pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Dissipation and mixing during the onset of stratification in a temperate lake, Windermere

Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers and chains of temperature sensors were used to observe the spring transition to stable stratification over a 55-d period in a temperate lake. Observations of the flow structure were complemented by measurements of dissipation, based on the structure function method, near the lake bed and in the upper part of the water column. During complete vertical mixing, wind-driven motions had horizontally isotropic velocities with roughly equal barotropic and baroclinic kinetic energy. Dissipation was closely correlated with the wind-speed cubed, indicating law of the wall scaling, and had peak values of â�¼ 1 Ã� 10â��5.5 W kgâ��1 at ten meters depth during maximum wind forcing (W â�¼ 15 m sâ��1). As stratification developed, the flow evolved into a predominantly baroclinic regime dominated by the first mode internal seiche, with root mean square axial flow speeds of â�¼ 2â��3 cmâ��1; â�¼ 2.5â��times the transverse component. At 2.8 m above the bed, most of the dissipation occurred in a number of strong maxima coinciding with peaks of near-bed flow. In the pycnocline, dissipation was low most of the time, but with pronounced maxima (reaching â�¼ 1 Ã� 10â��5 W kgâ��1) closely related to the local velocity shear. The downward diffusive heat flux across the pycnocline over 27.5 d accounted for â�¼ 70% of the temperature rise in the water column below. Total lake kinetic energy increased by a factor of three between mixed and stratified regimes, in spite of reduced wind forcing, indicating less efficient damping in stable conditions
The Spatial Variation of the Cooling Lines in the Reflection Nebula
  NGC7023

Context: The north-west photo-dissociation region (PDR) in the reflection
nebula NGC 7023 displays a complex structure. Filament-like condensations at
the edge of the cloud can be traced via the emission of the main cooling lines,
offering a great opportunity to study the link between the morphology and
energetics of these regions. Aims: We study the spatial variation of the
far-infrared fine-structure lines of [C II] (158 um) and [O I] (63 and 145 um).
These lines trace the local gas conditions across the PDR. Methods: We used
observations from the Herschel/PACS instrument to map the spatial distribution
of these fine-structure lines. The observed region covers a square area of
about 110" x 110" with an angular resolution that varies from 4" to 11". We
compared this emission with ground-based and Spitzer observations of H2 lines,
Herschel/SPIRE observations of CO lines, and Spitzer/IRAC 3.6 um images that
trace the emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Results: The [C II]
(158 um) and [O I] (63 and 145 um) lines arise from the warm cloud surface
where the PDR is located and the gas is warm, cooling the region. We find that
although the relative contribution to the cooling budget over the observed
region is dominated by [O I]63 um (>30%), H2 contributes significantly in the
PDR (35%), as does [C II]158 um outside the PDR (30%). Other species contribute
little to the cooling ([O I]145 um 9%, and CO 4%). The [O I] maps resolve these
condensations into two structures and show that the peak of [O I] is slightly
displaced from the molecular H2 emission. The size of these structures is about
8" (0.015 pc) and in surface cover about 9% of the PDR emission. Finally, we
did not detect emission from [N II]122 um, suggesting that the cavity is mostly
filled with non-ionised gas.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures, 1 Tabl
Towards (3+1) gravity through Drinfel'd doubles with cosmological
  constant

We present the generalisation to (3+1) dimensions of a quantum deformation of
the (2+1) (Anti)-de Sitter and Poincar\'e Lie algebras that is compatible with
the conditions imposed by the Chern-Simons formulation of (2+1) gravity. Since
such compatibility is automatically fulfilled by deformations coming from
Drinfel'd double structures, we believe said structures are worth being
analysed also in the (3+1) scenario as a possible guiding principle towards the
description of (3+1) gravity. To this aim, a canonical classical $r$-matrix
arising from a Drinfel'd double structure for the three (3+1) Lorentzian
algebras is obtained. This $r$-matrix turns out to be a twisted version of the
one corresponding to the (3+1) $\kappa$-deformation, and the main properties of
its associated noncommutative spacetime are analysed. In particular, it is
shown that this new quantum spacetime is not isomorphic to the
$\kappa$-Minkowski one, and that the isotropy of the quantum space coordinates
can be preserved through a suitable change of basis of the quantum algebra
generators. Throughout the paper the cosmological constant appears as an
explicit parameter, thus allowing the (flat) Poincar\'e limit to be
straightforwardly obtained.Comment: 12 pages. References and comments added. One misprint correcte
Quantum cluster algebras and quantum nilpotent algebras

