pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
The role of calcium and predation on plate morph evolution in the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus).

PMCID: PMC4224530  commentary related to this article, “Inappropriate analysis does not reveal the ecological causes of evolution of stickleback armour: a critique of Spence et al. ”, doi: 10.1002/ece3.1179, can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.1179/abstract, also published in Ecology and Evolution.While the genetic basis to plate morph evolution of the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is well described, the environmental variables that select for different plate and spine morphs are incompletely understood. Using replicate populations of three-spined sticklebacks on North Uist, Scotland, we previously investigated the role of predation pressure and calcium limitation on the adaptive evolution of stickleback morphology and behavior. While dissolved calcium proved a significant predictor of plate and spine morph, predator abundance did not. Ecol. Evol., xxx, 2014 and xxx performed a comparable analysis to our own to address the same question. They failed to detect a significant effect of dissolved calcium on morphological evolution, but did establish a significant effect of predation; albeit in the opposite direction to their prediction.Peer-reviewedPublisher Versio
Openness and isolation: The trade performance of the former Soviet Central Asian countries

This is an Open Access Article. It is published by Elsevier under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported Licence (CC BY). Full details of this licence are available at: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Previous studies divide the former Soviet Central Asian countries (CACs) into ‘‘more open’’ (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan) and ‘‘more isolationist’’ (Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) depending on their trade-to-GDP ratio. We investigate this by gravity analysis measuring contributions of country-specific properties and networking factors in 185 bilateral CACs trade flows over the period 1995–2011. Our findings suggest that while all CACs have experienced growing trade over the period, they show\ud
considerable variety in initial conditions and transition reforms. The more solationist countries have mostly relied on fortuitous factors such as hikes in natural resource prices to boost their trade, whereas the more open, reform-minded states have achieved considerable trade growth through reducing trade costs. Being an open or isolationist economy has resulted, respectively, in more or less suitable\ud
environment for business and investment
Diversity and distribution of epiphytic bryophytes on Bramley's Seedling trees in East of England apple orchards.

?? 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)Epiphytic bryophytes on apple trees were investigated in relation to a selection of tree characteristics. Management of orchard trees for fruit production affects the habitats available for colonisation and growth of epiphytes on trunks and branches. Bryophytes recorded on Bramley???s Seedling apple trees in orchards in Hertfordshire and Cambridgeshire showed a high level of similarity in species composition between the orchards. The similarity between orchards was, however, much reduced when relative species cover on the trees was taken into account. Twenty three species were recorded on the 71 trees sampled for detailed investigation. Tree structure, as determined by management, explained about 10% of the observed variation in bryophyte cover. Within that, trunk girth and distance to nearest neighbouring orchard trees were the most important factors. This information is of value to orchard managers aiming to become more proactive in managing their habitats for the benefit of biodiversit
Future supply chains enabled by continuous processing - opportunities and challenges : May 20–21, 2014 continuous manufacturing symposium

This paper examines the opportunities and challenges facing the pharmaceutical industry in moving to a primarily “continuous processing”-based supply chain. The current predominantly “large batch” and centralized manufacturing system designed for the “blockbuster” drug has driven a slow-paced, inventory heavy operating model that is increasingly regarded as inflexible and unsustainable. Indeed, new markets and the rapidly evolving technology landscape will drive more product variety, shorter product life-cycles, and smaller drug volumes, which will exacerbate an already unsustainable economic model. Future supply chains will be required to enhance affordability and availability for patients and healthcare providers alike despite the increased product complexity. In this more challenging supply scenario, we examine the potential for a more pull driven, near real-time demand-based supply chain, utilizing continuous processing where appropriate as a key element of a more “flow-through” operating model. In this discussion paper on future supply chain models underpinned by developments in the continuous manufacture of pharmaceuticals, we have set out; •The significant opportunities to moving to a supply chain flow-through operating model, with substantial opportunities in inventory reduction, lead-time to patient, and radically different product assurance/stability regimes. •Scenarios for decentralized production models producing a greater variety of products with enhanced volume flexibility. •Production, supply, and value chain footprints that are radically different from today's monolithic and centralized batch manufacturing operations. •Clinical trial and drug product development cost savings that support more rapid scale-up and market entry models with early involvement of SC designers within New Product Development. •The major supply chain and industrial transformational challenges that need to be addressed. The paper recognizes that although current batch operational performance in pharma is far from optimal and not necessarily an appropriate end-state benchmark for batch technology, the adoption of continuous supply chain operating models underpinned by continuous production processing, as full or hybrid solutions in selected product supply chains, can support industry transformations to deliver right-first-time quality at substantially lower inventory profiles
Exact sign structure of the $t$-$J$ chain and the single hole ground
  state

