

Grassland plays a key role for the food security of China because of the large number of livestock raised in those areas. Thus, grassland degradation due to climate change and overgrazing is considered as one of the most severe environmental and economic threat for the future sustainable development of China. Photovoltaic water pumping systems for irrigation can play a fundamental role for the conservation of grassland areas.\ud
\ud
This paper investigates the geospatial distribution of the technically suitable grassland locations for the implementation of photovoltaic water pumping systems. The technically suitable grassland areas were taken as starting point to assess the optimal locations. The assessment of the optimal locations was conducted using a spatially explicit optimization model of renewable energy systems based on the cost minimization of the whole forage supply chain.\ud
\ud
The results indicate that the photovoltaic water pumping systems provide high potential for improving forage productivity, contributing to meet the local demand. the optimal areas are highly sensitive to several environmental and economic parameters such as increased forage potential yield, forage management costs, forage water requirements, ground water depth, forage price and CO2. Most of the optimal areas are selected when the market forage price ranges from 300 to 500 $/tonne DM, indicating that the forage produced using PVWP technology for irrigation is already competitive compared to the imported forage
High-temperature multiferroicity and strong magnetocrystalline anisotropy in 3d-5d double perovskites

Using density functional calculations we explore the properties of as-yet-unsynthesized 3d-5d ordered double perovskites (A(2)BB'O-6) with highly polarizable Bi3+ ions on the A site. We find that the Bi2NiReO6 and Bi2MnReO6 compounds are insulating and exhibit a robust net magnetization that persists above room temperature. When the in-plane lattice vectors of the pseudocubic unit cell are constrained to be orthogonal (for example, by coherent heteroepitaxy), the ground states are ferroelectric with large polarization and a very large uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy with easy axis along the ferroelectric polarization direction. Our results suggest a route to multiferroism and electrically controlled magnetization orientation at room temperature
Generalised space-time and gauge transformations

We consider the generalised space-time introduced by the author in 2003 in the context of the non-linear realisation of the semi-direct product of E 11 and its first fundamental representation. For all the fields we propose gauge transformations which are compatible with the underlying E 11 structure. A crucial role is played by the generalised vielbein that the generalised space-time possess. We work out the explicit form of the gauge transformations, at low levels, in four, five and eleven dimensions
The probability of nontrivial common knowledge

We study the probability that two or more agents can attain common knowledge of nontrivial events when the size of the state space grows large. We adopt the standard epistemic model where the knowledge of an agent is represented by a partition of the state space. Each agent is endowed with a partition generated by a random scheme consistent with his cognitive capacity. Assuming that agents' partitions are independently distributed, we prove that the asymptotic probability of nontrivial common knowledge undergoes a phase transition. Regardless of the number of agents, when their cognitive capacity is sufficiently large, the probability goes to one; and when it is small, it goes to zero. Our proofs rely on a graph-theoretic characterization of common knowledge that has independent interest
Bounds on survival probability given mean probability of failure per demand; and the paradoxical advantages of uncertainty

When deciding whether to accept into service a new safety-critical system, or choosing between alternative systems, uncertainty about the parameters that affect future failure probability may be a major problem. This uncertainty can be extreme if there is the possibility of unknown design errors (e.g. in software), or wide variation between nominally equivalent components.\ud
\ud
We study the effect of parameter uncertainty on future reliability (survival probability), for systems required to have low risk of even only one failure or accident over the long term (e.g. their whole operational lifetime) and characterised by a single reliability parameter (e.g. probability of failure per demand - pfd). A complete mathematical treatment requires stating a probability distribution for any parameter with uncertain value. This is hard, so calculations are often performed using point estimates, like the expected value.\ud
\ud
We investigate conditions under which such simplified descriptions yield reliability values that are sure to be pessimistic (or optimistic) bounds for a prediction based on the true distribution. Two important observations are: (i) using the expected value of the reliability parameter as its true value guarantees a pessimistic estimate of reliability, a useful property in most safety-related decisions; (ii) with a given expected pfd, broader distributions (in a formally defined meaning of "broader"), that is, systems that are a priori "less predictable", lower the risk of failures or accidents.\ud
\ud
Result (i) justifies the simplification of using a mean in reliability modelling; we discuss within which scope this justification applies, and explore related scenarios, e.g. how things improve if we can test the system before operation. Result (ii) offers more flexible ways of bounding reliability predictions, but also has important, often counter-intuitive implications for decision making in various areas, like selection of components, project management, and product acceptance or licensing. For instance, in regulatory decision making dilemmas may arise in which the goal of minimising risk runs counter to other commonly held priorities, like predictability of risk; in safety assessment using expert opinion, the commonly recognised risk of experts being "overconfident" may be less dangerous than their being underconfident
Study of neutrino interactions with the electronic detectors of the OPERA experiment

