pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Revisiting the "disaster and development" debate - Toward a broader understanding of macroeconomic risk and resilience

Debate regarding the relationship between socioeconomic development and natural disasters remains at the fore of global discussions, as the potential risk from climate extremes and uncertainty pose an increasing threat to developmental prospects. This study reviews statistical investigations of disaster and development linkages, across topics of macroeconomic growth, public governance and others to identify key challenges to the current approach to macro-level statistical investigation. Both theoretically and qualitatively, disaster is known to affect development through a number of channels: haphazard development, weak institutions, lack of social safety nets and short-termism of our decision-making practices are some of the factors that drive natural disaster risk. Developmental potentials, including the prospects for sustainable and equitable growth, are in turn threatened by such accumulation of disaster risks. However, quantitative evidence regarding these complex causality chains remains contested due to several reasons. A number of theoretical and methodological limitations have been identified, including the use of GDP as a proxy measurement of welfare, issues with natural disaster damage reporting and the adoption of ad hoc model specifications and variables, which render interpretation and cross-comparison of statistical analysis difficult. Additionally, while greater attention is paid to economic and institutional parameters such as GDP, remittance, corruption and public expenditure as opposed to hard-to-quantify yet critical factors such as environmental conditions and social vulnerabilities. These are gaps in our approach that hamper our comprehensive understanding of the disaster-development nexus. Important areas for further research are identified, including recognizing and addressing the data constraints, incorporating sustainability and equity concerns through alternatives to GDP, and finding novel approaches to examining the complex and dynamic relationships between risk, vulnerability, resilience, adaptive capacity and development
Heavy-tailed random walks on complexes of half-lines

International audienceWe study a random walk on a complex of finitely many half-lines joined at a common origin; jumps are heavy-tailed and of two types, either one-sided (towards the origin) or two-sided (symmetric). Transmission between half-lines via the origin is governed by an irreducible Markov transition matrix , with associated stationary distribution µ k. If χ k is 1 for one-sided half-lines k and 1/2 for two-sided half-lines, and α k is the tail exponent of the jumps on half-line k, we show that the recurrence classification for the case where all α k χ k ∈ (0, 1) is determined by the sign of ∑ k µ k cot(χ k πα k). In the case of two half-lines, the model fits naturally on R and is a version of the oscillating random walk of Kemperman. In that case, the cotangent criterion for recurrence becomes linear in α 1 and α 2 ; our general setting exhibits the essential non-linearity in the cotangent criterion. For the general model, we also show existence and non-existence of polynomial moments of return times. Our moments results are sharp (and new) for several cases of the oscillating random walk; they are apparently even new for the case of a homogeneous random walk on R with symmetric increments of tail exponent α ∈ (1, 2)
Simulations of protostellar collapse using multigroup radiation          hydrodynamics

International audienceContext. Star formation begins with the gravitational collapse of a          dense core inside a molecular cloud. As the collapse progresses, the centre of the core          begins to heat up as it becomes optically thick. The temperature and density in the centre          eventually reach high enough values where fusion reactions can ignite, and the protostar          is born. This sequence of events entails many physical processes, of which radiative          transfer is of paramount importance. Simulated collapsing cores without radiative transfer          rapidly become thermally supported before reaching high enough temperatures and densities,          preventing the formation of stars.Aims. Many simulations of protostellar collapse make use of a grey          treatment of radiative transfer coupled to the hydrodynamics. However, interstellar gas          and dust opacities present large variations as a function of frequency, which can          potentially be overlooked by grey models and lead to significantly different results. In          this paper, we follow up on a previous paper on the collapse and formation of Larson’s          first core using multigroup radiation hydrodynamics (Paper I) by extending the          calculations to the second phase of the collapse and the formation of Larson’s second          core.Methods. We have made the use of a non-ideal gas equation of state as          well as an extensive set of spectral opacities in a spherically symmetric fully implicit          Godunov code to model all the phases of the collapse of a 0.1, 1, and 10            M⊙ cloud cores.Results. We find that, for an identical central density, there are only          small differences between the grey and multigroup simulations. The first core accretion          shock remains supercritical while the shock at the second core border is found to be          strongly subcritical with all the accreted energy being transfered to the core. The size          of the first core was found to vary somewhat in the different simulations (more unstable          clouds form smaller first cores) while the size, mass, and temperature of the second cores          are independent of initial cloud mass, size, and temperature.Conclusions. Our simulations support the idea of a standard (universal)          initial second core size of ~3 × 10-3 AU and mass            ~1.4 × 10-3 M⊙. The grey approximation for          radiative transfer appears to perform well in one-dimensional simulations of protostellar          collapse, most probably because of the high optical thickness of the majority of the          protostar-envelope system. A simple estimate of the characteristic timescale of the second          core suggests that the effects of using multigroup radiative transfer may be more          important in the long-term evolution of the protostar
Adenosine conformations of nucleotides bound to methionyl tRNA synthetase by transferred nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy.

