pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Understanding student information behavior in relation to electronic information services: lessons from longitudinal monitoring and evaluation Part 2

Urquhart, C. &amp; Rowley, J. (2007). Understanding student information behavior in relation to electronic information services: lessons from longitudinal monitoring and evaluation Part 2. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 58(8), 1188-1197. Sponsorship: JISCThis second part of a two-part article establishes a model of the mediating factors that influence student information behavior concerning the electronic or digital information sources used to support learning. This part discusses the findings of the JISC User Behavior Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (1999-2004) and development of a model that includes both the individual (micro) and organizational (macro) factors affecting student information behavior. The macro factors are information resource design, information and learning technology infrastructure, availability and constraints to access, policies and funding, and organizational leadership and culture. The micro factors are: information literacy, academics? information behavior, search strategies, discipline and curriculum, support and training, and pedagogy. Concludes that the mediating factors interact in unexpected ways, and that further research is needed to clarify how those interactions, particularly between the macro and micro factors, operate.Peer reviewe
Towards memory supporting personal information management tools

In this article we discuss re-retrieving personal information objects and relate the task to recovering from lapse(s) in memory. We propose that fundamentally it is lapses in memory that impede users from successfully re-finding the information they need. Our hypothesis is that by learning more about memory lapses in non-computing contexts and how people cope and recover from these lapses, we can better inform the design of PIM tools and improve the user's ability to re-access and re-use objects. We describe a diary study that investigates the everyday memory problems of 25 people from a wide range of backgrounds. Based on the findings, we present a series of principles that we hypothesize will improve the design of personal information management tools. This hypothesis is validated by an evaluation of a tool for managing personal photographs, which was designed with respect to our findings. The evaluation suggests that users' performance when re-finding objects can be improved by building personal information management tools to support characteristics of human memory
Understanding student information behavior in relation to electronic information services: lessons from longitudinal monitoring and evaluation Part 1

Rowley, J.&amp; Urquhart, C. (2007). Understanding student information behavior in relation to electronic information services: lessons from longitudinal monitoring and evaluation Part 1. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 58(8), 1162-1174. Sponsorship: JISCThis two part article establishes a model of the mediating factors that influence student information behavior concerning electronic or digital information sources that support their learning. The first part reviews the literature that underpinned the development of the research methodology for the JISC User Behavior Monitoring and Evaluation Framework, as well as the literature that has subsequently helped to develop the model over the five years the Framework operated in the UK, in five cycles of research that were adjusted to meet the emerging needs of the JISC (Joint Information Systems Committee) at the time. The literature review attempts to synthesize the two main perspectives in the research studies: 1) small scale studies of student information behavior; and 2) the studies that focus on the quantitative usage of particular electronic information services in universities, often including implications for training and support. As the review indicates, there are gaps in the evidence concerning the browsing and selection strategies of undergraduate students, and the interaction of some of the mediating influences on information behavior. The Framework developed a multi-method, qualitative and quantitative, methodology for the continued monitoring of user behavior. The paper discusses the methods used and the project management challenges involved. Concludes that intended impacts need to be specified carefully at the outset, and that a longitudinal study needs committed funding at the outset. A research project on information behavior, intended to inform current policymaking on infrastructure provision is inherently difficult as behavior changes lag behind provision.Peer reviewe
Visualizing the Marrow of Science

Moya-Anegón, F., Vargas-Quesada, B., Chinchilla-Rodríguez, Z., Corera-Álvarez, E., González-Molina, A., Muñoz-Fernández, F. J., Herrero-Solana, V. Visualizing the Marrow of Science. Journal of The American Society for Information Science and Technology, 58 (14): 2167-2179 December  2007This study proposes a new methodology that allows for the generation of scientograms of major scientific domains, constructed on the basis of cocitation of ISI categories, and pruned using Pathfinder Network, with a layout determined by algorithms of the spring-embedder type (Kamada-Kawai), then corroborated structurally by Factor analysis. We present the complete scientogram of the world for the year 2002. It integrates the natural sciences, the social sciences, arts and humanities. Its basic structure and the essential relationships therein are revealed, allowing us to analyze at the same time the macrostructure, microstructure and marrow of worldwide scientific output.This work was made possible by public financing through the project PN I+D+I: SEJ2004-08358-CO2-01/SOC.Peer reviewe
Quantifying Scholarly Impact: IQp versus the Hirsch h

