pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
Group-level impacts of within- and between-subject hemodynamic variability in fMRI

International audienceInter-subject fMRI analyses have specific issues regarding the reliability of the results concerning both the detection of brain activation patterns and the estimation of the underlying dynamics. Among these issues lies the variability of the hemodynamic response function (HRF), that is usually accounted for using functional basis sets in the general linear model context. Here, we use the joint detection-estimation approach (JDE) (Makni et al., 2008; Vincent et al., 2010) which combines regional nonparametric HRF inference with spatially adaptive regularization of activation clusters to avoid global smoothing of fMRI images. We show that the JDE-based inference brings a significant improvement in statistical sensitivity for detecting evoked activity in parietal regions. In contrast, the canonical HRF associated with spatially adaptive regularization is more sensitive in other regions, such as motor cortex. This different regional behavior is shown to reflect a larger discrepancy of HRF with the canonical model. By varying parallel imaging acceleration factor, SNR-specific region-based hemodynamic parameters (activation delay and duration) were extracted from the JDE inference. Complementary analyses highlighted their significant departure from the canonical parameters and the strongest between-subject variability that occurs in the parietal region, irrespective of the SNR value. Finally, statistical evidence that the fluctuation of the HRF shape is responsible for the significant change in activation detection performance is demonstrated using paired t-tests between hemodynamic parameters inferred by GLM and JDE
Performance of the improved larger acceptance spectrometer: VAMOS++

International audienceMeasurements and ion optic calculations showed that the large momentum acceptance of the VAMOS spectrometer at GANIL could be further increased from $\sim$ 11% to $\sim$ 30% by suitably enlarging the dimensions of the detectors used at the focal plane. Such a new detection system built for the focal plane of VAMOS is described. It consists of larger area detectors (1000 mm × 150 mm) namely, a Multi-Wire Parallel Plate Avalanche Counter (MWPPAC), two drift chambers, a segmented ionization chamber and an array of Si detectors. Compared to the earlier existing system (VAMOS), we show that the new system (VAMOS++) has a dispersion-independent momentum acceptance . Additionally a start detector (MWPPAC) has been introduced near the target to further improve the mass resolution to $\sim$ 1/220. The performance of the VAMOS++ spectrometer is demonstrated using measurements of residues formed in the collisions of 129Xe at 967 MeV on 197Au
An optimisation approach for stability analysis and controller synthesis of linear hyperbolic systems

International audienceIn this paper, we consider the problems of stability analysis and control synthesis for first-order hyperbolic linear Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) over a bounded interval with spatially varying coefficients. We propose Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMI) conditions for the stability and for the design of boundary and distributed control for the system. These conditions involve an infinite number of LMI to solve. Hence, we show how to overapproximate these constraints using polytopic embeddings to reduce the problem to a finite number of LMI. We show the effectiveness of the overapproximation with several examples and with the Saint-Venant equations with friction
Oxidant selection to treat an aged PAH contaminated soil by in situ chemical oxidation.

International audienceThis work is a part of the OXYSOL project aiming at the conception of a global treatment pathway including In Situ Chemical Oxidation to clean up soils of former metallurgical sites. It deals with the selection of the most adapted oxidants. Batch experiments were performed with aged contaminated soil samples of a former steel-making plant to degrade the 16 US EPA PAHs. In this research, hydrogen peroxide, modified Fenton's reaction, potassium permanganate, sodium percarbonate and sodium persulfate were compared at high and moderate doses. Hydrogen peroxide, modified Fenton's reagent, percarbonate and activated persulfate led to a maximum degradation ratio of 45%. A higher ratio (70%) was obtained with a high dose of permanganate. Except for permanganate, increasing oxidant dose did not improve degradation rates, especially with radical-based oxidative systems probably due to radical scavenging. Oxidant doses had an effect on pH that drastically increased or dropped in some cases, which was a drawback. Permanganate efficacy was mainly assigned to its persistence. In all cases, the low availability of PAHs, partly sequestrated in the aged soil, was identified as the most limiting factor for degradation performance. Oxidants were ranked according to their efficiency for PAH oxidation in soils. Efficiency was not correlated to the doses
The role of pressure solution creep in the ductility of the earth's upper crust

