pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
The Gaia-ESO Survey: Sodium and aluminium abundances in giants and
  dwarfs - Implications for stellar and Galactic chemical evolution

Stellar evolution models predict that internal mixing should cause some
sodium overabundance at the surface of red giants more massive than ~ 1.5--2.0
Msun. The surface aluminium abundance should not be affected. Nevertheless,
observational results disagree about the presence and/or the degree of the Na
and Al overabundances. In addition, Galactic chemical evolution models adopting
different stellar yields lead to quite different predictions for the behavior
of [Na/Fe] and [Al/Fe] versus [Fe/H]. Overall, the observed trends of these
abundances with metallicity are not well reproduced. We readdress both issues,
using new Na and Al abundances determined within the Gaia-ESO Survey, using two
samples: i) more than 600 dwarfs of the solar neighborhood and of open clusters
and ii) low- and intermediate-mass clump giants in six open clusters.
Abundances of Na in giants with mass below ~2.0 Msun, and of Al in giants below
~3.0 Msun, seem to be unaffected by internal mixing processes. For more massive
giants, the Na overabundance increases with stellar mass. This trend agrees
well with predictions of stellar evolutionary models. Chemical evolution models
that are able to fit well the observed [Na/Fe] vs. [Fe/H] trend in solar
neighborhood dwarfs can not simultaneously explain the run of [Al/Fe] with
[Fe/H], and viceversa. The comparison with stellar ages is hampered by severe
uncertainties. Indeed, reliable age estimates are available for only a half of
the stars of the sample. We conclude that Al is underproduced by the models,
except for stellar ages younger than about 7 Gyr. In addition, some significant
source of late Na production seems to be missing in the models. Either current
Na and Al yields are affected by large uncertainties, and/or some important
Galactic source(s) of these elements has not been taken into account up to now.
[abridged]Comment: 16 pages, 11 figures, A&A accepted, After language editin
A "Garden of Forking Paths" - the Quantum Mechanics of Histories of
  Events

We present a short survey of a novel approach, called "ETH approach", to the
quantum theory of events happening in isolated physical systems and to the
effective time evolution of states of systems featuring events. In particular,
we attempt to present a clear explanation of what is meant by an "event" in
quantum mechanics and of the significance of this notion. We then outline a
theory of direct (projective) and indirect observations or recordings of
physical quantities and events. Some key ideas underlying our general theory
are illustrated by studying a simple quantum-mechanical model of a mesoscopic
system.Comment: 26 pages, 3 figure
A QTL study on late leaf spot and rust revealed one major QTL for molecular breeding for rust resistance in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Late leaf spot (LLS) and rust are two major foliar diseases of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) that often occur together leading to 50–70% yield loss in the crop. A total of 268 recombinant inbred lines of a mapping population TAG 24 × GPBD 4 segregating for LLS and rust were used to undertake quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. Phenotyping of the population was carried out under artificial disease epiphytotics. Positive correlations between different stages, high to very high heritability and independent nature of inheritance between both the diseases were observed. Parental genotypes were screened with 1,089 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, of which 67 (6.15%) were found polymorphic. Segregation data obtained for these markers facilitated development of partial linkage map (14 linkage groups) with 56 SSR loci. Composite interval mapping (CIM) undertaken on genotyping and phenotyping data yielded 11 QTLs for LLS (explaining 1.70–6.50% phenotypic variation) in three environments and 12 QTLs for rust (explaining 1.70–55.20% phenotypic variation). Interestingly a major QTL associated with rust (QTLrust01), contributing 6.90–55.20% variation, was identified by both CIM and single marker analysis (SMA). A candidate SSR marker (IPAHM 103) linked with this QTL was validated using a wide range of resistant/susceptible breeding lines as well as progeny lines of another mapping population (TG 26 × GPBD 4). Therefore, this marker should be useful for introgressing the major QTL for rust in desired lines/varieties of groundnut through marker-assisted backcrossing
The evolution of insecticide resistance in the peach potato aphid, Myzus persicae.

PublishedJournal ArticleResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tReviewThe peach potato aphid, Myzus persicae is a globally distributed crop pest with a host range of over 400 species including many economically important crop plants. The intensive use of insecticides to control this species over many years has led to populations that are now resistant to several classes of insecticide. Work spanning over 40 years has shown that M. persicae has a remarkable ability to evolve mechanisms that avoid or overcome the toxic effect of insecticides with at least seven independent mechanisms of resistance described in this species to date. The array of novel resistance mechanisms, including several 'first examples', that have evolved in this species represents an important case study for the evolution of insecticide resistance and also rapid adaptive change in insects more generally. In this review we summarise the biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying resistance in M. persicae and the insights study of this topic has provided on how resistance evolves, the selectivity of insecticides, and the link between resistance and host plant adaptation.BBSR
Prevention of Knee Osteoarthritis in Overweight Females

