b'The Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nR11.2.19.\nR11.2.18.\nR11.2.16.\nR11.2.15.\nR11.2.14.\nR11.2.13.\nR11.2.12.\nR11.2.10.\nR10.10.\nR10.9.\nR10.6.\nR10.3.\nR10.2.\nR40.2.\nR39.10.\nR39.9.\nR39.8.\nR39.6.\nR39.5.\nR39.4.\nR39.3.\nR39.2.\nR38.5.\nR38.4.\nR38.3.\nR38.2.\nR35.2.\nR33.6.\nR33.5.\nR33.4.\nR33.3.\nR33.2.\nR32.4.\nR32.3.\nR32.2.\nR30.4.\nR30.3.\nR30.2.\nR30.1.\nR29.2.\nR25.2.\nR24.5.\nR24.4.\nR24.3.\nR24.2.\nR23.3.\nR23.2.\nR22.3.\nR22.2.\nR20.3.\nR20.2.\nR20.1.\n\n1 of 136\n\nT H E I N DIG O B O OK\n\nAn Open and Compatible Implementation of\nA Uniform System of Citation\nNOT AFFILIATED WITH OR AUTHORIZED BY\nTHE BLUEBOOK\xc2\xae A UNIFORM SYSTEM OF CITATION\xc2\xae\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n2 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nManifest\nStatus\nThis document is in beta release and was last modified on May 2, 2016. Errors and omissions may be sent\nto carl@media.org or @carlmalamud.\n\nPublisher and License\nThis file was published by Public.Resource.Org, Inc., (\xe2\x80\x9cPublic Resource\xe2\x80\x9d) a California nonprofit\ncorporation registered under I.R.C. \xc2\xa7 501(c)(3). Contact information for Public Resource is at\nhttps://public.resource.org/about/.\nPublic Resource does not charge for or restrict access to any materials we post. This document is\npublished under a CC-0 public domain dedication\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x9cNo Rights Reserved\xe2\x80\x9d and we waive all copyright and\nrelated rights in this work.\n\nCover Art\nThe cover art is courtesy of the Library of Congress Digital File LC-DIG-ppmsca-38347. The item is a\nWPA poster design on blue background created as part of the Federal Art Project between 1936 and 1941.\nThere are no known restrictions on publication of this item.\n\nStatement of Nonaffiliation\nNOT AUTHORIZED BY NOR IN ANY WAY AFFILIATED WITH: The Columbia Law Review\nAssociation, Inc., The Harvard Law Review Association, the University of Pennsylvania Law Review, The\nYale Law Journal Company, Inc., or The Bluebook\xc2\xae A Uniform System of Citation\xc2\xae.\n\nAttribution\nCite as: Sprigman et al., The Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation, Public Resource (2016).\n\nFormats\nThis document is available in HTML and PDF formats.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n3 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nTable of Contents\nManifest\nStatus\nPublisher and License\nCover Art\nStatement of Nonaffiliation\nAttribution\nForeword\nIntroduction\nA. BACKGROUND RULES\nR1. Two Types of Legal Documents\nR2. Typeface Standards\nR3. In-Text Citations\nR4. Signals\nR5. Capitalization Rules\nR6. Signals for Supporting Authority\nR7. Signals for Comparison\nR8. Signals for Contradictory Authority\nR9. Signals for Background Material\nR10. Order of Authorities Within Each Signal / Strength of Authority\nB. CASES\nR11. Full citation\nR12. Court & Year\nR13. Weight of Authority and Explanatory Parenthetical\nR14. History of the Case\nR15. Short Form Citation for Cases\nC. STATUTES, RULES, REGULATIONS, AND OTHER LEGISLATIVE & ADMINISTRATIVE\nMATERIALS\nR16. Federal Statutes\nR17. State Statutes\nR18. Rules of Procedure and Evidence, Restatements, and Uniform Acts\nR19. Administrative Rules and Regulations\nR20. Federal Taxation Materials\nR21. Legislative Materials\nR22. Short Form Citation of Legislative and Administrative Materials\nR23. Sources and Authorities: Constitutions\nD. COURT & LITIGATION DOCUMENTS\nR24. Citing Court or Litigation Documents from Your Case\nR25. Citing Court or Litigation Documents from Another Case\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n4 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nR26. Short Form Citation for Court Documents\nR27. Capitalization Within the Text of Court Documents and Legal Memoranda\nE. BOOKS & NON-PERIODICALS\nR28. Full Citation for Books & Non-Periodicals\nR29. Short Form Citation for Books & Non-Periodicals\nF. JOURNALS, MAGAZINES, & NEWSPAPER ARTICLES\nR30. Full Citation for Journals, Magazines & Newspaper Articles\nR31. Short Form Citation for Journals, Magazines & Newspaper Articles\nG. INTERNET SOURCES\nR32. General Principles for Internet Sources\nR33. Basic Formula for Internet Sources\nR34. Short Form Citations for Internet Sources\nH. EXPLANATORY PARENTHETICALS\nR35. General Principles for Explanatory Parentheticals\nR36. Order of parentheticals\nI. QUOTATIONS\nR37. General Principles for Quotations\nR38. Alterations of Quotations\nR39. Omissions in Quotations\nR40. Special Rules for Block Quotations\nJ. TABLES\nT1. Federal Judicial and Legislative Materials\nT2. Federal Administrative and Legislative Materials\nT3. U.S. States and Other Jurisdictions\nT4. Required Abbreviations for Services\nT4.1. Service Publisher Names\nT4.2. Service Abbreviations\nT5. Required Abbreviations for Legislative Documents\nT6. Required Abbreviations for Treaty Sources\nT7. Required Abbreviations for Arbitral Reporters\nT8. Required Abbreviations for Intergovernmental Organizations\nT8.1. United Nations and League of Nations\nT8.2. Europe\nT8.3. Inter-American and International Tribunal\nT8.4. Other Intergovernmental Organizations\nT9. Required Abbreviations for Court Names\nT10. Required Abbreviations for Titles of Judges and Officials\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n5 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nT11. Required Abbreviations for Case Names In Citations\nT12. Required Abbreviations for Geographical Terms\nT12.1 U.S. States, Cities and Territories\nT12.2 Australian States and Canadian Provinces and Territories\nT12.3 Countries and Regions\nT13. Required Abbreviations for Document Subdivisions\nT14. Required Abbreviations for Explanatory Phrases\nT15. Required Abbreviations for Institutions\nT16. Required Abbreviations for Publishing Terms\nT17. Required Abbreviations for Month Names\nT18. Required Abbreviations for Common Words Used In Periodical Names\nT19. Table of Citation Guides\nT20. Tables of Correspondence\nK. CODICIL\nL. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n6 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nForeword\nIn 2011, Frank Bennett, a law professor at Nagoya University in Japan, wrote to me about open source\nsoftware he was developing that he now maintains under the name of Juris-M. Professor Bennett\xe2\x80\x99s work is\nan extended variant of an amazingly useful tool called Zotero that is created by developers around the\nworld who want to support scholars in their efforts to \xe2\x80\x9corganize, cite, and share research sources.\xe2\x80\x9d Frank\nadded features to Zotero that support legal writing.\nProfessor Bennett was two years into work on his project when he contacted the Harvard Law Review\nAssociation concerning the use, in electronic form, of common abbreviations for U.S. sources as specified\nin The Bluebook. He was repeatedly rebuffed with stern \xe2\x80\x9ckeep off the grass\xe2\x80\x9d warnings. I examined those\nabbreviations, and they are clearly facts that could only be expressed in one way. Not only are these\nabbreviations devoid of creativity, they are required by many legal jurisdictions in the United States\nbefore one can plead a case of law before judges. So, I posted those abbreviations on my web site, and\npromptly received my own \xe2\x80\x9ckeep off the grass\xe2\x80\x9d missive from an outside law firm hired by the Harvard\nLaw Review.\nIt is important to understand, when we are talking about The Bluebook, A Uniform System of Citation, that we\nare talking about two different things. There is a product, a spiral-bound booklet that sells for $38.50,\nwhich is accompanied by a rudimentary web site available to purchasers of the product.\nUnderlying that product, however, is something much more basic and fundamental, a uniform system of\ncitation. Unpaid volunteers from a dozen law schools, under the stewardship of four nonprofit studentrun law reviews, have labored mightily to reach a consensus standard for the citation of legal materials.\nThis open consensus standard was developed, with no compensation to the authors, for the greater\nbenefit of the legal system of the United States. By clearly and precisely referring to primary legal\nmaterials, we are able to communicate our legal reasoning to others, including pleading a case in the\ncourts, advocating changes in legal policy in our legislatures or law reviews, or simply communicating the\nlaw to our fellow citizens so that we may be better informed.\nWe do not begrudge the Harvard Law Review Association one penny of the revenue from the sale of their\nspiral-bound book dressed in blue. However, we must not confuse the book with the system. There can be\nno proprietary claim over knowledge and facts, and there is no intellectual property right in the system\nand method of our legal machinery. The infrastructure of our legal system is a public utility, and belongs\nto all of us.\nAs Harvard professor Lawrence Lessig has famously stated, \xe2\x80\x9ccode is law.\xe2\x80\x9d The system of citation is code,\nan algorithm consisting of rules and a set of enumerations of text strings and their proper abbreviations.\nThis is code about law.\nIn thinking of The Bluebook, I have been reminded of Big Blue, the IBM corporation. IBM made a fortune\nselling Genuine IBM personal computers, but this did not prevent others from making clones that were\nable to exercise the instructions in the underlying chipset. When technology changed the nature of the\ncomputer industry, IBM did not spend its days trying to defend an outdated mode of operation and\ninstead moved up the food chain. The company has grown and prospered because of the computing\nrevolution and the Internet instead of trying to preserve an outdated position of economic power that\ncould not last.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n7 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nLikewise, I wish the Harvard Law Review Association and their three companion law reviews the best in\ncontinuing to sell their Genuine Blue spiral-bound book and any associated on-line services. However,\nthat cannot mean prohibiting an open source developer from using common abbreviations, and it\ncertainly does not imply any ownership or control over how, in our democracy, we communicate the law\nwith our fellow citizens. I hope you will enjoy The Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation and that you will\njoin me in extending my congratulations to Professor Sprigman and his students on the excellent job they\nhave performed in re-coding those rules.\nCarl Malamud\nPublic.Resource.Org\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n8 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nIntroduction\nWelcome to The Indigo Book\xe2\x80\x94a free, Creative Commons-dedicated implementation of The Bluebook\xe2\x80\x99s\nUniform System of Citation. The Indigo Book was compiled by a team of students at the New York\nUniversity School of Law, working under the direction of Professor Christopher Jon Sprigman.\nThe Indigo Book isn\xe2\x80\x99t the same as The Bluebook, but it does implement the same Uniform System of Citation\nthat The Bluebook does. The scope of The Indigo Book\xe2\x80\x99s coverage is roughly equivalent to The Bluebook\xe2\x80\x99s\n\xe2\x80\x9cBluepages\xe2\x80\x9d\xe2\x80\x94that is, The Indigo Book covers legal citation for U.S. legal materials, as well as books,\nperiodicals, and Internet and other electronic resources. In addition, The Indigo Book offers citation\nguidance that is deeper than The Bluebook\xe2\x80\x99s Bluepages\xe2\x80\x94for example, The Indigo Book has citation guidance\nfor bills, and for legislative history, that the Bluepages lack. For the materials that it covers, anyone using\nThe Indigo Book will produce briefs, memoranda, law review articles, and other legal documents with\ncitations that are compatible with the Uniform System of Citation.\nNote that The Indigo Book\xe2\x80\x99s scope does not extend to (now virtually unused) loose-leaf reporters, nor to\nforeign legal materials or the publications of international organizations like the United Nations. Most\nAmerican lawyers cite these materials only rarely, and providing citation rules for the enormous number\nof international jurisdictions is part of what makes The Bluebook as unwieldy as it has become.\nThe Indigo Book offers a couple of important advantages to users, compared with The Bluebook. Unlike The\nBluebook, The Indigo Book is free. Free in two different ways that are equally important. First, The Indigo\nBook is given to you free of charge. Considering that the Uniform System of Citation has become a basic\npiece of infrastructure for the American system of justice, it is vital that pro se litigants, prisoners, and\nothers seeking justice but who lack resources are given effective access to the system lawyers use to cite to\nthe law. That interest in access and basic fairness is part of what motivated The Indigo Book\xe2\x80\x99s creation.\nSecond, and perhaps even more importantly, The Indigo Book is free of the restrictions of copyright. You\nare free to copy and distribute this work, and\xe2\x80\x94most importantly\xe2\x80\x94to improve on it. This is important,\nbecause we want people with a stake in our legal citation system to help make that system simpler and\nbetter. To achieve these goals, we are releasing The Indigo Book under a Creative Commons \xe2\x80\x9cCC0\xe2\x80\x9d public\ndomain dedication that allows you to use it, copy it, distribute it, and\xe2\x80\x94we hope\xe2\x80\x94improve it.\nSo, what sorts of improvement do we hope for? This original edition of The Indigo Book is compatible with\nthe current, 20th edition of The Bluebook. We will admit, however, that our decision to make The Indigo\nBook compatible with The Bluebook\xe2\x80\x99s Uniform System of Citation was mostly self-interested and strategic\xe2\x80\x94\nwe want people to adopt The Indigo Book, and the best way to achieve that goal, we reasoned, was to give\npeople a citation guide that they could use to produce documents that look as if they used The Bluebook.\nWe think this is the right path, at least initially, but please understand that our decision to make The Indigo\nBook Bluebook-compatible doesn\xe2\x80\x99t stop you from doing otherwise. There are ways to improve The Indigo\nBook that involve breaking free of The Bluebook. Indeed, in some ways the recent editions of The Bluebook\nhave adopted an unhelpfully over-prescriptive approach to citation that has resulted in needless\ncomplexity. It wasn\xe2\x80\x99t always that way. Back in 1959, the 10th edition of The Bluebook declared that \xe2\x80\x9c[t]he\nprimary purpose of a citation is to facilitate finding and identifying the authority cited. The rules set forth\nin this booklet should not be considered invariable. Whenever clarity will be served, the citation form\nshould be altered without hesitation; whenever a citation would not amplify the identification of the\nauthority referred to, no citation should be given.\xe2\x80\x9d\nThat sounds right to us. Can we get back to a more sensible, flexible system of legal citation? The Indigo\nBook takes the first step by restating the Uniform System of Citation for U.S. legal materials, and for books,\nperiodicals, and Internet and other electronic resources. The next step is up to you. Take The Indigo Book,\nuse it, enjoy it, improve it\xe2\x80\x94maybe you international lawyers out there will add coverage of foreign and\ninternational law? Then, consistent with the spirit of our project\xe2\x80\x94give your improvements to the world.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n9 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nProfessor Christopher Jon Sprigman\nNew York University School of Law\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n10 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nA. BACKGROUND RULES\nR1. Two Types of Legal Documents\nThere are two basic varieties of legal documents. The Uniform System of Citation imposes somewhat\ndifferent citation rules for each.\nStandard Legal Documents (SLDs). These are the documents lawyers file in courts, agencies,\nor other places where practicing lawyers do what they do (e.g., briefs and motions). They also\ninclude the documents lawyers write to one another or to the public (e.g., legal letters and\nlegal memoranda). We will refer to these as standard legal documents.\nAcademic Legal Documents (ALDs). These are articles for publication in law reviews. We will\nrefer to them as "law review articles."\nINDIGO INKLING\nFor reasons that make very little sense, the Uniform System of Citation treats law review articles and\nstandard legal documents differently. If we were designing the system from scratch, we\'d scrap this\ndistinction. But for the moment, we\xe2\x80\x99re stuck with it. In The Indigo Book, we\xe2\x80\x99ll state the rules for standard\nlegal documents. When we need to refer to law review articles specifically, we\'ll do that.\n\nR2. Typeface Standards\nOnly the following items should be italicized:\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Case names\xe2\x80\x94both full and short case names, and procedural phrases (e.g., In re and ex\nparte) preceding the case names (but note the special guidance for law review articles in\nRule 11.2.3);\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Book titles\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Article titles\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Legislative materials\xe2\x80\x99 titles\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Introductory signals (e.g., see, cf. and accord)\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Explanatory phrases that introduce subsequent case history (e.g., aff\xe2\x80\x99d or cert. denied)\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Cross references, (e.g., infra, supra and id.)\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Words and phrases that introduce related authority (e.g., reprinted in and available in)\nThe following words should be italicized when used in the text of standard legal documents:\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Publication titles (e.g., The Onion)\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Words that are italicized in the original quotation; and\n\xe2\x97\xa6 All words that would be italicized in the text (e.g., foreign words that are not commonly\nused in English language documents).\nINDIGO INKLING\nThe typewriter was invented around the 1860s. The first edition of The Bluebook is from 1926.\nTypewriters of that era did not support italics or boldface. If you wanted to emphasize text, your sole\noption was to underline. Throughout The Indigo Book, you\'ll see us italicizing text rather than\nunderlining, because that\xe2\x80\x99s how we do it in the 21st Century. The Bluebook 20th Ed. still gives you the\noption to do either, but you know where we stand.\n\nR3. In-Text Citations\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n11 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nFor standard legal documents, in-text citations are rendered either as (i) a complete sentence\nthat supports a claim in the immediately preceding sentence of text, or, (ii) when the citation\nrelates to a particular part of a sentence, as a clause within the sentence, immediately\nfollowing the claim it supports.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Only use footnotes for standard legal documents when allowed by a court\xe2\x80\x99s local rules.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 In contrast to standard legal documents, law review articles rely on footnotes for\ncitations.