pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
The US dollar, the euro, and the yen: An evaluation of their present and future status as international currencies

The process of European integration and especially the introduction of the euro as the single currency for up to now 12 member countries of the EU in 1999 may alter the existing clear currency hierarchy. The euro area is comparable in size to the US with respect to GDP and even exceeds the US regarding the share in world trade. Thus questions arise of whether the international monetary system turns out to be bipolar in the long run or whether the yen can also play its part.
It turns out that real activity, size and sophistication of financial markets, monetary and financial stability and inertia are the most prominent characteristics making a currency to be preferred on a world-wide level.
We thus conclude that the integration and the development of European financial markets are of special importance for a stronger international role of the dollar, but that the historical experience of only gradually changing supremacy of international currencies still applies.
Recent developments in gas tracking detectors for high luminosities

With the high luminosities of upcoming colliders, the frontiers of present generation gas tracking detectors have been pushed, resulting in a large number of innovations in their design, technology and readout systems of which I will discuss some examples. The ATLAS muon spectrometer despite comprising 'simple' proportional tubes, has been extensively studied to better understand and optimize its performance inclusive of the front-end electronics. The MicroStrip Gas Chambers have come long way since their introduction, their spin-offs being Micro-Gap Chambers and the MICRODOT chambers which are described. The introduction of a novel device called the Gas Electron Multiplier GEM, seems promising, and is being considered by HERA-B for improved reliability
Isolation and Aggregation in Economics

In explaining economic phenomena, economic analysis concentrates on selected influences and fixes the host of other factors under a ceteris paribus clause. This view, which goes back to Alfred Marshall (1842-1924), is developed in the first part of the book.
Aggregation is viewed as a particular application of ceteris paribus analysis - isolation from "structural effects". This leads to an approach, called "closed aggregation", which was introduced by Kenneth May and is also implicit in Keynes' writings but has been neglected more recently. It is argued that macroeconomic models are more stable and more general than the corresponding micro models and that there is no simple analogy between them.
Contact-allergy time

The most commonly used techniques for the in vivo evaluation of the cellular
immune response include intracutaneous testing with microbial recall antigens
or sensitization with neoantigens. The reliability of these tests for the individual
patient usually is low due to the lack of standardization and quantification.
Moreover only the efferent branch of the immune response can be judged.
The dinitrochlorobenzene-contact allergy time (DNCB-CAT) is a quantitative
approach for the assessment of the cellular immune response. 2% DNCBointment
is applied on the upper arm in a 1 cm2 area. On the following days
patch-testing with 0.05% DNCB-ointment is done on the homolateral forearm
in alternating localizations till an allergic contact dermatitis reaction appears.
As assessed in patients with malignant melanoma (MM, n=\\5) and with
lymphoproliferative disorders (LD, η = 25), the DNCB-CAT correlates with
the age of the patients and can be expressed by a formula given by the age
(years) χ factor (MM = 0.16; LD = 0.17) + constant figure (MM = 5.5;
LD = 4.3). There was no significant difference between the two groups or subgroups
investigated.
By DNCB-CAT quantitative analysis of the cellular immune response in
vivo is possible. It is an appropriate model for further investigations of the
cellular immunity under different clinical, histological, prognostic, and therapeutic
aspects.
Rotationally resolved ultraviolet spectra of benzene-noble gas van der Waals clusters

Sub-Doppler electronic spectra with hundreds of resolved rotational lines are now available for benzene-Ar dimers and trimers. From their analysis the structure of these clusters is precisely determined. The analysis of two bands, 6 0 1  and 16 0 2 , of C6H6 · Ar is presented in detail. It leads to accurate values of the van der Waals bond length in the electronic ground and excited state. The change in frequency upon clustering is found to be a factor of 17 larger for the overtone of the out-of-plane modev 16 than for the in-plane vibrationv 1. This can be tentatively explained by an interaction of the low frequency out-of-plane motion of the ring with the van-der-Waals motion of the Ar atom.
MEASURING THE DEVELOPMENT PERFORMANCE OF INTEGRATED COMPUTER AIDED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING (I-CASE): A SYNTHESIS OF FIELD STUDY RESULTS FROM THE FIRST BOSTON CORPORATION

This paper reports on a multi-year field study conducted at the First
Boston Corporation to investigate the performance of its object and
repository-based integrated computer aided software engineering (I-CASE)
tool called High Productivity Systems (HPS). We present productivity and
software reuse results for:
* three closely monitored small-scale I-CASE pilot projects; and,
* twenty large-scale investment banking projects built during the first
two years of the I-CASE tool's deployment.
Our results offer perspective on the potential for order of magnitude
gains in software development productivity when reusable software
development approaches are applied. They also suggest the need for new
measurement and management approaches to foster improved software
development performance in the I-CASE world.Information Systems Working Papers Serie
CD44: a multitude of isoforms with diverse functions.