__Background__ With accumulating knowledge on osteoarthritis development, the next step is to focus on possibilities for primary prevention.  \ud
__Methods__ In a 2 × 2 factorial design, the effects of a diet-and-exercise program and of oral glucosamine sulfate on the incidence of knee osteoarthritis were evaluated in a high-risk group of 407 middle-aged women with a body mass index ≥ 27 kg/m<sup>2</sup> without clinical signs of knee osteoarthritis at baseline. Primary outcome was the incidence of knee osteoarthritis, defined as Kellgren & Lawrence grade ≥ 2, joint space narrowing of ≥ 1.0 mm, or clinical knee osteoarthritis (clinical and radiographic American College of Rheumatology criteria) after 2.5 years.  \ud
__Results__ After 2.5 years, only 10% of all subjects were lost to follow-up, and 17% of all knees showed incident knee osteoarthritis. Accounting for the significant interaction between the interventions, no significant main effect of either intervention was found. Independently, both interventions alone showed indications of reduced knee osteoarthritis incidence. These effects were neutralized in subjects receiving both interventions.  \ud
__Conclusions__ No significant main effects of the diet-and-exercise program and of glucosamine sulfate were found on incident knee osteoarthritis. Nevertheless, this trial provides valuable insights for future trial design for preventive osteoarthritis studies
The response of tropical rainforests to drought - lessons from recent research and future prospects

Key message We review the recent findings on the influence of drought on tree mortality, growth or ecosystem functioning in tropical rainforests. Drought plays a major role in shaping tropical rainforests and the response mechanisms are highly diverse and complex. The numerous gaps identified here require the international scientific community to combine efforts in order to conduct comprehensive studies in tropical rainforests on the three continents. These results are essential to simulate the future of these ecosystems under diverse climate scenarios and to predict the future of the global earth carbon balance. Context Tropical rainforest ecosystems are characterized by high annual rainfall. Nevertheless, rainfall regularly fluctuates during the year and seasonal soil droughts do occur. Over the past decades, a number of extreme droughts have hit tropical rainforests, not only in Amazonia but also in Asia and Africa. The influence of drought events on tree mortality and growth or on ecosystem functioning (carbon and water fluxes) in tropical rainforest ecosystems has been studied intensively, but the response mechanisms are complex. Aims Herein, we review the recent findings related to the response of tropical forest ecosystems to seasonal and extreme droughts and the current knowledge about the future of these ecosystems. Results This review emphasizes the progress made over recent years and the importance of the studies conducted under extreme drought conditions or in through-fall exclusion experiments in understanding the response of these ecosystems. It also points to the great diversity and complexity of the response of tropical rainforest ecosystems to drought. Conclusion The numerous gaps identified here require the international scientific community to combine efforts in order to conduct comprehensive studies in tropical forest regions. These results are essential to simulate the future of these ecosystems under diverse climate scenarios and to predict the future of the global earth carbon balance. (Résumé d'auteur
The SK-N-AS human neuroblastoma cell line develops osteolytic bone metastases with increased angiogenesis and COX-2 expression.

Neuroblastoma (NB), which arises from embryonic neural crest cells, is the most common extra-cranial solid tumor of childhood. Approximately half of NB patients manifest bone metastasis accompanied with bone pain, fractures and bone marrow failure, leading to disturbed quality of life and poor survival. To study the mechanism of bone metastasis of NB, we established an animal model in which intracardiac inoculation of the SK-N-AS human NB cells in nude mice developed osteolytic bone metastases with increased osteoclastogenesis. SK-N-AS cells induced the expression of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand and osteoclastogenesis in mouse bone marrow cells in the co-culture. SK-N-AS cells expressed COX-2 mRNA and produced substantial amounts of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). In contrast, the SK-N-DZ and SK-N-FI human NB cells failed to develop bone metastases, induce osteoclastogenesis, express COX-2 mRNA and produce PGE2. Immunohistochemical examination of SK-N-AS bone metastasis and subcutaneous tumor showed strong expression of COX-2. The selective COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 inhibited PGE2 production and suppressed bone metastases with reduced osteoclastogenesis. NS-398 also inhibited subcutaneous SK-N-AS tumor development with decreased angiogenesis and vascular endothelial growth factor-A expression. Of interest, metastasis to the adrenal gland, a preferential site for NB development, was also diminished by NS-398. Our results suggest that COX2/PGE2 axis plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of osteolytic bone metastases and tumor development of the SK-NS-AS human NB. Inhibition of angiogenesis by suppressing COX-2/PGE2 may be an effective therapeutic approach for children with NB
Search for squarks and gluinos in events with isolated leptons, jets and missing transverse momentum at root s=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