\nCitations Following Sentences\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Most citations in standard legal documents follow complete text sentences. It is\ncommon to have several citations following a sentence, with each citation separated by\na semicolon (known as a \xe2\x80\x9cstring citation\xe2\x80\x9d).\n\xe2\x97\xa6 It is also common to employ more than one introductory signal, with citations\nintroduced by different signals arranged as separate sentences. (For the order in which\nintroductory signals are arranged, see Rule 4.2, below.) Use this citation method to cite\nto sources and authorities that relate to the sentence as a whole.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Example: Even if the meaning of the statute were not plain, the FCC\xe2\x80\x99s construction of\nthe 1996 Act is reasonable and therefore entitled to deference. See Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v.\nNat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984); see also Nat\xe2\x80\x99l Cable & Telecomms. Ass\xe2\x80\x99n. v.\nBrand X Internet Svcs., 545 U.S. 967, 1000 (2005) (holding that Chevron mandates that\ncourts defer to the FCC\xe2\x80\x99s reasonable interpretation of its authority under the statutes\nthat the agency administers, even where a current FCC interpretation is inconsistent\nwith past practice); Home Care Ass\xe2\x80\x99n. of Am. v. Weil, 799 F.3d 1084 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (finding\nthe Department of Labor\xe2\x80\x99s reasonable interpretation of a provision of the Fair Labor\nStandards Act was entitled to deference under Chevron, even where it contravened\nprevious reasonable interpretation of same provision).\nCitations Within Sentences\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Some citations in standard legal documents are placed within sentences. Use withinsentence citations to cite sources and authorities that relate to only a section of the\nsentence. Separate within-sentence citations from the text with commas. The citation\nclauses directly follow the claim which they support. Do not model them after normal\nsentences unless:\n\xe2\x96\xaa the clause opens with a source that would be capitalized anyway\xe2\x80\x94this is the only\ncase where the clause should begin with a capital letter; or\n\xe2\x96\xaa it is the sentence\xe2\x80\x99s final clause\xe2\x80\x94this is the only case where the clause should end\nwith a period.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Example: Knowingly throwing undersized groupers overboard to avoid federal agents\ninvestigating a violation of federal conservation regulations is not destruction of\nevidence within the meaning of the Sarbanes\xe2\x80\x93Oxley Act of 2002, see Yates v. United\nStates, 135 S. Ct. 1074 (2015), even though the Eleventh Circuit fishily held just the\nopposite, United States v. Yates, 733 F.3d 1059 (11th Cir. 2013).\nINDIGO INKLING\nScholars have criticized this elaborate system of string citations, requiring the writer to determine not\nonly the degrees of authoritativeness of relied-upon works but also to disclose their precise relevance,\nincluding (perplexingly) sources contrary to the writer\xe2\x80\x99s argument. One might ask why the legal\nprofession chose for itself such an odd and onerous citation system. One commentator describes the\nsystem as derived from an \xe2\x80\x9canxiety of authoritativeness.\xe2\x80\x9d Michael Bacchus, Strung Out: Legal Citation,\nThe Bluebook, and the Anxiety of Authority, 151 U Pa. L Rev. 245 (2002).\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n12 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nR4. Signals\nA signal illustrates the relationship between the author\xe2\x80\x99s assertion and the source cited for that\nassertion. The signal begins the citation sentence or clause.\nThere are four basic categories of signals:\nCategory\n\nSignals\n\nSignals for Supporting\nAuthority\n\n(1) [No signal]\n(2) E.g.,\n(3) Accord\n(4) See\n(5) See Also\n(6) Cf.\n\nSignals for Comparison\n\n(7) Compare <citation to source(s), separated with \xe2\x80\x9cand\xe2\x80\x9d if multiple> with <citation\nto source(s), separated with \xe2\x80\x9cand\xe2\x80\x9d if multiple>\n\nSignals for Contradictory\nAuthority\n\n(8) Contra\n(9) But see\n(10) But cf.\n\nSignals for Background\nMaterial\n\n(11) See generally\n\nWhen more than one authority is used in the same citation, they should be ordered first\naccording to hierarchy of introductory signals (see table above), and then within each signal\nby strength of authority using a semicolon in between each one (see Rule 10 below: Order of\nAuthorities Within Each Signal / Strength of Authority).\nINDIGO INKLING\nFor citation sentences, signals in the same category are listed within a single citation sentence, each one\nmarked off by semicolons; signals in separate categories, however, should be listed in separate citation\nsentences.\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Example: \xe2\x80\x9cLegal professionals love to hate string citations, and critics have no shortage of\nreasons to view them with contempt.\xe2\x80\x9d Mark Cooney, Stringing Readers Along, Mich. B.J. 44\n(Dec. 2006); see also Gerald Lebovits, Write the Cites Right\xe2\x80\x94Part II, 76 N.Y. St. B.J. 64 (Dec.\n2004); Mark P. Painter, 30 Tips to Improve Readability in Briefs and Legal Documents Or, How to\nWrite for Judges, not Like Judges, 31 Mont. Law 6 (Apr. 2006). But cf. The Bluebook: A Uniform\nSystem of Citation (Columbia Law Review Ass\xe2\x80\x99n et al. eds., 20th ed. 2015) (creating and\nmaintaining a complicated system of citation signals which may encourage this kind of\nbehavior). See generally Richard A. Posner, Against Footnotes, 38 Ct. Rev. 24 (2001).\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n13 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nINDIGO INKLING\nFor citation clauses, all signals (irrespective of category) are listed within a single citation clause and\nseparated by semicolons.\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Example: Justice Scalia once noted that \xe2\x80\x9cthe Constitution sometimes insulates the\ncriminality of a few in order to protect the privacy of us all,\xe2\x80\x9d Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321,\n329 (1987); see also Maryland v. King, 133 S. Ct. 1958, 1989 (2013) (Scalia, J., dissenting) (\xe2\x80\x9cSolving\nunsolved crimes is a noble objective, but it occupies a lower place in the American pantheon\nof noble objectives than the protection of our people from suspicionless law-enforcement\nsearches.\xe2\x80\x9d), and later applied that principle to limit police use of thermal imaging technology,\nsee Kyllo v. United States, 389 U.S. 27 (2001); cf. United States v. Jones, 132 S. Ct. 945 (2012)\n(invalidating use of a GPS tracking device for long-term surveillance).\n\nR5. Capitalization Rules\nThe signal is capitalized at the beginning of a citation sentence.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Example: Unbelievable as it may be, the Supreme Court has weighed in on the issue of\nwhether a tomato is a fruit or vegetable. See Nix v. Heden, 149 U.S. 304 (1893).\nThe signal is left in lowercase at the beginning of a citation clause.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Example: Even seemingly trivial issues, see, e.g., Nix v. Heden, 149 U.S. 304 (1893)\n(addressing the question of whether tomatoes are fruits or vegetables), can sometimes\nmerit input from the Supreme Court.\n\nR6. Signals for Supporting Authority\n<no signal>: A citation does not need a signal if-\xe2\x97\xa6 The source makes the same assertion; or\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: To impose the death penalty on an individual who is criminally insane\nis unconstitutional. Ford v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 399, 410 (1986).\n\xe2\x97\xa6 The assertion is a direct quotation from the source; or\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: States are prohibited \xe2\x80\x9cfrom inflicting the penalty of death upon a\nprisoner who is insane.\xe2\x80\x9d Ford v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 399, 410 (1986).\n\xe2\x97\xa6 The source is referred to in the assertion.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: In cases like Roper, Atkins, and Ford, the Supreme Court has established\ncertain classes of individuals upon which the death penalty may not be imposed.\nRoper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551, 575 (2005); Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304, 321 (2002);\nFord v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 399, 410 (1986).\nE.g.,\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Use \xe2\x80\x9ce.g.,\xe2\x80\x9d if the cited source is one of multiple sources to make the same assertion. The\ncitation may include however many sources the author finds to be helpful. Note that\nthe comma in the signal \xe2\x80\x9ce.g.,\xe2\x80\x9d should NOT be italicized.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: In a criminal case, the state bears the burden of proving the defendant\xe2\x80\x99s\nguilt \xe2\x80\x9cbeyond a reasonable doubt.\xe2\x80\x9d E.g., State v. Purrier, 336 P.3d 574, 576 (Or. Ct.\nApp. 2014).\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: Prior to the Supreme Court\xe2\x80\x99s decision in Riley v. California, 134 S. Ct. 2473\n(2014), several circuits had generally allowed the police to conduct warrantless\nsearches of cell phones of individuals under arrest. E.g., U.S. v. Murphy, 552 F.3d\n405, 411 (4th Cir. 2009); U.S. v. Finley, 477 F.3d 250, 260 (5th Cir. 2007).\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n14 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\n\xe2\x97\xa6 \xe2\x80\x9cE.g.,\xe2\x80\x9d may also be used following any other signal, in which case an italicized comma\nshould separate the two signals. Note: The comma in the signal \xe2\x80\x9ce.g.,\xe2\x80\x9d should NOT be\nitalicized.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: Several states have enacted legislation requiring witnesses to report\ncertain crimes to authorities. See, e.g., Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. \xc2\xa7 18-8-115 (West 2014);\nMass. Gen. Laws Ann. ch. 268, \xc2\xa7 40 (West 2014); Ohio Rev. Code Ann. \xc2\xa7 2921.22\n(West 2014).\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: Most states have not enacted legislation requiring witnesses to report\ncrimes to authorities. But see, e.g., Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. \xc2\xa7 18-8-115 (West 2014); Mass.\nGen. Laws Ann. ch. 268, \xc2\xa7 40 (West 2014); Ohio Rev. Code Ann. \xc2\xa7 2921.22 (West\n2014).\nAccord\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Accord is used when more than one source substantiates a proposition, but the text\nquotes just one of them. Use accord as the introductory signal for the non-quoted\nsources. Also, accord may be used as the introductory signal for indicating that the law\nof one jurisdiction is consistent with the law of another.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: Justin Bieber might be one of the most \xe2\x80\x9cwidely despised figures in pop\nmusic [who] still maintains a formidable fan base.\xe2\x80\x9d Keith Girard, Justin Bieber Seeks\nto Make Amends, Jump-Start Career on Ellen, TheImproper Magazine ( Jan. 25, 2015),\nhttp://www.theimproper.com/118310/justin-bieber-seeks-amends-jumpstartcareer-ellen-watch/; accord Chrissy Makkas, Justin Bieber Fronts V Magazine\xe2\x80\x99s Music\nIssue (Forum Buzz), The Fashion Spot ( Jan. 11, 2012), http://www.thefashionspot.com\n/buzz-news/forum-buzz/171203-justin-bieber-fronts-v-magazines-music-issueforum-buzz/ (\xe2\x80\x9cJustin Bieber is a polarizing figure . . . .\xe2\x80\x9d).\nSee\n\xe2\x97\xa6 See is used when an authority does not directly state but clearly supports the\nproposition. See is used instead of <no signal> when an inferential step is required to\nconnect the proposition to the authority cited.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: The defendant in a criminal case cannot be forced to testify against\nhimself or herself. See U.S. Const. amend. V.\nSee also\n\xe2\x97\xa6 See also is used for additional sources that support a proposition. Use see also when\nauthority that states or clearly supports the proposition has already been cited or\ndiscussed. The use of a parenthetical is recommended when using see also.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: Slow and steady wins the race. See Don Daily, The Classic Treasury of\nAesop\xe2\x80\x99s Fables 43-46 (1999); see also The Shawshank Redemption (Castle Rock\nEntertainment 1994) (prisoner tunnels out of a prison by removing a few stones per\nday).\nCf.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Cf. is used for supporting authority that is analogous to your proposition, or which is\nrelated but which requires some interpretive work to connect to your proposition.\nAlways use a parenthetical with cf. to explain the logical connection required for the\nargument.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: In the legal realm, there is a need for an easy-to-use, standard set of\ncitation rules. Cf. The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation (Columbia Law Review\nAss\xe2\x80\x99n et al. eds., 20th ed. 2015) (demonstrating, by virtue of 20 editions, the need\nfor such a system, but producing a system that is overly complex).\n\nR7. Signals for Comparison\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n15 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nCompare <citation to source or authority>, with <citation to source or authority>\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Compare . . . is used when the relationship of multiple authorities will demonstrate or\noffer support for the proposition. It is highly recommended that each authority in the\ncomparison be explained with a parenthetical in order to make the relationship and\nargument clear to the reader. Each portion of the compare . . . signal may contain\nmultiple sources; separate these sources using commas and italicized \xe2\x80\x9cand\xe2\x80\x9d as follows.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: The 20th Century saw sweeping changes in the definition and scope of\nthe Due Process Clause. Compare Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45 (1905) (showing the\nSupreme Court\xe2\x80\x99s historical interpretation of the Due Process Clause as solely\nprotecting an individual\xe2\x80\x99s right to contract), with McDonald v. Chicago, 561 U.S. 742\n(2010) (incorporating the Second Amendment using the Due Process Clause), BMW\nof North America, Inc. v. Gore, 517 U.S. 559 (1996) (utilizing the Due Process Clause to\nreduce punitive damages), and Dolan v. City of Tigard, 512 U.S. 374 (1994) (limiting\nthe zoning and ordinance powers of local governments under the Due Process\nClause).\n\nR8. Signals for Contradictory Authority\nContra\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Contra is used when a cited authority directly conflicts with the proposition it follows.\nContra is the opposite signal to <no signal>.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: The Bluebook is an example of absolute efficiency in the formulation and\nexpression of the rules of legal citation. Contra Richard A. Posner, The Bluebook\nBlues, 120 Yale L.J. 950 (2011).\nBut see\n\xe2\x97\xa6 But see is used for authority that, while not directly contradicting the main proposition,\nnonetheless clearly opposes it. But see is the opposite signal to see.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: I have the right to falsely shout \xe2\x80\x9cFire!\xe2\x80\x9d in a crowded theater. But see\nSchenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47 (1919).\nBut cf.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 But cf. is used to indicate that an authority supports a proposition that is similar to the\nopposite of the author\xe2\x80\x99s main proposition. But cf. is the opposite signal to cf. Always use\na parenthetical with but cf. to explain the logical connection required for the argument.\nThis is the weakest signal for contrary authority.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: Restaurant commercials sell a vision of dinner as a cornerstone daily\nmeal. But cf. 5 Things to Know About McDonalds All Day Breakfast, TIME, (Oct. 6,\n2015), http://time.com/money/4062667/mcdonalds-all-day-breakfast/.\n\nR9. Signals for Background Material\nSee generally\n\xe2\x97\xa6 See generally is used for useful background material. It is recommended that you use a\nparenthetical with see generally in order to explain the authority\xe2\x80\x99s relevance to the\nproposition.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: Some commentators have argued that the Supreme Court does more\nthan \xe2\x80\x9ccall balls and strikes,\xe2\x80\x9d and that politics may even be involved in some\ndecisionmaking. See generally Jeffrey Toobin, The Nine: Inside the Secret World of the\nSupreme Court (2007) (arguing that the work of the Supreme Court often involves\nthe Justices imposing values and even political preferences).\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n16 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nR10. Order of Authorities Within Each Signal / Strength of Authority\nINDIGO INKLING\nFollow the order below for citing authorities within a signal. However, there is one exception: if an\nauthority is more helpful than others cited within a signal, it should be cited first.\nConstitutions. Order constitutions from the same jurisdiction from most recent to oldest.\n1. Federal\n2. State (alphabetize according to state)\n3. Foreign (alphabetize according to jurisdiction)\n4. Foundational Documents of International Groups (United Nations, the League of\nNations, and the European Union, in that order)\nStatutes\nFederal:\n1. Statutes in U.S.C., U.S.C.A., or U.S.C.S. (in ascending order by U.S.C. Title)\n2. Current statutes that are not in U.S.C., U.S.C.A., or U.S.C.S. (from most recently\nenacted to oldest)\n3. Rules of Evidence and Procedure\n4. Repealed Statutes (from most recently enacted to oldest)\nState (alphabetize according to state):\n1. Statutes currently codified (in ascending order within the codification)\n2. Statutes currently in force but not currently codified (from most recently\nenacted to oldest)\n3. Rules of Evidence and Procedure\n4. Repealed Statutes (from most recently enacted to oldest)\nForeign (alphabetize according to jurisdiction):\n1. Codes or Statutes currently codified (in ascending order in the codification)\n2. Statutes currently in force but not currently codified (from most recently\nenacted to oldest)\n3. Repealed Statutes (from most recently enacted to oldest)\nTreaties and Other International Agreements (other than those above) are cited from most\nrecently ratified/signed to oldest.\nCases. Order cases from the same court from most recent to oldest, without regard to prior or\nsubsequent history. There\xe2\x80\x99s no difference between Federal Circuit Court of Appeals or Federal\nDistrict Courts.