pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Alley coppice-a new system with ancient roots

Context: Current production from natural forests will not satisfy future world demand for timber and fuel wood, and new land management options are required. Aims: We explore an innovative production system that combines the production of short rotation coppice in wide alleys with the production of high-value trees on narrow strips of land; it is an alternative form of alley cropping which we propose to call 'alley coppice'. The aim is to describe this alley coppice system and to illustrate its potential for producing two diverse products, namely high-value timber and energy wood on the same land unit. Methods: Based on a comprehensive literature review, we compare the advantages and disadvantages of the alley coppice system and contrast the features with well-known existing or past systems of biomass and wood production. Results: We describe and discuss the basic aspects of alley coppice, its design and dynamics, the processes of competition and facilitation, issues of ecology, and areas that are open for future research. Conclusion: Based on existing knowledge, a solid foundation for the implementation of alley coppice on suitable land is presented, and the high potential of this system could be shown
Muon g-2 in Anomaly Mediated SUSY Breaking

Motivated by two experimental facts, the muon g-2 anomaly and the observed
Higgs boson mass around 125 GeV, we propose a simple model of anomaly
mediation, which can be seen as a generalization of mixed modulus-anomaly
mediation. In our model, the discrepancy of the muon g-2 and the Higgs boson
mass around 125 GeV are easily accommodated. The required mass splitting
between the strongly and weakly interacting SUSY particles are naturally
achieved by the contribution from anomaly mediation. This model is easily
consistent with SU(5) or SO(10) grand unified theory.Comment: 21 pages, 3 figures. Typos fixed, references added. Accepted in JHE
The complex accretion geometry of GX 339-4 as seen by NuSTAR and Swift

We present spectral analysis of five NuSTAR and Swift observations of GX
339-4 taken during a failed outburst in summer 2013. These observations cover
Eddington luminosity fractions in the range ~0.9-6%. Throughout this outburst,
GX 339-4 stayed in the hard state, and all five observations show similar X-ray
spectra with a hard power-law with a photon index near 1.6 and significant
contribution from reflection. Using simple reflection models we find
unrealistically high iron abundances. Allowing for different photon indices for
the continuum incident on the reflector relative to the underlying observed
continuum results in a statistically better fit and reduced iron abundances.
With a photon index around 1.3, the input power-law on the reflector is
significantly harder than that which is directly observed. We study the
influence of different emissivity profiles and geometries and consistently find
an improvement when using separate photon indices. The inferred inner accretion
disk radius is strongly model dependent, but we do not find evidence for a
truncation radius larger than 100 r_g in any model. The data do not allow
independent spin constraints but the results are consistent with the literature
(i.e., a>0). Our best-fit models indicate an inclination angle in the range
40-60 degrees, consistent with limits on the orbital inclination but higher
than reported in the literature using standard reflection models. The iron line
around 6.4 keV is clearly broadened, and we detect a superimposed narrow core
as well. This core originates from a fluorescence region outside the influence
of the strong gravity of the black hole and we discuss possible geometries.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures, 6 tables, plus 9 tables in the appendix.
  Submitted to Ap
Ballistic Motion in One-Dimensional Quasi-Periodic Discrete
  Schr\"odinger Equation

For the solution $q(t)=(q_n(t))_{n\in\mathbb Z}$ to one-dimensional discrete
Schr\"odinger equation $${\rm i}\dot{q}_n=-(q_{n+1}+q_{n-1})+ V(\theta+n\omega)
q_n, \quad n\in\mathbb Z,$$ with $\omega\in\mathbb R^d$ Diophantine, and $V$ a
small real-analytic function on $\mathbb T^d$, we consider the growth rate of
the diffusion norm $\|q(t)\|_{D}:=\left(\sum_{n}n^2|q_n(t)|^2\right)^{\frac12}$
for any non-zero $q(0)$ with $\|q(0)\|_{D}<\infty$. We prove that
$\|q(t)\|_{D}$ grows {\it linearly} with the time $t$ for any $\theta\in\mathbb
T^d$ if $V$ is sufficiently small.Comment: 39 pages, a revised versio
Measurement of transverse energy-energy correlations in multi-jet events
  in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 7$ TeV using the ATLAS detector and
  determination of the strong coupling constant $\alpha_{\mathrm{s}}(m_Z)$

