pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
The nature and prevalence of inter-organizational project ventures : evidence from a large scale field study in the Netherlands 2006-2009

There has recently been noted a rapid increase in research attention to projects that involve outside partners. Our knowledge of such inter-organizational projects, however, is limited. This paper reports large scale data from a repeated trend survey amongst 2000 SMEs in 2006 and 2009 that focused on inter-organizational project ventures. Our major findings indicate that the overall prevalence of inter-organizational project ventures remained significant and stable over time, even despite the economic crisis. Moreover, we find that these ventures predominantly solve repetitive rather than unique tasks and are embedded in prior relations between the partnering organizations. These findings provide empirical support for the recent claims that project management should pay more attention to inter-organizational forms of project organization, and suggest that the archetypical view of projects as being unique in every respect should be reconsidered. Both have important implications for project management, especially in the area of project-based learning
A human endogenous retroviral superantigen as candidate autoimmune gene in type I diabetes.

Microbial superantigens (SAGs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of human autoimmune diseases. Preferential expansion of the Vveta7 T cell receptor positive T cell subset in patients suffering from acute-onset type I diabetes has indicated the presence of a surface membrane-bound SAG. Here, we have isolated a novel mouse mammary tumor virus-related human endogenous retrovirus. We further show that the N-terminal moiety of the envelope gene encodes an MHC class II-dependent SAG. We propose that expression of this SAG, induced in extrapancreatic and professional antigen-presenting cells, leads to beta-cell destruction via the systemic activation of autoreactive T cells. The SAG encoded by this novel retrovirus thus constitutes a candidate autoimmune gene in type I diabetes
Evolution of Tax Evasion

In this paper we analyze a tax evasion game with taxpayer learning by
imitation. If the authority commits to a fixed auditing probability, a positive
share of cheating is obtained in equilibrium. This stands in contrast to the
existing literature that yields full compliance of audited taxpayer who are
rational, have a lot of information and thus do not need to interact. When
the authority adjusts auditing probability every period, cycling in cheating-auditing
occurs. Thus, the real life phenomenon of compliance fluctuations is
explained within the model rather than by exogenous parameter shifts.
The welfare cost of one-size-fits-all patent protection

To analyze the welfare gain from allowing for differentiated patent protection across sectors, this study develops a two-sector quality-ladder growth model in which patent breadth is a policy variable and derives optimal patent breadth under two patent regimes. We show that (a) uniform optimal patent breadth is a weighted average of sector-specific optimal patent breadth, and (b) sector-specific optimal patent breadth is larger in the sector that has a larger market size and more technological opportunities. To derive the optimal policy, we allow for an arbitrary path of patent breadth and derive the optimal path by solving a Stackelberg differential game. We find that the optimal path of patent breadth under each patent regime is stationary, time-consistent and subgame perfect. Finally, we perform a numerical investigation and find that even a moderate degree of asymmetry across sectors can generate a significant welfare cost of uniform patent protection.
Gibrat’s Law for Cities Revisited

The aim of this work is to test empirically the validity of Gibrat’s Law in the growth of cities, using data for all the twentieth century of the complete distribution of cities (without any size restrictions) in three countries: the US, Spain and Italy. For this we use different techniques. First panel data unit root tests confirm the validity of Gibrat’s Law in the upper tail distribution and, second, we find evidence in favour of a weak Gibrat's Law (size affects the variance of the growth process but not its mean) when using non-parametric methods which relate the growth rate to city size. Moreover, the lognormal distribution works as a good description of city size distribution all over the century when no truncation point is considered.
INTEGRAL-ISGRI observations of the Cygnus OB2 region: Searching for hard X-ray point sources in a region containing several non-thermal emitting massive stars

