pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Group Influence On Individual Risk Taking 1

Does group interaction lead to greater conservatism or to greater risk taking in decisions than would obtain were the decisions arrived at individually.–or is there an averaging effect? This question was investigated with a procedure in which the protagonist in each of 12 everyday life situations must choose between two courses of action, one of which involves considerably more risk than the other but also is much more rewarding if successful. The  S  must decide on the lowest level of probability for the success of the risky alternative that he would deem sufficient to warrant its choice.  A total of 218 liberal arts university students participated in the study. In the experimental condition, the  S s first arrived at individual decisions concerning each of the 12 situations; then, they were brought together in discussion groups of six with the request that they reach a group consensus on each decision; and afterward, they were asked to make all their decisions privately once again. Some  S s also made private decisions yet another time two to six weeks later. The group members' judgments of one another's relative degrees of influence and of popularity within the group also were obtained. There were 14 all‐male and 14 all‐female groups. In the control condition,  S s made their decisions individually each of two times with one week intervening, under instructions the second time that encouraged them to change rather than simply to recall their earlier decisions.  It was found that (1) group decisions exhibit greater risk taking than appears in pre‐discussion individual decisions; (2) post‐discussion private decisions exhibit the same increase in risk taking as occurs in the group decisions; (3) the increase in risk taking resulting from the discussion process is still maintained after a subsequent period of two to six weeks has elapsed; (4) no shift in risk taking level occurs over time in the absence of the discussion process; and (5) degree of risk taking in pre‐discussion individual decisions and degree of judged influence within the group are positively related. Two interpretations of these findings were suggested, either or both of which may apply: (1) the knowledge that one's decisions are being made jointly with others leads to a diffusion of personal responsiblity, the outcome of which is an increased willingness to take risks; (2) high risk takers are more likely to take the initiative in social situations, with the result that they become more influential in the group
Diffusion Of Responsibility And Level Of Risk Taking In Groups 1

This study reports evidence supporting the following propositions: (1) Group discussion and consensus concerning decisions that involve actual risk ana payoffs lead to greater risk taking than occurs in the absence of such discussion and consensus. (2) The mechanism that underlies this group‐induced shift toward greater risk taking consists of a diffusion or spreading of responsibility. Using risks and payoffs based on monetary gain and loss for problem‐solving performance, the above propositions received strong confirmation for male college subjects. The results of various experimental manipulations provided positive support for viewing diffusion of responsibility as the causal factor at work
An Unfolding Analysis Of Cognitive Preferences

This study represents a reanalysis of Heath's (1963) data using Coombs' unfolding technique. Some additional objectives of this study are to find the dimensions underlying the cognitive preferences, to test Heath's first two hypotheses in terms of individuals as well as clusters, and to compare cluster and individual analyses.  The first dimension, which goes from  Applications  to  Memory  to  Principles  to  Questioning , accounts for over half of the individuals and over two‐thirds of the clusters. A two‐dimensional configuration accounts for 90% of the individuals and 99% of the clusters. The ordering along the second dimension goes from  Memory  to  Application  to  Questioning  to  Principles.  The analyses of clusters and individuals were shown to give identical solutions.  With respect to the first dimension alone as well as with consideration of both dimensions, the following hypotheses were supported:  (a) that the Physical Science Study Curriculum group and the control group would be generally located in different regions of the same joint space, the PSSC group being more densely distributed than controls in regions near Principles and Questioning, the controls being more densely distributed than the PSSC group in regions near Memory and Applications;  (b) that achievement scores for PSSC clusters would be higher in regions near Principles and Questioning than in regions near Applications and Memory; and  (c) that the region‐achievement relationship hypothesized in “b” would be stronger in the PSSC group than in the control group.  Implications following from the analysis were discussed
Dialectic Operations: The Final Period of Cognitive Development 1

Arguments for an extension of Piaget's theory of cognitive development have been derived from philosophical and historical consideration of modern natural sciences. Implicit contradictions, which characterize these sciences as well as common thought, can be systematically apprehended only through a dialectic reinterpretation. The dialectic basis of Piaget's theory is expressed in his assimilation‐accommodation paradigm. But development is interpreted as a continuing alienation from this basis culminating in the noncontradictory thinking of formal operations. Although Piaget's interpretations capture a rich variety of performances during childhood they fail to represent adequately the thought and emotions of mature and creative persons. For an interpretation of adulthood and aging, a return to the dialectic basis is necessary. Such a reorganization can proceed from any of the four major levels of development. It introduces intra‐ and interindividual variations into Piaget's theory. Individuals may operate simultaneously or in short succession at different cognitive levels. The ceaseless striving toward formal operations becomes inappropriate and ineffective for the level of dialectic maturity
Dimension Preference And Component Selection: Alternative Measures Of Children'S Attention To Stimulus Components 1

