pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Spatial variation in herbicide leaching from a marine clay soil via subsurface drains

BACKGROUND: Subsurface transport via tile drains can significantly contribute to pesticide contamination of surface waters. The spatial variation in subsurface leaching of normally applied herbicides was examined together with phosphorus losses in 24 experimental plots with water sampled flow-proportionally. The study site was a flat, tile-drained area with 60% marine clay in the topsoil in southeast Sweden. The objectives were to quantify the leaching of frequently used herbicides from a tile drained cracking clay soil and to evaluate the variation in leaching within the experimental area and relate this to topsoil management practices (tillagemethod and structure liming). RESULTS: In summer 2009, 0.14, 0.22 and 1.62%, respectively, of simultaneously applied amounts of MCPA, fluroxypyr and clopyralid were leached by heavy rain five days after spraying. In summer 2011, on average 0.70% of applied bentazone was leached by short bursts of intensive rain 12 days after application. Peak flow concentrations for 50% of the treated area for MCPA and 33% for bentazone exceeded the Swedish no-effect guideline values for aquatic ecosystems. Approximately 0.08% of the glyphosate applied was leached in dissolved form in the winters of 2008/2009 and 2010/2011. Based on measurements of glyphosate in particulate form, total glyphosate losseswere twice as high (0.16%) in the second winter. The spatial inter-plot variation was large (72–115%) for all five herbicides studied, despite small variations (25%) in water discharge. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows the importance of local scale soil transport properties for herbicide leaching in cracking clay soils
Variation in susceptibility of laboratory and field strains of three stored-grain insect species to β-cyfluthrin and chlorpyrifos-methyl plus deltamethrin applied to concrete surfaces

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of commercial formulations of β-cyfluthrin and chlorpyrifosmethyl plus deltamethrin applied to clean, concrete surfaces similar to that of empty bins against field strains of stored-grain insects is unknown. We exposed adults of 16 strains of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst); 8 strains of the sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.); and 2 strains of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), collected mainly from farm-stored grain in Kansas, USA, to β-cyfluthrin and chlorpyrifos-methyl plus deltamethrin applied to concrete surfaces and determined knockdown and mortality. RESULTS: Knockdown and mortality differences among species and strains to the insecticides tested were significant. Mortality of all species was less than that of knockdown, suggesting recovery when placed on food after insecticide exposure. β-cyfluthrin was effective against R. dominica but ineffective against T. castaneum and O. surinamensis field strains. Chlorpyrifosmethyl plus deltamethrin was only partially effective against field strains of the three species. CONCLUSION: Reduced susceptibility in field strains may be due to inherent formulation deficiency and low levels of tolerance or resistance to β-cyfluthrin. No single insecticide provided adequate control of the three species tested
Innovative developments for long-term mammalian pest control

Background: Invasive mammalian pests have inflicted substantial environmental and economic damage on a worldwide scale. RESULTS: Over the last 30 years there has been minimal innovation in the development of new control tools. The development of new vertebrate pesticides, for example, has been largely restricted due to the costly and time-consuming processes associated with testing and registration. CONCLUSION: In this article we discuss recent progress and trends in a number of areas of research aimed to achieve long-term population suppression or eradication of mammalian pest species. The examples discussed here are emerging from research being conducted in New Zealand, where invasive mammalian pests are one of the greatest threats facing the national environment and economy
Cross-resistance between cyenopyrafen and pyridaben in the twospotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae).

[BACKGROUND]Cyenopyrafen is an inhibitor of complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. It has a molecular structure that shares some common features with frequently used complex I inhibitors such as pyridaben. To evaluate whether this similarity in structure poses a cross-resistance risk that might complicate resistance management, we selected for pyridaben and cyenopyrafen resistance in the laboratory and characterized resistance. [RESULTS]The selection for cyenopyrafen conferred cross-resistance to pyridaben and vice versa. Resistance towards these both acaricides was incompletely dominant in adult females. However, in eggs maternal effects were observed in pyridaben resistance, but not in the cyenopyrafen-resistance (completely dominant). In the cyenopyrafen resistant strain, the LC50 of eggs remained lower than the commercially recommended concentration. The common detoxification mechanisms by cytochrome P450 was involved in resistance to these acaricides. Carboxyl esterases were also involved in cyenopyrafen resistance as a major factor. [CONCLUSIONS]Although cross-resistance suggests that pyridaben resistance would confer cyenopyrafen cross-resistance, susceptibility in eggs functions to delay the development of cyenopyrafen resistance
The prediction of blood–tissue partitions, water–skin partitions and skin permeation for agrochemicals

