pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Effect of gas flow on the growth of In-rich AlInN films by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition

Indium-rich AlInN are grown by metal-organic(MO) chemical vapor deposition using
trimethylaluminum, trimethylindium, and ammonia. Under the conservation of MO influx, the
effects of gas flow in the MO route on AlInN growth and Al-related parasitic reaction are
investigated. With an increase in this gas flow, the suppression of Al-related parasitic reaction, i.e.,
enhancement in Al content incorporation and improvement of crystalline quality, is satisfactorily
shown until the occurring of severe phase separation. Accordingly, Al content x in AlxIn1−xN can be
tuned from x=0.02 to 0.26. The Raman spectra of those AlInN samples with phase separation are
analyzed by the resonant excitation effect and two-mode behavior for A1(LO). Finally, we propose
a phase diagram to interpret the phase separation and Al content evolution under the influence of gas flow
Development of a Novel High Power Sub-THz Second Harmonic Gyrotron

Record-breaking high power coherent radiation at a subterahertz frequency region from a gyrotron
	utilizing second harmonic resonance modes was attained with a simple cavity. In order to aim at high
	power and high frequency simultaneously, the oscillation mode was selected carefully enough to realize
	stable radiation free from mode competition. The cavity radius was determined from the viewpoints of the
	oscillation frequency, the coupling coefficient between the electron beam, and the rf-electric field. The
	cavity length was also optimized for the highest perpendicular efficiency. In addition, a new electron gun
	which is capable of generating a thin laminar beam for a large current was introduced. Consequently,
	single mode second harmonic radiation with powers of 52 and 37 kW at frequencies of about 349 and
	390 GHz, respectively, was achieved
An annotation system for egocentric image media

Manual annotation of ego-centric visual media for lifelogging, activity monitoring, object counting, etc. is challenging due to the repetitive nature of the images especially for events such as driving, eating, meeting, watching television, etc. where there is no change in scenery. This makes the annotation task boring and there is danger of missing things through loss of concentration. This is particularly problematic when labelling infrequently or irregularly occurring objects or short activities. To date annotation approaches have structured visual lifelogs into events and then annotated at the event or sub-event levels but this can be limited when the annotation task is labelling a wider variety of topics -- events, activities, interactions and/or objects. Here we build on our prior experiences of annotating at event level and present a new annotation interface. This demonstration will show a software platform for annotating different levels of labels by different projects, with different aims, for ego-centric visual media
Recommendations for the use of tolvaptan in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: a position statement on behalf of the ERA-EDTA Working Groups on Inherited Kidney Disorders and European Renal Best Practice

Recently, the European Medicines Agency approved the use of the vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist tolvaptan to slow the progression of cyst development and renal insufficiency of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) in adult patients with chronic kidney disease stages 1–3 at initiation of treatment with evidence of rapidly progressing disease. In this paper, on behalf of the ERA-EDTA Working Groups of Inherited Kidney Disorders and European Renal Best Practice, we aim to provide guidance for making the decision as to which ADPKD patients to treat with tolvaptan. The present position statement includes a series of recommendations resulting in a hierarchical decision algorithm that encompasses a sequence of risk-factor assessments in a descending order of reliability. By examining the best-validated markers first, we aim to identify ADPKD patients who have documented rapid disease progression or are likely to have rapid disease progression. We believe that this procedure offers the best opportunity to select patients who are most likely to benefit from tolvaptan, thus improving the benefit-to-risk ratio and cost-effectiveness of this treatment. It is important to emphasize that the decision to initiate treatment requires the consideration of many factors besides eligibility, such as contraindications, potential adverse events, as well as patient motivation and lifestyle factors, and requires shared decision-making with the patient
Use of Rasch analysis to investigate structural validity of a set of movement control tests for the neck

