pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Measurements of the Higgs boson production and decay rates and constraints on its couplings from a combined ATLAS and CMS analysis of the LHC pp collision data at sqrt(s)= 7 and 8 TeV

Combined ATLAS and CMS measurements of the Higgs boson production and decay rates, as well as constraints on its couplings to vector bosons and fermions, are presented. The combination is based on the analysis of five production processes, namely gluon fusion, vector boson fusion, and associated production with a W or a Z boson or a pair of top quarks, and of the six decay modes H→ZZ, WW, γγ, ττ, bb, and μμ. All results are reported assuming a value of 125.09 GeV for the Higgs boson mass, the result of the combined measurement by the ATLAS and CMS experiments. The analysis uses the CERN LHC proton--proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS and CMS experiments in 2011 and 2012, corresponding to integrated luminosities per experiment of approximately 5 fb−1 at s√=7 TeV and 20 fb−1 at s√=8 TeV. The Higgs boson production and decay rates measured by the two experiments are combined within the context of three generic parameterisations: two based on cross sections and branching fractions, and one on ratios of coupling modifiers. Several interpretations of the measurements with more model-dependent parameterisations are also given. The combined signal yield relative to the Standard Model prediction is measured to be 1.09 ± 0.11. The combined measurements lead to observed significances for the vector boson fusion production process and for the H→ττ decay of 5.4 and 5.5 standard deviations, respectively. The data are consistent with the Standard Model predictions for all parameterisations considered
First observation of B0 → D∗+ Xμ−ν decays

Using data collected with the LHCb detector in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV, the semileptonic decays Bs -> Ds+ X mu nu and Bs -> D0 K+ X mu nu are detected. Two structures are observed in the D0 K+ mass spectrum at masses consistent with the known D^+_{s1}(2536) and $D^{*+}_{s2}(2573) mesons. The measured branching fractions relative to the total Bs semileptonic rate are B(Bs -> D_{s2}^{*+} X mu nu)/B(Bs -> X mu nu)= (3.3\pm 1.0\pm 0.4)%, and B(Bs -> D_{s1}^+ X munu)/B(Bs -> X mu nu)= (5.4\pm 1.2\pm 0.5)%, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. This is the first observation of the D_{s2}^{*+} state in Bs decays; we also measure its mass and width
Interglacial History of a Palaeo-lake and Regional Environment: A Multi-proxy Study of a Permafrost Deposit from Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island, Arctic Siberia

Chironomid, pollen, and rhizopod records from a permafrost sequence at the Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island (New Siberian Archipelago) document the evolution of a thermokarst palaeo-lake and environmental conditions in the region during the Last Interglacial (MIS 5e, ca. 130120 ka). Open Poaceae and Artemisia associations dominated vegetation at the beginning of the interglacial period, ca. 130 ka. Rare shrub thickets (Salix, Betula nana, Alnus fruticosa) grew in more protected and wetter places as well. Saalian ice wedges started to melt during this time, resulting in the formation of an initial thermokarst water body. The high percentage of semi-aquatic chironomids suggests that a peatland-pool palaeo-biotope existed at the site, when initial water body started to form. A distinct decrease in semi-aquatic chironomid taxa and an increase in lacustrine ones point to a gradual pooling of water in basin, which could in turn create thaw a permanent pond during the subsequent period. The highest relative abundance of Chironomus and Procladius reflects an existence of unfrozen water remaining under the ice throughout the ice-covered period during the later stage of palaeo-lake development. Chironomid record points to three successive stages during the water body evolution: (1) a peatland pool; (2) a pond (i.e., less deep than the maximum ice-cover thickness); and (3) a shallow lake (i.e., more deep than the maximum ice-cover thickness). The evolutionary trend of palaeo-lake points to intensive thermokarst processes occurring in the region during the Last Interglacial. Shrub tundra communities with Alnus fruticosa, Betula nana dominated the vegetation during the interglacial optimum that is evidenced by pollen record. The climate was relatively moist and warm. The results of this study suggest that quantitative chironomid-based temperature reconstructions from the Arctic thermokarst ponds/lakes may be problematic owing to other key environmental factors, such as prolonged periods of winter anoxia and local hydrological/geomorphological processes, controlling the chironomid assemblage
Firms' Main Market, Human Capital and Wages