YesBACKGROUND: There is considerable interest in the blood–tissue distribution of agrochemicals, and a number of researchershave developed experimental methods for in vitro distribution. These methods involve the determination of saline–blood andsaline–tissue partitions; not only are they indirect, but they do not yield the required in vivo distribution.RESULTS: The authors set out equations for gas–tissue and blood–tissue distribution, for partition from water into skin andfor permeation from water through human skin. Together with Abraham descriptors for the agrochemicals, these equationscan be used to predict values for all of these processes. The present predictions compare favourably with experimental in vivoblood–tissue distribution where available. The predictions require no more than simple arithmetic.CONCLUSIONS: The present method represents a much easier and much more economic way of estimating blood–tissuepartitions than the method that uses saline–blood and saline–tissue partitions. It has the added advantages of yielding therequired in vivo partitions and being easily extended to the prediction of partition of agrochemicals from water into skin andpermeation from water through skin
Modelling the potential distribution of Bemisia tabaci in Europe in light of the climate change scenario

BACKGROUND:Bemisia tabaci is a serious pest of agriculturalandhorticultural crops ingreenhousesandfields aroundtheworld.\ud
This paper deals with the distribution of the pest under field conditions. In Europe, the insect is currently found in coastal regions\ud
of Mediterranean countries where it is subject to quarantine regulations. To assess the risk presented by B. tabaci to Europe, the\ud
area of potential establishment of this insect, in light of the climate change scenario,was assessed by a temperature-dependent\ud
physiologically based demographicmodel (PBDM).\ud
RESULTS: The simulated potential distribution under current climate conditions has been successfully validated with the\ud
available field records of B. tabaci in Europe. Considering climate change scenarios of+1and+2 ∘C, range expansion by B. tabaci\ud
is predicted, particularly in Spain, France, Italy, Greece and along the Adriatic coast of the Balkans. Nonetheless, even under\ud
the scenario of +2 ∘C, northern European countries are not likely to be at risk of B. tabaci establishment because of climatic\ud
limitations.\ud
CONCLUSION: Model validation with field observations and evaluation of uncertainties associated with model parameter\ud
variability support the reliability of model results. The PBDM developed here can be applied to other organisms and offers\ud
significant advantages for assessing the potential distribution of invasive species
Induced resistance to Helicoverpa armigera through exogenous application of jasmonic acid and salicylic acid in groundnut, Arachis hypogaea

Background\ud
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Induced resistance to Helicoverpa armigera through exogenous application of jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) was studied in groundnut genotypes (ICGV 86699, ICGV 86031, ICG 2271 and ICG 1697) with different levels of resistance and the susceptible check, JL 24 under greenhouse conditions. Activities of oxidative enzymes and the amounts of secondary metabolites and proteins were quantified at 6 days after JA and SA application/insect infestation. Data was also recorded on plant damage and H. armigera larval weights and survival.\ud
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Results\ud
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Higher levels of enzymatic activities and the amounts of secondary metabolites were observed in the insect-resistant genotypes pretreated with JA and then infested with H. armigera than in JL 24. The insect-resistant genotypes suffered lower insect damage and resulted in poor survival and lower weights of H. armigera larvae than JL 24.In some cases, both JA and SA showed similar effect.\ud
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Conclusion\ud
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JA and SA induced the activity of antioxidative enzymes in groundnut plants against H. armigera, and reduced its growth and development. However, induced response to application of JA was greater than SA, and resulted in reduced plant damage, larval weights and survival, suggesting that induced resistance can be used as a component of pest management in groundnut
What does three years of hunting great cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo, tell us? Shooting autumn-staging birds as a means of reducing numbers locally

