pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Comparison of several mathematical models for describing the joint effect of temperature and ph on glucanex activity

10 páginas, 5 figuras, 3 tablasThe aim of the present work was to evaluate with different statistical criteria the suitability of nine equations for describing and optimizing the simultaneous effect of temperature and pH on glucanex activity using two characteristic polysaccharides (curdlan and laminarin) as substrates. The most satisfactory solutions were found with an empirical equation constituted with parameters of practical interest (Rosso model), and a hybrid model between the Arrhenius equation and the mathematical expression generated by the protonation-hydroxylation mechanism (Tijskens model). The joint optimal values of pH and temperature calculated with the Rosso model were obtained at 4.64 and 50°C with curdlan and 4.64 and 48°C using laminarin as substrateMr. Miguel Angel Prieto Lage had two predoctoral contracts (Lucas Labrada and María\ud
Barbeito grants financed by the Xunta de Galicia). We wish to thank the CSIC (Intramural\ud
Project: 200930I183) and Xunta de Galicia (Programa de consolidación de unidades de\ud
investigación 2008-2010, IN845B-2010/004) for financial supportPeer reviewe
Data curators at work: Focus on projects and experiences

Editor's Summary   Three postdoctoral fellows in a program sponsored by the Council on Library and Information Resources/Digital Library Foundation are exploring and contributing to the field of digital curation through very different perspectives. With a neuroscience background, Katherine Akers is encouraging scientists to preserve and share research datasets and analyzing the use of library resources. For Inna Kouper, building cyberstructure and facilitating and promoting user engagement are primary. Matthew Lavin is working to make digital tools and approaches serve the needs of humanists, focusing on digitally conveying the physical features and histories of books. With different definitions of data and a variety of research goals, the scholars apply hybrid professional approaches to digital curation, stimulating expanded information, intellectual cross fertilization and a broader view of data, research and knowledge
Medical students' approaches to learning anatomy: students' experiences and relations to the learning environment

To examine students' perceptions and experiences of learning anatomy, an on-line Likert-style questionnaire was administered during 2006 to students reading a Bachelor of Medicine 4- and 5-year program (n = 256, 23.8%). Statistical analysis found that students predominantly felt that understanding anatomy and working with human cadaveric material were very important in becoming a doctor. Students reported that working on cadaveric specimens was an effective way of learning anatomy, and also found the amount of anatomy they needed to learn to be daunting. Student responses were correlated with their approaches to learning [Approaches to Studying Inventory for Students (ASSIST)] scores using a Kruskal Wallis test. Significant relationships between the approach to learning anatomy adopted and students' perception and experience of anatomy were found. A deep approach to learning anatomy correlated with students who reported that the most effective way of learning anatomy in the dissecting room was to get their hands in and feel for structures, who used anatomical terms and language at clinical opportunities, and who frequently used their anatomy-radiology knowledge in clinical situations. A surface approach to learning anatomy was associated with elements, such as students finding anatomy learning daunting and not seeing the point to it. The outcomes provide clear associations between students' perception of the anatomy learning environment, the approach to learning adopted, and the anatomy activities in which students engage. The findings highlight that understanding and applying anatomical knowledge are best accomplished by the adoption of a deep approach to learning
Azygos lobe in a South African cadaveric population

Knowledge of the prevalence, morphology and location of the azygos lobe is essential for diagnostic and surgical procedures of the lungs related to mediastinal pathologies, especially to minimize intraoperative vascular injuries, shock, possible thoracotomy and even the possibility
of pulmonary torsion. Reports on the prevalence of the azygos lobe vary between 0.11% and 0.43%. The aim of the current study was to record the prevalence and morphological description of the azygos lobe in the South African cadaveric population. A total of 704 adult cadavers
dissected over a ten-year period by students in the Department of Human Anatomy at the Medunsa Campus, University of Limpopo, were studied. The prevalence and dimensions of the azygos lobe were determined with a 95% confidence interval. Results indicate that an azygos lobe was present in the right lung in only four cases (prevalence 0.57%, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.2%-1.6%). The mean height and width were 6.7 cm (95% CI: 4.4-9.2) and 4.5 cm (95% CI: 3.7-5.2) respectively. Observations on the morphology of the azygos lobe showed that it was
rectangular (n=3) and triangular (n=1) in shape with smooth margins. In conclusion, the azygos lobe is a rare anomaly in the South African cadaveric population. The present results are comparable with those reported in the literature for other populations. Future radiological studies
on the azygos lobe on living subjects in South Africa will be useful for further understanding of this rare but significant anomaly.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1098-2353hb2013ay201
Re‐animation and rehabilitation of the paralyzed face in head and neck cancer patients

