pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Measurement of the energy spectrum of cosmic rays above '10 POT.18' eV using the Pierre Auger Observatory

We report a measurement of the flux of cosmic rays with unprecedented precision and statistics using the Pierre Auger Observatory. Based on fluorescence observations in coincidence with at least one surface detector we derive a spectrum for energies above 1018 eV. We also update the previously published energy spectrum obtained with the surface detector array. The two spectra are combined addressing the systematic uncertainties and, in particular, the influence of the energy resolution on the spectral shape. The spectrum can be described by a broken power law E−γ with index γ=3.3 below the ankle which is measured at log10(Eankle/eV)=18.6. Above the ankle the spectrum is described by a power law with index 2.6 followed by a flux suppression, above about log10(E/eV)=19.5, detected with high statistical significance.CNPqCAPESFAPERJFAPESPFINEPMCTEntre outra
Measurement of the production cross section of jets inassociation with a Z boson in pp collisions at root s=7 TeV withthe ATLAS detector

Measurements of the production of jets of particles in association with a Z boson inpp collisions at root s = 7 TeV are presented, using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.6 fb(-1) collected by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider. Inclusive and differential jet cross sections in Z events, with Z decaying into electron or muon pairs, are measured for jets with transverse momentum p(T) &gt; 30 GeV and rapidity vertical bar y vertical bar &lt; 4.4. The results are compared to next-to-leading-order perturbative QCD calculations, and to predictions from different Monte Carlo generators based on leading-order and next-to-leading-order matrix elements supplemented by parton showers.<p>ATLAS Collaboration, for complete list of authors see http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/JHEP07(2013)032</p
An EWS-FLI1-Induced Osteosarcoma Model Unveiled a Crucial Role of Impaired Osteogenic Differentiation on Osteosarcoma Development.

iPS細胞を用いた新たな腫瘍モデルにより、肉腫形成メカニズムの一端を解明. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2016-03-18.EWS-FLI1, a multi-functional fusion oncogene, is exclusively detected in Ewing sarcomas. However, previous studies reported that rare varieties of osteosarcomas also harbor EWS-ETS family fusion. Here, using the doxycycline-inducible EWS-FLI1 system, we established an EWS-FLI1-dependent osteosarcoma model from murine bone marrow stromal cells. We revealed that the withdrawal of EWS-FLI1 expression enhances the osteogenic differentiation of sarcoma cells, leading to mature bone formation. Taking advantage of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, we also show that sarcoma-derived iPSCs with cancer-related genetic abnormalities exhibited an impaired differentiation program of osteogenic lineage irrespective of the EWS-FLI1 expression. Finally, we demonstrate that EWS-FLI1 contributed to secondary sarcoma development from the sarcoma iPSCs after osteogenic differentiation. These findings demonstrate that modulating cellular differentiation is a fundamental principle of EWS-FLI1-induced osteosarcoma development. This in vitro cancer model using sarcoma iPSCs should provide a unique platform for dissecting relationships between the cancer genome and cellular differentiation
Centennial variations in sunspot number, open solar flux and streamer belt width: 1. correction of the sunspot number record since 1874

We analyse the widely-used international/ Zürich sunspot number record, R, with a view to quantifying a suspected calibration discontinuity around 1945 (which has been termed the “Waldmeier discontinuity” [Svalgaard, 2011]). We compare R against the composite sunspot group data from the Royal Greenwich Observatory (RGO) network and the Solar Optical Observing Network (SOON), using both the number of sunspot groups, N{sub}G{\sub}, and the total area of the sunspots, A{sub}G{\sub}. In addition, we compare R with the recently developed interdiurnal variability geomagnetic indices IDV and IDV(1d). In all four cases, linearity of the relationship with R is not assumed and care is taken to ensure that the relationship of each with R is the same before and after the putative calibration change. It is shown the probability that a correction is not needed is of order 10{sup}−8{\sup} and that R is indeed too low before 1945. The optimum correction to R for values before 1945 is found to be 11.6%, 11.7%, 10.3% and 7.9% using A{sub}G{\sub}, N{sub)G{\sub}, IDV, and IDV(1d), respectively. The optimum value obtained by combining the sunspot group data is 11.6% with an uncertainty range 8.1-14.8% at the 2σ level. The geomagnetic indices provide an independent yet less stringent test but do give values that fall within the 2σ uncertainty band with optimum values are slightly lower than from the sunspot group data. The probability of the correction needed being as large as 20%, as advocated by Svalgaard [2011], is shown to be 1.6 × 10{sup}−5{\sup}
Cultural resilience: the production of rural community heritage, digital archives and the role of volunteers.

