114 HR 2690 IH: Including Families in Mental Health Recovery Act of 2015
U.S. House of Representatives
2015-06-09
text/xml
EN
Pursuant to Title 17 Section 105 of the United States Code, this file is not subject to copyright protection and is in the public domain.

		I
		114th CONGRESS
		1st Session
		H. R. 2690
		IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

			June 9, 2015
			Ms. Matsui introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce

		A BILL
		To direct the Secretary of Health and Human Services to promulgate regulations clarifying the
			 circumstances under which, consistent with the standards governing the
			 privacy and security of individually identifiable health information
			 promulgated by the Secretary under sections 262(a) and 264 of the Health
			 Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, health care
			 providers and covered entities may disclose the protected health
			 information of patients with a mental illness, and for other purposes.

 1.Short titleThis Act may be cited as the Including Families in Mental Health Recovery Act of 2015. 2.Clarification of circumstances under which disclosure of protected health information of mental illness patients is permitted The HITECH Act (title XIII of division A of Public Law 111–5) is amended by adding at the end of subtitle D of such Act (42 U.S.C. 17921 et seq.) the following:

				3Improved privacy and security provisions for mental illness patients
					13431.Clarification of circumstances under which disclosure of protected health information is permitted
 (a)In generalNot later than one year after the date of enactment of the Including Families in Mental Health Recovery Act of 2015, the Secretary shall promulgate final regulations clarifying the circumstances under which, consistent with the standards governing the privacy and security of individually identifiable health information promulgated by the Secretary under sections 262(a) and 264 of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, health care providers and covered entities may disclose the protected health information of patients with a mental illness, including for purposes of—
 (1)communicating with a patient’s family, caregivers, friends, or others involved in the patient’s care, including communication about treatments, side effects, risk factors, and the availability of community resources;
 (2)communicating with family or caregivers when the patient is an adult; (3)communicating with the parent or caregiver of a patient who is a minor;
 (4)considering the patient’s capacity to agree or object to the sharing of their information; (5)communicating and sharing information with a patient’s family or caregivers when—
 (A)the patient consents; or (B)the patient does not consent, but the patient lacks the capacity to agree or object and the communication or sharing of information is in the patient's best interest;
 (6)involving a patient’s family members, friends, or caregivers, or others involved in the patient’s care in the patient’s care plan, including treatment and medication adherence, in dealing with patient failures to adhere to medication or other therapy;
 (7)listening to or receiving information from family members or caregivers about their loved ones receiving mental illness treatment;
 (8)communicating with family members, caregivers, law enforcement, or others when the patient presents a serious and imminent threat of harm to self or others; and
 (9)communicating to law enforcement and family members or caregivers about the admission of a patient to receive care at a facility or the release of a patient who was admitted to a facility for an emergency psychiatric hold or involuntary treatment.
 (b)CoordinationThe Secretary shall carry out this section in coordination with the Director of the Office for Civil Rights within the Department of Health and Human Services.
 (c)Consistency with guidanceThe Secretary shall ensure that the regulations under this section are consistent with the guidance entitled HIPAA Privacy Rule and Sharing Information Related to Mental Health, issued by the Department of Health and Human Services on February 20, 2014.
						.
		3.Development and dissemination of model training programs
 (a)Initial programs and materialsNot later than one year after promulgating final regulations under section 13431 of the HITECH Act, as added by section 2, the Secretary of Health and Human Services (in this section referred to as the Secretary) shall develop and disseminate—
 (1)a model program and materials for training health care providers (including physicians, emergency medical personnel, psychologists, counselors, therapists, behavioral health facilities and clinics, care managers, and hospitals) regarding the circumstances under which, consistent with the standards governing the privacy and security of individually identifiable health information promulgated by the Secretary under sections 262(a) and 264 of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, the protected health information of patients with a mental illness may be disclosed with and without patient consent;
 (2)a model program and materials for training lawyers and others in the legal profession on such circumstances; and
 (3)a model program and materials for training patients and their families regarding their rights to protect and obtain information under the standards specified in paragraph (1).
 (b)Periodic updatesThe Secretary shall— (1)periodically review and update the model programs and materials developed under subsection (a); and
 (2)disseminate the updated model programs and materials. (c)ContentsThe programs and materials developed under subsection (a) shall address the guidance entitled HIPAA Privacy Rule and Sharing Information Related to Mental Health, issued by the Department of Health and Human Services on February 20, 2014.
 (d)CoordinationThe Secretary shall carry out this section in coordination with the Director of the Office for Civil Rights within the Department of Health and Human Services, the Administrator of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, the Administrator of the Health Resources and Services Administration, and the heads of other relevant agencies within the Department of Health and Human Services.
 (e)Input of certain entitiesIn developing the model programs and materials required by subsections (a) and (b), the Secretary shall solicit the input of relevant national, State, and local associations, medical societies, and licensing boards.
 (f)FundingThere is authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section $5,000,000 for fiscal year 2016 and $25,000,000 for the period of fiscal years 2017 through 2022.


113 HR 5417 IH: Bringing Awareness and Knowledge to Exempt Schools Against Legislative Encroachment Act
U.S. House of Representatives
2014-09-09
text/xml
EN
Pursuant to Title 17 Section 105 of the United States Code, this file is not subject to copyright protection and is in the public domain.

		I
		113th CONGRESS
		2d Session
		H. R. 5417
		IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

			September 9, 2014
			Mr. Poe of Texas (for himself, Mrs. Noem, and Mr. LaMalfa) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Education and the Workforce

		A BILL
		To prohibit certain nutrition rules with respect to foods sold at schools as a fundraiser.

		1.Short titleThis Act may be cited as the Bringing Awareness and Knowledge to Exempt Schools Against Legislative Encroachment Act.
		2.Prohibition of certain rulesThe Secretary of Agriculture shall not implement, administer, or enforce the rule entitled National School Lunch Program and School Breakfast Program: Nutrition Standards for All Foods Sold
			 in School as Required by the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010 published by the Department of Agriculture in the Federal Register on June 28, 2013 (78 Fed. Reg.
			 39068 et seq.) with respect to food sold as a fundraiser that takes place
			 on the grounds of a school.