Aims. We analyze INTEGRAL-ISGRI data in order to probe the hard X-ray emission (above 20 keV) from point sources in the Cyg OB2 region and to investigate the putative non-thermal high-energy emission from early-type stars (Wolf-Rayet and O-type stars). Among the targets located in the field of view, we focus on the still unidentified EGRET source 3EG 2033+4118 that may be related to massive stars known to produce non-thermal emission in the radio domain, and on the wide colliding-wind binary WR 140. Methods. Using a large set of data obtained with the IBIS-ISGRI imager onboard INTEGRAL, we run the OSA software package in order to find point sources in the fully coded field of view of the instrument. Results. Our data do not allow the detection of a lower-energy counterpart of 3EG J2033+4118 nor of any other new point sources in the field of view, and we derive upper limits on the high-energy flux for a few targets: 3EG J2033+4118, TeV J2032+4130, WR 140, WR 146 and WR 147. The results are discussed in the context of the multiwavelength investigation of these objects. Conclusions. The upper limits derived are valuable constraints for models aimed at understanding the acceleration of particles in non-thermal emitting massive stars, and of the still unidentified very-high gamma-ray source TeV J2032+4130.Fil: de Becker, M.. Universite de Liege; BélgicaFil: Rauw. G.. Universite de Liege; BélgicaFil: Pittard, J. M.. The University of Leeds; Reino UnidoFil: Sana, H.. European Southern Observatory; ChileFil: Stevens, I. R.. University of Birmingham; Reino UnidoFil: Romero, Gustavo Esteban. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomia; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas; Argentin
The Rotterdam study : 2018 update on objectives, design and main results

The Rotterdam Study is a prospective cohort study ongoing since 1990 in the city of Rotterdam in The Netherlands. The study targets cardiovascular, endocrine, hepatic, neurological, ophthalmic, psychiatric, dermatological, otolaryngological, locomotor, and respiratory diseases. As of 2008, 14,926 subjects aged 45 years or over comprise the Rotterdam Study cohort. Since 2016, the cohort is being expanded by persons aged 40 years and over. The findings of the Rotterdam Study have been presented in over 1500 research articles and reports (see www. erasmus-epidemiology.nl/rotterdamstudy). This article gives the rationale of the study and its design. It also presents a summary of the major findings and an update of the objectives and methods
What makes SMEs more likely to collaborate? Analysing the role of regional policy

The last twenty years have witnessed the diffusion of regional innovation policies supporting networks of innovators. The underlying aim of these policies is to encourage firms, particularly SMEs, to undertake collaborations with organisations possessing complementary knowledge. Focusing on a set of SMEs that have participated, over time, in several innovation networks funded by the same regional government, the paper investigates how their relationships have evolved with respect to the following aspects: (i) reiteration of pre-existing relationships as opposed to experimentation of new relationships; (ii) collaboration with organisations possessing complementary rather than similar knowledge and competencies; (iii) creation of local relationships rather than experimentation of extra-local collaborations; (iv) reliance upon intermediaries to connect with other organisations. Our findings reveal that the involvement in these policy-supported networks changed the firms’ relational patterns, leading them to collaborate with a wider variety of agents than those with whom they were linked before the policies. Sectoral heterogeneity had a negative effect on the probability to collaborate, while co-localisation increased the likelihood to collaborate. Mutual involvement with intermediaries also had a positive effect. However, in the case of firm-to-university relationships only specialized intermediaries were likely to perform a positive role and, therefore, encourage networking
The Potentials of Student Initiated Netspeak in a Middle Primary Science-inspired Multiliteracies Project

There is no denying that the information technology revolution of the late twentieth century has arrived. Whilst not equitably accessible for many, others hold high expectations for the contributions online activity will make to student learning outcomes. Concurrently, and not necessarily consequentially, the number of science and technology secondary school and university graduates throughout the world has declined substantially, as has their motivation and engagement with school science (OECD 2006). The aim of this research paper is to explore one aspect of online activity, that of forum-based netspeak (Crystal 2006), in relation to the possibilities and challenges it provides for forms of scientific learning. This paper reports findings from a study investigating student initiated netspeak in a science inspired multiliteracies (New London Group 2000) project in one middle primary (aged 7–10 years) multi-age Australian classroom. Drawing on the theoretical description of the five phases of enquiry proposed by Bybee (1997), an analytic framework is proffered that allows identification of student engagement, exploration, explanation, elaboration and evaluation of scientific enquiry. The findings provide insight into online forums for advancing learning in, and motivation for, science in the middle primary years.Full Tex
Coresidence with a child and happiness among older widows in Europe: Does gender of the child matter?