A major direction in the theory of cluster algebras is to construct (quantum)
cluster algebra structures on the (quantized) coordinate rings of various
families of varieties arising in Lie theory. We prove that all algebras in a
very large axiomatically defined class of noncommutative algebras possess
canonical quantum cluster algebra structures. Furthermore, they coincide with
the corresponding upper quantum cluster algebras. We also establish analogs of
these results for a large class of Poisson nilpotent algebras. Many important
families of coordinate rings are subsumed in the class we are covering, which
leads to a broad range of application of the general results to the above
mentioned types of problems. As a consequence, we prove the
Berenstein--Zelevinsky conjecture for the quantized coordinate rings of double
Bruhat cells and construct quantum cluster algebra structures on all quantum
unipotent groups, extending the theorem of Gei\ss, Leclerc and Schr\"oer for
the case of symmetric Kac--Moody groups. Moreover, we prove that the upper
cluster algebras of Berenstein, Fomin and Zelevinsky associated to double
Bruhat cells coincide with the corresponding cluster algebras
Topological susceptibility near $T_{c}$ in SU(3) gauge theory

Topological charge susceptibility $\chi_{t}$ for pure gauge SU(3) theory at
finite temperature is studied using anisotropic lattices. The over-improved
stout-link smoothing method is utilized to calculate the topological charge.
Near the phase transition point we find a rapid declining behavior for
$\chi_{t}$ with values decreasing from $(188(1)\mathrm{MeV})^{4}$ to
$(67(3)\mathrm{MeV})^{4}$ as the temperature increased from zero temperature to
$1.9T_{c}$ which demonstrates the existence of topological excitations far
above $T_{c}$. The 4th order cumulant $c_4$ of topological charge, as well as
the ratio $c_4/\chi_t$ are also investigated. Results of $c_4$ show step-like
behavior near $T_c$ while the ratio at high temperature agrees with the value
as predicted by the diluted instanton gas model.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures;version accepted by PLB one reference adde
Materials Handling Vehicles :
                    Policy Framework for an Emerging Fuel Cell Market

?? 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Canadian Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Association. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND licenseThere are several challenges to wide-spread commercialisation of the technology hydrogen fuel-cell technology; including reliability and cost implications, infrastructure requirements, and safety aspects of the upcoming technology. Targeted policy initiatives are required to address two significant bottlenecks; reliability and cost constraints. Such policy measures and financial mechanisms providing incentives for manufacturers and end-users of the novel technology create an initial impetus for the introduction of the forthcoming technology into the market place. The current approach, policy mechanisms and their impacts are reviewed in the context of demonstration projects, deploying material handling equipment, involving public-private initiatives
A super-Jupiter orbiting a late-type star : a refined analysis of microlensing event OGLE-2012-BLG-0406