As children grow older they show an increasing preference for classifying objects on the basis of shape rather than color. To clarify the nature of this “dimension preference,” children of ages 3½ to 6½ years were given a method of triads test of dimension preferences, followed (after a week's delay) by a component selection task (see Hale & Morgan, 1973).  The most notable results were these: (a) as expected, children below and above the median age differed in frequency of shape preference, (b) for children below the median age, higher component selection test scores were observed for the preferred dimension, although all scores were considerably above chance level and (c) no age difference was found in the relative magnitudes of the component selection scores. The results suggest that a “preference” for a particular dimension does not necessarily indicate a high degree of selective attention to that dimension. Also, the age difference in children's dimension preferences may be attributable to factors unrelated to selective attention
Model-Based operational analysis for complex systems - A case study for electric vehicles

We present in this paper an operational analysis of a complex system following a Model Based Systems Engineering approach, illustrated by a case study on electric vehicles. We explain some strategic issues and reasons that make electric vehicles important and complex systems, and how these vehicles can significantly contribute to the European policies for sustainable development. We explain why it is necessary to apply a Systems Engineering approach to deal with the complexity of such systems, and we give an overview of the architectural design framework we follow. We present a model of the system of interest and of its environment built from the analysis of public documents and literature reviews. This allowed us to identify the key stakeholders, external interfaces, needs, use cases and operational scenarios. Based on this operational analysis, we present ways to pursue functional and trade-off analyses
System Theoretic Safety Analysis of the Sewol-Ho Ferry Accident in South Korea

This paper is to show the application of CAST, Causal Analysis based on STAMP (Systems Theoretic Accident Model and Processes) accident analysis tool to investigate the Sewol‐Ho Ferry Accident at the entire maritime transportation sociotechnological system level and to provide the system level safety improvements to the system safety control structure; to show that CAST is an accident analysis tool to effectively and holistically analyze the entire maritime transportation sociotechnological system level disaster; and to show that CAST can provide preventive solutions in a holistic view of top‐down system safety engineering
Towards Solving MBSE Adoption Challenges: The D3 MBSE Adoption Toolbox

Increasing competition drives organizations to continually seek ways to improve the quality of their products and services, time to market and pricing pressures. Model¿Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) promises many benefits to solve document¿based engineering problems. However, the journey of MBSE adoption relies on several human, financial, organizational and technological factors. Organizations that decide to adopt MBSE must be aware of those factors. This paper outlines the MBSE adoption experience of a series of projects and presents an approach to support and guide organizations in overcoming MBSE adoption challenges
Raman analysis of glaze on various archaeological shard samples and intact Ming plates

Raman microscopy is used in the analysis of glaze on a number of samples that include blue and white ceramic shards, a tile
from the Citadel of Algiers and intact Ming plates. The use of the glaze depth profiling method for the study of interfacial
pigments on these samples [J. Raman Spectrosc. 2007; 38: 1480] prompted the study of the glaze on the same set of samples
to determine glaze type dependence of this method. Using the index of polymerization (Ip) which is closely correlated with
glaze composition and processing temperature, it is shown that processing temperature could be estimated from a low of
about 600  C for some of the unknown archaeological shards to about 1000  C or above for the Ming porcelain shards. Two
intact porcelain plates from the Hongzhi (1488 – 1505) and Wanli (1573 – 1620) Ming imperial periods from the J. A. van
Tilburg Museum of the University of Pretoria have been studied, and glaze/glass transition temperature was estimated to
be above 1000  C, consistent with historical data. A SnO2-based glaze tile shard from the Citadel of Algiers was also successfully
probed, and results indicated a much lower sintering temperature.The University of Pretoria and the National Research Foundationhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1097-455
Games as Text, Games as Action Video Games in the English Classroom

Contemporary views of literacy, and of English and Language Arts curriculum recognise the importance of digital culture and communication forms in many young people's lives and the multiple forms of literacy students engage with as they work, interact and play. Amongst these, videogames, whether played on PCs, laptops, wiis, or on mobile devices of various kinds stand out as highly popular, engaging and sophisticated emergent cultural forms. Drawing on research in Australian secondary schools over a number of years, this paper describes approaches to working with games in the English classroom, and presents a model for critical games literacy which entails thinking of games as both text and action. It describes the ways in which the model might be used for planning and teaching with and about games, stressing the active nature of games and play, and calling on understandings of literacy as design.Arts, Education and LawFull Tex
New directions for digital video creation in the classroom :\ud
spatiality, embodiment, and creativity