Çetin, Serkant Ali (Dogus Author)The results of a search for supersymmetry in final states containing at least one isolated lepton (electron or muon), jets and large missing transverse momentum with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider are reported. The search is based on proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy root s = 8 TeV collected in 2012, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 20 fb(-1). No significant excess above the Standard Model expectation is observed. Limits are set on supersymmetric particle masses for various supersymmetric models. Depending on the model, the search excludes gluino masses up to 1.32 TeV and squark masses up to 840 GeV. Limits are also set on the parameters of a minimal universal extra dimension model, excluding a compactification radius of 1/R-c = 950 GeV for a cut-off scale times radius (Lambda R-c) of approximately 30
One SmpB molecule accompanies tmRNA during its passage through the ribosomes.

International audiencetmRNA and SmpB are the main participants of trans-translation, a process which rescues the ribosome blocked during translation of non-stop mRNA. While a one-to-one stoichiometry of tmRNA to the ribosome is generally accepted, the number of SmpB molecules in the complex is still under question. We have isolated tmRNA-ribosome complexes blocked at different steps of the tmRNA path through the ribosome and analyzed the stoichiometry of the complexes. Ribosome, tmRNA and SmpB were found in equimolar amount in the tmRNA-ribosome complexes stopped at the position of the 2nd, 4th, 5th or the 11th codons of the coding part of the tmRNA
Balanced homodyne detection of second-harmonic generation from isolated subwavelength emitters

We demonstrate the association of two-photon nonlinear microscopy with balanced homodyne detection for investigating second harmonic radiation properties at nanoscale dimensions. Variation of the relative phase between second-harmonic and fundamental beams is retrieved, as a function of the absolute orientation of the nonlinear emitters. Sensitivity down to approximately 3.2 photon/s in the spatio-temporal mode of the local oscillator is obtained. This value is high enough to efficiently detect the coherent second-harmonic emission from a single KTiOPO4 crystal of sub-wavelength size
Search for neutral color-octet weak-triplet scalar particles in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV

A search for pair production of neutral color-octet weak-triplet scalar particles (Θ0) is performed in processes where one Θ0 decays to a pair of b quark jets and the other to a Z boson plus a jet, with the Z boson decaying to a pair of electrons or muons. The search is performed with data collected by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb−1 of proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s)=8  TeV. The number of observed events is found to be in agreement with the standard model predictions. The 95% confidence level upper limit on the product of the cross section and branching fraction is obtained as a function of the Θ0 mass. The 95% confidence level lower bounds on the Θ0 mass are found to be 623 and 426 GeV, for two different octo-triplet theoretical scenarios. These are the first direct experimental bounds on particles predicted by the octo-triplet model
Evidence for the associated production of a W boson and a top quark in ATLAS at √(s)=7 TeV

This Letter presents evidence for the associated production of a W boson and a top quark using 2.05 fb(-1) of pp collision data at root s = 7 TeV accumulated with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The analysis is based on the selection of the dileptonic final states with events featuring two isolated leptons, electron or muon, with significant transverse missing momentum and at least one jet. An approach based on boosted decision trees has been developed to improve the discrimination of single top-quark Wt events from background. A template fit to the final classifier distributions is performed to determine the cross-section. The result is incompatible with the background-only hypothesis at the 3.3 sigma level, the expected sensitivity assuming the Standard Model production rate being 3.4 sigma. The corresponding cross-section is determined and found to be sigma(wt) = 16.8 +/- 2.9 (stat) +/- 4.9 (syst) pb, in good agreement with the Standard Model expectation. From this result the CKM matrix element vertical bar V-tb vertical bar = 1.03(-0.19)(+0.16) is derived assuming that the Wt production through vertical bar V-ts vertical bar and vertical bar V-td vertical bar is small
A neutron spectrometer for studying giant resonances with (p,n) reactions in inverse kinematics

A neutron spectrometer, the European Low-Energy Neutron Spectrometer (ELENS), has been constructed to study exotic nuclei in inverse-kinematics experiments. The spectrometer, which consists of plastic scintillator bars, can be operated in the neutron energy range of 100 keV-10 MeV. The neutron energy is determined using the time-of-flight technique, while the position of the neutron detection is deduced from the time-difference information from photomultipliers attached to both ends of each bar. A novel wrapping method has been developed for the plastic scintillators. The array has a larger than 25% detection efficiency for neutrons of approximately 500 keV in kinetic energy and an angular resolution of less than 1 degrees. Details of the design, construction and experimental tests of the spectrometer will be presented
S-wave K pi scattering in chiral perturbation theory with resonances