Recent international trade literature emphasizes two features in characterizing the current patterns of trade: efficiency heterogeneity at the firm level and quality differentiation. This paper explores human capital and wage differences across firms in that context. We build a partial equilibrium model predicting that firms selling in more-remote markets employ higher human capital and pay higher wages to employees within each education group. The channel linking these variables is firms’ endogenous choice of quality. Predictions are tested using Spanish employer-employee matched data that classify firms according to four main destination markets: local, national, European Union, and rest of the World. Employees’ average education is increasing in the remoteness of firm’s main output market. Market–destination wage premia are large, increasing in the remoteness of the market, and increasing in individual education. These results suggest that increasing globalization may play a significant role in raising wage inequality within and across education groups.
A simple mathematical model of gradual Darwinian evolution: emergence of a Gaussian trait distribution in adaptation along a fitness gradient

Copyright © 2013 Springer Verlag. The final publication is available at link.springer.comWe consider a simple mathematical model of gradual Darwinian evolution in continuous time and continuous trait space, due to intraspecific competition for common resource in an asexually reproducing population in constant environment, while far from evolutionary stable equilibrium. The model admits exact analytical solution. In particular, Gaussian distribution of the trait emerges from generic initial conditions
Slip distributions on active normal faults measured from LiDAR and field mapping of geomorphic offsets: an example from L'Aquila, Italy, and implications for modelling seismic moment release

Surface slip distributions for an active normal fault in central Italy have been measured using terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), in order to assess the impact of changes in fault orientation and kinematics when modelling subsurface slip distributions that control seismic moment release. The southeastern segment of the surface trace of the Campo Felice active normal fault near the city of L'Aquila was mapped and surveyed using techniques from structural geology and using TLS to define the vertical and horizontal offsets of geomorphic slopes since the last glacial maximum (15 ± 3 ka). The fault geometry and kinematics measured from 43 sites and throw/heave measurements from geomorphic offsets seen on 250 scarp profiles were analysed using a modification of the Kostrov equations to calculate the magnitudes and directions of horizontal principal strain-rates. The map trace of the studied fault is linear, except where a prominent bend has formed to link across a former left-stepping relay-zone. The dip of the fault and slip direction are constant across the bend. Throw-rates since 15 ± 3 ka decrease linearly from the fault centre to the tip, except in the location of the prominent bend where higher throw rates are recorded. Vertical coseismic offsets for two palaeo earthquake ruptures seen as fresh strips of rock at the base of the bedrock scarp also increase within the prominent bend. The principal strain-rate, calculated by combining strike, dip, slip-direction and post 15 ± 3 ka throw rate, decreases linearly from the fault centre towards the tip; the strain-rate does not increase across the prominent fault bend. The above shows that changes in fault strike, whilst having no effect on the principal horizontal strain-rate, can produce local maxima in throw-rates during single earthquakes that persist over the timescale of multiple earthquakes (15 ± 3 ka). Detailed geomorphological and structural characterisation of active faults is therefore a critical requirement in order to properly define fault activity for the purpose of accurate seismic hazard assessment. We discuss the implications of modelling subsurface slip distributions for earthquake ruptures through inversion of GPS, InSAR and strong motion data using planar fault approximations, referring to recent examples on the nearby Paganica fault that ruptured in the Mw 6.3 2009 L'Aquila Earthquake
THE SPATIOKINEMATICAL STRUCTURE OF H2O AND OH MASERS IN THE ""WATER FOUNTAIN"" SOURCE IRAS 18460−0151

