pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Sealing the fate of a fourth generation of fermions

The search for the effects of heavy fermions in the extension of the Standard
Model with a fourth generation is part of the experimental program of the
Tevatron and LHC experiments. Besides being directly produced, these states
affect drastically the production and decay properties of the Higgs boson. In
this note, we first reemphasize the known fact that in the case of a light and
long-lived fourth neutrino, the present collider searches do not permit to
exclude a Higgs boson with a mass below the WW threshold. In a second step, we
show that the recent results from the ATLAS and CMS collaborations which
observe an excess in the $\gamma \gamma$ and $4\ell^\pm$ search channels
corresponding to a Higgs boson with a mass $M_H \approx 125$ GeV, cannot rule
out the fourth generation possibility if the $H \to \gamma \gamma$ decay rate
is evaluated when naively implementing the leading ${\cal O}(G_F m_{f'}^2)$
electroweak corrections. Including the exact next-to-leading order electroweak
corrections leads to a strong suppression of the $H \to \gamma \gamma$ rate and
makes this channel unobservable with present data. Finally, we point out that
the observation by the Tevatron collaborations of a $\gsim 2\sigma$ excess in
the mass range $M_H = 115$-135 GeV in the channel $q\bar q \to WH \to Wb\bar b$
can definitely not be accommodated by the fourth generation fermion scenario.
All in all, if the excesses observed at the LHC and the Tevatron are indeed due
to a Higgs boson, they unambiguously exclude the perturbative fermionic fourth
generation case. In passing, we also point out that the Tevatron excess
definitely rules out the fermiophobic Higgs scenario as well as scenarios in
which the Higgs couplings to gauge bosons and bottom quarks are significantly
reduced.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures; Discussion of the recent Higgs results in a Note
  adde
Study of the rare B0s and B0 decays into the π+π−μ+μ− final state

See paper for full list of authors - Submitted to Phys. Lett. BInternational audienceA search for the rare decays B0s→π+π−μ+μ− and B0→π+π−μ+μ− is performed in a data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.0 fb−1 collected by the LHCb detector in proton-proton collisions at centre-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV. Decay candidates with pion pairs that have invariant mass in the range 0.5-1.3 GeV/c2 and with muon pairs that do not originate from a resonance are considered. The first observation of the decay B0s→π+π−μ+μ− and the first evidence of the decay B0→π+π−μ+μ− are obtained and the branching fractions are measured to be B(B0s→π+π−μ+μ−)=(8.6±1.5(stat)±0.7(syst)±0.7(norm))×10−8 and B(B0→π+π−μ+μ−)=(2.11±0.51(stat)±0.15(syst)±0.16(norm))×10−8, where the third uncertainty is due to the branching fraction of the decay B0→J/ψ(→μ+μ−)K∗(890)0(→K+π−), used as a normalisation
Non-adiabatic effects within a single thermally-averaged potential
  energy surface: Thermal expansion and reaction rates of small molecules

At non-zero temperature and when a system has low-lying excited electronic
states, the ground-state Born--Oppenheimer approximation breaks down and the
low-lying electronic states are involved in any chemical process. In this work,
we use a temperature-dependent effective potential for the nuclei which can
accomodate the influence of an arbitrary number of electronic states in a
simple way, while at the same time producing the correct Boltzmann equibrium
distribution for the electronic part. With the help of this effective
potential, we show that thermally-activated low-lying electronic states can
have a significant effect in molecular properties for which electronic
excitations are oftentimes ignored. We study the thermal expansion of the
Manganese dimer, Mn$_2$, where we find that the average bond length experiences
a change larger than the present experimental accuracy upon the inclusion of
the excited states into the picture. We also show that, when these states are
taken into account, reaction rate constants are modified. In particular, we
study the opening of the ozone molecule, O$_3$, and show that in this case the
rate is modified as much as a 20% with respect to the ground-state
Born--Oppenheimer prediction.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figure
Very Large Telescope observations of Gomez’s Hamburger:   Insights into a young protoplanet candidate