International audienceThe conformations of MgATP and AMP bound to a monomeric tryptic fragment of methionyl tRNA synthetase have been investigated by two-dimensional proton transferred nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (TRNOESY). The sample protocol was chosen to minimize contributions from adventitious binding of the nucleotides to the observed NOE. The experiments were performed at 500 MHz on three different complexes, E.MgATP, E.MgATP.L-methioninol, and E.AMP.L-methioninol. A starter set of distances obtained by fitting NOE build-up curves (not involving H5' and H5") were used to determine a CHARMm energy-minimized structure. The positioning of the H5' and H5" protons was determined on the basis of a conformational search of the torsion angle to obtain the best fit with the observed NOEs for their superposed resonance. Using this structure, a relaxation matrix was set up to calculate theoretical build-up curves for all of the NOEs and compare them with the observed curves. The final structures deduced for the adenosine moieties in the three complexes are very similar, and are described by a glycosidic torsion angle (chi) of 56 degrees +/- 5 degrees and a phase angle of pseudorotation (P) in the range of 47 degrees to 52 degrees, describing a 3(4)T-4E sugar pucker. The glycosidic torsion angle, chi, deduced here for this adenylyl transfer enzyme and those determined previously for three phosphoryl transfer enzymes (creatine kinase, arginine kinase, and pyruvate kinase), and one pyrophosphoryl enzyme (PRibPP synthetase), are all in the range 52 degrees +/- 8 degrees. The narrow range of values suggests a possible common motif for the recognition and binding of the adenosine moiety at the active sites of ATP-utilizing enzymes, irrespective of the point of cleavage on the phosphate chain
A Tabu Search Heuristic Procedure\ud
in Markov Chain Bootstrapping

Markov chain theory is proving to be a powerful approach to bootstrap nite states processes, especially\ud
where time dependence is non linear. In this work we extend such approach to bootstrap discrete time\ud
continuous-valued processes. To this purpose we solve a minimization problem to partition the state space\ud
of a continuous-valued process into a nite number of intervals or unions of intervals (i.e. its states) and\ud
identify the time lags which provide \memory" to the process. A distance is used as objective function to\ud
stimulate the clustering of the states having similar transition probabilities. The problem of the exploding\ud
number of alternative partitions in the solution space (which grows with the number of states and the\ud
order of the Markov chain) is addressed through a Tabu Search algorithm. The method is applied to\ud
bootstrap the series of the German and Spanish electricity prices. The analysis of the results conrms\ud
the good consistency properties of the method we propose
Can one distinguish T-neutrinos from antineutrinos in neutral-current pion production processes?

A potential way to distinguish tau-neutrinos from antineutrinos, below the tau-production threshold, but above the pion production one, is presented. It is based on the different behavior of the neutral-current pion production off the nucleon, depending on whether it is induced by neutrinos or antineutrinos. This procedure for distinguishing tau-neutrinos from antineutrinos neither relies on any nuclear model, nor it is affected by any nuclear effect (distortion of the outgoing nucleon waves, etc.). We show that neutrino-antineutrino asymmetries occur both in the totally integrated cross sections and in the pion azimuthal differential distributions. To define the asymmetries for the latter distributions we just rely on Lorentz-invariance. All these asymmetries are independent of the lepton family and can be experimentally measured by using electron or muon neutrinos, due to the lepton family universality of the neutral-current neutrino interaction. Nevertheless and to estimate their size, we have also used the chiral model of [E. Hernandez, J. Nieves, M. Valverde, hep-ph/0701149] at intermediate energies. Results are really significant since the differences between neutrino and antineutrino induced reactions are always large in all physical channels
Microwave assisted alcoholysis of isocyanates derived from Nα-​[(9-​fluorenylmethyl)​oxy]​carbonyl amino acids: synthesis of N-​Fmoc-​N1-​Z-​/Boc-​/Alloc-​/Bsmoc-​gem-​diamines