Hirsch's (2005) h index of scholarly output has generated substantial interest and wide acceptance because of its apparent ability to quantify scholarly impact simply and accurately. We show that the excitement surrounding h is premature for three reasons: h stagnates with increasing scientific age; it is highly dependent on publication quantity as well as field-specific citation rates. Thus, it is not useful for comparing scholars across disciplines. We propose the scholarly Index of Quality and Productivity (IQp) as an alternative to h. The new index takes into account a scholar's total impact and also corrects for field-specific citation rates, scholarly productivity, and scientific age. The IQp accurately predicts group membership on a common metric, as tested on a sample of 80 scholars from three populations: (a) Nobel winners in Physics (n=10), Chemistry (n=10), Medicine (n=10), and Economics (n=10), and towering Psychologists (n=10), and scholars who have made more modest contributions to science including randomly selected (b) fellows (n=15) and (c) members (n=15) of the Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. The IQp also correlates better with expert ratings of greatness than does the h index
The citation advantage of open-access articles

This article published was published in the journal, Journal of the American Society for Information Science [© 2008 ASIS&T] and the definitive version is available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1532-2890Four subjects, ecology, applied mathematics, sociology and economics, were selected to assess whether there is a citation advantage between journal articles that have an open access (OA) version on the Internet compared to those articles that are exclusively toll access (TA). Citations were counted using the Web of Science and the OA status of articles was determined by searching OAIster, OpenDOAR, Google and Google Scholar. Of a sample of 4633 articles examined, 2280 (49%) were OA and had a mean citation count of 9.04, whereas the mean for TA articles was 5.76. There appears to be a clear citation advantage for those articles that are OA as opposed to those that are TA. This advantage, however, varies between disciplines, with sociology having the highest citation advantage but the lowest number of OA articles from the sample taken and ecology having the highest individual citation count for OA articles but the smallest citation advantage. Tests of correlation or association between OA status and a number of variables were generally found to be weak or inconsistent. The cause of this citation advantage has not been determined
Using information behaviors to evaluate the functionality and usability of electronic resources: From Ellis's model to evaluation

Information behavior (IB) research involves examining how people look for and use information, often with the sole purpose of gaining insights into the behavior displayed. However, it is also possible to examine IB with the purpose of using the insights gained to design new tools or improve the design of existing tools to support information seeking and use. This approach is advocated by David Ellis who, over two decades ago, presented a model of information seeking behaviors and made suggestions for how electronic tools might be designed to support these behaviors. Ellis also recognized that IBs might be used as the basis for evaluating as well as designing electronic resources. In this article, we present the IB evaluation methods. These two novel methods, based on an extension of Ellis's model, use the empirically observed IBs of lawyers as a framework for structuring user-centered evaluations of the functionality and usability of electronic resources. In this article, we present the IB methods and illustrate their use through the discussion of two examples. We also discuss benefits and limitations, grounded in specific features of the methods
Information Resources in High-Energy Physics: Surveying the Present Landscape and Charting the Future Course

Access to previous results is of paramount importance in the scientific process. Recent progress in information management focuses on building e-infrastructures for the optimization of the research workflow, through both policy-driven and user-pulled dynamics. For decades, High-Energy Physics (HEP) has pioneered innovative solutions in the field of information management and dissemination. In light of a transforming information environment, it is important to assess the current usage of information resources by researchers and HEP provides a unique test-bed for this assessment. A survey of about 10% of practitioners in the field reveals usage trends and information needs. Community-based services, such as the pioneering arXiv and SPIRES systems, largely answer the need of the scientists, with a limited but increasing fraction of younger users relying on Google. Commercial services offered by publishers or database vendors are essentially unused in the field. The survey offers an insight into the most important features that users require to optimize their research workflow. These results inform the future evolution of information management in HEP and, as these researchers are traditionally "early adopters" of innovation in scholarly communication, can inspire developments of disciplinary repositories serving other communities
The multilayered nature of reference selection