133 pagesInternational audienceThe aim of this review is to characterize the role of pressure solution creep in the ductility of the Earth's upper crust and to describe how this creep mechanism competes and interacts with other deformation mechanisms. Pressure solution creep is a major mechanism of ductile deformation of the upper crust, accommodating basin compaction, folding, shear zone development, and fault creep and interseismic healing. However, its kinetics is strongly dependent on the composition of the rocks (mainly the presence of phyllosilicates minerals that activate pressure solution) and on its interaction with fracturing and healing processes (that activate and slow down pressure solution, respectively). The present review combines three approaches: natural observations, theoretical developments, and laboratory experiments. Natural observations can be used to identify the pressure solution markers necessary to evaluate creep law parameters, such as the nature of the material, the temperature and stress conditions or the geometry of mass transfer domains. Theoretical developments help to investigate the thermodynamics and kinetics of the processes and to build theoretical creep laws. Laboratory experiments are implemented in order to test the models and to measure creep law parameters such as driving forces and kinetic coefficients. Finally, applications are discussed for the modelling of sedimentary basin compaction and fault creep. The sensitivity of the models to time is given particular attention: viscous versus plastic rheology during sediment compaction; steady state versus non-steady state behaviour of fault and shear zones. The conclusions discuss recent advances for modelling pressure solution creep and the main questions that remain to be solved
Trachyte phase relations and implication for magma storage conditions in the Chaîne des Puys (French Massif Central).

International audiencePetrological data have been acquired on the natural trachytes from the Chaîne des Puys, French Massif Central, and on experimental products from phase equilibria in order to (i) constrain the storage conditions of the trachytic magmas that lead to explosive eruptions (dome destructions as block-and-ash flows or pumice-and-ash flows) and (ii) provide phase relationships and chemical compositions for differentiated alkaline liquids in intraplate continental context. Phase assemblages, proportions, and compositions have been determined on six trachytes with SiO2 contents varying from 62 to 69 wt % and alkali contents of 10.5-12.0 wt %. The samples contain up to 30 % of phenocrysts, mainly consisting of feldspar (15-17 %; plagioclase and/or alkali-feldspar), biotite (2-6 %; except in the SiO2-poorest sample), Fe-Ti oxides (1-3 %) ± amphibole (< 5 %), ± clinopyroxene (~1 %). All samples have apatite and zircon as minor phases and titanite has been found in one sample. Pristine glasses (melt inclusions or residual glasses) in pumice from explosive events are trachytic to rhyolitic (65-73 wt % SiO2 and 10.5-13.0 wt % alkali). H2O dissolved in melt inclusions and the biotite+alkali feldspar+magnetite hygrobarometer both suggest pre-eruptive H2O contents up to 8 wt %. These are so far the highest H2O contents ever reported for alkaline liquids in an intraplate continental context. Melt inclusions also contain ~3400 ppm chlorine, ~700 ppm fluorine, and ~300 ppm sulphur. Crystallisation experiments of the six trachytes have been performed between 200 and 400 MPa, 700 and 900°C, H2O saturation, and oxygen fugacity of NNO +1. The comparison between the natural and experimental phase assemblage, proportion, and composition suggests magma storage conditions at a pressure of 300-350 MPa (~10-12 km deep), melt H2O content ~8 wt % (close to saturation), an oxygen fugacity close to NNO~0.5, and temperatures increasing from 700 to 825°C with decreasing bulk SiO2 of the trachyte. The high H2O contents of the trachytes show that wet conditions may prevail during the differentiation of continental alkaline series. Regardless of the size of the magma reservoir assumed to have fed the trachyte eruptions, calculation of the thermal relaxation timescales indicates that the tapped reservoir(s) are likely to be still partially molten nowadays. The four northernmost edifices may correspond to a single large reservoir with a lateral extension of up to 10 km, which could be possibly reactivated in weeks to months if intercepted by new rising basalt batches
Perspective on the Genesis of E-MORB from Chemical and Isotopic Heterogeneity at 9-10 degrees N East Pacific Rise

