pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
The Herschel exploitation of local galaxy Andromeda (HELGA), I : global far-infrared and sub-mm morphology

Context. We have obtained Herschel images at five wavelengths from 100 to 500 mu m of a similar to 5.5 x 2.5 degree area centred on the local galaxy M31 (Andromeda), our nearest neighbour spiral galaxy, as part of the Herschel guaranteed time project "HELGA". The main goals of HELGA are to study the characteristics of the extended dust emission, focusing on larger scales than studied in previous observations of Andromeda at an increased spatial resolution, and the obscured star formation. 
Aims. In this paper we present data reduction and Herschel maps, and provide a description of the far-infrared morphology, comparing it with features seen at other wavelengths. 
Methods. We used high-resolution maps of the atomic hydrogen, fully covering our fields, to identify dust emission features that can be associated to M31 with confidence, distinguishing them from emission coming from the foreground Galactic cirrus. 
Results. Thanks to the very large extension of our maps we detect, for the first time at far-infrared wavelengths, three arc-like structures extending out to similar to 21, similar to 26 and similar to 31 kpc respectively, in the south-western part of M31. The presence of these features, hosting similar to 2.2 x 10(6) M-circle dot of dust, is safely confirmed by their detection in HI maps. Overall, we estimate a total dust mass of similar to 5.8 x 107 M-circle dot, about 78% of which is contained in the two main ring-like structures at 10 and 15 kpc, at an average temperature of 16.5 K. We find that the gas-to-dust ratio declines exponentially as a function of the galacto-centric distance, in agreement with the known metallicity gradient, with values ranging from 66 in the nucleus to similar to 275 in the outermost region. 
Conclusions. Dust in M31 extends significantly beyond its optical radius (similar to 21 kpc) and what was previously mapped in the farinfrared. An annular-like segment, located approximately at R-25, is clearly detected on both sides of the galaxy, and two other similar annular structures are undoubtedly detected on the south-west side even further out
The Herschel exploitation of local galaxy Andromeda (HELGA), IV : dust scaling relations at sub-kpc resolution

Context. Dust and stars play a complex game of interactions in the interstellar medium and around young stars. The imprints of these processes are visible in scaling relations between stellar characteristics, star formation parameters, and dust properties. 
Aims. In the present work, we aim to examine dust scaling relations on a sub-kpc resolution in the Andromeda galaxy (M 31). The goal is to investigate the properties of M 31 on both a global and local scale and compare them to other galaxies of the local universe. 
Methods. New Herschel observations are combined with available data from GALEX, SDSS, WISE, and Spitzer to construct a dataset covering UV to submm wavelengths. All images were brought to the beam size and pixel grid of the SPIRE 500 mu m frame. This divides M 31 in 22437 pixels of 36 arcseconds in size on the sky, corresponding to physical regions of 137 x 608 pc in the galaxy's disk. A panchromatic spectral energy distribution was modelled for each pixel and maps of the physical quantities were constructed. Several scaling relations were investigated, focussing on the interactions of dust with starlight. 
Results. We find, on a sub-kpc scale, strong correlations between M-dust/M-star and NUV-r, and between M-dust/M-star and mu(star), (the stellar mass surface density). Striking similarities with corresponding relations based on integrated galaxies are found. We decompose M 31 in four macro-regions based on their far-infrared morphology; the bulge, inner disk, star forming ring, and the outer disk region. In the scaling relations, all regions closely follow the galaxy-scale average trends and behave like galaxies of different morphological types. The specific star formation characteristics we derive for these macro-regions give strong hints of an inside-out formation of the bulge-disk geometry, as well as an internal downsizing process. Within each macro-region, however, a great diversity in individual micro-regions is found, regardless of the properties of the macro-regions. Furthermore, we confirm that dust in the bulge of M 31 is heated only by the old stellar populations. 
Conclusions. In general, the local dust scaling relations indicate that the dust content in M 31 is maintained by a subtle interplay of past and present star formation. The similarity with galaxy-based relations strongly suggests that they are in situ correlations, with underlying processes that must be local in nature
Rational Hausdorff Divisors: a New approach to the Approximate Parametrization of Curves