In pressBackground: Movement control abilities are often reduced in persons with neck pain. In physiotherapeutic practice observational tests are frequently used to assess the impaired abilities. Several tests for movement control abilities are available, but no evidence exists on how to combine and interpret them.
Objective: The aim was to investigate structural validity of a set of movement control tests with Rasch analysis.
Design: Cross-sectional study
Methods: Thirty persons with and thirty without neck pain were recruited for this study. All persons performed ten movement control tests. A partial credit model was applied to investigate item fit, ordering of the item response functions, dimensionality and hierarchy of the tests.
Results: The majority of persons with neck pain had moderate disabilities and the mean value in the Neck disability index was 10.7. Functioning of the movement control tests to measure the construct “movement control abilities” was adequate for the majority of tests. Three movement control test showed considerable misfit. Possible explanations were a reactive movement control instead of an active control and a more challenging test position. Test difficulties and person abilities could be estimated for the complete sample. The most difficult test was “sitting rocking forward” (1.13 logits) and the least difficult test was “lifting the right arm” (-1.30 logits). The highest person ability estimate was 3.61 logits indicating that movement control tests are missing to evaluate persons with moderate neck disabilities.
Conclusion: Modifying the existing set of tests is required to evaluate the complete spectrum of persons with neck pain
Evaluation of methods for estimating energy performance of biogas production

This study focused on identifying various system boundaries and evaluating methods of estimating energy performance of biogas production. First, the output-input ratio method used for evaluating energy performance from the system boundaries was reviewed. Secondly, ways to assess the efficiency of biogas use and parasitic energy demand were investigated. Thirdly, an approach for comparing biogas production to other energy production methods was evaluated. Data from an existing biogas plant, located in Finland, was used for the evaluation of the methods. The results indicate that calculating and comparing the output-input ratios (Rpr1, Rpr2, Rut, Rpl and Rsy) can be used in evaluating the performance of biogas production system. In addition, the parasitic energy demand calculations (w) and the efficiency of utilizing produced biogas (η) provide detailed information on energy performance of the biogas plant. Furthermore, Rf and energy output in relation to total solid mass of feedstock (FO/TS) are useful in comparing biogas production with other energy recovery technologies. As a conclusion it is essential for the comparability of biogas plants that their energy performance would be calculated in a more consistent manner in the future.Post-print / final draf
Effect of polycrystallinity on the optical properties of highly oriented ZnO grown by pulsed laser deposition

We report the results of photoluminescence and reflectance measurements on highly c-axis oriented polycrystalline ZnO grown by pulsed laser deposition. The samples measured were grown under identical conditions and were annealed in-situ at various temperatures for 10-15 min. The band-edge photoluminescence spectra of the material altered considerably with an increase in grain size, with increased free exciton emission and observable excitonic structure in the reflectance spectra. The green band emission also increased with increasing grain size. A deformation potential analysis of the effect of strain on the exciton energy positions of the A- and B-excitons demonstrated that the experimental exciton energies could not be explained solely in terms of sample strain. We propose that electric fields in the samples due to charge trapping at grain boundaries are responsible for the additional perturbation of the excitons. This interpretation is supported by theoretical estimates of the exciton energy perturbation due to electric fields. The behaviour of the green band in the samples provides additional evidence in favour of our model
Clan CD of cysteine peptidases as an example of evolutionary divergences in related protein families across plant clades

Comparative genomic analyses are powerful tools that can be used to analyze the presence, conservation, and evolution of protein families and to elucidate issues concerning their function. To deal with these questions, we have chosen the clan CD of cysteine peptidases, which is formed by different protein families that play key roles in plants. An evolutionary comparative analysis of clan CD cysteine peptidases in representative species of different taxonomic groups that appeared during the evolution of the Viridiplantae was performed. The results obtained indicates: i) C13 GPI:protein transamidases, C14 metacaspases I, and C50 separases are present in all taxonomic groups; ii) C13 legumains and C14 metacaspases II are absent in some basal algae groups; iii) C11 clostripains have only been found in the two Chlorophyceae species; iv) C25 gingipains and C80 RTX toxins have not been found in plants. Moreover, gene duplication events could have been associated in some families to the increasing complexities acquired in land plants. These findings have demonstrated that comparative genomics is useful to provide valuable insights on the differential evolution of the related peptidase families belonging to clan CD in plant clades. The low number of protein members suggests a restricted physiological role for these peptidase families, mainly in algae species
The use of arc-erosion as a patterning technique for transparent conductive materials

Within the framework of cost-effective patterning processes a novel technique that saves photolithographic processing steps, easily scalable to wide area production, is proposed. It consists of a tip-probe, which is biased with respect to a conductive substrate and slides on it, keeping contact with the material. The sliding tip leaves an insulating path (which currently is as narrow as 30 μm) across the material, which enables the drawing of tracks and pads electrically insulated from the surroundings. This ablation method, called arc-erosion, requires an experimental set up that had to be customized for this purpose and is described. Upon instrumental monitoring, a brief proposal of the physics below this process is also presented. As a result an optimal control of the patterning process has been acquired. The system has been used on different substrates, including indium tin oxide either on glass or on polyethylene terephtalate, as well as alloys like Au/Cr, and Al. The influence of conditions such as tip speed and applied voltage is discusse
Experimental study and numerical simulation of the vertical bounce of a polymer ball over a wide temperature range