\nFederal:\n1. Supreme Court\n2. Court of Appeals, Emergency Court of Appeals, and Temporary Emergency\nCourt of Appeals\n3. Court of Claims, Court of Customs, and Patent Appeals and Bankruptcy\nAppellate Panels\n4. District Courts, Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation, and Court of\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n17 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nInternational Trade (formerly the Customs Court)\n5. District Bankruptcy Courts and Railroad Reorganization Court\n6. Court of Federal Claims (formerly the Trial Division for the Court of Claims),\nCourt of Appeals for the Armed Services (formerly the Court of Military\nAppeals), and Tax Court (formerly the Board of Tax Appeals)\n7. Administrative Agencies (alphabetize according to agency)\nState:\n1. Courts (alphabetize according to state, then by hierarchy in descending order)\n2. Agencies (alphabetize according to state, then by agency)\nForeign:\n1. Courts (alphabetize according to jurisdiction, then by hierarchy in descending\norder)\n2. Agencies (alphabetize according to jurisdiction, then by agency)\nInternational:\n1. International Court of Justice, Permanent Court of International Justice\n2. Other International Tribunals and Arbitral Panels (in alphabetical order)\nLegislative Materials (always cite federal materials first)\n1. Bills and Resolutions (most recent to oldest)\n2. Committee Hearings (most recent to oldest)\n3. Reports, Documents, and Committee Prints (most recent to oldest)\n4. Floor Debates (most recent to oldest)\nAdministrative and Executive Materials\nFederal:\n1. Executive Orders\n2. Current Treasury Regulations, Proposed Treasury Regulations\n3. All Other Regulations currently in force (numerically by C.F.R. title in\nascending order)\n4. Proposed Rules not yet in force (numerically by future C.F.R. titles, if any, in\nascending order; otherwise from most recently proposed to oldest)\n5. All Materials repealed (from most recently promulgated to oldest)\nState:\n1. State (alphabetize according to state), currently in force, then repealed\nForeign:\n1. Foreign (alphabetize according to jurisdiction), currently in force, then\nrepealed\nResolutions, Decisions, and Regulations of Intergovernmental Organizations\n1. United Nations and League of Nations (from most recent to oldest by issuing\nbody, listing General Assembly first, then Security Council, then other organs\nalphabetically)\n2. Other Organizations (in alphabetical order by name)\nRecords, Briefs, and Petitions are cited in the same order as discussed in Rule 10.4. Briefs from\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n18 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nthe same case and court are ordered: (i) plaintiff/petitioner; (ii) defendant/respondent; (iii)\namicus curiae (alphabetize according to amicus party)\nSecondary Materials\n1. Uniform Codes, Model Codes, and Restatements, in that order (from most recent\nto oldest within each category)\n2. Books, Pamphlets, and Shorter Works in a collection of single author\xe2\x80\x99s works (in\nalphabetical order by author\xe2\x80\x99s last name; when there is no author, by the title\xe2\x80\x99s\nfirst word)\n3. Journal Pieces (excluding magazines, newspapers, and student-written materials),\nincluding Forthcoming Works and Shorter Works in a collection of various\nauthors\xe2\x80\x99 works (in alphabetical order by first author\xe2\x80\x99s last name)\n4. Book Reviews not written by students (alphabetize according to reviewer\xe2\x80\x99s last\nname)\n5. Student-Written Law Review Pieces including Book Reviews (in alphabetical order\nby author\xe2\x80\x99s last name; if there is no author, by the title\xe2\x80\x99s first word; if there is no\ntitle, alphabetically by the periodical\xe2\x80\x99s abbreviation)\n6. Annotations (from most recently published to oldest)\n7. Magazine and Newspaper Articles (in alphabetical order by author\xe2\x80\x99s last name; if\nthere is no author, by the title\xe2\x80\x99s first word)\n8. Working Papers (in alphabetical order by author\xe2\x80\x99s last name; if there is no author,\nby the title\xe2\x80\x99s first word)\n9. Unpublished Materials not forthcoming (in alphabetical order by author\xe2\x80\x99s last\nname; if there is no author, by the title\xe2\x80\x99s first word)\n10. Electronic Sources, including Internet Sources (in alphabetical order by author\xe2\x80\x99s\nlast name; if there is no author, by the title\xe2\x80\x99s first word)\nCross-references to the author\xe2\x80\x99s own text or footnotes.\n\nB. CASES\nINDIGO INKLING\nAlthough The Bluebook encourages citations to Lexis or Westlaw when appropriate, note that many of\nthe states have adopted public domain or media neutral citation of cases, as shown in Table T3. The\nIndigo Book encourages the use of public domain or media neutral citations. When giving a public\ndomain citation, also include a parallel citation to the appropriate regional reporter if possible.\n\nR11. Full citation\nElements of a full citation. When providing a full citation to a case, you should generally\ninclude the following:\n1. case name;\n2. volume number, reporter, first page;\n3. pincite (the exact page number you are referring to, if necessary);\n4. court, year (see special instructions below for pending and unreported cases);\n5. explanatory parenthetical (if necessary);\n6. prior or subsequent history of the case (if any).\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n19 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nExamples:\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Leonard v. Pepsico, Inc., 88 F. Supp. 2d 116, 127 (S.D.N.Y. 1999) (\xe2\x80\x9cPlaintiff\xe2\x80\x99s understanding\nof the commercial as an offer must also be rejected because the Court finds that no\nobjective person could reasonably have concluded that the commercial actually offered\nconsumers a Harrier Jet.\xe2\x80\x9d), aff\xe2\x80\x99d, 210 F.3d 88 (2d Cir. 2000).\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Toolson v. N.Y. Yankees, Inc., 346 U.S. 356 (1953) (per curiam) (affirming baseball\xe2\x80\x99s\nexemption from the scope of federal antitrust laws).\nCase Name. Case names are often lengthy. Therefore when citing to a case, do not always\ninclude the case name in full.\nWhen referring to a case with an individual\xe2\x80\x99s name in the case name, use the\nperson\xe2\x80\x99s full family name (i.e., their last name). Delete first name and initials,\nexcept when the full name of the person is in a language that lists the surname\nfirst, or when referring to the name of a business or where the court has\nabbreviated the party\xe2\x80\x99s surname.\nExample: Van Leeuwen v. Souto de Moura\nExample: James T. Kirk & Assocs. v. Luke S.\nCorrect: Smith v. Jones\nIncorrect: Jonathan H. Smith v. Allison T. Jones\nCorrect: Xu Lanting v. Wong\nIncorrect: Xu Lanting v. James Wong\nOnly include the last name of the first listed party of the plaintiffs and the first\nlisted party of the defendants.\nItalicize everything in the case name, but don\xe2\x80\x99t italicize the comma at the end of\nthe case name. Exception for law review articles: do not italicize case names in law\nreview full citations, but do italicize case names in law review article short form\ncitations and procedural phrases such as \xe2\x80\x9cIn re.\xe2\x80\x9d\nDelete \xe2\x80\x9cet al.\xe2\x80\x9d, nicknames, and aliases.\nCorrect: Jackson v. Leviston\nIncorrect: Curtis James Jackson III, p/k/a 50 Cent v. Lastonia Leviston\nReplace procedural phrases, and omit all besides the first procedural phrase.\n1. When you see \xe2\x80\x9con the relation of,\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9con behalf of,\xe2\x80\x9d and similar expressions,\nreplace with \xe2\x80\x9cex rel.\xe2\x80\x9d\nCorrect: Affleck ex rel. Damon v. Kimmel\nIncorrect: Ben Affleck, on behalf of Matt Damon v. Jimmy Kimmel, et al.\n2. When you see \xe2\x80\x9cin the matter of,\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9cpetition of,\xe2\x80\x9d and similar expressions, replace\nwith \xe2\x80\x9cIn re\xe2\x80\x9d, except do not use \xe2\x80\x9cIn re\xe2\x80\x9d, or any procedural phrases besides \xe2\x80\x9cex\nrel.\xe2\x80\x9d when the case name contains the name of an adversary.\nCorrect: In re Nat\xe2\x80\x99l Football League Players\xe2\x80\x99 Concussion Injury Litig.\nIncorrect: In the Matter of Nat\xe2\x80\x99l Football League Players\xe2\x80\x99 Concussion Injury Litig.\nCorrect: Estate of Jones v. Smith\nIncorrect: In re Estate of Jones v. Smith\nAbbreviate words in case names according to Table T11. If the resulting\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n20 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nabbreviation is not ambiguous, words of eight or more letters may be abbreviated\nto save substantial space. Also omit terms such as \xe2\x80\x9cL.L.C.\xe2\x80\x9d and \xe2\x80\x9cInc.\xe2\x80\x9d that indicate\nthe party is a business when that fact is made clear because the party name\nincludes a word such as \xe2\x80\x9cCo.\xe2\x80\x9d or \xe2\x80\x9cIns.\xe2\x80\x9d\nCorrect: Cont\xe2\x80\x99l Paper Bag Co. v. E. Paper Bag Co.\nIncorrect: Continental Paper Bag Company v. Eastern Paper Bag Co.\nException: do not abbreviate if the citation appears in a textual sentence as\nexplained in Rule 11.2.19, below\nAbbreviate countries, states, and other geographical places according to Table T12.\nCorrect: Church of Scientology of Cal. v. Blackman\nIncorrect: Church of Scientology of California v. Blackman\nException: if the geographical place is one of the parties in the case, do not\nabbreviate it\nCorrect: South Dakota v. Fifteen Impounded Cats\nIncorrect: S.D. v. Fifteen Impounded Cats\nException: do not abbreviate if the geographical place is part of a citation that\nappears in a textual sentence as explained in Rule 11.2.19, below\nSpell out \xe2\x80\x9cUnited States\xe2\x80\x9d when it is a named party.\nCorrect: United States v. Ninety Five Barrels, More or Less\nIncorrect: U.S. v. Ninety Five Barrels, More or Less\nOmit \xe2\x80\x9cPeople of,\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9cState of,\xe2\x80\x9d and \xe2\x80\x9cCommonwealth of,\xe2\x80\x9d unless citing a court located\nin that state, in which case retain only \xe2\x80\x9cPeople,\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9cState,\xe2\x80\x9d or \xe2\x80\x9cCommonwealth.\xe2\x80\x9d\nCorrect: Lessig v. Colorado, 17 U.S. 107 (1998).\nIncorrect: Lessig v. State of Colorado, 17 U.S. 107 (1998).\nCorrect: Lessig v. State, 109 P.3d 224 (Colo. 1997).\nIncorrect: Lessig v. State of Colorado, 109 P.3d 224 (Colo. 1997).\nOmit phrases such as \xe2\x80\x9cTown of\xe2\x80\x9d and \xe2\x80\x9cCity of\xe2\x80\x9d if the expression does not comprise\nthe first part of the name of a party.\nCorrect: James v. Village of Jamestown\nIncorrect: James v. Jamestown\nCorrect: James v. King of Jamestown\nIncorrect: James v. King of the Village of Jamestown\nDo not include a prepositional phrase indicating location, unless the resulting\nparty name would have only one word, or the phrase is part of a business\xe2\x80\x99 full\nname.\nCorrect: Stevenson v. Board of Trade\nIncorrect: Stevenson v. Board of Trade of Colorado\nCorrect: ACLU of N.D. v. Jones\nIncorrect: ACLU v. Jones\nCorrect: Dam Things from Denmark v. Russ Berrie & Co.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n21 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nIncorrect: Dam Things v. Russ Berrie & Co.\nInclude geographical designations introduced by a preposition, but omit those\nthat follow a comma. Use \xe2\x80\x9cUnited States\xe2\x80\x9d instead of \xe2\x80\x9cUnited States of America,\xe2\x80\x9d\nbut otherwise omit designations of national or larger geographical areas.\nCorrect: Cal. Bd. of Commerce v. City of Sacramento\nIncorrect: Cal. Bd. of Commerce v. City of Sacramento, California\nDelete \xe2\x80\x9cthe\xe2\x80\x9d as the first word of a party\xe2\x80\x99s name, unless the party is \xe2\x80\x9cThe Queen\xe2\x80\x9d or\nthe \xe2\x80\x9cThe King,\xe2\x80\x9d or when referring to the established popular name in a citation or\ncitation clause.\nExample: The Railroad Comm\xe2\x80\x99n Cases\nCorrect: Int\xe2\x80\x99l Soc\xe2\x80\x99y for Krishna Consciousness of Cal., Inc. v. City of Los Angeles\nIncorrect: Int\xe2\x80\x99l Soc\xe2\x80\x99y for Krishna Consciousness of Cal., Inc. v. The City of Los Angeles\nException: retain \xe2\x80\x9cthe\xe2\x80\x9d if it is part of the name of the object of an in rem action.\nCorrect: In re the Snug Harbor\nIncorrect: In re Snug Harbor\nThe Commissioner of Internal Revenue should be cited as \xe2\x80\x9cCommissioner\xe2\x80\x9d\n(abbreviated as \xe2\x80\x9cComm\xe2\x80\x99r\xe2\x80\x9d in citations).\nCorrect: Plainfield-Union Water Co. v. Comm\xe2\x80\x99r\nIncorrect: Plainfield-Union Water Co. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue\nFor cases with multiple dispositions, include an italicized identifier if useful. In\nfuture citations of that case, the identifier can replace the full case name.\nExample: Liriano v. Hobart Corp. (Liriano II), 92 N.Y.2d 232 (1998).\nLiriano v. Hobart Corp. (Liraino III), 170 F.3d 264, 266 (2d Cir. 1999)\n(citing Liriano II, 92 N.Y.2d at 236\xe2\x80\x9337).\nIf a mandamus action is known by the name of the judge against whom the writ is\nsought, that name can be indicated in an italicized parenthetical.\nExample: Jones v. United States District Court (Smith), 89 U.S. 233 (2011).\nIf a case is known both by the reported name and a distinct short form name,\nalways include the reported name in a full citation. The short name may be\nincluded in italics in a parenthetical.\nExample: Indus. Union Dep\xe2\x80\x99t, AFL-CIO v. Am. Petroleum Inst. (The Benzene Case), 448\nU.S. 607, 645 (1980).\nAbbreviate any commonly recognized organizations, such as the SEC and the\nACLU.\nCorrect: Red Lion Broad. Co. v. FCC, 395 U.S. 367 (1969).\nIncorrect: Red Lion Broad. Co. v. Federal Communications Commission, 395 U.S. 367\n(1969).\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n22 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nIf you\xe2\x80\x99re including the case name within a sentence (instead of a citation sentence\nor clause or a footnote) do NOT abbreviate words listed in the tables referenced in\nRule 11.2.6 and Rule 11.2.7 above.\nCorrect: According to Texas Department of Community Affairs v. Burdine, once the\nplaintiff has established a prima facie case, there is a rebuttable presumption of\nunlawful discrimination. 450 U.S. 248, 254 (1981).\nIncorrect: According to Texas Dep\xe2\x80\x99t of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, once the plaintiff has\nestablished a prima facie case, there is a rebuttable presumption of unlawful\ndiscrimination. 450 U.S. 248, 254 (1981).\nException: Shorten well-known acronyms and the following eight words: \xe2\x80\x9c&,\xe2\x80\x9d\n\xe2\x80\x9cAss\xe2\x80\x99n,\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9cBros.,\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9cCo.,\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9cCorp.,\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9cInc.,\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9cLtd.,\xe2\x80\x9d and \xe2\x80\x9cNo.\xe2\x80\x9d\nCorrect: In McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, the Supreme Court held that in a\ndisparate treatment case, the plaintiff bears the initial burden of establishing a\nprima facie case of employment discrimination. 411 U.S. 792 (1973).\nIncorrect: In McDonnell Douglas Corporation v. Green, the Supreme Court held that\nin a disparate treatment case, the plaintiff bears the initial burden of establishing a\nprima facie case of employment discrimination. 411 U.S. 792 (1973).\n\nINDIGO INKLING\nThere are multiple ways to incorporate a case citation in the text of an article, brief, or other written\nwork. In the previous example (reproduced below), the case name is stated in the text and the rest of\nthe citation is included as a separate sentence. There is no strict rule here, so choose whichever\nmethod will be clearer to the reader.\nIn McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, the Supreme Court held that in a disparate treatment case, the\nplaintiff bears the initial burden of establishing a prima facie case of employment discrimination. 411\nU.S. 792 (1973)\nAlternatively, one can include the entire citation in-text as follows:\nIn McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973), the Supreme Court held that in a disparate\ntreatment case, the plaintiff bears the initial burden of establishing a prima facie case of employment\ndiscrimination.\nVolume Number, Reporter, First page. The citation should include: volume number of the\nreporter, abbreviated name of the reporter (listed by jurisdiction in accordance with Table T1),\nfirst page of the case.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Example: Terrible v. Terrible, 534 P.2d 919 (Nev. 1975) (denying ex-husband\xe2\x80\x99s petition to\nsplit up property he and ex-wife owned as tenants in common).\nThis is how you decode case citations. The left column shows what your citation should look\nlike. The right column shows what the citation means for someone looking for the case.\nCitation\n\nReporter\n\nDemosthenes v. Baal, 495 U.S. 731 (1990).\n\nVol. 495, p. 731 of United States Reports\n\nUnited States v. $124,570 U.S. Currency, 873 F.2d 1240 (9th Cir. 1989).\n\nVol. 873, p. 1240 of Federal Reporter, Second Series\n\nGucci America, Inc. v. Guess?, Inc., 831 F. Supp. 2d 723 (S.D.N.Y. 2011).\n\nVol. 831, p. 723 of Federal Supplement, Second Series\n\nHamburger v. Fry, 338 P.2d 1088 (Okla. 1958).\n\nVol. 338, p. 1088 of Pacific Reporter, Second Series\n\nCamp v. Superman, 119 Vt. 62 (1955).\n\nVol. 119, p. 62 of Vermont Reports\n\nPincite. To direct the reader to the specific page you are referring to, you must include a\npincite after you list the first page where the case is found in the reporter. If the pincite is the\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n23 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nfirst page of the opinion, be sure to still include it by just repeating the number.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Example: Mattel, Inc. v. MCA Records, Inc., 296 F.3d 894, 908 (9th Cir. 2002) (\xe2\x80\x9cThe\nparties are advised to chill.\xe2\x80\x9d)\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Example: Brown v. State, 216 S.E.2d 356, 356 (Ga. Ct. App. 1975) (\xe2\x80\x9cThe D. A. was ready.\nHis case was red-hot. Defendant was present, His witness was not.\xe2\x80\x9d).\nPincite referencing multiple pages or a page range:\n1. Multiple pages: Gordon v. Secretary of State of New Jersey, 460 F. Supp. 1026, 1026,\n1028 (D.N.J. 1978) (dismissing a complaint charging that plaintiff, by reason of his\nillegal incarceration in jail, had been deprived of the office of the President of the\nUnited States).\n2. Page range: Helton v. State, 311 So. 2d 381, 382\xe2\x80\x9384 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1975) (reciting\nthe prosecutor\xe2\x80\x99s closing arguments in a parody of \xe2\x80\x9c\xe2\x80\x99Twas the Night Before\nChristmas\xe2\x80\x9d).\n3. Passim. If your proposition appears in many locations in the opinion, or if you are\nreferring to a general idea that pervades a source, feel free to append the word\n\xe2\x80\x9cpassim\xe2\x80\x9d instead of a pincite.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Example: Anyone alive in the eighteenth century would have known that the problem\nof determining a ship\xe2\x80\x99s longitude at sea was one of the most prominent scientific quests\nof the day. Dava Sobel, Longitude: The True Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest\nScientific Problem of His Time passim (1995).\nINDIGO INKLING\nFor page ranges consisting of page numbers 100 or greater, you need only provide the last two digits of\nthe second number in the page range, providing that the preceding digits are identical between the two\nnumbers (e.g., 284\xe2\x80\x9389; 4158\xe2\x80\x9372). Otherwise, include both numbers in their entirety (e.g., 199\xe2\x80\x93231).