Injecting a single hole into a one-dimensional Heisenberg spin chain is
probably the simplest case of doping a Mott insulator. The motion of such a
single hole will generally induce a many-body phase shift, which can be
identified by an exact sign structure of the model known as the phase string.
We show that the sign structure is nontrivial even in this simplest problem,
which is responsible for the essential properties of Mott physics. We find that
the characteristic momentum structure, the Luttinger liquid behavior, and the
quantum phase interference of the hole under a periodic boundary condition, can
all be attributed to it. We use the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG)
numerical simulation to make a comparative study of the $t$-$J$ chain and a
model in which the sign structure is switched off. We further show that the key
DMRG results can be reproduced by a variational wave function with
incorporating the correct sign structure. Physical implications of the sign
structure for doped Mott insulators in general are also discussed.Comment: 16+5 pages, 8 figure
Survey on Nonlocal Games and Operator Space Theory

This review article is concerned with a recently uncovered connection between
operator spaces, a noncommutative extension of Banach spaces, and quantum
nonlocality, a striking phenomenon which underlies many of the applications of
quantum mechanics to information theory, cryptography and algorithms. Using the
framework of nonlocal games, we relate measures of the nonlocality of quantum
mechanics to certain norms in the Banach and operator space categories. We
survey recent results that exploit this connection to derive large violations
of Bell inequalities, study the complexity of the classical and quantum values
of games and their relation to Grothendieck inequalities, and quantify the
nonlocality of different classes of entangled states.Comment: 48 pages, comments welcom
Galactic cosmic rays on extrasolar Earth-like planets: II. Atmospheric
  implications

(abridged abstract) Theoretical arguments indicate that close-in terrestial
exoplanets may have weak magnetic fields. As described in the companion article
(Paper I), a weak magnetic field results in a high flux of galactic cosmic rays
to the top of the planetary atmosphere. We investigate effects that may result
from a high flux of galactic cosmic rays both throughout the atmosphere and at
the planetary surface. Using an air shower approach, we calculate how the
atmospheric chemistry and temperature change under the influence of galactic
cosmic rays for Earth-like (N_2-O_2 dominated) atmospheres. We evaluate the
production and destruction rate of atmospheric biosignature molecules. We
derive planetary emission and transmission spectra to study the influence of
galactic cosmic rays on biosignature detectability. We then calculate the
resulting surface UV flux, the surface particle flux, and the associated
equivalent biological dose rates. We find that up to 20% of stratospheric ozone
is destroyed by cosmic-ray protons. The reduction of the planetary ozone layer
leads to an increase in the weighted surface UV flux by two orders of magnitude
under stellar UV flare conditions. The resulting biological effective dose rate
is, however, too low to strongly affect surface life. We also examine the
surface particle flux: For a planet with a terrestrial atmosphere, a reduction
of the magnetic shielding efficiency can increase the biological radiation dose
rate by a factor of two. For a planet with a weaker atmosphere (with a surface
pressure of 97.8 hPa), the planetary magnetic field has a much stronger
influence on the biological radiation dose, changing it by up to two orders of
magnitude.Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures, published in A&
Nonhydrogenic exciton spectrum in perovskite CH3NH3PbI3

The excitons in the orthorhombic phase of the perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 are studied using the effective mass approximation. The electron–hole interaction is screened by a distance-dependent dielectric function, as described by the Haken potential or the Pollmann–Büttner potential. The energy spectrum and the eigenfunctions are calculated for both cases. The results show that the Pollmann–Büttner model, using the corresponding parameters obtained from ab initio calculations, provides better agreement with the experimental results
Search for charged Higgs bosons through the violation of lepton universality in tt events using pp collision data at â\u88\u9aS=7 TeV with the ATLAS experiment

In several extensions of the Standard Model, the top quark can decay into a bottom quark and a light charged Higgs boson H +, t â\u86\u92 bH +, in addition to the Standard Model decay t â\u86\u92 bW. Since W bosons decay to the three lepton generations equally, while H + maypredominantlydecayinto Ï\u84Î½, charged Higgs bosons can be searched for using the violation of lepton universality in top quark decays. The analysis in this paper is based on 4.6 fb-1 of proton-proton collision data at â\u88\u9as=7 TeV collected by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider. Signatures containing leptons (e or Î¼) and/or a hadronically decaying Ï\u84 (Ï\u84 had) are used. Event yield ratios between e + Ï\u84 had and e + Î¼, as well as between Î¼ + Ï\u84 had andÎ¼ + e, final states are measured in the data and compared to predictions from simulations. This ratio-based method reduces the impact of systematic uncertainties in the analysis. No significant deviation from the Standard Model predictions is observed. With the assumption that the branching fraction â\u84¬ (H + â\u86\u92 Ï\u84Î½) is 100%, upper limits in the range 3.2%-4.4% can be placed on the branching fraction â\u84¬ (t â\u86\u92 bH +) for charged Higgs boson masses m H+ in the range 90-140 GeV. After combination with results from a search for charged Higgs bosons in t\overline{t} decays using the Ï\u84 had + jets final state, upper limits on â\u84¬ (t â\u86\u92 bH +) can be set in the range 0.8%-3.4%, for m H+ in the range 90-160 GeV.[Figure not available: see fulltext.] Â© 2013 Cern for the benefit of the ATLAS collaboration
Spectroscopy of high-energy BL Lacertae objects with X-shooter on the VLT