BACKGROUND: The population of Great Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo has increased markedly in Europe in the last 30 years, creating conflicts primarily with fisheries interests. Some advocate that there should be a reduction in bird numbers on anything from local to regional and pan-European levels. The effect of attempts to reduce cormorant numbers by shooting to kill and by shooting to reinforce the scaring of birds in two Danish fjords was studied.\ud
RESULTS: A total of 308, 364 and 459 cormorants were shot in the two fjords during each of three annual hunting seasons. When shooting was intensive over a series of days near to the birds’ main roosting and sleeping place, numbers dropped significantly compared with non-shooting years. No significant scaring effect was detected when shooting was carried out only at random along the shores of the fjords. None of the shooting treatments had effects on the number of cormorants occurring in subsequent years.\ud
CONCLUSION: These results indicate that large efforts can be invested in shooting to scare and kill cormorants without reaching any desired reduction in numbers, in particular when the shooting is not coordinated in time and space and not undertaken at key roosting sites
Manipulating behaviour with substrate-borne vibrations – potential for insect pest control

This review presents an overview of the potential use of substrate-borne vibrations for the purpose of achieving insect pest control in the context of integrated pest management. Although the importance of mechanical vibrations in the life of insects has been fairly well established, the effect of substrate-borne vibrations has historically been understudied, in contrast to sound sensu stricto. Consequently, the idea of using substrate-borne vibrations for pest control is still in its infancy. This review therefore focuses on the theoretical background, using it to highlight potential applications in a field environment, and lists the few preliminary studies that have been or are being performed. Conceptual similarities to the use of sound, as well as limitations inherent in this approach, are also noted
Effect of insecticidal fusion proteins containing spider toxins targeting sodium and calcium ion channels on pyrethroid-resistant strains of peach-potato aphid (Myzus persicae).

BACKGROUND: The recombinant fusion proteins Pl1a/GNA and Hv1a/GNA contain the spider venom peptides δ-amaurobitoxin-PI1a or ω-hexatoxin-Hv1a respectively, linked to snowdrop lectin (GNA). Pl1a targets receptor site 4 of insect voltage-gated sodium channels (NaCh), while Hv1a targets voltage-gated calcium channels. Insecticide-resistant strains of peach-potato aphid (Myzus persicae) contain mutations in NaCh. The pyrethroid-resistant kdr (794J) and super-kdr (UKO) strains contain mutations at residues L1014 and M918 in the channel α-subunit respectively, while the kdr + super-kdr strain (4824J), insensitive to pyrethroids, contains mutations at both L1014 and M918.\ud
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RESULTS: Pl1a/GNA and Hv1a/GNA fusion proteins have estimated LC50 values of 0.35 and 0.19 mg mL−1 when fed to wild-type M. persicae. For insecticide-resistant aphids, LC50 for the Pl1a/GNA fusion protein increased by 2–6-fold, correlating with pyrethroid resistance (wild type < kdr < super-kdr < kdr + super-kdr strains). In contrast, LC50 for the Hv1a/GNA fusion protein showed limited correlation with pyrethroid resistance.\ud
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CONCLUSION: Mutations in the sodium channel in pyrethroid-resistant aphids also protect against a fusion protein containing a sodium-channel-specific toxin, in spite of differences in ligand–channel interactions, but do not confer resistance to a fusion protein targeting calcium channels. The use of fusion proteins with differing targets could play a role in managing pesticide resistance
Developing effective fumigation protocols to manage strongly phosphine-resistant Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae)