\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Example: Selmon v. Hasbro Bradley, Inc., 669 F. Supp. 1267, 1272-73 (S.D.N.Y. 1987) (comparing a\n\xe2\x80\x9cLeo-Lamo\xe2\x80\x9d (a hybrid lion/lamb animal character) to a \xe2\x80\x9cBumblelion\xe2\x80\x9d (a hybrid bumblebee/lion\ntoy animal) in the context of a copyright infringement claim).\nINDIGO INKLING\nLearn to differentiate between hyphens, en dashes, and em dashes. These three marks all comprise\nshort, horizontal lines that with the help of glasses and/or a magnifying glass, you will see have\nmicroscopically varying lengths.\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Hyphens (shortest in length) are used for: phrasal adjectives (e.g., \xe2\x80\x9claser-sharp focus,\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9clargerthan-life character,\xe2\x80\x9d and compound words (e.g., \xe2\x80\x9cdaughter-in-law,\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9cover-the-counter\xe2\x80\x9d).\n\xe2\x80\xa2 En dashes (longer than hyphens, shorter than em dashes) are used for: ranges of values (e.g.,\npage ranges) and contrasting or connected pairs of words (e.g., Sarbanes\xe2\x80\x93Oxley Act).\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Em dashes (longest in length) are used for: inserting a break in a thought; isolating a\nconcluding phrase; setting on a parenthetical explanation or amplification; and signaling a\ncollection of ideas (e.g., When her new Volkswagen was finally delivered\xe2\x80\x94nearly three\nmonths after it was ordered and following the revelation of VW\'s massive scheme of\nemissions control fraud\xe2\x80\x94Alice decided she didn\'t want it).\nCiting a footnote. To cite a footnote, provide a page number followed immediately with a\nfootnote number, using \xe2\x80\x9cn.\xe2\x80\x9d to show footnote number. There is no space between \xe2\x80\x9cn.\xe2\x80\x9d and the\nfootnote number:\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n24 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Example: Davis v. City of New York, 902 F. Supp. 2d 405, 412 n.22 (S.D.N.Y. 2012)\n(describing how Jay-Z \xe2\x80\x9cshowcased his knowledge of these Fourth Amendment rights\xe2\x80\x9d\nin his song 99 Problems).\n\nR12. Court & Year\nCitations should include both the deciding court and the year of decision in parentheses.\nSee Table T1 for how to abbreviate the names of all U.S. federal and state courts.\nSee the chart below for common examples:\nCourt\n\nRule\n\nExample\n\nUnited States\nSupreme\nCourt\n\nUse U.S. if the opinion is published in the United\nStates Reports. If not, use S. Ct.\n\nTwo Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc., 505 U.S. 763 (1992).\n\n***When citing to a Supreme Court decision, just cite\nthe year and omit the court\xe2\x80\x99s name.\n\nBrown v. Entm\xe2\x80\x99t Merchs. Ass\xe2\x80\x99n, 131 S. Ct. 2729, 2738\n(2011) (noting that Justice Alito has done \xe2\x80\x9cconsiderable\nindependent research\xe2\x80\x9d on violent video games for his\ndissent).\n\nFederal\nCourts of\nAppeals\n\nEither F., F.2d, or F.3d, depending on the decision.\n\nBatman v. Commissioner, 189 F.2d 107 (5th Cir. 1951).\n\nFederal\nDistrict\nCourts\n\nEither F. Supp. or F. Supp. 2d depending on the\ndecision.\n\nNance v. United States, 299 F.2d 122, 124 (D.C. Cir. 1962)\n(\xe2\x80\x9cHow do you know it was me, when I had a\nhandkerchief over my face?\xe2\x80\x9d).\nFrigaliment Importing Co. v. B.N.S. International Sales\nCorp., 190 F. Supp. 116, 117 (S.D.N.Y. 1960) (\xe2\x80\x9cThe issue\nis, what is chicken?\xe2\x80\x9d).\nCartier v. Aaron Faber Inc., 512 F. Supp. 2d 165 (S.D.N.Y.\n2007).\n\nState High\nCourts\n\nCite to the regional reporter for the region in which\nthe court sits, if the opinion appears there. If not, cite\nto the state\xe2\x80\x99s official reporter, as listed in Table T1.\nNote: If citing an official reporter that publishes only\ndecisions of the state\xe2\x80\x99s highest court (e.g., \xe2\x80\x9cCal.\xe2\x80\x9d for\nthe California Supreme Court\xe2\x80\x99s reporter), do not\ninclude the court\xe2\x80\x99s name in parentheses.\n\nOther State\nCourts\n\nCite to the regional reporter for the region in which\nthe court sits, if the opinion appears there. If not, cite\nto the state\xe2\x80\x99s official reporter in Table T1.\nNote: Do NOT include the department or district of\nintermediate state courts.\n\nTerrible v. Terrible, 534 P.2d 919 (Nev. 1975).\nState v. One 1970 2-Door Sedan Rambler, 136 N.W. 59\n(Neb. 1974).\n\nBrown v. Swindell, 198 So. 2d 432, 434 (La. Ct. App.\n1967) (holding plaintiff could not recover damages for\nemotional distress allegedly due to embarrassment of\nowning a three-legged dog).\nState v. Stroud, 30 Wash. App. 392 (1981).\n\nINDIGO INKLING\nSee Table T12.1 for the correct abbreviation for each state\xe2\x80\x94even though some may not be consistent\n(e.g., New York is N.Y., whereas Michigan is Mich.). Also, be mindful of spacing.\nParallel Citation in State Court Documents\nWhen submitting documents to state courts, follow the local rules for citations in\nTable T3.\nState courts\xe2\x80\x99 local rules often require a parallel citation: i.e., a citation to both the\nofficial state reporter and the unofficial regional and/or state-specific reporter, the\nlatter following the former.\nTwo important notes:\n\xe2\x96\xaa Use one pincite per reporter citation.\n\xe2\x96\xaa When the official reporter title makes the state or court name apparent,\nthen don\xe2\x80\x99t include it again in parentheses.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n25 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: Harden v. Playboy Enterprises, Inc., 261 Ill. App. 3d 443, 633 N.E.2d\n764 (1993).\nSpecial Note on Pending and Unreported Cases: Some cases or opinions are not assigned to\nreporters. They generally can be found in one of the following three sources:\nLEXIS and Westlaw cases: Citations to these electronic databases are similar to\nregular citations, except that they (a) replace the case code with a docket number\nand a database code supplied by LEXIS or Westlaw, and (b) include the full date of\nthe decision in the following parenthetical, not just the year.\nCitations to these electronic databases should be formatted as follows: <Case\nName>, <case docket number>, <database identifier and electronic report\nnumber>, at *<star page number> <(court, full date)>.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: Yates v. United States, No. 13\xe2\x80\x937451, 2015 U.S. LEXIS 1503, at *40\n(Feb. 25, 2015) (Citing Dr. Seuss, Justice Kagan explained, \xe2\x80\x9c[a] fish is, of\ncourse, a discrete thing that possesses physical form.\xe2\x80\x9d).\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: State v. Green, No. 2012AP1475\xe2\x80\x93CR, 2013 WL 5811261, at *7 (Wis.\nCt. App. Oct. 30, 2013) (rejecting Green\xe2\x80\x99s argument that there was a\nreversible error due to bailiff\xe2\x80\x99s distribution of leftover Halloween candy to\nthe jury).\nSlip opinions: A slip opinion is a published decision by a court that has not yet\nbeen included in a reporter. If there is a slip opinion for an unreported case, but\nit\xe2\x80\x99s not in LEXIS or Westlaw, include the docket number, the court, and the full\ndate of the most recent major disposition of the case:\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: Beastie Boys v. Monster Energy Co., No. 12 Civ. 6065 (S.D.N.Y. Dec.\n4, 2014).\nOpinions only available online, but not in an electronic database: Some cases,\nparticularly ones that are pending, may be accessed only through a court\xe2\x80\x99s\nwebsite. If so, include the URL.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: Macy\xe2\x80\x99s Inc. v. Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, Inc., No. 1728, slip\nop. at 1 (N.Y. App. Div. Feb. 26, 2015), http://www.nycourts.gov/reporter\n/3dseries/2015/2015_01728.htm.\nDifferent courts and publishers use different acronyms to identify civil and\ncriminal docket numbers (e.g., CIV-A, Civ. A., Civ., No., etc.). Cite to the case\ndocket number exactly as it appears. If a case has more than one docket number,\nthese acronyms do not need to be included after the first reference:\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: In re Salomon Inc. Sec. Litig., Nos. 91 Civ. 5442 (RPP), 91 Civ. 5471,\n1992 WL 150762 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 13, 1992).\n\nR13. Weight of Authority and Explanatory Parenthetical\nTo highlight information regarding the weight of the cited authority (e.g., for concurring and\ndissenting opinions), insert an additional parenthetical after the date parenthetical.\nRemember to separate the parentheticals with a space.\nExamples:\n\xe2\x97\xa6 United States v. Leggett, 23 F.3d 409 (6th Cir. 1994) (unpublished table decision).\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Ward v. Rock Against Racism, 491 U.S. 781 (1989) (Marshall, J., dissenting).\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Harris v. State, 887 S.W.2d 514 (Ark. 1994) (per curiam).\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n26 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Dep\xe2\x80\x99t of Revenue v. James B. Beam Distilling Co., 377 U.S. 341, 349 (1964) (7\xe2\x80\x932 decision)\n(Black, J., dissenting) (disagreeing with Justice Goldberg as to the relative merits of\nbourbon and scotch).\nTo explain the proposition for which the case stands, insert an explanatory parenthetical.\nExamples:\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Stambovsky v. Ackley, 572 N.Y.S.2d 672, 674 (App. Div. 1991) (\xe2\x80\x9c[A]s a matter of law, the\nhouse is haunted.\xe2\x80\x9d).\n\xe2\x97\xa6 People v. Foranyic, 74 Cal. Rptr. 2d 804, 807 (Ct. App. 1998) (police have probable cause to\ndetain someone they see riding a bike at 3 a.m., carrying an axe).\n\nR14. History of the Case\nWhen citing a case, include the prior or subsequent history of the case, subject to several\nexceptions. Refer to Table T14 for how to abbreviate explanatory phrases when introducing\ncase history. Italicize the explanatory phrase.\nINDIGO INKLING\nThe United States is a common law system, where court decisions play an important role in defining\nwhat the law is. Simply put, there\xe2\x80\x99s good case law and bad case law. To figure out the difference, we\nhave to look at the case\xe2\x80\x99s prior and subsequent history, because our view of what is good law may\nevolve as a case moves through the appeals process.\nAlways use the following explanatory phrases when applicable and italicize them:\n\xe2\x97\xa6 aff\xe2\x80\x99d\n\xe2\x97\xa6 aff\xe2\x80\x99g\n\xe2\x97\xa6 cert. denied (but drop this explanatory phrase when the Supreme Court\xe2\x80\x99s certiorari\ndenial is more than two years in the past)\n\xe2\x97\xa6 cert. granted\n\xe2\x97\xa6 rev\xe2\x80\x99d\n\xe2\x97\xa6 rev\xe2\x80\x99d on other grounds\nExamples:\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Energy & Env\'t Legal Inst. v. Epel, 43 F. Supp. 3d 1171 (D. Colo. 2014), aff\xe2\x80\x99d, 793 F.3d 1169\n(10th Cir.), cert. denied, 136 S. Ct. 595 (2015).\n\xe2\x97\xa6 In re Verizon Internet Servs., Inc., 257 F. Supp. 2d 244 (D.D.C. 2003), rev\xe2\x80\x99d on other grounds,\nRecording Indus. Ass\xe2\x80\x99n of Am., Inc. v. Verizon Internet Servs., Inc., 351 F.3d 1229 (D.C. Cir.\n2003).\nINDIGO INKLING\nNote that in the above examples, the relevant explanatory phrases precede the subsequent history.\nExplanatory parenthetical information about the preceding case should be included before any\nsubsequent history.\nWhen the case has a different name in the subsequent history, provide the new case name\nafter the italicized phrase \xe2\x80\x9csub nom.\xe2\x80\x9d (\xe2\x80\x9cunder the name of\xe2\x80\x9d).\nExample: Lerman v. Comm\xe2\x80\x99r, 939 F.2d 44 (3d Cir. 1991), rev\xe2\x80\x99d sub nom. Horn v. Comm\xe2\x80\x99r, 968 F.2d\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n27 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\n1229 (D.C. Cir. 1992).\nException: Do not provide the new case name if either the parties\xe2\x80\x99 names are merely reversed\nor if the subsequent history is simply a denial of certiorari or rehearing:\nCorrect: United States v. Schmuck, 840 F.2d 384 (7th Cir. 1988), aff\xe2\x80\x99d, 489 U.S. 705 (1989).\nIncorrect: United States v. Schmuck, 840 F.2d 384 (7th Cir. 1988), aff\xe2\x80\x99d, Schmuck v. United States,\n489 U.S. 705 (1989).\n\nR15. Short Form Citation for Cases\nIn Text\nThe first time a case is mentioned in the text, include a full citation as shown here:\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: In Fenton v. Quaboag Country Club, the court held that the house\nowners were entitled to an abatement of the trespasses by flying golf balls.\n233 N.E.2d 216, 219 (Mass. 1968).\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: In Fenton v. Quaboag Country Club, 233 N.E.2d 216, 219 (Mass.\n1968), the court held that the house owners were entitled to an abatement\nof the trespasses by flying golf balls.\nFor subsequent cites in text, refer to one party\xe2\x80\x99s name (or an unambiguous\nreference to the case name), as well as a short form citation in the form of\n<volume> <Name of Reporter> at <pincite>, as shown here:\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: The court in Fenton also held that there was error in the award of\ndamages based on loss of fair market value of property due to the flying\nballs. 233 N.E.2d at 219.\nIn Citations\nIf the reference is unambiguous and the full citation is easily accessible elsewhere,\nthen you may use a short form citation.\nFor cases, a short form citation usually includes: <The First Party of the Case\nName>, <volume number> <Reporter> at <pincite>.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: Malletier v. Dooney & Bourke, Inc., 500 F. Supp. 2d 276, 279\n(S.D.N.Y. 2007) becomes Malletier, 500 F. Supp. 2d at 281.\nDon\xe2\x80\x99t use the first party of the case name if that party either is a geographical or\ngovernmental unit or a party name that is used for multiple cases. Otherwise, it\nmay confuse the reader.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: United States v. Carmel, 548 F.3d 571 (7th Cir. 2008) becomes\nCarmel, 548 F.3d at 573.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: Gonzalez v. Raich, 545 U.S. 1 (2005) becomes Raich, 545 U.S. at 8.\nShorten a long party name . . . but only if the reference remains clear.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: A Book Named "John Cleveland\xe2\x80\x99s Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure" v.\nAttorney Gen. of Com. of Mass., 383 U.S. 413, 418 (1966) can become Memoirs,\n383 U.S. at 418.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n28 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nINDIGO INKLING\nIn the absence of a clear rule on this matter, a \xe2\x80\x9cpreceding five\xe2\x80\x9d norm has developed wherein one may\ncontinue to use a short form citation as long as the full citation appears in one of the previous five\nfootnotes.\nThere has been some variation in the application of this rule; for example, some practitioners will\ncontinue to use the short form throughout an entire article or brief unless they need to use \xe2\x80\x9cid.\xe2\x80\x9d\nrepeatedly, in which event they follow the \xe2\x80\x9cpreceding five\xe2\x80\x9d rule to avoid potential ambiguity. However,\nnone of these conventions are absolute.\nUsing Id.\nIf you are citing to the same case referenced in the immediately preceding\ncitation, use id. as the short form citation.\nId. should be used only if the preceding citation cites to one source.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Correct: In examining the third factor\xe2\x80\x94the proximity of the parties\xe2\x80\x99\nproducts in the marketplace\xe2\x80\x94courts assess whether the parties occupy\n\xe2\x80\x9cdistinct merchandising markets.\xe2\x80\x9d Hormel Foods Corp. v. Jim Henson Prods.,\nInc., 73 F.3d 497, 504 (2d Cir. 1996); Naked Cowboy v. CBS, 844 F. Supp. 2d\n510, 517-18 (S.D.N.Y. 2012). For example, would an unsophisticated viewer\nconfuse the source of the long-running daytime television series with\nanother party\xe2\x80\x99s street performances or his souvenirs? Naked Cowboy, 844 F.\nSupp. 2d at 517-18.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Incorrect: In examining the third factor\xe2\x80\x94the proximity of the parties\xe2\x80\x99\nproducts in the marketplace\xe2\x80\x94courts assess whether the parties occupy\n\xe2\x80\x9cdistinct merchandising markets.\xe2\x80\x9d Hormel Foods Corp. v. Jim Henson Prods.,\nInc., 73 F.3d 497, 504 (2d Cir. 1996); Naked Cowboy v. CBS, 844 F. Supp. 2d\n510, 517-18 (S.D.N.Y. 2012). For example, would an unsophisticated viewer\nconfuse the source of the long-running daytime television series with\nanother party\xe2\x80\x99s street performances or his souvenirs? Id.\nIf you are referring to the immediately preceding case, but to a different page, use\nid. at <pincite>.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: In addition to suing all the federal judges in the Southern District\nof Georgia, the plaintiff also requested the government to fund a sex\nchange for him. Washington v. Alaimo, 934 F. Supp. 1395, 1398 (S.D. Ga.\n1996). Accordingly, the court ordered plaintiff to show cause why he should\nnot be sanctioned for "filing a motion for improper purposes," such as those\nhinted at in the title of the pleading, "Motion to Kiss My Ass." Id. at 1401.\nId. can be used for all types of authorities\xe2\x80\x94not only for cases.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: After conducting research on the use of Yiddish words in law, the\nauthors found that the word \xe2\x80\x9cchutzpah\xe2\x80\x9d had appeared in 101 cases since\n1980. Alex Kozinski & Eugene Volokh, Lawsuit Shmawsuit, 103 Yale L.J. 463,\n463 (1993). Their search for the use of \xe2\x80\x9cschmuck\xe2\x80\x9d was impeded \xe2\x80\x9cby the fact\nthat many people are actually named Schmuck.\xe2\x80\x9d Id. at 464\xe2\x80\x9365.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: The Supreme Court has consistently proven hostile to any\nstatute that could be interpreted as imposing prior restraint on\npublications. See, e.g., Near v. Minnesota ex rel. Olson, 283 U.S. 697 (1931)\n(holding that a statute that enabled the state to close down newspapers on\ngrounds they contributed to public nuisance violated the Fourteenth\nAmendment). The conspicuous absence of prior restraint laws in our\nnation\xe2\x80\x99s history are indicative of a consistent belief they violate\nconstitutional rights. Id. at 718.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n29 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nINDIGO INKLING\nIf there is an explanatory parenthetical or phrase in the preceding citation, it is not incorporated with\nthe use of id.\n\nC. STATUTES, RULES, REGULATIONS, AND OTHER LEGISLATIVE &\nADMINISTRATIVE MATERIALS\nR16. Federal Statutes\nINDIGO INKLING\nDon\'t italicize anything in a statute citation. The symbol \xe2\x80\x9c\xc2\xa7\xe2\x80\x9d means \xe2\x80\x9csection,\xe2\x80\x9d and \xe2\x80\x9c\xc2\xa7\xc2\xa7\xe2\x80\x9d is the plural\nform. The section symbol(s) are always followed by a space.\nBasic citation form\nA full citation to a federal statute includes three things: (1) the official name of the\nstatute; (2) the published source where the act may be found; and (3) indication of\neither (i) the source publication date or (ii) the year the statute was passed.\nU.S. Code: For citations to the U.S. Code (the preferred citation): <Name of\nStatute [optional]>, <title> U.S.C. \xc2\xa7 <section number> <(year published)>.\n1. The U.S.C. is codified once every six years. Therefore, citations to the U.S.C.\nshould be to the appropriate codifying year (e.g., 2000, 2006, 2012). Cite the\nmost recent edition that includes the version of the statute being cited.\n2. Supplements: If you are citing to a statute that may have been amended after\nthe most recent official codification, be sure to consult the supplements, which\nare published each year between codifications and are cumulative.\nExamples:\n\xe2\x96\xaa Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 21 U.S.C. \xc2\xa7 387 (2012).\n\xe2\x96\xaa Lanham (Trademark) Act, 15 U.S.C. \xc2\xa7\xc2\xa7 1051-1141n (2012).\n\xe2\x96\xaa Communications Act of 1934, 47 U.S.C. \xc2\xa7 223 (2012 & Supp. I 2013).\nU.S. Code Annotated: If the U.S.C. cite is not available, then cite to the U.S. Code\nAnnotated. The citation form is <Name of Statute>, <title> U.S.C.A. \xc2\xa7 <section\nnumber> <(<Name of Publisher> <year published>)>.\n1. Note: Electronic databases like Westlaw or LEXIS generally refer to the most\nrecent unofficial code, such as \xe2\x80\x9cU.S.C.A\xe2\x80\x9d (United States Code Annotated).\n2. List of common unofficial codes. U.S.C.A. is preferred.\n\xe2\x96\xaa United States Code Annotated, \xe2\x80\x9cU.S.C.A.\xe2\x80\x9d (published by West).\n\xe2\x96\xaa United States Code Service, \xe2\x80\x9cU.S.C.S.\xe2\x80\x9d (published by LexisNexis).\n\xe2\x96\xaa Gould\xe2\x80\x99s United States Code Unannotated, \xe2\x80\x9cU.S.C.U.\xe2\x80\x9d (published by\nGould).\nExamples:\n\xe2\x96\xaa Stored Communications Act, 18 U.S.C.A. \xc2\xa7\xc2\xa7 2701-2711 (West 2000).\n\xe2\x96\xaa Mineral Leasing Act of 1920, 30 U.S.C.S. \xc2\xa7\xc2\xa7 181-287 (LexisNexis 2015).\nPinpoint citations: To cite to an individual provision within a statute, use the\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n30 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nfollowing form: <Name of Statute> <original section number>, <title>\n<Abbreviation for Name of Statutory Code> \xc2\xa7 <section number> <(<Name of\nPublisher, but only if citing unofficial code> <year published>)>\n1. Include the original section number of the provision after the statute name.\n2. \xe2\x80\x9cOriginal section number\xe2\x80\x9d refers to the section in the original act, whereas\n\xe2\x80\x9csection number\xe2\x80\x9d refers to the equivalent section as codified in the code.\nExamples:\n\xe2\x96\xaa Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act \xc2\xa7 202, 17 U.S.C. \xc2\xa7\n271(e) (2012).\n\xe2\x96\xaa Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 \xc2\xa7 103, 17 U.S.C.A. \xc2\xa7 1201 (West\n2008).\nOfficial Session Laws: If neither a U.S. Code or U.S. Code Annotated citation is\navailable, then cite to official session laws, using the following forms:\n1. Cite without pinpoint: <Name of Statute,> Pub. L. No. <____>, <volume>\nStat. <page number> <(year passed)>.\n2. Cite with pinpoint: <Name of Statute,> Pub. L. No. <____>, <original\nsection number>, <volume> Stat. <page number>, <page pinpoint> <(year\npassed)>.\nExamples:\n\xe2\x96\xaa Family Sponsor Immigration Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-150, 116 Stat. 74.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Pub. L. No. 111-148, \xc2\xa7 1101, 124\nStat. 119, 141-43 (2010).\nINDIGO INKLING\n\xe2\x80\x9cSession laws\xe2\x80\x9d are a bound collection of all statutes enacted by a given legislature, each volume\ncollecting statutes chronologically in the year they were passed.\n\xe2\x80\xa2 The Statutes at Large (\xe2\x80\x9cStat.\xe2\x80\x9d) is the official compilation for federal session laws.\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Generally, only cite to session laws if the official or unofficial code is unavailable or\ninsufficient, or if if you need to refer to the historical fact of the statute\xe2\x80\x99s enactment.\n\xe2\x80\xa2 If the statute name includes the year it was passed, the date parenthetical is unnecessary.\n\nR17. State Statutes\nOfficial state codes: You should cite state statutes to official codes if at all possible. State code\ncompilations are ranked by order of preference (in a manner that seems arbitrary); those\nrankings are available in Table T3.\nThe elements of a citation to a state code include: <Name of Code, abbreviated> \xc2\xa7 <section\nnumber> <(year published)>\nExamples:\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Ala. Code \xc2\xa7 13A-12-5(a)(1) (2000) (\xe2\x80\x9cA person commits the offense of unlawful bear\nexploitation if he or she knowingly . . . [p]romotes, engages in, or is employed at a bear\nwrestling match.\xe2\x80\x9d).\n\xe2\x97\xa6 N.Y. Arts & Cult. Aff. Law \xc2\xa7 60.03 (McKinney 2000) (prohibiting the sale of knowingly\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n31 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nforged sports personality autographs).\nINDIGO INKLING\nDon\'t worry about the year the statute was passed\xe2\x80\x94the only year that matters is the edition of the code\nor the publication date of the volume containing the statute.\nIf you can\'t find the official code, include the name of the publisher in the date parenthetical,\npreceding the year.\n\nR18. Rules of Procedure and Evidence, Restatements, and Uniform Acts\nRules of Evidence and Procedure\nCite current or uniform rules of evidence or procedure by indicating the\nabbreviation of the source, followed by the rule number (no comma in between).\nExamples:\n\xe2\x96\xaa Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1).\n\xe2\x96\xaa Fed. R. App. P. 1.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Unif. R. Evid. 601.\nWe do not mandate specific abbreviations, but here are several suggestions:\n\xe2\x96\xaa Federal Rules of Civil Procedure: Fed. R. Civ. P.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure: Fed. R. Crim. P.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure: Fed. R. App. P.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Federal Rules of Evidence: Fed. R. Evid.\nRestatements\nCite Restatements by indicating the title of the particular Restatement cited,\nfollowed by the number of the section containing the material you are\nreferencing, followed by the name of the publisher and the year published in\nparentheses.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Do not use a comma in between title and section number, or between the\nsection number and the year parenthetical.\n\xe2\x96\xaa You may in addition refer to a comment by its letter designation if the\nmaterial you are citing is contained in a comment.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Comments are abbreviated \xe2\x80\x9ccmt.\xe2\x80\x9d\nExamples:\n\xe2\x96\xaa Restatement (Second) of Trusts \xc2\xa7 46 (Am. Law Inst. 1959).\n\xe2\x96\xaa Restatement (Third) of The Law Governing Lawyers \xc2\xa7 2 cmt. e (Am. Law\nInst. 2000).\n\xe2\x96\xaa Restatement (Third) of Prop.: Servitudes \xc2\xa7 7.1 (Am. Law Inst. 2000).\nINDIGO INKLING\nIt is unclear whether The Bluebook requires citation to different volumes. In practice, it makes little\ndifference since the section number will direct the reader to the appropriate volume.\nUniform Commercial Code: Cites to the Uniform Commercial code take the following form:\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n32 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nU.C.C. \xc2\xa7 <section number> (<publisher> <year published>).\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Example: U.C.C \xc2\xa7 9-105 (Unif. Law Comm\xe2\x80\x99n 2010).\nUniform Laws Annotated: Citations to the Uniform Laws Annotated take the following form:\n<Title of Act> \xc2\xa7 <section number>, <volume> U.L.A. <page> <(year published)>.\n1. Use the abbreviations specified in Table T11; thus, \xe2\x80\x9cUniform\xe2\x80\x9d becomes \xe2\x80\x9cUnif.\xe2\x80\x9d\n2. Cite the title of the act in full, including year of enactment where it is included in\nthe title.\nExamples:\n\xe2\x96\xaa Unif. Rules of Evidence (1974) \xc2\xa7 702 note 24, 13E U.L.A. 114 (2011)\n\xe2\x96\xaa Unif. Mediation Act \xc2\xa7 8, 7A Pt. III U.L.A. 137 (2006).\nINDIGO INKLING\nJudge Posner has criticized the long lists of uniform abbreviations mandated by The Bluebook as a\ncontradiction in terms, since a non-obvious abbreviation (one you must learn from a predesignated\nlist) will likely confuse the reader, and so should not be used at all. Still, we follow the system of\nabbreviations The Bluebook requires as a matter of consistency.\n\nR19. Administrative Rules and Regulations\nCitations to \xe2\x80\x9cadministrative\xe2\x80\x9d rules and regulations\xe2\x80\x94that is, those promulgated by an\nadministrative agency (e.g., the Environmental Protection Agency or the Food and Drug\nAdministration)\xe2\x80\x94take the following form: <title number of CFR provision> C.F.R. \xc2\xa7\n<section number> <(year published)>.\nIf the regulation is generally referred to by name or listing the name and/or the name of the\nagency issuing the regulation would otherwise improve clarity, include it at the beginning of\nthe citation. Citations to administrative rules and regulations that include the regulation name\ntake the following form: <Name of the Regulation and/or Name of the Agency\nPromulgating the Regulation>, <title no. of CFR provision> C.F.R. \xc2\xa7 <section\nnumber> <(year published)>.\nInclude a parenthetical to explain content of rule or regulation where that information would\nbe helpful.\nExamples:\n\xe2\x97\xa6 36 C.F.R. \xc2\xa7 272.1 (2014) (defining the Forest Service\xe2\x80\x99s iconic character as \xe2\x80\x9ca fanciful owl,\nwho wears slacks (forest green when colored), a belt (brown when colored), and a Robin\nHood style hat (forest green when colored) with a feather (red when colored), and who\nfurthers the slogan, Give a Hoot, Don\xe2\x80\x99t Pollute\xe2\x80\x9d).\n\xe2\x97\xa6 DOE Employee Privacy Standards, 10 C.F.R. \xc2\xa7 1008.3 (2000).\nINDIGO INKLING\nThere aren\xe2\x80\x99t specific rules for state agency citations\xe2\x80\x94just cite them using approximately the same\nform as you would the federal rules.\n\nR20. Federal Taxation Materials\nInternal Revenue Code: Citations to the Internal Revenue Code take either of two forms:\nCitations to the code itself take the following form: I.R.C. \xc2\xa7 <section number>\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n33 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\n<(year published)>.\nCitations to Title 26 of the U.S. Code, which is where the Internal Revenue Code is\ncodified, take the following form: 26 U.S.C. \xc2\xa7 <section number> <(year\npublished)>.\nExamples:\n\xe2\x96\xaa I.R.C. \xc2\xa7 312 (2014).\n\xe2\x96\xaa 26 U.S.C. \xc2\xa7 312 (2014).\nTreasury Regulations\n\xe2\x97\xa6 The Department of the Treasury issues Treasury Regulations pursuant to \xc2\xa7 7805 of the\nInternal Revenue Code. Treasury Regulations are codified in Title 26 of the Code of\nFederal Regulations (\xe2\x80\x9cC.F.R.\xe2\x80\x9d), but should be cited as \xe2\x80\x9cTreas. Reg.\xe2\x80\x9d according to the\nfollowing form: Treas. Reg. \xc2\xa7 <section number> <(year published)>. If the regulation\nis temporary, then begin the citation with Temp. Treas. Reg. instead.\nExamples:\n\xe2\x96\xaa Treas. Reg. \xc2\xa7 1.414(r)-8 (1994).\n\xe2\x96\xaa Temp. Treas. Reg. \xc2\xa7 1.274-5T(6) (1985).\nTreasury Determinations\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Cite Revenue Rulings (\xe2\x80\x9cRev. Rul.\xe2\x80\x9d), Revenue Procedures (\xe2\x80\x9cRev. Proc.\xe2\x80\x9d), and Treasury\nDecisions (\xe2\x80\x9cT.D.\xe2\x80\x9d) to the following sources, in the following order of preference:\n\xe2\x96\xaa Cumulative Bulletin (\xe2\x80\x9cC.B.\xe2\x80\x9d)\n\xe2\x96\xaa Internal Revenue Bulletin (\xe2\x80\x9cI.R.B.\xe2\x80\x9d)\n\xe2\x96\xaa Treasury Decisions Under Internal Revenue Laws (\xe2\x80\x9cTreas. Dec. Int. Rev.\xe2\x80\x9d).\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Examples:\n\xe2\x96\xaa Rev. Rul. 81-225, 1981-2 C.B. 12.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Rev. Proc. 97-27, 1997-21 I.R.B. 11.\n\xe2\x96\xaa T.D. 2135, 17 Treas. Dec. Int. Rev. 39 (1915).\n\nR21. Legislative Materials\nFederal Bills and Resolutions\nIf unenacted, cite as follows: <name of bill, if helpful>, <abbreviation from the list\nbelow> <bill number>, <number of the Congress> <section, if not citing the entire\nbill> <year of publication>, with additional information when needed to distinguish\nbetween different versions of the bill in a given Congress, with names of subcommittees and\ncommittees abbreviated according to the form set out in Table T5, Table T11, and Table T12.\nSelect an abbreviation based on the type of bill or resolution:\nType\n\nAbbreviation\n\nSenate Bill\n\nS.\n\nHouse Bill\n\nH.R.\n\nSenate Resolution\n\nS. Res.\n\nHouse Resolution\n\nH.R. Res.\n\nSenate Joint Resolution\n\nS.J. Res.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n34 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nType\n\nAbbreviation\n\nHouse Joint Resolution\n\nH.R.J. Res.\n\nSenate Concurrent Resolution\n\nS. Con. Res.\n\nHouse Concurrent Resolution\n\nH.R. Con. Res.\n\nSenate Executive Resolution\n\nS. Exec. Res.\n\nExamples:\n\xe2\x97\xa6 S. 812, 108th Cong. (2003).\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Clinical Social Work Medicare Equality Act of 2001, S. 1083, 107th Cong. \xc2\xa7 2(b) (2001).\n\xe2\x97\xa6 ABLE Act of 2014, H.R. 647, 113th Cong. (as passed by House, Dec. 3, 2014).\n\xe2\x97\xa6 H.R. 1746, 111th Cong. \xc2\xa7 2(c)(4) (as reported by H. Comm. on Transp. and Infrastructure,\nApr. 23, 2009).\n\xe2\x97\xa6 H.R. Res. 431, 114th Cong. (2015).\n\xe2\x97\xa6 S.J. Res. 12, 109th Cong. (2005).\nINDIGO INKLING\nWhen citing Congressional legislation, you can include in your citation whether it was enacted in the\nfirst or second session of Congress.\nEnacted federal bills and resolutions\nOnce enacted, bills and joint resolutions are statutes and should be cited as such, except cite\nthem as unenacted bills or resolutions when showing the legislation\xe2\x80\x99s history. Cite enacted\nsimple resolutions and concurrent resolutions as if they were unenacted, but add an\n\xe2\x80\x9c(enacted)\xe2\x80\x9d parenthetical if it would be helpful.\nState bills and resolutions\nCite as follows: <number of bill or resolution>, <number, or year if unnumbered, of\nthe legislative body>, <number or designation of the legislative session> <name\nof state, abbreviated as in Table T12.1, and year of enactment or publication,\nif unenacted>.\nExamples:\n\xe2\x97\xa6 L.D. 3, 127th Leg., Reg. Sess. (Me. 2015).\nCommittee Hearings\nCite committee hearings as follows: <full title of hearing>: Hearing on <bill\nnumber, if any> Before the <name of committee or subcommittee>, <number of\nthe Congress> <optional pincite to page number> <year of publication>\n<name and title of speaker>. For the names of subcommittees and\ncommittees, abbreviate according to the form set out in Table T5, Table T11, and\nTable T12. For the names of individuals, abbreviate using Table T10.\nFor state committee hearings, cite as follows: <full title of hearing>: Hearing\non <bill number, if any> Before the <name of committee or subcommittee>,\n<number of the legislative session> <optional pincite to page number>\n<abbreviation for the state\xe2\x80\x99s name from Table T12.1> <year of\npublication> <name and title of speaker>. For the names of subcommittees\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n35 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nand committees, abbreviate according to the form set out in Table T5, Table T11,\nand Table T12. For the names of individuals, abbreviate using Table T10.\nExamples:\n\xe2\x96\xaa Cell Tax Fairness Act of 2008: Hearing on H.R. 5793 Before the Subcomm. on\nCommercial and Administrative Law of the H. Comm. on the Judiciary, 110th\nCong. 12 (2008) (statement of Zoe Lofgren, Member, H. Comm. on the\nJudiciary).\n\xe2\x96\xaa Welfare and Poverty in America: Hearing before the S. Comm. on Fin., 114th Cong.\n(2015) (statement of Dr. Pamela Loprest, Senior Fellow, Urban Institute).\n\xe2\x96\xaa Testimony from invited guests addressing the use of eminent domain in the State:\nHearing before the Assemb. Commerce and Econ. Dev. Com., 2006\xe2\x80\x932007 Sess. 5\n(N.J. 2006) (statement of Guy R. Gregg, Assemblyman).\n\xe2\x96\xaa Hearing on L.D. 319 Before the Health and Human Servs. Comm., 127th Leg.,\nReg. Sess. (Me. 2015) (statement of Susan Lamb, Executive Director, Maine\nChapter of the National Association of Social Workers).\nFederal reports\nCite numbered federal reports as follows: <name of house, in small caps> Rep.\nNo. <number of the Congress, followed by a hyphen and the number of\nthe report>, <at optional pincite> <year of publication> <parenthetical\nto indicate conference report, if applicable>\nExamples:\n\xe2\x96\xaa S. Rep. No. 106-261, at 441 (2000).\n\xe2\x96\xaa H.R. Rep. No. 110-803, at 105 (2008) (Conf. Rep.).\nCitations to federal and state non-statutory legislative materials, including\nlegislative history and unenacted bills, aren\xe2\x80\x99t expressed in a uniform manner, but\ngenerally include the following elements:\n\xe2\x96\xaa title, if available,\n\xe2\x96\xaa name of legislative body, abbreviated\n\xe2\x96\xaa section number, page no. or number of report\n\xe2\x96\xaa number of Congress and/or legislative session\n\xe2\x96\xaa (publication year)\n\xe2\x96\xaa (if the bill or resolution was enacted). Only include this additional\nparenthetical if the bill was enacted; if unenacted, you don\xe2\x80\x99t need to add\nanything extra.\nExamples:\n\xe2\x96\xaa Paycheck Fairness Act, H.R. 11, 111th Cong. \xc2\xa7 203 (2009).\n\xe2\x96\xaa American Clean Energy and Security Act, H.R. 2454, 111th Cong. (2009).\n\xe2\x96\xaa S. 2318, 112th Cong. (2013) (enacted).\n\nR22. Short Form Citation of Legislative and Administrative Materials\nThe first time you mention a statute, rule, regulation, or legislative material, use the full\ncitation.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n36 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nFor subsequent citations in the same general discussion, you may use any short form that\nclearly identifies the source.\nUse of \xe2\x80\x9cid.\xe2\x80\x9d: see below . . .\n\nFull citation\n\nid. citation\nfor same provision\n\nid. citation\nfor different provision\nwithin same title\n\n7 U.S.C. \xc2\xa7 7101 (2012).\n\nId.\n\nId. \xc2\xa7 7102(26).\n\n9 C.F.R. \xc2\xa7 54.1 (2014).\n\nId.\n\nId. \xc2\xa7 151.9.\n\nR23. Sources and Authorities: Constitutions\nCitations to the U.S. Constitution follow a simple form, elaborated below:\n\xe2\x97\xa6 <U.S. Const.> <cited section of constitution, abbreviated> <number of\narticle or amendment in Roman numeral form> <\xc2\xa7 and pinpoint, if\napplicable> <(additional information, if needed)>.\nUse Table T12 and Table T13 to find abbreviations.\nCitations to state constitutions are expressed the same format, substituting U.S. with the\nabbreviated name of the state.\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Examples:\n\xe2\x97\xa6 U.S. Const. amend. XIII, \xc2\xa7 1 (abolishing slavery in the United States).\n\xe2\x97\xa6 U.S. Const. amend. XVIII (repealed 1933).\n\xe2\x97\xa6 U.S. Const. pmbl.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Ariz. Const. art. XVI, \xc2\xa7 2 (providing for the creation of a \xe2\x80\x9cNational Guard of Arizona\xe2\x80\x9d).\nINDIGO INKLING\nPerhaps because constitutions are considered Capital-I important, they should never be expressed in\nthe short form except for id.\n\nD. COURT & LITIGATION DOCUMENTS\nR24. Citing Court or Litigation Documents from Your Case\nThe full citation for a court or litigation document includes:\nDocument title\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Use the tables to figure out what to abbreviate.