Using the Very Long Baseline Array and the European Very Long Baseline Interferometry Network, we have observed 22.2 GHz H2O and 1612 MHz OH masers in the water fountain source IRAS 18460-0151. The H2O maser spectrum has a very wide line-of-sight velocity range (≈310 km s^-1) and consists of three groups of emission features at the blueshifted (-68 km s^-1 ≲ V_LSR ≲ -17 km s^-1) and redshifted (V_LSR ≃ 240 km s^-1) edges as well as around the systemic velocity (112 km s^-1 ≃ V_LSR ≃ 133 km s^-1). The first two H2O spectral components exhibit a highly collimated high-velocity bipolar jet on the sky, with an angular separation of ≈120 milliarcsec (mas) (240 AU in linear length) and a three-dimensional flow velocity of ≈160 km s^-1. The flow dynamical age is estimated to be only ≈6 yr (at the time of the observation epochs of 2006–2007). Interestingly, the systemic velocity component clearly exhibits a spherically expanding outflow with a radius of ≈36 AU and a flow velocity of ≈9 km s^-1. On the other hand, the OH maser spectrum shows double peaks with a velocity separation of ≈25 km s^-1 (V_LSR = 111–116 and 138–141 km s^-1), as typically seen in circumstellar envelopes of OH/IR stars. The angular offset between the velocity-integrated brightness peaks of the two high-velocity H2O components is ≈25 mas (50 AU). The offset direction and the alignment of the redshifted maser spots are roughly perpendicular to the axis of the H2O maser flow. High-accuracy astrometry for the H2O and OH masers demonstrates that the collimated fast jet and the slowly expanding outflow originate from a single or multiple sources which are located within 15 mas (30 AU). On the other hand, the estimated systemic velocity of the collimated jet (V_sys ≈ 87–113 km s^-1) has a large uncertainty. This makes it difficult to provide strong constraints on models of the central stellar system of IRAS 18460-0151
High-latitude HF Doppler observations of ULF waves. 1. Waves with large spatial scale sizes

A quantitative study of observations of the
ionospheric signatures of magnetospheric ultra low frequency (ULF) waves by a
high-latitude (geographic: 69.6°N 19.2°E) high-frequency Doppler sounder has
been undertaken. The signatures, which are clearly correlated with pulsations in
ground magnetometer data, exhibit periods in the range 100–400 s and have
azimuthal wave numbers in the range 3–8. They are interpreted here as local
field line resonances. Phase information provided by O- and X-mode Doppler data
support the view that these are associated with field line resonances having
large azimuthal scale sizes. The relative phases and amplitudes of the
signatures in the Doppler and ground magnetometer data are compared with a model
for the generation of Doppler signatures from incident ULF waves. The outcome
suggests that the dominant mechanism involved in producing the Doppler signature
is the vertical component of an <strong>E</strong> × <strong>B</strong> bulk
motion of the local plasma caused by the electric field perturbation of the ULF
wave.<br><br><b>Key words.</b> Auroral ionosphere ·
Magnetosphere-ionosphere interactions · MHD waves and instabilities HF Doppler
· ULF Wave
Effect of Stress Level on the High Temperature Deformation and Fracture Mechanisms of Ti-45Al-2Nb-2Mn-0.8 vol. pct TiB2: An In Situ Experimental Study

The effect of the applied stress on the deformation and crack nucleation and propagation\ud
mechanisms of a c-TiAl intermetallic alloy (Ti-45Al-2Nb-2Mn (at. pct)-0.8 vol. pct TiB2) was\ud
examined by means of in situ tensile (constant strain rate) and tensile-creep (constant load)\ud
experiments performed at 973 K (700 �C) using a scanning electron microscope. Colony\ud
boundary cracking developed during the secondary stage in creep tests at 300 and 400 MPa and\ud
during the tertiary stage of the creep tests performed at higher stresses. Colony boundary\ud
cracking was also observed in the constant strain rate tensile test. Interlamellar ledges were only\ud
found during the tensile-creep tests at high stresses (r>400 MPa) and during the constant\ud
strain rate tensile test. Quantitative measurements of the nature of the crack propagation path\ud
along secondary cracks and along the primary crack indicated that colony boundaries were\ud
preferential sites for crack propagation under all the conditions investigated. The frequency of\ud
interlamellar cracking increased with stress, but this fracture mechanism was always of secondary\ud
importance. Translamellar cracking was only observed along the primary crack
Sub-national deficits in European countries: The impact of fiscal rules and tax autonomy