International audiencePlanets are thought to form in the gas and dust disks around young stars. In particular, it has been proposed that giant planets can form through the gravitational instability of massive extended disks around intermediate-mass stars. However, we still lack direct observations to constrain this mechanism. We have spatially resolved the 8.6 and 11.2 μm emission of a massive protoplanetary disk seen edge on around an A star, Gomez’s Hamburger (GoHam), using VISIR at the Very Large Telescope. A compact region situated at a projected distance of 350 ± 50 AU south of the central star is found to have a reduced emission. This asymmetry is fully consistent with the presence of a cold density structure, or clump, identified in earlier CO observations, and we derive physical characteristics consistent with those observations: a mass of 0.8−11.4 Jupiter masses (for a dust-to-gas mass ratio of 0.01), a radius of about 102 astronomical units, and a local density of about 107 cm-3. Based on this evidence, we argue that this clump, which we call GoHam b, is a promising candidate for a young protoplanet formed by gravitational instability that might be representative of the precursors of massive planets observed around A stars, such as HR 8799 or Beta pictoris. More detailed studies at high angular resolution are needed to better constrain the physical properties of this object to confirm this proposal
Immune cell Toll-like receptor 4 mediates the development of obesity- and endotoxemia-associated adipose tissue fibrosis.

International audienceAdipose tissue fibrosis development blocks adipocyte hypertrophy and favors ectopic lipid accumulation. Here, we show that adipose tissue fibrosis is associated with obesity and insulin resistance in humans and mice. Kinetic studies in C3H mice fed a high-fat diet show activation of macrophages and progression of fibrosis along with adipocyte metabolic dysfunction and death. Adipose tissue fibrosis is attenuated by macrophage depletion. Impairment of Toll-like receptor 4 signaling protects mice from obesity-induced fibrosis. The presence of a functional Toll-like receptor 4 on adipose tissue hematopoietic cells is necessary for the initiation of adipose tissue fibrosis. Continuous low-dose infusion of the Toll-like receptor 4 ligand, lipopolysaccharide, promotes adipose tissue fibrosis. Ex vivo, lipopolysaccharide-mediated induction of fibrosis is prevented by antibodies against the profibrotic factor TGFβ1. Together, these results indicate that obesity and endotoxemia favor the development of adipose tissue fibrosis, a condition associated with insulin resistance, through immune cell Toll-like receptor 4
Clouds, filaments, and protostars: The Herschel Hi-GAL Milky Way

We present the first results from the science demonstration phase for the Hi-GAL survey, the Herschel key program that will map the inner Galactic plane of the Milky Way in 5 bands. We outline our data reduction strategy and present some science highlights on the two observed 2° × 2° tiles approximately centered at l = 30° and l = 59°. The two regions are extremely rich in intense and highly structured extended emission which shows a widespread organization in filaments. Source SEDs can be built for hundreds of objects in the two fields, and physical parameters can be extracted, for a good fraction of them where the distance could be estimated. The compact sources (which we will call cores' in the following) are found for the most part to be associated with the filaments, and the relationship to the local beam-averaged column density of the filament itself shows that a core seems to appear when a threshold around AV ~ 1 is exceeded for the regions in the l = 59° field; a AV value between 5 and 10 is found for the l = 30° field, likely due to the relatively higher distances of the sources. This outlines an exciting scenario where diffuse clouds first collapse into filaments, which later fragment to cores where the column density has reached a critical level. In spite of core L/M ratios being well in excess of a few for many sources, we find core surface densities between 0.03 and 0.5 g cm-2. Our results are in good agreement with recent MHD numerical simulations of filaments forming from large-scale converging flows
Metabolic effects of TIO2 nanoparticles, a common component of sunscreens and cosmetics, on human keratinocytes