International audienceContext. BL Lac objects detected in γ-rays and, particularly,          those detected at very high energies (E  > 100 GeV) by Cherenkov          telescopes are extreme sources with most having redshifts lower than 0.2. Their study          gives insights on the acceleration mechanisms in play in such systems and is also a          valuable tool for putting constraints on the density of extragalactic background light,          especially if several objects are detected at different redshifts. As their spectra are          dominated by the non-thermal emission of the jet and the spectral features are weak and          narrow in the optical domain, measuring their redshift is challenging. However, such a          measure is fundamental as it allows a firm determination of the distance and luminosity of          the source, and, therefore, a consistent model of its emission.Aims. Measurement of the redshift of BL Lac objects detected in            γ-rays and          determination of global properties of their host galaxies is the aim of this study.Methods. We observed a sample of eight BL Lac objects with the X-shooter          spectrograph installed at the ESO Very Large Telescope (VLT) to take advantage of its          unprecedented wavelength coverage and its resolution, which is about five times higher          than generally used in such studies. We extracted UVB to NIR spectra that          we then corrected for telluric absorption and calibrated in flux. We systematically          searched for spectral features. When possible, we determined the contribution of the host          galaxy to the overall emission.Results. Of the eight BL Lac sources, we measured the redshift of five          of them and determined lower limits for two through the detection of intervening systems.          All seven of these objects have redshifts greater than 0.2. For the remaining one, we          estimated, using an indirect method, that its redshift is greater than 0.175. In two          cases, we refuted redshift values reported in other publications. Through careful          modelling, we determined the magnitude of the host galaxies. In two cases, the detection          of emission lines allowed to provide hints on the overall properties of the gas in the          host galaxies. Even though we warn that we are dealing with a very small sample, we remark          that the redshift determination efficiency of our campaign is higher than for previous          campaigns. We argue that it is mainly the result of the comparatively higher resolution of          X-shooter
Cholesterol favors the anchorage of human dystrophin repeats 16 to 21 in membrane at physiological surface pressure.

International audienceDystrophin (DYS) is a filamentous protein that connects the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix via the sarcolemma, conferring resistance to muscular cells. In this study, interactions between the DYS R16-21 fragment and lipids were examined using Langmuir films made of anionic and zwitterionic lipids. The film fluidity was modified by the addition of 15% cholesterol. Whatever the lipid mixture examined, at low surface pressure (20mN/m) few differences appeared on the protein insertion and the presence of cholesterol did not affect the protein/lipid interactions. At high surface pressure (30mN/m), the protein insertion was very low and occurred only in zwitterionic films in the liquid-expanded phase. In anionic films, electrostatic interactions prevented the protein insertion outright, and caused accumulation of the protein on the hydrophilic part of the monolayer. Addition of cholesterol to both lipid mixtures drastically modified the protein-lipid interactions: the DYS R16-21 insertion increased and its organization in the monolayer appeared to be more homogeneous. The presence of accessible cholesterol recognition amino-acid consensus sequences in this fragment may enhance the protein/membrane binding at physiological lateral pressure. These results suggest that the anchorage of dystrophin to the membrane in vivo may be stabilized by cholesterol-rich nano-domains in the inner leaflet of sarcolemma
Distribution of dissolved water in magmatic glass records growth and resorption of bubbles

International audienceVolcanic eruptions are driven by the growth of gas bubbles in magma. Bubbles grow when dissolved volatile species, principally water, diffuse through the silicate melt and exsolve at the bubble wall. On rapid cooling, the melt quenches to glass, preserving the spatial distribution of water concentration around the bubbles (now vesicles), offering a window into pre-eruptive conditions. We measure the water distribution around vesicles in experimentally-vesiculated samples, with high spatial resolution. We find that, contrary to expectation, water concentration increases towards vesicles, indicating that water is resorbed from bubbles during cooling; textural evidence suggests that resorption occurs largely before the melt solidifies. Speciation data indicate that the molecular water distribution records resorption, whilst the hydroxyl distribution records earlier decompressive growth. Our results challenge the emerging paradigm that resorption indicates fluctuating pressure conditions, and lay the foundations for a new tool for reconstructing the eruptive history of natural volcanic products
Emigration of mathematicians from outside German-speaking academia 1933-1963, supported by the Society for the Protection of Science and Learning

