pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Persistent ocean monitoring with underwater gliders: Adapting sampling resolution

Ocean processes are dynamic and complex and occur on multiple spatial and temporal scales. To obtain a synoptic view of such processes, ocean scientists collect data over long time periods. Historically, measurements were continually provided by fixed sensors, e.g., moorings, or gathered from ships. Recently, an increase in the utilization of autonomous underwater vehicles has enabled a more dynamic data acquisition approach. However, we still do not utilize the full capabilities of these vehicles. Here we present algorithms that produce persistent monitoring missions for underwater vehicles by balancing path following accuracy and sampling resolution for a given region of interest, which addresses a pressing need among ocean scientists to efficiently and effectively collect high-value data. More specifically, this paper proposes a path planning algorithm and a speed control algorithm for underwater gliders, which together give informative trajectories for the glider to persistently monitor a patch of ocean. We optimize a cost function that blends two competing factors: maximize the information value along the path while minimizing deviation from the planned path due to ocean currents. Speed is controlled along the planned path by adjusting the pitch angle of the underwater glider, so that higher resolution samples are collected in areas of higher information value. The resulting paths are closed circuits that can be repeatedly traversed to collect long-term ocean data in dynamic environments. The algorithms were tested during sea trials on an underwater glider operating off the coast of southern California, as well as in Monterey Bay, California. The experimental results show improvements in both data resolution and path reliability compared to previously executed sampling paths used in the respective regions.United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Monitoring and Event Response for Harmful Algal Blooms (NA05NOS4781228)National Science Foundation (U.S.). Center for Embedded Networked Sensing (CCR-0120778)National Science Foundation (U.S.). (Grant number CNS-0520305)National Science Foundation (U.S.). (Grant number CNS-0540420)United States. Office of Naval Research. Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (N00014-09-1-1031)United States. Office of Naval Research. Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (N00014-08-1-0693)United States. Office of Naval Research. Service-Oriented Architectur
The impact of writing case studies: Benefits for students' success and well-being

University professors often use case studies because they provide a fertile basis for the application of theoretical concepts to real world situations, enhancing student participation. The present correlational study aims to present social psychology's students from the University of Barcelona (UB) as active participants of their learning process through their work with case studies. Results demonstrate that students made significant learning through the writing of case studies, which has benefited their results in the final exam, course grades, and course's satisfaction
A triadic framework for collaborative consumption (CC): Motives, activities and resources & capabilities of actors

This is an Open Access Article. It is published by Elsevier under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported Licence (CC BY). Full details of this licence are available at: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Collaborative consumption (CC) is an increasingly prevalent form of exchange. CC occurs within a triangle of actors: a platform provider (e.g., Uber), a peer service provider (e.g., an Uber driver) and a customer. The platform provider’s main role is matchmaking, so that a customer can access assets of a peer service provider. This paper has three objectives. First, this article identifies three criteria to delineate CC from related constructs such as access-based consumption, sharing or renting. Second, it introduces a literature-based framework explicating the roles of the actors in the CC triangle along three dimensions: motives, activities and resources and capabilities. Third, it highlights areas for further research, such as the dynamics of CC, context-dependent motives and the emergence of professional (peer) service providers
Simulations of winds of weak-lined T Tauri stars. II. : The effects of a tilted magnetosphere and planetary interactions