116 HR 5397 IH: Rural Education Investment Act
U.S. House of Representatives
2019-12-11
text/xml
EN
Pursuant to Title 17 Section 105 of the United States Code, this file is not subject to copyright protection and is in the public domain.

I116th CONGRESS1st SessionH. R. 5397IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVESDecember 11, 2019Mr. Bost (for himself, Ms. Finkenauer, Mr. Moolenaar, Mr. Rodney Davis of Illinois, Mrs. Rodgers of Washington, Mr. LaHood, Mr. Bergman, Mrs. Bustos, Mr. Golden, Mr. Peterson, Mr. Kinzinger, Mr. Upton, Mr. Loebsack, and Mr. Shimkus) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Education and LaborA BILLTo amend title II of the Higher Education Act of 1965 with respect to partnership grants for the
			 establishment of rural teaching residency programs, and for other
			 purposes.

 1.Short titleThis Act may be cited as the Rural Education Investment Act. 2.Partnership grants for the establishment of rural teaching residency programs (a)DefinitionSection 200 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1021) is amended—
 (1)by redesignating paragraphs (16) through (23) as paragraphs (17) through (24), respectively; and (2)by inserting after paragraph (15) the following new paragraph:

 (16)Local educational agency located in a rural areaThe term local educational agency located in a rural area means a local educational agency that meets the eligibility requirements for funding under—  (A) the Small, Rural School Achievement Program under section 5211(b) of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965; or

								(B)
 the Rural and Low-Income School Program under section 5221(b) of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965..
 (b)Grant awardsSection 202(e) of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1022a(e)) is amended by adding at the end the following new paragraph:

					(3)Selection of grantees
 (A)Percentage of rural local educational agenciesBefore the start of each award year, the Secretary shall determine, based on the number of students in kindergarten through grade 12 who are served by all local educational agencies, the percentage of students in kindergarten through grade 12 who are served by local educational agencies located in rural areas.
 (B)Grant reservation for rural local educational agenciesBeginning with the first award year that begins after the date of enactment of the Rural Education Investment Act, the Secretary shall ensure that, of the total amount awarded for grants under this subsection for an award year, the percentage of such total amount that is awarded to eligible partnerships that are in partnership with a local educational agency located in a rural area shall not be less than the percentage determined by the Secretary under subparagraph (A) for such award year..


116 HR 3539 : Behavioral Intervention Guidelines Act of 2020
U.S. House of Representatives
2020-09-30
text/xml
EN
Pursuant to Title 17 Section 105 of the United States Code, this file is not subject to copyright protection and is in the public domain.

IIB116th CONGRESS2d SessionH. R. 3539IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATESSeptember 30 (legislative day, September 29), 2020Received; read twice and referred to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and PensionsAN ACTTo amend the Public Health Service Act to direct the Secretary of Health and Human Services to develop best practices for the establishment and use of behavioral intervention teams at schools, and for other purposes.1.Short titleThis Act may be cited as the Behavioral Intervention Guidelines Act of 2020.2.Best practices for behavioral intervention teamsThe Public Health Service Act is amended by inserting after section 520G of such Act (42 U.S.C. 290bb–38) the following new section:520H.Best practices for behavioral intervention teams(a)In generalThe Secretary, acting through the Assistant Secretary, shall develop and periodically update—(1)best practices to assist elementary schools, secondary schools, and institutions of higher education in establishing and using behavioral intervention teams; and(2)a list of evidence-based threat assessment training providers to assist personnel in elementary schools, secondary schools, and institutions of higher education in implementing such best practices, including with respect to training behavioral intervention teams.(b)ElementsThe best practices under subsection (a)(1) shall include guidance on the following:(1)How behavioral intervention teams can operate effectively from an evidence-based, objective perspective while protecting the constitutional and civil rights of individuals, including any individual of concern.(2)The use of behavioral intervention teams to identify individuals of concern, implement interventions, and manage risk through the framework of the school’s or institution’s rules or code of conduct, as applicable.(3)How behavioral intervention teams can, when assessing an individual of concern—(A)seek training on evidence-based, threat-assessment rubrics;(B)ensure that such teams—(i)have adequately trained, diverse stakeholders with varied expertise; and(ii)use cross validation by a wide-range of individual perspectives on the team; and(C)use violence risk assessment.(4)How behavioral intervention teams can avoid—(A)attempting to predict future behavior by the concept of pre-crime;(B)inappropriately using a mental health assessment;(C)inappropriately limiting or restricting law enforcement’s jurisdiction over criminal matters;(D)attempting to substitute the behavioral intervention process in place of a criminal process, or impede a criminal process, when an individual of concern’s behavior has potential criminal implications;(E)endangering an individual’s privacy by failing to ensure that all applicable Federal and State privacy laws are fully complied with; or(F)creating school-to-prison pipelines.(c)ConsultationIn carrying out subsection (a)(1), the Secretary shall consult with—(1)the Secretary of Education;(2)the Director of the National Threat Assessment Center of the Department of Homeland Security;(3)the Attorney General of the United States; and(4)as appropriate, relevant stakeholders including—(A)teachers and other educators, principals, school administrators, school board members, school psychologists, mental health professionals, and parents of elementary school and secondary school students;(B)local law enforcement agencies and campus law enforcement administrators;(C)mental health mobile crisis providers;(D)child and adolescent psychiatrists; and(E)other education and mental health professionals.(d)PublicationNot later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this section, the Secretary shall publish the best practices under subsection (a)(1) and the list under subsection (a)(2) on a publicly accessible website of the Department of Health and Human Services.(e)Technical assistanceThe Secretary shall provide technical assistance to institutions of higher education, elementary schools, and secondary schools to assist such institutions and schools in implementing the best practices under subsection (a).(f)DefinitionsIn this section:(1)The term behavioral intervention team means a team of qualified individuals who—(A)are responsible for identifying and assessing individuals of concern; and(B)develop and facilitate implementation of evidence-based interventions to mitigate the threat of harm to self or others posed by individuals of concern and address the mental and behavioral health needs of individuals of concern to reduce such threat.(2)The terms elementary school, parent, and secondary school have the meanings given to such terms in section 8101 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 7801).(3)The term individual of concern means an individual whose behavior indicates a potential threat to self or others.(4)The term institution of higher education has the meaning given to such term in section 102 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1002).(5)The term mental health assessment means an evaluation, primarily focused on diagnosis, determining the need for involuntary commitment, medication management, and on-going treatment recommendations.(6)The term pre-crime means law-enforcement efforts and strategies to deter crime by predicting when and where criminal activity will occur.(7)The term violence risk assessment refers to a broad determination of the potential risk of violence based on evidence-based literature..Passed the House of Representatives September 29, 2020.Cheryl L. Johnson,Clerk.