Author's version of an article published in the journal: Historia Mathematica. Also available from the publisher at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hm.2011.08.002Racial and political persecution of German-speaking scholars from 1933 onward has already been extensively studied. The archives of the Society for the Protection of Science and Learning (SPSL), which are deposited in the Western Manuscripts Collection at the Bodleian Library in Oxford, is a rich source of information about the emigration of European scientists, also those who did not come from German-speaking institutions. This is an account of the support given by the SPSL to the persecuted mathematicians among them. The challenges faced by these emigrants included, in addition to anti-Semitism and xenophobia in their countries both of origin and of destination, the restricted financial means of the SPSL, and the sometimes arbitrary assessment of academic merits. Der rassistischen und politischen Verfolgung deutschsprachiger Wissenschaftler nach 1933 wurden bereits umfassende Studien gewidmet. Die Akten der Society for the Protection of Science and Learning (SPSL), die bei der Western Manuscripts Collection der Bodleian Library in Oxford deponiert sind, bieten umfangreiche Informationen zur Emigration auch derjenigen europäischen Wissenschaftler, die nicht deutschsprachig sozialisiert waren. Hier soll die Unterstützung der SPSL für verfolgte nicht-deutschsprachige Mathematiker beschrieben werden. Diesen Emigranten standen verschiedene Hindernisse entgegen; insbesondere Antisemitismus und Xenophobie in den Ursprungsländern und auch Empfangsländern, die zeitweilig problematische ökonomische Situation der SPSL, sowie einige Willkürlichkeiten in der Beurteilung akademischer Meriten
A new more consistent Reynolds model for piezoviscous hydrodynamic lubrication problem in line contact devices

International audienceHydrodynamic lubrication problems in piezoviscous regime are usually modeled by the classical Reynolds equation combined with a suitable law for the pressure dependence of viscosity. By taking into account the pressure-viscosity depen- dence in the Stokes equation and to derive the Reynolds equation in the thin film limit, a new model has been proposed by Rajagopal & Szeri. However, these authors consider some additional simplifications. In the present work, avoiding these simplifications and starting from a Stokes equation with pres- sure dependence of viscosity through Barus law, a new Reynolds model for line contact lubrication problems is deduced, in which the cavitation phenomenon is also taken into account. Thus, the new complete model consists of a nonlinear free boundary problem associated to the proposed new Reynolds equation
Variation of tidal dissipation in the convective envelope  of low-mass stars along their evolution

International audienceContext. Since 1995, more than 1500 exoplanets have been discovered around a wide variety of host stars (from M- to A-type stars). Tidal dissipation in stellar convective envelopes is an important factor that shapes the orbital architecture of short-period systems.Aims. Our objective is to understand and evaluate how tidal dissipation in the convective envelope of low-mass stars (from M to F types) depends on their mass, evolutionary stage, and rotation.Methods. Using a simplified two-layer assumption, we analytically compute the frequency-averaged tidal dissipation in the convective envelope. This dissipation is due to the conversion into heat of the kinetic energy of tidal non-wavelike/equilibrium flow and inertial waves because of the viscous friction applied by turbulent convection. Using grids of stellar models allows us to study the variation of the dissipation as a function of stellar mass and age on the pre-main sequence and on the main sequence for stars with masses ranging from 0.4 to 1.4 M⊙.Results. During their pre-main sequence, all low-mass stars have an increase in the frequency-averaged tidal dissipation for a fixed angular velocity in their convective envelope until they reach a critical aspect and mass ratios (respectively α = Rc/Rs and β = Mc/Ms, where Rs,Ms,Rc, and Mc are the star’s radius and mass and its radiative core’s radius and mass). Next, the dissipation evolves on the main sequence to an asymptotic value that is highest for 0.6 M⊙ K-type stars and that then decreases by several orders of magnitude with increasing stellar mass. Finally, the rotational evolution of low-mass stars strengthens the importance of tidal dissipation during the pre-main sequence for star-planet and multiple star systems.Conclusions. As shown by observations, tidal dissipation in stars’ convection zones varies over several orders of magnitude as a function of stellar mass, age, and rotation. We demonstrate that i) it reaches a maximum value on the pre-main sequence for all stellar masses and ii) on the main sequence and at fixed angular velocity, it is at a maximum for 0.6 M⊙ K-type stars and decreases with increasing mass