The following paper addresses a lacuna in the literature relating to the concept of resilience. To date, cultural activity in relation to resilient communities has been given little attention and this paper will highlight how the lens of community heritage activities and the ?bottom-up? role of volunteer labour can act as a catalyst for building more resilient communities in rural areas. This develops from rural areas that have strong place identities, formed through the reproduction of traditional cultural practices alongside contemporary influences. These identities are performed and constructed through a varied repertoire of knowledges, histories, and customs. Their on-going production can be central to community identity as they attempt to make visible their own accounts of history and place. Beyond this, community heritage organisations have also begun to have grounded ?impacts? that move away from heritage interests alone, often revitalising buildings and providing community services. This will be used to highlight how such cultural heritage activity builds collective resilience. A further trend (in the UK) has been for community heritage groups to digitise collections, due to the perceived transformational effect for community regeneration, the strengthening of community cohesion and the potential socio-economic benefits. In partnership with community heritage groups, the CURIOS (Cultural Repositories and Information Systems) project explores two case studies in rural Scotland asking how community activity, connectivity and digital archives can support interest in local heritage as well as help develop more resilient communities.RCUK Digital Economy programme award EP/G066051/1. EPSRC-funded Gold Open Access
Dijet production in $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV $pp$ collisions with large rapidity
  gaps at the ATLAS experiment

A $6.8 \ {\rm nb^{-1}}$ sample of $pp$ collision data collected under
low-luminosity conditions at $\sqrt{s} = 7$ TeV by the ATLAS detector at the
Large Hadron Collider is used to study diffractive dijet production. Events
containing at least two jets with $p_\mathrm{T} > 20$ GeV are selected and
analysed in terms of variables which discriminate between diffractive and
non-diffractive processes. Cross sections are measured differentially in
$\Delta\eta^F$, the size of the observable forward region of pseudorapidity
which is devoid of hadronic activity, and in an estimator, $\tilde{\xi}$, of
the fractional momentum loss of the proton assuming single diffractive
dissociation ($pp \rightarrow pX$). Model comparisons indicate a dominant
non-diffractive contribution up to moderately large $\Delta\eta^F$ and small
$\tilde{\xi}$, with a diffractive contribution which is significant at the
highest $\Delta\eta^F$ and the lowest $\tilde{\xi}$. The rapidity-gap survival
probability is estimated from comparisons of the data in this latter region
with predictions based on diffractive parton distribution functions.Comment: 17 pages plus author list and cover page (34 pages total), 6 figures
  submitted to Phys. Lett. B. All figures including auxiliary figures are
  available at URL
  http://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/PAPERS/STDM-2014-0
Spectroscopic and photometric analysis of the early-type spectroscopic
  binary HD 161853 in the centre of an H II region

We study the O-type star HD 161853, which has been noted as a probable
double-lined spectroscopic binary system. We secured high-resolution spectra of
HD 161853 during the past nine years. We separated the two components in the
system and measured their respective radial velocities for the first time. We
confirm that HD 161853 is an $\sim$1 Ma old binary system consisting of an O8 V
star ($M_{\rm A,RV} \geq 22$ M$_\odot$) and a B1--3 V star ($M_{\rm B,RV} \geq
7.2$ M$_\odot$) at about 1.3 kpc. From the radial velocity curve, we measure an
orbital period $P$ = 2.66765$\pm$0.00001 d and an eccentricity $e$ =
0.121$\pm$0.007. Its $V$-band light curve is constant within 0.014 mag and does
not display eclipses, from which we impose a maximum orbital inclination $i=54$
deg. HD 161853 is probably associated with an H II region and a poorly
investigated very young open cluster. In addition, we detect a compact emission
region at 50 arcsec to HD 161853 in 22$\mu$m-WISE and 24$\mu$m-Spitzer images,
which may be identified as a dust wave piled up by the radiation pressure of
the massive binary system.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, to appear in A&
Uncertainty quantification for proton-proton fusion in chiral effective
  field theory