High transverse momentum jets produced in pp collisions at a centre of mass
energy of 7 TeV are used to measure the transverse energy-energy correlation
function and its associated azimuthal asymmetry. The data were recorded with
the ATLAS detector at the LHC in the year 2011 and correspond to an integrated
luminosity of 158 $\mathrm{pb}^{-1}$. The selection criteria demand the average
transverse momentum of the two leading jets in an event to be larger than 250
GeV. The data at detector level are well described by Monte Carlo event
generators. They are unfolded to the particle level and compared with
theoretical calculations at next-to-leading-order accuracy. The agreement
between data and theory is good and provides a precision test of perturbative
Quantum Chromodynamics at large momentum transfers. From this comparison, the
strong coupling constant given at the $Z$ boson mass is determined to be
$\alpha_{\mathrm{s}}(m_Z) = 0.1173 \pm 0.0010 \mbox{ (exp.)
}^{+0.0065}_{-0.0026} \mbox{ (theo.)}$.Comment: 19 pages plus author list (35 pages total), 4 figures, 4 tables,
  submitted to Phys. Lett. B, All figures including auxiliary figures are
  available at
  https://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/PAPERS/STDM-2014-03
KAM for autonomous quasi-linear perturbations of mKdV

We prove the existence of Cantor families of small amplitude, linearly
stable, quasi-periodic solutions of quasi-linear (also called strongly
nonlinear) autonomous Hamiltonian differentiable perturbations of the mKdV
equation. The proof is based on a weak version of the Birkhoff normal form
algorithm and a nonlinear Nash-Moser iteration. The analysis of the linearized
operators at each step of the iteration is achieved by pseudo-differential
operator techniques and a linear KAM reducibility scheme.Comment: 49 pages. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with
  arXiv:1404.312
NGC 1266 as a local candidate for rapid cessation of star formation

We present new Spectrographic Areal Unit for Research on Optical Nebulae (SAURON) integral-field spectroscopy and Swift Ultraviolet Optical Telescope (UVOT) observations of molecular outflow host galaxy NGC 1266 that indicate NGC 1266 has experienced a rapid cessation of star formation. Both the SAURON maps of stellar population age and the Swift UVOT observations demonstrate the presence of young (~ 1 Gyr by cyclically injecting turbulent energy into the dense molecular gas via a radio jet, inhibiting star formation.PostprintPeer reviewe
Search for direct pair production of the top squark in all-hadronic final states in proton-proton collisions at √s=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

The results of a search for direct pair production of the scalar partner to the top quark using an integrated luminosity of 20.1fb−1 of proton-proton collision data at s√=8 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC are reported. The top squark is assumed to decay via t~→tχ~01 or t~→bχ~±1→bW(∗)χ~01, where χ~01 (χ~±1) denotes the lightest neutralino (chargino) in supersymmetric models. The search targets a fully-hadronic final state in events with four or more jets and large missing transverse momentum. No significant excess over the Standard Model background prediction is observed, and exclusion limits are reported in terms of the top squark and neutralino masses and as a function of the branching fraction of t~→tχ~01. For a branching fraction of 100%, top squark masses in the range 270-645 GeV are excluded for χ~01 masses below 30 GeV. For a branching fraction of 50% to either t~→tχ~01 or t~→bχ~±1, and assuming the χ~±1 mass to be twice the χ~01 mass, top squark masses in the range 250-550 GeV are excluded for χ~01 masses below 60 GeV
Identification of non-ordinary mesons from the dispersive connection between their poles and their Regge trajectories: The f_0(500) resonance

We show how the Regge trajectory of a resonance can be obtained from its pole in a scattering process and analytic constraints in the complex angular momentum plane. The method is suited for resonances that dominate an elastic scattering amplitude. In particular, from the ρ(770) resonance pole in ππ scattering, we obtain its linear Regge trajectory, characteristic of ordinary quark–antiquark states. In contrast, the f_0(500) pole—the sigma meson—which dominates scalar isoscalar ππ scattering, yields a nonlinear trajectory with a much smaller slope at the f0(500) mass. Conversely, imposing a linear Regge trajectory for the f0(500), with a slope of typical size, yields an elastic amplitude at odds with the data. This provides strong support for the non-ordinary nature of the sigma meson
The Sierra Norte-Ambargasta batholith: Late Ediacarane-Early Cambrian\ud
magmatism associated with Pampean transpressional tectonics