The long-term health risks of nanoparticles remain poorly understood, which is a serious concern given their prevalence in the environment from increased industrial and domestic use. The extent to which such compounds contribute to cellular toxicity is unclear, and although it is known that induction of oxidative stress pathways is associated with this process, the proteins and the metabolic pathways involved with nanoparticle-mediated oxidative stress and toxicity are largely unknown. To investigate this problem further, the effect of TiO2 on the HaCaT human keratinocyte cell line was examined. The data show that although TiO2 does not affect cell cycle phase distribution, nor cell death, these nanoparticles have a considerable and rapid effect on mitochondrial function. Metabolic analysis was performed to identify 268 metabolites of the specific pathways involved and 85 biochemical metabolites were found to be significantly altered, many of which are known to be associated with the cellular stress response. Importantly, the uptake of nanoparticles into the cultured cells was restricted to phagosomes, TiO2 nanoparticles did not enter into the nucleus or any other cytoplasmic organelle. No other morphological changes were detected after 24-h exposure consistent with a specific role of mitochondria in this response
Search for squarks and gluinos with the ATLAS detector in final states with jets and missing transverse momentum using s√=8 TeV proton--proton collision data

A search for squarks and gluinos in final states containing high-pT jets, missing
transverse momentum and no electrons or muons is presented. The data were recorded
in 2012 by the ATLAS experiment in √
s = 8 TeV proton-proton collisions at the Large
Hadron Collider, with a total integrated luminosity of 20.3 fb−1
. Results are interpreted in
a variety of simplified and specific supersymmetry-breaking models assuming that R-parity
is conserved and that the lightest neutralino is the lightest supersymmetric particle. An
exclusion limit at the 95% confidence level on the mass of the gluino is set at 1330 GeV for
a simplified model incorporating only a gluino and the lightest neutralino. For a simpli-
fied model involving the strong production of first- and second-generation squarks, squark
masses below 850 GeV (440 GeV) are excluded for a massless lightest neutralino, assuming
mass degenerate (single light-flavour) squarks. In mSUGRA/CMSSM models with
tan β = 30, A0 = −2m0 and µ > 0, squarks and gluinos of equal mass are excluded for
masses below 1700 GeV. Additional limits are set for non-universal Higgs mass models
with gaugino mediation and for simplified models involving the pair production of gluinos,
each decaying to a top squark and a top quark, with the top squark decaying to a charm
quark and a neutralino. These limits extend the region of supersymmetric parameter space
excluded by previous searches with the ATLAS detector.We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWF and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, DNSRC and Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark; EPLANET, ERC and NSRF, European Union; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNSF, Georgia; BMBF, DFG, HGF, MPG and AvH Foundation, Germany; GSRT and NSRF, Greece; ISF, MINERVA, GIF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; BRF and RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; GRICES and FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and ROSATOM, Russian Federation; JINR; MSTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SER, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; NSC, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America
WINGS-SPE III : equivalent width measurements, spectral properties, and evolution of local cluster galaxies