The OPERA experiment is based on a hybrid technology combining electronic detectors (EDs) and nuclear emulsions. OPERA collected muon–neutrino interactions during the 2008 and 2009 physics runs of the CNGS neutrino beam, produced at CERN with an energy range of about 5–35 GeV. A total of 5.3×1019 protons on target equivalent luminosity have been analysed with the OPERA EDs: scintillator strips target trackers and magnetic muon spectrometers equipped with resistive plate gas chambers and drift tubes, allowing a detailed reconstruction of muon–neutrino interactions
Organization and management of ATLAS offline software releases

ATLAS is one of the largest collaborations ever undertaken in the physical sciences. This paper explains how the software infrastructure is organized to manage collaborative code development by around 300 developers with varying degrees of expertise, situated in 30 different countries. ATLAS offline software currently consists of about 2 million source lines of code contained in 6800 C++ classes, organized in almost 1000 packages. We will describe how releases of the offline ATLAS software are built, validated and subsequently deployed to remote sites. Several software management tools have been used, the majority of which are not ATLAS specific; we will show how they have been integrated
Bases and Transforms of Set Functions

International audienceThe paper studies the vector space of set functions on a finite set X, which can be alternatively seen as pseudo-Boolean functions, and including as a special cases games. We present several bases (unanimity games, Walsh and parity functions) and make an emphasis on the Fourier transform. Then we establish the basic dual-ity between bases and invertible linear transform (e.g., the Möbius transform, the Fourier transform and interaction transforms). We apply it to solve the well-known inverse problem in cooperative game theory (find all games with same Shapley value), and to find various equivalent expressions of the Choquet integral
A Distributed Parameter Model for a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell: Simulating Realistic Operating Conditions

We present a detailed multiphysics model capable of simulating the dyn\ud
amic behavior\ud
of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). This model includes a description of a\ud
ll the important physical\ud
and chemical processes in a fuel cell: fluid flow, mass and heat trans\ud
fer, electronic and ionic\ud
potential fields, as well as the chemical and electrochemical react\ud
ions. The resulting highly\ud
nonlinear, coupled system of differential equations is solved using a fi\ud
nite volume discretization.\ud
Our interest lies in simulating realistic operating conditions with the obj\ud
ective of high efficiency\ud
operation at high fuel utilization. While there are a number of studies\ud
in the literature that\ud
present multiphysics models for SOFCs, few have focused on simulat\ud
ing operating conditions\ud
that are necessary if SOFC systems are to realize their promise of h\ud
igh efficiency conversion of\ud
chemical energy to electrical energy. In this report we present s\ud
imulation results at operating\ud
conditions that approach the required ranges of power density an\ud
d overall efficiency. Our results\ud
include a) the temperature and composition profiles along a typical f\ud
uel cell in a SOFC stack, b)\ud
the dynamic response of the cell to step changes in the available inpu\ud
t variables. Since models\ud
such as the one presented here are fairly expensive computationa\ud
lly and cannot be directly used\ud
for online model predictive control, one generally looks to use simplifie\ud
d reduced order models\ud
for control. We briefly discuss the implications of our model results o\ud
n the validity of using\ud
reduced models for the control of SOFC stacks to show that avoid\ud
ing operating regions where\ud
well-known degradation modes are activated is non-trivial without u\ud
sing detailed multiphysics\ud
models
Time-controlled charge injection in a quantum Hall fluid

We consider the injection of a controlled charge from a normal metal into an edge state of the fractional quantum Hall effect, with a time-dependent voltage $V(t)$. Using perturbative calculations in the tunneling limit, and a chiral Luttinger liquid model for the edge state, we show that the electronic correlations prevent the charge fluctuations to be divergent for a generic voltage pulse $V(t)$. This is in strong contrast with the case of charge injection in a normal metal, where this divergence is present. We show that explicit formul{\æ} for the mean injected charge and its fluctuations can be obtained using an adiabatic approximation, and that non perturbative results can be obtained for injection in an edge state of the FQHE with filling factor $\\nu=1/3$. Generalization to other correlated systems which can be described with the Luttinger liquid model, like metallic Carbon nanotube, is given
A Galerkin symmetric and direct {BIE}method for Kirchhoff elastic plates: formulation and implementation.

A variational Boundary Element formulation is proposed for the solution of the elastic Kirchhoff plate bending problem. The stationarity conditions of an augmented potential energy functional are first discussed. After addressing the topic of the choice of the test functions, a regularization process based on integrations by parts is developed, which allows to express the formulation in terms of double integrals, the inner being at most weakly singular and the outer regular. Standard integration procedures may then be applied for their numerical evaluation in the presence of both straight and curved boundaries. The normal slope and the vertical displacement must be C0 and C1 continuous, respectively. Numerical examples show, through comparisons with analytical solutions, that a high accuracy is achieved
Immunohistochemical study of thyroid transcription factor-1 and surfactant-associated protein A for investigation of peripheral airway structure in perinatal fatality