D.M.B., M.D., K.H., C.S., R.A.S., K.A.A., M.H., and Y.T. are supported by NPRP grant NPRP-09-476-1-78 from the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of Qatar Foundation). C.S. received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement No. 268421. K.H. is supported by a Royal Society Leverhulme Trust Senior Research Fellowship. J.P.B. and P.F. acknowledge the financial support of Programme National de Plantologie and of IAP. The OGLE project has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013)/ERC grant agreement No. 246678 to AU. Work by C.H. was supported by Creative Research Initiative Program (2009-0081561) of National Research Foundation of Korea. The MOA experiment was supported by grants JSPS22403003 and JSPS23340064. T.S. acknowledges the support JSPS24253004. T.S. is supported by the grant JSPS23340044. T.C.H. acknowledges support from KRCF via the KRCF Young Scientist Fellowship program and financial support from KASI grant number 2013-9-400-00. Y.M. acknowledges support from JSPS grants JSPS23540339 and JSPS19340058. A.G. and B.S.G. acknowledge support from NSF AST-1103471. M.R. acknowledges support from FONDECYT postdoctoral fellowship No3120097. B.S.G., A.G., and R.W.P. acknowledge support from NASA grant NNX12AB99G. Y.D., A.E., and J.S. acknowledge support from the Communaute francaise de Belgique—Actions de recherche concertees—Academie Wallonie-Europe.We present a detailed analysis of survey and follow-up observations of microlensing event OGLE-2012-BLG-0406 based on data obtained from 10 different observatories. Intensive coverage of the light curve, especially the perturbation part, allowed us to accurately measure the parallax effect and lens orbital motion. Combining our measurement of the lens parallax with the angular Einstein radius determined from finite-source effects, we estimate the physical parameters of the lens system. We find that the event was caused by a 2.73 ± 0.43 M J planet orbiting a 0.44 ± 0.07 M ☉ early M-type star. The distance to the lens is 4.97 ± 0.29 kpc and the projected separation between the host star and its planet at the time of the event is 3.45 ± 0.26 AU. We find that the additional coverage provided by follow-up observations, especially during the planetary perturbation, leads to a more accurate determination of the physical parameters of the lens.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
The cometary HII regions of DR 21 : bow shocks or champagne flows or both?

C.J.C. is supported by an NSF Astronomy and Astrophysics Postdoctoral Fellowship under award AST-1003134.We present deep Very Large Array H66α radio recombination line (RRL) observations of the two cometary H II regions in DR 21. With these sensitive data, we test the “hybrid” bow shock/champagne flow model previously proposed for the DR 21 H II regions. The ionized gas down the tail of the southern H II region is redshifted by up to ~30 km s-1 with respect to the ambient molecular gas, as expected in the hybrid scenario. The RRL velocity structure, however, reveals the presence of two velocity components in both the northern and southern H II regions. This suggests that the ionized gas is flowing along cone-like shells, swept-up by stellar winds. The observed velocity structure of the well-resolved southern H II region is most consistent with a picture that combines a stellar wind with stellar motion (as in bow shock models) along a density gradient (as in champagne flow models). The direction of the implied density gradient is consistent with that suggested by maps of dust continuum and molecular line emission in the DR 21 region.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
‘A confession of ignorance’ : deaths from old age and deciphering cause-of-death statistics in Scotland, 1855–1949

A large amount of the research undertaken in an attempt to discover the reasons underlying the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century mortality decline in Britain has relied on the statistics published by the Registrars General. The processes by which individual causes of death are recorded and then processed in order to create the statistics are not, however, well understood. In this article, the authors build on previous work to piece together a time series of causes of death for Scotland, which removes many of the discontinuities encountered in the published statistics that result from the Registrar General deciding to update the nosology, or classification system, which was being used to compile his figures. Having regrouped individual causes of death to ‘smooth’ the time series, the authors use the new groups to examine the changing causes of death in Scotland for selected age groups, before turning to undertake a detailed examination of mortality amongst those aged 55 or more. The authors find that when deaths from ‘old age’ in the latter age group are separated from other ‘ill-defined’ causes, it becomes obvious that there was a ‘rebranding’ of cause of death. The authors then use individual-level data from two Scottish communities to further dissect the roles played by ‘informants’ and ‘doctors’ in this rebranding, in order to see how these roles may have altered over time and what the consequences might be for one's view of how mortality changed in Scotland between 1855 and 1949. Finally, the authors argue that their findings have important implications for some of historical demography's most prominent theories: the McKeown thesis and the theory of epidemiological transition.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
Centrality dependence of charged particle production at large transverse momentum in Pb–Pb collisions at sqrt(sNN)=2.76 TeV