This column features a conversation (via email, image sharing, and Facetime) that took place over several months between two international theorists of digital filmmaking from schools in two countries—Professors Jason Ranker (Portland State University, Oregon, United States) and Kathy Mills (Queensland University of Technology, Australia). The authors discuss emerging ways of thinking about video making, sharing tips and anecdotes from classroom experience to inspire teachers to explore with adolescents the meaning potentials of digital video creation. The authors briefly discuss their previous work in this area, and then move into a discussion of how the material spaces in which students create videos profoundly shape the films' meanings and significance. The article ends with a discussion of how students can take up creative new directions, pushing the boundaries of the potentials of classroom video making and uncovering profound uses of the medium
Multiliteracies pedagogy : creating claymations with adolescent, post-beginner English language learners

In addressing literacy in high school education, it is important to foreground the particular issues faced by growing numbers of English Language Learners (ELLs). In our increasingly culturally and linguistically diverse classrooms, this is a matter for all literacy teachers, as well as ELL specialists. In Australia, teachers of ELLs are experimenting with Multiliteracies pedagogy which provides rich opportunities to explore language learning experiences and outcomes that stretch beyond exercises in reproduction in written and oral modes only. This paper documents the practice of a high school teacher who uses a claymation project, producing a movie by stop-motion filming of clay figures, with a class of low-level English literacy learners. Drawing on observations of three particular students, the paper outlines a number of possibilities of this approach for English language learners. These include increased individual agency; enhanced engagement through collaboration; and the opportunity to explore various elements of multimodal text design
Critical literacy and social justice

Given the global escalation of gaps between rich and poor, contemporary work in critical literacy needs to overtly question the politics of poverty. How and where is poverty produced, by what means, by whom and for whom and how are educational systems stratified to provide different kinds of education to the rich and the poor? Yet rather than critical literacy, international educational reform movements stress performative standards on basic literacy. In this context literacy researchers need to ask policy-makers hard questions about taken-for-granted rhetoric that surrounds poverty, literacy and education. At school, regional and state levels, educational leaders need to argue for fair resourcing and decision-making for their communities and students. In classrooms teachers need to weave critical questioning and inclusive learning interactions into the fabric of everyday life
A Nonparametric Decomposition of the Mexican American Wage Gap

This paper shows that average wage gap decompositions between any two groups of workers can be carried out using nonparametric wage structures. It also proposes an algorithm to correct for sample selection in nonparametric models known as tree structures. This paper studies the wage gap between third-generation
Mexican American and non-Hispanic white workers in the southwest. It is shown that the decomposition heavily depends on functional assumptions, and that different aproaches to flexibility may render sufficiently good and similar results.Publicad
Testing for country heterogeneity in growth models using a finite mixture approach

We define a bivariate mixture model to test whether economic growth can be considered exogenous in the Solovian sense. For this purpose, the multivariate mixture approach proposed by Alfo and Trovato is applied to the Bernanke and Gurkaynak extension of the Solow model. We find that the explanatory power of the Solow growth model is enhanced, since growth rates are not statistically significantly associated with investment rates, when cross-country heterogeneity is considered. Moreover, no sign of convergence to a single equilibrium is foun
Rotterdam vs Almost Ideal Models: Will the Best Demand Specification Please Stand Up?

Among the many demand specifications in the literature, the Rotterdam model and the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) have particularly long histories, have been highly developed, and are often applied in consumer demand systems modeling. Using Monte Carlo techniques, we seek to determine which model performs better in terms of its ability to recover the true elasticities of demand. We derive the correct formulae for the AIDS models elasticities, when the Törnqvist or two modified versions of the Stone index are used to linearize the model. The resulting linearized AIDS are compared to the full AIDS.
Estimating risk aversion from ascending and sealed-bid auctions: the case of timber auction data

Estimating bidders’ risk aversion in auctions is a challeging problem because of identification issues. This paper takes advantage of bidding data from two auction designs to identify nonparametrically the bidders’ utility function within a private value framework. In particular, ascending auction data allow us to recover the latent distribution of private values, while first-price sealed-bid auction data allow us to recover the bidders’ utility function. This leads to a nonparametric estimator. An application to the US Forest Service timber auctions is proposed. Estimated utility functions display concavity, which can be partly captured by constant relative risk aversion.
The risk of catastrophic terrorism: an extreme value approach