Facial nerve paralysis can occasionally result from the treatment of head and neck cancer. The treatment of paralysis is patient specific, and requires an assessment of the remaining nerve segments, musculature, functional deficits, anticipated recovery, and patient factors. When feasible, reinnervation of the remaining musculature can provide the most natural outcome. However, the complex and topographic nature of facial innervation often prevents complete and meaningful movement. In these instances, a wide variety of procedures can be used to combat the functional and cosmetic sequella of facial paralysis. Clin. Anat. 25:99–107, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Verification of a standardized method for inserting intramuscular EMG electrodes into uniquely oriented segments of gluteus minimus and gluteus medius

Guidelines for assessing the function of gluteus minimus and gluteus medius with electromyography (EMG) traditionally offer one electrode placement site per muscle. However, anatomical studies suggest that there are two uniquely oriented segments within gluteus minimus (anterior and posterior), and three within gluteus medius (anterior, middle, and posterior) with potential for independent function. Assessment of these muscles with one electrode may therefore provide only a limited account of their role. Thus, the aim of this cadaveric study was to verify guidelines for placing intramuscular electrodes into two uniquely oriented segments of gluteus minimus, and three segments of gluteus medius. The guidelines were developed with reference to anatomical reports, cadaveric observation and real-time ultrasound imaging in vivo. Five cadaveric gluteal regions were marked for intramuscular electrode insertions based on these guidelines. Intramuscular electrodes were inserted into the marked regions of gluteus minimus (2×) and gluteus medius (3×) with the aid of a 15 cm biopsy needle. Systematic dissection revealed that electrodes were successfully inserted into uniquely oriented segments of gluteus minimus and medius. The orientation of fascicles surrounding each electrode was also consistent with segmental descriptions in past anatomical research. The findings of this research suggest that the guidelines described may be used to assess the functional role of segments within gluteus minimus and medius in health and dysfunction using EMG. Finally, electromyographers intent on investigating the role of posterior gluteus minimus must be cautious of the superior gluteal neurovascular bundle. Clin. Anat., 2013
Measuring distortion of skeletal elements in Lodox Statscan-generated images

Due to a scarcity of available skeletal material, anthropologists and other practitioners face difficulties with either the creation or validation of techniques used to estimate a biological profile in subadults. To address this problem, radiographic images of living individuals are often used in lieu of dry skeletal elements. However, radiographic images suffer from distortion. Some problems with metric analyses when using radiographic images may be addressed with the Lodox Statscan, an X-ray machine that claims to produce minimal distortion along the scan-axis due to a linear slot-scanning design. The purpose of this research was to measure the distortion of skeletal elements in radiographic images generated from a Lodox Statscan. Skeletal elements subject to multiple imaging variables that affect distortion were radiographed, measured, and then compared to the dry bone measurements through multiple approaches. An 85% percent agreement within a ±1 mm range and a 97% agreement within a ±2 mm range was obtained. Percent difference results demonstrate that slot-axis measurements incurred more distortion than scan-axis measurements (11.8% and 2.7%, respectively). Inclusion of foam results in 4.5% more error than when foam is not included in the image. Angled scan-axis measurements also incurred more distortion than either nonangled slot- and scan-axis measurements. A Bland-Altmanplot reveals an overall agreement between the radiographic and dry bonemeasurements, with most measurements falling within the upper and lower limits. Similar measurement error is found in Statscan radiographic and dry bone measurements; therefore, the Statscan offers a radiographic venue to collect metric datahttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1098-2353hb201
Degenerative trends of the palmaris longus muscle in a South African population

The literature reports that the palmaris longus muscle (PL) is only found in
mammals in which the forelimbs are weight-bearing extremities. It is suggested
that the function of this muscle has been taken over by the other flexors
in the forearm. Terms used in the literature to describe the diminishing of
this muscle include retrogressive or phylogenetic degenerative trends. The
aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of PL in a South African
population and whether a phylogenetic degenerative trend for the PL exists. To
determine the prevalence of the PL, five groups, representing different age
intervals (Years 0–20, 21–40, 41–60, 61–80, and 81–99) were used. A sample
of 706 participants of various ages was randomly selected. Statistical analysis
included comparisons of the prevalence of the muscle between males and
females and left and right sides, using a student t-test. A Chi-squared test was
used to determine a possible phylogenetic degenerative trend of PL within the
five groups. The sample yielded a bilateral absence of the PL in 11.9% of the
cases. The muscle was unilaterally absent on the left side in 7.65% and 6.94%
on the right side. The Chi-squared tests revealed a P-value of 0.27 for the left
arm and 0.39 for the right arm. No obvious trend could be established for the
phylogenetic degeneration of the PL in this study. It would appear that the PL
muscle should not be considered as a phylogenetically degenerating muscle in
a South African population.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1098-2353hb201
Blood Supply to the Human Spinal Cord. I. Anatomy and Hemodynamics