A general and efficient method has been developed for the alcoholysis of isocyanates derived from the Nα-​[(9-​fluorenylmethyl)​oxy]​carbonyl amino acids with various alcs. (benzyl, allyl, and 1,​1-​dioxobenzo[b]​thiophene-​2-​methanol) assisted by microwave irradn.  Thus, the synthesis of N,​N1-​diurethane protected gem-​diamines wherein Fmoc protection on one of the amino groups and Cbz-​/Boc-​/Alloc or Bsmoc group on the other amino function has been accomplished.  All the new orthogonally diurethane protected gem-​diamines have been obtained as cryst. solid powders in 80 to 94​% yield.  The bisprotected gem-​diamines have been fully characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR as well as by mass spectrometry
Transfer measurements for the Ti plus Ni systems at near barrier energies

Large enhancements have been observed in the sub-barrier fusion cross sections for Ti + Ni systems in our previous studies. Coupled channel calculations incorporating couplings to 2(+) and 3(-) states failed to explain these enhancements completely. A possibilty of transfer channels contributing to the residual enhancements had been suggested. In order to investigate the role of relevant transfer channels, measurements of one- and two-nucleon transfer were carried out for Ti-46,Ti-48 + Ni-64 systems. The present paper gives the results of these studies
Herschel/PACS far-IR spectral imaging of a jet from an intermediate mass
  protostar in the OMC-2 region

We present the first detection of a jet in the far-IR [O I] lines from an
intermediate mass protostar. We have carried out a Herschel/PACS spectral
mapping study in the [O I] lines of OMC-2 FIR 3 and FIR 4, two of the most
luminous protostars in Orion outside of the Orion Nebula. The spatial
morphology of the fine structure line emission reveals the presence of an
extended photodissociation region (PDR) and a narrow, but intense jet
connecting the two protostars. The jet seen in [O I] emission is spatially
aligned with the Spitzer/IRAC 4.5 micron jet and the CO (6-5) molecular outflow
centered on FIR 3. The mass loss rate derived from the total [O I] 63 micron
line luminosity of the jet is 7.7 x 10^-6 M_sun/yr, more than an order of
magnitude higher than that measured for typical low mass class 0 protostars.
The implied accretion luminosity is significantly higher than the observed
bolometric luminosity of FIR 4, indicating that the [O I] jet is unlikely to be
associated with FIR 4. We argue that the peak line emission seen toward FIR 4
originates in the terminal shock produced by the jet driven by FIR 3. The
higher mass-loss rate that we find for FIR 3 is consistent with the idea that
intermediate mass protostars drive more powerful jets than their low-mass
counterparts. Our results also call into question the nature of FIR 4.Comment: Accepted for publication in A &
Prospects for new physics in $\tau \to l \mu \mu$ at current and future
  colliders

The discovery of lepton flavour violating interactions will be striking
evidence for physics beyond the Standard Model. Focusing on the three decays
$\tau^\mp \to \mu^\pm \mu^\mp \mu^\mp$, $\tau^\mp \to e^\pm \mu^\mp \mu^\mp$
and $\tau^\mp \to e^\mp \mu^\mp \mu^\pm$, we evaluate the discovery potential
of current and future high-energy colliders to probe lepton flavour violation
in the $\tau$ sector. Based on this potential we determine the expected
constraints on parameters of new physics in the context of the Type-II Seesaw
Model, the Left-Right Symmetric Model, and the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard
Model. The existing and ongoing 13 TeV run of the Large Hadron Collider has the
potential to produce constraints that outperform the existing $e^+ e^-$
collider limits for the $\tau^\mp \to \mu^\pm \mu^\mp \mu^\mp$ decay and
achieve a branching fraction limit of $\lesssim 10^{-8}$. With a future
circular $e^+ e^-$ collider, constraints on the $\tau \to l \mu \mu$ branching
fractions could reach as low as a few times $10^{-12}$.Comment: 26 pages, 19 figures. V2: Typo fixes, references added, figure file
  sizes reduced. Discussion added on consistency with mu -> 3e limits in the
  Type-II Seesaw Model. Agrees with version published in JHE
Stress, strain and mass changes at Mt. Etna during the period between the 1991-93 and 2001 flank eruptions