We compute the $S$-factor of the proton-proton ($pp$) fusion reaction using
chiral effective field theory ($\chi$EFT) up to next-to-next-to-leading order
(NNLO) and perform a rigorous uncertainty analysis of the results. We quantify
the uncertainties due to (i) the computational method used to compute the $pp$
cross section in momentum space, (ii) the statistical uncertainties in the
low-energy coupling constants of $\chi$EFT, (iii) the systematic uncertainty
due to the $\chi$EFT cutoff, and (iv) systematic variations in the database
used to calibrate the nucleon-nucleon interaction. We also examine the
robustness of the polynomial extrapolation procedure, which is commonly used to
extract the threshold $S$-factor and its energy-derivatives. By performing a
statistical analysis of the polynomial fit of the energy-dependent $S$-factor
at several different energy intervals, we eliminate a systematic uncertainty
that can arise from the choice of the fit interval in our calculations. In
addition, we explore the statistical correlations between the $S$-factor and
few-nucleon observables such as the binding energies and point-proton radii of
$^{2,3}$H and $^3$He as well as the $D$-state probability and quadrupole moment
of $^2$H, and the $\beta$-decay of $^{3}$H. We find that, with the
state-of-the-art optimization of the nuclear Hamiltonian, the statistical
uncertainty in the threshold $S$-factor cannot be reduced beyond 0.7%.Comment: peer-reviewed version: some passages modified, typographic errors
  fixe
Perpetual American options in diffusion-type models with running maxima
  and drawdowns

We study perpetual American option pricing problems in an extension of the
Black-Merton-Scholes model in which the dividend and volatility rates of the
underlying risky asset depend on the running values of its maximum and maximum
drawdown. The optimal exercise times are shown to be the first times at which
the underlying asset hits certain boundaries depending on the running values of
the associated maximum and maximum drawdown processes. We obtain closed-form
solutions to the equivalent free-boundary problems for the value functions with
smooth fit at the optimal stopping boundaries and normal reflection at the
edges of the state space of the resulting three-dimensional Markov process. The
optimal exercise boundaries for the perpetual American options on the maximum
of the market depth with fixed and floating strikes are determined as the
minimal solutions of certain first-order nonlinear ordinary differential
equations.Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1405.443
Energy dependence of $J/\psi$ production in Au+Au collisions at
  $\sqrt{s_{NN}} =$ 39, 62.4 and 200 GeV

The inclusive $J/\psi$ transverse momentum ($p_{T}$) spectra and nuclear
modification factors are reported at midrapidity ($|y|<1.0$) in Au+Au
collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=$ 39, 62.4 and 200 GeV taken by the STAR
experiment. A suppression of $J/\psi$ production, with respect to
{\color{black}the production in $p+p$ scaled by the number of binary
nucleon-nucleon collisions}, is observed in central Au+Au collisions at these
three energies. No significant energy dependence of nuclear modification
factors is found within uncertainties. The measured nuclear modification
factors can be described by model calculations that take into account both
suppression of direct $J/\psi$ production due to the color screening effect and
$J/\psi$ regeneration from recombination of uncorrelated charm-anticharm quark
pairs
Effects of rhythmic stimulus presentation on oscillatory brain activity: the physiology of cueing in Parkinson's disease