The Sierra Norte-Ambargasta batholith is one of the largest plutonic expressions of the Pampean orogeny in western Argentina. A thorough petrographic, geochemical, isotopic (Sr and Nd) and geochronological (UePb SHRIMP) study is reported. The batholith comprises granitoid rocks that may be subdivided into those affected by Pampean D2 dextral shearing and mylonization and those emplaced after deformation had ceased; representative samples gave UePb zircon ages of 537 ±4 Ma and 530 ±4 Ma respectively. The earlier, dominant, groupwere derived largely frommetaluminous calc-alkaline subduction-related magmas, whereas the late granites are peraluminous. However, all have relatively high initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.706 to at least 0.710, strongly negative εNdt values (-1.7 to -5.9) and, in some cases inherited 600 Ma and 970 Ma zircon, similar to the isotopic and zircon provenance seen in the metamorphic host rocks. A high degree of contamination of the magmas, possibly anatexis in the case of the post-mylonite granite, is related to emplacement during the latestage transpressional docking of the Pampean terrane against the Rio de la Plata craton. The absence of detrital zircon derived from the craton in either the Pampean metasedimentary host rocks or the batholith supports this collisional model for the Pampean orogen
Measuring the approximate number system in children: Exploring the relations among different tasks

Research has demonstrated that children and adults have an Approximate Number System (ANS) which allows
individuals to represent and manipulate the representations of the approximate number of items within a set.
It has been suggested that individual differences in the precision of the ANS are related to individual differences
in mathematics achievement. One difficulty with understanding the role of the ANS, however, is a lack of
consistency across studies in tasks used to measure ANS performance. Researchers have used symbolic or
nonsymbolic comparison and addition tasks with varying types and sizes of stimuli. Recent studies with adult
participants have shown that performance on different ANS tasks is unrelated. Across two studies we
demonstrate that, in contrast to adults, children's performance across different ANS tasks, such as symbolic
and nonsymbolic comparison or approximate addition, is related. These findings suggest that there are
differences across development in the extent to which performance on nonsymbolic and symbolic tasks reflects
ANS precision.status: publishe
Single-neutron orbits near 78Ni: Spectroscopy of the N=49isotope 79Zn

Single-neutron states in the Z=30, N=49isotope 79Zn have been populated using the 78Zn(d,p)79Zn transfer reaction at REX-ISOLDE, CERN. The experimental setup allowed the combined detection of protons ejected in the reaction, and of γrays emitted by 79Zn. The analysis reveals that the lowest excited states populated in the reaction lie at approximately 1MeV of excitation, and involve neutron orbits above the N=50shell gap. From the analysis of γ-ray data and of proton angular distributions, characteristic of the amount of angular momentum transferred, a5/2+configuration was assigned to a state at 983keV. Comparison with large-scale-shell-model calculations supports a robust neutron N=50shell-closure for 78Ni. These data constitute an important step towards the understanding of the magicity of 78Ni and of the structure of nuclei in the region.status: publishe
Giant magnon solution and dispersion relation in string theory in AdS3×S3×T4 with mixed flux

We address the question of the exact form of the dispersion relation for light-cone string excitations in string theory in AdS3×S3×T4 with mixed R–R and NS–NS 3-form fluxes. The analogy with string theory in AdS5×S5 suggests that in addition to the data provided by the perturbative near-BMN expansion and symmetry algebra considerations there is another source of information for the dispersion relation – the semiclassical giant magnon solution. In earlier work in arXiv:1303.1037 and arXiv:1304.4099 we found that the symmetry algebra constraints, which are consistent with a perturbative expansion, do not completely determine the form of the dispersion relation. The aim of the present paper is to fix the dispersion relation by constructing a generalisation of the known dyonic giant magnon soliton on S3 to the presence of a non-zero NS–NS flux described by a WZ term in the string action (with coefficient q ). We find that the angular momentum of this soliton gets shifted by a term linear in world-sheet momentum p. We also discuss the symmetry algebra of the string light-cone S-matrix and show that the exact dispersion relation, which should have the correct perturbative BMN and semiclassical giant magnon limits, should also contain such a linear momentum term. The simplicity of the resulting bound-state picture provides a strong argument in favour of this dispersion relation
Possible evidence for radial flow of heavy mesons in d + Au collisions

Recent measurements of particle correlations and the spectra of hadrons at both RHIC and the LHC are suggestive of hydrodynamic behavior in very small collision systems (p + Pb, d + Au and possibly high multiplicity p + p collisions at the LHC). The measurements in p + Pb and d + Au collisions are both qualitatively and quantitatively similar to what is seen in heavy ion collisions where low viscosity hot nuclear matter is formed. While light quarks and gluons are thought to make up the bulk matter, one of the most surprising results in heavy ion collisions is that charm quarks also have a large <math altimg="si1.gif" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mrow><mi>v</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math> . Measurements of the transverse momentum spectra of electrons from the decay of D and B mesons in d + Au collisions show an enhancement in central collisions relative to p + p collisions. We employ the blast-wave model to determine if the flow of heavy quarks in d + Au and p + Pb collisions is able to explain the enhancement observed in the data. We find a reasonable description of the data with blast-wave parameters extracted from fits to the light hadron spectra, suggesting hydrodynamics as a possible explanation
All AdS 7 solutions of type II supergravity

In M-theory, the only AdS 7 supersymmetric solutions are AdS 7 × S 4 and its orbifolds. In this paper, we find and classify new supersymmetric solutions of the type AdS 7 × M 3 in type II supergravity. While in IIB none exist, in IIA with Romans mass (which does not lift to M-theory) there are many new ones. We use a pure spinor approach reminiscent of generalized complex geometry. Without the need for any Ansatz, the system determines uniquely the form of the metric and fluxes, up to solving a system of ODEs. Namely, the metric on M 3 is that of an S 2 fibered over an interval; this is consistent with the Sp(1) R-symmetry of the holographically dual (1,0) theory. By including D8 brane sources, one can numerically obtain regular solutions, where topologically M 3 ≅ S 3
Topology and Phase Transitions I. Preliminary Results

In this first paper, we demonstrate a theorem that establishes a first step
toward proving a necessary topological condition for the occurrence of first or
second order phase transitions: we prove that the topology of certain
submanifolds of configuration space must necessarily change at the phase
transition point. The theorem applies to smooth, finite-range and confining
potentials V bounded below, describing systems confined in finite regions of
space with continuously varying coordinates. The relevant configuration space
submanifolds are both the level sets {\Sigma_v := V_N^{-1} (v)}_{v \in R} of
the potential function V_N and the configuration space submanifolds enclosed by
the \Sigma_{v} defined by {M_v := V_N^{-1} ((-\infty,v])}_{v \in R}, which are
labeled by the potential energy value v, and where N is the number of degrees
of freedom. The proof of the theorem proceeds by showing that, under the
assumption of diffeomorphicity of the equipotential hypersurfaces {\Sigma_v}_{v
\in R}, as well as of the ${M_v}_{v \in R}, in an arbitrary interval of values
for \vb=v/N, the Helmoltz free energy is uniformly convergent in N to its
thermodynamic limit, at least within the class of twice differentiable
functions, in the corresponding interval of temperature. This preliminary
theorem is essential to prove another theorem - in paper II - which makes a
stronger statement about the relevance of topology for phase transitions
Simultaneous multi-frequency observation of the unknown redshift blazar
  PG 1553+113 in March-April 2008

The blazar PG 1553+113 is a well known TeV gamma-ray emitter. In this paper,
we determine its spectral energy distribution using simultaneous
multi-frequency data in order to study its emission processes. An extensive
campaign was carried out between March and April 2008, where optical, X-ray,
high-energy (HE) gamma-ray, and very-high-energy (VHE) gamma-ray data were
obtained with the KVA, Abastumani, REM, RossiXTE/ASM, AGILE and MAGIC
telescopes, respectively. This is the first simultaneous broad-band (i.e.,
HE+VHE) gamma-ray observation, though AGILE did not detect the source. We
combine data to derive source's spectral energy distribution and interpret its
double peaked shape within the framework of a synchrotron self compton mode
Neutron-3H potentials and the 5H-properties

19 pages, 8 tables, 7 figures.--PACS nrs.: 21.45.+v; 31.15.Ja; 25.70.Ef.--Printed version published Apr 15, 2007.--ArXiv pre-print available at:  http://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-th/0702018v1The continuum resonance spectrum of 5H (3H + n + n) is investigated by use of the complex scaled hyperspherical adiabatic expansion method. The crucial 3H-neutron potential is obtained by switching off\ud
the Coulomb part from successful fits to 3He-proton experimental data. These two-body potentials must be expressed exclusively by operators conserving the nucleon–core mean field angular momentum quantum numbers. The energies ER and widths ΓR of the 1/2+ ground-state resonance and the lowest two excited 5/2+- and 3/2+-resonances are found to be (1.6, 1.5) MeV, (2.8, 2.5) MeV and (3.2, 3.9) MeV, respectively. These results agree with most of the experimental data. The energy distributions of the fragments after decay of the resonances are predicted.This work was partly supported by funds provided by DGI of MEC (Spain) under contract No. FIS2005-00640. One of us (R.D.) acknowledges support by a predoctoral I3P fellowship from CSIC and the European Social Fund.Peer reviewe
Geochemistry of fluids discharged over the seismic area of the Southern Apennines (Calabria region, Southern Italy): Implications for Fluid-Fault relationships

The first comprehensive geochemical data-set of the fluids circulating over a 14,000 km2-wide seismicprone
area of the Southern Apennines, Calabria Region (Italy), is presented here. The geochemical investigations
were carried out with the twofold aim of constraining the origin and interactions of the circulating
fluids and to investigate possible relationships with local faults. Sixty samples of both thermal and cold
waters were collected, from which the dissolved gases were extracted. The geochemical features of the
water samples display different types and degrees of water–rock interactions, irrespective of the outlet
temperature. The calculated equilibrium temperatures of the thermal waters (60–160  C) and the low heat
flow of thewhole study area, are consistent with a heating process due to deep water circulation and rapid
upflow through lithospheric structures. The composition of the dissolved gases reveals that crustal-originating
gases (N2 and CO2-dominated) feed all the groundwaters. The 3He/4He ratios of the dissolved He, in
the range of 0.03–0.22Rac for the thermal waters and 0.05–0.63Rac for the cold waters (Rac = He isotope
ratio corrected for atmospheric contamination), are mainly the result of a two-component (radiogenic
and atmospheric) mixing, although indications of mantle-derived He are found in some cold waters. As
the study area had been hit by 18 of the most destructive earthquakes (magnitude ranging from 5.9 to
7.2) occurring over a 280-a time span (1626–1908) in the Southern Apennines, the reported results on
the circulating fluids may represent the reference for a better inside knowledge of the fault-fluid relationships
and for the development of long-term geochemical monitoring strategies for the area
Two-loop QCD corrections to the helicity amplitudes for H → 3 partons.

Many search strategies for the Standard Model Higgs boson apply specific selection criteria on hadronic jets observed in association with the Higgs boson decay products, either in the form of a jet veto, or by defining event samples according to jet multiplicity. To improve the theoretical description of Higgs-boson-plus-jet production (and the closely related Higgs boson transverse momentum distribution), we derive the two-loop QCD corrections to the helicity amplitudes for the processes H → ggg and H → qq¯¯gqq¯g in an effective theory with infinite top quark mass. The helicity amplitudes are extracted from the coefficients appearing in the general tensorial structure for each process. The coefficients are derived from the Feynman graph amplitudes by means of projectors within the conventional dimensional regularization scheme. The infrared pole structure of our result agrees with the expectation from infrared factorization and the finite parts of the amplitudes are expressed in terms of one- and two-dimensional harmonic polylogarithms
Decreased monsoon precipitation in the Northern Hemisphere due to anthropogenic aerosols

The Northern Hemisphere monsoons are an integral component of Earth's hydrological cycle and affect the lives of billions of people. Observed precipitation in the monsoon regions underwent substantial changes during the second half of the 20th century, with drying from the 1950s to mid-1980s and increasing precipitation in recent decades. Modeling studies suggest anthropogenic aerosols has been a key factor driving changes in tropical and monsoon precipitation. Here we apply detection and attribution methods to determine whether observed changes are driven \ud
by human influences using fingerprints of individual forcings (i.e. greenhouse gas, anthropogenic aerosol and natural) derived from climate models. The results show that the observed changes can only be explained when including the influence of anthropogenic aerosols, even after  accounting for internal climate variability. Anthropogenic aerosol, not greenhouse gas or natural forcing, has been the dominant influence on Northern Hemisphere monsoon precipitation over the second half of the 20th century