pinecone/core-2020-05-10-deduplication huggingface dataset:
The global build-up to intrinsic ELM bursts and comparison with pellet triggered ELMs seen in JET

We focus on JET plasmas in which ELMs are triggered by pellets in the presence of ELMs which occur naturally. We perform direct time domain analysis of signals from fast radial field coils and toroidal full flux azimuthal loops. These toroidally integrating signals provide simultaneous high time resolution measurements of global plasma dynamics and its coupling to the control system. We examine the time dynamics of these signals in plasmas where pellet injection is used to trigger ELMs in the presence of naturally occurring ELMs. Pellets whose size and speed are intended to provide maximum local perturbation for ELM triggering are launched at pre-programmed times, without correlation to the occurrence times of intrinsic ELMs. Pellet rates were sufficiently low to prevent sustained changes of the underlying plasma conditions and natural ELM behaviour. We find a global signature of the build-up to natural ELMs in the temporal analytic phase of both the full flux loops and fast radial field coil signals. Before a natural ELM, the signal phases align to the same value on a $\sim $ 2–5 ms timescale. This global build up to a natural ELM occurs whilst the amplitude of the full flux loop and fast radial field coil signals are at their background value: it precedes the response seen in these signals to the onset of ELMing. In contrast these signals do not clearly phase align before the ELM for ELMs which are the first to occur following pellet injection. This provides a direct test that can distinguish when an ELM is triggered by a pellet as opposed to occurring naturally. It further supports the idea [1–4] of a global build up phase that precedes natural ELMs; pellets can trigger ELMs even when the signal phase is at a value when a natural ELM is unlikely to occur
AN ACTIVITY–ROTATION RELATIONSHIP AND KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF NEARBY MID-TO-LATE-TYPE M DWARFS

Using spectroscopic observations and photometric light curves of 238 nearby M dwarfs from the MEarth exoplanet transit survey, we examine the relationships between magnetic activity (quantified by Hα emission), rotation period, and stellar age. Previous attempts to investigate the relationship between magnetic activity and rotation in these stars were hampered by the limited number of M dwarfs with measured rotation periods (and the fact that v sin i measurements probe only rapid rotation). However, the photometric data from MEarth allows us to probe a wide range of rotation periods for hundreds of M dwarf stars (from shorter than one to longer than 100 days). Over all M spectral types that we probe, we find that the presence of magnetic activity is tied to rotation, including for late-type, fully convective M dwarfs. We also find evidence that the fraction of late-type M dwarfs that are active may be higher at longer rotation periods compared to their early-type counterparts, with several active, late-type, slowly rotating stars present in our sample. Additionally, we find that all M dwarfs with rotation periods shorter than 26 days (early-type; M1–M4) and 86 days (late-type; M5–M8) are magnetically active. This potential mismatch suggests that the physical mechanisms that connect stellar rotation to chromospheric heating may be different in fully convective stars. A kinematic analysis suggests that the magnetically active, rapidly rotating stars are consistent with a kinematically young population, while slow-rotators are less active or inactive and appear to belong to an older, dynamically heated stellar population.Torres Fellowship for Exoplanetary Researc
The Rise of Cohabitation in the Southern Cone

This chapter analyses the increase in cohabitation in the Southern Cone (Argentina, Chile and Uruguay) and attempts to determine the extent to which consensual unions and marriages have similar traits or differ in the context of the cohabitation boom (Esteve et al. 2012). The first section of the chapter reviews the historical context of cohabitation in the Southern Cone. The second section uses census and survey data to analyse the trends in conjugal union formation in the three countries during the last 40 years. We analyse the patterns of both childbearing and union formation, as well as the differences between marriage and cohabitation based on educational attainment, labour market participation and household structure. The purpose of this analysis is to better understand whether the behaviour of married and cohabiting women with different characteristics are converging or diverging over time and tentatively, whether more egalitarian gender relationships are emerging in both types of conjugal unions
Measurement of transverse energy-energy correlations in multi-jet events in pp collisions at root s=7 TeV using the ATLAS detector and determination of the strong coupling constant as(mZ)