Context. Cluster galaxies are the ideal sites to look at when studying the influence of the environment on the various aspects of the evolution of galaxies, such as the changes in their stellar content and morphological transformations. In the framework of wings, the WIde-field Nearby Galaxy-cluster Survey, we have obtained optical spectra for similar to 6000 galaxies selected in fields centred on 48 local (0.04 < z < 0.07) X-ray selected clusters to tackle these issues. 
Aims. By classifying the spectra based on given spectral lines, we investigate the frequency of the various spectral types as a function of both the clusters' properties and the galaxies' characteristics. In this way, using the same classification criteria adopted for studies at higher redshift, we can consistently compare the properties of the local cluster population to those of their more distant counterparts. 
Methods. We describe a method that we have developed to automatically measure the equivalent width of spectral lines in a robust way, even in spectra with a non optimal signal-to-noise ratio. This way, we can derive a spectral classification reflecting the stellar content, based on the presence and strength of the [OII] and H delta lines. 
Results. After a quality check, we are able to measure 4381 of the similar to 6000 originally observed spectra in the fields of 48 clusters, of which 2744 are spectroscopically confirmed cluster members. The spectral classification is then analysed as a function of galaxies' luminosity, stellar mass, morphology, local density, and host cluster's global properties and compared to higher redshift samples (MORPHS and EDisCS). The vast majority of galaxies in the local clusters population are passive objects, being also the most luminous and massive. At a magnitude limit of M-V < -18, galaxies in a post-starburst phase represent only similar to 11% of the cluster population, and this fraction is reduced to similar to 5% at M-V < -19.5, which compares to the 18% at the same magnitude limit for high-z clusters. "Normal" star-forming galaxies (e(c)) are proportionally more common in local clusters. 
Conclusions. The relative occurrence of post-starbursts suggests a very similar quenching efficiency in clusters at redshifts in the 0 to similar to 1 range. Furthermore, more important than the global environment, the local density seems to be the main driver of galaxy evolution in local clusters at least with respect to their stellar populations content
Tracking Advanced Planetary Systems (TAPAS) with HARPS-N: II. Super Li-rich giant HD 107028

Astronomy and Astrophysics 581 (2015): A103 reproduced with permission from Astronomy & AstrophysicsContext. Lithium-rich giant stars are rare objects. For some of them, Li enrichment exceeds the abundance of this element found in solar system meteorites, suggesting that these stars have gone through a Li enhancement process. Aims. We identified a Li-rich giant HD 107028 with A(Li) > 3.3 in a sample of evolved stars observed within the PennState Toruń Planet Search. In this work we study different enhancement scenarios and we try to identify the one responsible for Li enrichment in HD 107028. Methods. We collected high-resolution spectra with three different instruments, covering different spectral ranges. We determined stellar parameters and abundances of selected elements with both equivalent width measurements and analysis, and spectral synthesis. We also collected multi-epoch high-precision radial velocities in an attempt to detect a companion. Results. Collected data show that HD 107028 is a star at the base of the red giant branch (RGB). Except for high Li abundance, we have not identified any other anomalies in its chemical composition, and there is no indication of a low-mass or stellar companion. We exclude Li production at the luminosity function bump on the RGB as the effective temperature and luminosity suggest that the evolutionary state is much earlier than the RGB bump. We also cannot confirm the Li enhancement by contamination as we do not observe any anomalies that are associated with this scenario. Conclusions. After evaluating various scenarios of Li enhancement we conclude that the Li-overabundance of HD 107028 originates from main-sequence evolution, and may be caused by diffusion processesM.A. acknowledges the Mobility+III fellowship from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education. M.A., A.N., B.D. and MiA were supported by the Polish National Science Centre grant No. UMO-2012/07/B/ST9/04415. E.V. acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad under grant AYA2013-45347P. K.K. was funded in part by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation’s Data-Driven Discovery Initiative through Grant GBMF456
Infections in skin cancer

The increasing prevalence of skin cancer results in that it will soon equal that of all other
cancers combined. Sun exposure is a well-known risk factor for its development, but
despite the growing public awareness of the harmful consequences of ultraviolet
radiation, the cancer incidence continues to increase, implying that other factors might
also have a role in promoting this disease.



Data from immunosuppressed patients reveals a 100-fold increased incidence of nonmelanoma skin carcinoma (NMSC), but an infectious etiology has not been established.
However, certain human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have previously been detected in this
type of cancer.



We applied high throughput sequencing to different skin lesions in order to assess which
organisms were present. Most viral reads (>95%) belonged to human papillomavirus.



Traditionally, viral detection was performed using PCR methods. We used degenerate
“general” HPV primers and multiplexed novel “specific” HPV primers in order to
amplify a broad number of HPVs by PCR. This method showed a very high sensitivity,
but the HPV types with low similarity to the primer sequences might have escaped
amplification. Therefore, we performed an unbiased approach based on non-PCR whole
genome amplification, independent of sequence information, in order to detect those
“escaping” HPV types, as well as to determine if other viruses were present in the
samples.