This paper empirically examines how fiscal rules and tax autonomy influence deficits of sub-national sectors across European countries. I use a new panel-data set to measure tax autonomy and the stringency of fiscal rules for EU15 regional and local government sectors over the period 1995 to 2008. I apply an instrumental variables approach to obtain an unbiased estimate of the impact of fiscal rules on deficits. I use political variables describing the central governments characteristics as instruments for fiscal rules at the sub-national level. The results show that the effectiveness of fiscal rules and tax autonomy depends on the constitutional structure. Fiscal rules decrease deficits only in unitary countries. Deficits of sub-national sectors in federations can be avoided through tax autonomy
An investigation of the origins of cattle and aurochs deposited in the Early Bronze Age barrows at Gayhurst and Irthlingborough

YesThe Early Bronze Age round barrows at Irthlingborough, Northamptonshire and Gayhurst, Buckinghamshire contained remarkably large quantities of cattle (Bos taurus) remains. At Irthlingborough, at least 185 skulls with smaller numbers of mandibles, shoulder blades and pelves were found together with a small number of skeletal elements from aurochs (Bos primigenius). In contrast, the remains from Gayhurst are dominated by the limb bones from more than 300 animals. This study employed strontium isotope ratio analysis of cattle tooth enamel from 15 cattle and one aurochs to investigate the diversity of the animals’ origins at both sites and provide insights into Early Bronze Age funerary practices. Although strontium results show that most of the cattle and the aurochs included in this study were consistent with local origins, one animal from each barrow was born remotely, most likely in western Britain. In addition, a second Gayhurst animal was consistent with origins in a region of chalk rather than the local Jurassic sediments
Measurements of $t\overline{t}$ cross sections in association with b jets and inclusive jets and their ratio using dilepton final states in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV

The cross sections for the production of  $t\overline{t}b\overline{b}$ and  $t\overline{t}jj$ events and their ratio $\sigma_{t\overline{t}b\overline{b}} / \sigma_{t\overline{t}jj}$ are measured using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.3 $fb^{−1}$collected in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13TeV with the CMS detector at the LHC. Events with two leptons (e or μ) and at least four reconstructed jets, including at least two identified as b quark jets, in the final state are selected. In the full phase space, the measured ratio is $0.022 \pm 0.003(stat) \pm 0.006(syst)$, the cross section $\sigma_{t\overline{t}b\overline{b}}$ is $4.0 \pm 0.6(stat) \pm 1.3(syst)pb$ and $\sigma_{t\overline{t}jj}$ is $184 \pm 6(stat) \pm 33(syst)pb$. The measurements are compared with the standard model expectations obtained from a powheg simulation at next-to-leading-order interfaced with pythia
Terrestrial-type planet formation. Comparing different types of initial conditions