21 pages, 16 figures, 2 tables (emulateapj.cls).Based on our previous work (Vidotto et al. 2009a), we investigate the effects on the wind and magnetospheric structures of weak-lined T Tauri stars due to a misalignment between the axis of rotation of the star and its magnetic dipole moment vector. In such configuration, the system loses the axisymmetry presented in the aligned case, requiring a fully 3D approach. We perform 3D numerical MHD simulations of stellar winds and study the effects caused by different model parameters. The system reaches a periodic behavior with the same rotational period of the star. We show that the magnetic field lines present an oscillatory pattern and that by increasing the misalignment angle, the wind velocity increases. Our wind models allow us to study the interaction of a magnetized wind with a magnetized extra-solar planet. Such interaction gives rise to reconnection, generating electrons that propagate along the planet's magnetic field lines and produce electron cyclotron radiation at radio wavelengths. We find that a close-in Jupiter-like planet orbiting at 0.05AU presents a radio power that is ~5 orders of magnitude larger than the one observed in Jupiter, which suggests that the stellar wind from a young star has the potential to generate strong planetary radio emission that could be detected in the near future with LOFAR. This radio power varies according to the phase of rotation of the star. We also analyze whether winds from misaligned stellar magnetospheres could cause a significant effect on planetary migration. Compared to the aligned case, we show that the time-scale tau_w for an appreciable radial motion of the planet is shorter for larger misalignment angles. While for the aligned case tau_w~100Myr, for a stellar magnetosphere tilted by 30deg, tau_w ranges from ~40 to 70Myr for a planet located at a radius of 0.05AU. (Abridged)PostprintPeer reviewe
The economics of early social stratification

We develop an endogenous fertility model of social stratification with two hereditary classes: a warrior elite and a peasantry. Our model shows that the extra cost warriors must incur to raise their children and to equip them for war is the key determinant of (1) the relative sizes of both classes, and (2) the warriors' economic privileges in terms of income and consumption. The higher the cost of warrior children, the greater the economic privileges of warriors will be, and the smaller the ratio of warriors to peasants will be. Historical evidence confirms this prediction. Finally, we identify conditions under which the military function of warriors may legitimise their privileges.
Banking services in terms of changing environment: the case of Macedonia

The aim of this paper is to elaborate the impact of the changing environment on the services that the banking sector is providing. The trends in the international banking will be analyzed also from the perspective of the banking activities on Macedonian banks. Speaking of changes, there are two tendencies that can be determined in the international banking:
1) increased competition that influence on the banking products and pricing,
2) technology improvements that affects the distribution channels of selling and the operating cost on the banking
activities. Increased competition and sharing the same target market along with other financial institutions affects the banks' market share and prices of their products. In developed economies there is a trend of suppression of banks from certain market segments and reducing their market share. This trend is mostly expressed in USA and is less pronounced in EU. Also rapid technology development and penetration of Internet in everyday life doesn’t leave immune nor the banking sector. The technological improvements affect the banking industry through introduction of new products, increasing efficiency in terms of operating costs and developing new distribution channels. Banks are forced to adapt their products to a new generation that is coming and who grew up in the Internet Age. The biggest changes have been made in terms of payment methods by allowing transactions to be made 24 hours a day from anywhere. The development of technology also affects on the improvement of data bases which enable better
assessment of credit risk to individual products and customers. Banks along with other financial institutions are
joining in collecting and sharing of customer data that enables better assessment of the credit risk.
Protein-based nanoformulations for α-Tocopherol encapsulation

Nanoparticles of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and silk fibroin (SF) with entrapped α-tocopherol were produced via ultrasonic emulsification. Populations with particle size of 200300 nm and highly negatively charged were obtained for all the tested formulations. Entrapment efficiencies of around 99% revealed the effective encapsulation of α-tocopherol into the produced nanoformulations. Generally, these nanodevices did not induce significant cytotoxicity to human skin keratinocytes for all the concentrations tested. The developed formulations showed free radical scavenging of ABTS.+ ability resulting from the synergistic effect between proteins in formulation and the entrapped tocopherol. Overall, the results contribute for the establishment of BSA:VO and BSA:SF:VO as biodegradable and non-toxic nanoformulations for the functionalization of textile devices and controlled delivery of tocopherol into the skin.This study was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UID/BIO/04469/2013 unit and COMPETE2020 (POCI-01-0145FEDER-006684) and BioTecNorte operation (NORTE-01-0145FEDER-000004) funded by European Regional Development Fund under the scope of Norte 2020-Programa Operacional Regional do Norte. Artur Ribeiro thanks FCT for the SFRH\BPD\98388\2013 grant. Fatemeh Shahmoradi would like to acknowledge the Iran Ministry of Science, Research and Technology (MSRT) for the monetary support.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Superconducting and charge–density wave instabilities in ultrasmall-radius carbon nanotubes

