pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Jupiter’s para-H2 distribution from SOFIA/FORCAST and Voyager/IRIS 17–37 µm spectroscopy

AbstractSpatially resolved maps of Jupiter’s far-infrared 17–37 µm hydrogen-helium collision-induced spectrum were acquired by the FORCAST instrument on the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) in May 2014. Spectral scans in two grisms covered the broad S(0) and S(1) absorption lines, in addition to contextual imaging in eight broad-band filters (5–37 µm) with spatial resolutions of 2–4″. The spectra were inverted to map the zonal-mean temperature and para-H2 distribution (fp, the fraction of the para spin isomer with respect to the ortho spin isomer) in Jupiter’s upper troposphere (the 100–700 mbar range). We compared these to a reanalysis of Voyager-1 and -2 IRIS spectra covering the same spectral range. Tropospheric temperature contrasts match those identified by Voyager in 1979, within the limits of temporal variability consistent with previous investigations. Para-H2 increases from equator to pole, with low-fp air at the equator representing sub-equilibrium conditions (i.e., less para-H2 than expected from thermal equilibration), and high-fp air and possible super-equilibrium at higher latitudes. In particular, we confirm the continued presence of a region of high-fp air at high northern latitudes discovered by Voyager/IRIS, and an asymmetry with generally higher fp in the north than in the south. Far-IR aerosol opacity is not required to fit the data, but cannot be completely ruled out. We note that existing collision-induced absorption databases lack opacity from (H2)2 dimers, leading to under-prediction of the absorption near the S(0) and S(1) peaks. There appears to be no spatial correlation between para-H2 and tropospheric ammonia, phosphine and cloud opacity derived from Voyager/IRIS at mid-infrared wavelengths (7–15 µm). We note, however, that para-H2 tracks the similar latitudinal distribution of aerosols within Jupiter’s upper tropospheric and stratospheric hazes observed in reflected sunlight, suggesting that catalysis of hydrogen equilibration within the hazes (and not the main clouds) may govern the equator-to-pole gradient, with conditions closer to equilibrium at higher latitudes. This gradient is superimposed onto smaller-scale variations associated with regional advection of para-H2 at the equator and poles
Thermodynamic properties of asymptotically anti-de Sitter black holes in d=4 Einstein–Yang–Mills theory

AbstractWe investigate the thermodynamics of spherically symmetric black hole solutions in a four-dimensional Einstein–Yang–Mills-SU(2) theory with a negative cosmological constant. Special attention is paid to configurations with a unit magnetic charge. We find that a set of Reissner–Nordström–Anti-de Sitter black holes can become unstable to forming non-Abelian hair. However, the hairy black holes are never thermodynamically favoured over the full set of abelian monopole solutions. The thermodynamics of the generic configurations possessing a noninteger magnetic charge is also discussed
A Cartan–Eilenberg approach to homotopical algebra

AbstractIn this paper we propose an approach to homotopical algebra where the basic ingredient is a category with two classes of distinguished morphisms: strong and weak equivalences. These data determine the cofibrant objects by an extension property analogous to the classical lifting property of projective modules. We define a Cartan–Eilenberg category as a category with strong and weak equivalences such that there is an equivalence of categories between its localisation with respect to weak equivalences and the relative localisation of the subcategory of cofibrant objects with respect to strong equivalences. This equivalence of categories allows us to extend the classical theory of derived additive functors to this non additive setting. The main examples include Quillen model categories and categories of functors defined on a category endowed with a cotriple (comonad) and taking values on a category of complexes of an abelian category. In the latter case there are examples in which the class of strong equivalences is not determined by a homotopy relation. Among other applications of our theory, we establish a very general acyclic models theorem
Who posts performance bonds and why? Evidence from China's CEOs