BACKGROUND The emergence of high levels of resistance in Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) in recent years threatens the sustainability of phosphine, a key fumigant used worldwide to disinfest stored grain. We aimed at developing robust fumigation protocols that could be used in a range of practical situations to control this resistant pest. RESULTS Values of the lethal time to kill 99.9% (LT99.9, in days) of mixed-age populations, containing all life stages, of a susceptible and a strongly resistant C. ferrugineus population were established at three phosphine concentrations (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg L−1) and three temperatures (25, 30 and 35 °C). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that phosphine concentration and temperature both contributed significantly to the LT99.9 of a population (P < 0.003, R2 = 0.92), with concentration being the dominant variable, accounting for 75.9% of the variation. Across all concentrations, LT99.9 of the strongly resistant C. ferrugineus population was longest at the lowest temperature and shortest at the highest temperature. For example, 1.0 mg L−1 of phosphine is required for 20, 15 and 15 days, 1.5 mg L−1 for 12, 11 and 9 days and 2.0 mg L−1 for 10, 7 and 6 days at 25, 30 and 35 °C, respectively, to achieve 99.9% mortality of the strongly resistant C. ferrugineus population. We also observed that phosphine concentration is inversely proportional to fumigation period in regard to the population extinction of this pest. CONCLUSION The fumigation protocols developed in this study will be used in recommending changes to the currently registered rates of phosphine in Australia towards management of strongly resistant C. ferrugineus populations, and can be repeated in any country where this type of resistance appears. © 2014 Commonwealth of Australia. Pest Management Science © 2014 Society of Chemical Industr
Biochemical basis of alphamethrin resistance in different life stages of Anopheles stephensi strains of Bangalore, India

BACKGROUND: Anopheles stephensi is an important urban malaria vector in the Indian subcontinent. Extensive application of insecticides evokes microevolution, which results in resistance that can be traced back to their genotypes. In this study, resistant and susceptible strains of An. stephensi for alphamethrin were selected by selective inbreeding for 27 and ten generations respectively. The biochemical basis of resistance in all the life stages was investigated. Quantitative assays were performed for proteins (total and soluble), esterases (α, β and acetylcholine) and phosphatases (acid and alkaline) by spectrophotometry, and qualitative assays for the enzymes by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. RESULTS: The enzyme quantities significantly varied in all life stages of the resistant strain as compared with the susceptible ones. Qualitative studies showed seven isoforms for α- and β-esterases, three each for acetylcholinesterase and alkaline phosphatase and two for acid phosphatase. Exclusive bands were found in the resistant strain, such as α-Est 1 and β-Est 1 in eggs and larvae, β-Est 3 in adult males, β-Est 2 in adult females and AlkP 1, AlkP 2 and AlkP 3 in adult females, larvae and adult males respectively. CONCLUSION: Variations in the quantity and specific enzyme isoforms play a key role in the development of alphamethrin resistance in An. stephensi. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Landscape effects on the abundance and larval diet of the polyphagous pest #Helicoverpa armigera# in cotton fields in North Benin

BACKGROUND The noctuid Helicoverpa armigera is one of the key cotton pests in the Old World. One possible pest regulation method may be the management of host crop in the landscapes. For polyphagous pests such as H. armigera, crop diversity and rotations can offer sequential and alternate resources that may enhance abundance. We explore the impact of landscape composition and host crop diversity on the abundance and natal host plant use of H. armigera in northern Benin. RESULTS Host plant diversity at the largest scale examined (500 m diameter) was positively correlated with H. armigera abundance. Host plant diversity and the cover of tomato crops were the most important variables in relation to high abundance of H. armigera. Host plant (cotton, maize, tomato, sorghum) proportions and C3 versus C4 plants did not consistently correlate positively with H. armigera abundance. Moth proportion derived from cotton-fed larvae was low, 15% in 2011 and 11% in 2012, and not significantly related to H. armigera abundance. CONCLUSION Cotton crop cover was not significantly related to H. armigera abundance and may be considered as a sink crop. Landscape composition and sequential availability of host plants should be considered as keys factors for further studies on H. armigera regulation. (Résumé d'auteur
Responses of the two-spotted oak buprestid,Agrilus biguttatus(Coleoptera: Buprestidae), to host tree volatiles