High transverse momentum jets produced in ppcollisions at a centre of mass energy of 7TeV are used to measure the transverse energy–energy correlation function and its associated azimuthal asymmetry. The data were recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC in the year 2011 and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 158pb⁻¹. The selection criteria demand the average transverse momentum of the two leading jets in an event to be larger than 250GeV. The data at detector level are well described by Monte Carlo event generators. They are unfolded to the particle level and compared with theoretical calculations at next-to-leading-order accuracy. The agreement between data and theory is good and provides a precision test of perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics at large momentum transfers. From this comparison, the strong coupling constant given at the Zboson mass is determined to be αs(mZ) =0.1173 ±0.0010(exp.)+0.0065−0.0026(theo.).G. Aad ... P. Jackson ... L. Lee ... A. Petridis ... N. Soni ... M.J. White ... et al. (ATLAS Collaboration
Observation of top quark pairs produced in association with a vector boson in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV

Measurements of the cross sections for top quark pairs produced in association with a W or Z boson are presented, using 8 TeV pp collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.5 inverse femtobarns, collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC. Final states are selected in which the associated W boson decays to a charged lepton and a neutrino or the Z boson decays to two charged leptons. Signal events are identified by matching reconstructed objects in the detector to specific final state particles from ttW or ttZ decays. The ttW cross section is measured to be 382 +117 -102 fb with a significance of 4.8 standard deviations from the background-only hypothesis. The ttZ cross section is measured to be 242 +65 -55 fb with a significance of 6.4 standard deviations from the background-only hypothesis. These measurements are used to set bounds on five anomalous dimension-six operators that would affect the ttW and ttZ cross sections
From enzyme kinetics to epidermiological models with Michealis-Menten contact rate : design of nonstandard finite difference schemes

We consider the basic SIR epidemiological model with the Michaelis-Menten formulation of the contact rate. From the study of the Michaelis-Menten basic enzymatic reaction, we design two types of Nonstandard Finite Difference (NSFD) schemes for the SIR model: Exact-related schemes based on the Lambert W function and schemes obtained by using Mickens’s rules of more complex denominator functions for discrete derivatives and nonlocal approximations of nonlinear terms. We compare and investigate the performance of the two types of schemes by showing that they are dynamically consistent with the continuous model. Numerical simulations that support the theory and demonstrate computationally the power of NSFD schemes are presented.The South African National Research Foundationhttp://www.elsevier.com/locate/camw
Transmission of foot and mouth disease at the wildlife/livestock interface of the Kruger National Park, South Africa : can the risk be mitigated?

In Southern Africa, the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) is the natural reservoir of foot and mouth disease(FMD). Contacts between this species and cattle are responsible for most of the FMD outbreaks in cattleat the edge of protected areas, which generate huge economic losses. During the late 1980’s and 90’s, theerection of veterinary cordon fences and the regular vaccination of cattle exposed to buffalo contact at theinterface of the Kruger National Park (KNP), proved to be efficient to control and prevent FMD outbreaksin South Africa. However, since 2000, the efficiency of those measures has deteriorated, resulting in anincreased rate of FMD outbreaks in cattle outside KNP, currently occurring more than once a year.Based on retrospective ecological and epidemiological data, we developed a stochastic quantitativemodel to assess the annual risk of FMD virus (FMDV) transmission from buffalo to cattle herds present atthe KNP interface. The model suggests that good immunization of approximately 75% of the cattle pop-ulation combined with a reduction of buffalo/cattle contacts is an efficient combination to reduce FMDVtransmission to one infective event every 5.5 years, emulating the epidemiological situation observed atthe end of the 20th century, before current failure of control measures. The model also indicates that anincreasing number of buffalo present in the KNP and crossing its boundaries, combined with a reductionin the vaccination coverage of cattle herds at the interface, increases 3-fold the risk of transmission (oneinfective event per year).The model proposed makes biological sense and provides a good representationof current knowledge of FMD ecology and epidemiology in Southern Africa which can be used to discusswith stakeholders on different management options to control FMD at the wildlife livestock interface andupdated if new information becomes available. It also suggests that the control of FMD at the KNP inter-face is becoming increasingly challenging and will probably require alternative approaches to controlthis disease and its economic impact.University of Pretoria, South Africa. The project “Development of an epidemiological network to monitor the dynamics Foot and Mouth Disease at the GLTFCA” funded by the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs through the CORUS (Cooperation for Scientific and Academic Research).http://www.elsevier.com/locate/prevetmed2017-04-30hb2016Production Animal StudiesZoology and Entomolog
High-order nonlinear solver for multiple roots

