pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
How Much Information is in a Jet?

Machine learning techniques are increasingly being applied toward data
analyses at the Large Hadron Collider, especially with applications for
discrimination of jets with different originating particles. Previous studies
of the power of machine learning to jet physics has typically employed image
recognition, natural language processing, or other algorithms that have been
extensively developed in computer science. While these studies have
demonstrated impressive discrimination power, often exceeding that of
widely-used observables, they have been formulated in a non-constructive manner
and it is not clear what additional information the machines are learning. In
this paper, we study machine learning for jet physics constructively,
expressing all of the information in a jet onto sets of observables that
completely and minimally span N-body phase space. For concreteness, we study
the application of machine learning for discrimination of boosted, hadronic
decays of Z bosons from jets initiated by QCD processes. Our results
demonstrate that the information in a jet that is useful for discrimination
power of QCD jets from Z bosons is saturated by only considering observables
that are sensitive to 4-body (8 dimensional) phase space.Comment: 14 pages + appendices, 10 figures; v2: JHEP version, updated neural
  network, included deeper network and boosted decision tree result
Simulations of Cold Electroweak Baryogenesis: Hypercharge U(1) and the
  creation of helical magnetic fields

We perform numerical simulations of Cold Electroweak Baryogenesis, including
for the first time in the Bosonic sector the full electroweak gauge group
SU(2)$\times$U(1) and CP-violation. We find that the maximum generated baryon
asymmetry is reduced by a factor of three relative to the SU(2)-only model, but
that the quench time dependence is very similar. In addition, we compute the
magnitude of the helical magnetic fields, and find that it is proportional to
the strength of CP-violation and dependent on quench time, but is not
proportional to the magnitude of the baryon asymmetry as proposed in the
literature. Astrophysical signatures of primordial magnetic helicity can
therefore not in general be used as evidence that electroweak baryogenesis has
taken place.Comment: 28 pages, 15 figures, updated to match the published versio
Cut-touching linear functionals in the conformal bootstrap

The modern conformal bootstrap program often employs the method of linear
functionals to derive the numerical or analytical bounds on the CFT data. These
functionals must have a crucial "swapping" property, allowing to swap infinite
summation with the action of the functional in the conformal bootstrap sum
rule. Swapping is easy to justify for the popular functionals involving finite
sums of derivatives. However, it is far from obvious for "cut-touching"
functionals, involving integration over regions where conformal block
decomposition does not converge uniformly. Functionals of this type were
recently considered by Mazac in his work on analytic derivation of optimal
bootstrap bounds. We derive general swapping criteria for the cut-touching
functionals, and check in a few explicit examples that Mazac's functionals pass
our criteria.Comment: 19 pages, 7 figures, v2: author order corrected, v3: full domain of
  4pt analyticity made more precise, v4: misprint corrected and acknowledgement
  adde
A Tale of Two Portals: Testing Light, Hidden New Physics at Future $e^+
  e^-$ Colliders

We investigate the prospects for producing new, light, hidden states at a
future $e^+ e^-$ collider in a Higgsed dark $U(1)_D$ model, which we call the
Double Dark Portal model. The simultaneous presence of both vector and scalar
portal couplings immediately modifies the Standard Model Higgsstrahlung
channel, $e^+ e^- \to Zh$, at leading order in each coupling. In addition, each
portal leads to complementary signals which can be probed at direct and
indirect detection dark matter experiments. After accounting for current
constraints from LEP and LHC, we demonstrate that a future $e^+ e^-$ Higgs
factory will have unique and leading sensitivity to the two portal couplings by
studying a host of new production, decay, and radiative return processes.
Besides the possibility of exotic Higgs decays, we highlight the importance of
direct dark vector and dark scalar production at $e^+ e^-$ machines, whose
invisible decays can be tagged from the recoil mass method.Comment: 47 pages, 9 figures, 1 table. v2: references added, version matched
  to JHE
5d/6d DE instantons from trivalent gluing of web diagrams

We propose a new prescription for computing the Nekrasov partition functions
of five-dimensional theories with eight supercharges realized by gauging
non-perturbative flavor symmetries of three five-dimensional superconformal
field theories. The topological vertex formalism gives a way to compute the
partition functions of the matter theories with flavor instanton backgrounds,
and the gauging is achieved by summing over Young diagrams. We apply the
prescription to calculate the Nekrasov partition functions of various
five-dimensional gauge theories such as $\mathrm{SO}(2N)$ gauge theories with
or without hypermultiplets in the vector representation and also pure $E_6,
E_7, E_8$ gauge theories. Furthermore, the technique can be applied to
computations of the Nekrasov partition functions of five-dimensional theories
which arise from circle compactifications of six-dimensional minimal
superconformal field theories characterized by the gauge groups
$\mathrm{SU}(3), \mathrm{SO}(8), E_6, E_7, E_8$. We exemplify our method by
comparing some of the obtained partition functions with known results and find
perfect agreement. We also present a prescription of extending the gluing rule
to the refined topological vertex.Comment: 66 pages, 28 figures; v2: typos corrected, references added and a
  Mathematica notebook for some checks adde
Holographic Micro Thermofield Geometries of BTZ Black Holes

We find general deformations of BTZ spacetime and identify the corresponding
thermofield initial states of the dual CFT. We deform the geometry by
introducing bulk fields dual to primary operators and find the back-reacted
gravity solutions to the quadratic order of the deformation parameter. The dual
thermofield initial states can be deformed by inserting arbitrary linear
combination of operators at the mid-point of the Euclidean time evolution that
appears in the construction of the thermofield initial states. The deformed
geometries are dual to thermofield states without deforming the boundary
Hamiltonians in the CFT side. We explicitly demonstrate that the AdS/CFT
correspondence is not a linear correspondence in the sense that the linear
structure of Hilbert space of the underlying CFT is realized nonlinearly in the
gravity side. We also find that their Penrose diagrams are no longer a square
but elongated horizontally due to deformation. These geometries describe a
relaxation of generic initial perturbation of thermal system while fixing the
total energy of the system. The coarse-grained entropy grows and the relaxation
time scale is of order $\beta/2\pi$. We clarify that the gravity description
involves coarse-graining inevitably missing some information of nonperurbative
degrees.Comment: 28 pages, 7 figures, further typos corrected, reference adde
Multipole charge conservation and implications on electromagnetic
  radiation

It is shown that conserved charges associated with a specific subclass of
gauge symmetries of Maxwell electrodynamics are proportional to the well known
electric multipole moments. The symmetries are residual gauge transformations
surviving after fixing the Lorenz gauge, and have nontrivial charge. These
"Multipole charges" receive contributions both from the charged matter and
electromagnetic fields. The former is nothing but the electric multipole moment
of the source. In a stationary configuration, there is a novel equipartition
relation between the two contributions. The multipole charge, while conserved,
can freely interpolate between the source and the electromagnetic field, and
therefore can be propagated with the radiation. Using the multipole charge
conservation, we obtain infinite number of constraints over the radiation
produced by the dynamics of charged matter.Comment: 21 pages, 2 figures; v2: section 4.2 added, minor correction
Extraction of partonic transverse momentum distributions from
  semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering, Drell-Yan and Z-boson production

We present an extraction of unpolarized partonic transverse momentum
distributions (TMDs) from a simultaneous fit of available data measured in
semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering, Drell-Yan and Z-boson production. To
connect data at different scales, we use TMD evolution at next-to-leading
logarithmic accuracy. The analysis is restricted to the low-transverse-momentum
region, with no matching to fixed-order calculations at high transverse
momentum. We introduce specific choices to deal with TMD evolution at low
scales, of the order of 1 GeV$^2$. This could be considered as a first attempt
at a global fit of TMDs
Mono-X Versus Direct Searches: Simplified Models for Dark Matter at the
  LHC

We consider simplified models for dark matter (DM) at the LHC, focused on
mono-Higgs, -Z, or -b produced in the final state. Our primary purpose is to
study the LHC reach of a relatively complete set of simplified models for these
final states, while comparing the reach of the mono-X DM search against direct
searches for the mediating particle. We find that direct searches for the
mediating particle, whether in di-jets, jets+MET, multi-b+MET, or di-boson+MET,
are usually stronger. We draw attention to the cases that the mono-X search is
strongest, which include regions of parameter space in inelastic DM, two Higgs
doublet, and squark mediated production models with a compressed spectrum.Comment: 43 pages, 17 figures; v2: clarifications added and typos fixed,
  results unchanged. Published versio
Double hard scattering without double counting

Double parton scattering in proton-proton collisions includes kinematic
regions in which two partons inside a proton originate from the perturbative
splitting of a single parton. This leads to a double counting problem between
single and double hard scattering. We present a solution to this problem, which
allows for the definition of double parton distributions as operator matrix
elements in a proton, and which can be used at higher orders in perturbation
theory. We show how the evaluation of double hard scattering in this framework
can provide a rough estimate for the size of the higher-order contributions to
single hard scattering that are affected by double counting. In a numeric
study, we identify situations in which these higher-order contributions must be
explicitly calculated and included if one wants to attain an accuracy at which
double hard scattering becomes relevant, and other situations where such
contributions may be neglected.Comment: 80 pages, 20 figures. v2: clarifications in section 4, extended
  section 8, small changes elsewher
Inverse of the String Theory KLT Kernel

The field theory Kawai-Lewellen-Tye (KLT) kernel, which relates scattering
amplitudes of gravitons and gluons, turns out to be the inverse of a matrix
whose components are bi-adjoint scalar partial amplitudes. In this note we
propose an analogous construction for the string theory KLT kernel. We present
simple diagrammatic rules for the computation of the $\alpha'$-corrected
bi-adjoint scalar amplitudes that are exact in $\alpha'$. We find compact
expressions in terms of graphs, where the standard Feynman propagators $1/p^2$
are replaced by either $1/\sin (\pi \alpha' p^2/2)$ or $1/\tan (\pi \alpha'
p^2/2)$, as determined by a recursive procedure. We demonstrate how the same
object can be used to conveniently expand open string partial amplitudes in a
BCJ basis.Comment: 25 pages, published version, Mathematica notebook attache
On the quantum field theory of the gravitational interactions

We study the main options for a unitary and renormalizable, local quantum
field theory of the gravitational interactions. The first model is a Lee-Wick
superrenormalizable higher-derivative gravity, formulated as a nonanalytically
Wick rotated Euclidean theory. We show that, under certain conditions, the $S$
matrix is unitary when the cosmological constant vanishes. The model is the
simplest of its class. However, infinitely many similar options are allowed,
which raises the issue of uniqueness. To deal with this problem, we propose a
new quantization prescription, by doubling the unphysical poles of the
higher-derivative propagators and turning them into Lee-Wick poles. The
Lagrangian of the simplest theory of quantum gravity based on this idea is the
linear combination of $R$, $R_{\mu \nu }R^{\mu \nu }$, $R^{2}$ and the
cosmological term. Only the graviton propagates in the cutting equations and,
when the cosmological constant vanishes, the $S$ matrix is unitary. The theory
satisfies the locality of counterterms and is renormalizable by power counting.
It is unique in the sense that it is the only one with a dimensionless gauge
coupling.Comment: 23 pages, 1 figure; v2: minor changes, JHE
Searching for Dark Absorption with Direct Detection Experiments

We consider the absorption by bound electrons of dark matter in the form of
dark photons and axion-like particles, as well as of dark photons from the Sun,
in current and next-generation direct detection experiments. Experiments
sensitive to electron recoils can detect such particles with masses between a
few eV to more than 10 keV. For dark photon dark matter, we update a previous
bound based on XENON10 data and derive new bounds based on data from XENON100
and CDMSlite. We find these experiments to disfavor previously allowed
parameter space. Moreover, we derive sensitivity projections for SuperCDMS at
SNOLAB for silicon and germanium targets, as well as for various possible
experiments with scintillating targets (cesium iodide, sodium iodide, and
gallium arsenide). The projected sensitivity can probe large new regions of
parameter space. For axion-like particles, the same current direction detection
data improves on previously known direct-detection constraints but does not
bound new parameter space beyond known stellar cooling bounds. However,
projected sensitivities of the upcoming SuperCDMS SNOLAB using germanium can go
beyond these and even probe parameter space consistent with possible hints from
the white dwarf luminosity function. We find similar results for dark photons
from the sun. For all cases, direct-detection experiments can have
unprecedented sensitivity to dark-sector particles.Comment: 18 pages, 5 figures, Figs. 3 and 4 fixed, appendices adde
Minimally extended SILH

Higgs boson compositeness is a phenomenologically viable scenario addressing
the hierarchy problem. In minimal models, the Higgs boson is the only degree of
freedom of the strong sector below the strong interaction scale. We present
here the simplest extension of such a framework with an additional composite
spin-zero singlet. To this end, we adopt an effective field theory approach and
develop a set of rules to estimate the size of the various operator
coefficients, relating them to the parameters of the strong sector and its
structural features. As a result, we obtain the patterns of new interactions
affecting both the new singlet and the Higgs boson's physics. We identify the
characteristics of the singlet field which cause its effects on Higgs physics
to dominate over the ones inherited from the composite nature of the Higgs
boson. Our effective field theory construction is supported by comparisons with
explicit UV models.Comment: Matches JHEP versio
Physical stress, mass, and energy for non-relativistic matter

For theories of relativistic matter fields there exist two possible
definitions of the stress-energy tensor, one defined by a variation of the
action with the coframes at fixed connection, and the other at fixed torsion.
These two stress-energy tensors do not necessarily coincide and it is the
latter that corresponds to the Cauchy stress measured in the lab. In this note
we discuss the corresponding issue for non-relativistic matter theories. We
point out that while the physical non-relativistic stress, momentum, and mass
currents are defined by a variation of the action at fixed torsion, the energy
current does not admit such a description and is naturally defined at fixed
connection. Any attempt to define an energy current at fixed torsion results in
an ambiguity which cannot be resolved from the background spacetime data or
conservation laws. We also provide computations of these quantities for some
simple non-relativistic actions.Comment: 31 pages, one appendix. Minor clarifications added and typos fixe
Derivation of Feynman Rules for Higher Order Poles Using Cross-ratio
  Identities in CHY Construction

In order to generalize the integration rules to general CHY integrands which
include higher order poles, algorithms are proposed in two directions. One is
to conjecture new rules, and the other is to use the cross-ratio identity
method. In this paper,we use the cross-ratio identity approach to re-derive the
conjectured integration rules involving higher order poles for several special
cases: the single double pole, single triple pole and duplex-double pole. The
equivalence between the present formulas and the previously conjectured ones is
discussed for the first two situations.Comment: 29 pages, 11 figure
Detecting kinematic boundary surfaces in phase space: particle mass
  measurements in SUSY-like events

We critically examine the classic endpoint method for particle mass
determination, focusing on difficult corners of parameter space, where some of
the measurements are not independent, while others are adversely affected by
the experimental resolution. In such scenarios, mass differences can be
measured relatively well, but the overall mass scale remains poorly
constrained. Using the example of the standard SUSY decay chain $\tilde q\to
\tilde\chi^0_2\to \tilde \ell \to \tilde \chi^0_1$, we demonstrate that
sensitivity to the remaining mass scale parameter can be recovered by measuring
the two-dimensional kinematical boundary in the relevant three-dimensional
phase space of invariant masses squared. We develop an algorithm for detecting
this boundary, which uses the geometric properties of the Voronoi tessellation
of the data, and in particular, the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the
volumes of the neighbors for each Voronoi cell in the tessellation. We propose
a new observable, $\bar\Sigma$, which is the average RSD per unit area,
calculated over the hypothesized boundary. We show that the location of the
$\bar\Sigma$ maximum correlates very well with the true values of the new
particle masses. Our approach represents the natural extension of the
one-dimensional kinematic endpoint method to the relevant three dimensions of
invariant mass phase space.Comment: 49 pages, 26 figures, version published in JHEP, added preprint
  numbe
Abelian Z-theory: NLSM amplitudes and alpha'-corrections from the open
  string

In this paper we derive the tree-level S-matrix of the effective theory of
Goldstone bosons known as the non-linear sigma model (NLSM) from string theory.
This novel connection relies on a recent realization of tree-level
open-superstring S-matrix predictions as a double copy of super-Yang-Mills
theory with Z-theory --- the collection of putative scalar effective field
theories encoding all the alpha'-dependence of the open superstring. Here we
identify the color-ordered amplitudes of the NLSM as the low-energy limit of
abelian Z-theory. This realization also provides natural higher-derivative
corrections to the NLSM amplitudes arising from higher powers of alpha' in the
abelian Z-theory amplitudes, and through double copy also to Born-Infeld and
Volkov-Akulov theories. The Kleiss-Kuijf and Bern-Carrasco-Johansson relations
obeyed by Z-theory amplitudes thereby apply to all alpha'-corrections of the
NLSM. As such we naturally obtain a cubic-graph parameterization for the
abelian Z-theory predictions whose kinematic numerators obey the duality
between color and kinematics to all orders in alpha'.Comment: 37 pages; v2: references, explanations and arguments for
  factorization added; published versio
Linking Light Scalar Modes with A Small Positive Cosmological Constant
  in String Theory

Based on the studies in Type IIB string theory phenomenology, we conjecture
that a good fraction of the meta-stable de Sitter vacua in the cosmic stringy
landscape tend to have a very small cosmological constant $\Lambda$ when
compared to either the string scale $M_S$ or the Planck scale $M_P$, i.e.,
$\Lambda \ll M_S^4 \ll M_P^4$. These low lying de Sitter vacua tend to be
accompanied by very light scalar bosons/axions. Here we illustrate this
phenomenon with the bosonic mass spectra in a set of Type IIB string theory
flux compactification models. We conjecture that small $\Lambda$ with light
bosons is generic among de Sitter solutions in string theory; that is, the
smallness of $\Lambda$ and the existence of very light bosons (may be even the
Higgs boson) are results of the statistical preference for such vacua in the
landscape. We also discuss a scalar field $\phi^3/\phi^4$ model to illustrate
how this statistical preference for a small $\Lambda$ remains when quantum loop
corrections are included, thus bypassing the radiative instability problem.Comment: 35 pages, 7 figures; added subsection: Finite Temperature and Phase
  Transitio
Novel signatures for vector-like quarks

We consider supersymmetric extensions of the standard model with a
vector-like doublet $(T \, B)$ of quarks with charge $2/3$ and $-1/3$,
respectively. Compared to non-supersymmetric models, there is a variety of new
decay modes for the vector-like quarks, involving the extra scalars present in
supersymmetry. The importance of these new modes, yielding multi-top,
multi-bottom and also multi-Higgs signals, is highlighted by the analysis of
several benchmark scenarios. We show how the triangles commonly used to
represent the branching ratios of the `standard' decay modes of the vector-like
quarks involving $W$, $Z$ or Higgs bosons can be generalised to include
additional channels. We give an example by recasting the limits of a recent
heavy quark search for this more general case.Comment: LaTeX 30 pages. References added; journal versio
On the Mutual Information in Conformal Field Theory

In this work, we study the universal behaviors in the mutual information of
two disjoint spheres in a conformal field theory(CFT). By using the operator
product expansion of the spherical twist operator in terms of the conformal
family, we show that the large distance expansion of the mutual information can
be cast in terms of the conformal blocks. We develop the $1/n$ prescription to
compute the coefficients before the conformal blocks. For a single conformal
family, the leading nonvanishing contribution to the mutual information comes
from the bilinear operators. We show that the coefficients of these operators
take universal forms and such universal behavior persists in the bilinear
operators with derivatives as well. Consequently the first few leading order
contributions to the mutual information in CFT take universal forms. To
illustrate our framework, we discuss the free scalars and free fermions in
various dimensions. For the free scalars, we compute the mutual information to
the next-to-leading order and find good agreement with the improved numerical
lattice result. For the free fermion, we compute the leading order result,
which is of universal form, and find the good match with the numerical study.
Our formalism could be applied to any CFT potentially.Comment: 27+14 pages, 8 figures; References adde