We present a detailed analysis of S-wave K pi scattering up to 2 GeV, making use of the resonance chiral Lagrangian predictions together with a suitable unitarisation method. Our approach incorporates known theoretical constraints at low and high energies. The present experimental status, with partly conflicting data from different experiments, is discussed. Our analysis allows to resolve some experimental ambiguities, but better data are needed in order to determine the cross-section in the higher-energy range, Our best fits are used to determine the masses and widths of the relevant scalar resonances in this energy region
Variability in individual rates of aggression in wild gray seals : fine-scale analysis reveals importance of social and spatial stability

This study was funded by a Durham Doctoral Studentship awarded to author AB.Aggressive interactions are costly for individuals in time, energy, or physical damage, and in polygynous mating systems, there is high variability in the rates and intensity of aggression across individuals and within breeding seasons. However, examinations into the drivers of this variability are often conducted in isolation, in non-wild systems, or the predictor variables in question, for example, dominance, are averaged across large spatial, social, or temporal scales. The aim of this study was to adopt a fine spatial and temporal scale approach to investigate the factors associated with inter-individual variation in aggression in wild, breeding male gray seals within three consecutive breeding seasons. To do this, we fit models examining if the daily frequency of aggression and probability of escalated aggression for males was best explained by factors such as dominance score, proximity to competitors or females, local social stability, and the occurrence of stochastic environmental events. Stability of neighbor identities was the strongest correlate of reduced male aggression. Dominance status did not correlate with aggression at the daily scale, with the exception of one period after a natural disturbance to the breeding colony where dominant males had relatively reduced rates of aggression. These findings emphasize the importance of local social stability in explaining inter-individual variation in aggression in a wild population and suggest that factors associated with aggression are context dependent in relation to the natural environment. Furthermore, we highlight the utility of a fine temporal scale and incorporating spatial parameters when investigating variability in aggression in wild systems.PostprintPeer reviewe
Phenomenology of an $SU(2) \times SU(2) \times U(1)$ model with
  lepton-flavour non-universality

We investigate a gauge extension of the Standard Model in light of the
observed hints of lepton universality violation in $b \to c \ell \nu$ and $b
\to s \ell^+ \ell^-$ decays at BaBar, Belle and LHCb. The model consists of an
extended gauge group $\mathrm{SU(2)}_{1} \times \mathrm{SU(2)}_{2} \times
\mathrm{U(1)}_Y$ which breaks spontaneously around the TeV scale to the
electroweak gauge group. Fermion mixing effects with vector-like fermions give
rise to potentially large new physics contributions in flavour transitions
mediated by $W^{\prime}$ and $Z^{\prime}$ bosons. This model can ease tensions
in $B$-physics data while satisfying stringent bounds from flavour physics, tau
decays, and electroweak precision data. Possible ways to test the proposed new
physics scenario with upcoming experimental measurements are discussed. Among
other predictions, the lepton flavour violating ratios $R_M$, with $M = K^*,
\phi$, are found to be reduced with respect to the Standard Model expectation
$R_M \simeq 1$.Comment: 46 pages, 11 figures. v2: version published in JHE
Absence of high-temperature ballistic transport in the spin-$1/2$ $XXX$
  chain within the grand-canonical ensemble

Whether in the thermodynamic limit, vanishing magnetic field $h\rightarrow
0$, and nonzero temperature the spin stiffness of the spin-$1/2$ $XXX$
Heisenberg chain is finite or vanishes within the grand-canonical ensemble
remains an unsolved and controversial issue, as different approaches yield
contradictory results. Here we provide an upper bound on the stiffness and show
that within that ensemble it vanishes for $h\rightarrow 0$ in the thermodynamic
limit of chain length $L\to\infty$, at high temperatures $T\rightarrow\infty$.
Our approach uses a representation in terms of the $L$ physical spins $1/2$.
For all configurations that generate the exact spin-$S$ energy and momentum
eigenstates such a configuration involves a number $2S$ of unpaired spins $1/2$
in multiplet configurations and $L-2S$ spins $1/2$ that are paired within
$M_{\rm sp}=L/2-S$ spin-singlet pairs. The Bethe-ansatz strings of length $n=1$
and $n>1$ describe a single unbound spin-singlet pair and a configuration
within which $n$ pairs are bound, respectively. In the case of $n>1$ pairs this
holds both for ideal and deformed strings associated with $n$ complex
rapidities with the same real part. The use of such a spin $1/2$ representation
provides useful physical information on the problem under investigation in
contrast to often less controllable numerical studies. Our results provide
strong evidence for the absence of ballistic transport in the spin-$1/2$ $XXX$
Heisenberg chain in the thermodynamic limit, for high temperatures
$T\to\infty$, vanishing magnetic field $h\rightarrow 0$ and within the
grand-canonical ensemble