AbstractDespite their theoretical value in tackling principal–agent problems at low cost to firms there is almost no empirical literature on the prevalence and correlates of performance bonds posted by corporate executives. We show that they are an important feature in today's CEO labour market in China: around one-tenth of corporations deploy performance bonds and they are equivalent to around 14% of CEO cash compensation. Consistent with principal–agent theory bonds are negatively associated with firm sales volatility. The complementarity between bonds and other incentive mechanisms such as bonuses and stock holding is consistent with optimal reward structures for multi-tasking agents. Those CEOs posting bonds are higher in the Communist Party ranks, were promoted via tournaments, and run larger firms, findings consistent with using bonds as an incentive to attract and retain the most able workers. Although state-owned enterprises are just as likely as privately owned ones to use bonds in CEO contracts, some of the theoretical predictions which assume profit-maximising firms do not hold where the state has an ownership stake
Measurements of four-lepton production in pp collisions at s=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

AbstractThe four-lepton (4ℓ, ℓ=e,μ) production cross section is measured in the mass range from 80 to 1000 GeV using 20.3 fb−1 of data in pp collisions at s=8 TeV collected with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The 4ℓ events are produced in the decays of resonant Z and Higgs bosons and the non-resonant ZZ continuum originating from qq¯, gg, and qg initial states. A total of 476 signal candidate events are observed with a background expectation of 26.2±3.6 events, enabling the measurement of the integrated cross section and the differential cross section as a function of the invariant mass and transverse momentum of the four-lepton system.In the mass range above 180 GeV, assuming the theoretical constraint on the qq¯ production cross section calculated with perturbative NNLO QCD and NLO electroweak corrections, the signal strength of the gluon-fusion component relative to its leading-order prediction is determined to be μgg=2.4±1.0 (stat.)±0.5 (syst.)±0.8 (theory)
Bayesian Uncertainty Quantification for Bond Energies and Mobilities Using Path Integral Analysis

AbstractDynamic single-molecule force spectroscopy is often used to distort bonds. The resulting responses, in the form of rupture forces, work applied, and trajectories of displacements, are used to reconstruct bond potentials. Such approaches often rely on simple parameterizations of one-dimensional bond potentials, assumptions on equilibrium starting states, and/or large amounts of trajectory data. Parametric approaches typically fail at inferring complicated bond potentials with multiple minima, while piecewise estimation may not guarantee smooth results with the appropriate behavior at large distances. Existing techniques, particularly those based on work theorems, also do not address spatial variations in the diffusivity that may arise from spatially inhomogeneous coupling to other degrees of freedom in the macromolecule. To address these challenges, we develop a comprehensive empirical Bayesian approach that incorporates data and regularization terms directly into a path integral. All experimental and statistical parameters in our method are estimated directly from the data. Upon testing our method on simulated data, our regularized approach requires less data and allows simultaneous inference of both complex bond potentials and diffusivity profiles. Crucially, we show that the accuracy of the reconstructed bond potential is sensitive to the spatially varying diffusivity and accurate reconstruction can be expected only when both are simultaneously inferred. Moreover, after providing a means for self-consistently choosing regularization parameters from data, we derive posterior probability distributions, allowing for uncertainty quantification
Noether symmetry approach in f(R)–tachyon model

AbstractIn this Letter by utilizing the Noether symmetry approach in cosmology, we attempt to find the tachyon potential via the application of this kind of symmetry to a flat Friedmann–Robertson–Walker (FRW) metric. We reduce the system of equations to simpler ones and obtain the general class of the tachyonʼs potential function and f(R) functions. We have found that the Noether symmetric model results in a power law f(R) and an inverse fourth power potential for the tachyonic field. Further we investigate numerically the cosmological evolution of our model and show explicitly the behavior of the equation of state crossing the cosmological constant boundary
Zebrafish Embryonic Lipidomic Analysis Reveals that the Yolk Cell Is Metabolically Active in Processing Lipid

