pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the entheseal changes of the os coxae of Portuguese males (19th-20th centuries) with known occupation

The possible association between entheseal changes and activity has been widely
studied. However many questions remain. This study aims to assess if occupation and
physical activity influences the age at which entheseal changes appear in the iliac crest,
retroauricular area, iliac tuberosity, ischial tuberosity and obturator foramen. Absence
or presence of ossification exostosis and stress lesions was recorded in os coxae from
130 males (19 to 88 years old) from Lisbon and Coimbra identified skeletal collections.
The individuals were divided into two groups, based upon to the recorded occupations:
manual (n = 69) and non-manual (n = 61). The sample was also divided according to an
osteological indicator of physical activity: the femur robusticity index (55 are robust
and 54 are gracile femora). The individuals from manual and robust groups were
considered to have had physically demanding occupations, while the non-manual and
gracile groups represent individuals with less demanding activities. The asymmetry of
entheseal changes between left and right sides of the same individuals was tested with a
Chi-square test. And the influence of occupation and physical activities on the age of
appearance of entheseal changes were tested using logistic regression. Statistically
significant asymmetry was not found between left and right bones (p <0.05). However,
for the logistic regression calculations the only valid result was obtained for the
ossification exostosis on the iliac crest for the measure of femoral robusticity. For the
iliac crest, physical activity did not influence the appearance of ossification exostosis. It
was not possible to obtain valid logistic regression models, probably due to the
distribution of individuals in each occupational and robusticity category. Therefore it
was not possible to assess the influence of occupation and physical activity on the age at
which entheseal changes appeared for retroauricular area, iliac tuberosity, ischial
tuberosity and obturator foramen
Morphological characteristics of healthy and osteoarthritic joint surfaces in archaeological skeletons.\ud

Osteoarthritis is a major health concern in living populations, as well as being one of the most common pathological lesions identified in the archaeological record. The aetiology of the disease remains unclear, with a multi-factorial influence of physical strain, age, genetics, and obesity. Previous studies have identified a relationship between the presence of knee osteoarthritis on the distal femoral joint and the morphology of the intercondylar notch, patellar groove, and medial condyle. The current study expands this research to investigate the relationship between distal femoral, distal humeral, and proximal ulnar joint morphology and osteoarthritis with 3D shape analysis techniques. These methods provide a more detailed analysis of joint morphology in order to determine any relationship between 3D shape and osteoarthritis. The results indicate a complex relationship between joint shape and knee osteoarthritis, with eburnated right femora showing a statistically significant association. The shapes associated with eburnated or affected femoral joints can be explained by osteophyte development, and therefore likely represent systematic shape changes and not a particular joint shape predisposing individuals to the condition. There was no identifiable relationship found in the proximal ulna or distal humerus, indicating that joint shape is unlikely to influence the development of the condition in the elbow joint and that any shape changes produced by osteoarthritis are not systematic or quantifiable. The joints analysed in this study were highly influenced by asymmetry, sexual dimorphism, and allometry, resulting in a small sample size of affected joints in many datasets. Further analyses of large skeletal samples are needed to more thoroughly investigate the possible relationship of distal femoral joint shape and osteoarthritis
Zooarchaeological and Stable Isotopic Assessments on Pinniped-Human Relations in the Beagle Channel (Tierra del Fuego, Southern South America)

Recent zooarchaeological investigations in the Beagle Channel region have shown long-term variations characterised by a high inter-taxonomic dominance of pinnipeds during the first moments of the archaeological  sequence (ca 6400 BP) at the Túnel Locality and a decrease in the relative importance of this resource and a diversification of subsistence in that place since 5500 BP. Two possible explanations for these variations are evaluated: (i) variations in foraging habits of pinnipeds that would lead to changes in the degree of predictability or access to the resource and (ii) a reduction in resource availability because of increased human predation pressure. To analyse these arguments, this paper presents and discusses the results of an analysis of stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) from collagen samples of South American fur seals  (Arctocephalus australis) and representations of age and size of pinnipeds in the archaeological record of  Túnel. Stable isotope analyses suggest that there were variations in the foraging behaviour of southern fur  seals at the same time that zooarchaeological analyses record decreases of the ages and sizes of the hunted  prey. On the basis of these results, an increase of hunter?gatherer predation pressure on pinnipeds to the Middle?Late Holocene in southern South America is suggested.     Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Fil: Zangrando, Atilio Francisco Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Cientificas; Argentina;Fil: Panarello, Hector Osvaldo. Consejo Nacional de Invest.cientif.y Tecnicas. Oficina de Coordinacion Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geocronologia y Geologia Isotopica (i); Argentina;Fil: Piana, Ernesto Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Cientificas; Argentina
A palaeopathological assessment of the late 19th and early 20th century Khoesan