The arterial network that supplies the human spinal cord, which was once thought to be similar to that of the brain, is in fact much different and more extensive. In this article, the authors attempt to provide a comprehensive review of the literature regarding the anatomy and known hemodynamics of the blood supply to the human spinal cord. Additionally, as the medical literature often fails to provide accurate terminology for the arteries that supply the cord, the authors attempt to categorize and clarify this nomenclature. A complete understanding of the morphology of the arterial blood supply to the human spinal cord is important to anatomists and clinicians alike
Blood Supply to the Human Spinal Cord. II. Imaging and Pathology

The blood supply of the spinal cord is a complex system based on multilevel sources and anastomoses. Diseases often affect this vascular supply and imaging has been developed that better investigates these structures. The authors review the literature regarding pathology and imaging modalities for the blood supply of the spinal cord. Knowledge of the disease processes and imaging modalities used to investigate these arterial lesions of the spinal cord will assist the clinician when treating patients with spinal cord lesions
Nasal Airway and Septal Variation in Unilateral and Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate

Cleft lip and palate (CLP) affects the dentoalveolar and nasolabial facial regions. Internal and external nasal dysmorphology may persist in individuals born with CLP despite surgical interventions. 7–18 year old individuals born with unilateral and bilateral CLP (n = 50) were retrospectively assessed using cone beam computed tomography. Anterior, middle, and posterior nasal airway volumes were measured on each facial side. Septal deviation was measured at the anterior and posterior nasal spine, and the midpoint between these two locations. Data were evaluated using principal components analysis (PCA), multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), and post-hoc ANOVA tests. PCA results show partial separation in high dimensional space along PC1 (48.5% variance) based on age groups and partial separation along PC2 (29.8% variance) based on CLP type and septal deviation patterns. MANOVA results indicate that age (P = 0.007) and CLP type (P ≤ 0.001) significantly affect nasal airway volume and septal deviation. ANOVA results indicate that anterior nasal volume is significantly affected by age (P ≤ 0.001), whereas septal deviation patterns are significantly affected by CLP type (P ≤ 0.001). Age and CLP type affect nasal airway volume and septal deviation patterns. Nasal airway volumes tend to be reduced on the clefted sides of the face relative to non-clefted sides of the face. Nasal airway volumes tend to strongly increase with age, whereas septal deviation values tend to increase only slightly with age. These results suggest that functional nasal breathing may be impaired in individuals born with the unilateral and bilateral CLP deformity
3D Interactive model of lumbar spinal structures of anaesthetic interest

A 3D model of lumbar structures of anesthetic interest was reconstructed from human magnetic resonance (MR) images and embedded in a Portable Document Format (PDF) file, which can be opened by freely available software and used offline. The MR images were analyzed using a specific 3D software platform for biomedical data. Models generated from manually delimited volumes of interest and selected MR images were exported to Virtual Reality Modeling Language format and were presented in a PDF document containing JavaScript-based functions. The 3D file and the corresponding instructions and license files can be downloaded freely at http://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/handle/2445/44844?locale5en. The 3D PDF interactive file includes reconstructions of the L3-L5 vertebrae, intervertebral disks, ligaments, epidural and foraminal fat, dural sac and nerve root cuffs, sensory and motor nerve roots of the cauda equina, and anesthetic approaches (epidural medial, spinal paramedial, and selective nerve root paths); it also includes a predefined sequential educational presentation. Zoom, 360 rotation, selective visualization, and transparency graduation of each structure and clipping functions are available. Familiarization requires no specialized informatics knowledge. The ease with which the document can be used could make it valuable for anatomical and anesthetic teaching and demonstration of patient information
Descriptive study of the differences in the level of the conus medullaris in four different age groups

In performing neuraxial procedures, knowledge of the
location of the conus medullaris in patients of all ages is important. The aim of
this study was to determine the location of conus medullaris in a sample of newborn/infant cadavers and sagittal MRIs of children, adolescents and young
adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The subjects of both the samples were
subdivided into four developmental stages. No statistical difference was seen
between the three older age groups (p>0.05). A significant difference was
evident when the newborn/infant stage was compared with the other, older
stages (p<0.001 for all comparisons). RESULTS: In the newborn/infant group
the spinal cord terminated most frequently at the level of L2/L3 (16%). In the
childhood stage, the spinal cord terminated at the levels of T12/L1 and the
lower third of L1 (21%). In the adolescent population, it was most often found
at the level of the middle third of L1 and L1/L2 (19%). Finally, in the young
adult group, the spinal cord terminated at the level of L1/L2 (25%). This study
confirmed the different level of spinal cord termination between
newborns/infants less than one year old and subjects older than one year. In
this sample the conus medullaris was not found caudal to the L3 vertebral
body, which is more cranial than the prescribed level of needle insertion
recommended for lumbar neuraxial procedures. CONCLUSION: It is
recommended that the exact level of spinal cord termination should be
determined prior to attempting lumbar neuraxial procedures in newborns or
infants.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1098-23532016-07-31hb201
Skeletal manifestations of tuberculosis in modern human remains