BACKGROUND\ud
Agrilus bigutattus (Fabricius) is a forest pest of increasing importance in the United Kingdom. The larvae damage weakened native oaks and are thought to contribute to premature tree death. Suspected links with acute oak decline (AOD) are not yet confirmed, but AOD-predisposed trees appear to become more susceptible to A. biguttatus attack. Thus, management may be necessary for control of this insect. To explore the possibility of monitoring beetle populations by baited traps, the host tree volatiles regulating A. biguttatus–oak interactions were studied.\ud
RESULTS\ud
Biologically active volatile organic compounds in dynamic headspace extracts of oak foliage and bark were identified initially by coupled gas chromatography–electroantennography (GC-EAG) and GC–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the structures were confirmed by GC coinjection with authentic compounds. Of two synthetic blends of these compounds comprising the active leaf volatiles, the simpler one containing three components evoked strongly positive behavioural responses in four-arm olfactometer tests with virgin females and males, although fresh leaf material was more efficient than the blend. The other blend, comprising a five-component mixture made up of bark volatiles, proved to be as behaviourally active for gravid females as bark tissue.\ud
CONCLUSIONS\ud
These initial results on A. biguttatus chemical ecology reveal aspects of the role of attractive tree volatiles in the host-finding of beetles and underpin the development of semiochemically based surveillance strategies for this forest insect
Foliar application of microdoses of sucrose to reduce codling moth Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) damage to apple trees

Abstract\ud
BACKGROUND\ud
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The effects of foliar applications of microdoses of sucrose to reduce the damage by the codling moth have been reported from nine trials carried in France and Algeria from 2009 to 2014. The activity of sucrose alone was assessed by comparison with an untreated control and some treatments with the Cydia pomonella granulovirus or a chemical insecticide. The addition of sucrose to these different treatments was also investigated.\ud
RESULTS\ud
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The application of sucrose at 0.01% reduced the means of infested fruits with a value of Abbott's efficacy of 41.0 ± 10.0%. This involved the induction of resistance by antixenosis to insect egg laying. Indeed, it seems that acceptance of egg laying on leaves treated with sucrose was reduced. The addition of sucrose to thiacloprid improved its efficacy (59.5% ± 12.8) by 18.4%. However, the sucrose had no added value when associated with C. pomonella granulovirus treatments.\ud
CONCLUSION\ud
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Foliar applications of microdoses of sucrose every 20 days in commercial orchards can partially protect against the codling moth. Its addition to thiacloprid increases the efficacy in integrated control strategies, contrary to C. pomonella granulovirus treatments. This work opens a route for the development of new biocontrol strategies
Genetic variation in target-site resistance to pyrethroids and pirimicarb in Tunisian populations of the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae (sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Charaabi, K., Boukhris-Bouhachem, S., Makni, M., Fenton, B. and Denholm, I. (2016), 'Genetic variation in target-site resistance to pyrethroids and pirimicarb in Tunisian populations of the peach potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)', Pest. Manag. Sci., 72: 2313???2320, which has been published in final form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.4276. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.BACKGROUND We used molecular assays to diagnose resistance to pyrethroids and pirimicarb in samples of Myzus persicae from field crops or an insect suction trap in Tunisia. Genotypes for resistance loci were related to ones for polymorphic microsatellite loci in order to investigate breeding systems and patterns of genetic diversity, and to inform resistance management tactics. RESULTS The kdr mutation L1014F conferring pyrethroid resistance was found in all samples. The M918T s-kdr mutation also occurred in most samples, but only in conjunction with kdr. We discovered a previously unreported genotype heterozygous for L1014F but homozygous for M918T. Samples with modified acetylcholinesterase (MACE) conferring resistance to pirimicarb were less common but widespread. 16% of samples contained both the kdr and MACE mutations. Many unique microsatellite genotypes were found, suggesting that M. persicae is holocyclic in Tunisia. There were no consistent associations between resistance and microsatellite markers. CONCLUSION This first study of insecticide resistance in M. persicae in North Africa showed genetic variation in insecticide resistance within microsatellite multilocus genotypes (MLGMs) and the same resistance mechanisms to be present in different MLGMs. This contrasts with variation in northern Europe where M. persicae is fully anholocyclic. Implications for selection and control strategies are discussed. ?? 2016 Society of Chemical Industr