pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Radiative properties for warm and hot dense matter

We will present calculations of opacities for matter under LTE conditions. Opacities are needed in radiation transport codes to study processes like Inertial Confinement Fusion and plasma amplifiers in X-ray secondary sources. For the calculations we use the code BiGBART, with either a hydrogenic approximation with j-splitting or self-consistent data generated with the atomic physics code FAC.\ud
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We calculate the atomic structure, oscillator strengths, radiative transition energies, including UTA computations, and photoionization cross-sections. A DCA model determines the configurations considered in the computation of the opacities. The opacities obtained with these two models are compared with experimental measurements
Potential common radiation problems for components and diagnostics in future magnetic and inertial confinement fusion devices

This work aims at identifying commonpotentialproblems that futurefusiondevices will encounter for both magnetic and inertialconfinement approaches in order to promote joint efforts and to avoid duplication of research. Firstly, a comparison of radiation environments found in both fusion reaction chambers will be presented. Then, wall materials, optical components, cables and electronics will be discussed, pointing to possible future areas of common research. Finally, a brief discussion of experimental techniques available to simulate the radiation effect on materials is include
Investor protection and foreign stakeholders

This paper investigates the impact of investor protection legislation on foreign shareholders and bondholders. We find, not surprisingly, a positive "direct" effect of investor protection laws: foreign stock and bond investments are encouraged by legislation that better protects, respectively, shareholder and creditor rights. However, different investor classes are endowed with different rights, and conflicting interests among them can make strong protections afforded to one party detrimental to another. Indeed, we find that investor protection laws have significant and sizeable "cross" effects on foreign portfolio investment and that the direction of these effects is fully consistent with the conjecture that foreign stakeholders are relatively more sensitive to the perceived riskiness of assets than domestic investors. Specifically, we find that strong protection of creditor rights -- limiting excessive risk taking -- positively affects foreign shareholders, whereas strong protection of shareholder rights -- potentially shifting a firm toward riskier projects -- has a negative impact on foreign bondholders. The immediate policy implication of our findings is that strengthening investor protection rights is not a universally desirable policy. More specifically, accounting for the interaction of conflicting corporate governance mechanisms is critical to the design of regulatory policies and strategies aimed toward enhancement of inward foreign investment.
Condorcet's principle and the strong no-show paradoxes

We consider two no-show paradoxes, in which a voter obtains a preferable outcome by abstaining from a vote. One arises when the casting of a ballot that ranks a candidate in first causes that candidate to lose the election. The other arises when a ballot that ranks a candidate in last causes that candidate to win. We show that when there are at least four candidates and when voters may express indifference, every voting rule satisfying Condorcet's principle must generate both of these paradoxes.
Fungal biomass and decomposition in Spartina maritima leaves in the Mondego salt marsh (Portugal)

Spartina maritima (Curtis) Fernald is a dominant species in the Mondego salt marsh on the western coast of Portugal, and it plays a significant role in estuarine productivity. In this work, leaf litter production dynamics and fungal importance for leaf decomposition processes in Spartina maritima were studied. Leaf fall was highly seasonal, being significantly higher during dry months. It ranged from 42 g m-2 in June to less than 6 g m-2 during the winter. Fungal biomass, measured as ergosterol content, did not differ significantly between standing-decaying leaves and naturally detached leaves. Fungal biomass increased in wet months, with a maximum of 614 µg g-1 of ergosterol in January in standing-decaying leaves, and 1077 µg g-1 in December, in naturally detached leaves, decreasing greatly in summer. Seasonal pattern of fungal colonization was similar in leaves placed in litterbags on the marsh-sediment surface. However, ergosterol concentrations associated with standing-decaying and naturally detached leaves were always much higher than in litterbagged leaves, suggesting that fungal activity was more important before leaf fall. Dry mass of litterbagged leaves declined rapidly after 1 month (about 50%), mostly due to leaching of soluble organic compounds. After 13 months, Spartina leaves had lost 88% of their original dry weight. The decomposition rate constant (k) for Spartina maritima leaves was 0.151 month-1.http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:100408391945
Analysis of bit rate dependence up to 80 Gbit/s of a simple wavelength converter based on XPM in a SOA and a shifted filtering