Paleopathologists study the presence of diseases in the past and as such have a vast
knowledge of skeletal changes associated with different conditions. Tuberculosis is one of
the most studied diseases and still remains a major health problem today. Its manifestations
in past populations have been extensively described, but less is known about its bony
involvement in the post-antibiotic era. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency
and manifestations of skeletal lesions in the post-antibiotic era in a South African sample
and compare it to that found before the introduction of antibiotics. Skeletons of 205
individuals from modern skeletal collections and who are known to have died from TB were
assessed. It was found that 39.2% of all individuals dying in the post-antibiotic era showed
skeletal changes that could be associated with TB, while another 27.5% showed nonspecific
changes. The highest incidences were found in individuals who died after 1985, when coinfection
with HIV and drug resistance became common. While, as expected, vertebral and
rib changes were the most common, the number of individuals who showed changes to the
skull, and specifically intracranially, was surprising. These could most probably be associated
with TB meningitis, although this specific cause of death was noted in only a few individuals.
It seems that individuals may be living longer as a result of long-term antibiotic use, leaving
more time for lesions to develop.The research of M. Steyn is supported by the National Research Foundation
of South Africa (NRF).http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1098-23532017-10-31hb2017Anatom
Assessment of diet and recognition of nutritional deficiencies in paleopathological studies : a review

An essential part of paleopathology is the study of diet and nutrition as well as inferring
aspects of diet and nutrition from the skeletal pathology. Interpretation of nutritional and
metabolic disease-related pathologies often provides additional insight into the daily social
and cultural practices of people. However, precise diagnoses of specific vitamin-related
deficiencies in archaeological skeletal remains are still quite problematic and specific
diagnoses are rarely possible. This partly stems from the fact that many nutritional or
metabolic diseases do not necessarily result in an osteological response and when they do,
the comorbidity and analogous osteological responses to vitamin deficiencies may hamper
the definite diagnosis of nutrition-related disease.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1098-23532017-10-31hb2017Anatom
Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis : diagnostic, clinical, and paleopathological considerations

Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is a disease primarily affecting the spine. However, it is also associated with the ossification/calcification of tendon, ligament, and capsule insertions (entheses) occurring at multiple peripheral sites. The etiology of the condition is unknown, as the name suggests (diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis), although some correlations with diabetes mellitus, obesity, and age have been noted. Clinical diagnostic criteria have been adapted for paleopathological assessment of archeological skeletal remains, revealing some interesting patterns between monastic and lay populations; showing a higher incidence of DISH among individuals buried in monastic cemeteries. Although fascinating, the mechanisms behind this difference in prevalence are still not fully understood and have been attributed to the relatively richer diets of the monks and priests. The development of diagnostic criteria, where early stage cases of DISH can be identified as well as a better understanding of its causes, is paramount to the prevention of this potentially debilitating condition and perhaps this is where paleopathologists can assist. The use of dry bone rather than living patients for detailed assessment means that paleopathologists are less restricted by the techniques they can use in their investigations and the condition's occurrence in various archeological assemblages can provide interesting insights into its etiology.The research of M Steyn is supported by the National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1098-23532017-10-31hb2016Anatom
Anatomy of the long head of biceps femoris: An ultrasound study

Hamstring strains, particularly involving the long head of biceps femoris (BFlh) at the proximal musculotendinous junction (MTJ), are commonly experienced by athletes. With the use of diagnostic ultrasound increasing, an in-depth knowledge of normal ultrasonographic anatomy is fundamental to better understanding hamstring strain. The aim of this study was to describe the architecture of BFlh, using ultrasonography, in young men and cadaver specimens. BFlh morphology was examined in 19 healthy male participants (mean age 21.6 years) using ultrasound. Muscle, tendon and MTJ lengths were recorded and architectural parameters assessed at four standardised points along the muscle. Measurement accuracy was validated by ultrasound and dissection of BFlh in six male cadaver lower limbs (mean age 76 years). Intra-rater reliability of architectural parameters was examined for repeat scans, image analysis and dissection measurements. Distally the BFlh muscle had significantly (P