		I
		112th CONGRESS
		2d Session
		H. R. 3890
		IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

			February 2, 2012
			Mr. Daniel E. Lungren of
			 California (for himself and Mr. McCarthy
			 of California) introduced the following bill; which was referred to
			 the Committee on the
			 Judiciary

		A BILL
		To provide for additional Federal district
		  judgeships.

		1.Short titleThis Act may be cited as the
			 Emergency Judicial Relief Act of
			 2012.
		2.Federal district
			 judgeships
			(a)Additional
			 permanent district judgeshipThe President shall appoint, by and
			 with the advice and consent of the Senate—
				(1)2
			 additional district judges for the district of Arizona;
				(2)4
			 additional district judges for the eastern district of California;
				(3)1
			 additional district judge for the district of Minnesota;
				(4)1
			 additional district judge for the southern district of Texas; and
				(5)2
			 additional district judges for the western district of Texas.
				(b)Conversion of
			 temporary judgeshipsThe existing judgeships for the district of
			 Arizona and the central district of California authorized by section 312(c) of
			 the 21st Century Department of Justice Appropriations Authorization Act (28
			 U.S.C. 133 note; Public Law 107–273; 116 Stat. 1788), as of the date of the
			 enactment of this Act, shall be authorized under section 133 of title 28,
			 United States Code, and the incumbents in those offices shall hold the office
			 under section 133 of title 28, United States Code, as amended by this
			 Act.
			(c)Technical and
			 conforming amendmentsThe table contained in section 133(a) of
			 title 28, United States Code, is amended—
				(1)by striking the
			 item relating to the district of Arizona and inserting the following:

									Arizona15

						;
				(2)by striking the
			 item relating to California and inserting the following:

									California:

									Northern14

									Eastern10

									Central28

									Southern13

						;
				(3)by striking the
			 item relating to the district of Minnesota and inserting the following:

									Minnesota8

						;
					and(4)by striking the
			 item relating to Texas and inserting the following:

									Texas:

									Northern12

									Eastern20

									Central7

									Southern15

						.
				(d)Increase in
			 filing feesSection 1914(a) of title 28, United States Code, is
			 amended by striking $350 and inserting
			 $360.
			3.Additional place
			 of holding courtSection 84(b)
			 of title 28, United States Code, is amended in the second sentence by inserting
			 Bakersfield, after shall be held at.