This paper provides the analysis of wavelength converted pulses obtained with a simple semiconductor\ud
optical amplifier (SOA)-based wavelength conversion scheme, which exploits cross phase modulation\ud
(XPM) in an SOA in conjunction with shifted filtering. The analysis includes experimental measurements\ud
of the back-to-back system performances as well as frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) characterisations\ud
of the wavelength converted pulses. These measurements are implemented at different bit rates\ud
up to 80 Gbit/s and for both red and blue-shifted filtering, particularly showing different patterning effect\ud
dependencies of red and blue-shifting techniques. This analysis is developed by the addition of a numerical\ud
study which corroborates the experimental results. A further understanding of the different performances\ud
of red and blue filtering techniques, presented in the literature, can thus be proposed. The\ud
placement of the filter to undertake red-shifted filtering (RSF) allows us to achieve very short pulse\ud
widths but high bit rate operation is limited by pattern effects. The blue-shifted filtering (BSF) technique\ud
shows optimum performance as regards to patterning effects even if the wavelength converted pulses\ud
can be larger
Theoretical and Experimental Study of the Vibration of Axisymmetric Viscous Liquid Bridges

n this paper the dynamics of axisymmetric liquid columns held by capillary forces between two circular, concentric, solid disks is considered. The problem has been solved by using a one‐dimensional model known in the literature as the Cosserat model, which includes viscosity effects, where the axial velocity is considered constant in each section of the liquid bridge. The dynamic response of the bridge to an excitation consisting of a small‐amplitude vibration of the supporting disks has been solved by linearizing the Cosserat model. It has been assumed that such excitation is harmonic so that the analysis has been performed in the frequency domain. The particular case of a cylindrical liquid bridge has been analytically studied and the transfer function has been calculated in the cases of oscillation of both disks (either in phase or in counterphase) or only of one of them. The resolution of the general formulation for a noncylindrical liquid bridge has been numerically made by using an implicit finite difference method. In this case, the influence of the volume of the liquid column and of the residual gravity level on the first resonance has been studied, and the results compared, for the inviscid case, with other potential models, both one and three dimensional. To demonstrate the usefulness of this theoretical model in predicting the vibrational behavior of axisymmetric viscous liquid bridges, some experiments have been performed by using the neutral buoyancy technique (also known as the Plateau technique) to simulate reduced gravity conditions, with good agreement between the results of the model and experiments
Concentration photovoltaic optical system irradiance distribution measurements and its effect on multi-junction solar cells

This paper proposes an indoor procedure based on charge-coupled device camera measurements to characterize the non-uniform light patterns produced by optical systems used in concentration photovoltaic (CPV) systems. These irradiance patterns are reproduced on CPV solar cells for their characterization at concentrated irradiances by using a concentrator cell tester and placing high-resolution masks over the cells. Measured losses based on the masks method are compared with losses in concentrator optical systems measured by using the Helios 3198 solar simulator for CPV module
History of Geology up to 1780

Ancient civilisations in contact with nature inquired about their origins and about particular geodynamic phenomena. In most cases they satisfied themselves with empiric explanations; they even used deities in order to understand inexplicable situations. Little by little humans learnt how to observe their environment and arrange processes. During the Renaissance the first geologic principIes were born and this knowledge spread rapidly. Natural phenomena were understood in terms of dynamic cause-effect, although many dogmatic and magic interpretations persisted. Many authors agree that geology, began to be structured as a science in the second half of the eighteenth century with Abraham Gottlob Werner (17491817), father of Neptunism (Figure 1). However, sorne geologic paradigms such as diluvialism existed before neptunism; all of them contained countless mistakes and ambiguities. This article outlines the period up until 1780, which thus incorporates the work of James Hutton (see Famous Geologists: Hutton). His ideas were important in the development of geology, more specifically relating to the origins and dating of rocks. Geology was not completely defined till the birth of Stratigraphy at the end of the eighteenth century and Palaeontology at around 1830
Detecting and characterising ramp events in wind power time series

In order to implement accurate models for wind power ramp forecasting, ramps need to be previously characterised. This issue has been typically addressed by performing binary ramp/non-ramp classifications based on ad-hoc assessed thresholds. However, recent works question this approach. This paper presents the ramp function, an innovative wavelet- based tool which detects and characterises ramp events in wind power time series. The underlying idea is to assess a continuous index related to the ramp intensity at each time step, which is obtained by considering large power output gradients evaluated under different time scales (up to typical ramp durations). The ramp function overcomes some of the drawbacks shown by the aforementioned binary classification and permits forecasters to easily reveal specific features of the ramp behaviour observed at a wind farm. As an example, the daily profile of the ramp-up and ramp-down intensities are obtained for the case of a wind farm located in Spai
Fission decay of N = Z nuclei at high angular momentum: $^{60}$Zn