Overall, we identified almost 100 putative novel HPV types in total, and characterized 4
novel HPV types (HPV 197, 200, 201 and 202). Most of the HPV types were detected in
very few patients each, and at a very low viral load (below 0.5 copies/cell), except for
HPV 197, which was the most commonly found virus in skin tumors (37.4% of skin
lesions). Despite the higher sensitivity of PCR methods, the unbiased approach detected
HPV in 37/40 condyloma acuminata that had been reported as “HPV-negative” with
specific PCR techniques. Certain HPV types, including HPV 197, were not detected by
PCR and only by non-PCR based methods. Therefore, more unbiased PCR-independent
methods are needed to describe which organisms are most commonly present in skin
lesions.



The work in this thesis has expanded our knowledge of the wide genomic diversity of
HPV on the skin, and finds that PCR-independent methods are needed to describe which
organisms are most commonly present in skin lesions. Further studies are needed to assess
any possible role of viral infections in skin cancer, elucidation of mechanistic effects and
determine the direction of causality of any associations
23 GHz VLBI observations of SN 2008ax (Research Note)

We report on phase-referenced 23 GHz Very-Long-Baseline-Interferometry (VLBI) observations of the type IIb supernova SN 2008ax, made with the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) on 2 April 2008 (33 days after explosion). These observations resulted in a marginal detection of the supernova. The total flux density recovered from our VLBI image is 0.8 ± 0.3 mJy (one standard deviation). As it appears, the structure may be interpreted as either a core-jet or a double source. However, the supernova structure could be somewhat confused with a possible close by noise peak. In such a case, the recovered flux density would decrease to 0.48 ± 0.12 mJy, compatible with the flux densities measured with the VLA at epochs close in time to our VLBI observations. The lowest average expansion velocities derived from our observations are (1.90 ± 0.30) × 105 km s−1 (case of a double source) and (5.2 ± 1.3) × 104 km s−1 (taking the weaker source component as a spurious, close by, noise peak, which is the more likely interpretation). These velocities are 7.3 and 2 times higher, respectively, than the maximum ejecta velocity inferred from optical-line observations.i.marti-vidal@uv.es; marcaide@uv.es; guirado@uv.es; eros@uv.e
Search for a heavy Standard Model Higgs boson in the channel H→ZZ→llqq using the ATLAS detector

A search for a heavy Standard Model Higgs boson decaying via H -> ZZ -> l(+)l(-)q (q) over bar, where l = e, mu, is presented. The search is performed using a data set of pp collisions at root s = 7 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.04 fb(-1) collected in 2011 by the ATLAS detector at the CERN LHC collider. No significant excess of events above the estimated background is found. Upper limits at 95% confidence level on the production cross section (relative to that expected from the Standard Model) of a Higgs boson with a mass in the range between 200 and 600 GeV are derived. Within this mass range, there is at present insufficient sensitivity to exclude a Standard Model Higgs boson. For a Higgs boson with a mass of 360 GeV, where the sensitivity is maximal, the observed and expected cross section upper limits are factors of 1.7 and 2.7, respectively, larger than the Standard Model prediction
Cornering diphoton resonance models at the LHC.

We explore the ability of the high luminosity LHC to test models which can explain the 750 GeV diphoton excess. We focus on a wide class of models where a 750 GeV singlet scalar couples to Standard Model gauge bosons and quarks, as well as dark matter. Including both gluon and photon fusion production mechanisms, we show that LHC searches in channels correlated with the diphoton signal will be able to probe wide classes of diphoton models with  LL  ∼ 3000 fb−1 of data. Furthermore, models in which the scalar is a portal to the dark sector can be cornered with as little as  LL  ∼ 30 fb−1