We perform a detailed analysis of the band structure, phonon dispersion, and electron–phonon coupling of three types of small-radius carbon nanotubes (CNTs): (5,0), (6,0), and (5,5) with diameters 3.9, 4.7, and 6.8 Å respectively. The large curvature of the (5,0) CNTs makes them metallic with a large density of states at the Fermi energy. The density of states is also strongly enhanced for the (6,0) CNTs compared to the results obtained from the zone-folding method. For the (5,5) CNTs the electron–phonon interaction is dominated by the in-plane optical phonons, while for the ultrasmall (5,0) and (6,0) CNTs the main coupling is to the out-of-plane optical phonon modes. We calculate electron–phonon interaction strengths for all three types of CNTs and analyze possible instabilities toward superconducting and charge–density wave phases. For the smallest (5,0) nanotube, in the mean-field approximation and neglecting Coulomb interactions, we find that the charge–density wave transition temperature greatly exceeds the superconducting one. When we include a realistic model of the Coulomb interaction we find that the charge–density wave is suppressed to very low temperatures, making superconductivity dominant with the mean-field transition temperature around one K. For the (6,0) nanotube the charge–density wave dominates even with the inclusion of Coulomb interactions and we find the mean-field transition temperature to be around five Kelvin. We find that the larger radius (5,5) nanotube is stable against superconducting and charge–density wave orders at all realistic temperatures
A near-infrared interferometric survey of debris-disc stars. VI. Extending the exozodiacal light survey with CHARA/JouFLU

We report the results of high-angular-resolution observations that search for exozodiacal light in a sample of main sequence stars and sub-giants. Using the "jouvence" of the fiber linked unit for optical recombination (JouFLU) at the center for high angular resolution astronomy (CHARA) telescope array, we have observed a total of 44 stars. Out of the 44 stars, 33 are new stars added to the initial, previously published survey of 42 stars performed at CHARA with the fiber linked unit for optical recombination (FLUOR). Since the start of the survey extension, we have detected a K-band circumstellar excess for six new stars at the   1% level or higher, four of which are known or candidate binaries, and two for which the excess could be attributed to exozodiacal dust. We have also performed follow-up observations of 11 of the stars observed in the previously published survey and found generally consistent results. We do however detect a significantly larger excess on three of these follow-up targets: Altair, υ And and κ CrB. Interestingly, the last two are known exoplanet host stars. We perform a statistical analysis of the JouFLU and FLUOR samples combined, which yields an overall exozodi detection rate of . We also find that the K-band excess in FGK-type stars correlates with the existence of an outer reservoir of cold (≲100 K) dust at the 99% confidence level, while the same cannot be said for A-type stars.Peer reviewe
Modelling benthic habitats and biotopes off the coast of Norway to support spatial management.

-Habitat conservation, and hence conservation of biodiversity hinges on knowledge of the spatial distribution of habitats, not least those that are particularly valuable or vulnerable. In offshore Norway, benthic habitats are systematically surveyed and described by the national programme MAREANO (Marine AREAl database for NOrwegian waters). Benthic habitats and biotopes are defined in terms of the species composition of their epibenthic megafauna. Some habitats are of special conservation interest on account of their intrinsic value and/or vulnerability (e.g., long-lived species, rareness, to comply with international regulations such as OSPAR). In Norway, off Nordland and Troms, the following habitats of special interest can be found: Umbellula encrinus Stands, Radicipes sp. Meadows, Deep Sea Sponge Aggregations, Seapen and Burrowing Megafauna Communities, Hard Bottom Coral Gardens. In this paper, we used underwater video data collected within the MAREANO programme to define and describe benthic habitats and biotopes of special interest, and to map the geographic distribution thereof by means of habitat modelling.