Context. The initial distributions of planetary embryos and planetesimals used in N-body simulations play an important role for studies of the terrestrial-type planet formation during the post oligarchic growth. In general, most of these studies typically use ad hoc initial distributions based primarily on theoretical and numerical studies.
Aims. We analyze the formation of planetary systems without gas giants around solar-type stars by focusing on the sensitivity of the results to the particular initial distributions used for planetesimals and planetary embryos at the end of the gas phase of the protoplanetary disk. The formation process of terrestrial planets in the habitable zone (HZ) and their final water contents are also topics of special interest in this work.
Methods. We developed two different sets of N-body simulations starting with the same protoplanetary disk. The first set assumes typical ad hoc initial distributions for embryos and planetesimals, and the second set obtains these initial distributions from the results of a semi-analytical model that simulates the evolution of the protoplanetary disk during the gaseous phase.
Results. The two sets of simulations form planets within the HZ. Using ad hoc initial conditions, the masses of the planets that remain in the HZ range from 0.66 M⊕ to 2.27 M⊕. Using more realistic initial conditions obtained from a semi-analytical model, we found that the masses of the planets range from 1.18 M⊕ to 2.21 M⊕. Both sets of simulations form planets in the HZ with water contents ranging between 4.5% and 39.48% by mass. The planets that have the highest water contents with respect to those with the lowest water contents present differences regarding the sources of water supply.
Conclusions. From comparing the two sets of simulations, we suggest that the number of planets that remain in the HZ is not sensitive to the particular initial distribution of embryos and planetesimals, and therefore the results are globally similar between them. However, the main differences observed between the two sets are associated with the accretion history of the planets in the HZ. These discrepancies have a direct impact on the accretion of water-rich material and the physical characteristics of the resulting planets.Fil: Ronco, María Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico la Plata. Instituto de Astrofísica de la Plata; ArgentinaFil: de Elia, Gonzalo Carlos. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas; ArgentinaFil: Guilera, Octavio Miguel. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas; Argentin
Statistics of implicational logic

In this paper we investigate the size of the fraction of tautologies of the given length n against the number of all formulas of length n for implicational logic. We are specially interested in asymptotic behavior of this fraction. We demonstrate the relation between a number of premises of implicational formula and asymptotic probability of finding formula with this number of premises. Furthermore we investigate the distribution of this asymptotic probabilities. Distribution for all formulas is contrasted with the same distribution for tautologies only. We prove those distributions to be so different that enable us to estimate likelihood of truth for a given long formula. Despite of the fact that all discussed problems and methods in this paper are solved by mathematical means, the paper may have some philosophical impact on the understanding how much the phenomenon of truth is sporadic or frequent in random logical sentences
Polygenic transmission and complex neuro developmental network for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: genome-wide association study of both common and rare variants

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex polygenic disorder. This study aimed to discover common and rare DNA variants associated with ADHD in a large homogeneous Han Chinese ADHD case-control sample. The sample comprised 1,040 cases and 963 controls. All cases met DSM-IV ADHD diagnostic criteria. We used the Affymetrix6.0 array to assay both single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and copy number variants (CNVs). Genome-wide association analyses were performed using PLINK. SNP-heritability and SNP-genetic correlations with ADHD in Caucasians were estimated with genome-wide complex trait analysis (GCTA). Pathway analyses were performed using the Interval enRICHment Test (INRICH), the Disease Association Protein-Protein Link Evaluator (DAPPLE), and the Genomic Regions Enrichment of Annotations Tool (GREAT). We did not find genome-wide significance for single SNPs but did find an increased burden of large, rare CNVs in the ADHD sample (P = 0.038). SNP-heritability was estimated to be 0.42 (standard error, 0.13, P = 0.0017) and the SNP-genetic correlation with European Ancestry ADHD samples was 0.39 (SE 0.15, P = 0.0072). The INRICH, DAPPLE, and GREAT analyses implicated several gene ontology cellular components, including neuron projections and synaptic components, which are consistent with a neurodevelopmental pathophysiology for ADHD. This study suggested the genetic architecture of ADHD comprises both common and rare variants. Some common causal variants are likely to be shared between Han Chinese and Caucasians. Complex neurodevelopmental networks may underlie ADHD's etiology
Exact Heisenberg operator solutions for multi-particle quantum mechanics

Exact Heisenberg operator solutions for independent `sinusoidal coordinates'
as many as the degree of freedom are derived for typical exactly solvable
multi-particle quantum mechanical systems, the Calogero systems based on any
root system. These Heisenberg operator solutions also present the explicit
forms of the annihilation-creation operators for various quanta in the
interacting multi-particle systems. At the same time they can be interpreted as
multi-variable generalisation of the three term recursion relations for
multi-variable orthogonal polynomials constituting the eigenfunctions.Comment: 17 pages, no figure