During the ~8-year period between the 1991–93 and 2001 flank eruptions, the eruptive activity of Mt. Etna was confined to the summit craters. Deformation and tomography studies indicate that this activity was fed by a magma accumulation zone centered NE of the summit, at a depth of 5 to 9 km below sea level. The most significant gravity changes measured during the same period were induced by mass redistributions at shallower depth below the southeastern flank of the volcano, where minor ground deformation was observed (i.e., vertical displacements within 2 cm).\ud
\ud
The mismatch between the position of pressure and mass sources is difficult to explain under the assumption that both are directly related to magma dynamics. Past studies have suggested that the gravity changes observed during 1994–2001 may primarily reflect changes in the rate of microfracturing along the NNW–SSE fracture/weakness zone (FWZ) that crosses the SE slope of Etna.\ud
\ud
We use the finite element method to shed new light on the complex relations between stress, strain and mass changes that occurred at Etna during the studied period. In particular, following previous results on the degradation of the mechanical properties of rocks, we perform a set of simulations assuming that the part of the medium containing the FWZ is characterized by a lower Young's modulus than would be expected from interpolation of tomographic data. We find that the presence of the FWZ creates a distortion of the displacement field induced by the deeper pressure source, locally resulting in a weak extensional regime. This finding supports the hypothesis of a cause–effect relationship between pressurization beneath the NW flank and tensile extension beneath the SE slope of the volcano. We propose that this extensional regime enhanced the propagation of pressurized gas, that, in turn, amplified the tensile strain across the FWZ.\ud
\ud
We also find that decreasing the value of Young's modulus in the FWZ allows for a larger amount of extension at depth, with no change in the magnitude of surface displacements. This result provides an indication of how the changes in the rate of microfracturing at depth, which are needed to induce the observed gravity changes, might have occurred without large ground deformation.This work was financed through the project “MED-SUV” that received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement No 308665.Peer-reviewedPublisher Versio
Comparison of the effectiveness of whey protein hydrolysate and milk-based formulated drinks on recovery following acute strength training

Intensive strength-training (ST) can result in exercise induced muscle damage (EIMD), which commonly leads to reductions in acute muscle function. Post-exercise ingestion of carbohydrate and protein mixtures attempt to attenuate the effects of EIMD. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of whey-protein-hydrolysate and milk-based formulated drinks on recovery of muscle function following ST. Thirty resistance-trained males (age: 25.2 ± 5.5 years, mass: 79.4 ± 8.4 kg, stature: 1.77 ± 0.45 m) provided written informed consent to participate. The study was approved by the local ethics committee inline with Helsinki Declarations. Participants were randomly equally assigned to either; whey-hydrolysate and dextrose drink (WH), milk-based drink (MB), flavoured dextrose (PLACEBO) and performed baseline assessments of perceived muscle-soreness (SORENESS), static-squat jump (SSJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), seated medicine-ball throw (MBT) and isokinetic assessments of the knee-extensors and flexors. Subsequently, participants performed a ST session consisting of various multi-joint barbell exercises. Participants then consumed either WH, MB or PLACEBO 10 min following ST, subsequently repeating all assessments 24 h and 48 h post-ST. In relation to within-group changes, all groups experienced substantial increases in SORENESS at 24 h and 48 h (P < 0.001). However, for dynamic power measures (SSJ, CMJ and MBT), PLACEBO experienced a decrease for only CMJ at 48 h (−1.8 cm), whereas WH and MB experienced significant decreases across SSJ (WH; −3 cm at 24 h, MB; −2.6 cm at 24 h, −2.0 cm at 48 h), CMJ (WH; −2.4 cm at 24 h, MB; −3.7 cm at 24 h, −3.3 cm at 48 h) and MBT (WH; −0.25 m at 48 h, MB; −0.33 cm at 24 h, −0.38 m at 48 h) (P < 0.05). All groups experienced significant decreases in isokinetic-extension torque at both 24 h and 48 h; however, flexion torque was decreased for PLACEBO only at these time points (24 h: −10 N · m, 48 h: −13 N · m) (P < 0.05). Isokinetic-extension power and work were significantly decreased at 24 h and 48 h for both WH [Power (24 h: −18 W, 48 h: −13 W) Work (24 h: −30 J, 48 h: −22 J)] and PLACEBO [Power (24 h: −15 W, 48 h: −14 W) Work (24 h: −25 J, 48 h: −28 J)] (P < 0.05); however, no decreases occurred for MB. Flexion power was significantly decreased for only PLACEBO at 24 h and 48 h (24 h: −7 W, 48 h: −6 W) (P < 0.05). Decreases in flexion work occurred across all conditions at 48 h, but only for PLACEBO at 24 h (WH, 48 h: −6 J) (MB, 48 h: −15 J) (PLACEBO, 24 h: −11 J, 48 h: 13 J) (P < 0.05). Consumption of WH or MB had no effect on recovery of dynamic power-producing ability or soreness compared to PLACEBO. However, WH and MB seemingly had positive effects on recovery of isokinetic muscle-function
Chronic exposure to KATP channel openers results in attenuated glucose sensing in hypothalamic GT1-7 neurons.