We first evaluated the community structure of each habitat in the list using a SIMPROF test. We determined that the class Deep Sea Sponge Aggregations, as defined by OSPAR, had to be split into at least three classes. We then re-defined seven new types of ecological features, including habitats and biotopes that were sufficiently homogeneous. Then we modelled the spatial distributions of these habitats and biotopes using Conditional Inference Forests. Since the purpose of the distribution maps is to support spatial planning we classified the heat maps using density thresholds.

The accuracy of models ranged from fair to excellent. Hard Bottom Coral Gardens were the most rare habitat in terms of total area predicted (224 km2, 0.3% of the area modelled), closely followed by Radicipes Meadows (391 km2, 0.6%). Soft Bottom Demosponges (Geodid sponges and other taxa) represent the largest habitat, with a predicted area of 9288 km2 (14%). Distribution maps of classes defined by habitat-forming species (Hard Bottom Coral Gardens) were more reliable than those defined by a host of species, or where no single species was a clear habitat provider (e.g. Seapen and Burrowing Megafauna Communities). We also put forward that a scale of patchiness larger than the scale of observation, and homogeneity of the community both play a role in model performance, and hence in map usefulness. These along with density threshold values based on observed data should all be taken into account in marine classifications and habitat definitions
Measurement of normalized differential tt¯ cross sections in the dilepton channel from pp collisions at  √s = 13 TeV

Normalized differential cross sections for top quark pair production are measured in the dilepton (e⁺e⁻, μ⁺μ⁻, and μ[superscript ∓]e[superscript ±]) decay channels in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The measurements are performed with data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.1 fb⁻¹ using the CMS detector at the LHC. The cross sections are measured differentially as a function of the kinematic properties of the leptons, jets from bottom quark hadronization, top quarks, and top quark pairs at the particle and parton levels. The results are compared to several Monte Carlo generators that implement calculations up to next-to-leading order in perturbative quantum chromodynamics interfaced with parton showering, and also to fixed-order theoretical calculations of top quark pair production up to next-to-next-to-leading order
Active normal faulting during the 1997 seismic sequence in Colfiorito, Umbria: Did slip propagate to the surface?

© 2016 The Authors In order to determine whether slip during an earthquake on the 26th September 1997 propagated to the surface, structural data have been collected along a bedrock fault scarp in Umbria, Italy. These collected data are used to investigate the relationship between the throw associated with a debated surface rupture (observed as a pale unweathered stripe at the base of the bedrock fault scarp) and the strike, dip and slip-vector. Previous studies have suggested that the surface rupture was produced either by primary surface slip or secondary compaction of hangingwall sediments. Some authors favour the latter because sparse surface fault dip measurements do not match nodal plane dips at depth. It is demonstrated herein that the strike, dip and height of the surface rupture, represented by a pale unweathered stripe at the base of the bedrock scarp, shows a systematic relationship with respect to the geometry and kinematics of faulting in the bedrock. The strike and dip co-vary and the throw is greatest where the strike is oblique to the slip-vector azimuth where the highest dip values are recorded. This implies that the throw values vary to accommodate spatial variation in the strike and dip of the fault across fault plane corrugations, a feature that is predicted by theory describing conservation of strain along faults, but not by compaction. Furthermore, published earthquake locations and reported fault dips are consistent with the analysed surface scarps when natural variation for surface dips and uncertainty for nodal plane dips at depth are taken into account. This implies that the fresh stripe is indeed a primary coseismic surface rupture whose slip is connected to the seismogenic fault at depth. We discuss how this knowledge of the locations and geometry of the active faults can be used as an input for seismic hazard assessment
Packing bipartite graphs with covers of complete bipartite graphs.