AbstractA method of order four for finding multiple zeros of nonlinear functions is developed. The method is based on Jarratt’s fifth-order method (for simple roots) and it requires one evaluation of the function and three evaluations of the derivative. The informational efficiency of the method is the same as previously developed schemes of lower order. For the special case of double root, we found a family of fourth-order methods requiring one less derivative. Thus this family is more efficient than all others. All these methods require the knowledge of the multiplicity
Measurement of the branching ratio for β-delayed α decay of 16N

AbstractWhile the C12(α,γ)16O reaction plays a central role in nuclear astrophysics, the cross section at energies relevant to hydrostatic helium burning is too small to be directly measured in the laboratory. The β-delayed α spectrum of 16N can be used to constrain the extrapolation of the E1 component of the S-factor; however, with this approach the resulting S-factor becomes strongly correlated with the assumed βα branching ratio. We have remeasured the βα branching ratio by implanting 16N ions in a segmented Si detector and counting the number of βα decays relative to the number of implantations. Our result, 1.49(5)×10−5, represents a 24% increase compared to the accepted value and implies an increase of ≈10% in the extrapolated S-factor
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in proteomics: A tutorial

AbstractTwo-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins has preceded, and accompanied, the birth of proteomics. Although it is no longer the only experimental scheme used in modern proteomics, it still has distinct features and advantages. The purpose of this tutorial paper is to guide the reader through the history of the field, then through the main steps of the process, from sample preparation to in-gel detection of proteins, commenting the constraints and caveats of the technique. Then the limitations and positive features of two-dimensional electrophoresis are discussed (e.g. its unique ability to separate complete proteins and its easy interfacing with immunoblotting techniques), so that the optimal type of applications of this technique in current and future proteomics can be perceived. This is illustrated by a detailed example taken from the literature and commented in detail. This Tutorial is part of the International Proteomics Tutorial Programme (IPTP 2)
Center of the universal Askey–Wilson algebra at roots of unity

AbstractInspired by a profound observation on the Racah–Wigner coefficients of Uq(sl2), the Askey–Wilson algebras were introduced in the early 1990s. A universal analog △q of the Askey–Wilson algebras was recently studied. For q not a root of unity, it is known that Z(△q) is isomorphic to the polynomial ring of four variables. A presentation for Z(△q) at q a root of unity is displayed in this paper. As an application, a presentation for the center of the double affine Hecke algebra of type (C1∨,C1) at roots of unity is obtained
Indications of suppressed high pT hadron production in nucleus–nucleus collisions at CERN-SPS