Since the arrival of Dutch colonists in the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, Khoesan populations were subjectedto severe political and economic marginalisation and often fell prey to racial conﬂict. These circumstancespersisted until the early 20th century, during which an astonishing number of Khoesan skeletons weretransported from South Africa to various locations in Europe, as at the time, different institutions competed toobtain these remains. The purpose of this study was to assess the health status of the late 19th and early 20thcentury Khoesan. Skeletal remains housed in two different European institutions were studied. The samplecomprised 140 specimens from the Rudolf Pöch Skeletal Collection in Vienna, Austria, and 15 specimens fromthe Musée de l’Homme in Paris, France. These individuals represent both sexes and were aged betweennewborn and 75 years, with 54 being younger than 20 years of age. Results indicated high levels of typicaldisease conditions associated with groups under stress, such as periostitis, cribra orbitalia and porotichyperostosis. Treponemal disease, rickets, osteoarthritis and trauma were also encountered amongst other morespeciﬁc indicators of health and disease. This study provided additional knowledge on the health status and livesof the Khoesan people during this turbulent period and created new awareness regarding a group of severelymistreated individualsSANPAD and the research of M.
 Steyn is funded by the National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1099-12122017-03-31hb2017Anatom
Elder abuse : evaluating the potentials and problems of diagnosis in the archaeological record.

The elderly are the most neglected demographic in archaeology. In today's youth-obsessed society, the elderly are consistently denigrated, particularly those perceived to be physically or mentally frail. A related and growing concern in contemporary populations is the physical abuse of the elderly, believed to be an escalating phenomenon. This study is the first to examine the risk factors, social context and patterns of trauma associated with elder abuse in the present, with the aim of providing diagnostic criteria to apply to past societies. The utility of skeletal evidence in the identification of violent trauma has been detailed in cases of child and intimate partner abuse, both modern and archaeological. Investigating the skeletal evidence for elder abuse is potentially more complex because of the confounding physiological effects of the ageing process, lack of clinical research and contemporary ageist attitudes towards older people. Within the clinical and bioarchaeological literature, there has been a tendency to dismiss injuries in older individuals as the product of accident or opportunistic violence. A proportion of elder members of past societies is likely to have been victims of abuse and family violence. While there are no pathognomonic skeletal features of elder abuse, multiple injuries to the bones of the following are indicative: cranium, maxilla-facial region, dentition, cervical vertebrae, clavicles, ribs and spiral fractures to the humeri. Attention is also drawn to decubiti as indirect skeletal indicators of immobility and possibly neglect. Archaeological context is important to consider, including non-normative burials or those indicating social marginalisation. Bioarchaeological evidence has the potential to provide a long-term perspective on the care and treatment of past elders
Chinese indentured mine labour and the dangers associated with early 20th century deep-level mining on the Witwatersrand gold mines, South Africa

Trauma analysis in archaeological human remains can aid our understanding of cultural practices, socioeconomic
status, environmental and social conditions, and even aspects of a person’s occupation. For this
reason, fracture patterns and frequencies can be useful in making inferences about the environment people
lived and worked in. This is especially true for the 20th century mining industry where unskilled migrant
labourers were often subjected to harsh working and living conditions. In this study, the skeletal remains of
36 Chinese indentured mine labourers, who worked and died on the Witwatersrand mines, South Africa,
during the period AD 1904–1910, were assessed for evidence of trauma. Historical information suggests that
these indentured Chinese labourers were unfamiliar with the workings of deep-level mines and as a result
sustained many work-related injuries. Analyses suggest low frequencies of ante-mortem trauma. In the few
instances where they occurred, these healed fractures most probably reflect injuries already sustained in
China, some time before Chinese indentured employment on the Witwatersrand mines. A high frequency of
traumatic lesions, specifically peri-mortem fractures, however, suggests a drastic shift in their working
environment attesting to the hazardous working conditions associated with deep-level mining in the early
20th century.National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1099-12122017-07-30hb2016Anatom
The New ‘Coimbra Method’: A Biologically Appropriate Method for Recording Specific Features of Fibrocartilaginous Entheseal Changes