International audienceThe discovery of chemically and isotopically enriched mid-ocean ridge basalts (E-MORB) has offered substantial insight into the origin, time scales, and length scales of mantle heterogeneity. However, the exact processes involved in producing this E-MORB enrichment are vigorously debated. Additionally, because the ages of E-MORB are not well constrained, the petrogenetic, temporal, and geological relationships between E-MORB and normal (N)-MORB are not known. To investigate these relationships and to explore how melting and melt transport processes contribute to or modify enriched mantle source compositions and generate E-MORB melts beneath mid-ocean ridges, we measured major and trace elements, and Sr, Nd, Hf, Pb, and U-Th-Ra isotopes for a suite of lavas that were collected off-axis, including several E-MORB, at 9-10 degrees N along the East Pacific Rise (EPR). These data show coherent mixing trends among long-lived radiogenic isotopes, U-series nuclides, and incompatible trace elements, implying that mixing of melts from different sources occurs at different depths. Our results are consistent with previous studies that show that melting occurs in a two-porosity melting regime, with high-porosity channels forming deeply in the presence of garnet and transporting enriched melts with large (230)Th excesses to the crust, whereas low-porosity channels transport melts more slowly, allowing them to equilibrate at shallow depths and develop large (226)Ra excesses at the expense of diminished (230)Th excesses. Forward modeling of the trace element data also is consistent with mixing of melts in a two-porosity melting regime. U-series age constraints suggest that E-MORB neither erupt at systematically different times from N-MORB, nor necessarily through different pathways. Previous studies of E-MORB at 9-10 degrees N have suggested that E-MORB compositions could be explained by off-axis eruption. However, when considered in light of previously published magnetic paleointensity and U-series age constraints, recent geological studies, and the most widely accepted contemporary understanding of volcanic construction at 9-10 degrees N EPR, the asymmetric, off-axis distribution of E-MORB at 9-10 degrees N EPR is consistent with, and more simply explained by, a model in which E-MORB erupted within the axial summit trough (AST) and flowed down the ridge flanks (similar to 0-3 km). These E-MORB subsequently spread away from the AST, and, finally, were preserved on the seafloor through asymmetric construction of the extrusive layer. Taken together, the range of ages of E-MORB at 9-10 degrees N EPR and the geochemical and isotopic mixing trends suggest that enriched melts are continuously supplied to the ridge axis, but because of their small proportions relative to the volumetrically and volcanically dominant N-MORB, E-MORB preservation and exposure is comparatively scarce
Redox conditions and heavy metals distribution in mangrove forests receiving effluents from shrimp farms (Teremba Bay, New Caledonia)

International audiencePurpose The mangroves of New Caledonia, in the south Pacific, act as a buffer between a lagoon of more than 20,000 km2 and the island, which is characterized by ultramafic rocks and lateritic soils that are exploited for their richness in heavy metals. We will provide a better understanding of the redox conditions, and of heavy metal distributions in mangroves receiving shrimp farm effluents. Materials and methods Samples were collected from four areas defined in terms of vegetation composition: a salt flat, an Avicennia marina forest, in which effluents are released; a Rhizophora stylosa forest, and a dead Rhizophora forest. They were collected during times of maximum effluent release. Some measurements on pore water were also done during a period without effluent. Cores (70 cm deep) were collected at low tide with an Eijkelkamp gouge auger, and pore waters were extracted using soil moisture samplers. Physico-chemical parameters (pH, Eh, salinity) were measured by directly inserting the probes into cores. Total nitrogen and total sulfur were also determined. The sedimentary organic content was studied using a Rock-Eval 6 pyrolysis. Finally, heavy metal concentrations were determined, both in the solid and the dissolved phases, using an HR-ICP-AES. Results and discussion The distribution of heavy metals in the core collected in the salt flat is mainly controlled, on the one hand, by the sedimentary organic content, and on the other hand, by the elevation of the area, which induced dessication. The release of effluent within the Avicennia stand induced anoxic conditions on the whole depth profile, while these conditions are suboxic without effluent release, probably inducing different metal speciation. The Rhizophora forests, located at 100 m from the release point, do not seem to show any impact from the effluent phase, as indicated by the redox profiles which show similar results with and without effluent release. Beneath these two stands, conditions are mainly anoxic and sulfidic, as a result of the decomposition of high organic matter content. Conclusions The release of effluent within the Avicennia stand, by modifying the length of waterlogging, clearly modifies the redox conditions. We suggest that the differences in redox conditions between the two periods modify the carrier phase of heavy metals, being mainly associated with sulfides during effluent release. Metals are thus less mobile, and consequently when mangrove receives effluents, they act as a sink for trace metals
Zinc Redistribution in a Soil Developed from Limestone During Pedogenesis

International audienceThe long-term redistribution of Zn in a naturally Zn-enriched soil during pedogenesis was quantified based on mass balance calculations. According to their fate, parent limestones comprised three Zn pools: bound to calcite and pyritesphalerite grains, bound to phyllosilicates and bound to goethite in the inherited phosphate nodules. Four pedological processes, i.e., carbonate dissolution, two stages of redox processes and eluviation, redistributed Zn during pedogenesis. The carbonate dissolution of limestones released Zn bound to calcite into soil solution. Due to residual enrichment, Zn concentrations in the soil are higher than those in parent limestones. Birnessite, ferrihydrite and goethite dispersed in soil horizon trapped high quantities of Zn during their formation. Afterwards, primary redox conditions induced the release of Zn and Fe into soil solution, and the subsequent individualization of Fe and Mn into Zn-rich concretions. Both processes and subsequent aging of the concretions formed induced significant exportation of Zn through the bottom water table. Secondary redox conditions promoted the weathering of Fe and Mn oxides in cements and concretions. This process caused other losses of Zn through lateral exportation in an upper water table. Concomitantly, eluviation occurred at the top of the solum. The lateral exportation of eluviated minerals through the upper water table limited illuviation. Eluviation was also responsible for Zn loss, but this Zn bound to phyllosilicates was not bioavailabl
ATLASGAL - The APEX Telescope Large Area Survey of the Galaxy at 870 microns