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Exception: Never abbreviate if the abbreviation would confuse the reader.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Always abbreviate an official record, such as the appellate record, to \xe2\x80\x9cR.\xe2\x80\x9d\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Example: For their own profit and advantage, Defendants are misappropriating the\nnon-transformed, copyrighted material in which each Plaintiff has invested heavily.\nCompl. for Copyright Infringement 11.\nThe exact page and line (or paragraph) you\xe2\x80\x99re referring to\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Use \xe2\x80\x9cat\xe2\x80\x9d if citing to an appellate record.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Don\xe2\x80\x99t use \xe2\x80\x9cp.\xe2\x80\x9d before the page number.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Use commas only if necessary to avoid confusion.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n37 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Use colon to separate page and line.\nDate of document, if the date is particularly relevant or omitting the date could cause\nconfusion\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Miller Aff. \xc2\xb6 8, Jan. 12, 2015.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Pl.\xe2\x80\x99s Br. 4\xe2\x80\x935, May 7, 2014.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Trial Tr. vol. 3, 45, Mar. 5, 2015.\nElectronic Case Filing number, if applicable :\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Include an ECF number in your own case whenever a document has been filed\nelectronically. For other cases, the ECF number is optional unless it is necessary to find\nthe document.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Find the ECF number on PACER, a federal case management system that assigns each\ncase document a document number.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Use the page number on the original document, not the ECF page number.\nCitations to court or litigation documents may also be enclosed in parentheses:\n\xe2\x97\xa6 (Mem. Opp\xe2\x80\x99n 7)\nExamples:\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Defendants\xe2\x80\x99 evidence in support of their \xe2\x80\x9cfraud on the copyright office\xe2\x80\x9d defense consists of\nnothing more than unsupported assertions in their Motion, multiple irrelevant affidavits from\npreviously undisclosed third parties, inadmissible correspondence between counsel, and\nexamples of prior lawsuits that all ended short of judicial determination. Pl.\xe2\x80\x99s Resp. to Defs.\xe2\x80\x99 Mot.\nfor Summ. J. at 14.\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Pl.\xe2\x80\x99s Compl. \xc2\xb6 12, ECF No. 147.\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Sanchez Dep. 1:1\xe2\x80\x932, Jan. 3, 2005, ECF No. 8.\n\nR25. Citing Court or Litigation Documents from Another Case\nAfter you cite to the document according to the rules set out directly above, add the full\ncitation for the case where it comes from, and end with the case docket number in\nparentheses.\nIf there has been no decision in the case you\xe2\x80\x99re citing, then replace the year in parentheses\nwith the date on which the filing was made.\nExamples:\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Pl.\xe2\x80\x99s Resp. to Defs.\xe2\x80\x99 Mot. for Summ. J. 14, Martinez-Mendoza v. Champion Int\xe2\x80\x99l Corp., 340 F.3d 1200\n(11th Cir. 2003) (No. 06-19139).\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Compl. 5, Parsell v. Shell Oil Co., 421 F. Supp. 1275 (D. Conn. 1976).\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Compl. 2, Jones v. Smith, No. 09-230 (9th Cir. Apr. 17, 2015)\n\nR26. Short Form Citation for Court Documents\nUse a short form citation for court documents when:\n1. there is no mistaking what the short citation refers to;\n2. the full citation is not too far away (the full citation can be to the case itself, any other\ndocument from the case, or to the same document); and\n3. the reader has easy access to the full citation.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n38 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nDon\xe2\x80\x99t use \xe2\x80\x9cid.\xe2\x80\x9d for court documents, unless it saves a lot of space. Unlike cases, court documents may be\ncited using supra.\nExamples:\nFull Form (Original citation)\n\nShort Form Citation (subsequent reference)\n\nPl.\xe2\x80\x99s Resp. to Defs.\xe2\x80\x99 Mot. for Summ. J. at 14, Martinez-Mendoza v.\nChampion Int\xe2\x80\x99l Corp., 340 F.3d 1200 (11th Cir. 2003) (No. 06-19139).\n\nPl.\xe2\x80\x99s Resp. to Defs.\xe2\x80\x99 Mot. for Summ. J. at 14, MartinezMendoza, 340 F.3d 1200 (No. 06-19139).\n\nDecl. of Martha Woodmansee at 7, Salinger v. Colting, 641 F. Supp. 2d\n250 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) (No. 09 Civ. 05095).\n\nDecl. of Martha Woodmansee at 7, Salinger, 641 F.\nSupp. 2d 250 (No. 09 Civ. 05095).\n\nR27. Capitalization Within the Text of Court Documents and Legal Memoranda\nCapitalize \xe2\x80\x9cCourt\xe2\x80\x9d if:\n\xe2\x97\xa6 you are referring to the U.S. Supreme Court.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 you are referring to the court you\xe2\x80\x99re sending the document to.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 you are naming the court in full.\nExample: The U.S. Court of Appeals held that actress\xe2\x80\x99s performance satisfied minimum\nrequirements for performance to be copyrightable.\nBut: The Aalmuhammed court explained that \xe2\x80\x9cthe word author is traditionally used to mean\nthe originator or the person who causes something to come into being.\xe2\x80\x9d\nCapitalize \xe2\x80\x9cPlaintiff,\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9cDefendant,\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9cAppellant\xe2\x80\x9d and \xe2\x80\x9cAppellee,\xe2\x80\x9d unless you are referring to\nparties from other litigation.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Example: The Court concluded that it was unclear whether the Plaintiff had a\ncopyright interest in her acting performance.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 But, if referring to parties from other litigation: In Bobbs-Merrill the plaintiffcopyright owner sold its book with a printed notice announcing that any retailer who\nsold the book for less than one dollar was liable for copyright infringement.\nCapitalize court document titles if:\n\xe2\x97\xa6 the document is filed in your dispute and\n\xe2\x97\xa6 you\xe2\x80\x99re using the exact title or short form. (Do not abbreviate court documents within\nthe text.)\nDo not capitalize the name for a type of court document, such as an injunction, petition, etc.\n\nE. BOOKS & NON-PERIODICALS\nR28. Full Citation for Books & Non-Periodicals\nA full citation to a book or other non-periodical is made up of the following elements:\n1. Volume number (if there is more than one volume).\n2. Names of the authors, as listed on the publication.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 For two authors, list in the same order and use an \xe2\x80\x9c&.\xe2\x80\x9d\n\xe2\x97\xa6 For more than two authors, use an \xe2\x80\x9cet al.\xe2\x80\x9d after the first name and stop there. (If you\xe2\x80\x99re\nbored, feel free to list out all the authors with an \xe2\x80\x9c&\xe2\x80\x9d before the last.)\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Use titles that follow an author\xe2\x80\x99s name (Sr.) but not titles that precede them (Hon.)\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n39 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\n3. Italicized title of the publication, capitalized as necessary.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 For law review articles, use small caps for both the title and author, and do not italicize\nthe title.\n4. The exact page number you are referring to. If you are citing a work organized using sections\nor paragraphs, use those instead, adding a page number only if helpful.\n5. Year of publication, name of editor or translator (if applicable), edition (if more than one), all\nin parentheses.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 If listing an editor or a translator, then follow the name with ed., or trans., respectively.\nInclude that comma before the year of publication.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Cite the most recent edition, unless you have a really good (read: substantive) reason\nfor citing older.\nExamples:\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Marc A. Franklin et al., Mass Media Law Cases and Materials 472 (8th ed. 2011).\n\xe2\x80\xa2 1 Melville B. Nimmer & David Nimmer, Nimmer on Copyright \xc2\xa7 1.01[B][1][a] at 1\xe2\x80\x9314\xe2\x80\x9315 (2011).\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Gabriel Garc\xc3\xada M\xc3\xa1rquez, One Hundred Years of Solitude (Gregory Rabassa trans., Harper & Row\n2003) (1967).\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Roger Angell, This Old Man, in The Best American Essays 2015 (Ariel Levy & Robert Atwan\neds.,2015).\n\nR29. Short Form Citation for Books & Non-Periodicals\nId.: References to books or non-periodical material cited in the immediately preceding\ncitation (when that citation contains only one source) should be followed by \xe2\x80\x9cid.\xe2\x80\x9d\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Update the page number you\xe2\x80\x99re referring to within that source, as needed.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Do not use for internal cross references, or for citing back to a body of collected works\nwhen you are really supposed to be citing a single work from that body.\nsupra: Can be used instead of \xe2\x80\x9cid.\xe2\x80\x9d Supra should include:\n\xe2\x97\xa6 last name of the author\n\xe2\x97\xa6 italicize \xe2\x80\x9csupra\xe2\x80\x9d, but not the comma that follows\n\xe2\x97\xa6 update the specific page you\xe2\x80\x99re referring to\nExamples:\nFull:\n\nIIdd..::\n\nSupra\n\nB.F. Skinner, Beyond Freedom and Dignity 32 (2002).\n\nId. at 21.\n\nSkinner, supra, at 21.\n\n3 Melville Nimmer & David Nimmer, Nimmer on Copyright \xc2\xa7 12.01 (Rev.\ned. 2015)\n\nSee id. \xc2\xa7\n14.02.\n\nSee Nimmer & Nimmer, supra, \xc2\xa7\n14.02\n\nGraham C. Lilly et al., Principles of Evidence 122 (6th ed. 2012)\n\nId. At 88\xe2\x80\x93103 Lilly, supra, at 90\n\nF. JOURNALS, MAGAZINES, & NEWSPAPER ARTICLES\nR30. Full Citation for Journals, Magazines & Newspaper Articles\nCitations to consecutively paginated journals (that is, journals in which page numbering is\ncontinued from the last issue) take the following form: <Author\xe2\x80\x99s Name(s)>, <Italicized\nTitle of the Article>, <volume number, if applicable> <Name of Publication,\nabbreviated> <page number of first page of article cited>, <pincite, if citing to\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n40 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nspecific point> <(year published)>.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Example: Liz Brown, Bridging The Gap: Improving Intellectual Property Protection for the\nLook and Feel of Websites, 3 N.Y.U. J. Intell. Prop. & Ent. L. 310, 351 (2014).\nCitations to journals and magazines with standard pagination (that is, where pagination restarts for every issue) take the following form: <Author\xe2\x80\x99s Name(s)>, <Italicized Title of\nthe Article>, <Name of Publication, abbreviated>, <full date of publication>, at\n<page number of first page of article cited>. You may add a pincite to the end of the\ncitation, if you are citing to a particular point in the article, in the following form: , <pincite>.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Example: Jack Dickey, The Power of Taylor Swift, Time, Nov. 24, 2014, at 13, 17.\nCitations to material written by students in law journals take the following form: <Author\xe2\x80\x99s\nName(s), if signed with more than initials>, <Designation of Piece>, <Italicized\nTitle of the Article>, <volume number, if applicable> <Name of Publication,\nabbreviated> <page number of first page of article cited>, <pincite, if citing to\nspecific point> <(year published)>.\nExamples:\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Amanda Levendowski, Note, Using Copyright to Combat Revenge Porn, 3 N.Y.U. J. Intell.\nProp. & Ent. L. 422 (2014).\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Victoria Nemiah, Note, License and Registration, Please: Using Copyright \xe2\x80\x9cConditions\xe2\x80\x9d To\nProtect Free/Open Source Software, 3 N.Y.U. J. Intell. Prop. & Ent. L. 358, 361 (2014).\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Comment, Law and Lawns: Mandatory Water Restrictions and Substantive Due Process, 7\nCalif. L. Rev. 138 (1972).\nCitations to newspaper articles take the following form: <Author\xe2\x80\x99s Name(s), if signed>,\n<Italicized Title of the Article>, <Name of Publication, abbreviated>, <full date\nof publication>, at <number of first page of article>.\nExamples:\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Vikas Bajaj, Rules for the Marijuana Market, N.Y. Times, Aug. 5, 2014, at A20.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Charlie Savage, U.N. Commission Presses U.S. on Torture, N.Y. Times, Nov. 14, 2014, at A6.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Peter Baker & Julie Hirschfeld Davis, Obama, Down But Not Out, Presses Ahead, N.Y.\nTimes, Nov. 14, 2014, at A1.\n\nR31. Short Form Citation for Journals, Magazines & Newspaper Articles\nIf you have already cited a work from a periodical in full . . .\nUse \xe2\x80\x9cid.\xe2\x80\x9d to avoid placing two full citations that are exactly the same right next to each other.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Example: The 24-year-old pop star spoke with TIME this fall as she readied for the\nrelease of her new album and again as she watched its record reception. Jack Dickey,\nThe Power of Taylor Swift, Time, Nov. 24, 2014, at 13. \xe2\x80\x98Other women who are killing it\nshould motivate you,\xe2\x80\x99 she says. Id.\nUse \xe2\x80\x9csupra\xe2\x80\x9d when you\xe2\x80\x99ve used the full citation before, but it\xe2\x80\x99s not right next to the sentence\nyou will provide the citation for now. Use a shortened title if you cite to multiple sources from\nthe same author.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Example: Brown, Bridging The Gap, supra, at 320.\n\nG. INTERNET SOURCES\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n41 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nR32. General Principles for Internet Sources\nWhen an authenticated, official, or exact copy of a document is available online, cite as if to\nthe equivalent print source (i.e., URL information should not be included).\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Exact copy: unaltered online reproduction of the entirety of a printed source,\nincluding pagination.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Official copy: version of document designated \xe2\x80\x9cofficial\xe2\x80\x9d by a federal, state, or local\ngovernment.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Authenticated copy: source that uses some authenticating tool, such as a digital\nsignature. This is generally the preferred version.\nFor sources that are available in a non-internet source, append the URL to the end of the\ncitation if doing so would make accessing the source significantly easier.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Example: Daniel E. Ho & Frederick Schauer, Testing the Marketplace of Ideas, 90 N.Y.U. L.\nRev. 1160, 1175 (2015), http://www.nyulawreview.org/sites/default/files\n/pdf/NYULawReview-90-4-Ho_Schauer.pdf\nFor Internet sources that have the characteristics of a print source, cite as if you were citing\nthe print source, and append the URL to the end of the citation. Internet sources have the\ncharacteristics of a print source if the source has all the information needed to cite it\naccording to another rule and the source has a fixed, permanent pagination (such as a PDF).\nFor cites directly to webpages and other Internet sources, follow the formula in Rule 33,\nbelow.\nINDIGO INKLING\nNote that many of the Internet citation rules are little more than common sense (that\xe2\x80\x99s a compliment,\nnot a dig). For example: include the URL that most directly links your reader to the authority, as you\ndon\xe2\x80\x99t want to send readers on a wild goose chase through the recesses of the Internet in search of a\nsource. For completeness sake, we include these rules below, even though most people would probably\nintuit them.\n\nR33. Basic Formula for Internet Sources\nCitations to Internet sources follow this form: <Author Name>, <Title of Website Page>, <Main Website\nTitle>, <pincite> <(Date & Time Accessed)>, <URL>.\nAuthor Name(s)\nActual authors: When available, use the name(s) of the actual authors(s) of the\nsource.\nInstitutional authors: When the name of the actual author is unavailable, use the\nname of the institution associated with the source if one is clearly apparent.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Institutional authors should be omitted if the website\xe2\x80\x99s title makes the\ndomain\xe2\x80\x99s owner clear.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Institutional authors should be abbreviated (see Table T11 and Table T12 for\nabbreviations).\nForum authors: For web posts and comments, use the actual name of the post\nauthor, or the username of the post author if the actual name is not available.\n\xe2\x96\xaa For comments, the author of the comment should be included if available,\nbut the author of the original post need not be cited.\nIf the name of the author is unavailable in each of the above forms, it may be\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n42 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nomitted from the basic formula.\nTitle of Specific Website Page\nInclude the particular cited page within the website. This title should be based on\neither the title bar or the heading of that page as viewed in the browser.\nThe included title should be informative but not unduly long, if possible.\nInclude the title of certain pages linked from main website when relevant,\nincluding postings, comments, and titles of subheadings (in italics). Where\nrelevant, as in comments, subheadings should indicate their relationship to the\npage to which they are responsive.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: Mike Masnick, Left Shark Bites Back: 3D Printer Sculptor Hires\nLawyer To Respond to Katy Perry\xe2\x80\x99s Bogus Takedown, TechDirt (Feb. 9, 2015,\n12:27 PM), https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20150209/11373729960/leftshark-bites-back-3d-printer-sculptor-hires-lawyer-to-respond-to-katyperrys-bogus-takedown.shtml.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: Nasch, Re: Costumes, IP, and Ownership Rights, Comment to\nLeft Shark Bites Back, TechDirt (Feb. 14, 2015, 9:55 AM),\nhttps://www.techdirt.com/articles/20150209/11373729960/left-shark-bitesback-3d-printer-sculptor-hires-lawyer-to-respond-to-katy-perrys-bogustakedown.shtml.\nDescriptive titles (not italicized) may also be used where page headings alone are\nnot clear.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: Parker Higgins & Sarah Jeong, Archive of 5 Useful Articles\nNewsletter, 5 Useful Articles, http://tinyletter.com/5ua (last visited March 2,\n2015).\nMain Website Title\nInclude the domain name/ homepage where the citation may be found.\nTitle should be abbreviated (see Table T12, Table T15, and Table T18 for\nabbreviations).