117 S131 IS: Skills Investment Act of 2021
U.S. Senate
2021-01-28
text/xml
EN
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II117th CONGRESS1st SessionS. 131IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATESJanuary 28, 2021Ms. Klobuchar (for herself and Mr. Sasse) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on FinanceA BILLTo amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to provide for lifelong learning accounts, and for other purposes.1.Short titleThis Act may be cited as the Skills Investment Act of 2021.2.Coverdell lifelong learning accounts(a)In general(1)Renaming of Coverdell education savings accountsSection 530 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended—(A)by striking Coverdell education savings account each place it appears and inserting Coverdell lifelong learning account; and(B)by striking Coverdell education savings accounts in the heading and inserting Coverdell lifelong learning accounts.(2)Conforming amendments(A)Section 26(b)(2)(E) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended by striking Coverdell education savings accounts and inserting Coverdell lifelong learning accounts.(B)Section 72(e)(9) of such Code is amended—(i)by striking Coverdell education savings account and inserting Coverdell lifelong learning account; and(ii)by striking Coverdell education savings account in the heading and inserting Coverdell lifelong learning account.(C)Section 135(c)(2)(C) of such Code is amended—(i)by striking Coverdell education savings account and inserting Coverdell lifelong learning account; and(ii)by striking Coverdell education savings account in the heading and inserting Coverdell lifelong learning account.(D)Section 408A(e)(2)(A)(ii) of such Code is amended by striking Coverdell education savings account and inserting Coverdell lifelong learning account.(E)Section 529(c) of such Code is amended—(i)by striking Coverdell education savings accounts in the heading of paragraph (3)(B)(vi) and inserting Coverdell lifelong learning account; and(ii)by striking an Coverdell education savings account in paragraph (6) and inserting a Coverdell lifelong learning account.(F)Section 877A(e)(2) of such Code is amended by striking Coverdell education savings account and inserting Coverdell lifelong learning account.(G)Section 4973 of such Code is amended—(i)by striking Coverdell education savings account each place it appears in subsections (a)(4) and (e)(2)(A) and inserting Coverdell lifelong learning account;(ii)by striking Coverdell education savings accounts in subsection (e)(1) and inserting Coverdell lifelong learning accounts; and(iii)by striking Coverdell education savings accounts in the heading of subsection (e) and inserting Coverdell lifelong learning account.(H)Section 4975 of such Code is amended—(i)by striking Coverdell education savings account each place it appears in subsections (c)(5) and (e)(1)(F) and inserting Coverdell lifelong learning account; and(ii)by striking Coverdell education savings accounts in the heading of subsection (c)(5) and inserting Coverdell lifelong learning accounts.(I)Section 6693(a)(2)(F) of such Code is amended by striking Coverdell education savings accounts and inserting Coverdell lifelong learning accounts.(J)The table of sections for part VIII of subchapter F of chapter 1 of such Code is amended by striking Coverdell education savings accounts and inserting Coverdell lifelong learning accounts.(3)Treatment of existing accountsFor purposes of section 530(b)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, any account established before January 1, 2021, and designated as a Coverdell education savings account shall be deemed to have been designated as a Coverdell lifelong learning account.(b)Expanded use of accounts(1)Eligible expenses(A)In generalSection 530(b)(2)(A) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended by striking and at the end of clause (i), by striking the period at the end of clause (ii) and inserting , and, and by adding at the end the following new clause:(iii)qualified educational or skill development expenses (as defined in paragraph (5))..(B)Qualified educational or skill development expensesSection 530(b) of such Code is amended by adding at the end the following new paragraph:(5)Qualified educational or skill development expensesThe term qualified educational or skill development expenses means—(A)expenses paid or incurred—(i)after the beneficiary attains age 16, and(ii)for participation or enrollment of the beneficiary in services or activities that are—(I)training services described in section 134(c)(3)(D) of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (29 U.S.C. 3174(c)(3)(D)) that are offered by a provider included on the list of eligible providers of training services described in section 122 of such Act (29 U.S.C. 3152),(II)career and technical education activities defined in section 3 of the Carl D. Perkins Career and Technical Education Act of 2006 (20 U.S.C. 2302) that are offered through an eligible institution (as defined in such section),(III)career services described in clauses (iii), (iv), and (xi) of section 134(c)(2)(A) of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (29 U.S.C. 3174(c)(2)(A)) that are provided by providers eligible under section 134(c)(2)(C) of such Act,(IV)youth activities described in section 129(c)(2) of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (29 U.S.C. 3164(c)(2)) that are provided by eligible providers of youth workforce investment activities under section 123 of such Act, or(V)adult education and literacy activities, as defined in section 203 of the Adult Education and Family Literacy Act (29 U.S.C. 3272), that are provided by eligible providers of adult education and literacy activities under section 231 of such Act (29 U.S.C. 3321),(B)expenses for transportation required for or provided by any of the services or activities described in subparagraph (A),(C)expenses for testing necessary for enrollment in, or certification in connection with, services or activities described in subparagraph (A), or(D)expenses for the purchase of any computer software (as defined by section 197(e)(3)(B)), computer or peripheral equipment (as defined by section 168(i)(2)(B)), fiber optic cable related to computer use, internet access and related services, if such software, equipment, or services are to be used by the beneficiary for services or activities described in subparagraph (A) during any of the years the beneficiary is participating in or enrolled in any of the services or activities described in subparagraph (A)..(c)Modification of rules relating to age restrictions and contributions(1)$10,000 account limit after age 30(A)In generalSubparagraph (E) of section 530(b)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended by inserting in excess of $10,000 after any balance to the credit of the designated beneficiary.(B)Contribution limitParagraph (1) of section 530(b) of such Code is amended by striking or at the end of clause (ii), by striking the period at the end of clause (iii) and inserting , or, and by adding at the end the following new clause:(iv)in the case of a beneficiary who is over the age of 30, if such contribution would result in the balance of the account exceeding $10,000..(2)Increased age limit for contributionsClause (ii) of section 530(b)(1)(A) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended by striking age 18 and inserting age 70.(3)Increased contribution limitation for individuals over age 30(A)In generalSection 530(b)(1)(A)(iii) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended by inserting ($4,000 in the case of an account the designated beneficiary of which has attained age of 30 before the end of the taxable year) after $2,000.(B)Conforming amendmentSection 4973(e)(1)(A) of such Code is amended by striking $2,000 and inserting the limitation applicable under section 530(b)(1)(A)(iii).(4)No change in beneficiary after age 30Paragraph (6) of section 530(d) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended by striking shall not be treated as a distribution for purposes of paragraph (1) if the new beneficiary and insertingshall not be treated as a distribution for purposes of paragraph (1) if—(A)the old beneficiary has not attained age 30 before the date of the change in beneficiary, and(B)the new beneficiary.(d)Credit for employer contributions(1)In generalSubpart D of part IV of subchapter A of chapter 1 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended by adding at the end the following new section:45U.Employee educational skills and development expenses(a)General ruleFor purposes of section 38, the employee educational skills and development contribution credit determined under this section for any taxable year is 25 percent of the nonelective contributions made by the taxpayer during the taxable year to a Coverdell lifelong learning account (as defined in section 530(b)) the designated beneficiary of which is an employee of the taxpayer.(b)Special rules and definitionsFor purposes of this section—(1)Employee(A)Certain employees excludedThe term employee shall not include—(i)an employee within the meaning of section 401(c)(1),(ii)any 2-percent shareholder (as defined in section 1372(b)) of an S corporation,(iii)any 5-percent owner (as defined in section 416(i)(1)(B)(i)) of taxpayer, or(iv)any individual who bears any of the relationships described in subparagraphs (A) through (G) of section 152(d)(2) to, or is a dependent described in section 152(d)(2)(H) of, an individual described in clause (i), (ii), or (iii).(B)Leased employeesThe term employee shall include a leased employee within the meaning of section 414(n).(2)Nonelective contributionThe term nonelective contribution means an employer contribution other than an employer contribution pursuant to a salary reduction arrangement.(3)Aggregation and other rules made applicable(A)Aggregation rulesAll employers treated as a single employer under subsection (b), (c), (m), or (o) of section 414 shall be treated as a single employer for purposes of this section.(B)Other rulesRules similar to the rules of subsections (c), (d), and (e) of section 52 shall apply..(2)Credit treated as part of general business creditSection 38(b) of such Code is amended by striking plus at the end of paragraph (32), by striking the period at the end of paragraph (33) and inserting , plus, and by adding at the end the following new paragraph:(34)the employee educational skills and development contribution credit determined under section 45U(a)..(3)Clerical amendmentThe table of sections for subpart D of part IV of subchapter A of chapter 1 of such Code is amended by adding at the end the following new item:Sec. 45U. Employee educational skills and development expenses..(e)Allowance of deduction for beneficiary(1)In generalPart VIII of subchapter B of chapter 1 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended by redesignating section 224 as section 225 and by inserting after section 223 the following new section:224.Coverdell Lifelong learning account contributions(a)In generalIn the case of an individual who—(1)is the designated beneficiary of a Coverdell lifelong learning account (as defined in section 530(b)(1)), and(2)has attained the age of 18 before the close of the taxable year,there shall be allowed as a deduction an amount equal to the contributions for the taxable year by or on behalf of such individual to the account described in paragraph (1).(b)Recontributed amountsNo deduction shall be allowed under this section with respect to a rollover contribution described in section 530(d)(5)..(2)Increase in additional tax(A)Increase(i)In generalSection 530(d)(4)(A) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended by striking 10 percent and inserting 20 percent.(ii)Conforming amendmentSection 529(c)(6) of such Code is amended by inserting , except that 10 percent shall be substituted for 20 percent in subparagraph (A) thereof before the period at the end of the first sentence.(B)Modification of tax treatment of deductible contributionsParagraph (1) of section 530(d) is amended to read as follows:(1)Inclusion in gross income(A)In generalAny distribution shall be includible in the gross income of the distributee as follows:(i)So much of the distribution as is equal to or less than the deductible amount shall be fully included in gross income.(ii)So much of the distribution which exceeds the deductible amount shall be included in gross income in the manner as provided in section 72 (determined by applying such section without regard to any amounts to which clause (i) applies).(B)Deductible amountFor purposes of this paragraph, the term deductible amount means the excess of—(i)the sum of contributions to the account for which a deduction was allowed under section 224 in such year and any preceding taxable year, over(ii)the amount of distributions to which subparagraph (A)(i) applied to in any preceding taxable year..(3)Clerical amendmentThe table of sections for part VIII of subchapter B of chapter 1 of such Code is amended by redesignating the item relating to section 224 as relating to section 225 and by inserting after the item relating to section 223 the following new item:Sec. 224. Coverdell lifelong learning account contributions..(f)Effective date(1)In generalExcept as otherwise provided in this subsection, the amendments made by this section shall take effect on January 1, 2021.(2)Eligible expensesThe amendments made by subsection (b) shall apply to distributions made after December 31, 2021.(3)ContributionsThe amendments made by paragraphs (1)(B) and (2) of subsection (c) shall apply to contributions made after December 31, 2021.(4)Employer contribution credit and beneficiary deductionsThe amendments made by subsections (d) and (e) shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2021.


