pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Spatial Attention Can Be Allocated Rapidly and in Parallel to New Visual Objects

SummaryIn real-life visual environments, where multiple objects compete for processing, new objects that require immediate attention often appear when attention is already focused elsewhere. The question of whether spatial attention can be directed independently to different locations in the visual field remains controversial [1]. Serial models assume a unitary attentional focus that is directed to one object at a time [2, 3] and moves rapidly between objects [4, 5]. According to parallel models, attention can be simultaneously allocated to several visual objects, but the distribution of attention cannot change rapidly when new objects arrive [6]. Here we demonstrate the existence of a fast and flexible mechanism of attentional object selection, where focal attention is allocated in parallel and independently to different target objects. Using event-related brain potential (ERP) markers of visual attention, we show that when two targets appear in rapid succession at different locations, two separate foci of attention are established, each with its own independent time course. Attention can be maintained at its previous location while it is simultaneously allocated to a new target object. Our results challenge the view that the attentional focus is always unitary and that the spatial selection of multiple visual objects operates in a strictly serial fashion
Interfacing Concepts Why Declaration Style Shouldn't Matter

AbstractA concept (or signature) describes the interface of a set of abstract types by listing the operations that should be supported for those types. When implementing a generic operation, such as sorting, we may then specify requirements such as “elements must be comparable” by requiring that the element type models the Comparable concept. We may also use axioms to describe behaviour that should be common to all models of a concept.However, the operations specified by the concept are not always the ones that are best suited for the implementation. For example, numbers and matrices may both be addable, but adding two numbers is conveniently done by using a return value, whereas adding a sparse and a dense matrix is probably best achieved by modifying the dense matrix. In both cases, though, we may want to pretend we're using a simple function with a return value, as this most closely matches the notation we know from mathematics. This paper presents two simple concepts to break the notational tie between implementation and use of an operation: functionalisation, which derives a set of canonical pure functions from a procedure; and mutification, which translates calls using the functionalised declarations into calls to the implemented procedure
Effect of hydrothermal curing on hydration characteristics of metakaolin–CKD pastes at different temperatures in a closed system

AbstractWell sealed stainless steel capsule was used as a hydrothermal system to study the pozzolanic activity and hydration characteristics of metakaolin (MK)–cement kiln dust (CKD) at different temperatures (40, 80, 120 and 150 °C) up to 24 hours of hydrothermal curing. The physico-chemical properties of hydrothermally treated MK–CKD pastes were studied by measuring the compressive strength, porosity and bulk density of the hardened pastes as hydraulic properties. The hydration properties of the pastes were studied by measuring free lime and chemically-combined water contents. The phase composition and crystalline structure of the obtained hydrates were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The results indicated that, the higher activity is shown at 80 °C especially at the later age of hydrothermal curing. Moreover, the mix containing 75% MK and 25% CKD by mass possessed the higher characteristics during the later age of hydrothermal curing and at all curing temperatures
Variability in aerobic methane oxidation over the past 1.2Myrs recorded in microbial biomarker signatures from Congo fan sediments

AbstractMethane (CH4) is a strong greenhouse gas known to have perturbed global climate in the past, especially when released in large quantities over short time periods from continental or marine sources. It is therefore crucial to understand and, if possible, quantify the individual and combined response of these variable methane sources to natural climate variability. However, past changes in the stability of greenhouse gas reservoirs remain uncertain and poorly constrained by geological evidence. Here, we present a record from the Congo fan of a highly specific bacteriohopanepolyol (BHP) biomarker for aerobic methane oxidation (AMO), 35-aminobacteriohopane-30,31,32,33,34-pentol (aminopentol), that identifies discrete periods of increased AMO as far back as 1.2Ma. Fluctuations in the concentration of aminopentol, and other 35-aminoBHPs, follow a pattern that correlates with late Quaternary glacial-interglacial climate cycles, with highest concentrations during warm periods. We discuss possible sources of aminopentol, and the methane consumed by the precursor methanotrophs, within the context of the Congo River setting, including supply of methane oxidation markers from terrestrial watersheds and/or marine sources (gas hydrate and/or deep subsurface gas reservoir). Compound-specific carbon isotope values of −30‰ to −40‰ for BHPs in ODP 1075 and strong similarities between the BHP signature of the core and surface sediments from the Congo estuary and floodplain wetlands from the interior of the Congo River Basin, support a methanotrophic and likely terrigenous origin of the 35-aminoBHPs found in the fan sediments. This new evidence supports a causal connection between marine sediment BHP records of tropical deep sea fans and wetland settings in the feeding river catchments, and thus tropical continental hydrology. Further research is needed to better constrain the different sources and pathways of methane emission. However, this study identifies the large potential of aminoBHPs, in particular aminopentol, to trace and, once better calibrated and understood, quantify past methane sources and fluxes from terrestrial and potentially also marine sources
An approach based on distributed dislocations and disclinations for crack problems in couple-stress elasticity