23 pages, 25 figuresUsing a unique two-arm detector system for heavy ions (the BRS, binary reaction spectrometer) coincident fission events have been measured from the decay of $^{60}$Zn compound nuclei formed at 88MeV excitation energy in the reactions with $^{36}$Ar beams on a $^{24}$Mg target at $E_{lab}(^{36}$Ar) = 195 MeV. The detectors consisted of two large area position sensitive (x,y) gas telescopes with Bragg-ionization chambers. From the binary coincidences in the two detectors inclusive and exclusive cross sections for fission channels with differing losses of charge were obtained. Narrow out-of-plane correlations corresponding to coplanar decay are observed for two fragments emitted in binary events, and in the data for ternary decay with missing charges from 4 up to 8. After subtraction of broad components these narrow correlations are interpreted as a ternary fission process at high angular momentum through an elongated shape. The lighter mass in the neck region consists dominantly of two or three-particles. Differential cross sections for the different mass splits for binary and ternary fission are presented. The relative yields of the binary and ternary events are explained using the statistical model based on the extended Hauser-Feshbach formalism for compound nucleus decay. The ternary fission process can be described by the decay of hyper-deformed states with angular momentum around 45-52 $hbar$
Interference and Shadow Effects in the Production of Light by Charged Particles in Optical Fibers

Presented at the VII Symposium Radiation by Relativistic Electrons in Periodic Structures (RREPS'O7, Prague, Sept. 24-27, 2007, submitted to Nucl. Inst. Methods B.A charged particle passing through or near a narrow optical fiber induces, by polarisation, coherent light guided by the fiber. In the limit of zero crossing angle, the radiation tends towards a Cherenkov radiation with a discrete spectrum, studied by different authors. If the particle crosses a bent fiber at regularly spaced points, interference gives quasi-monochromatic lines. If the particle passes near an end of the fiber, light is produced by the capture of virtual photons through the end face. An alternative way consists in sticking a metallic ball to the fiber: the passing particle induces plasmons which are then evacuated as light in the fiber. Interferences can occur between lights from several ends or balls. Applications of these various light signals to beam diagnostics are discussed. The shadow effect, which reduces the photon yield when the particle runs parallel to a row of balls, is pointed out and an upper bound $-dE/dz\le C(Ze/b)^2$ for the particle energy loss is conjectured ($Ze$ is the particle charge, $b$ the impact parameter and $C$ a numerical constant). This bound should also apply to other kinds of light sources, in particular to Smith-Purcell radiation
Swift Highly Charged Ion Channelling

to be published in Journal of Physics BWe review recent experimental and theoretical progress made in the scope of swift highly charged ion channelling in crystals. The usefulness of such studies is their ability to yield impact parameter information on charge transfer processes, and also on some time related problems. We discuss the cooling and heating phenomena at MeV/u energies, results obtained with decelerated H-like ion beams at GSI and with ions having an excess of electrons at GANIL, the superdensity effect along atomic strings and Resonant Coherent Excitation
Evo-Devo: A Science of Dispositions

Evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) represents a paradigm shift in the understanding of the ontogenesis and evolutionary progression of the denizens of the natural world. Given the empirical successes of the evo-devo framework, and its now widespread acceptance, a timely and important task for the philosophy of biology is to critically discern the ontological commitments of that framework and assess whether and to what extent our current metaphysical models are able to accommodate them. In this paper, I argue that one particular model is a natural fit: an ontology of dispositional properties coherently and adequately captures the crucial casual-cum-explanatory role that the fundamental elements of evo-devo play within that framework
Determinants of organophosphate pesticide exposure in pregnant
                women: A population-based cohort study in the Netherlands