114 HRES 299 EH: On the passing of Joseph Robinette Biden, III.
U.S. House of Representatives
2015-06-04
text/xml
EN
Pursuant to Title 17 Section 105 of the United States Code, this file is not subject to copyright protection and is in the public domain.

I
114th CONGRESS
1st Session
H. RES. 299
In the House of Representatives, U. S.,

June 4, 2015

RESOLUTION
On the passing of Joseph Robinette Biden, III.

Whereas Joseph Robinette Beau Biden, III, born in Wilmington, Delaware and a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania and Syracuse University law school, served our country as an attorney in the Department of Justice for seven years, including assisting the nation of Kosovo in rebuilding their criminal justice system; Whereas Beau Biden served his beloved State of Delaware for eight years as Attorney General;
Whereas Beau Biden joined the Army in 2003 at the age of 34, rose to the rank of major in the Delaware Army National Guard’s Judge Advocate General Corps, deployed to Iraq in 2008 and received the Bronze Star for his service; Whereas Beau Biden leaves behind a beloved wife, Hallie, and two children, Natalie and Hunter; and
Whereas Beau Biden was the eldest son of the former Senator from Delaware and current Vice President of the United States and President of the United States Senate, Joseph Robinette Biden, Jr.: Now, therefore, be it  That the House of Representatives has heard with profound sorrow and deep regret the announcement of the untimely death of Joseph Robinette Biden, III.
That the Clerk of the House of Representatives communicate this resolution to the Senate and transmit a copy thereof to the family of the Vice President of the United States.  Karen L. Haas,Clerk.


 HR 1020 ENR: STEM Education Act of 2015
U.S. House of Representatives

text/xml
EN
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I
One Hundred Fourteenth Congress of the United States of America At the First SessionBegun and held at the City of Washington on Tuesday, the sixth day of January, two thousand and fifteen
H. R. 1020

AN ACT
To define STEM education to include computer science, and to support existing STEM education programs at the National Science Foundation.

1.Short titleThis Act may be cited as the STEM Education Act of 2015.  2.Definition of STEM educationFor purposes of carrying out STEM education activities at the National Science Foundation, the Department of Energy, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and the Environmental Protection Agency, the term STEM education means education in the subjects of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, including computer science.
3.Informal STEM education
(a)GrantsThe Director of the National Science Foundation, through the Directorate for Education and Human Resources, shall continue to award competitive, merit-reviewed grants to support— (1)research and development of innovative out-of-school STEM learning and emerging STEM learning environments in order to improve STEM learning outcomes and engagement in STEM; and
(2)research that advances the field of informal STEM education.  (b)Uses of fundsActivities supported by grants under this section may encompass a single STEM discipline, multiple STEM disciplines, or integrative STEM initiatives and shall include—
(1)research and development that improves our understanding of learning and engagement in informal environments, including the role of informal environments in broadening participation in STEM; and  (2)design and testing of innovative STEM learning models, programs, and other resources for informal learning environments to improve STEM learning outcomes and increase engagement for K–12 students, K–12 teachers, and the general public, including design and testing of the scalability of models, programs, and other resources.
4.Noyce scholarship program amendments
(a)AmendmentsSection 10A of the National Science Foundation Authorization Act of 2002 (42 U.S.C. 1862n–1a) is amended— (1)in subsection (a)(2)(B), by inserting or bachelor’s after master’s;
(2)in subsection (c)— (A)by striking and at the end of paragraph (2)(B);
(B)in paragraph (3)— (i)by inserting for teachers with master’s degrees in their field after Teaching Fellowships; and
(ii)by striking the period at the end of subparagraph (B) and inserting ; and; and  (C)by adding at the end the following new paragraph:

(4)in the case of National Science Foundation Master Teaching Fellowships for teachers with bachelor’s degrees in their field and working toward a master’s degree— (A)offering academic courses leading to a master’s degree and leadership training to prepare individuals to become master teachers in elementary and secondary schools; and
(B)offering programs both during and after matriculation in the program for which the fellowship is received to enable fellows to become highly effective mathematics and science teachers, including mentoring, training, induction, and professional development activities, to fulfill the service requirements of this section, including the requirements of subsection (e), and to exchange ideas with others in their fields.;  (3)in subsections (e) and (f), by striking subsection (g) each place it appears, and inserting subsection (h);
(4)by redesignating subsections (g) through (i) as subsections (h) through (j), respectively; and  (5)by inserting after subsection (f) the following new subsection:

(g)Support for Master Teaching Fellows while enrolled in a master’s degree programA National Science Foundation Master Teacher Fellow may receive a maximum of 1 year of fellowship support while enrolled in a master’s degree program as described in subsection (c)(4)(A), except that if such fellow is enrolled in a part-time program, such amount shall be prorated according to the length of the program..  (b)DefinitionSection 10(i)(5) of the National Science Foundation Authorization Act of 2002 (42 U.S.C. 1862n–1(i)(5)) is amended by inserting computer science, after means a science,.
 Speaker of the House of Representatives.Vice President of the United States and President of the Senate.


114 HR 309 IH: Gas Tax Replacement Act of 2015
U.S. House of Representatives
2015-01-13
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EN
Pursuant to Title 17 Section 105 of the United States Code, this file is not subject to copyright protection and is in the public domain.

		I
		114th CONGRESS
		1st Session
		H. R. 309
		IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

			January 13, 2015
			Mr. Huffman introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Ways and Means, and in addition to the Committee on Energy and Commerce, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such
			 provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned

		A BILL
		To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to provide for repealing the gas tax and establishing a
			 carbon tax on highway fuels, and for other purposes.

 1.Short titleThis Act may be cited as the Gas Tax Replacement Act of 2015. 2.Repeal of excise tax on gasoline and diesel fuel (a)Manufacturers taxSection 4081(a)(2)(A) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended—
 (1)in clause (i) by striking 18.3 cents per gallon and inserting 0 cents per gallon, and (2)in clause (ii) by striking 24.3 cents per gallon and inserting 0 cents per gallon.
 (b)Retail taxSection 4041(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended by striking paragraph (1). (c)Conforming amendments (1)Section 4081 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended—
 (A)in subsection (a)(2) by striking subparagraph (D), (B)by striking subsection (c), and
 (C)in subsection (d) by striking paragraph (1). (2)Section 4041 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended—
 (A)by amending the heading of subsection (a) to read as follows: Special motor fuels, and (B)in subsection (a)(2)(B)(i) by striking the rate of tax specified in section 4081(a)(2)(A)(i) which is in effect at the time of such sale or use, and inserting 18.3 cents per gallon.
 (d)Effective dateThe amendments made by this section shall apply to fuel sold or used after December 31, 2016. 3.Carbon Tax on Highway Fuels (a)In generalParagraph (1) of section 4611(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended by striking and at the end of subparagraph (A), by striking the period at the end of subparagraph (B) and inserting , and, and by inserting after subparagraph (B) the following new subparagraph:

 (C)the carbon dioxide equivalent rate.. (b)Rates (1)In generalParagraph (2) of section 4611(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended by striking and at the end of subparagraph (A), by striking the period at the end of subparagraph (B) and inserting , and, and by inserting after subparagraph (B) the following new subparagraph:

 (C)the carbon dioxide equivalent rate is— (i)$50 per metric ton (or portion thereof) of total life-cycle emissions of carbon dioxide, and
 (ii)an equivalent amount per metric ton (or portion thereof) of total life-cycle emissions of any other greenhouse gas determined on a ratio of the amount such other greenhouse gas per metric ton as the amount of carbon dioxide per metric ton,in the crude oil or petroleum product (as the case may be) subject to tax under subsection (a)
			 which is to be refined into gasoline or diesel fuel.For purposes of subparagraph (C), total life-cycle emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse
			 gases shall be determined by the Administrator of the Environmental
			 Protection Agency pursuant to section 4 of the Gas Tax Replacement Act of 2015..
 (2)Adjustment for inflationSection 4611(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended by adding at the end the following:  (3)Carbon dioxide equivalent rate inflation adjustment (A)In generalIn the case of any calendar year after 2015, the dollar amount in paragraph (2)(C) shall be increased by an amount equal to—
 (i)such dollar amount, multiplied by (ii)the cost-of-living adjustment determined under section 1(f)(3) for the calendar year, determined by substituting “calendar year 2014” for “calendar year 1992” in subparagraph (B) thereof.
 (B)RoundingIf any amount as increased under subparagraph (A) is not a multiple of $1, such amount shall be rounded to the nearest multiple of $1..
				(c)Alternative fuels producer excise tax
 (1)In generalSubchapter A of chapter 38 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended by inserting after section 4611 the following:

						4611A.Certain alternative fuels
 (a)General RuleThere is hereby imposed a tax at the rate specified in subsection (b) on— (1)methanol, ethanol, and biodiesel produced in the United States by the producer thereof, and
 (2)methanol, ethanol, and biodiesel, and any blended product thereof, entered into the United States for consumption, use, or warehousing.
 (b)Rate of taxThe rate of the tax imposed by this section is— (1)$50 per metric ton (or portion thereof) of total life-cycle emissions of carbon dioxide, and
 (2)an equivalent amount per metric ton (or portion thereof) of total life-cycle emissions of any other greenhouse gas determined on a ratio of the amount such other greenhouse gas per metric ton as the amount of carbon dioxide per metric ton,in methanol, ethanol, and biodiesel, and any blended product thereof, produced or entered into in
			 the United States. For purposes of the preceding sentence, total
			 life-cycle emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases shall be
			 determined by the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency
			 pursuant to section 4 of the Gas Tax Replacement Act of 2015.(c)Persons liable for tax
 (1)United States productionThe tax imposed by subsection (a)(1) shall be paid by the producer of the product on which such tax is imposed.
 (2)Imported productsThe tax imposed by subsection (a)(2) shall be paid by the person entering the product for consumption, use, or warehousing..
 (2)Clerical amendmentThe table of sections for subchapter A of chapter 38 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended by inserting after the item relating to section 4611 the following new item:

							Sec. 4611A. Certain alternative fuels..
				(d)Credits and payments for nontaxable uses
 (1)Gasoline used on farmsSection 6420 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended by inserting after subsection (g) the following:

 (h)Special rule for carbon dioxide equivalent rate of taxFor purposes of this section, a gallon of gasoline refined from a barrel of crude oil or petroleum product on which tax was imposed under section 4611 at the carbon dioxide equivalent rate under subsection (c)(1)(C) thereof and used for a purpose described in subsection (a)—
 (1)shall be treated as a gallon of gasoline to which this section applies, and (2)the rate at which tax was imposed under section 4611 with respect to such gallon shall be the same fraction of so much of the tax imposed under section 4611 as is attributable to subsection (c)(1)(C) thereof on such barrel as the fraction of such gallon of gas is of the whole barrel..
 (2)Gasoline used for certain nonhighway purposes, etcSection 6421 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended by redesignating subsection (j) as subsection (k) and by inserting after subsection (i) the following:

 (j)Special rule for carbon dioxide equivalent rate of taxFor purposes of this section, in the case of a gallon of gasoline refined from a barrel of crude oil or petroleum product on which tax was imposed under section 4611 at the carbon dioxide equivalent rate under subsection (c)(1)(C) thereof—
 (1)if such gallon is used for a purpose described in subsection (a) or (b) or is sold for a purpose described in subsection (c), such gallon shall be treated as a gallon of gasoline to which this section applies, and
 (2)the rate at which tax was imposed under section 4611 with respect to such gallon shall be the same fraction of so much of the tax imposed under section 4611 as is attributable to subsection (c)(1)(C) thereof on such barrel as the fraction of such gallon of gas is of the whole barrel..
 (3)Credit for alcohol fuel, biodiesel, and alternative fuel mixturesSection 6426(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended by striking and at the end of paragraph (1), by striking the period at the end of paragraph (2) and inserting a comma, and by inserting after paragraph (2) the following:

 (3)against so much of the tax imposed by section 4611 as is attributable to the carbon dioxide equivalent rate of tax under subsection (c)(1)(C) an amount equal to the credit described in subsection (c), determined on the same fraction of the amount of such tax as the number of gallons of diesel used by the taxpayer in producing any biodiesel mixture for sale or use in a trade or business of the taxpayer, and
 (4)against the tax imposed by section 4611A an amount equal to the sum of the credits described in subsections (b), (c), and (e), determined on the same fraction of the amount of such tax as the number of gallons of alcohol, biodiesel, or alternative fuel used by the taxpayer in producing any fuel mixture of taxable fuel..
 (4)Fuels not used for taxable purposesSection 6427 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended by redesignating subsection (p) as subsection (q) and by inserting after subsection (o) the following:

 (p)Special rule for carbon dioxide equivalent rateFor purposes of this section, in the case of a gallon of fuel refined from a barrel of crude oil or petroleum product on which tax was imposed under section 4611 at the carbon dioxide equivalent rate of tax under subsection (c)(1)(C) thereof, or produced from methanol, ethanol, or biodiesel on which tax was imposed under section 4611A, if the sale or use of such fuel would give rise to a payment under this section but for the fact that such fuel was taxed under section 4611 or 4611A and not section 4041 or 4081—
 (1)this section shall be applied as if such fuel had been taxed under section 4041 or 4081, and (2)the rate at which tax was imposed under section 4611 or 4611A with respect to such fuel shall be—
 (A)in the case of tax imposed under section 4611(c)(1)(C), the same fraction of such tax on such barrel as the fraction of a gallon of such fuel is of the whole barrel, and
 (B)in the case of tax imposed under section 4611A, the same fraction of the amount of such tax as the amount of fuel giving rise to a payment under this section..
 (e)Effective dateThe amendments made by this section shall take effect on January 1, 2015. 4.Life-cycle emissions (a)Carbon dioxide emissions reportNot later than the first January 1st occurring at least 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, the Administrator shall transmit to the Internal Revenue Service and make public a report on the total life-cycle emissions of carbon dioxide for each covered transportation fuel, expressed in tons of carbon dioxide emissions per barrel of fuel or an appropriate alternate measure. Such report shall take into account the differences in carbon dioxide emissions per barrel of fuel across different regions and countries due to means of resource extraction and production, transportation, and other factors, with each covered transportation fuel being as regionally specific as determined by the Administrator.
 (b)Addition of covered transportation fuelThe Administrator shall— (1)from time to time determine which transportation fuels have achieved a sufficient share of the on-road transportation fuel market to warrant being considered a covered transportation fuel, and
 (2)update the report transmitted under subsection (a), and transmit such updated report to Congress, with the specifications on the total life-cycle emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases for each fuel newly determined under paragraph (1) to be considered a covered transportation fuel.
 (c)DefinitionsIn this section: (1)AdministratorThe term Administrator means the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.
 (2)BiofuelThe term biofuel means the biofuel component of a transportation fuel. (3)Covered transportation fuelThe term covered transportation fuel means gasoline, diesel fuel, biofuel, and any other fuel the Administrator determines has achieved a sufficient share of the on-road transportation fuel market to warrant regulation under this section.
 (4)Greenhouse gasThe term greenhouse gas has the same meaning given the term in section 211(o)(1) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545(o)(1)).
 (5)Life-cycle emissionsThe term life-cycle emissions means emissions from all activities included in the production, transport, storage, and use of a fuel, including land use changes, means of resource extraction and production, transportation systems, and leakages.