This is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in  Computational and Applied  Mathematics. Changes resulting from the publishing process,\ud
such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and\ud
other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document.\ud
Changes may have been made to this work\ud
since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was\ud
subsequently published in  Computational and Applied Mathematics 263\ud
(2014), pp. 445-465. DOI: 10.1016/j.cam.2013.12.052In this paper we introduce the notion of rational Hausdor  divisor, we analyze\ud
the dimension and irreducibility of its associated linear system of curves, and we\ud
prove that all irreducible real curves belonging to the linear system are rational\ud
and are at  nite Hausdor  distance among them. As a consequence, we provide\ud
a projective linear subspace where all (irreducible) elements are solutions to the\ud
approximate parametrization problem for a given algebraic plane curve. Further-\ud
more, we identify the linear system with a plane curve that is shown to be rational\ud
and we develop algorithms to parametrize it analyzing its  elds of parametriza-\ud
tion. Therefore, we present a generic answer to the approximate parametrization\ud
problem. In addition, we introduce the notion of Hausdor  curve, and we prove\ud
that every irreducible Hausdor  curve can always be parametrized with a generic\ud
rational parametrization having coe cients depending on as many parameters\ud
as the degree of the input curve
Measurement of the centrality dependence of the charged particle pseudorapidity distribution in lead-lead collisions at √s NN=2.76 TeV with the ATLAS detector

Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, sólo se referencian el nombre del que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si le hubiere y los autores que firman como pertenecientes a la UAMThe ATLAS experiment at the LHC has measured the centrality dependence of charged particle pseudorapidity distributions over |η| < 2 in lead–lead collisions at a nucleon–nucleon centre-of-mass energy of √ sNN = 2.76 TeV. In order to include particles with transverse momentum as low as 30 MeV, the data were recorded with the central solenoid magnet off. Charged particles were reconstructed with two algorithms (2-point “tracklets” and full tracks) using information from the pixel detector only. The lead–lead collision centrality was characterized by the total transverse energy in the forward calorimeter in the range 3.2 < |η| < 4.9. Measurements are presented of the per-event charged particle pseudorapidity distribution, dNch/dη, and the average charged particle multiplicity in the pseudorapidity interval |η| < 0.5 in several intervals of collision centrality. The results are compared to previous midrapidity measurements at the LHC and RHIC. The variation of the mid-rapidity charged particle yield per colliding nucleon pair with the number of participants is consistent with lower √ sNN results. The shape of the dNch/dη distribution is found to be independent of centrality within the systematic uncertainties of the measuremen
Calculating potentials of mean force and diffusion coefficients from nonequilibrium processes without Jarzynski's equality

doi:10.1063/1.2166379In general, the direct application of the Jarzynski equality (JE) to reconstruct potentials of mean force (PMFs) from a small number of nonequilibrium unidirectional steered molecular-dynamics (SMD) paths is hindered by the lack of sampling of extremely rare paths with negative dissipative work. Such trajectories that transiently violate the second law of thermodynamics are crucial for the validity of JE. As a solution to this daunting problem, we propose a simple and efficient method, referred to as the FR method, for calculating simultaneously both the PMF U(z) and the corresponding diffusion coefficient D(z) along a reaction coordinate z for a classical many-particle system by employing a small number of fast SMD pullings in both forward (F) and time reverse (R) directions, without invoking JE. By employing Crooks [ Phys. Rev. E 61, 2361 (2000) ] transient fluctuation theorem (that is more general than JE) and the stiff-spring approximation, we show that (i) the mean dissipative work mathd in the F and R pullings is the same, (ii) both U(z) and mathd can be expressed in terms of the easily calculable mean work of the F and R processes, and (iii) D(z) can be expressed in terms of the slope of mathd. To test its viability, the FR method is applied to determine U(z) and D(z) of single-file water molecules in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The obtained U(z) is found to be in very good agreement with the results from other PMF calculation methods, e.g., umbrella sampling. Finally, U(z) and D(z) are used as input in a stochastic model, based on the Fokker-Planck equation, for describing water transport through SWNTs on a mesoscopic time scale that in general is inaccessible to MD simulations.This work was supported in part by grants from the University of Missouri Research Board, the Institute for Theoretical Sciences, a joint institute of Notre Dame University and Argonne National Laboratory, the U.S. Department of
Energy, Office of Science through Contract No. W-31-109-ENG-38, and NSF through FIBR-0526854
A Crystal Chemical Approach to a Cation-Ordered Structure Model for Carbonate-Intercalated Layered Double Hydroxides