Contains fulltext :
                  152175.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)The basal ganglia play an important role in beat perception and patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) are impaired in perception of beat-based rhythms. Rhythmic cues are nonetheless beneficial in gait rehabilitation, raising the question how rhythm improves movement in PD. We addressed this question with magnetoencephalography recordings during a choice response task with rhythmic and non-rhythmic modes of stimulus presentation. Analyses focused on (i) entrainment of slow oscillations, (ii) the depth of beta power modulation, and (iii) whether a gain in modulation depth of beta power, due to rhythmicity, is of predictive or reactive nature. The results show weaker phase synchronisation of slow oscillations and a relative shift from predictive to reactive movement-related beta suppression in PD. Nonetheless, rhythmic stimulus presentation increased beta modulation depth to the same extent in patients and controls. Critically, this gain selectively increased the predictive and not reactive movement-related beta power suppression. Operation of a predictive mechanism, induced by rhythmic stimulation, was corroborated by a sensory gating effect in the sensorimotor cortex. The predictive mode of cue utilisation points to facilitation of basal ganglia-premotor interactions, contrasting with the popular view that rhythmic stimulation confers a special advantage in PD, based on recruitment of alternative pathways
Measurement of the production cross section for W-bosons in association with jets in pp collisions at root s=7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

This Letter reports on a first measurement of the inclusive W + jets cross section in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV at the LHC, with the ATLAS detector. Cross sections, in both the electron and muon decay modes of the W-boson, are presented as a function of jet multiplicity and of the transverse momentum of the leading and next-to-leading jets in the event. Measurements are also presented of the ratio of cross sections sigma (W + >= n)/sigma(W + >= n - 1) for inclusive jet multiplicities n = 1-4. The results, based on an integrated luminosity of 1.3 pb(-1), have been corrected for all known detector effects and are quoted in a limited and well-defined range of jet and lepton kinematics. The measured cross sections are compared to particle-level predictions based on perturbative QCD. Next-to-leading order calculations, studied here for n <= 2, are found in good agreement with the data. Leading-order multiparton event generators, normalized to the NNLO total cross section, describe the data well for all measured jet multiplicities
Forward-backward multiplicity correlations in pp collisions at √s = 0.9, 2.76 and 7 TeV

The strength of forward-backward (FB) multiplicity correlations is measured by the ALICE detector in proton-proton (pp) collisions at p s = 0.9, 2.76 and 7TeV. The measurement is performed in the central pseudorapidity region (|_| &lt; 0.8) for the transverse momentum pT &gt; 0.3 GeV/c. Two separate pseudorapidity windows of width (__) ranging from 0.2 to 0.8 are chosen symmetrically around _ = 0. The multiplicity correlation strength (bcorr) is studied as a function of the pseudorapidity gap (_gap) between the two windows as well as the width of these windows. The correlation strength is found to decrease with increasing _gap and shows a non-linear increase with __. A sizable increase of the correlation strength with the collision energy, which cannot be explained exclusively by the increase of the mean multiplicity inside the windows, is observed. The correlation coefficient is also measured for multiplicities in different configurations of two azimuthal sectors selected within the symmetric FB _-windows. Two different contributions, the short-range (SR) and the long-range (LR), are observed. The energy dependence of bcorr is found to be weak for the SR component while it is strong for the LR component. Moreover, the correlation coefficient is studied for particles belonging to various transverse momentum intervals chosen to have the same mean multiplicity. Both SR and LR contributions to bcorr are found to increase with pT in this case. Results are compared to PYTHIA and PHOJET event generators and to a string-based phenomenological model. The observed dependencies of bcorr add new constraints on phenomenological models
Adversus singularitates: the ontology of space-time singularities

I argue that there are no physical singularities in space-time. Singular  space-time models do not belong to the ontology of the world, because of  a simple reason: they are concepts, defective solutions of Einstein´s  field equations. I discuss the actual implication of the so-called  singularity theorems. In remarking the confusion and fog that emerge  from the reification of singularities I hope to contribute to a better  understanding of the possibilities and limits of the theory of General  Relativity.Fil: Romero, Gustavo Esteban. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico La Plata. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomia (i); Argentin
A two-component model for the high-energy variability of blazars: application to PKS 2155-304

Aims. We study the production of VHE emission in blazars as a superposition of a steady component from a baryonic jet and a time-dependent contribution from an inner e− e+  beam launched by the black hole.  Methods. Both primary relativistic electrons and protons are injected in the jet, and the particle distributions along it are found by solving a one-dimensional transport equation that accounts for convection and cooling. The short-timescale variability of the emission is explained by local pair injections in turbulent regions of the inner beam.  Results. For illustration, we apply the model to the case of PKS 2155-304, reproducing a quiescent state of emission with inverse Compton and synchrotron radiation from primary electrons, as well as proton-proton interactions in the jet. The latter also yield an accompanying neutrino flux that could be observed with a new generation km-scale detector in the northern hemisphere such as KM3NeT.Fil: Reynoso, Matias Miguel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Físicas de Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Romero, Gustavo Esteban. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico La Plata. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomia (i); ArgentinaFil: Medina, Maria Clementina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico La Plata. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomia (i); Argentina. Irfu. Service de Physique des Particules; Franci
Passive galaxies as tracers of cluster environments at $\it z$ ~ 2

International audienceEven 10 billion years ago, the cores of the first galaxy clusters are often found to host a characteristic population of massive galaxies with already suppressed star formation. Here we search for distant cluster candidates at $\it z$~ 2 using massive passive galaxies as tracers. With a sample of ~40 spectroscopically confirmed passive galaxies at 1.3 < $\it z$ < 2.1, we tuned photometric redshifts of several thousand passive sources in the 2 sq. deg COSMOS field. This allowed us to map their density in redshift slices, probing the large-scale structure in the COSMOS field as traced by passive sources. We report here on the three strongest passive galaxy overdensities that we identify in the range 1.5 <$\it z$< 2.5. While the actual nature of these concentrations still needs to be confirmed, we discuss their identification procedure and the arguments supporting them as candidate galaxy clusters (probably in the mid-10$^{1{3}}$M⊙ range). Although this search approach is probably biased toward more evolved structures, it has the potential of selecting still rare, cluster-like environments close to their epoch of first appearance, enabling new investigations of the evolution of galaxies in the context of structure growth
A close look into the carbon disk at the core of the planetary nebula CPD-56°8032

International audienceAims.We present high spatial resolution observations of the dusty core of the Planetary Nebula with Wolf-Rayet central star CPD-56°8032, for which indications of a compact disk have been found by HST/SITS observations. Methods: .These observations were taken with the mid-infrared interferometer VLTI/MIDI in imaging mode providing a typical 300 mas resolution and in interferometric mode using UT2-UT3 47m baseline providing a typical spatial resolution of 20 mas. We also made use of unpublished HST/ACS images in the F435W and F606W filters. Results: .The visible HST images exhibit a complex multilobal geometry dominated by faint lobes. The farthest structures are located at 7 arcsec from the star. The mid-IR environment of CPD-56°8032 is dominated by a compact source, barely resolved by a single UT telescope in a 8.7 μm filter (Δ λ=1.6~μm, contaminated by PAH emission). The infrared core is almost fully resolved with the three 40-45 m projected baselines ranging from -5° to 51° but smooth oscillating fringes at low level have been detected in spectrally dispersed visibilities. This clear signal is interpreted in terms of a ring structure which would define the bright inner rim of the equatorial disk. Geometric models allowed us to derive the main geometrical parameters of the disk. For instance, a reasonably good fit is reached with an achromatic and elliptical truncated Gaussian with a radius of 97±11 AU, an inclination of 28±7° and a PA for the major axis at 345° ±7°. Furthermore, we performed some radiative transfer modeling aimed at further constraining the geometry and mass content of the disk, by taking into account the MIDI dispersed visibilities, spectra, and the large aperture SED of the source. These models show that the disk is mostly optically thin in the N band and highly flared. As a consequence of the complex flux distribution, an edge-on inclination is not excluded by the data