pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Structural and Photophysical Properties of (Phosphane)gold(I)-Decorated 4,4′-Diethynyl-2,2′-bipyridine Ligands

Treatment of 4,4'-diethynyl-2,2'-bipyridine with R3PAuCl (R = Ph, 4-Tol, Et, iPr) leads to the formation of a family of (phosphane)gold(I)-decorated 4,4'-diethynyl-2,2'-bipyridine ligands. The solid-state structures of the compounds are significantly affected by the change from aryl- to alkyl-substituted phosphanes, whereas the progression from ethyl to isopropyl substituents leads to a subtle change in the packing that results in the propagation of two different polymeric chain motifs, both supported by close Au center dot center dot center dot Au contacts [3.1239(1) angstrom for R = Et, and 3.395(1) angstrom for R = iPr]. In CH2Cl2 solution, each of the compounds 1-4 is a dual emitter at room temperature. When the excitation wavelength is approximately 238 nm, the emission spectra of I and 2 exhibit new bands at 288 and 570 nm at the expense of the original emissions. The photodegradation is not inconsistent with the formation of gold nanoclusters
After the testing : talking and reading and writing the world

This critical essay discusses the challenges and prospects for the reform of school-based literacy programs. It begins with an overview of the effects of a decade of test-driven accountability policy on research and teachers’ work, noting the continuing challenges of new demographics, cultures and technologies for literacy education. The case is made that whole school literacy programs can make a difference in improving the overall education of students and youth from low socioeconomic and cultural minority backgrounds. But this requires a strong emphasis on engagement with substantive readings of cultural, social and scientific worlds through talk, reading and writing. The key questions facing teachers, then, are not simply around basic skills instruction and acquisition, but about sustained, intellectually demanding and scaffolded talk around texts, print and multimodal
Proton Pump Inhibitors Are Not Associated With Acute Kidney Injury in Critical Illness

Recent epidemiologic data linking proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use to acute and chronic kidney dysfunction is yet to be validated in other populations, and mechanisms have not been explored. Using a large, well phenotyped inception cohort of 15 063 critically ill patients, we examined the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI), as defined by the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria guidelines, according to prior use of a PPI, histamine-2 receptor antagonist (H 2 RA), or neither. A total of 3725 (24.7%) patients reported PPI use prior to admission, while 905 (6.0%) patients reported H 2 RA use. AKI occurred in 747 (20.0%) and 163 (18.0%) of PPI and H 2 RA users respectively, compared to 1712 (16.2%) of those not taking acid suppressive medications. In unadjusted analysis, PPI and H 2 RA users had a 28% (95%CI 1.17-1.41, P  < .001) and 10% (95%CI 0.91-1.30, P =.31) higher risk of AKI compared to those taking neither class of medication. However, in sequential models that included adjustment for demographics, cardiovascular comorbidities, indications for PPI use, and severity of illness, the effect of PPI on the risk of AKI was attenuated, and in the adjusted analysis, PPI was not associated with AKI (OR 1.02; 95%CI 0.91-1.13, P =.73). The presence of sterile pyuria and hypomagnesemia did not modify the association between PPI use and AKI. In summary, after adjustment for demographics, illness severity, and the indication for PPI use, PPI use prior to admission is not associated with critical illness AKI.National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (U.S.) (Grant 2R01 EB001659
Dissolved trace metals (Ni, Zn, Co, Cd, Pb, Al, and Mn) around the Crozet Islands, Southern Ocean

International audienceA phytoplankton bloom shown to be naturally iron (Fe) induced occurs north of the Crozet Islands (Southern Ocean) every year, providing an ideal opportunity to study dissolved trace metal distributions within an island system located in a high nutrient low chlorophyll (HNLC) region. We present water column profiles of dissolved nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), aluminium (Al), and manganese (Mn) obtained as part of the NERC CROZEX program during austral summer (2004-2005). Two stations (M3 and M1) were sampled downstream (north) of Crozet in the bloom area and near the islands, along with a control station (M2) in the HNLC zone upstream (south) of the islands. The general range found was for Ni, 4.64-6.31 nM; Zn, 1.59-7.75 nM; Co, 24-49 pM; Cd, 135-673 pM; Pb, 6-22 pM; Al, 0.13-2.15 nM; and Mn, 0.07-0.64 nM. Vertical profiles indicate little island influence to the south with values in the range of other trace metal deprived regions of the Southern Ocean. Significant removal of Ni and Cd was observed in the bloom and Zn was moderately correlated with reactive silicate (Si) indicating diatom control over the internal cycling of this metal. Higher concentrations of Zn and Cd were observed near the islands. Pb, Al, and Mn distributions also suggest small but significant atmospheric dust supply particularly in the northern region
A finite element implementation of the nonlocal granular rheology

Inhomogeneous flows involving dense particulate media display clear size effects, in which the particle length scale has an important effect on flow fields. Hence, nonlocal constitutive relations must be used in order to predict these flows. Recently, a class of nonlocal fluidity models has been developed for emulsions and subsequently adapted to granular materials. These models have successfully provided a quantitative description of experimental flows in many different flow configurations. In this work, we present a finite element-based numerical approach for solving the nonlocal constitutive equations for granular materials, which involve an additional, non-standard nodal degree-of-freedom – the granular fluidity, which is a scalar state parameter describing the susceptibility of a granular element to flow. Our implementation is applied to three canonical inhomogeneous flow configurations: (1) linear shear with gravity, (2) annular shear flow without gravity, and (3) annular shear flow with gravity. We verify our implementation, demonstrate convergence, and show that our results are mesh independent.National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant NSF-CBET-1253228
Co-optimization of SnS absorber and Zn(O,S) buffer materials for improved solar cells

Thin-film solar cells consisting of earth-abundant and non-toxic materials were made from pulsed chemical vapor deposition (pulsed-CVD) of SnS as the p-type absorber layer and atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Zn(O,S) as the n-type buffer layer. The effects of deposition temperature and annealing conditions of the SnS absorber layer were studied for solar cells with a structure of Mo/SnS/Zn(O,S)/ZnO/ITO. Solar cells were further optimized by varying the stoichiometry of Zn(O,S) and the annealing conditions of SnS. Post-deposition annealing in pure hydrogen sulfide improved crystallinity and increased the carrier mobility by one order of magnitude, and a power conversion efficiency up to 2.9% was achieved.United States. Department of Energy (Grant DE-EE0005329
Experimental clues of soft glassy rheology in strained filled elastomers

International audienceTensile stress-relaxation measurements have been performed on a series of cross-linked filled elastomers. The fillers are chosen in order to investigate the effect of the filler-filler and the filler-matrix interactions on the time dependence of the tensile relaxation modulus E(t) after UP and DOWN jumps. For the carbon black filled sample (strong filler-elastomer interaction) E(t) decreases as log(t) when the strain epsilon is strictly larger than 0.2 and reached by UP jumps. For the silica filled samples in the same conditions, and for all samples after a DOWN jump including epsilon = 0.2, the experimental data can be fitted with a power law equation characterized by the exponent m. Thus, in all cases, |dE(t)⁄dt| scales as t^(-α) with α=m+1. Pertinence of the Soft Glassy Rheology (SGR) model for interpreting the present results is examined. It is shown that α could be equivalent to the effective noise temperature x and related to the polymer chain mobility
Agricultural Nematology in East and Southern Africa :
                    Problems, Management Strategies and Stakeholder Linkages

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Herbert Talwana, et al, ???Agricultural nematology in East and Southern Africa: problems, management strategies and stakeholder linkages???, Pest Management Science Vol. 72 (2): 226-245, February 2016, which has been published in final form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.4104. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving. ?? 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.By 2050, Africa???s population is projected to exceed two billion. Africa will have to increase food production more than 50% in the coming 50 years to meet the nutritional requirements of its growing population. Nowhere is the need to increase agricultural productivity more pertinent than in much of sub-Saharan Africa where it is currently static or declining. Optimal pest management will be essential, because intensification of any system creates heightened selection pressures for pests. Plant-parasitic nematodes and their damage potential are intertwined with intensified systems and can be an indicator of unsustainable practices. As soil pests, nematodes are commonly overlooked or misdiagnosed, particularly where appropriate expertise and knowledge transfer systems are meager or inadequately funded. Nematode damage to roots results in less efficient root systems that are less able to access nutrients and water, which can produce symptoms typical of water or nutrient deficiency, leading to misdiagnosis of the underlying cause. Damage in subsistence agriculture is exacerbated by growing crops on degraded soils and in areas of low water retention where strong root growth is vital. This review focuses on the current knowledge of economically important nematode pests affecting key crops, nematode control methods, and the research and development needs for sustainable management, stakeholder involvement and capacity building in the context of crop security in East and Southern Africa, especially Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zimbabwe
Dust emissions over the Sahel associated with the West African monsoon intertropical discontinuity region: A representative case-study

Near-dawn airborne lidar and dropsonde observations acquired on 7 July 2006, during the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) Special Observing Period 2a1, were used to investigate dust mobilization, lifting and transport in the intertropical discontinuity (ITD) region over western Niger. Atmospheric reflectivity data from the LEANDRE 2 lidar system enabled us to analyse the structure of dust plumes in the context of wind and thermodynamic information provided by the WIND lidar system and dropsondes. Dust mobilization was mainly observed in two locations: (a) within the monsoon flow as the result of the passage of a density current originating from a mesoscale convective system over southwest Niger, and (b) at the leading edge of the monsoon flow where the near-surface winds and turbulence were strong, because the monsoon flow was behaving as an intrusive density current. The circulation in the head of the monsoon density current lifted the mobilized dust towards the wake, along an isentropic surface. Behind and away from the leading edge, some of the mobilized dust was observed to mix across the monsoon-harmattan interface, due to the existence of mechanical shear above the monsoon layer. The dust thus becomes available for long-range transport by the harmattan. Because dust sources are widespread over the Sahel and presumably active on many days when the ITD is located in this region during summer, dust emissions associated with the described mechanism may influence the radiation budget over West Africa
Literacy artifacts and the semiotic landscape of a Spanish secondary school

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Poveda, David. Literacy artifacts and the semiotic landscape of a Spanish secondary school. Reading Research Quarterly 47.1 (2012): 61-88, which has been published in final form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/RRQ.010. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.In this article, I examine literacy artifacts placed by students in different locations of a state-run secondary school in the city of Madrid, Spain. The data were gathered as part of a two-year long multilevel ethnography focused on the social and academic trajectories of immigrant students in Spanish compulsory secondary education. The analysis draws from concepts developed in semiotics, linguistic anthropology, literacy studies, and social geography. Two broad types of literacy artifacts conﬁgured the school’s semiotic landscape: political texts and grafﬁti. In turn, these artifacts were tied to two youth expressive styles present in the school: left-wing anarkas and Latino reggaetoneros. Students associated with these expressive styles tended to have different ethnic backgrounds and followed different socioacademic trajectories: anarkas tended to be of Spanish origin and often moved on to preuniversity education while reggaetoneros were predominantly Latin American and were geared towards vocational/remedial forms of secondary education. Drawing from concepts in social geography, the analysis suggests that anarka texts occupied ofﬁcial spaces in the school and were construed as “in place” while reggaetonero artifacts occupied unofﬁcial spaces and were construed as “out of place.” I argue that this distribution, along side other institutional practices and discourses, contributed to the construction of Latin American origin immigrant students’ less favorable academic trajectories
Record-dependent measures on the symmetric groups

A probability measure P[subscript n] on the symmetric group S[subscript n] is said to be record-dependent if P[subscript n]( σ ) depends only on the set of records of a permutation σ ∈ S[subscript n]. A sequence P = ( P n )[subscript n ∈ N] of consistent record-dependent measures determines a random order on N. In this paper we describe the extreme elements of the convex set of such P. This problem turns out to be related to the study of asymptotic behavior of permutation-valued growth processes, to random extensions of partial orders, and to the measures on the Young-Fibonacci lattice
A Note on PhD Population Growth in Biomedical Sciences

The explosive increase in the number of postdocs in biomedical fields is puzzling for many science policymakers. We use our previously introduced parameter in this journal, the basic reproductive number in academia (R-0), to make sense of PhD population growth in biomedical fields. Our analysis shows how R-0 in biomedical fields has increased over time, and we estimate that there is approximately only one tenure-track position in the US for every 6.3 PhD graduates, which means that the rest need to get jobs outside academia or stay in lower-paid temporary positions. We elaborate on the structural reasons and systemic flaws of science workforce development by discussing feedback loops, especially vicious cycles, which contribute to over-production of PhDs. We argue that the current system is unstable but with no easy solution. A way to mitigate the effects of strong reinforcing loops is full disclosure of the risks of getting PhD.National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant 5U01GM094141-02
Education as a Complex System

It was a cold rainy day in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Navid was working in his ofﬁce at E40, one of MIT ’s oldest buildings. E40 used to be a factory in the 1930s and was now hosting a large number of students, researchers, visitors, and faculty members. As a postdoctoral researcher, Navid was sharing an ofﬁce with another postdoc, a long-time friend. Like many
other researchers in temporary positions, they were both looking for tenure-track academic jobs. Navid and his friend had different training
and areas of interest, but they shared an opinion on the job outlook: it was not a seller’s market. Each job opening received hundreds of applica-
tions, and it was very difﬁcult to compete. Standing near the window and sipping from his cup of coffee, Navid heard Professor Dick Larson knock on the door. Dick was Navid’s supervisor.National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant 2U01GM094141-05
Literacy on the move: a journal for the journey

Travel provides students with multiple opportunities to learn about people,
places, and the world around them. At times, students are given
opportunities to travel causing them to be absent from the classroom. This
manuscript provides a practical model to engage students in learning while
on the journey. Students are asked to share and expand upon their
experiences through narrative writing, creative illustrations, and the
reading of print resources (menus, maps, brochures, etc). Authentic
reading and writing experiences help students connect curriculum within
the classroom to the contexts in which they see literacy used outside the
classroom. In this project students return to their classroom to share their
new learning while teachers can use their writing as a form of authentic
assessment. Connections to the Common Core State Standards are
provided to demonstrate the curricular content of this project
Evaluation of an intervention program for the reduction of bullying and victimization in schools.

The present study evaluates the effect of an intervention program on the reduction of bullying and victimization in schools with a sample of 239 students aged 10–16 years old in Rome, Italy. The program deals with bullying and violence. It consists of three videos and a booklet that help students to develop the social cognitive competence skills to understand the negative consequences of aggressive behavior. The intervention was evaluated using an experimental design with pre-test and post-test analyses. Students were randomly allocated to experimental or control classes. Students completed a self-report questionnaire in which they were asked to indicate on a 5–point scale how often they were victimized or bullied others. Victimization and bullying were assessed by using questions about specific types of actions, a composite measure of victimization and bullying, and a single question about victimization and bullying in general. Results showed that the program worked best for older students, but not for younger ones who in some cases reported an increased level of victimization after the intervention. For older students there was a decrease in victimization according to the sum of types of behavior for the experimental group, but an increase for the control group. The same result was found for direct victimization, having belongings stolen, and being called nasty names. Therefore, the program seemed to be beneficial for older students but possibly damaging for younger students. It is suggested that the program could have worked better with older students because of the cognitive skills it required. Younger students could have reported higher levels of bullying after the intervention because they became more sensitized to the topic of bullying
Childhood predictors and age 48 outcomes of self‐reports and official records of offending

Background  The key question is: are self‐reports and official records equally valid indicators of criminal offending?    Aims  We examine the correspondence between self‐reports and official records of offending, the similarity of childhood and adolescent individual and contextual predictors of both measures of offending, and the similarity of age 48 correlates of both measures of offending.    Methods  Men (N = 436) from the Columbia County Longitudinal Study, a sample of all 3rd graders in Columbia County, New York, in 1959–60, participated. The youth, their peers and their parents were interviewed when the youth were age 8; the youth were later interviewed at ages 19, 30 and 48.    Results  We found moderate to high correspondence between self‐reports of having been in trouble with the law and official arrest records. Lifetime self‐reports and official records of offending were generally predicted by the same childhood and adolescent variables, and were correlated with many of the same adult outcome measures. By age 48, life‐course non‐offenders defined by either self‐reports or official records had better outcomes than offenders.    Conclusions  The results validate the use of adolescent and adult self‐reports of offending, and the early identification of individuals at risk for adult criminal behaviour through childhood parent and peer reports and adolescent self and peer reports. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Implicit alcohol-aggression scripts and alcohol-related aggression on a laboratory task in 11- to 14-year-old adolescents

Social scripts are commonly shared representations of behavior in social contexts, which are seen to be partly transmitted through social and cultural media. Research suggests that people hold scripts associated with alcohol-related aggression, but, unlike general aggression scripts, there is little evidence of social transmission. To demonstrate social transmission of alcohol-related aggression scripts, learning mechanisms based on personal experience should be minimized. We used a lexical decision task to examine implicit links between alcohol and aggression in alcohol-naïve adolescents who have limited personal or vicarious experience of alcohol-related aggression. One hundred and four 11–14 year old adolescents made lexical decisions on aggressive or nonaggressive words preceded by 40-ms alcohol or nonalcohol word primes. Repeated measures analyses of group data showed that alcohol word primes did not lead to faster responses to aggressive words than to nonaggressive words, nor were responses to aggressive words faster when they were preceded by alcohol word primes than by nonalcohol word primes. However, at an individual level, faster recognition times to the alcohol prime/aggression target word combination predicted aggression on a competitive laboratory task in 14 year olds only. This occurred only when the competitive aggression task was preceded by a visual presentation of alcoholic, but not nonalcoholic beverage, images. We concluded that alcohol-related aggression scripts are not strongly developed in this age group, but individual differences in script strength are linked to alcohol-related laboratory aggression. Aggr. Behav. 37:430–439, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc