pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
The Herschel Dwarf Galaxy Survey
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I. Properties of the low-metallicity ISM from PACS spectroscopy

International audienceContext. The far-infrared (FIR) lines are important tracers of the cooling and physical conditions of the interstellar medium (ISM) and are rapidly becoming workhorse diagnostics for galaxies throughout the universe. There are clear indications of a different behavior of these lines at low metallicity that needs to be explored. Aims. Our goal is to explain the main differences and trends observed in the FIR line emission of dwarf galaxies compared to more metal-rich galaxies, and how this translates in ISM properties. Methods. We present Herschel/PACS spectroscopic observations of the [C ii] 157 μm, [O i] 63 and 145 μm, [O iii] 88 μm, [N ii] 122 and 205 μm, and [N iii] 57 μm fine-structure cooling lines in a sample of 48 low-metallicity star-forming galaxies of the guaranteed time key program Dwarf Galaxy Survey. We correlate PACS line ratios and line-to-LTIR ratios with LTIR, LTIR/LB, metallicity, and FIR color, and interpret the observed trends in terms of ISM conditions and phase filling factors with Cloudy radiative transfer models. Results. We find that the FIR lines together account for up to 3 percent of LTIR and that star-forming regions dominate the overall emission in dwarf galaxies. Compared to metal-rich galaxies, the ratios of [O iii]88/[N ii]122 and [N iii]57/[N ii]122 are high, indicative of hard radiation fields. In the photodissociation region (PDR), the [C ii]157/[O i]63 ratio is slightly higher than in metal-rich galaxies, with a small increase with metallicity, and the [O i]145/[O i]63 ratio is generally lower than 0.1, demonstrating that optical depth effects should be small on the scales probed. The [O iii]88/[O i]63 ratio can be used as an indicator of the ionized gas/PDR filling factor, and is found to be ~4 times higher in the dwarfs than in metal-rich galaxies. The high [C ii]/LTIR, [O i]/LTIR, and [O iii]/LTIR ratios, which decrease with increasing LTIR and LTIR/LB, are interpreted as a combination of moderate far-UV fields and a low PDR covering factor. Harboring compact phases of a low filling factor and a large volume filling factor of diffuse gas, the ISM of low-metallicity dwarf galaxies has a more porous structure than that of metal-rich galaxies
Expressiveness of probabilistic \pi-calculi

International audienceIn this work we propose a probabilistic extension of the -calculus. The main novelty is a probabilistic mixed choice operator, that is, a choice construct with a probability distribution on the branches, and where input and output actions can both occur as guards. We develop the operational semantics of this calculus, and then we investigate its expressiveness. In particular, we compare it with the sublanguage with the two separate choices, where input and output guards are not allowed together in the same choice construct. Our main result is that the separate choices can encode the mixed one. Further, we show that input-guarded choice can encode output-guarded choice and viceversa. In contrast, we conjecture that neither of them can encode the pair of the two separate choices
Modal and Non-Modal Stability Analysis of Electrohydrodynamic Flow with and Without Cross-Flow

We report the results of a complete modal and non-modal linear stability analysis of the electrohydrodynamic flow for the problem of electroconvection in the strong-injection region. Convective cells are formed by the Coulomb force in an insulating liquid residing between two plane electrodes subject to unipolar injection. Besides pure electroconvection, we also consider the case where a cross-flow is present, generated by a streamwise pressure gradient, in the form of a laminar Poiseuille flow. The effect of charge diffusion, often neglected in previous linear stability analyses, is included in the present study and a transient growth analysis, rarely considered in electrohydrodynamics, is carried out. In the case without cross-flow, a non-zero charge diffusion leads to a lower linear stability threshold and thus to a more unstable flow. The transient growth, though enhanced by increasing charge diffusion, remains small and hence cannot fully account for the discrepancy of the linear stability threshold between theoretical and experimental results. When a cross-flow is present, increasing the strength of the electric field in the high-Re Poiseuille flow yields a more unstable flow in both modal and non-modal stability analyses. Even though the energy analysis and the input-output analysis both indicate that the energy growth directly related to the electric field is small, the electric effect enhances the lift-up mechanism. The symmetry of channel flow with respect to the centreline is broken due to the additional electric field acting in the wall-normal direction. As a result, the centres of the streamwise rolls are shifted towards the injector electrode, and the optimal spanwise wavenumber achieving maximum transient energy growth increases with the strength of the electric field
Reynolds-number dependence of turbulent skin-friction drag reduction induced by spanwise forcing

This paper examines how increasing the value of the Reynolds number affects the ability of spanwise-forcing techniques to yield turbulent skin-friction drag reduction. The considered forcing is based on the streamwise-travelling waves of spanwise-wall velocity (Quadrio et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 627, 2009, pp. 161-178). The study builds upon an extensive drag-reduction database created via direct numerical simulation of a turbulent channel flow for two fivefold separated values of Re, namely Reτ=200 and Reτ=1000 The sheer size of the database, which for the first time systematically addresses the amplitude of the forcing, allows a comprehensive view of the drag-reducing characteristics of the travelling waves, and enables a detailed description of the changes occurring when increases. The effect of using a viscous scaling based on the friction velocity of either the non-controlled flow or the drag-reduced flow is described. In analogy with other wall-based drag-reduction techniques, like riblets for example, the performance of the travelling waves is well described by a vertical shift of the logarithmic portion of the mean streamwise velocity profile. Except when is very low, this shift remains constant with, at odds with the percentage reduction of the friction coefficient, which is known to present a mild, logarithmic decline. Our new data agree with the available literature, which is however mostly based on low-information and hence predicts a quick drop of maximum drag reduction with . The present study supports a more optimistic scenario, where for an airplane at flight Reynolds numbers a drag reduction of nearly 30 % would still be possible thanks to the travelling waves
Nucleoplasmic LAP2 alpha-lamin A complexes are required to maintain a proliferative state in human fibroblasts.

In human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs), expression of lamina-associated polypeptide 2  (LAP2) upon entry and exit from G0 is tightly correlated with phosphorylation and subnuclear localization of retinoblastoma protein (Rb). Phosphoisoforms of Rb and LAP2 are down-regulated in G0. Although RbS780 phosphoform and LAP2 are up-regulated upon reentry into G1 and colocalize in the nucleoplasm, RbS795 migrates between nucleoplasmic and speckle compartments. In HDFs, which are null for lamins A/C, LAP2 is mislocalized within nuclear aggregates, and this is correlated with cell cycle arrest and accumulation of Rb within speckles. Nuclear retention of nucleoplasmic Rb during G1 phase but not of speckle-associated Rb depends on lamin A/C. siRNA knock down of LAP2 or lamin A/C in HDFs leads to accumulation of Rb in speckles and G1 arrest, probably because of activation of a cell cycle checkpoint. Our results suggest that LAP2 and lamin A/C are involved in controlling Rb localization and phosphorylation, and a lack or mislocalization of either protein leads to cell cycle arrest in HDFs. \u
Search for the Higgs boson in the H→WW→ℓνjj decay channel at √(s)=7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

A search for the Standard Model Higgs boson has been performed in the H -> WW -> lvjj channel using 4.7 fb(-1) of pp collision data recorded at a centre-of-mass energy of root s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Higgs boson candidates produced in association with zero, one or two jets are included in the analysis to maximize the acceptance for both gluon fusion and weak boson fusion Higgs boson production processes. No significant excess of events is observed over the expected background and limits on the Higgs boson production cross section are derived for a Higgs boson mass in the range 300 GeV < m(H) < 600 GeV. The best sensitivity is reached for m(H) = 400 GeV, where the observed (expected) 95% confidence level upper bound on the cross section for H -> WW produced in association with zero or one jet is 2.2 pb (1.9 pb), corresponding to 1.9 (1.6) times the Standard Model prediction. In the Higgs boson plus two jets channel, which is more sensitive to the weak boson fusion process, the observed (expected) 95% confidence level upper bound on the cross section for H -> WW production with m(H) = 400 GeV is 0.7 pb (0.6 pb), corresponding to 7.9 (6.5) times the Standard Model prediction
Effect of Sm3+ Substitution on Structural and Magnetic Investigation of Nano Sized Mn–Sm–Zn Ferrites

Nano size Mn0.4Zn0.6SmxFe2-xO4 (x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, and 0.05) ferrites were prepared by solution combustion method. The structural and magnetic properties of samples were characterised by X-ray diffractometer, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, transmission electron micrographs and magnetic properties at room temperature. The X-ray diffraction patterns and two prominent absorption bands in the frequency range 375–589 cm-1 confirmed the single phase with spinel cubic structure. The average nano crystallite sizes were in best agreements with transmission electron microscope images. Magnetic studies revealed the narrow hysteresis loops of ferrimagnetic nature at room temperature. The values of saturation magnetization (M s ), remanence magnetization (M r ), coercivity (H c ), remanence ratio (M r /M s ), magneton number, anisotropy constant and Yaffet–Kittle angle decreased with the increase in Sm3+ ion concentration was attributed to relative number of ferric ions on the tetrahedral sites diminished and reduced the Sm–Fe interaction
Influence of non-potential coronal magnetic topology on solar wind models

By comparing a magneto-frictional model of the low coronal magnetic field to a potential field source surface model, we investigate the possible impact of non-potential magnetic structure on empirical solar wind models. These empirical models (such as Wang-Sheeley-Arge) estimate the distribution of solar wind speed solely from the magnetic field structure in the low corona. Our models are computed in a domain between the solar surface and 2.5 solar radii, and are extended to 0.1 AU using a Schatten current sheet model. The non-potential field has a more complex magnetic skeleton and quasi-separatrix structures than the potential field, leading to different sub-structure in the solar wind speed proxies. It contains twisted magnetic structures which can perturb the separatrix surfaces traced down from the base of the heliospheric current sheet. A significant difference between the models is the greater amount of open magnetic flux in the non-potential model. Using existing empirical formulae this leads to higher predicted wind speeds for two reasons: partly because magnetic flux tubes expand less rapidly with height, but more importantly because more open field lines are further from coronal hole boundaries.PostprintPeer reviewe
An approach based on distributed dislocations and disclinations for crack problems in couple-stress elasticity.

The technique of distributed dislocations proved to be in the past an effective approach in studying crack problems within classical elasticity. The present work is intended to extend this technique in studying crack problems within couple-stress elasticity, i.e. within a theory accounting for effects of microstructure. This extension is not an obvious one since rotations and couple-stresses are involved in the theory employed to analyze the crack problems. Here, the technique is introduced to study the case of a mode I crack. Due to the nature of the boundary conditions that arise in couple-stress elasticity, the crack is modeled by a continuous distribution of climb dislocations and constrained wedge disclinations (the concept of ‘constrained wedge disclination’ is first introduced in the present work). These distributions create both standard stresses and couple stresses in the body. In particular, it is shown that the mode-I case is governed by a system of coupled singular integral equations with both Cauchy-type and logarithmic kernels. The numerical solution of this system shows that a cracked solid governed by couple-stress elasticity behaves in a more rigid way (having increased stiffness) as compared to a solid governed by classical elasticity. Also, the stress level at the crack-tip region is appreciably higher than the one predicted by classical elasticity
Retreat history of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet since the Last Glacial Maximum.

The East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) is the largest continental ice mass on Earth, and documenting its evolution since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) is important for understanding its present-day and future behaviour. As part of a community effort, we review geological evidence from East Antarctica that constrains the ice sheet history throughout this period (∼30,000 years ago to present). This includes terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide dates from previously glaciated regions, 14C chronologies from glacial and post-glacial deposits onshore and on the continental shelf, and ice sheet thickness changes inferred from ice cores and continental-scale ice sheet models. We also include new 14C dates from the George V Land – Terre Adélie Coast shelf. We show that the EAIS advanced to the continental shelf margin in some parts of East Antarctica, and that the ice sheet characteristically thickened by 300–400 m near the present-day coastline at these sites. This advance was associated with the formation of low-gradient ice streams that grounded at depths of >1 km below sea level on the inner continental shelf. The Lambert/Amery system thickened by a greater amount (800 m) near its present-day grounding zone, but did not advance beyond the inner continental shelf. At other sites in coastal East Antarctica (e.g. Bunger Hills, Larsemann Hills), very little change in the ice sheet margin occurred at the LGM, perhaps because ice streams accommodated any excess ice build up, leaving adjacent, ice-free areas relatively unaffected. Evidence from nunataks indicates that the amount of ice sheet thickening diminished inland at the LGM, an observation supported by ice cores, which suggest that interior ice sheet domes were ∼100 m lower than present at this time. Ice sheet recession may have started ∼18,000 years ago in the Lambert/Amery glacial system, and by ∼14,000 years ago in Mac.Robertson Land. These early pulses of deglaciation may have been responses to abrupt sea-level rise events such as Meltwater Pulse 1a, destabilising the margins of the ice sheet. It is unlikely, however, that East Antarctica contributed more than ∼1 m of eustatic sea-level equivalent to post-glacial meltwater pulses. The majority of ice sheet recession occurred after Meltwater Pulse 1a, between ∼12,000 and ∼6000 years ago, during a period when the adjacent ocean warmed significantly. Large tracts of East Antarctica remain poorly studied, and further work is required to develop a robust understanding of the LGM ice sheet expansion, and its subsequent contraction. Further work will also allow the contribution of the EAIS to post-glacial sea-level rise, and present-day estimates of glacio-isostatic adjustment to be refined
Comparative assessment of visible light and UV active photocatalysts by hydroxyl radical quantification.

A simple method for determining hydroxyl radical yields on semiconductor photocatalysts is highly desirable, especially when comparing different photocatalyst materials. This paper reports the screening of a selection of visible light active photocatalysts such as Pt-C3N4, 5% LaCr doped SrTiO3, Sr0.95Cr0.05TiO3 and Yellow TiO2 and compares them against WO3 and ultra violet (UV) light activated TiO2 P25 (standard commercial catalysts) based on their oxidative strengths (OH radical producing capability) using a well-studied chemical probe?coumarin. 7-hydroxycoumarin, the only fluorescent hydroxylation product of this reaction can then be measured to indirectly quantify the OH radicals produced. P25 under UV light produced the highest concentration of OH radicals (16.9 ?M), followed by WO3 (0.56 ?M) and Pt-C3N4 (0.25 ?M). The maximum OH radical production rate for P25, WO3 and Pt-C3N4 were also determined and found to be 35.6 ?M/hr, 0.28 ?M/h and 0.88 ?M/h respectively. The other visible light activated photocatalysts did not produce any OH radicals primarily as a result of their electronic structure. Furthermore, it was concluded that, if any visible light absorbing photocatalysts are to be fabricated in future for the purpose of photocatalytic oxidation, their OH radical producing rates (and quantities) should be determined and compared to P25.Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (Project number EP/K036769/1), Robert Gordon University?s IDEAS PhD studentship and Queen?s University Belfast?s PhD studentship
The prospective role of defeat and entrapment in depression and anxiety: a 12-month longitudinal study.

The concepts of "defeat" (representing failed social struggle) and "entrapment" (representing an inability to escape from a situation) have emerged from the animal literature, providing insight into the health consequences of low social rank. Evolutionary models suggest that these constructs co-occur and can lead to the development of mental disorders, although there is limited empirical evidence supporting these predictions. Participants (N=172) were recruited from economically deprived areas in North England. Over half of participants (58%) met clinical cut-offs for depression and anxiety, therefore we conducted analyses to establish whether participant outcomes were dependent on baseline defeat and entrapment levels. Participants completed measures of defeat, entrapment, depression and anxiety at two time-points twelve months apart. Factor analysis demonstrated that defeat and entrapment were best defined as one factor, suggesting that the experiences co-occurred. Regression analyses demonstrated that changes in depression and anxiety between T1 and T2 were predicted from baseline levels of defeat and entrapment; however, changes in defeat and entrapment were also predicted from baseline depression and anxiety. There are implications for targeting perceptions of defeat and entrapment within psychological interventions for people experiencing anxiety and depression and screening individuals to identify those at risk of developing psychopathology.This research was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) Grant RES-062-23-2462.Peer-reviewedPublisher Versio
Psychosexual development in men with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism on long-term treatment: a mixed methods study.

INTRODUCTION: Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a rare, genetic, reproductive endocrine disorder characterized by absent puberty and infertility. Limited information is available on the psychosocial impact of CHH and psychosexual development in these patients.
AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the impact of CHH on psychosexual development in men on long-term treatment.
METHODS: A sequential mixed methods explanatory design was used. First, an online survey (quantitative) was used to quantify the frequency of psychosexual problems among CHH men. Second, patient focus groups (qualitative) were conducted to explore survey findings in detail and develop a working model to guide potential nursing and interdisciplinary interventions.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Patient characteristics, frequency of body shame, difficulty with intimate relationships, and never having been sexually active were assessed. Additionally, we collected subjective patient-reported outcomes regarding the impact of CHH on psychological/emotional well-being, intimate relationships, and sexual activity.
RESULTS: A total of 101 CHH men on long-term treatment (&gt;1 year) were included for the analysis of the online survey (mean age 37 ± 11 years, range 19-66, median 36). Half (52/101, 51%) of the men had been seen at a specialized academic center and 37/101 (37%) reported having had fertility-inducing treatment. A high percentage of CHH men experience psychosexual problems including difficulty with intimate relationships (70%) and body image concerns/body shame (94/101, 93%), and the percentage of men never having been sexually active is five times the rate in a reference group (26% vs. 5.4%, P &lt; 0.001). Focus groups revealed persisting body shame and low self-esteem despite long-term treatment that has lasting impact on psychosexual functioning.
CONCLUSIONS: CHH men frequently experience psychosexual problems that pose barriers to intimate relationships and initiating sexual activity. These lingering effects cause significant distress and are not ameliorated by long-term treatment. Psychosexual assessment in CHH men with appropriate psychological support and treatment should be warranted in these patients. Dwyer AA, Quinton R, Pitteloud N, and Morin D. Psychosexual development in men with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism on long-term treatment: A mixed methods study. Sex Med 2015;3:32-41
Clinical trial designs for rare diseases: studies developed and discussed by the International Rare Cancers Initiative.

BACKGROUND: The past three decades have seen rapid improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of most cancers and the most important contributor has been research. Progress in rare cancers has been slower, not least because of the challenges of undertaking research.
SETTINGS: The International Rare Cancers Initiative (IRCI) is a partnership which aims to stimulate and facilitate the development of international clinical trials for patients with rare cancers. It is focused on interventional--usually randomized--clinical trials with the clear goal of improving outcomes for patients. The key challenges are organisational and methodological. A multi-disciplinary workshop to review the methods used in ICRI portfolio trials was held in Amsterdam in September 2013. Other as-yet unrealised methods were also discussed.
RESULTS: The IRCI trials are each presented to exemplify possible approaches to designing credible trials in rare cancers. Researchers may consider these for use in future trials and understand the choices made for each design.
INTERPRETATION: Trials can be designed using a wide array of possibilities. There is no 'one size fits all' solution. In order to make progress in the rare diseases, decisions to change practice will have to be based on less direct evidence from clinical trials than in more common diseases