SummaryThe role of lipids in providing energy and structural cellular components during vertebrate development is poorly understood. To elucidate these roles further, we visualized lipid deposition and examined expression of key lipid-regulating genes during zebrafish embryogenesis. We also conducted a semiquantitative analysis of lipidomic composition using liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry. Finally, we analyzed processing of boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) lipid analogs injected into the yolk using thin layer chromatography. Our data reveal that the most abundant lipids in the embryo are cholesterol, phosphatidylcholine, and triglyceride. Moreover, we demonstrate that lipids are processed within the yolk prior to mobilization to the embryonic body. Our data identify a metabolically active yolk and body resulting in a dynamic lipid composition. This provides a foundation for studying lipid biology during normal or pharmacologically compromised embryogenesis
Loss-of-Function Mutations in SOX10 Cause Kallmann Syndrome with Deafness

Transcription factor SOX10 plays a role in the maintenance of progenitor cell multipotency, lineage specification, and cell differentiation and is a major actor in the development of the neural crest. It has been implicated in Waardenburg syndrome (WS), a rare disorder characterized by the association between pigmentation abnormalities and deafness, but SOX10 mutations cause a variable phenotype that spreads over the initial limits of the syndrome definition. On the basis of recent findings of olfactory-bulb agenesis in WS individuals, we suspected SOX10 was also involved in Kallmann syndrome (KS). KS is defined by the association between anosmia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism due to incomplete migration of neuroendocrine gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) cells along the olfactory, vomeronasal, and terminal nerves. Mutations in any of the nine genes identified to date account for only 30% of the KS cases. KS can be either isolated or associated with a variety of other symptoms, including deafness. This study reports SOX10 loss-of-function mutations in approximately one-third of KS individuals with deafness, indicating a substantial involvement in this clinical condition. Study of SOX10-null mutant mice revealed a developmental role of SOX10 in a subpopulation of glial cells called olfactory ensheathing cells. These mice indeed showed an almost complete absence of these cells along the olfactory nerve pathway, as well as defasciculation and misrouting of the nerve fibers, impaired migration of GnRH cells, and disorganization of the olfactory nerve layer of the olfactory bulbs
Novel Electronic Structures of Ru-pnictides RuPn (Pn = P, As, Sb)

AbstractDensity-functional-theory-based electronic structure calculations are made to consider the novel electronic states of Ru-pnictides RuP and RuAs where the intriguing phase transitions and superconductivity under doping of Rh have been reported. We find that there appear nearly degenerate flat bands just at the Fermi level in the high-temperature metallic phase of RuP and RuAs; the flat-band states come mainly from the 4dxy orbitals of Ru ions and the Rh doping shifts the Fermi level just above the flat bands. The splitting of the flat bands caused by their electronic instability may then be responsible for the observed phase transition to the nonmagnetic insulating phase at low temperatures. We also find that the band structure calculated for RuSb resembles that of the doped RuP and RuAs, which is consistent with experiment where superconductivity occurs in RuSb without Rh doping
Fast food restaurant locations according to socioeconomic disadvantage, urban–regional locality, and schools within Victoria, Australia

AbstractFeatures of the built environment provide opportunities to engage in both healthy and unhealthy behaviours. Access to a high number of fast food restaurants may encourage greater consumption of fast food products. The distribution of fast food restaurants at a state-level has not previously been reported in Australia. Using the location of 537 fast food restaurants from four major chains (McDonald׳s, KFC, Hungry Jacks, and Red Rooster), this study examined fast food restaurant locations across the state of Victoria relative to area-level disadvantage, urban–regional locality (classified as Major Cities, Inner Regional, or Outer Regional), and around schools. Findings revealed greater locational access to fast food restaurants in more socioeconomically disadvantaged areas (compared to areas with lower levels of disadvantage), nearby to secondary schools (compared to primary schools), and nearby to primary and secondary schools within the most disadvantaged areas of the major city region (compared to primary and secondary schools in areas with lower levels of disadvantage). Adjusted models showed no significant difference in location according to urban–regional locality. Knowledge of the distribution of fast food restaurants in Australia will assist local authorities to target potential policy mechanisms, such as planning regulations, where they are most needed
Measurement of inclusive jet charged-particle fragmentation functions in Pb+Pb collisions at sNN=2.76 TeV with the ATLAS detector