The inclusive transverse momentum (pT) distributions of primary charged particles are measured in the pseudo-rapidity range |η|&lt;0.8 as a function of event centrality in Pb–Pb collisions atsqrt(sNN)=2.76 TeV with ALICE at the LHC. The data are presented in the pT range 0.15&lt;pT&lt;50 GeV/c for nine centrality intervals from 70–80% to 0–5%. The results in Pb–Pb are presented in terms of the nuclear modification factor RAA using a pp reference spectrum measured at the same collision energy. We observe that the suppression of high-pT particles strongly depends on event centrality. The yield is most suppressed in central collisions (0–5%) with RAA≈0.13 at pT=6–7 GeV/c. Above pT=7 GeV/c, there is a significant rise in the nuclear modification factor, which reaches RAA≈0.4 for pT&gt;30 GeV/c. In peripheral collisions (70–80%), only moderate suppression (RAA=0.6–0.7) and a weak pT dependence is observed. The measured nuclear modification factors are compared to other measurements and model calculations
Quark mass dependence of the X (3872) binding energy

We explore the quark-mass dependence of the pole position of the X(3872) state within the molecular picture. The calculations are performed within the framework of a nonrelativistic Faddeev-type three-body equation for the $D\bar{D}\pi$ system in the $J^{PC}=1^{++}$ channel. The $\pi D$ interaction is parametrised via a $D^*$ pole, and a three-body force is included to render the equations well defined. Its strength is adjusted such that the X(3872) appears as a $D\bar{D}^*$ bound state 0.5 MeV below the neutral threshold. We find that the trajectory of the X(3872) depends strongly on the assumed quark-mass dependence of the short-range interactions which can be determined in future lattice QCD calculations. At the same time we are able to provide nontrivial information on the chiral extrapolation in the $X$ channel
First πK atom lifetime and πK scattering length measurements

The results of a search for hydrogen-like atoms consisting of <math altimg="si1.gif" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mrow><mi>π</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∓</mo></mrow></msup><msup><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>±</mo></mrow></msup></math> mesons are presented. Evidence for πK atom production by 24 GeV/c protons from CERN PS interacting with a nickel target has been seen in terms of characteristic πK pairs from their breakup in the same target ( <math altimg="si2.gif" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>178</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>49</mn></math> ) as well as in terms of produced πK atoms ( <math altimg="si3.gif" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>653</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>42</mn></math> ). Using these results, the analysis yields a first value for the πK atom lifetime of <math altimg="si4.gif" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>τ</mi><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msubsup><mrow><mn>2.5</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1.8</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo><mn>3.0</mn></mrow></msubsup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mtext> fs</mtext></math> and a first measurement of the S-wave isospin-odd πK scattering length <math altimg="si5.gif" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo stretchy="false">|</mo><msubsup><mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo stretchy="false">|</mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mn>3</mn></mfrac><mo stretchy="false">|</mo><msub><mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn><mo stretchy="false">/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo stretchy="false">|</mo><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msubsup><mrow><mn>0.11</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>0.04</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo><mn>0.09</mn></mrow></msubsup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><msubsup><mrow><mi>M</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>π</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msubsup></math> ( <math altimg="si6.gif" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow></msub></math> for isospin I )
Supersymmetric AdS 5 solutions of massive IIA supergravity

Motivated by a recently found class of AdS 7 solutions, we classify AdS 5 solutions in massive IIA, finding infinitely many new analytical examples. We reduce the general problem to a set of PDEs, determining the local internal metric, which is a fibration over a surface. Under a certain simplifying assumption, we are then able to analytically solve the PDEs and give a complete list of all solutions. Among these, one class is new and regular. These spaces can be related to the AdS 7 solutions via a simple universal map for the metric, dilaton and fluxes. The natural interpretation of this map is that the dual CFT 6 and CFT 4 are related by twisted compactification on a Riemann surface Σ g . The ratio of their free energy coefficients is proportional to the Euler characteristic of Σ g . As a byproduct, we also find the analytic expression for the AdS 7 solutions, which were previously known only numerically. We determine the free energy for simple examples: it is a simple cubic function of the flux integers
Supersymmetric gauged double field theory: systematic derivation by virtue of twist