We studied histopathological findings of the lungs in four cases where there was a suspicion of infanticide whereby an autopsy was performed. All four babies were born in full term delivery. It was difficult to discern whether the peripheral airways of the lungs were open or closed with conventional histological examination. Therefore immunohistochemistry with a combination of anti- thyroid
transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) and anti- surfactant-associated protein A (PE-10) was used in order to elucidate the fundamental structures of the peripheral airways. TTF-1 highlighted nuclei of Clara cells
and type II alveolar cells. The findings of immunohistochemistry with TTF-1 enabled us to more objectively recognize the peripheral airways: respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts, even in collapsed lungs. PE-10 was expressed in the cytoplasm of Clara cells, type II alveolar cells, and the
substance of air space. Aspect for immunohistochemistry with PE-10 appeared to be granular in closed air space, whereas it appeared to be stretched membranously along the interalveolar septa in open air space. These findings suggest that application of immunohistochemistry with TTF-1 and
PE-10 is a useful diagnostic tool in judging perinatal fatality
Propagation of large uncertainty sets in orbital dynamics by automatic domain splitting

Current approaches to uncertainty propagation in astrodynamics mainly refer to linearized models or Monte Carlo simulations. Naive linear methods fail in nonlinear dynamics, whereas Monte Carlo simulations tend to be computationally intensive. Differential algebra has already proven to be an efficient compromise by replacing thousands of pointwise integrations of Monte Carlo runs with the fast evaluation of the arbitrary order Taylor expansion of the flow of the dynamics. However, the current implementation of the DA-based high-order uncertainty propagator fails when the non-linearities of the dynamics prohibit good convergence of the Taylor expansion in one or more directions. We solve this issue by introducing automatic domain splitting. During propagation, the polynomial expansion of the current state is split into two polynomials whenever its truncation error reaches a predefined threshold. The resulting set of polynomials accurately tracks uncertainties, even in highly nonlinear dynamics. The method is tested on the propagation of (99942) Apophis post-encounter motion
Phase space and phase transitions in the Penner matrix model with
  negative coupling constant

The partition function of the Penner matrix model for both positive and
negative values of the coupling constant can be explicitly written in terms of
the Barnes G function. In this paper we show that for negative values of the
coupling constant this partition function can also be represented as the
product of an holomorphic matrix integral by a nontrivial oscillatory function
of n. We show that the planar limit of the free energy with 't Hooft sequences
does not exist. Therefore we use a certain modification that uses
Kuijlaars-McLaughlin sequences instead of 't Hooft sequences and leads to a
well-defined planar free energy and to an associated two-dimensional phase
space. We describe the different configurations of complex saddle points of the
holomorphic matrix integral both to the left and to the right of the critical
point, and interpret the phase transitions in terms of processes of gap
closing, eigenvalue tunneling, and Bose condensation
NEK1 Mutations Cause Short-Rib Polydactyly Syndrome Type Majewski

Defects of ciliogenesis have been implicated in a wide range of human phenotypes and play a crucial role in signal transduction and cell-cycle coordination. We used homozygosity mapping in two families with autosomal-recessive short-rib polydactyly syndrome Majewski type to identify mutations in NEK1 as an underlying cause of this lethal osteochondrodysplasia. NEK1 encodes a serine/threonine kinase with proposed function in DNA double-strand repair, neuronal development, and coordination of cell-cycle-associated ciliogenesis. We found that absence of functional full-length NEK1 severely reduces cilia number and alters ciliar morphology in vivo. We further substantiate a proposed digenic diallelic inheritance of ciliopathies by the identification of heterozygous mutations in NEK1 and DYNC2H1 in an additional family. Notably, these findings not only increase the broad spectrum of ciliar disorders, but suggest a correlation between the degree of defective microtubule or centriole elongation and organization and the severity of the resulting phenotype
Superconductivity in metastable phases of phosphorus-hydride compounds under high pressure

Hydrogen-rich compounds have been extensively studied both theoretically and experimentally in the quest for novel high-temperature superconductors. Reports on sulfur hydride attaining metallicity under pressure and exhibiting superconductivity at temperatures as high as 200 K have spurred an intense search for room-temperature superconductors in hydride materials. Recently, compressed phosphine was reported to metallize at pressures above 45 GPa, reaching a superconducting transition temperature (T-C) of 100 K at 200 GPa. However, neither the exact composition nor the crystal structure of the superconducting phase have been conclusively determined. In this work, the phase diagram of PHn (n = 1,2,3,4,5,6) was extensively explored by means of ab initio crystal structure predictions using the minima hopping method (MHM). The results do not support the existence of thermodynamically stable PHn compounds, which exhibit a tendency for elemental decomposition at high pressure even when vibrational contributions to the free energies are taken into account. Although the lowest energy phases of PH1,2,3 display T-C`s comparable to experiments, it remains uncertain if the measured values of T-C can be fully attributed to a phase-pure compound of PHn