Individuals with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) are often exposed to recurrent episodes of hypoglycaemia. This reduces hormonal and behavioural responses that normally counteract low glucose in order to maintain glucose homeostasis, with altered responsiveness of glucose sensing hypothalamic neurons implicated. Although the molecular mechanisms are unknown, pharmacological studies implicate hypothalamic ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP) activity, with KATP openers (KCOs) amplifying, through cell hyperpolarization, the response to hypoglycaemia. Although initial findings, using acute hypothalamic KCO delivery, in rats were promising, chronic exposure to the KCO NN414 worsened the responses to subsequent hypoglycaemic challenge. To investigate this further we used GT1-7 cells to explore how NN414 affected glucose-sensing behaviour, the metabolic response of cells to hypoglycaemia and KATP activity. GT1-7 cells exposed to 3 or 24 h NN414 exhibited an attenuated hyperpolarization to subsequent hypoglycaemic challenge or NN414, which correlated with diminished KATP activity. The reduced sensitivity to hypoglycaemia was apparent 24 h after NN414 removal, even though intrinsic KATP activity recovered. The NN414-modified glucose responsiveness was not associated with adaptations in glucose uptake, metabolism or oxidation. KATP inactivation by NN414 was prevented by the concurrent presence of tolbutamide, which maintains KATP closure. Single channel recordings indicate that NN414 alters KATP intrinsic gating inducing a stable closed or inactivated state. These data indicate that exposure of hypothalamic glucose sensing cells to chronic NN414 drives a sustained conformational change to KATP, probably by binding to SUR1, that results in loss of channel sensitivity to intrinsic metabolic factors such as MgADP and small molecule agonists.We thank Novo Nordisk for providing NN414. This study was funded by grants from
Diabetes UK (to MLJA, RJM) and the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation
(postdoctoral fellowship 3-576-2010 to CB and 1-2008-728 to RJM)
The VMC survey - XVIII :
                    Radial dependence of the low-mass, 0.57-0.82 Msun stellar mass function in the galactic globular cluster 47 Tucanae

We use near-infrared observations obtained as part of the Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy (VISTA) Survey of the Magellanic Clouds (VMC), as well as two complementary Hubble Space Telescope (HST) data sets, to study the luminosity and mass functions (MFs) as a function of clustercentric radius of the main-sequence stars in the Galactic globular cluster 47 Tucanae. The HST observations indicate a relative deficit in the numbers of faint stars in the central region of the cluster compared with its periphery, for 18.75 ??? mF606W ??? 20.9 mag (corresponding to a stellar mass range of 0.55 < m*/M??? < 0.73). The stellar number counts at 6.???7 from the cluster core show a deficit for 17.62 ??? mF606W ??? 19.7 mag (i.e., 0.65 < m*/M??? < 0.82), which is consistent with expectations from mass segregation. The VMC-based stellar MFs exhibit power-law shapes for masses in the range 0.55 < m*/M??? < 0.82. These power laws are characterized by an almost constant slope, ??. The radial distribution of the power-law slopes ?? thus shows evidence of the importance of both mass segregation and tidal stripping, for both the first- and second-generation stars in 47 Tuc