This paper models the stochastic behavior of large-scale terrorism using extreme value methods. We utilize a unique dataset composed of roughly 26,000 observations. These data provide a rich description of domestic and international terrorism between 1968 and 2006. Currently, a credible worst-case scenario would involve losses of about 5000 to 10,000 lives. Also, the return time for events of such magnitude is shortening every year. Today, the primary threat is from conventional weapons, rather than from chemical, biological and/or radionuclear weapons. However, pronounced tails in the distribution of these incidents suggest that this threat cannot be dismissed.
Compensatory Inter Vivos Gifts

This discussion paper led to a publication in href=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jae.1071/full>Journal of Applied Econometrics, 24(6), 993-1023.Parents\u2019 transfer motives are important for understanding, e.g., macroeconomics, income (re)distribution, savings, and public finance. Using data from six biennial waves of the Health and Retirement Study 1992\u20132002, we estimate grouped tobit-type latent variable models with multi-level error components. First, we find that inter vivos transfers from parents to children are gifts, and not temporary help to overcome liquidity constraints. Second, inter vivos gifts are compensatory in the sense that life-time poorer children will receive higher transfers than their life-time richer siblings. Third, inter vivos gifts do not, however, make up the entire difference in life-time incomes
Aggregation is not the solution: The PPP puzzle strikes back

Recently, Imbs, Mumtaz, Ravn and Rey (2005, hereinafter IMRR) have argued that much of the purchasing power parity (PPP) puzzle is due to upwardly biased estimates of persistence. According to them, the source of the bias is the existence of heterogeneous price adjustment dynamics at the sectoral level that established time series or panel data methods fail to control for. This paper re-examines this claim in two steps. Firstly, we demonstrate that IMRR's measures of sectoral persistence are systematically downwardly biased because they are based on an inaccurate definition of the 'average' impulse response function (IRF). We then show that standard estimates of shock persistence are recovered after this bias is corrected. Secondly, building on the results in Mayoral (2008), which prove that aggregate and micro models induce the same shock persistence behavior, we show that estimates based on aggregate and sectoral exchange rates are, in fact, highly consistent. Thus, aggregation is not the solution to the PPP puzzle. © 2009 John Wiley & SonWe acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Education through grants SEJ2006-00369 and SEJ2005-05215, the Fundación Ramon Areces, the Barcelona Economics Program of CREA and from the Aragon’s Research Unit, SEIM.Peer Reviewe
A Test for Multimodality of Regression Derivatives with an Application to Nonparametric Growth Regressions

This paper presents a method to test for multimodality of an estimated kernel density of parameter estimates from a local-linear least-squares regression derivative. The procedure is laid out in seven simple steps and a suggestion
for implementation is proposed. A Monte Carlo exercise is used to examine the finite sample properties of the test along with those from a calibrated version of it which corrects for the conservative nature of Silverman-type tests. The test is included in a study on nonparametric growth regressions. The results show that in the estimation of unconditional β-convergence, the distribution of the parameter estimates is multimodal with one mode in the negative region (primarily OECD economies) and possibly two modes in the positive region (primarily non-OECD economies) of the parameter estimates. The results for conditional β-convergence show that the density is predominantly negative
and unimodal. Finally, the application attempts to determine why particular observations posess positive marginal effects on initial income in both the unconditional and conditional frameworks.
Non-Gaussian dynamic Bayesian modelling for panel data

A first order autoregressive non-Gaussian model for analysing panel data is proposed. The main feature is that the model is able to accommodate fat tails and also skewness, thus allowing for outliers and asymmetries. The modelling approach is to gain sufficient flexibility, without sacrificing interpretability and computational ease. The model incorporates individual effects and we pay specific attention to the elicitation of the prior. As the prior structure chosen is not proper, we derive conditions for the existence of the posterior. By considering a model with individual dynamic parameters we are also able to formally test whether the dynamic behaviour is common to all units in the panel. The methodology is illustrated with two applications involving earnings data and one on growth of countries.
The rate of learning-by-doing: Estimates from a search-matching model

El pdf del artículo es el documento de trabajo.We construct and estimate by maximum likelihood a job search model where wages are set by Nash bargaining and idiosyncratic productivity follows a geometric Brownian motion. The proposed framework enables us to endogenize job destruction and to estimate the rate of learning-by-doing. Although the range of the observations is not independent of the parameters, we establish that the estimators satisfy asymptotic normality. The structural model is estimated using Current Population Survey data on accepted wages and employment durations. We show that it accurately captures the joint distribution of wages and job spells. We find that the rate of learning-by-doing has an important positive effect on aggregate output and a small impact on employment