AbstractInclusive pion production at high transverse momenta (pT≳2 GeV/c) in nucleus–nucleus (A+A) collisions at CERN-SPS (sNN≈20 GeV) is revisited and systematically compared to all existing proton–proton data in the same range of center-of-mass energies. The ratio of A+A to p + p pion cross-sections (nuclear modification factor) for central Pb + Pb, Pb + Au and S + Au reactions does not show a strong enhancement as a function of pT as previously found, but is consistent with scaling with the number of nucleon–nucleon (NN) collisions. Neutral pion yields per NN collision in head-on Pb + Pb reactions are suppressed, whereas peripheral yields are enhanced. These results together indicate that some amount of “jet quenching” may already be present in central heavy-ion reactions at sNN≈20 GeV
Enriched lithospheric mantle keel below the Scottish margin of the North Atlantic Craton: Evidence from the Palaeoproterozoic Scourie Dyke Swarm and mantle xenoliths

AbstractThe Lewisian Gneiss Complex of NW Scotland represents the eastern margin of the North Atlantic Craton. It comprises mid-late Archaean tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite gneisses that were metamorphosed and deformed during the Late-Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic. A major swarm of mafic-ultramafic dykes, the Scourie Dyke Swarm, was intruded at ca. 2.4–2.3Ga during a period of extension that can be correlated across the North Atlantic Craton. The majority of dykes are doleritic, with volumetrically minor picrite and olivine gabbro suites.New major and trace element geochemical data and Re-Os isotopes indicate that the Scourie Dyke Swarm was not solely derived from a ‘typical’ asthenospheric mantle source region. The geochemical signatures of the dykes show significant negative Nb, Ta and Ti anomalies, coupled with enrichment in Th, Light Rare Earth Elements and other large ion lithophile elements. These features cannot be reproduced by simple contamination of asthenospheric sources with Lewisian granulite-facies crust. Instead they are a feature of the mantle source that produced the Scourie Dykes and may have developed during Archaean subduction episodes.Spinel lherzolite mantle xenoliths from the Isle of Lewis offer direct insight into the lithospheric mantle below this region. They display similar geochemical ‘enrichments’ and ‘depletions’ observed in the Scourie Dykes and the magma source is thus considered to reside primarily in the sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM), with some potential contribution from asthenospheric melts. Platinum Group Element geochemistry and trace element modelling indicate that the dolerite dykes were formed by moderate (<15%) partial melting of the source, whilst higher degrees of partial melting led to the formation of picritic and olivine gabbro suites. Magma production was triggered by significant crustal and lithospheric extension, causing both asthenospheric and substantial lithospheric melting
Sex Allocation Conflict in Ants: When the Queen Rules

SummaryInsect societies are paramount examples of cooperation, yet they also harbor internal conflicts whose resolution depends on the power of the opponents [1–4]. The male-haploid, female-diploid sex-determining system of ants causes workers to be more related to sisters than to brothers, whereas queens are equally related to daughters and sons [1]. Workers should thus allocate more resources to females than to males, while queens should favor an equal investment in each sex. Female-biased sex allocation and manipulation of the sex ratio during brood development suggest that workers prevail in many ant species [1, 2, 5]. Here, we show that queens of Formica selysi strongly influenced colony sex allocation by biasing the sex ratio of their eggs. Most colonies specialized in the production of a single sex. Queens in female-specialist colonies laid a high proportion of diploid eggs, whereas queens in male-specialist colonies laid almost exclusively haploid eggs, which constrains worker manipulation. However, the change in sex ratio between the egg and pupae stages suggests that workers eliminated some male brood, and the population sex-investment ratio was between the queens' and workers' equilibria. Altogether, these data provide evidence for an ongoing conflict between queens and workers, with a prominent influence of queens as a result of their control of egg sex ratio
Low mass right-handed gauge bosons from minimal grand unified theories

AbstractPrediction of low-mass WR and ZR gauge bosons in popular grand unified theories has been the subject of considerable attention over the last three decades. In this work we show that when gravity induced corrections due to dim.5 operator are included the minimal symmetry breaking chain of SO(10) and E6 GUTs can yield WR± and ZR bosons with masses in the range (3 – 10) TeV which are accessible to experimental tests at the Large Hordan Collider. The RH neutrinos turn out to be heavy pseudo-Dirac fermions. The model can fit all fermion masses and manifest in rich structure of lepton flavor violation while proton life time is predicted to be much longer than the accessible limit of Super-Kamiokande or palnned Hyper-Kamiokande collaborations
Searches for light- and heavy-flavour three-jet resonances in pp collisions at s=8 TeV