AbstractThe technique of distributed dislocations proved to be in the past an effective approach in studying crack problems within classical elasticity. The present work is intended to extend this technique in studying crack problems within couple-stress elasticity, i.e. within a theory accounting for effects of microstructure. This extension is not an obvious one since rotations and couple-stresses are involved in the theory employed to analyze the crack problems. Here, the technique is introduced to study the case of a mode I crack. Due to the nature of the boundary conditions that arise in couple-stress elasticity, the crack is modeled by a continuous distribution of climb dislocations and constrained wedge disclinations (the concept of ‘constrained wedge disclination’ is first introduced in the present work). These distributions create both standard stresses and couple stresses in the body. In particular, it is shown that the mode-I case is governed by a system of coupled singular integral equations with both Cauchy-type and logarithmic kernels. The numerical solution of this system shows that a cracked solid governed by couple-stress elasticity behaves in a more rigid way (having increased stiffness) as compared to a solid governed by classical elasticity. Also, the stress level at the crack-tip region is appreciably higher than the one predicted by classical elasticity
Phenomenological high precision neutron–proton delta-shell potential

AbstractWe provide a successful fit for proton–neutron scattering below pion production threshold up to LAB energies of 350 MeV. We use seven high-quality fits based on potentials with different forms as a measure of the systematic uncertainty. We represent the interaction as a sum of delta shells in configuration space below the 3 fm and a charge-dependent one-pion exchange potential above 3 fm together with magnetic effects. Special attention is payed to estimate the errors of the phenomenological interaction
Exogenous control over intracellular acidification: Enhancement via proton caged compounds coupled to gold nanoparticles and an alternative pathway with DMSO

AbstractProton caged compounds exhibit a characteristic behavior when directly dosed into cells or being coupled to gold nanoparticles prior to the dosing. When irradiated in the near ultraviolet region, they release protons that interact with intracellular HCO3− to yield H2CO3. The dissociation of carbonic acid, then, releases CO2 that can be distinctively singled out in infrared spectra.In the process of searching a pathway to augment the intracellular uptake of proton caged compounds, we probed the association of 1-(2-nitrophenyl)-ethylhexadecyl sulfonate (HDNS) with DMSO, an agent to enhance the membrane permeability. We found out a different UV-induced protonation mechanism that opens up to new conduits of employing of proton caged compounds. Here, we report the infrared data we collected in this set of experiments
Observing others stay or switch – How social prediction errors are integrated into reward reversal learning

AbstractReward properties of stimuli can undergo sudden changes, and the detection of these ‘reversals’ is often made difficult by the probabilistic nature of rewards/punishments. Here we tested whether and how humans use social information (someone else’s choices) to overcome uncertainty during reversal learning. We show a substantial social influence during reversal learning, which was modulated by the type of observed behavior. Participants frequently followed observed conservative choices (no switches after punishment) made by the (fictitious) other player but ignored impulsive choices (switches), even though the experiment was set up so that both types of response behavior would be similarly beneficial/detrimental (Study 1). Computational modeling showed that participants integrated the observed choices as a ‘social prediction error’ instead of ignoring or blindly following the other player. Modeling also confirmed higher learning rates for ‘conservative’ versus ‘impulsive’ social prediction errors. Importantly, this ‘conservative bias’ was boosted by interpersonal similarity, which in conjunction with the lack of effects observed in a non-social control experiment (Study 2) confirmed its social nature. A third study suggested that relative weighting of observed impulsive responses increased with increased volatility (frequency of reversals). Finally, simulations showed that in the present paradigm integrating social and reward information was not necessarily more adaptive to maximize earnings than learning from reward alone. Moreover, integrating social information increased accuracy only when conservative and impulsive choices were weighted similarly during learning. These findings suggest that to guide decisions in choice contexts that involve reward reversals humans utilize social cues conforming with their preconceptions more strongly than cues conflicting with them, especially when the other is similar
Communication: Understanding molecular representations in machine learning: The role of uniqueness and target similarity

The predictive accuracy of Machine Learning (ML) models of molecular properties depends on the choice of the molecular representation. Inspired by the postulates of quantum mechanics, we introduce a hierarchy of representations which meet uniqueness and target similarity criteria. To systematically control target similarity, we simply rely on interatomic many body expansions, as implemented in universal force-fields, including Bonding, Angular (BA), and higher order terms. Addition of higher order contributions systematically increases similarity to the true potential energy and predictive accuracy of the resulting ML models. We report numerical evidence for the performance of BAML models trained on molecular properties pre-calculated at electron-correlated and density functional theory level of theory for thousands of small organic molecules. Properties studied include enthalpies and free energies of atomization, heat capacity, zero-point vibrational energies, dipole-moment, polarizability, HOMO/LUMO energies and gap, ionization potential, electron affinity, and electronic excitations. After training, BAML predicts energies or electronic properties of out-of-sample molecules with unprecedented accuracy and speed. Published by AIP Publishing
Search for resonances in the dilepton mass distribution in pp collisions at √s = 7TeV

A search for narrow resonances at high mass in the dimuon and dielectron channels has been performed by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC, using pp collision data recorded at √s = 7TeV. The event samples correspond to integrated luminosities of 40 pb-1in the dimuon channel and 35 pb-1in the dielectron channel. Heavy dilepton resonances are predicted in theoretical models with extra gauge bosons (Z') or as Kaluza- Klein graviton excitations (GKK) in the Randall-Sundrum model. Upper limits on the inclusive cross section of Z'(GKK) ! ℓ+ℓ-relative to Z → ℓ+ℓ-are presented. These limits exclude at 95% confidence level a Z' with standard-model-like couplings below 1140 GeV, the superstring-inspired Z' ψ below 887 GeV, and, for values of the coupling parameter k√MPl of 0.05 (0.1), Kaluza-Klein gravitons below 855 (1079) GeV. © SISSA 2011.CERN; The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey, and Turkish Atomic Energy Authorit
Search for a very light NMSSM Higgs boson produced in decays of the 125 GeV scalar boson and decaying into τ leptons in pp collisions at √s=8 TeV

A search for a very light Higgs boson decaying into a pair of τ leptons is presented within the framework of the next-to-minimal supersymmetric standard model. This search is based on a data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb−1 of proton-proton collisions collected by the CMS experiment at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV. The signal is defined by the production of either of the two lightest scalars, h1 or h2, via gluon-gluon fusion and subsequent decay into a pair of the lightest Higgs bosons, a1 or h1. The h1 or h2 boson is identified with the observed state at a mass of 125 GeV. The analysis searches for decays of the a1 (h1) states into pairs of τ leptons and covers a mass range for the a1 (h1) boson of 4 to 8 GeV. The search reveals no significant excess in data above standard model background expectations, and an upper limit is set on the signal production cross section times branching fraction as a function of the a1 (h1) boson mass. The 95% confidence level limit ranges from 4.5 pb at ma1(mh1) = 8 GeV to 10.3 pb at ma1(mh1)=5 GeV. © 2016, The Author(s).The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey, and Turkish Atomic Energy Authorit
“Boys should have the courage to ask a girl out” : gender norms in early adolescent romantic relationships

This work was funded by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, the Bill and Melinda Gates Institute, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the World Health Organization, the Fund for scientific research-Flanders, the Flemish Ministry of Innovation, Public Investment, Media and Poverty Reduction, SENESCYT—The Institute of Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation Ecuador and by the Chief Scientist Office (Scotland).Purpose: The purpose of the study is to explore how gender norms emerge in romantic relationships among early adolescents (EAs) living in five poor urban areas. Methods:  Data were collected as part of the Global Early Adolescent Study. The current research analyzed data from interviews with 30 EAs (aged 11–13 years) living in five poor urban sites: Baltimore, Cuenca, Edinburgh, Ghent, and Nairobi. All interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed in English using Atlas.ti, focusing on how EAs experience and perceive gender norms in romantic relationships. Results: Across the five sites, only a few respondents described having been in love, the majority of whom were boys. Findings indicate that stereotypical gender norms about romantic relationships prevail across these cultural settings, depicting boys as romantically/sexually active and dominant, and girls as innocent with less (romantic) agency. In spite of the similarities, Nairobi was unique in that respondents referred to how sexual behavior and violence can occur within EA relationships. In all countries, heterosexuality was perceived to be the norm. Nevertheless, there were examples of EAs accepting homosexuality and expressing supportive attitudes toward equality between the sexes. Conclusions: While EAs across five different cultural settings seem to endorse stereotypical gender norms in romantic relationships, a few stories also illustrate more gender-equal attitudes. As stereotypical gender norms have a demonstrated negative effect on adolescent sexual and reproductive health and well-being, additional research is needed to understand which factors—at the interpersonal and structural level—contribute to the construction of these norms among EAs.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
Atomistic investigation on the structure-property relationship during thermal spray nanoparticle impact

During thermal spraying, hot particles impact on a colder substrate. This interaction of crystalline copper nanoparticles and copper substrate is modeled, using MD simulation. The quantitative results of the impacts at different velocities and temperatures are evaluated using a newly defined flattening aspect ratio. This ratio between the maximum diameter after the impact and the height of the splat increases with increasing Reynolds numbers until a critical value is reached. At higher Reynolds numbers the flattening aspect ratio decreases again, as the kinetic energy of the particle leads to increasing substrate temperature and, therefore, decreases the substrate resistance. Thus, the particle penetrates into the substrate and deforms less
Machine-independent audit trail analysis – a decision support tool for continuous audit assurance

This paper reports the results of a research project which examines the feasibility of developing a machine-independent audit trail analyser (MIATA). MIATA is a knowledge based system which performs intelligent analysis of operating system audit trails. Such a system is proposed as a decision support tool for auditors when assessing the risk of unauthorised user activity in multi-user computer systems. It is also relevant to the provision of a continuous assurance service to clients by internal and external auditors.\ud
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Monitoring user activity in system audit trails manually is impractical because of the vast quantity of events recorded in those audit trails. However, if done manually, an expert security auditor would be needed to look for 2 main types of events - user activity rejected by the system's security settings (failed actions) and user's behaving abnormally (e.g. unexpected changes in activity such as the purchasing clerk attempting to modify payroll data). A knowledge based system is suited to applications that require expertise to perform well-defined, yet complex, monitoring activities (e.g. controlling nuclear reactors and detecting intrusions in computer systems). \ud
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To permit machine-independent intelligent audit trail analysis, an anomaly-detection approach is adopted. Time series forecasting methods are used to develop and maintain the user profile database (knowledge base) that allows identification of users with rejected behaviour as well as abnormal behaviour. The knowledge based system maintains this knowledge base and permits reporting on the potential intruder threats (summarized in Table 1).\ud
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The intelligence of the MIATA system is its ability to handle audit trails from any system, its knowledge base capturing rejected user activity and detecting anomalous activity, and its reporting capabilities focusing on known methods of intrusion. MIATA also updates user profiles and forecasts of behaviour on a daily basis. As such, it also 'learns' from changes in user behaviour.\ud
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The feasibility of generating machine-independent audit trail records, and the applicability of the anomaly-detection approach and time series forecasting methods are demonstrated using three case studies. These results support the proposal that developing a machine-independent audit trail analyser is feasible. Such a system will be an invaluable aid to an auditor in detecting potential computer intrusions and monitoring user activity
Search for heavy, top-like quark pair production in the dilepton final state in pp collisions at \sqrt{s} = 7 TeV

The results of a search for pair production of a heavy, top-like quark, t′, in the decay mode View the MathML source are presented. The search is performed with a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb−1 in pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV, collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC. The observed number of events agrees with the expectation from standard model processes, and no evidence of View the MathML source production is found. Upper limits on the production cross section as a function of t′ mass are presented, and t′ masses below 557 GeV/c2 are excluded at the 95% confidence level
Distribution of personal income tax changes in Slovenia

Slovenia belongs to a group of EU member states that have reduced their personal income tax burden during the current financial and economic crisis. The latest changes, introduced in the personal income tax system during the last two years, have primarily reduced the tax burden on low-income taxpayers. However, this was only the last step in a series of personal income tax reforms since 2004 that have on average reduced the tax burden on all taxpayers. Using an exclusive database of taxpayers and utilising a general-equilibrium modelling platform, we assess the consequences of these reforms at both the micro and the macro level. From a macroeconomic point of view, the initial positive consequences of higher private consumption and welfare are declining over time due the increased budget deficit and reduced investment.
A planetary-scale disturbance in the most intense Jovian atmospheric jet from JunoCam and ground-based observations

We describe a huge planetary-scale disturbance in the highest-speed Jovian jet at latitude\ud
23.5°N that was first observed in October 2016 during the Juno perijove-2 approach. An extraordinary\ud
outburst of four plumes was involved in the disturbance development. They were located in the range of\ud
planetographic latitudes from 22.2° to 23.0°N and moved faster than the jet peak with eastward velocities in\ud
the range 155 to 175 m s 1. In the wake of the plumes, a turbulent pattern of bright and dark spots (wave\ud
number 20–25) formed and progressed during October and November on both sides of the jet, moving with\ud
speeds in the range 100–125 m s 1 and leading to a new reddish and homogeneous belt when activity\ud
ceased in late November. Nonlinear numerical models reproduce the disturbance cloud patterns as a result of\ud
the interaction between local sources (the plumes) and the zonal eastward jet.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version