\nINDIGO INKLING\nThink of a webpage as the page in your Internet browser (Chrome, Firefox, Safari, etc.) where you can\nscroll up and down. Think of a website as a group of webpages that work together. For example,\nabovethelaw.com is a website. Once you click on an article or a tab, then you\xe2\x80\x99re on a webpage.\nPincite\nInclude when an electronic document preserves the pagination of a printed\nversion. Cite to pages as they would appear on the document if printed.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: James Huguenin-Love, Song on Wire: A Technical Analysis of\nReDigi and the Pre-Owned Digital Media Marketplace, 4 N.Y.U. J. Intell. Prop.\n& Ent. L. 1, 4 (2014), http://jipel.law.nyu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/02\n/JIPEL-Winter-2014-Edition.pdf.\nDate & Time\nOmit time (i) if the source is not updated throughout the day or (ii) if there is no\ntime listed\nIf no date is provided cite to the last modified or last updated date for the URL, or, if\nnone of the above are provided, use the last visited date. Any date cited in one of\nthese three formats should be placed after the URL in the citation.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n43 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: ESPN, http://www.espn.go.com/ (last visited Apr. 8, 2015).\nURL\nCite in its entirety unless the URL is especially long or unwieldy.\nIf the URL is too long and unwieldy, cite just to the root URL and include a\nparenthetical directing the user to the specific material cited.\nWhen helpful, include URL to an archived version of the webpage in brackets\nWhen a website is served by multiple URLs, use the primary one.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: Chris Cillizza, Winners and Losers of the 2014 Midterm Elections,\nWash. Post Blogs (Nov. 5, 2014, 10:25 AM), http://www.washingtonpost.com\n/blogs/the-fix/wp/2014/11/04/winners-and-losers-of-the-2014-electionearly-edition/\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: Laura Moy, Public Knowledge & Consumers Petition Copyright Office\nfor Right to Unlock Access to Their Own Stuff, Public Knowledge Blogs (Nov. 3,\n2014), https://www.publicknowledge.org/news-blog/blogs/publicknowledge-consumers-petition-copyright-office-for-right-to-unlock-ac.\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: Google Books Ngram Viewer, Google, https://books.google.com\n/ngrams (select corpus \xe2\x80\x9cEnglish Fiction\xe2\x80\x9d; then search for \xe2\x80\x9cArrakis\xe2\x80\x9d) (last\nvisited Apr. 17, 2012).\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: Kevin Underhill, Gollum Experts to Testify, Says Court, Lowering\nthe Bar (Dec. 4, 2015), http://www.loweringthebar.net/2015/12/gollumexperts.html [https://web.archive.org/web/20151208124302/http:\n//www.loweringthebar.net/2015/12/gollum-experts.html]\nINDIGO INKLING\nWhen a document is available in multiple formats, cite to the format that best preserves the document\nas it would display if printed. This will allow citations to specific page numbers (for pincites) regardless\nof whether it is being viewed digitally or in print. For example, PDF is preferred over HTML.\n\nR34. Short Form Citations for Internet Sources\nId. and supra can be used, together with the author name, as a short form citation following the full\ncitation of an Internet source. Note: if no author is provided, use the title of the source (see section\n[NUMBER], above).\nExamples:\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Full cite: Chris Cillizza, Winners and Losers of the 2014 Midterm Elections, Wash. Post Blogs (Nov. 5,\n2014, 10:25 AM), http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2014/11/04/winners-andlosers-of-the-2014-election-early-edition/\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Short form: Cillizza, supra.\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Full cite: Superfan Suits, http://www.superfansuits.com/ (last visited Feb. 21, 2015) (motto: \xe2\x80\x9cTight\nand Bright. Since 2008\xe2\x80\x9d).\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Short form: Superfan Suits, supra.\n\nH. EXPLANATORY PARENTHETICALS\nSometimes, it is helpful to include extra information to explain the relevance of certain citations. This\ninformation goes at the end of your citation but before any citation indicating subsequent history.\nExplanatory parentheticals may consist of present participles, direct quotations, or short statements.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n44 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nR35. General Principles for Explanatory Parentheticals\nIf not quoting the authority, do not begin parenthetical with capital letter.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Example: Dr. Seuss Enters., L.P. v. Penguin Books USA, Inc., 109 F.3d 1394 (9th Cir. 1997)\n(holding that publisher\xe2\x80\x99s parody of O.J. Simpson murder trial was substantially similar\nto copyrighted work).\nIf quoting the authority, only begin parenthetical with capital letter and end with a period\nwhen the parenthetical quoted is or reads as a complete sentence.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Example: See Ty, Inc. v. Publ\xe2\x80\x99ns Int\xe2\x80\x99l Ltd., 292 F.3d 512, 520 (7th Cir. 2002) (\xe2\x80\x9c[T]he\nshortage that creates the secondary market stampedes children into nagging their\nparents to buy them the latest Beanie Babies, lest they be humiliated by not possessing\nthe Beanie Babies that their peers possess.\xe2\x80\x9d).\n\nR36. Order of parentheticals\n(date) [hereinafter <short name>] (en banc) (<Lastname, J.>, concurring) (plurality opinion) (per curiam)\n(alteration in original) (emphasis added) (footnote omitted) (citations omitted) (quoting <another\nsource>) (internal quotation marks omitted) (citing <another source>), http://www.domainname.com\n(explanatory parenthetical), prior or subsequent history.\nWhen citing directly to Internet sources, the \xe2\x80\x9chereinafter\xe2\x80\x9d parenthetical should come right after the URL\nor, if one exists, the \xe2\x80\x9clast visited\xe2\x80\x9d parenthetical.\n\nI. QUOTATIONS\nR37. General Principles for Quotations\nQuotations should be designated with quotation marks, except for block quotations.\nThe quotation should flow with the rest of the text unless it is a block quotation (see below).\nPunctuation that is part of the quoted text should appear inside the quotation marks. Commas\nand periods that are not part of the quoted text should also appear inside the quotation marks.\nInsert the citation sentence for the quoted material directly after the close of the quotation\nmarks.\n\nR38. Alterations of Quotations\nOmission of Letters from a Common Root Word: Place an empty bracket at the end of a\ncommon root word to indicate the change.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Example: \xe2\x80\x9cThe court dismissed the claim[].\xe2\x80\x9d\nMistakes in the Original Quotation: To acknowledge a significant mistake in the original\nquotation, keep the problematic word or phrase and follow it with [sic] to indicate this to the\nreader.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Example: \xe2\x80\x9cThe Copyright Office are [sic] a department of the Library of Congress.\xe2\x80\x9d\nSubstitution of Letters or Words: Any substitutions into quoted material should be bracketed.\nThis includes . . .\n\xe2\x97\xa6 words which might add clarity and context\n\xe2\x97\xa6 changes to the capitalization of letters\n\xe2\x96\xaa Example: \xe2\x80\x9c[T]he [Copyright] Office is a department of the Library of Congress.\xe2\x80\x9d\nUse of Parenthetical Clauses to Indicate Changes to Quotation\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n45 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\n\xe2\x97\xa6 (emphasis added)\n\xe2\x97\xa6 (alteration in original)\n\xe2\x97\xa6 (citation omitted)\n\xe2\x97\xa6 (emphasis omitted)\n\xe2\x97\xa6 (internal quotation marks omitted)\n\xe2\x97\xa6 (footnote omitted)\nWhen using a quotation within a quotation, you can either (1) attribute it to the original source\nwith a parenthetical, or (2) acknowledge it by signalling that its citation has been omitted.\nINDIGO INKLING\nThe following should not be indicated in a parenthetical:\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Emphasis (indicated by italics/underline) in a quotation that was copied from the original\nsource.\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Omission of a citation or footnote call number that follows a quotation.\n\nR39. Omissions in Quotations\nGenerally\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Omissions are indicated by an ellipsis [ . . . ]\n\xe2\x97\xa6 The ellipsis in legal writing is represented by three periods, with a space after the last\nletter of the preceding phrase, a space between each period, and a space before the first\nletter of the following phrase.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 An ellipsis never begins a quotation.\nWhen omitting the beginning of a quoted sentence, do not use an ellipsis. Instead, capitalize\nthe first letter and place it in brackets.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Example: \xe2\x80\x9c[T]he actual knowledge provision turns on whether the provider actually or\nsubjectively knew of specific infringement, while the red flag provision turns on whether\nthe provider was subjectively aware of facts that would have made the specific\ninfringement objectively obvious to a reasonable person.\xe2\x80\x9d\nWhen omitting the middle of a quoted sentence, insert an ellipsis to indicate the omission\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Example: \xe2\x80\x9cThe difference between actual and red flag knowledge is . . . between a\nsubjective and an objective standard.\xe2\x80\x9d\nWhen Using a Quotation as a Complete Sentence\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Example: \xe2\x80\x9cThe difference between actual and red flag knowledge is thus not between\nspecific and generalized knowledge, but instead between a subjective and an objective\nstandard. In other words, the actual knowledge provision turns on whether the\nprovider actually or subjectively knew of specific infringement, while the red flag\nprovision turns on whether the provider was subjectively aware of facts that would\nhave made the specific infringement objectively obvious to a reasonable person.\xe2\x80\x9d Viacom\nInt\xe2\x80\x99l, Inc. v. YouTube, Inc., 676 F.3d 19, 31 (2d Cir. 2012).\nWhen Using a Quotation as a Phrase or Clause: If there is an omission within the quotation,\nmark the omission with an ellipsis.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Example: Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Allapattah Servs., Inc., 545 U.S. 546, 571 (2005) (noting that\n\xe2\x80\x9c[t]he distinguished jurists who drafted the Subcommittee Working Paper . . . agree that\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n46 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nthis provision, on its face, overrules Zahn.\xe2\x80\x9d).\nWhen omitting material at the end of one sentence and the beginning of the next sentence,\nuse one ellipsis to mark the omission but include the final punctuation mark of the first\nsentence as well as bracket and capitalize the first letter of the following sentence.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Example: \xe2\x80\x9cThe difference between actual and red flag knowledge is thus not between\nspecific and generalized knowledge . . . . [T]he red flag provision turns on whether the\nprovider was subjectively aware of facts that would have made the specific\ninfringement objectively obvious to a reasonable person.\xe2\x80\x9d\nWhen omitting the end of a quoted sentence, insert an ellipsis between the last letter quoted\nand the punctuation mark of the original quote.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Example: \xe2\x80\x9cThe difference between actual and red flag knowledge is thus not between\nspecific and generalized knowledge . . . .\xe2\x80\x9d\nWhen omitting a footnote or citation, insert a parenthetical indicating the omission\nimmediately after the citation to the quoted source (see above).\nWhen omitting material following a final punctuation mark, do not use an ellipsis.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Example: \xe2\x80\x9cThe difference between actual and red flag knowledge is thus not between\nspecific and generalized knowledge, but instead between a subjective and an objective\nstandard.\xe2\x80\x9d\nWhen omitting material following a final punctuation mark but including material in the next\nsentence use an ellipsis to connect the final punctuation with the beginning of the new quote\nand capitalize and bracket the next letter.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Example: \xe2\x80\x9cThe difference between actual and red flag knowledge is thus not between\nspecific and generalized knowledge, but instead between a subjective and an objective\nstandard. . . . [T]he red flag provision turns on whether the provider was subjectively\naware of facts that would have made the specific infringement objectively obvious to a\nreasonable person.\xe2\x80\x9d\n\nR40. Special Rules for Block Quotations\nBasic form: Set off quotations consisting of 50+ words into a block quotation, which appears as\nin the example below:\nHere is where the block quotation should begin and here is where it should end. See\nthe indentations on the right and left sides? This is how it should appear in your\nwriting. The reasoning behind this set-up is to offset the lengthy quotations from\nthe rest of the text and to clearly indicate that this is all directly cited material.\nFormatting of block quotations.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Block quotations are single spaced.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Indent both left and right.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Block quotations should be formatted with \xe2\x80\x9cfull justification\xe2\x80\x9d\xe2\x80\x94that is, all lines in a\nparagraph are expanded so they butt up against both the left and right text margins.\nNote that this is not a Bluebook requirement, but it is required by many law reviews.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 DO NOT use quotation marks surrounding the block quotation.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 Internal quotation marks should appear as in the original.\n\xe2\x97\xa6 The citation following a block quotation should start at the line\xe2\x80\x99s left margin, without\nany indentation.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n47 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nExample: Judge Patterson explains the excellence of the Harry Potter series:\nPlaintiff J.K. Rowling is the author of the highly acclaimed Harry Potter book series [.\n. .] Written for children but enjoyed by children and adults alike, the Harry Potter\nseries chronicles the lives and adventures of Harry Potter and his friends as they\ncome of age at the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry and face the evil\nLord Voldemort. [. . .] It is a tale of a fictional world filled with magical spells,\nfantastical creatures, and imaginary places and things [. . .]\nWarner Bros. Entm\xe2\x80\x99t Inc. v. RDR Books, 575 F. Supp. 2d 513, 518 (S.D.N.Y. 2008) (describing an\nexcellent book series).\n\nINDIGO INKLING\nHere is where some have noted that The Bluebook rules sometime produce odd results. The Bluebook\nmakes no exception for quotations of 50 or more words in parentheticals (unless used in a footnote in\na law review article), meaning that the following footnote is formatted correctly, if bizarrely:\nSee id. (\nTo perhaps a greater extent than even the legal scholars, modern economists assume that\nproperty consists of an ad hoc collection of rights in resources. Indeed there is a tendency\namong economists to use the term property to describe virtually every device\xe2\x80\x94public or\nprivate, common-law or regulatory, contractual or governmental, formal or informal\xe2\x80\x94by\nwhich divergences between private and social costs or benefits are reduced.\n(citations omitted)).\n[Source: http://prawfsblawg.blogs.com/prawfsblawg/2005/05/the_bluebook_is.html]\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n48 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nJ. TABLES\nT1. Federal Judicial and Legislative Materials\nMaterials\n\nDate\n\nCitation\n\nSupreme Court (U.S.): Cite to U.S., if possible. If not, cite to S. Ct. If that\xe2\x80\x99s not possible, cite to L. Ed. If you can cite to none of\nthe above, cite to U.S.L.W.\nUnited States Reports\n91 U.S. to date\n\n1875\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nU.S.\n\nWallace\n\n1863\xe2\x80\x931874\n\ne.g., 68 U.S. (1 Wall.)\n\nBlack\n\n1861\xe2\x80\x931862\n\ne.g., 66 U.S. (1 Black)\n\nHoward\n\n1843\xe2\x80\x931860\n\ne.g., 42 U.S. (1 How.)\n\nPeters\n\n1828\xe2\x80\x931842\n\ne.g., 26 U.S. (1 Pet.)\n\nWheaton\n\n1816\xe2\x80\x931827\n\ne.g., 14 U.S. (1 Wheat.)\n\nCranch\n\n1801\xe2\x80\x931815\n\ne.g., 5 U.S. (1 Cranch)\n\nDallas\n\n1790\xe2\x80\x931800\n\ne.g., 1 U.S. (1 Dall.)\n\nSupreme Court Reporter\n\n1882\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nS. Ct.\n\nUnited States Supreme Court Reports, Lawyers\xe2\x80\x99\nEdition\n\n1790\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nL. Ed., L. Ed. 2d\n\nUnited States Law Week\n\n1933\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nU.S.L.W.\n\nCircuit Justices (e.g., Burger, Circuit Justice): Cite to U.S., else, cite to S. Ct., L. Ed., or U.S.L.W. in that order of preference.\nUnited States Reports\n\n1893\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nU.S.\n\nSupreme Court Reporter\n\n1893\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nS. Ct.\n\nUnited States Supreme Court Reports, Lawyers\xe2\x80\x99\nEdition\n\n1790\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nL. Ed., L. Ed. 2d\n\nUnited States Law Week\n\n1933\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nU.S.L.W.\n\nSome cases presided over by Circuit Justices are found in other reporters. Cite to these cases in the following manner:\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Williamson v. United States, 184 F.2d 280 ( Jackson, Circuit Justice, 2d Cir. 1950).\nCourts of Appeals (e.g., 2d Cir., D.C. Cir.), previously Circuit Courts of Appeals (e.g., 2d Cir.), and Court of Appeals of/for the\nDistrict of Columbia (D.C. Cir.): Cite to F., F.2d, or F.3d.\nFederal Reporter\n\n1891\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nF., F.2d, F.3d\n\nFederal Appendix\n\n2001\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nF. App\xe2\x80\x99x\n\nCircuit Courts (e.g., C.C.S.D.N.Y., C.C.D. Cal.) (abolished 1912): Cite to F. or F. Cas.\nFederal Reporter\n\n1880\xe2\x80\x931912\n\nF.\n\nFederal Cases\n\n1789\xe2\x80\x931880\n\nF. Cas.\n\nTemporary Emergency Court of Appeals (Temp. Emer. Ct. App.) (1971\xe2\x80\x931993), Emergency Court of Appeals (Emer. Ct. App.)\n(created 1942, abolished 1961), and Commerce Court (Comm. Ct.) (created 1910, abolished 1913): Cite to F. or F.2d.\nFederal Reporter\n\n1910\xe2\x80\x931993\n\nF., F.2d\n\nFor United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (Fed. Cir.) (created 1982), successor to the United States Court of\nCustoms and Patent Appeals (C.C.P.A.) (previously the Court of Customs Appeals (Ct. Cust. App.)) and the appellate\njurisdiction of the Court of Claims (Ct. Cl.): Cite to F., F.2d, or F.3d; else, cite to the official reporter.\nFederal Reporter\n\n1910\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nF., F.2d, F.3d\n\nCourt of Claims Reports\n\n1956\xe2\x80\x931982\n\nCt. Cl.\n\nCourt of Customs and Patent Appeals Reports\n\n1929\xe2\x80\x931982\n\nC.C.P.A.