A working group was established in 2009 during a workshop in Coimbra, Portugal to review the various methodologies used to record entheseal changes (EC), and develop a standardized system to facilitate comparisons across studies. This paper presents the first results of the “Coimbra method”; a new qualitative method for recording fibrocartilaginous entheses based on the types of changes observed.
Materials and Methods: The new method divides the enthesis into a margin (only the area opposite the acute angle of fibre attachment) and surface (which also includes the remaining margin). Five features are recorded: bone formation, erosion, fine porosity, macroporosity, and cavitation. A total of 67 male skeletons from the identified SIMON collection, Geneva, Switzerland all of whom were manual workers and aged between 20 and 79 years, were used for this study. Six skeletons were used by the authors as exemplars to determine standard criteria for recording each change. Thirty male skeletons were selected to test intra- and inter-observer error of the new method. An additional 31 skeletons were used for a preliminary test of the relationship between EC and age, using exploratory statistics and ordinal regression.
Results: Intra- and inter-observer error had a similar percentage agreement of around 70%. The exploratory statistics indicated a general trend for increased scores of each feature with age, but ordinal regression demonstrated that this was not statistically significant (p<0.05) for all features.
Discussion: The recording method is repeatable for some entheses. The effect of the ageing process is dependent on enthesis and EC feature. Unlike most methods, the “Coimbra method” records EC features in detail; this has the advantage of allowing studies of the relationship between different EC and age, as well as sex and occupation. Further studies on larger identified skeletal collections are needed to test the effect of age, sex and occupation.
An osteobiography of a 19th-century dog from Toronto, Canada

A 19th-century dog burial uncovered from a historical homelot in Toronto, Canada, provided a unique opportunity to reconstruct the individual's osteobiography. Of particular interest are the dog's very large size and a suite of skeletal pathologies. Recovery of a nearly complete skeleton combined with the use of X-rays and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) allowed for a discriminating differential diagnoses. Stable isotope analyses were applied to investigate questions of diet. Results reveal an individual who suffered greatly from disease towards the end of his life and hint at its owners attitudes towards dogs. The interdisciplinary approach applied to this case study highlights the potential information obtainable from pet burials. We argue that better analyses and reporting of pet burials will help address research questions targeting broader themes related to human–animal relationships.This work was made possible by a fellowship to the lead author from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.Peer-reviewedPost-prin
The use of animal bone as fuel in the third millennium BC walled enclosure of Castanheiro do Vento (Northern Portugal)

Experiments on fire manipulation of bones as fuel demonstrated that animal bones are effective in the act of maintaining lasting combustion. These experiments are almost always applied to the studies in hunter-gather societies in prehistory, even though the use of bones as fuel is also known in historical times. Based on data and models resulting from these recent experiments, both in laboratory and in real hearths, I tested the hypothesis of the use of animal bone as fuel in the third/second millennium BC walled enclosure of Castanheiro do Vento, in northern Portugal. The faunal assemblage shows some specific characteristics such as a very low percentage of identifiable material and close to 90% of charred bones with a very high index of fragmentation I link the faunal analysis with the results of some experiments recently published. These experiments show the particularities of bone fuel combustion, specifically used in certain activities. Nevertheless, the interpretation of these activities in Castanheiro do Vento is difficult to achieve because of the preliminary state of the investigations. As an additional problem, the available interpretations in the literature concern mostly hunter-gather, and models do not take into account the complex societies of the third/second millennium BC. Copyright (c) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Dedicated followers of fashion? Bioarchaeological perspectives on socio-economic status, inequality, and health in urban children from the Industrial Revolution (18th-19th C), England.

The 18th and 19th centuries in England were characterised by a period of increasing industrialisation of its urban centres. It was also one of widening social and health inequalities between the rich and the poor. Childhood is well-documented as being a stage in the life course during which the body is particularly sensitive to adverse socio-economic environments. This study therefore aims to examine the relationship between health and wealth through a comprehensive skeletal analysis of a sample of 403 children (0–17 years), of varying socio-economic status, from four cemetery sites in London (c.1712–1854).\ud
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Measurements of long bone diaphyseal length, cortical thickness, vertebral neural canal size, and the prevalence of a range of pathological indicators of health stress were recorded from the Chelsea Old Church (high status), St Benet Sherehog (middle status), Bow Baptist (middle status), and Cross Bones (low status) skeletal collections.\ud
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Children from the low status Cross Bones site demonstrated deficient growth values, as expected. However, those from the high status site of Chelsea Old Church also demonstrated poor growth values during infancy. Fashionable child-care practices (e.g. the use of artificial infant feeds and keeping children indoors) may have contributed to poor infant health amongst high status groups. However, differing health risks in the lower status group revealed the existence of substantial health inequality in London at this time
The First Record of a Pre-Columbian Domestic Dog (Canis lupus familiaris) in Brazil

Archaeological excavations of the PSG-07 earthen mound at Pontal da Barra in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil have revealed the earliest known evidence for the presence of domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) in Brazil. This is the first reported pre-Columbian example in the country. Analysis of morphology, morphometry, and dental enamel laminae identified a left maxillary molar 1, left maxillary molar 2 and attached fragments of the maxilla of C. l. familiaris. A direct radiocarbon date on a fragment of the maxilla provided an age range between 1701 and 1526 cal BP (2σ). This is within the range of other dates for the site, which indicate intermittent occupation between 2024 and 1027 cal BP (2σ). Data from carbon isotope analysis indicates a potential marine diet. However, nitrogen isotope analysis values are lower than expected for a marine diet. The sparse records of pre-Columbian C.  l. familiaris in the region emphasise the importance of the present work
Towards a best practice for the use of active non-contact surface scanning to record human skeletal remains from archaeological contexts.

Active surface scanners emit light or a laser stripe to record the exterior surface of an object or landscape, providing results in three dimensions. The use of active surface scanners to record anthropological and archaeological contexts has increased within the last few years, creating a number of sub-contexts within these disciplines, and allowing a further development of certain applications, such as quantitative analysis, the use of replicas in education and museums, and the creation of digital databases archived in institutions. However with guidance, this paper aims to assess the advantages and disadvantages of active surface scanning and the potential for research with regards to the recording and analysis of human skeletal remains. The key advantages and uses identified include: quantitative digitisation, geometric morphometric studies, conservation, preservation, documentation, and reconstruction. However, surface scanning also has some limitations, including: cost, technological expertise, the need for a power source, computing requirements, and data size. Overall, the application of active surface scanning technology to archaeological skeletal remains will provide a vital digital archive that will serve to preserve the integrity of this fragile and finite resource for future generations. This is particularly important within the current developer-funded environment in which many skeletal collections, including those yielding unique or unusual pathological or morphological features, are re-buried, with only very limited time for analysis
Human-Aided Movement of Viral Disease and the Archaeology of Avian Osteopetrosis

The term avian osteopetrosis is used to describe alterations to the skeletal elements of several species of domestic bird, most typically the chicken, Gallus gallus domesticus (L. 1758). Such lesions are routinely identified in animal bones from archaeological sites due to their distinctive appearance, which is characterised by proliferative diaphyseal thickening. These lesions are relatively uncomplicated for specialists to differentially diagnose and are caused by a range of avian leucosis viruses in a series of subgroups. Only some avian leucosis viruses cause the development of such characteristic lesions in osteological tissue. Viraemia is necessary for the formation of skeletal pathology, and avian osteopetrosis lesions affect skeletal elements at different rates. Lesion expression differs by the age and sex of the infected individual, and environmental conditions have an impact on the prevalence of avian leucosis viruses in poultry flocks. These factors have implications for the ways in which diagnosed instances of avian osteopetrosis in archaeological assemblages are interpreted. By integrating veterinary research with archaeological evidence for the presence of avian leucosis viruses across Western Europe, this paper discusses the nature of these pathogens, outlines criteria for differential diagnosis, and offers a fresh perspective on the human‐aided movement of animal disease in the past through investigation of the incidence and geographic distribution of avian osteopetrosis lesions from the first century BC to the post‐medieval period.Peer-reviewedPublisher Versio
Vanishing carnivores: what can the disappearance of large carnivores tell us about the Neanderthal world?

This paper examines the relationship between the extinction of carnivores and the disappearance of the Neanderthals. The Iberian Peninsula, as the westernmost point of Eurasia, is the key for an understanding of either the replacement or the continuity of hominids. Cave bear evolutionary history shares some trends with that of the Neanderthals. This means that most of the causes cited to explain the disappearance of Neanderthals have some implications that are linked with this carnivore’s history. Some of the causes for the extinction of both are presented together and discussed. We analyse the contrast between the evidence from both central Europe and the Iberian Peninsula, which suggests a cause different from mere climatic stress for the extinction. The problems of the Iberian archaeological record are revised and we stress the need for a large European research programme to verify the data
Wild or Domestic? Biometric Variation in the Cat Felis silvestris Schreber

Investigation of modern biometric data indicates that it may be possible to distinguish wildcats from house cats in many instances. Applying the log-ratio (log-difference) technique to archaeological samples from medieval northern Europe, and to mixed samples of wildcats and house cats, shows that the differentiation may not always be clear, and the possibility that some samples include hybrids is discussed. The technique is applied to samples from the Orkney Islands to demonstrate that single wildcat specimens can be identified in small samples. Copyright (C) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd