pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Search for dark matter particles in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV using the razor variables

A search for dark matter particles directly produced in proton-proton collisions recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC is presented. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 18.8 fb−1, at a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV. The event selection requires at least two jets and no isolated leptons. The razor variables are used to quantify the transverse momentum balance in the jet momenta. The study is performed separately for events with and without jets originating from b quarks. The observed yields are consistent with the expected backgrounds and, depending on the nature of the production mechanism, dark matter production at the LHC is excluded at 90% confidence level for a mediator mass scale Λ below 1 TeV. The use of razor variables yields results that complement those previously published
Measurement of the W boson helicity fractions in the decays of top quark pairs to lepton+jets final states produced in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV

The W boson helicity fractions from top quark decays in View the MathML sourcett‾ events are measured using data from proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of View the MathML source8TeV. The data were collected in 2012 with the CMS detector at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of View the MathML source19.8fb−1. Events are reconstructed with either one muon or one electron, along with four jets in the final state, with two of the jets being identified as originating from b quarks. The measured helicity fractions from both channels are combined, yielding View the MathML sourceF0=0.681±0.012(stat)±0.023(syst), View the MathML sourceFL=0.323±0.008(stat)±0.014(syst), and View the MathML sourceFR=−0.004±0.005(stat)±0.014(syst) for the longitudinal, left-, and right-handed components of the helicity, respectively. These measurements of the W boson helicity fractions are the most accurate to date and they agree with the predictions from the standard model
The EBLM Project IV. Spectroscopic orbits of over 100 eclipsing M dwarfs
  masquerading as transiting hot-Jupiters

We present 2271 radial velocity measurements taken on 118 single-line binary
stars, taken over eight years with the CORALIE spectrograph. The binaries
consist of F/G/K primaries and M-dwarf secondaries. They were initially
discovered photometrically by the WASP planet survey, as their shallow eclipses
mimic a hot-Jupiter transit. The observations we present permit a precise
characterisation of the binary orbital elements and mass function. With
modelling of the primary star this mass function is converted to a mass of the
secondary star. In the future, this spectroscopic work will be combined with
precise photometric eclipses to draw an empirical mass/radius relation for the
bottom of the mass sequence. This has applications in both stellar astrophysics
and the growing number of exoplanet surveys around M-dwarfs. In particular, we
have discovered 34 systems with a secondary mass below $0.2 M_\odot$, and so we
will ultimately double the known number of very low-mass stars with well
characterised mass and radii.
  We are able to detect eccentricities as small as 0.001 and orbital periods to
sub-second precision. Our sample can revisit some earlier work on the tidal
evolution of close binaries, extending it to low mass ratios. We find some
binaries that are eccentric at orbital periods < 3 days, while our longest
circular orbit has a period of 10.4 days.
  By collating the EBLM binaries with published WASP planets and brown dwarfs,
we derive a mass spectrum with twice the resolution of previous work. We
compare the WASP/EBLM sample of tightly-bound orbits with work in the
literature on more distant companions up to 10 AU. We note that the brown dwarf
desert appears wider, as it carves into the planetary domain for our
short-period orbits. This would mean that a significantly reduced abundance of
planets begins at $\sim 3M_{\rm Jup}$, well before the Deuterium-burning limit.
[abridged]Comment: 14 pages, 12 figures, 7 Tables. Under review at A&A, corrections
  after comments by the refere
Automatic detection of limb prominences in 304 Å EUV images

A new algorithm for automatic detection of prominences on the solar limb in 304 Å EUV images is presented, and results of its application to SOHO/EIT data discussed. The detection is based on the method of moments combined with a classifier analysis aimed at discriminating between limb prominences, active regions, and the quiet corona. This classifier analysis is based on a Support Vector Machine (SVM). Using a set of 12 moments of the radial intensity profiles, the algorithm performs well in discriminating between the above three categories of limb structures, with a misclassification rate of 7%. Pixels detected as belonging to a prominence are then used as the starting point to reconstruct the whole prominence by morphological image-processing techniques. It is planned that a catalogue of limb prominences identified in SOHO and STEREO data using this method will be made publicly available to the scientific community
Are there alternatives to bankruptcy? A study of small business distress in Spain

Small businesses, the majority of Spanish firms, rarely file for formal bankruptcy when dealing with financial distress. This is why business bankruptcy rates in Spain are among the lowest in the world, even during the current economic crisis. To explain this fact we present the following hypothesis. Filing for bankruptcy in Spain is very costly for both small firms and their creditors. Due to this, the capital structure of micro firms is biased towards mortgage loans, as it allows them to avoid bankruptcy by carrying out debt enforcement via mortgage foreclosures, which are cheaper procedures than bankruptcy, in case of financial distress. The empirical tests of our hypothesis consist of comparing the observed choices (choice of capital structure, choice between bankruptcy and mortgage) of Spanish firms with those of firms from countries (France and the UK) where their bankruptcy systems are more efficient and their laws do not incentivise them to bias their capital structure towards mortgage loans. Our findings corroborate the proposed hypothesis. As bankruptcy procedures and mortgage foreclosures are not perfect substitutes - i.e., they do not suit well the same type of firms - the underutilization of one of them - reflected in low bankruptcy rates - may lead to efficiency losses
The effects of improving sleep on mental health (OASIS): a randomised controlled trial with mediation analysis

Summary\ud
Background: Sleep difficulties might be a contributory causal factor in the occurrence of mental health problems. If this is true, improving sleep should benefit psychological health. We aimed to determine whether treating insomnia leads to a reduction in paranoia and hallucinations.\ud
\ud
Methods: We did this single-blind, randomised controlled trial (OASIS) at 26 UK universities. University students with insomnia were randomly assigned (1:1) with simple randomisation to receive digital cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for insomnia or usual care, and the research team were masked to the treatment. Online assessments took place at weeks 0, 3, 10 (end of therapy), and 22. The primary outcome measures were for insomnia, paranoia, and hallucinatory experiences. We did intention-to-treat analyses. The trial is registered with the ISRCTN registry, number ISRCTN61272251.\ud
\ud
Findings: Between March 5, 2015, and Feb 17, 2016, we randomly assigned 3755 participants to receive digital CBT for insomnia (n=1891) or usual practice (n=1864). Compared with usual practice, the sleep intervention at 10 weeks reduced insomnia (adjusted difference 4·78, 95% CI 4·29 to 5·26, Cohen’s d=1·11; p<0·0001), paranoia (–2·22, –2·98 to –1·45, Cohen’s d=0·19; p<0·0001), and hallucinations (–1·58, –1·98 to –1·18, Cohen’s d=0·24; p<0·0001).\ud
Insomnia was a mediator of change in paranoia and hallucinations. No adverse events were reported.\ud
\ud
Interpretation: To our knowledge, this is the largest randomised controlled trial of a psychological intervention for a mental health problem. It provides strong evidence that insomnia is a causal factor in the occurrence of psychotic experiences and other mental health problems. Whether the results generalise beyond a student population requires testing. The treatment of disrupted sleep might require a higher priority in mental health provision
How quickly do publications get read? The evolution of Mendeley reader counts for new articles

Within science, citation counts are widely used to estimate research impact but publication delays mean that they are not useful for recent research. This gap can be filled by Mendeley reader counts, which are valuable early impact indicators for academic articles because they appear before citations and correlate strongly with them. Nevertheless, it is not known how Mendeley readership counts accumulate within the year of publication, and so it is unclear how soon they can be used. In response, this paper reports a longitudinal weekly study of the Mendeley readers of articles in six library and information science journals from 2016. The results suggest that Mendeley readers accrue from when articles are first available online and continue to steadily build. For journals with large publication delays, articles can already have substantial numbers of readers by their publication date. Thus, Mendeley reader counts may even be useful as early impact indicators for articles before they have been officially published in a journal issue. If field normalised indicators are needed, then these can be generated when journal issues are published using the online first date
Perception of relative depth interval : Systematic biases in perceived depth

Given an estimate of the binocular disparity between a pair of points and an estimate of the viewing distance, or knowledge of eye position, it should be possible to obtain an estimate of their depth separation. Here we show that, when points are arranged in different vertical geometric configurations across two intervals, many observers find this task difficult. Those who can do the task tend to perceive the depth interval in one configuration as very different from depth in the other configuration. We explore two plausible explanations for this effect. The first is the tilt of the empirical vertical horopter: Points perceived along an apparently vertical line correspond to a physical line of points tilted backwards in space. Second, the eyes can rotate in response to a particular stimulus. Without compensation for this rotation, biases in depth perception would result. We measured cyclovergence indirectly, using a standard psychophysical task, while observers viewed our depth configuration. Biases predicted from error due either to cyclovergence or to the tilted vertical horopter were not consistent with the depth configuration results. Our data suggest that, even for the simplest scenes, we do not have ready access to metric depth from binocular disparity.PreprintPeer reviewe
“They’re lunatics on the road” : Exploring the normative influences of parents, friends, and police on young novices’ risky driving decisions

Purpose:\ud
Young novice drivers experience significantly greater risk of being injured or killed in car crashes than older more experienced drivers. This research utilised a qualitative approach guided by the framework of Akers’ social learning theory. It explored young novice drivers’ perspectives on risky driving including rewards and punishments expected from and administered by parents, friends, and police, imitation of parents’ and friends’ driving, and advantages and disadvantages of risky driving.\ud
\ud
Methods:\ud
Twenty-one young drivers (12 females, 9 males) aged 16–25 years (M = 17.71 years, SD = 2.15) with a Learner (n = 11) or Provisional (n = 10) driver licence participated in individual or small group interviews.\ud
\ud
Findings and conclusions:\ud
Content analysis supported four themes: (1) rewards and (2) punishments for risky driving, and the influence of (3) parents and (4) friends. The young novice drivers differed in their vulnerability to the negative influences of friends and parents, with some novices advising they were able to resist risky normative influences whilst others felt they could not. The authority of the police as enforcers of road rules was either accepted and respected or seen as being used to persecute young novices. These findings suggest that road safety interventions should consider the normative influence of parents and friends on the risky and safe behaviour of young novices. Police were also seen as influential upon behaviour. Future research should explore the complicated relationship between parents, friends, the police, young novices, and their risky driving behaviour
Effects of synchronous music on treadmill running among elite triathletes

Research has shown that running in time to music that is synchronized to stride rate can provide significant benefits for sub-elite athletes, although it is uncertain whether such benefits also accrue for elite performers. The\ud
present study evaluated the effects of running in time to music on a treadmill using a range of psychological, physiological and performance indices among a sample of elite triathletes. An initial test was conducted to establish aerobic capacity and individual stride rates at various running speeds. Triathletes were presented\ud
with music selections of appropriate tempi for each running speed (i.e., synchronous music), and chose tracks they considered to be (a) motivational, and (b) neutral. They then completed a standardised running test on\ud
three occasions in counterbalanced order under three conditions (no-music, motivational music, neutral music). The test protocol involved a warm-up, three 4-minute periods of steady state running at progressively faster\ud
velocities, followed by a run-to-exhaustion at approximately 110% of blood lactate threshold. Dietary intake was controlled over the day preceding each test. Measures were taken after each 4-minute period of steady\ud
state running and after the run-to-exhaustion for (a) perceived exertion using the Borg Scale; (b) psychological state using the Feeling Scale; (c) oxygen utilization; and (d) blood lactate. Time to exhaustion was recorded and mood\ud
responses were assessed prior to and following each test, using the Brunel Mood Scale. Perceived exertion was lower with music than without music even though the same amount\ud
of work was completed. Feelings remained more positive throughout the test with motivational music compared to neutral music and no-music. Oxygen consumption was about\ud
3% lower when running in time to music compared to running without music, although blood lactate levels remained almost identical. Compared to the no-music condition, time-toexhaustion improved by more than 12% when running in time to music. Mood responses were more positive with music. Results confirmed the hypothesized benefits of music\ud
but suggested that synchronicity of the music to the activity may be more important in functional terms than the motivational qualities of the music
Towards a theoretical foundation for morphological computation with compliant bodies

The control of compliant robots is, due to their often nonlinear and complex dynamics, inherently difficult. The vision of morphological computation proposes to view these aspects not only as problems, but rather also as parts of the solution. Non-rigid body parts are not seen anymore as imperfect realizations of rigid body parts, but rather as potential computational resources. The applicability of this vision has already been demonstrated for a variety of complex robot control problems. Nevertheless, a theoretical basis for understanding the capabilities and limitations of morphological computation has been missing so far. We present a model for morphological computation with compliant bodies, where a precise mathematical characterization of the potential computational contribution of a complex physical body is feasible. The theory suggests that complexity and nonlinearity, typically unwanted properties of robots, are desired features in order to provide computational power. We demonstrate that simple generic models of physical bodies, based on mass-spring systems, can be used to implement complex nonlinear operators. By adding a simple readout (which is static and linear) to the morphology such devices are able to emulate complex mappings of input to output streams in continuous time. Hence, by outsourcing parts of the computation to the physical body, the difficult problem of learning to control a complex body, could be reduced to a simple and perspicuous learning task, which can not get stuck in local minima of an error function
Search for anomalous production of multilepton events in pp collisions at s√=7TeV