Layered double hydroxides comprise a stacking of positively charged metal hydroxide layers with anions and water molecules included in the interlayer galleries. Among the anions, the carbonate ion is the most ubiquitous in both mineral and laboratory synthesized phases. Taylor (1973) suggested that the carbonate ion (molecular symmetry D3h) prefers a trigonal prismatic interlayer site (local symmetry D3h), whereby the hydrogen bonding with the metal hydroxide layer is maximized. However, the cation ordered structure models of hexagonal symmetry include interlayer sites which are exclusively trigonal antiprisms (local symmetry D3d). In keeping with Taylor’s criterion, a hexagonal stacking of metal hydroxide layers does not permit the inclusion of carbonate ions in the interlayer. In this work, a crystal chemical approach is adopted based on the translationgleiche subgroups of hexagonal and cubic summits to arrive at a structure model based on the space group C2/m. In this structure, not only is the 3-fold symmetry of metal coordination retained, but also interlayer sites of ∼D3h symmetry are generated to host the intercalated carbonate ions. Using this model, the structures of a cohort of carbonate-intercalated layered double hydroxides are refined
VLTI-AMBER velocity-resolved aperture-synthesis imaging of Eta Carinae
  with a spectral resolution of 12000. Studies of the primary star wind and
  innermost wind-wind collision

Context. The mass loss from massive stars is not understood well. Eta Car is
a unique object for studying the massive stellar wind during the LBV phase. It
is also an eccentric binary with a period of 5.54 yr. The nature of both stars
is uncertain, although we know from X-ray studies that there is a wind-wind
collision whose properties change with orbital phase.
  Methods. Observations of Eta Car were carried out with the ESO VLTI and the
AMBER instrument between approximately five and seven months before the August
2014 periastron passage. Velocity-resolved aperture-synthesis images were
reconstructed from the spectrally dispersed interferograms. Interferometric
studies can provide information on the binary orbit, the primary wind, and the
wind collision.
  Results. We present velocity-resolved aperture-synthesis images reconstructed
in more than 100 different spectral channels distributed across the Br Gamma
2.166 micrometer emission line. The intensity distribution of the images
strongly depends on wavelength. At wavelengths corresponding to radial
velocities of approximately -140 to -376 km/s measured relative to line center,
the intensity distribution has a fan-shaped structure. At the velocity of -277
km/s, the position angle of the symmetry axis of the fan is ~ 126 degree. The
fan-shaped structure extends approximately 8.0 mas (~ 18.8 au) to the southeast
and 5.8 mas (~ 13.6 au) to the northwest, measured along the symmetry axis at
the 16% intensity contour. The shape of the intensity distributions suggests
that the obtained images are the first direct images of the innermost wind-wind
collision zone. Therefore, the observations provide velocity-dependent image
structures that can be used to test three-dimensional hydrodynamical, radiative
transfer models of the massive interacting winds of Eta Car
Energy Release Rate in hydraulic fracture: can we neglect an impact of
  the hydraulically induced shear stress?