In a completely systematic and geometric way, we derive maximal and half-maximal supersymmetric gauged double field theories in lower than ten dimensions. To this end, we apply a simple twisting ansatz to the D = 10 ungauged maximal and half-maximal supersymmetric double field theories constructed previously within the so-called semi-covariant formalism. The twisting ansatz may not satisfy the section condition. Nonetheless, all the features of the semi-covariant formalism, including its complete covariantizability, are still valid after the twist under alternative consistency conditions. The twist allows gaugings as supersymmetry preserving deformations of the D = 10 untwisted theories after Scherk-Schwarz-type dimensional reductions. The maximal supersymmetric twist requires an extra condition to ensure both the Ramond-Ramond gauge symmetry and the 32 supersymmetries unbroken
Thermodynamic anomalies in open quantum systems: Strong couplin geffects in the isotropic XY model

8 páginas, 8 figuras.-- El pdf del artículo es la versión pre-print: arXiv:1010.2620v1The exactly solvable model of a one dimensional isotropicXY spin chain is employed to study the thermodynamics of open systems. For this purpose the chain is subdivided into two parts, one part is considered as the system while the rest as the environment or bath. The equilibrium properties of the system display several anomalous aspects such as negative entropies, negative specific heat, negative susceptibilities in dependence of temperature and coupling strength between system and bath. The statistical mechanics of this system is studied in terms of a reduced density matrix. At zero temperature and for certain parameter values we observe a change of the ground state, a situation akin to a quantum phase transition.M.C. and P.T gratefully acknowledge financial support by the\ud
DFG via the collaborative research center SFB-486, Project A-10\ud
and via the project No. 1517/26-2, by the German Excellence Initiative\ud
via the Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM) and by the Volkswagen\ud
Foundation (project I/83902). D.Z. acknowledges financial\ud
support from FIS2008-01240 and FIS2009-13364-C02-01\ud
(MICINN).Peer reviewe
First records and potential palaeoecological significance of Dianella (Xanthorrhoeaceae), an extinct representative of the native flora of Rapa Nui (Easter Island)

Easter Island, a remote island in the Pacific Ocean, is currently primarily covered by grasslands, but palaeoecological studies have shown the former presence of different vegetation. Much of its original biota has been removed during the last two millennia, most likely by human activities, and little is known about the native flora. Macrofossil and pollen analyses of a sediment core from the Raraku crater lake have revealed the occurrence of a plant that is currently extinct from the island: Dianella cf. intermedia/adenanthera (Xanthorrhoeaceae), which grew and disappeared at the Raraku site long before human arrival. The occurrence of Dianella within the Raraku sedimentary sequence (between 9.4 and 5.4 cal. kyr b.p.) could have been linked to the existence of favorable palaeoenvironmental conditions (peatland rather than the present-day lacustrine environment) during the early to mid Holocene. This finding contributes new knowledge about indigenous plant diversity on Easter Island and reinforces the usefulness of further macrofossil and pollen analyses to identify native species on Easter Island and elsewhere. © 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Education, through the projects LAVOLTER (CGL2004-00683/BTE), GEOBILA (CGL2007-60932/BTE) and CONSOLIDER GRACCIE (CSD2007-00067) and an undergraduate Grant (BES-2008-002938 to N. Cañellas-Bolta).Peer Reviewe
Successful transfer to sulfonylureas in KCNJ11 neonatal diabetes is determined by the mutation and duration of diabetes.

The finding that patients with diabetes due to potassium channel mutations can transfer from insulin to sulfonylureas has revolutionised the management of patients with permanent neonatal diabetes. The extent to which the in vitro characteristics of the mutation can predict a successful transfer is not known. Our aim was to identify factors associated with successful transfer from insulin to sulfonylureas in patients with permanent neonatal diabetes due to mutations in KCNJ11 (which encodes the inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kir6.2)