Both coresidence patterns and the reported well-being of older people vary widely across Europe for a variety of economic, cultural, and historical factors. We investigate how far 2 indicators of well-being, happiness and life satisfaction, vary according to whether or not older women live with their children and, in particular, with son(s) or daughters(s). We compare outcomes for women who are unpartnered widows, the great majority of whom will have had children, so those with and without coresident children may be compared. We use data for 34 countries in Europe by combining 7 waves of the European Social Survey for the period 2002–2014 (N = 18,500). We control for a range of other variables known to be associated with well-being including health status, socioeconomic position, and social support. Results show that widows living with a child were happier than those living without a child (generally alone) but that in Eastern and Southern Europe it was only living with a daughter that had this positive effect. Older age was associated with higher levels of happiness and life satisfaction. Other associations, and regional differences, were as expected with lower levels of happiness in Eastern Europe and for those with poorer health and fewer social resources. These findings indicate the important influence of contextual factors on associations between living arrangements and the well-being of older people and a need for further work on possible negative impacts of living alone on the well-being of older Europeans
Fish canning wastewater treatment by activated sludge: Application of factorial design optimization. Biological treatment by activated sludge of fish canning wastewater.

The optimization of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and initial organic matter concentration for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) abatement of wastewater from a fish canning industry of northern Portugal by activated sludge was investigated using response surface methodology (RSM). The two parameters were chosen since it was found that the treatment efficiency is mainly influenced by them. The experimental data on DOC r emoval were fitted into a quadratic polynomial model using factorial design and RSM. The optimum process conditions were determined by analyzing the response surface of a three-dimensional plot and by solving the regression model equation. The obtained results showed a HRT of 6.4. h and an initial DOC of 406.2. mg/L as the best treatment conditions. Under these conditions, the maximum predicted DOC removal was 88.0%, confirming the feasibility and the reliability of fish canning wastewater treatment by activated sludge for organic content removal.This work is partially supported by project PEst-C/EQB/LA0020/2011, financed byFEDER through
COMPETE – Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade and by FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a
Tecnologia and by project Valor Peixe – Valorização de Subprodutos e Águas Residuais da Indústria de
Conservas de Peixe, projectinco-promotion I&DTQREN, No.13634, financed by FEDER through POFC –
Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade for which the authors are thankful.The authors
also wish to thank the cannery in study for wastewater samples.Authors also thank FCT for the Post-
doc Scholarship (SFRH/BPD/81564/2011).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Search for microscopic black holes in pp collisions at s√=8 TeV

A search for microscopic black holes and string balls is presented, based on a data sample of pp collisions at s√=8 TeV recorded by the CMS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 12 fb−1. No excess of events with energetic multiparticle final states, typical of black hole production or of similar new physics processes, is observed. Given the agreement of the observations with the expected standard model background, which is dominated by QCD multijet production, 95% confidence level limits are set on the production of semiclassical or quantum black holes, or of string balls, corresponding to the exclusions of masses below 4.3 to 6.2 TeV, depending on model assumptions. In addition, model-independent limits are set on new physics processes resulting in energetic multiparticle final states
Opportunism and diversification : entrepreneurship and livelihood strategies in uncertain times.