A search for anomalous production of events with three or more isolated leptons in pp collisions at s√=7TeV is presented. The data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.98 fb−1, were collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC during the 2011 run. The search is applicable to any model of new physics that enhances multiple lepton production. The observed multilepton events are categorized into exclusive search channels based on the identity and kinematics of the objects in the events. An estimate of the standard-model background rates from data is emphasized, but simulation is also used to estimate some of the background rates. The search results are interpreted in the context of supersymmetry, including both R-parity-conserving and R-parity-violating models. We derive exclusion limits as a function of squark, gluino, and chargino masses
Bibliometric analysis - A new business area for information professionals in libraries? Support for scientific research by perception and trend analysis

Supplying library users with literature by a seamless linking of media is the goal of (scientific) libraries. By the digitization of primary and secondary data and the convergence of products and providers, libraries have already come very close to achieving this ideal. A digital library is the realization of this goal. However, many librarians are in danger of running out of imagination. What will come after the digital library? Will information professionals still be needed? What services can libraries offer? Bibliometric analysis is an example of new business areas in libraries. This paper will discuss what shape this service could take in practice, who needs it and what target groups exist in the scientific environment. Concrete examples of bibliometric analysis from the Central Library of Research Centre Jülich will round off the overview
Appropriability of Technical Innovations: An Empirical Analysis

Appropriating the economic returns from technical innovations is very important for individual inventors and innovators, as well as for technical change in individual markets and for the whole economy. Since appropriability is difficult to measure directly, many researchers have been trying to investigate it indirectly and qualitatively by examining the effectiveness of various means of appropriability. The most important of these means are patents, secrecy and lead time and related advantages.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate empirically the effectiveness of different means of protecting the competitive advantages of technical innovations in Switzerland. The analysis is based on a survey conducted in 1988 among 358 Swiss experts, mainly R&D executives from selected firms. They represented 127 different lines of business, mainly in the manufacturing sector. The results can be summarized as follows:

1. For process innovations lead time is generally considered as the most effective means of appropnability. For product innovations superior sales and service efforts are viewed as the most effective means, followed by lead time.

2. For both product and process innovations patents are generally considered to be the least effective means of appropriability.

3. Patents as a means of appropnability in the Swiss context are only effective in a few industries: in chemicals, including drugs, and in some cases in the machinery and electrotechnics industries.

4. The ability of competitors to "invent around" patented innovations and the perception that patent documents require "disclosure of too much information" are considered as the most important constraints on the effectiveness of patents.

5. Inventors and innovators have manifold reasons for patenting their new ideas. Although patents may not provide adequate protection against imitation, they can contribute to enhancing the patent-holders' negotiating position towards third parties. This can be the case in negotiations either with other firms (for example about R&D-related agreements, fusions, take-overs etc) or with governmental agencies (for example concerning access to foreign markets).
The impacts of trade liberalization on informal labor markets: an evaluation of the Brazilian case.

Several developing countries that underwent trade liberalization experienced an increase in the share of informal workers in manufacturing industries. This phenomenon deserves careful examination because informal jobs are not only generally viewed as low-quality and low-paying jobs, but they also account for more than 30% of the workforce in some countries. In this paper, I examine the effects of the Brazilian trade liberalization episode (1989-2001) on the industry-level share of informal workers and on the average formal and informal wages. I find that a percentage point decrease in import tariffs increases the informality share by 0.09 percentage points and the average informal wage by 0.06%, and decreases the average formal wage by 0.05%. A similar change in foreign import tariffs decreases the informality share by 0.17 percentage points and the average informal wage by 0.34%, and increases the average formal wage by 0.32%. The results are found to be robust to endogeneity and self-selection concerns, which are addressed using instrumental variables and a switching regressions approach.
Faith-inspired Health Care Provision in Ghana: Market Share, Reach to the Poor, and Performance

This paper relies on administrative, household surveys and qualitative data to answer three questions about the services provided by faith-inspired health care providers in Ghana, asking: (1) what is the market share of faith-inspired providers as compared to other types of providers; (2) are there differences in market shares among the poor between faith-inspired providers and other types of providers; and (3) how satisfied are patients with the services received and why are patients choosing faith-inspired providers for care? While estimates based on facilities data, especially for hospitals, suggest that the market share of faith-inspired providers is at 30 percent to 40 percent, estimates from household surveys are at less than ten percent. The market share among the poor of faith-inspired providers appears to be similar to that of public providers, but higher than that of private non-religious providers. The qualitative data suggests that the reasons that lead patients to choose faith-inspired providers are not related directly to religion per se, but rather (perhaps indirectly) to the quality of the services provided, including (but not only) through the values of dignity and respect for patients that these facilities exhibit.