AbstractMeasurements of charged-particle fragmentation functions of jets produced in ultra-relativistic nuclear collisions can provide insight into the modification of parton showers in the hot, dense medium created in the collisions. ATLAS has measured jets in sNN=2.76 TeV Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC using a data set recorded in 2011 with an integrated luminosity of 0.14 nb−1. Jets were reconstructed using the anti-kt algorithm with distance parameter values R=0.2,0.3,and 0.4. Distributions of charged-particle transverse momentum and longitudinal momentum fraction are reported for seven bins in collision centrality for R=0.4 jets with pTjet>100 GeV. Commensurate minimum pT values are used for the other radii. Ratios of fragment distributions in each centrality bin to those measured in the most peripheral bin are presented. These ratios show a reduction of fragment yield in central collisions relative to peripheral collisions at intermediate z values, 0.04≲z≲0.2, and an enhancement in fragment yield for z≲0.04. A smaller, less significant enhancement is observed at large z and large pT in central collisions
EWS-FLI1 Utilizes Divergent Chromatin Remodeling Mechanisms to Directly Activate or Repress Enhancer Elements in Ewing Sarcoma

SummaryThe aberrant transcription factor EWS-FLI1 drives Ewing sarcoma, but its molecular function is not completely understood. We find that EWS-FLI1 reprograms gene regulatory circuits in Ewing sarcoma by directly inducing or repressing enhancers. At GGAA repeat elements, which lack evolutionary conservation and regulatory potential in other cell types, EWS-FLI1 multimers induce chromatin opening and create de novo enhancers that physically interact with target promoters. Conversely, EWS-FLI1 inactivates conserved enhancers containing canonical ETS motifs by displacing wild-type ETS transcription factors. These divergent chromatin-remodeling patterns repress tumor suppressors and mesenchymal lineage regulators while activating oncogenes and potential therapeutic targets, such as the kinase VRK1. Our findings demonstrate how EWS-FLI1 establishes an oncogenic regulatory program governing both tumor survival and differentiation
Modified algebraic Bethe ansatz for XXZ chain on the segment – I: Triangular cases

AbstractThe modified algebraic Bethe ansatz, introduced by Crampé and the author [8], is used to characterize the spectral problem of the Heisenberg XXZ spin-12 chain on the segment with lower and upper triangular boundaries. The eigenvalues and the eigenvectors are conjectured. They are characterized by a set of Bethe roots with cardinality equal to N the length of the chain and which satisfies a set of Bethe equations with an additional term. The conjecture follows from exact results for small chains. We also present a factorized formula for the Bethe vectors of the Heisenberg XXZ spin-12 chain on the segment with two upper triangular boundaries
Securing disunion: Young people's nationalism, identities and (in)securities in the campaign for an independent Scotland

AbstractThis paper explores ethnic and religious minority youth perspectives of security and nationalism in Scotland during the independence campaign in 2014. We discuss how young people co-construct narratives of Scottish nationalism alongside minority ethnic and faith identities in order to feel secure. By critically combining literature from feminist geopolitics, international relations (IR) and children's emotional geographies, we employ the concept of ‘ontological security’. The paper departs from state-centric approaches to security to explore the relational entanglements between geopolitical discourses and the ontological security of young people living through a moment of political change. We examine how everyday encounters with difference can reflect broader geopolitical narratives of security and insecurity, which subsequently trouble notions of ‘multicultural nationalism’ in Scotland and demonstrate ways that youth ‘securitize the self’ (Kinnvall, 2004). The paper responds to calls for empirical analyses of youth perspectives on nationalism and security (Benwell, 2016) and on the nexus between security and emotional subjectivity in critical geopolitics (Pain, 2009; Shaw, Powell, & De La Ossa, 2014). Funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC), this paper draws on focus group and interview data from 382 ethnic and religious minority young people in Scotland collected over the 12-month period of the campaign
The supersoft X-ray source in V5116 Sgr I. The high resolution spectra

Classical novae occur on the surface of an accreting white dwarf in a binary
system. After ejection of a fraction of the envelope and when the expanding
shell becomes optically thin to X-rays, a bright source of supersoft X-rays
arises, powered by residual H burning on the surface of the white dwarf. While
the general picture of the nova event is well established, the details and
balance of accretion and ejection processes in classical novae are still full
of unknowns. The long-term balance of accreted matter is of special interest
for massive accreting white dwarfs, which may be promising supernova Ia
progenitor candidates. V5116 Sgr was observed as a bright and variable
supersoft X-ray source by XMM-Newton 610~days after outburst. The light curve
showed a periodicity consistent with the orbital period. During one third of
the orbit the luminosity was a factor of seven brighter than during the other
two thirds of the orbital period. In the present work we aim to disentangle the
X-ray spectral components of V5116 Sgr and their variability. We present the
high resolution spectra obtained with XMM-Newton RGS and Chandra LETGS/HRC-S in
March and August 2007. The grating spectrum during the periods of high-flux
shows a typical hot white dwarf atmosphere dominated by absorption lines of N
VI and N VII. During the low-flux periods, the spectrum is dominated by an
atmosphere with the same temperature as during the high-flux period, but with
several emission features superimposed. Some of the emission lines are well
modeled with an optically thin plasma in collisional equilibrium, rich in C and
N, which also explains some excess in the spectra of the high-flux period. No
velocity shifts are observed in the absorption lines, with an upper limit set
by the spectral resolution of 500 km/s, consistent with the expectation of a
non-expanding atmosphere so late in the evolution of the post-nova.Comment: 12 pages, 15 figures, 4 tables; accepted for publication in Astronomy
  and Astrophysic
Application of SQUIDs to low temperature and high magnetic field
  measurements - Ultra low noise torque magnetometry

Torque magnetometry is a key method to measure the magnetic anisotropy and
quantum oscillations in metals. In order to resolve quantum oscillations in
sub-millimeter sized samples, piezo-electric micro-cantilevers were introduced.
In the case of strongly correlated metals with large Fermi surfaces and high
cyclotron masses, magnetic torque resolving powers in excess of $10^4$ are
required at temperatures well below $1\,\mathrm{K}$ and magnetic fields beyond
$10\,\mathrm{T}$. Here, we present a new broadband read-out scheme for
piezo-electric micro-cantilevers via Wheatstone-type resistance measurements in
magnetic fields up to $15\,\mathrm{T}$ and temperatures down to
$100\,\mathrm{mK}$. By using a two-stage SQUID as null detector of a cold
Wheatstone bridge, we were able to achieve a magnetic moment resolution of
$\Delta m= 5\times10^{-15}\,\mathrm{J/T}$ at maximal field, outperforming
conventional magnetometers by at least two orders of magnitude in this
temperature and magnetic field range. Exemplary de Haas-van Alphen measurement
of a newly grown delafossite, PdRhO$_2$, were used to show the superior
performance of our setup
Search for new high-mass phenomena in the dilepton final state using 36
  fb$^{-1}$ of proton-proton collision data at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV with the
  ATLAS detector

A search is conducted for new resonant and non-resonant high-mass phenomena
in dielectron and dimuon final states. The search uses 36.1 fb$^{-1}$ of
proton-proton collision data, collected at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV by the ATLAS
experiment at the LHC in 2015 and 2016. No significant deviation from the
Standard Model prediction is observed. Upper limits at 95% credibility level
are set on the cross-section times branching ratio for resonances decaying into
dileptons, which are converted to lower limits on the resonance mass, up to 4.1
for the E$_{6}$-motivated Z'$_{\chi}$. Lower limits on the $qq \ell\ell$
contact interaction scale are set between 24 TeV and 40 TeV, depending on the
model.Comment: 54 pages in total, author list starting page 38, 7 figures, 11
  tables, submitted to JHEP, All figures including auxiliary figures are
  available at
  https://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/PAPERS/EXOT-2016-05