For a set SS of graphs, a perfect SS-packing (SS-factor) of a graph GG is a set of mutually vertex-disjoint subgraphs of GG that each are isomorphic to a member of SS and that together contain all vertices of GG. If GG allows a covering (locally bijective homomorphism) to a graph HH, i.e., a vertex mapping f:VG→VHf:VG→VH satisfying the property that f(u)f(v)f(u)f(v) belongs to EHEH whenever the edge uvuv belongs to EGEG such that for every u∈VGu∈VG the restriction of ff to the neighborhood of uu is bijective, then GG is an HH-cover. For some fixed HH let S(H)S(H) consist of all connected HH-covers. Let Kk,ℓKk,ℓ be the complete bipartite graph with partition classes of size kk and ℓℓ, respectively. For all fixed k,ℓ≥1k,ℓ≥1, we determine the computational complexity of the problem that tests whether a given bipartite graph has a perfect S(Kk,ℓ)S(Kk,ℓ)-packing. Our technique is partially based on exploring a close relationship to pseudo-coverings. A pseudo-covering from a graph GG to a graph HH is a homomorphism from GG to HH that becomes a covering to HH when restricted to a spanning subgraph of GG. We settle the computational complexity of the problem that asks whether a graph allows a pseudo-covering to Kk,ℓKk,ℓ for all fixed k,ℓ≥1k,ℓ≥1
Event shapes and azimuthal correlations in Z + jets events in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV

Measurements of event shapes and azimuthal correlations are presented for events where a Z boson is produced in association with jets in proton-proton collisions. The data collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV correspond to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 inverse femtobarns. The analysis provides a test of predictions from perturbative QCD for a process that represents a substantial background to many physics channels. Results are presented as a function of jet multiplicity, for inclusive Z boson production and for Z bosons with transverse momenta greater than 150 GeV, and compared to predictions from Monte Carlo event generators that include leading-order multiparton matrix-element (with up to four hard partons in the final state) and next-to-leading-order simulations of Z + 1-jet events. The experimental results are corrected for detector effects, and can be compared directly with other QCD models
New observations of ULX supershells, and their implications.

New optical narrowband imaging observations of the fields of several ultra-luminous X-ray sources (ULXs) are presented. Known supershell nebulae are associated with a number of these ULXs, which we detect in emission lines filters such as [S II], He II, [O II] and [O III]. New nebulae are discovered, which are candidate ULX-powered supershells. The morphologies and emission line fluxes of these nebulae could then be used to infer the properties of the emitting gas, which gives clues to the energizing source (photoionization and/or shock-excitation, both possibly from the ULX). Studies of supershells powered by ULXs can help to constrain the nature of ULXs themselves, such as the isotropy of the X-ray emission and the strength of their outflows
Spectral energy distribution of Markarian 501: quiescent state versus extreme outburst\ud

The very high energy (VHE; E > 100 GeV) blazar Markarian 501 (Mrk 501) has a well-studied history of extreme spectral variability and is an excellent laboratory for studying the physical processes within the jets of active galactic nuclei. However, there are few detailed multiwavelength studies of Mrk 501 during its quiescent state, due to its low luminosity. A short-term multiwavelength study of Mrk 501 was coordinated in 2009 March, focusing around a multi-day observation with the Suzaku X-ray satellite and including gamma-ray data from VERITAS, MAGIC, and the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope with the goal of providing a well-sampled multiwavelength baseline measurement of Mrk 501 in the quiescent state. The results of these quiescent-state observations are compared to the historically extreme outburst of 1997 April 16, with the goal of examining variability of the spectral energy distribution (SED) between the two states. The derived broadband SED shows the characteristic double-peaked profile. We find that the X-ray peak shifts by over two orders of magnitude in photon energy between the two flux states while the VHE peak varies little. The limited shift in the VHE peak can be explained by the transition to the Klein-Nishina (KN) regime. Synchrotron self-Compton models are matched to the data and the implied KN effects are explored.\u