The CD44 transmembrane glycoprotein of 90 kD has been known for more than ten years under such diverse designations as lymphocyte homing receptor gp90Hermes, phagocytic glycoprotein Pgp-1, extracellular matrix receptor III (ECMRIII) and hyaluronate receptor H-CAM (see reviews by Haynes et al., 1989 and 1991). Studies with monoclonal antibodies revealed similarity, and most likely identity among these molecules (Omary et al., 1988; Gallatin et al., 1989; Picker et al., 1989; Aruffo et al., 1990; Miyake et al., 1990; Culty et al., 1990). When the human, baboon and murine cDNA sequences were established identity was confirmed. However, the cDNA sequence codes only for about 360 amino acids, revealing a just 37 kD encompassing protein core (Stamenkovic et al., 1989; Goldstein et al., 1989; Idzerda et al., 1989; Nottenburg et al., 1989; Zhou et al., 1989; Wolffe et al., 1990). This protein core is highly glycosylated by N- and O-linked sugars to yield a 85 to 90 kD form and is sometimes additionally linked to chondroitin sulfate side chains to produce a 180 - 200 kD form (Jalkanen et al., 1988; Stamenkovic et al., 1989). Concomitant with the diverse names for CD44, the description of functions was as diverse: CD44 molecules were described to participate in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions such as lymphocyte recirculation and prothymocyte homing, hematopoiesis, lymphocyte and monocyte activation, cell migration and metastasis (reviewed in Haynes et al., 1989 and 1991). It seemed rather unlikely that all these functions were associated with one and the same molecule, though differences in the posttranslational modification may as well modulate the adhesive properties (Brown et al., 1991). Thus, the description of new extracellular regions led to the assumption that the multitude of functions may be attributed to the various isoforms (Günthert et al., 1991; Brown et al., 1991; Hofmann et al., 1991; He et al., 1992; Matsumura and Tarin, 1992). The aim of this review article is to describe the ever growing family of isoforms and their organization and to discuss possible functional implications
Intel Paragon XP/S - Architecture and Software Environment

The paper describes the hardware and software components of the Intel Paragon XP/S system, a distributed memory scalable multicomputer. The Paragon processing nodes, which are based on the Intel i860 XP RISC processor, are connected by a two-dimensional mesh with high bandwidth. This new interconnection network and the new operating system are the main differences between the Paragon and its predecessor, the iPSC/860 with its hypercube topology. The paper first gives an overview of the Paragon system architecture, the node architecture, the interconnection network, I/O interfaces, and peripherals. The second part outlines the Paragon OSF/1 operating system and the program development environment including programming models, compilers, application libraries, and tools for parallelization, debugging, and performance analysis
Irreversible Multilayer Adsorption

Random sequential adsorption (RSA) models have been studied due to their
relevance to deposition processes on surfaces. The depositing particles are
represented by hard-core extended objects; they are not allowed to overlap.
Numerical Monte Carlo studies and analytical considerations are reported for 1D
and 2D models of multilayer adsorption processes. Deposition without screening
is investigated, in certain models the density may actually increase away from
the substrate. Analytical studies of the late stage coverage behavior show the
crossover from exponential time dependence for the lattice case to the power
law behavior in the continuum deposition. 2D lattice and continuum simulations
rule out some "exact" conjectures for the jamming coverage. For the deposition
of dimers on a 1D lattice with diffusional relaxation we find that the limiting
coverage (100%) is approached according to the ~1/t**0.5 power-law preceded,
for fast diffusion, by the mean-field crossover regime with the intermediate
~1/t behavior. In case of k-mer deposition (k>3) with diffusion the void
fraction decreases according to the power-law t**[-1/(k-1)]. In the case of RSA
of lattice hard squares in 2D with diffusional relaxation the approach to the
full coverage is ~t**(-0.5).Comment: 5 pages (plain LaTeX
Use of Microwave Radiometry to Estimate Precipitation: Physical Basis and Intercomparison of Algorithms

The application of microwave radiometry for rainfall estimation is discussed. The first part presents a description of processes by which hydrometeors affect microwave radiation.\ud
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In order to show the state-of-art of rainfall estimation with space-borne microwave radiometry five algorithms are intercompared in the second part. Two are based on scattering, one on emission and two are mixed algorithms, which include both emission and scattering.\ud
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The algorithms are applied to SSM/I observations over the Atlantic Ocean. The retrieved rainfall rates by the different algorithms partly differ a great deal. The differences depend on climatic regions, demonstrating that the algorithms are probably tuned to certain atmospheric conditions. The question arises whether a globally applicable algorithm is possible at all. A severe problem is the validation of the retrieved precipitation because hardly any direct observations are available. Thus an intercomparison of algorithms is today the only way to understand the behaviour of a scheme in different weather and climate situations and assess its results
DATABASE ACCESS REQUIREMENTS OF KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS

Knowledge bases constitute the core of those Artificial Intelligence
programs which have come to be known as Expert Systems. An
examination of the most dominant knowledge representation schemes used
in these systems reveals that a knowledge base can, and possibly
should, be described at several levels using different schemes,
including those traditionally used in operational databases. This
chapter provides evidence that solutions to the organization and
access problem for very large knowledge bases require the employment
of appropriate database management methods, at least for the lowest
level of description -- the facts or data. We identify the database
access requirements of knowledge-based or expert systems and then
present four general architectural strategies for the design of expert
systems that interact with databases, together with specific
recommendations for their suitability in particular situations. An
implementation of the most advanced and ambitious of these strategies
is then discussed in some detail.Information Systems Working Papers Serie
STUDIES IN THE EVALUATION OF A DOMAIN-INDEPENDENT NATURAL LANGUAGE QUERY SYSTEM

There is growing consensus that some of the most crucial questions
concerning the feasibility and desirability of natural language interfaces to
databases can only be resolved by empirical research.  This paper reports the
results of several empirical studies which investigated the same
domain-independent natural language query system, using various applications in
two different natural languages - English and German. Taken together, these
experiments involved about 100 subjects and over 12,000 queries, constituting
the bulk of empirical evaluations of natural query language systems reported to
date. Some definitive results are derived from the combined experience, and
plans are outlined to resolve several of the remaining issues.Information Systems Working Papers Serie
Discourse Perspective of Geometric Thoughts

Sasha Wang revisits the van Hiele model of geometric thinking with Sfard’s discursive framework to investigate geometric thinking from a discourse perspective. The author focuses on describing and analyzing pre-service teachers’ geometric discourse across different van Hiele levels. The explanatory power of Sfard’s framework provides a rich description of how pre-service teachers think in the context of quadrilaterals. It also contributes to our understanding of human thinking that is illustrated through the analysis of geometric discourse accompanied by vignettes.http://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/fac_books/1446/thumbnail.jp
Explicit nonlinear model predictive control for vehicle stability control

Nonlinear model predictive control is proposed in multiple academic studies as an ad-vanced control system technology for vehicle operation at the limits of handling, allow-ing high tracking performance and formal consideration of system constraints. How-ever, the implementation of implicit nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC), in which the control problem is solved on-line, poses significant challenges in terms of computational load. This issue can be overcome through explicit NMPC, in which the optimization problem is solved off-line, and the resulting explicit solution, with guar-anteed level of sub-optimality, is evaluated on-line. Due to the simplicity of the explicit solution, the real-time execution of the controller is possible even on automotive control hardware platforms with low specifications. The explicit nature of the control law fa-cilitates feasibility checks and functional safety validation. This study presents a yaw and lateral stability controller based on explicit NMPC, actuated through the electro-hydraulically controlled friction brakes of the vehicle. The controller performance is demonstrated during sine-with-dwell tests simulated with a high-fidelity model. The analysis includes a comparison of implicit and explicit implementations of the control system
Explicit model predictive control of an active suspension system

Model predictive control (MPC) is increasingly finding its way into industrial applications, due to its superior tracking performance and ability to formally handle system constraints. However, the real-time capability problems related to the conventional implicit model predictive control (i-MPC) framework are well known, especially when targeting low-cost electronic control units (ECUs) for high bandwidth systems, such as automotive active suspensions, which are the topic of this paper. In this context, to overcome the real-time implementation issues of i-MPC, this study proposes explicit model predictive control (e-MPC), which solves the optimization problem off-line, via multi-parametric quadratic programming (mp-QP). e-MPC reduces the on-line algorithm to a function evaluation, which replaces the computationally demanding on-line solution of the quadratic programming (QP) problem. An e-MPC based suspension controller is designed and experimentally validated for a case study Sport Utility Vehicle (SUV), equipped with the active ACOCAR suspension system from the Tenneco Monroe product family. The target is to improve ride comfort in the frequency range of primary ride (< 4 Hz), without affecting the performance at higher frequencies. The proposed e-MPC implementations reduce the root mean square (RMS) value of the sprung mass acceleration by > 40% compared to the passive vehicle set-up for frequencies < 4 Hz, and by up to 19% compared to the same vehicle with a skyhook controller on the 0-100 Hz frequency range
Interactive Decision Analysis; Proceedings of an International Workshop on Interactive Decision Analysis and Interpretative Computer Intelligence, Laxenburg, Austria, September 20-23, 1983