Why authors choose some references in preference to others is a question that is still not wholly answered despite its being of interest to scientists. The relevance of references is twofold: They are a mechanism for tracing the evolution of science, and because they enhance the image of the cited authors, citations are a widely known and used indicator of scientific endeavor. Following an extensive review of the literature, we selected all papers that seek to answer the central question and demonstrate that the existing theories are not sufficient: Neither citation nor indicator theory provides a complete and convincing answer. Some perspectives in this arena remain, which are isolated from the core literature. The purpose of this article is to offer a fresh perspective on a 30-year-old problem by extending the context of the discussion. We suggest reviving the discussion about citation theories with a new perspective, that of the readers, by layers or phases, in the final choice of references, allowing for a new classification in which any paper, to date, could be included.Publicad
A study and comparison of multimedia Web searching : 1997-2006

Searching for multimedia is an important activity for users of Web search engines. Studying user's interactions with Web search engine multimedia buttons, including image, audio, and video, is important for the development of multimedia Web search systems. This article provides results from a Weblog analysis study of multimedia Web searching by Dogpile users in 2006. The study analyzes the (a) duration, size, and structure of Web search queries and sessions; (b) user demographics; (c) most popular multimedia Web searching terms; and (d) use of advanced Web search techniques including Boolean and natural language. The current study findings are compared with results from previous multimedia Web searching studies. The key findings are: (a) Since 1997, image search consistently is the dominant media type searched followed by audio and video; (b) multimedia search duration is still short (>50% of searching episodes are <1 min), using few search terms; (c) many multimedia searches are for information about people, especially in audio search; and (d) multimedia search has begun to shift from entertainment to other categories such as medical, sports, and technology (based on the most repeated terms). Implications for design of Web multimedia search engines are discussed
Disorderly Reasoning in Information Design

The importance of information visualization as a means  of transforming data into visual, understandable form is  now embraced across university campuses and research  institutes world-wide. Yet, the role of designers in this  field of activity is often overlooked by the dominant scientific  and technological interests in data visualization,  and a corporate culture reliant on off-the-shelf visualization  tools. This article is an attempt to describe the value  of design thinking in information visualization with reference  to Horst Rittel's (1988) definition of "disorderly  reasoning," and to frame design as a critical act of  translating between scientific, technical, and aesthetic  interests.Full Tex
Positional Effects on Citation and Readership in arXiv

arXiv.org mediates contact with the literature for entire scholarly
communities, both through provision of archival access and through daily email
and web announcements of new materials, potentially many screenlengths long. We
confirm and extend a surprising correlation between article position in these
initial announcements, ordered by submission time, and later citation impact,
due primarily to intentional "self-promotion" on the part of authors. A pure
"visibility" effect was also present: the subset of articles accidentally in
early positions fared measurably better in the long-term citation record than
those lower down. Astrophysics articles announced in position 1, for example,
overall received a median number of citations 83\% higher, while those there
accidentally had a 44\% visibility boost. For two large subcommunities of
theoretical high energy physics, hep-th and hep-ph articles announced in
position 1 had median numbers of citations 50\% and 100\% larger than for
positions 5--15, and the subsets there accidentally had visibility boosts of
38\% and 71\%.
  We also consider the positional effects on early readership. The median
numbers of early full text downloads for astro-ph, hep-th, and hep-ph articles
announced in position 1 were 82\%, 61\%, and 58\% higher than for lower
positions, respectively, and those there accidentally had medians
visibility-boosted by 53\%, 44\%, and 46\%. Finally, we correlate a variety of
readership features with long-term citations, using machine learning methods,
thereby extending previous results on the predictive power of early readership
in a broader context. We conclude with some observations on impact metrics and
dangers of recommender mechanisms.Comment: 28 pages, to appear in JASIS
Cognitive economy and satisficing in information seeking : a longitudinal study of undergraduate information behavior.