AbstractA search for three-jet hadronic resonance production in pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV has been conducted by the CMS Collaboration at the LHC with a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.4 fb−1. The search method is model independent, and events are selected that have high jet multiplicity and large values of jet transverse momenta. The signal models explored assume R-parity-violating supersymmetric gluino pair production and have final states with either only light-flavour jets or both light- and heavy-flavour jets. No significant deviation is found between the selected events and the expected standard model multijet and tt¯ background. For a gluino decaying into light-flavour jets, a lower limit of 650 GeV on the gluino mass is set at a 95% confidence level, and for a gluino decaying into one heavy- and two light-flavour jets, gluino masses between 200 and 835 GeV are, for the first time, likewise excluded
Small- and large-x nucleon spin structure from a global QCD analysis of polarized parton distribution functions

AbstractI investigate the behavior of spin-dependent parton distribution functions in the regions of small and large momentum fractions x. I present a systematic comparison between predictions for relevant observables obtained with various models of nucleon spin structure and a recent global analysis of spin-dependent distributions, NNPDFpol1.1. Together with its unpolarized counterpart, NNPDF2.3, they form a mutually consistent set of parton distributions. Because they include most of the available experimental information, and are determined with a minimally biased methodology, these are especially suited for such a study. I show how NNPDFpol1.1 can discriminate between different theoretical models, even though NNPDF uncertainties remain large near the endpoints x→0 and x→1, due to the lack of experimental information. I discuss how our knowledge of nucleon spin structure may be improved at small x by future measurements at an Electron–Ion Collider, and at large x by recent measurements at Jefferson Lab, also in view of its 12 GeV upgrade
Involvement of TRPM2 in a wide range of inflammatory and neuropathic pain mouse models

AbstractRecent evidence suggests a role of transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) in immune and inflammatory responses. We previously reported that TRPM2 deficiency attenuated inflammatory and neuropathic pain in some pain mouse models, including formalin- or carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain, and peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain models, while it had no effect on the basal mechanical and thermal nociceptive sensitivities. In this study, we further explored the involvement of TRPM2 in various pain models using TRPM2-knockout mice. There were no differences in the chemonociceptive behaviors evoked by intraplantar injection of capsaicin or hydrogen peroxide between wildtype and TRPM2-knockout mice, while acetic acid-induced writhing behavior was significantly attenuated in TRPM2-knockout mice. In the postoperative incisional pain model, no difference in mechanical allodynia was observed between the two genotypes. By contrast, mechanical allodynia in the monosodium iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis pain model and the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model were significantly attenuated in TRPM2-knockout mice. Furthermore, mechanical allodynia in paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy and streptozotocin-induced painful diabetic neuropathy models were significantly attenuated in TRPM2-knockout mice. Taken together, these results suggest that TRPM2 plays roles in a wide range of pathological pain models based on peripheral and central neuroinflammation, rather than physiological nociceptive pain
Three-spin strings on AdS5×S5 from N=4 SYM

AbstractUsing the integrable spin chain picture we study the one-loop anomalous dimension of certain single trace scalar operators of N=4 SYM expected to correspond to semi-classical string states on AdS5×S5 with three large angular momenta (J1,J2,J3) on S5. In particular, we investigate the analyticity structure encoded in the Bethe equations for various distributions of Bethe roots. In a certain region of the parameter space our operators reduce to the gauge theory duals of the folded string with two large angular momenta and in another region to the duals of the circular string with angular momentum assignment (J,J′,J′), J>J′. In between we locate a critical line. We propose that the operators above the critical line are the gauge theory duals of the circular elliptic string with three different spins and support this by a perturbative calculation