A novel hydraulic fracture (HF) formulation is introduced which accounts for
the hydraulically induced shear stress at the crack faces. It utilizes a
general form of the elasticity operator alongside a revised fracture
propagation condition based on the critical value of the energy release rate.
It is shown that the revised formulation describes the underlying physics of HF
in a more accurate way and is in agreement with the asymptotic behaviour of the
linear elastic fracture mechanics. A number of numerical simulations by means
of the universal HF algorithm previously developed in Wrobel & Mishuris (2015)
are performed in order to: i) compare the modified HF formulation with its
classic counterpart and ii) investigate the peculiarities of the former.
Computational advantages of the revised HF model are demonstrated. Asymptotic
estimations of the main solution elements are provided for the cases of small
and large toughness. The modified formulation opens new ways to analyse the
physical phenomenon of HF and also improves the reliability and efficiency of
its numerical simulations.Comment: 33 pages, 18 Figure
The site of regulation of light capture in Symbiodinium: Does the peridinin-chlorophyll a-protein detach to regulate light capture?

Dinoflagellates from the genus Symbiodinium form symbiotic associations with cnidarians including corals and anemones. The photosynthetic apparatuses of these dinoflagellates possess a unique photosynthetic antenna system incorporating the peridininchlorophyll aprotein (PCP). It has been proposed that the appearance of a PCP-specific 77 K fluorescence emission band around 672675 nm indicates that high light treatment results in PCP dissociation from intrinsic membrane antenna complexes, blocking excitation transfer to the intrinsic membrane-bound antenna complexes, chlorophyll achlorophyll c2peridininprotein-complex (acpPC) and associated photosystems (Reynolds et al., 2008 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:1367413678).We have tested this model using time-resolved fluorescence decay kinetics in conjunction with global fitting to compare the timeevolution of the PCP spectral bands before and after high light exposure. Our results show that no long-lived PCP fluorescence emission components appear either before or after high light treatment, indicating that the efficiency of excitation transfer from PCP to membrane antenna systems remains efficient and rapid even after exposure to high light. The apparent increased relative emission at around 675 nmwas, instead, caused by strong preferential exciton quenching of the membrane antenna complexes associatedwith acpPC and reaction centers. This strong non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) is consistent with the activation of xanthophyll-associated quenching mechanisms and the generally-observed avoidance in nature of long-lived photoexcited states that can lead to oxidative damage. The acpPC component appears to be the most strongly quenched under high light exposure suggesting that it houses the photoprotective exciton quencher
Costing RTS,S Introduction in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Kenya, Senegal, Tanzania, and Uganda: A Generalizable Approach Drawing on Publicly Available Data.

Recent results from the phase 3 trial of RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine show that the vaccine induced partial protection against clinical malaria in infants and children; given the high burden of the disease it is currently considered for use in malaria endemic countries. To inform adoption decisions the paper proposes a generalizable methodology to estimate the cost of vaccine introduction using routinely collected and publicly available data from the cMYP, UNICEF, and WHO-CHOICE. Costing is carried out around a set of generic activities, assumptions, and inputs for delivery of immunization services adapted to a given country and deployment modality to capture among other factors the structure of the EPI program, distribution model, geography, and demographics particular to the setting. The methodology is applied to estimate the cost of RTS,S introduction in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Kenya, Senegal, Tanzania, and Uganda. At an assumed vaccine price of $5 per dose and given our assumptions on coverage and deployment strategy, we estimate total economic program costs for a 6-9 months cohort within $23.11-$28.28 per fully vaccinated child across the 6 countries. Net of procurement, costs at country level are substantial; for instance in Tanzania these could add as much as $4.2 million per year or an additional $2.4 per infant depending on the level of spare capacity in the system. Differences in cost of vaccine introduction across countries are primarily driven by differences in cost of labour. Overall estimates generated with the methodology result in costs within the ranges reported for other new vaccines introduced in SSA and capture multiple sources of heterogeneity in costs across countries. Further validation with data from field trials will support use of the methodology while also serving as a validation for cMYP and WHO-CHOICE as resources for costing health interventions in the region
Why don't poor men eat fruit? Socioeconomic differences in motivations for fruit consumption