Background: In the Netherlands organophosphate (OP) pesticides are frequently used for pest control in agricultural settings. Despite concerns about the potential health impacts of low-level OP pesticides exposure, particularly in vulnerable populations, the primary sources of exposure remain unclear. The present study was designed to investigate the levels of DAP metabolites concentrations across pregnancy and to examine various determinants of DAP metabolite concentrations among an urban population of women in the Netherlands. Method: Urinary concentrations of six dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites, the main urinary metabolites of OP pesticides, were determined at <18, 18–25, and >25 weeks of pregnancy in 784 pregnant women participating in the Generation R Study (between 2004 and 2006), a large population-based birth cohort in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Questionnaires administered prenatally assessed demographic and lifestyle characteristics and maternal diet. Linear mixed models, with adjustment for relevant covariates, were used to estimate associations between the potential exposure determinants and DAP metabolite concentrations expressed as molar concentrations divided by creatinine levels. Results: The median DAP metabolite concentration was 311 nmol/g creatinine for the first trimester, 317 nmol/g creatinine for the second trimester, and 310 nmol/g creatinine for the third trimester. Higher maternal age, married/living with a partner, underweight or normal weight (BMI of <18.5 and 18.5–<25), high education, high income, and non-smoking were associated with higher DAP metabolite concentrations, and DAP metabolite concentrations tended to be higher during the summer. Furthermore, fruit intake was associated with increased DAP metabolite concentrations. Each 100 g/d difference in fruit consumption was associated with a 7% higher total DAP metabolite concentration across pregnancy. Other food groups were not associated with higher DAP metabolite concentrations. Conclusions: The DAP metabolite concentrations measured in the urine of pregnant women in the Netherlands were higher than those in most other studies previously conducted. Fruit intake was the main dietary source of exposure to OP pesticides in young urban women in the Netherlands. The extent to which DAP metabolite concentrations reflect exposure to the active parent pesticide rather than to less toxic metabolites remains unclear. Further research will be undertaken to investigate the possible effects of this relatively high level OP pesticides exposure on offspring health
Unification beyond justification: a strategy for theory development

This paper considers the importance of unification in the context of developing scientific theories. I argue that unifying hypotheses are not valuable simply because they are supported by multiple lines of evidence. Instead, they can be valuable because they guide experimental research in different domains in such a way that the results from those experiments inform the scope of the theory being developed. I support this characterization by appealing to the early development of quantum theory. I then draw some comparisons with discussions of robustness reasoning
Quality grading of painted slates using texture analysis

This paper details the development of an automated vision-based solution for identiﬁcation of paint and substrate defects on painted slates. The developed vision system consists of two major components. The ﬁrst component of the system addresses issues including the mechanical implementation and interfacing the inspection system with the sensing and optical equipment. The second component involves the development of an image processing algorithm that is able to identify the visual defects present on the slate surface. The process of imaging the slate proved to be very challenging as the slate surface is darkly coloured and presents depth non-uniformities. Hence, a key issue for this inspection system was to devise an adequate illumination system that was able to accommodate challenges including the slates’ surface depth non-uniformities and vibrations generated by the conveying system. The visual defects are detected using a novel texture analysis solution where the greyscale (tonal characteristics) and texture information are embedded in a composite model. The developed inspection system was tested for robustness and experimental results are presented
Theoretical Stark broadening parameters for spectral lines arising from the 2p5ns, 2p5np and 2p5nd electronic configurations of MgIII

In the present work we report theoretical Stark widths and shifts calculated using the Griem\ud
 semi-empirical approach, corresponding to 237 spectral lines of MgIII. Data are presented for\ud
 an electron density of 1017 cm?3 and temperatures T = 0.5?10.0 (104 K). The matrix elements\ud
 used in these calculations have been determined from 23 configurations of MgIII: 2s22p6,\ud
 2s22p53p, 2s22p54p, 2s22p54f and 2s22p55f for even parity and 2s22p5ns (n = 3?6), 2s22p5nd\ud
 (n = 3?9), 2s22p55g and 2s2p6np (n = 3?8) for odd parity. For the intermediate coupling (IC)\ud
 calculations, we use the standard method of least-squares fitting from experimental energy\ud
 levels by means of the Cowan computer code. Also, in order to test the matrix elements used\ud
 in our calculations, we present calculated values of 70 transition probabilities of MgIII spectral\ud
 lines and 14 calculated values of radiative lifetimes of MgIII levels. There is good agreement\ud
 between our calculations and experimental radiative lifetimes. Spectral lines of MgIII are\ud
 relevant in astrophysics and also play an important role in the spectral analysis of laboratory\ud
 plasma. Theoretical trends of the Stark broadening parameter versus the temperature for\ud
 relevant lines are presented. No values of Stark parameters can be found in the bibliography