113 SRES 296 ATS: Designating the week beginning on October 13, 2013, as National Wildlife Refuge Week.
U.S. Senate
2013-11-14
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Pursuant to Title 17 Section 105 of the United States Code, this file is not subject to copyright protection and is in the public domain.

III113th CONGRESS1st SessionS. RES. 296IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATESNovember 14, 2013Mr. Coons (for himself, Mr. Cardin, Mr. Sessions, and Mr. Schatz) submitted the following resolution; which was considered and agreed toRESOLUTIONDesignating the week beginning on October 13, 2013, as National Wildlife Refuge Week.Whereas, in 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt established
			 the first national wildlife refuge on Pelican Island in Florida;Whereas, in 2013, the National Wildlife Refuge System,
			 administered by the Fish and Wildlife Service, is the premier system of lands
			 and waters to conserve wildlife in the world, and has grown to approximately
			 150,000,000 acres, 561 national wildlife refuges, and 38 wetland management
			 districts in every State and territory of the United States;Whereas national wildlife refuges are important
			 recreational and tourism destinations in communities across the United States,
			 and these protected lands offer a variety of recreational opportunities,
			 including 6 wildlife-dependent uses that the National Wildlife Refuge System
			 manages: hunting, fishing, wildlife observation, photography, environmental
			 education, and interpretation;Whereas, in 2013,  364 units of the National Wildlife
			 Refuge System have hunting programs and  303 units of the National
			 Wildlife Refuge System have fishing programs, averaging approximately 2,500,000
			 hunting visits and nearly 7,000,000 fishing visits each year;Whereas the National Wildlife Refuge System experienced
			 nearly 31,000,000 wildlife observation visits during fiscal year
			 2013;Whereas national wildlife refuges are important to local
			 businesses and gateway communities;Whereas, for every $1 appropriated, national wildlife
			 refuges generate nearly $5 in economic activity;Whereas the National Wildlife Refuge System experiences
			 nearly 47,000,000 visits each year, which generated more than
			 $2,400,000,000 and more than 35,000 jobs in local economies during fiscal year
			 2011;Whereas the National Wildlife Refuge System encompasses
			 every kind of ecosystem in the United States, including temperate, tropical,
			 and boreal forests, wetlands, deserts, grasslands, arctic tundras, and remote
			 islands, and spans 12 time zones from the Virgin Islands to Guam;Whereas national wildlife refuges are home to more than
			 700 species of birds, 220 species of mammals, 250 species of reptiles and
			 amphibians, and more than 1,000 species of fish;Whereas national wildlife refuges are the primary Federal
			 lands that foster production, migration, and wintering habitat for
			 waterfowl;Whereas, since 1934, the sale of the Federal Duck Stamp to
			 outdoor enthusiasts has generated more than $850,000,000 in funds, which has
			 enabled the purchase or lease of more than 5,500,000 acres of wetland habitat for waterfowl and numerous other species
			 in the National Wildlife Refuge System;Whereas the recovery of 386 threatened and endangered species is supported on refuge lands;Whereas national wildlife refuges are cores of
			 conservation for larger landscapes and resources for other agencies of the
			 Federal Government and State governments, private landowners, and organizations
			 in their efforts to secure the wildlife heritage of the United States;Whereas more than 38,000 volunteers and approximately 220
			 national wildlife refuge Friends organizations contribute more than
			 1,400,000 hours annually, the equivalent of more than 700 full-time employees, and
			 provide an important link to local communities;Whereas national wildlife refuges provide an important
			 opportunity for children to discover and gain a greater appreciation for the
			 natural world;Whereas, because there are national wildlife refuges
			 located in several urban and suburban areas and one refuge located within an
			 hour drive of every metropolitan area in the United States, national wildlife
			 refuges employ, educate, and engage young people from all backgrounds in
			 exploring, connecting with, and preserving the natural heritage of the United
			 States;Whereas, since 1995, refuges across the United States have
			 held festivals, educational programs, guided tours, and other events to
			 celebrate National Wildlife Refuge Week during the second full week of
			 October;Whereas the Fish and Wildlife Service will continue to
			 seek stakeholder input on the implementation of Conserving the Future:
			 Wildlife Refuges and the Next Generation, an update to the strategic plan of
			 the Fish and Wildlife Service for the future of the National Wildlife Refuge
			 System;Whereas the week beginning on October 13, 2013, has been
			 designated as National Wildlife Refuge Week by the Fish and
			 Wildlife Service; andWhereas the designation of National Wildlife Refuge Week
			 by the Senate would recognize more than a century of conservation in the United
			 States, raise awareness about the importance of wildlife and the National
			 Wildlife Refuge System, and celebrate the myriad recreational opportunities
			 available to enjoy this network of protected lands: Now, therefore, be
			 itThat the Senate—(1)designates the
			 week beginning on October 13, 2013, as National Wildlife Refuge Week;(2)encourages the
			 observance of National Wildlife Refuge Week with appropriate events and
			 activities;(3)acknowledges the
			 importance of national wildlife refuges for their recreational opportunities
			 and contribution to local economies across the United States;(4)pronounces that
			 national wildlife refuges play a vital role in securing the hunting and fishing
			 heritage of the United States for future generations;(5)identifies the
			 significance of national wildlife refuges in advancing the traditions of
			 wildlife observation, photography, environmental education, and
			 interpretation;(6)recognizes the
			 importance of national wildlife refuges to wildlife conservation and the
			 protection of imperiled species and ecosystems, as well as compatible
			 uses;(7)acknowledges the
			 role of national wildlife refuges in conserving waterfowl and waterfowl habitat
			 pursuant to the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (40 Stat. 755, chapter 128);(8)reaffirms the
			 support of the Senate for wildlife conservation and the National Wildlife
			 Refuge System; and(9)expresses the
			 intent of the Senate—(A)to continue
			 working to conserve wildlife; and(B)to manage the
			 National Wildlife Refuge System for current and future generations.