As economic crisis deepens across Europe people are forced to find innovative strategies to accommodate circumstances of chronic uncertainty. Even with a second multi-billion euro bailout package secured for Greece, the prospects of a sustainable recovery in the near future look bleak. However, crisis has also created dynamic spaces for entrepreneurial opportunism and diversification resulting in social mobility, relocation, shifts in livelihood strategy and a burgeoning informal economy. Although economic systems are currently undergoing radical reassessment, social demands such as competitive consumption remain. Opportunities for investment in renewable energy programmes, especially photovoltaics, are also pervasive. By considering cases of business opportunism and livelihood diversification in relation to Max Weber's concept of wertrational and notions of uncertainty, this article brings new perspectives to strategies of negotiating the worst economic crisis in living memory
CANGAROO-III Observation of TeV Gamma Rays from the vicinity of PSR B1
  706-44

Observation by the CANGAROO-III stereoscopic system of the Imaging Cherenkov
Telescope has detected extended emission of TeV gamma rays in the vicinity of
the pulsar PSR B1706$-$44. The strength of the signal observed as
gamma-ray-like events varies when we apply different ways of emulating
background events. The reason for such uncertainties is argued in relevance to
gamma-rays embedded in the "off-source data", that is, unknown sources and
diffuse emission in the Galactic plane, namely, the existence of a complex
structure of TeV gamma-ray emission around PSR B1706$-$44.Comment: 10 pages, 13 figures, to be published in Ap
The QUaD Galactic Plane Survey 1: Maps And Analysis of Diffuse Emission

We present a survey of ~800 square degrees of the galactic plane observed
with the QUaD telescope. The primary product of the survey are maps of Stokes
I, Q and U parameters at 100 and 150 GHz, with spatial resolution 5 and 3.5
arcminutes respectively. Two regions are covered, spanning approximately
245-295 and 315-5 degrees in galactic longitude l, and -4<b<+4 degrees in
galactic latitude b. At 0.02 degree square pixel size, the median sensitivity
is 74 and 107 kJy/sr at 100 GHz and 150 GHz respectively in I, and 98 and 120
kJy/sr for Q and U. In total intensity, we find an average spectral index of
2.35+/-0.01 (stat) +/- 0.02 (sys) for |b|<1 degree, indicative of emission
components other than thermal dust. A comparison to published dust, synchrotron
and free-free models implies an excess of emission in the 100 GHz QUaD band,
while better agreement is found at 150 GHz. A smaller excess is observed when
comparing QUaD 100 GHz data to WMAP 5-year W band; in this case the excess is
likely due to the wider bandwidth of QUaD. Combining the QUaD and WMAP data, a
two-component spectral fit to the inner galactic plane (|b|<1 degree) yields
mean spectral indices of -0.32 +/- 0.03 and 2.84 +/- 0.03; the former is
interpreted as a combination of the spectral indices of synchrotron, free-free
and dust, while the second is attributed largely to the thermal dust continuum.
In the same galactic latitude range, the polarization data show a high degree
of alignment perpendicular to the expected galactic magnetic field direction,
and exhibit mean polarization fraction 1.38+/-0.08 (stat) +/-0.1 (sys) % at 100
GHz and 1.70 +/- 0.06 (stat) +/- 0.1 (sys) % at 150GHz. We find agreement in
polarization fraction between QUaD 100 GHz and WMAP W band, the latter giving
1.1 +/- 0.4 %.Comment: 19 pages, 21 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ; new revision
  includes tests of spectral line contribution. The maps analyzed in this paper
  are available for public download at
  http://find.spa.umn.edu/quad/quad_galactic
Dynamical Ne K Edge and Line Variations in the X-Ray Spectrum of the
  Ultra-compact Binary 4U 0614+091