This article reports on a longitudinal study of information seeking by undergraduate information management students. It describes how they found and used information, and explores their motivation and decision making. We employed a use-in-context approach where students were observed conducting, and were interviewed about, information-seeking tasks carried out during their academic work. We found that participants were reluctant to engage with a complex range of information sources, preferring to use the Internet. The main driver for progress in information seeking was the immediate demands of their work (e.g., assignments). Students used their growing expertise to justify a conservative information strategy, retaining established strategies as far as possible and completing tasks with minimum information-seeking effort. The time cost of using library material limited the uptake of such resources. New methods for discovering and selecting information were adopted only when immediately relevant to the task at hand, and tasks were generally chosen or interpreted in ways that minimized the need to develop new strategies. Students were driven by the demands of the task to use different types of information resources, but remained reluctant to move beyond keyword searches, even when they proved ineffective. They also lacked confidence in evaluating the relative usefulness of resources. Whereas existing literature on satisficing has focused on stopping conditions, this work has highlighted a richer repertoire of satisficing behaviors
Human assessments of document similarity

Two studies are reported that examined the reliability of human assessments of document similarity and the association between human ratings and the results of n-gram automatic text analysis (ATA). Human interassessor reliability (IAR) was moderate to poor. However, correlations between average human ratings and n-gram solutions were strong. The average correlation between ATA and individual human solutions was greater than IAR. N-gram length influenced the strength of association, but optimum string length depended on the nature of the text (technical vs. nontechnical). We conclude that the methodology applied in previous studies may have led to overoptimistic views on human reliability, but that an optimal n-gram solution can provide a good approximation of the average human assessment of document similarity, a result that has important implications for future development of document visualization systems
Mapping the temporal evolution of scientific community structures

We present results from tracking the temporal evolution of community structures within a research specialty. This extends our previous work in which we generated static community maps that combine co‐author networks and direct citation networks derived from 20‐years of publications in the research specialty. Here, we explore how the temporal evolution of these maps can be used to provide insights into the historical evolution of a field as well as extract more accurate snapshots of the community structures at a given point in time. Such time resolved mappings are an important component in our mixed method approach that integrates network analysis with ethnographic field studies to investigate field‐specific communication and collaboration behaviors in scientific communities (Velden & Lagoze 2013). Evaluating these maps in qualitative interviews with field experts will be the next step in our research
Last but not Least: Additional Positional Effects on Citation and
  Readership in arXiv

We continue investigation of the effect of position in announcements of newly
received articles, a single day artifact, with citations received over the
course of ensuing years. Earlier work [arXiv:0907.4740, arXiv:0805.0307]
focused on the "visibility" effect for positions near the beginnings of
announcements, and on the "self-promotion" effect associated to authors
intentionally aiming for these positions, with both found correlated to a later
enhanced citation rate. Here we consider a "reverse-visibility" effect for
positions near the ends of announcements, and on a "procrastination" effect
associated to submissions made within the 20 minute period just before the
daily deadline. For two large subcommunities of theoretical high energy
physics, we find a clear "reverse-visibility" effect, in which articles near
the ends of the lists receive a boost in both short-term readership and
long-term citations, almost comparable in size to the "visibility" effect
documented earlier. For one of those subcommunities, we find an additional
"procrastination" effect, in which last position articles submitted shortly
before the deadline have an even higher citation rate than those that land more
accidentally in that position. We consider and eliminate geographic effects as
responsible for the above, and speculate on other possible causes, including
"oblivious" and "nightowl" effects.Comment: 13p, appeared JASIST on-line first (12 Oct 2010
References made and citations received by scientific articles

This article studies massive evidence about references
made and citations received after a 5-year citation window
by 3.7 million articles published in 1998 to 2002 in
22 scientific fields. We find that the distributions of references
made and citations received share a number of
basic features across sciences. Reference distributions
are rather skewed to the right while citation distributions
are even more highly skewed:The mean is about 20
percentage points to the right of the median, and articles
with a remarkable or an outstanding number of citations
represent about 9% of the total. Moreover, the existence
of a power law representing the upper tail of citation distributions
cannot be rejected in 17 fields whose articles
represent 74.7% of the total. Contrary to the evidence in
other contexts, the value of the scale parameter is above
3.5 in 13 of the 17 cases. Finally, power laws are typically
small, but capture a considerable proportion of the total
citations receivedEuropean Community's Seventh Framework ProgramPublicad