The dependence to temperature of the rebound of a solid polymer ball on a rigid slab is investigated. An acrylate polymer ball is brought to a wide range of temperatures, covering its glass to rubbery transition, and let fall on a granite slab while the
coe cient of restitution, duration of contact, and force history are measured experimentally. The ball fabrication is controlled in the lab, allowing the mechanical
characterization of the material by classic dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Finite element simulations of the rebound at various temperatures are run, consider-
ing the material as viscoelatic and as satisfying a WLF equation for its time-temperature superposition property. A comparison between the experiments and the simulations shows the strong link between viscoelasticity and time-temperature superposition properties of the material and the bounce characteristics of the ball
Litter in a first–order stream of a temperate deciduous forest (Margaraça Forest, central Portugal)

Abstract  To evaluate the importance and fate of organic matter inputs in forested streams, we determined the litterfall inputs and the benthic coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) in one headwater stream flowing through a mixed deciduous forest, during one year. Both vertical traps and the stream bottom were sampled monthly. The material collected was sorted into four main categories: leaves, fruits and flowers, twigs and debris. Litter production was 715 g m-2 y-1 and seasonal, with 73% of the annual total during October–December (autumn). Leaves comprised the largest litter component. Benthic organic matter was 1880 g m-2 y-1, and was also seasonal. Highest accumulation was attained in spring, and twigs and branches comprised the major component.http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:100353292143
Iron Biogeochemistry in the High Latitude North Atlantic Ocean

Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient for marine microbial organisms, and low supply controls productivity in large parts of the world’s ocean. The high latitude North Atlantic is seasonally Fe limited, but Fe distributions and source strengths are poorly constrained. Surface ocean dissolved Fe (DFe) concentrations were low in the study region (<0.1 nM) in summer 2010, with significant perturbations during spring 2010 in the Iceland Basin as a result of an eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano (up to 2.5 nM DFe near Iceland) with biogeochemical consequences. Deep water concentrations in the vicinity of the Reykjanes Ridge system were influenced by pronounced sediment resuspension, with indications for additional inputs by hydrothermal vents, with subsequent lateral transport of Fe and manganese plumes of up to 250–300 km. Particulate Fe formed the dominant pool, as evidenced by 4–17 fold higher total dissolvable Fe compared with DFe concentrations, and a dynamic exchange between the fractions appeared to buffer deep water DFe. Here we show that Fe supply associated with deep winter mixing (up to 103 nmol m−2 d−1) was at least ca. 4–10 times higher than atmospheric deposition, diffusive fluxes at the base of the summer mixed layer, and horizontal surface ocean fluxes
Pedagogical validation of courseware

A lack of pedagogy in courseware can lead to learner rejection. It is therefore vital that pedagogy is a central concern of courseware construction. Courseware validation allows the course creator to specify the pedagogical rules and principles that courseware must conform to.\ud
In this paper we investigate the information needed to automate courseware validation and propose an information architecture to be used as a basis for validation. We then demonstrate an approach to courseware validation in the context of the information architecture presented
Against the 'No-Go' Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics

In the area of the foundations of quantum mechanics a true industry appears to have developed in the last decades, with the aim of proving as many results as possible concerning what there cannot be in the quantum realm. In principle, the significance of proving ‘no-go’ results should consist in clarifying the fundamental structure of the theory, by pointing out a class of basic constraints that the theory itself is supposed to satisfy. In the present paper I will discuss some more recent no-go claims and I will argue against the deep significance of these results, with a two-fold strategy. First, I will consider three results concerning respectively local realism, quantum covariance and predictive power in quantum mechanics, and I will try to show how controversial the main conditions of the negative theorem turn out to be – something that strongly undermines the general relevance of these theorems. Second, I will try to discuss what I take to be a common feature of these theoretical enterprises, namely that of aiming at establishing negative results for quantum mechanics in absence of a deeper understanding of the overall ontological content and structure of the theory.  I will argue that the only way toward such an understanding may be to cast in advance the problems in a clear and well-defined interpretational framework – which in my view means primarily to specify the ontology that quantum theory is supposed to be about – and after to wonder whether problems that seemed worth pursuing still are so in the framework
Why and where do adult trees die in a young secondary temperate forest? The role of neighbourhood