We observed the ultra-compact binary candidate 4U 0614+091 for a total of 200
ksec with the high-energy transmission gratings onboard the \chandra X-ray
Observatory. The source is found at various intensity levels with spectral
variations present. X-ray luminosities vary between 2.0$\times10^{36}$ \ergsec
and 3.5$\times10^{36}$ \ergsec. Continuum variations are present at all times
and spectra can be well fit with a powerlaw component, a high kT blackbody
component, and a broad line component near oxygen. The spectra require
adjustments to the Ne K edge and in some occasions also to the Mg K edge. The
Ne K edge appears variable in terms of optical depths and morphology. The edge
reveals average blue- and red-shifted values implying Doppler velocities of the
order of 3500 \kms. The data show that Ne K exhibits excess column densities of
up to several 10$^{18}$ cm$^{-2}$. The variability proves that the excess is
intrinsic to the source. The correponding disk velocities also imply an outer
disk radius of the order of $< 10^9$ cm consistent with an ultra-compact binary
nature. We also detect a prominent soft emission line complex near the \oviii
L$\alpha$ position which appears extremely broad and relativistic effects from
near the innermost disk have to be included. Gravitationally broadened line
fits also provide nearly edge-on angles of inclination between 86 and
89$^{\circ}$. The emissions appear consistent with an ionized disk with
ionization parameters of the order of 10$^4$ at radii of a few 10$^7$ cm. The
line wavelengths with respect to \oviiia\ are found variably blue-shifted
indicating more complex inner disk dynamics.Comment: 24 pages, 8 figures, submitted to the Astrophyscial Main Journa
The exposure of the hybrid detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Pierre Auger Observatory is a detector for ultra-high energy cosmic rays.
It consists of a surface array to measure secondary particles at ground level
and a fluorescence detector to measure the development of air showers in the
atmosphere above the array. The "hybrid" detection mode combines the
information from the two subsystems. We describe the determination of the
hybrid exposure for events observed by the fluorescence telescopes in
coincidence with at least one water-Cherenkov detector of the surface array. A
detailed knowledge of the time dependence of the detection operations is
crucial for an accurate evaluation of the exposure. We discuss the relevance of
monitoring data collected during operations, such as the status of the
fluorescence detector, background light and atmospheric conditions, that are
used in both simulation and reconstruction.Comment: Paper accepted by Astroparticle Physic
On the structure and probabilistic interpretation of Askey-Wilson
  densities and polynomials with complex parameters

We give equivalent forms of the Askey-Wilson polynomials expressing them with
the help of the Al-Salam-Chihara polynomials. After restricting parameters of
the Askey-Wilson polynomials to complex conjugate pairs we expand the
Askey-Wilson weight function in the series similar to the Poisson-Mehler
expansion formula and give its probabilistic interpretation. In particular this
result can be used to calculate explicit forms of 'q-Hermite' moments of the
Askey-Wilson density, hence enabling calculation of all moments of the
Askey-Wilson density. On the way (by setting certain parameter q to 0) we get
some formulae useful in the rapidly developing so called 'free probability'
Highly polarized structures in the near-nuclear regions of Cygnus A:
  intrinsic anisotropy within the cones?

We present near-IR imaging polarimetry observations of the nucleus of Cygnus
A, taken with the NICMOS camera of the HST at a wavelength of 2.0 microns.These
maps reveal a highly collimated region of polarized emission straddling the
nucleus and extending to a radius of 1.2 arcseconds. Remarkably, this feature
coincides with one, but only one, limb of the edge-brightened bicone structure
seen in the total intensity image. The high degree (P_k ~ 25%) and orientation
of the extended polarization feature are consistent with a scattering origin.
Most plausibly, the detection of polarization along only one limb of the bicone
is a consequence of intrinsic anisotropy of the near-IR continuum within the
radiation cones, with the direction of maximum intensity of the near-IR
radiation field significantly displaced from the direction of the radio axis.
The unresolved nuclear core source is also highly polarized (P_k > 28%), with a
position angle close to the perpendicular to the radio axis. Given that this
high degree of nuclear polarization can only be explained in terms of dichroic
extinction if the dichroic mechanism is unusually efficient in Cygnus A, it is
more likely that the nuclear polarization is due to the scattering of nuclear
light in an unresolved scattering region close to the AGN. In this case, the
flux of the core source in the K-band is dominated by scattered rather than
transmitted quasar light, and previous extinction estimates based on K-band
photometry of the core substantially underestimate the true nuclear extinction.Comment: 12 pages, 1 figure, to be published in MNRA