Background. There are well-documented inequalities in food consumption, with those of lower socioeconomic status (SES) having less healthy diets than those of higher SES. This study aimed to assess the extent to which differences in motivations for particular foods might explain socioeconomic differences in self-reported food consumption. 
Methods. Participants (n=732) rated their frequency of consumption and explicit liking of  (enjoyment when consuming) fruit, cake and cheese. They also reported their motivations (e.g., health, hunger, price) for eating in general and related attributes associated with the investigated foods (healthiness, expected satiety and value for money). Participants were randomly assigned to complete an implicit liking task (Single Category Implicit Association Task) for one of the food categories. Analyses were conducted separately for each individual-level SES measure available (income, education, occupational group). 
Results. Lower SES and male participants reported eating less fruit, but no SES differences were found in consumption of cheese or cake. Analyses therefore focused on fruit consumption. In implicit liking analyses, results (for income and education) reflected the patterning seen in  consumption, with lower SES and male participants liking fruit less. In terms of explicit liking, no differences were found by SES. SES differences (all indicators) were found for usual eating motivations, with higher SES and female participants more likely to agree that health and weight control motivated their overall food choices, but lower SES participants more likely to report that price motivated their choices. Relating these to specific perceptions of fruit, no SES-based differences were found in perceived healthiness of fruit, while significant interactions (but not main effects) were found in analyses of expected satiety after eating fruit (for income and education) and perceived value for money of fruit (for income and education). Neither liking nor perceptions of fruit  were found to mediate the relationship between SES and frequency of fruit consumption. 
Conclusions. There is evidence for social patterning in motivation for food, but differences are  modified by the choice of implicit or explicit measures. Further work should clarify the extent to  which these motivations may be contributing to the social and gender patterning of diet quality.The study was funded by the Department of Health Policy Research Programme (Policy Research Unit in Behaviour and Health [PR-UN-0409-10109]).This is the final version. It was first published by Elsevier at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.10.02
Communication: Infrared spectroscopy of salt-water complexes.

To explore how the ion-pair in a single salt molecule evolves with the addition of water, infrared (IR) spectra of complexes composed of NaCl and multiple water molecules have been recorded for the first time. The NaCl(H2O)n complexes were formed and probed in liquid helium nanodroplets, and IR spectra were recorded for n = 1 → 4. The spectra for n = 1, 2, and 3 are consistent with formation of the lowest energy contact-ion pair structures in which each water molecule forms a single ionic hydrogen bond to an intact Na(+)Cl(-) ion-pair. Alternative structures with hydrogen bonding between water molecules become energetically competitive for n = 4, and the IR spectrum indicates likely the coexistence of at least two isomers.The authors wish to thank the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC, Grant No. EP/J021342/1) and the Leverhulme Trust (Grant No. RPG-2012-740) for grants in support of this work.Peer-reviewedPublisher Versio
Search for $B_c^+$ decays to the $p\bar p\pi^+$ final state

A search for the decays of the $B_c^+$ meson to $p\bar p\pi^+$ is performed for the first time using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.0 $\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$ collected by the LHCb experiment in $pp$ collisions at centre-of-mass energies of $7$ and $8$ TeV. No signal is found and an upper limit, at 95\% confidence level, is set, $\frac{f_c}{f_u}\times\mathcal{B}(B_c^+\to p\bar p\pi^+) 3.6\times10^{-8}$ in the kinematic region $m(p\bar p) 2.85\mathrm{\,Ge\kern -0.1em V\!/}c^2$, $p_{\rm T}(B) 20\mathrm{\,Ge\kern -0.1em V\!/}c$ and $2.0 y(B) 4.5$, where $\mathcal{B}$ is the branching fraction and $f_c$ ($f_u$) is the fragmentation fraction of the $b$ quark into a $B_c^+$ ($B^+$) meson