Accepted for publication in A&A, 13 pages, 14 figuresInternational audience(Abridged) Studying continuum emission from interstellar dust is essential to locate and characterize the highest density regions in the interstellar medium. In particular, the early stages of massive star formation are still mysterious. Our goal is to produce a large scale, systematic database of massive pre- and proto-stellar clumps in the Galaxy, in order to better understand how and under what conditions star formation takes place. A well characterized sample of star-forming sites will deliver an evolutionary sequence and a mass function of high-mass star-forming clumps. Such a systematic survey at submm wavelengths also represents a pioneering work in preparation for Herschel and ALMA. The APEX telescope is ideally located to observe the inner Milky Way. The recently commissioned Large APEX Bolometer Camera (LABOCA) is a 295-element bolometer array observing at 870 microns, with a beam of 19". Taking advantage of its large field of view (11.4') and excellent sensitivity, we have started an unbiased survey of the Galactic Plane, with a noise level of 50-70 mJy/beam: the APEX Telescope Large Area Survey of the Galaxy (ATLASGAL). As a first step, we have covered 95 sq. deg. These data reveal 6000 compact sources brighter than 0.25 Jy, as well as extended structures, many of them filamentary. About two thirds of the compact sources have no bright infrared counterpart, and some of them are likely to correspond to the precursors of (high-mass) proto-stars or proto-clusters. Other compact sources harbor hot cores, compact HII regions or young embedded clusters. Assuming a typical distance of 5 kpc, most sources are clumps smaller than 1 pc with masses from a few 10 to a few 100 M_sun. In this introductory paper, we show preliminary results from these ongoing observations, and discuss the perspectives of the survey
Surface waves in a magnetized ferrite slab filled with a wire medium

International audienceNovel metamaterial, based on wire medium embedded into magnetized ferrite, is studied. Waves in unbounded ferrites filled with wire media, surface wave at the interface of this metamaterial and the air as well as waves in a ferrite slab adjacent to a wire medium are considered. Different geometries of wires arrangement and different magnetization directions are discussed. Effective permeability was introduced for the case where both plasma and magnetic properties take place. Dispersion diagrams and applicability of the Drude model for the description of the wire medium in a host matrix, possessing high permittivity and permeability, are discussed
Allocation rules for coalitional network games

International audienceCoalitional network games are real-valued functions defined on a set of players organized into a network and a coalition structure. We adopt a flexible approach assuming that players organize themselves the best way possible by forming the efficient coalitional network structure. We propose two allocation rules that distribute the value of the efficient coalitional network structure: the atom-based flexible coalitional network allocation rule and the player-based flexible coalitional network allocation rule
Ingratiation: Experimental Evidence

We investigate experimentally ingratiatory behavior expressed by opinion conformity. Both individuals' performance at a task and their opinions on various topics can be observed before unequal payoffs are assigned by a second mover. In some treatments, first movers can change their opinion after learning that held by the second mover. We find evidence of high ingratiation indices, as opinion conformity is rewarded. However, second movers reward conformity less when it is common knowledge that opinions can be manipulated strategically. Introducing a monetary cost for changing opinion reduces ingratiation. Introducing performance-related pay for the second mover makes ingratiation less rewarding but does not eliminate it completely. Reducing the noise in the measurement of ability has little effect
Migrant wages, remittances and recipient labour supply in a moral hazard model

ED EPSThis paper analyzes the interaction between migrants income and remittances and between remittances<br />and the labor supply of residents. The model is cast as a two-period game with imperfect information<br />about the residents' real economic situation. Residents subject to a good economic situation may behave as if they were in a poor economic situation only in order to manipulate remitters' expectations. The latter, being aware of this risk, reduce the remitted amount accordingly. Therefore, in the equilibrium, residents who really are victims of the bad economic outlook, are penalized as compared to the perfect information set-up. In some circumstances, they can signal their type by drastically cutting working hours, thus further enhancing their precarity right when their economic situation is the worst