The density and identity of tree neighbourhood is a key factor to explain tree mortality in forests, especially during the stem exclusion phase.\ud
To understand this process, we built a logistic model for mortality in a spatially explicit context,including tree and neighbourhood predictors. Additionally, we used this model to build mortality risk frequency distributions. Finally, we tested this model against a random mortality model to predict the spatial pattern of the forest.\ud
Annual mortality rate was high for pedunculate oak (Quercus robur, 6.99%), moderate for birch (Betula celtiberica, 2.19%) and Pyrenean oak (Q. pyrenaica, 1.58%) and low for beech (Fagus sylvatica, 0.26%). Mortality risk models for pedunculate oak and birch included stem diameter, tree\ud
height, canopy position and neighbourhood. Mortality was affected by the specific nature of the neighbourhood showing a clear competitive hierarchy: beech > pedunculate oak > birch. Models based on random mortality and logistic regression model were able to predict the spatial pattern  of survivors although logistic regression predictions were more accurate.\ud
Our study highlights how simple models such as the random mortality one may obscure much more complex spatial interactions
Self-assembling processes involved in the molecular beam epitaxy growth of stacked InAs/InP quantum wires

The growth mechanism of stacked InAs/InP(001) quantum wires (QWRs) is studied by combining an atomic-scale cross-sectional scanning tunnelling microscopy analysis with in situ and in real-time stress measurements along the [110] direction (sensitive to stress relaxation during QWR formation). QWRs in stacked layers grow by a non-Stranski–Krastanov (SK) process which involves the production of extra InAs by strain-enhanced As/P exchange and a strong strain driven mass transport. Despite the different growth mechanism of the QWR between the first and following layers of the stack, the QWRs maintain on average the same shape and composition in all the layers of the stack, revealing the high stability of this QWR configuration
The use of wind pumps for greenhouse microirrigation: a case study for tomato in Cuba.

Crop irrigation is a major consumer of energy. Only a few countries are self-sufficient in conventional non-renewable energy sources. Fortunately, there are renewable ones, such as wind, which has experienced recent developments in the area of power generation. Wind pumps can play a vital role in irrigation projects in remote farms.  A methodology based on daily estimation balance between water needs and water availability was used to evaluate the feasibility of the most economic windmill irrigation system. For this purpose, several factors were included: three-hourly wind velocity (W3 h, m/s), flow supplied by the wind pump as a function of the elevation height (H, m) and daily greenhouse evapotranspiration as a function of crop planting date. Monthly volumes of water required for irrigation (Dr, m3/ha) and in the water tank (Vd, m3), as well as the monthly irrigable area (Ar, ha), were estimated by cumulative deficit water budgeting taking in account these factors.  An example is given illustrating the use of this methodology on tomato crop (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) under greenhouse at Ciego de Ávila, Cuba. In this case two different W3 h series (average and low wind year), three different H values and five tomato crop planting dates were considered. The results show that the optimum period of wind-pump driven irrigation is with crop plating in November, recommending a 5 m3 volume tank for cultivated areas around 0.2 ha when using wind pumps operating at 15 m of height elevation
OSIA: Out-of-order scheduling for in-order arriving in concurrent multi-path transfer.

One major problem of concurrent multi-path transfer (CMT) scheme in multi-homed mobile networks is that the utilization of different paths with diverse delays may cause packet reordering among packets of the same ?ow. In the case of TCP-like, the reordering exacerbates the problem by bringing more timeouts and unnecessary retransmissions, which eventually degrades the throughput of connections considerably. To address this issue, we ?rst propose an Out-of-order Scheduling for In-order Arriving (OSIA), which exploits the sending time discrepancy to preserve the in-order packet arrival. Then, we formulate the optimal traf?c scheduling as a constrained optimization problem and derive its closedform solution by our proposed progressive water-?lling solution. We also present an implementation to enforce the optimal scheduling scheme using cascaded leaky buckets with multiple faucets, which provides simple guidelines on maximizing the utilization of aggregate bandwidth while decreasing the probability of triggering 3 dupACKs. Compared with previous work, the proposed scheme has lower computation complexity and can also provide the possibility for dynamic network adaptability and ?ner-grain load balancing. Simulation results show that our scheme signi?cantly alleviates reordering and enhances transmission performance