An International Workshop on Interactive Decision Analysis and Interpretative Computer Intelligence was held at IIASA in September 1983. The Workshop was motivated, firstly, by the realization that the rapid development of computers, especially microcomputers, will greatly increase the scope and capabilities of computerized decision-support systems. It is important to explore the potential of these systems for use in handling the complex technological, environmental, economic and social problems that face the world today. \ud
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Research in decision-support systems also has another, less tangible but possibly more important, motivation. The development of efficient systems for decision support requires a thorough understanding of the differences between the decision-making processes in different nations and cultures. An  understanding of the different rationales underlying decision making is not only necessary for the development of efficient decision-support systems, but  it is also an important factor in encouraging international understanding and cooperation. \ud
\ud
The Proceedings of the Workshop which are contained in this volume are divided in four main sections. The first section consists of an introductory lecture in which a unifying approach to the use of computers and computerized mathematical models for decision analysis and support is described. The second section is concerned with approaches and concepts in interactive decision analysis and section three is devoted to methods and techniques for decision analysis. The final section contains descriptions  of a wide range of applications of interactive techniques, covering the fields of economics, public policy planning, energy policy evaluation, hydrology and industrial development
International Competitiveness, Multinational Enterprise Technology Clubs and the Government Interface

The role of government in fostering "Competitiveness" is a major issue in recent industrial public policy debates. In fact, the increased politicization of international business represents one of the most significant changes in business-government relations over the last two decades. During this same time period, we also observe an enormous increase among multinational enterprises in their useage of interfirm partnerships and cooperative strategies in core technologies. This paper evaluates the increasingly important role of government public policy and the interdependencies between governments, technological innovations and the theory of international production. The analysis is guided by the underlying theme of applying heuristically the economic theory of clubs to the theory of international production.
MICSIM : Concept, Developments and Applications of a PC-Microsimulation Model for Research and Teaching

It is the growing societal interest about the individual and its behaviour in our and 'modern'
societies which is asking for microanalyses about the individual situation. In order to allow
these microanalyses on a quantitative and empirically based level microsimulation models were
developed and increasingly used for economic and social policy impact analyses. Though
microsimulation is known and applied (mainly by experts), an easy to use and powerful PC
microsimulation model is hard to find.
The overall aim of this study and of MICSIM - A PC Microsimulation Model is to describe and
offer such a user-friendly and powerful general microsimulation model for (almost) any PC, to
support the impact microanalyses both in applied research and teaching. Above all, MICSIM is
a general microdata handler for a wide range of typical microanalysis requirements. This paper
presents the concept, developments and applications of MICSIM. After some brief remarks on
microsimulation characteristics in general, the concept and substantive domains of MICSIM: the
simulation, the adjustment and aging, and the evaluation of microdata, are described by its mode
of operation in principle. The realisations and developments of MICSIM then are portrayed by
the different versions of the computer program. Some MICSIM applications and experiences in
research and teaching are following with concluding remarks.
Empirical Analysis of Time Series

Time series occur in many fields of biology, physics, chemistry, engineering. Much work
has been recently performed in statistical physics using specific mathematical techniques
on various time series pertaining to so-called nonlinear phenomena. Several
methods, beyond the Fourier transform, are presented here. To distinguish between
noise and deterministic content is the major challenge. Various phenomena are used for
illustration. Some emphasis on findings and still questions will be drawn from problems
in finance due to the existence (or not) of long-, medium-, short-range (power-law or
not) correlations in such economic systems. The Fourier transform, the Hurst rescaled
range, the instantaneous detrended fluctuations, the moving averages, and the Zipf-plots
analysis methods will be recalled. They raise questions about fractional Brownian motion
properties, or in sorting out correlation ranges and predictability. Among spectacular
results, the possibility of crash predictions will be indicated when there is an
underlying discrete scale invariance. Other time series for meteorology and electronics
phenomena are also presented in order to discuss stratus cloud breaking and dielectric
breakdown through avalanches for illustration purpose and to indicate that there are
other widely open fields of possible investigations.
Squeezing and Feedback

Electro-optical feedback has many features in common with optical nonlinearities and hence is relevant to the generation of squeezing. First, I discuss theoretical and experimental results for traveling-wave feedback, emphasizing how the ``in-loop'' squeezing (also known as ``squashing'') differs from free squeezing. Although such feedback, based on ordinary (demolition) photodetection cannot create free squeezing, it can be used to manipulate it. Then I treat feedback based on nonlinear quantum optical measurements (of which non-demolition measurements are one example). These {/em are} able to produce free squeezing, as shown in a number of experiments. Following that I discuss theories showing that intracavity squeezing can be increased using ordinary feedback, and produced using QND-based feedback. Finally, I return to ``squashed'' fields and present recent results showing that the reduced in-loop fluctuations can suppress atomic decay in a manner analogous to the effect for squeezed fields.Full Tex