\n\nCourt of Customs Appeals Reports\n\n1910\xe2\x80\x931929\n\nCt. Cust.\n\nUnited States Court of Federal Claims (Fed. Cl.) (created 1992), formerly United States Claims Court (Cl. Ct.) (created 1982),\nand successor to the original jurisdiction of the Court of Claims (Ct. Cl.): Cite to one of the following reporters:\nFederal Claims Reporter\n\n1992\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nFed. Cl.\n\nUnited States Claims Court Reporter\n\n1983\xe2\x80\x931992\n\nCl. Ct.\n\nFederal Reporter\n\n1930\xe2\x80\x931932\n\nF.2d\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n49 of 136\n\nMaterials\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nDate\n\nCitation\n\n1960\xe2\x80\x931982\n\nF.2d\n\nFederal Supplement\n\n1932\xe2\x80\x931960\n\nF. Supp.\n\nCourt of Claims Reports\n\n1863\xe2\x80\x931982\n\nCt. Cl.\n\nFor United States Court of International Trade (Ct. Int\xe2\x80\x99l Trade) (created 1980), formerly United States Customs Court (Cust.\nCt.) (created 1926): Cite to the official reporters, if possible; if not, in the following order, cite to F. Supp., F. Supp. 2d, or F.\nSupp. 3d to Cust. B. & Dec. (an official publication), or to I.T.R.D. (BNA).\nCourt of International Trade Reports\n\n1980\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nCt. Int\xe2\x80\x99l Trade\n\nCustoms Court Reports\n\n1938\xe2\x80\x931980\n\nCust. Ct.\n\nFederal Supplement\n\n1980\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nF. Supp., F. Supp. 2d, F. Supp. 3d\n\nCustoms Bulletin and Decisions\n\n1967\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nCust. B. & Dec.\n\nInternational Trade Reporter Decisions\n\n1980\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nI.T.R.D. (BNA)\n\nFor District Courts (e.g., D. Mass., S.D.N.Y.): For cases after 1932, cite to F. Supp., F. Supp. 2d, F. Supp. 3d, F.R.D., or B.R.; else,\ncite to Fed. R. Serv.,Fed. R. Serv. 2d, or Fed. R. Serv. 3d. For prior cases, cite to F., F.2d, or F. Cas.\nFederal Supplement\n\n1932\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nF. Supp., F. Supp. 2d, F. Supp. 3d\n\nFederal Rules Decisions\n\n1938\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nF.R.D.\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Bankruptcy Reporter\n\n1979\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nB.R.\n\nFederal Rules Service\n\n1938\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nFed. R. Serv. (Callaghan), Fed. R. Serv. 2d (Callaghan), Fed.\nR. Serv. 3d (West)\n\nFederal Reporter\n\n1880\xe2\x80\x931932\n\nF., F.2d\n\nFederal Cases\n\n1789\xe2\x80\x931880\n\nF. Cas.\n\nCitations to F. Cas. should give the case number parenthetically.\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Davey v. The Mary Frost, 7 F. Cas. 11 (E.D. Tx. 1876) (No. 3591).\nFor Bankruptcy Courts (e.g., Bankr. N.D. Cal.) and Bankruptcy Appellate Panels (e.g., B.A.P. 1st Cir.), cite to B.R.; else, cite to a\nservice.\nBankruptcy Reporter\n\n1979\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nB.R.\n\nJudicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation ( J.P.M.L.) (created 1968) and Special Court, Regional Rail Reorganization Act (Reg\xe2\x80\x99l\nRail Reorg. Ct.) (created 1973): Cite to F. Supp., F. Supp. 2d., or F. Supp. 3d.\nFederal Supplement\n\n1968\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nF. Supp., F. Supp. 2d, F. Supp. 3d\n\nFor Tax Court (T.C.) (created 1942), previously Board of Tax Appeals (B.T.A.), cite to T.C. or B.T.A.; else, cite to T.C.M. (CCH),\nT.C.M. (P-H), T.C.M. (RIA), or B.T.A.M. (P-H).\nUnited States Tax Court Reports\n\n1942\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nT.C.\n\nReports of the United States Board of Tax\nAppeals\n\n1924\xe2\x80\x931942\n\nB.T.A.\n\nTax Court Memorandum Decisions\n\n1942\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nT.C.M. (CCH)\n\n1942\xe2\x80\x931991\n\nT.C.M. (P-H)\n\n1991\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nT.C.M. (RIA)\n\n1928\xe2\x80\x931942\n\nB.T.A.M. (P-H)\n\nBoard of Tax Appeals Memorandum Decisions\n\nFor United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims (Vet. App.), previously United States Court of Veterans Appeals (Vet.\nApp.) (created 1988), cite to Vet. App.\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Veterans Appeals Reporter\n\n1990\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nVet. App.\n\nUnited States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (C.A.A.F.), previously United States Court of Military Appeals (C.M.A.):\nCite to C.M.A..\nDecisions of the United States Court of Military\nAppeals\n\n1951\xe2\x80\x931975\n\nC.M.A.\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Military Justice Reporter\n\n1978\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nM.J.\n\nCourt Martial Reports\n\n1951\xe2\x80\x931975\n\nC.M.R.\n\nMilitary Service Courts of Criminal Appeals (A. Ct. Crim. App., A.F. Ct. Crim. App., C.G. Ct. Crim. App., N-M. Ct. Crim. App.),\npreviously Courts of Military Review (e.g., A.C.M.R.), previously Boards of Review (e.g., A.B.R.): For cases after 1950, cite to\nM.J. or C.M.R. For earlier cases, cite to the official reporter.\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Military Justice Reporter\n\n1975\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nM.J.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n50 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nMaterials\n\nDate\n\nCitation\n\nCourt Martial Reports\n\n1951\xe2\x80\x931975\n\nC.M.R.\n\nFor statutory compilations, cite to U.S.C.\nUnited States Code (26 U.S.C. may be\nabbreviated as I.R.C.)\n\n<tit. no.> U.S.C. \xc2\xa7 x (<year>)\n\nUnited States Code Annotated\n\n<tit. no.> U.S.C.A. \xc2\xa7 x (West <year>)\n\nUnited States Code Service\n\n<tit. no.> U.S.C.S. \xc2\xa7 x (LexisNexis <year>)\n\nGould\xe2\x80\x99s United States Code Unannotated\n\n<tit. no.> U.S.C.U. \xc2\xa7 x (Gould <year>)\n\nSession laws\nUnited States Statutes at Large\n\n<vol. no.> Stat. <page no.> (<year>)\n\nFor public laws before 1957, cite by by chapter number; for subsequent public laws, cite by public law number.\n\nT2. Federal Administrative and Executive Materials\nAdministrative Materials\n\nCitation\n\nArmed Services Board of Contract Appeals (ASBCA)\nDecisions: Cite decisions as: <case name>, ASBCA No. <decision number>, <citation to services> For citations to the\nBoard of Contract Appeals Decisions (BCA), published by Commerce Clearing House, the publisher is not indicated and the\nvolume number should be used to indicate the year of the decision.\nRMTC Sys., Inc., ASBCA No. 43466, 93-1 BCA \xc2\xb6 25,508.\nCivilian Board of Contract Appeals (CBCA)\nDecisions: Cite the same way as a citation for the Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals, but include the opposing\nagency in the case name.\nG2G, LLC v. Dept. of Commerce, CBCA 4845-R, 15-1 BCA \xc2\xb6 36,163.\nArmed Services Board of Contract Appeals (ASBCA)\nDecisions: Cite decisions as: <case name>, ASBCA No. <decision number>, <citation to services> For citations to the\nBoard of Contract Appeals Decisions (BCA), published by Commerce Clearing House, the publisher is not indicated and the\nvolume number should be used to indicate the year of the decision.\nCommodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC)\nDecisions: Cite as <case name>, CFTC No. <docket number>, <secondary source if available> (<date>).\nWindjammer Capital LLC v. Glob. Futures Exch. & Trading Co., Inc., CFTC No. 14-R1, 2015 WL 9434227 (Dec. 22, 2015).\nInterpretive Letters, No-Action Letters, and Exemptive Letters: Cite a service or an electronic database. Include the full\nname of the correspondent if available, the CFTC docket number, and the full date on which the letter became publicly\navailable.\nConsumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB)\nDecisions: Cite as <case name>, CFPB No. <decision number>, <secondary source if available> (<date>).\nAmerican Express Travel Related Servs., Inc., CFPB No. 2013-CFPB-0013 (Dec. 24, 2013).\nDepartment of Agriculture (USDA)\nDecisions: Cite to the Agriculture Decisions (Agric. Dec).\nArizona Livestock Auction, Inc., 55 Agric Dec. 1121 (U.S.D.A. 1996).\nDirectives: Cite as: <issuing agency abbreviated according to table below> <directive number>, <directive title>\n(U.S.D.A. <year>).\nAgricultural Marketing Service\n\nAMS\n\nAgricultural Research Service\n\nARS 218\n\nAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service\n\nAPHIS\n\nCenter for Nutrition Policy and Promotion\n\nCNPP\n\nCooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service\n\nCSREES\n\nEconomic Research Service\n\nERS\n\nFarm Service Agency\n\nFSA\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n51 of 136\n\nAdministrative Materials\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nCitation\n\nFood and Nutrition Service\n\nFNS\n\nFood Safety and Inspection Service\n\nFSIS\n\nForeign Agricultural Service\n\nFAS\n\nForest Service\n\nFS\n\nGrain Inspection, Packers, and Stockyards Administration\n\nGIPSA\n\nNational Agricultural Library\n\nNAL\n\nNational Agricultural Statistics Service\n\nNASS\n\nNational Institute of Food and Agriculture\n\nNIFA\n\nNational Resources Conservation Service\n\nNRCS\n\nRisk Management Agency\n\nRMA\n\nRural Development\n\nRD\n\nRural Housing Service\n\nRHS\n\nRural Utilities Service\n\nRUS\n\nDepartment of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)\nDecisions in Consistency Appeals Under the Coastal Zone Management Act: Citation format for decisions of the Secretary\nof Commerce under the Coastal Zone Management Act: Decision and Findings in the Consistency Appeal of <party name>,\nfrom an objection by <state or relevant state agency\xe2\x80\x99s name> (Sec\xe2\x80\x99y of Commerce <date>). If these decisions are not\npublished in an official reporter; indicate the source where the decision is located.\nOther NOAA Decisions: For decisions of administrative law judges in civil administrative law cases, cite to the Ocean Resources\nand Wildlife Reporter (O.R.W.); else cite to an appropriate secondary source.\nDecisions of the Administrator for Appeals (NOAA App.) should so specify.\nDepartment of Commerce, Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)\nDecisions: For decisions of the Commissioner of Patents, cite to Decisions of the Commissioner of Patents (Dec. Comm\xe2\x80\x99r Pat.)\nfollowing Rule 19, except that if the party name includes a procedural phrase, it should be included.\nFor decisions by the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences (B.P.A.I.), cite as: <party name>, No. <docket number>,\n<citation to secondary source if available> (B.P.A.I. <date>).\nFor decisions of the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (T.TA.B.), cite as: <case name>, <citation to secondary source>\n(T.T.A.B. <year>).\nPatents:\nIf relevant, cite the patent number and the date the patent was filed.\nU.S. Patent No. 8,112,504 B2 (filed Mar. 4, 2009)\nThe patent name and/or issuing date may be included if relevant.\nSystem for disseminating media content representing episodes in a serialized sequence, U.S. Patent No. 8,112,504 B2\n(filed Mar. 4, 2009) (issued Feb. 7, 2012)\nFor citations to a specific field of the title page, include the field code in brackets:\nU.S. Patent No. 8,112,504 B2, at [75] (filed Mar. 4, 2009)\nFor citations to a specific portion of patent text, a patent figure, or an item within a figure:\nU.S. Patent No. 8,112,504 B2, fig. 1, item 141 (filed Mar. 4, 2009)\nShort form patent ctiations include an apostrophe followed by the last three digits of the patent number:\n\xe2\x80\x99504 Patent.\nTrademarks:\nFor registered trademarks, cite as <TRADEMARK NAME>, Registration No. <registration number>.\nTHE BLUEBOOK A UNIFORM SYSTEM OF CITATION, Registration No. 3,886,986.\nFor trademarks that have been filed, but not approved, cite as U.S. Trademark Application Serial No. <Serial Number> (filed\n<date>).\nU.S. Trademark Application Serial No. 86,680,743 (filed Jul. 1, 2015).\nOfficial Gazette of the United States Patent Office (1872\xe2\x80\x931971)\n\nOff. Gaz. Pat. Office\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n52 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nAdministrative Materials\n\nCitation\n\nOfficial Gazette of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (1975\xe2\x80\x932002)\n\nOff. Gaz. Pat. & Trademark Office\n\nTrademark Manual of Examining Procedure\n\nTMEP (5th ed. Sept. 2007)\n\nManual of Patent Examining Procedure\n\nMPEP (8th ed. Rev. 7, Sept. 2008)\n\nDepartment of Education\nReports: Cite Institution of Education Sciences reports as Institution of Education Sciences, <title> <page> (<date>).\nInstitute of Education Sciences, National Board for Education Sciences Annual Report 12 (2014).\nReports: Cite federal student aid proceedings as <case name>, U.S. Dep\xe2\x80\x99t of Educ., No. <docket number> (<date>).\nLincoln Univ., U.S. Dep\'t of Educ., No. 13-68-SF (Mar. 16, 2015).\nDepartment of Homeland Security, Bureau of Customs and Border Protection\nThe two official reporters of the Bureau of Customs and Border Protection and its predecessors are the Administrative\nDecisions Under Immigration and Nationality Laws (I. & N. Dec.) and the Customs Bulletin and Decisions (Cust. B. & Dec).\nDepartment of Justice\nAdvisory Opinions: For published, formal advisory opinions, cite in the same manner as adjudications. Cite opinions from\nthe Attorney General as Opinions of the Attorneys General (Op. Att\xe2\x80\x99y Gen.).\nCite opinions from the Office of Legal Counsel as Opinions of the Office of Legal Counsel of the Department of Justice (Op. O.L.C.).\nAuthority of Sec\xe2\x80\x99y of Treasury to Compromise Final Judgments, 36 U.S. Op. Att\xe2\x80\x99 Gen. 40 (1929)\nDiversion of Water From Niagara River, 30 Op. Att\'y Gen. 217 (1913).\nU.S. Assistance to Countries That Shoot Down Civil Aircraft Involved in Drug Trafficking, 18 Op. O.L.C. 148, 165 (1994).\nCite precedent decisions of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) to Administrative Decisions Under Immigration and\nNationality Laws (I. & N. Dec.) as published by the Department of Justice Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR).\nDepartment of Labor\nDecisions in Petition for Modification Cases Under Section 101(c) of the Mine Act, 30 U.S.C. \xc2\xa7 811(c): Cite as <description\nof decision>, <case name>, Docket No. <docket number> (Dep\xe2\x80\x99t of Labor <date>).\nNote that these decisions have not been reported in any official reporter or service.\nDecisions in Enforcement Actions Brought by the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs: Cite as <case name>,\n<docket number>, <description of decision> (Dep\xe2\x80\x99t of Labor <date>).\nNote that these decisions have not been reported in any official reporter or service.\nOFCCP v. Bank of Am., 97-OFC-16, Secretary\'s Decision and Order of Remand (Dep\'t of Labor Mar. 31, 2003).\nDecisions by the Benefits Review Board: Cite to a service.\nJones v. I.T.O. Corp. of Baltimore, 9 Ben. Rev. Bd. Serv. (MB) 583, 585 (1979).\nDepartment of the Interior\nCite agency decisions to Interior Decisions (Interior Dec.) or Interior and General Land Office Cases Relating to Public Lands (Pub.\nLands Dec.). Where a board within the agency issues the opinion, note the board in the same parenthetical as the date, using\nthese abbreviations:\nInterior Board of Land Appeals\n\nIBLA\n\nInterior Board of Indian Appeals\n\nDBIA\n\nInterior Board of Contract Appeals\n\nIBCA\n\nShell Offshore, Inc., 94 Interior Dec. 69 (IBLA 1987).\nDepartment of State\nReports: For reports of the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, cite as: U.S. Dep\xe2\x80\x99t of State, Bureau of\nDemocracy, H.R. and Lab., <title> <page> (<date>).\nU.S. Dep\'t of State, Bureau of Democracy, H.R. and Lab., International Religious Freedom Report 14 (2014).\nDepartment of the Treasury\nRegulations: For Department of Treasury regulations, cite as <Treas. Reg.>, despite the fact that they are published under\nTitle 26 of the C.F.R.\nFor unamended regulations, cite the year:\nTreas. Reg. \xc2\xa7 1.41-2 (1989).\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n53 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nAdministrative Materials\nCitation\nIndicate if the regulation is a temnporary regulation by beginning the citation with Temp:\nTemp. Treas. Reg. \xc2\xa7 5e.274-8 (1982).\nFor specific questions and answers, cite as:\nTreas. Reg. \xc2\xa7 1.72-16(a), Q&A (3)(a) (1963).\nIf any subsection of the cited section has been amended or appears in substantially different versions, give the year of the\nmost recent amendment. Follow this rule even if the particular subsection you are citing has never been amended.\nTreas. Reg. \xc2\xa7 1.41-2 (as amended in 2001).\nIndicate when the source of the amendment is relevant.\nTreas. Reg. \xc2\xa7 1.41-2 (as amended by T.D. 8930, 65 FR 287).\nFor proposed Treasury regulations to the Federal Register, cite in the following manner:\nProp. Treas. Reg. \xc2\xa7 1.704-1, 48 Fed. Reg. 9871, 9872 (Mar. 9, 1983).\nTreasury Determinations: Cite Revenue Rulings, Revenue Procedures, and Treasury Decisions to the Cumulative Bulletin\n(C.B.) or its advance sheet, the Internal Revenue Bulletin (I.R.B.), or to Treasury Decisions Under Internal Revenue Laws (Treas.\nDec. Int. Rev.), in that order of preference.\nThe numbering of the Cumulative Bulletin is as follows:\n1. By volume number from 1919 to 1921.\n2. By volume number and part number from 1921 to 1936.\n3. By year and part number from 1937 to date.\nThe abbreviations used are explained in the introductory pages of each volume of the Cumulative Bulletin.\nPrivate Letter Rulings: Cite by number and the date issued, if available.\nTechnical Advice Memoranda: Cite by number and the date issued, if available.\nGeneral Counsel Memoranda: Cite by number and the date on which the memorandum was approved.\nOther Treasury Determinations: For all other Treasury materials, cite to the Cumulative Bulletin, Internal Revenue Bulletin, or\nInternal Revenue Manual (IRM).\nDelegation Orders (Deleg. Order)\nTreasury Orders (Treas. Order)\nTreasury Directives (Treas. Dir.)\nNotices, Announcements, and News Releases\nOtherwise cite by number and date issued.\nCases: For the Tax Court and Board of Tax Appeals, cite as those of a court, not of an agency.\nAcquiescence: The following may be indicated in the case citation if the Commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service has\npublished an acquiescence (acq.), acquiescence in result only (acq. In result), or nonacquiescence (nonacq.) in a decision of the\nTax Court or Board of Tax Appeals.\nAction on Decision: To cite an action on decision (action on dec) as subsequent history, include its identifying number, if any,\nand its full date.\nEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA)\nDecisions: For Environmental Administrative Decisions (E.A.D.) indicate the decision maker\xe2\x80\x94either the Environmental Appeals\nBoard (EAB) or an administrative law judge\xe2\x80\x94if the source does not make it obvious.\nDonald Cutler, 11 E.A.D. 622, 623 (EAB 2004).\nEqual Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)\nDecisions: For EEOC decisions that do not have readily identifiable titles, cite using the decision number in place of the title.\nOtherwise cite per Rule 19.\nBudnik v. Chertoff, EEOC DOC 0520070154 (2006).\nFor EEOC Federal Sector decisions that have party names, cite in accordance with Rule 11.2.\nExecutive Office of the President\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n54 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nAdministrative Materials\n\nCitation\n\nExecutive Orders, Presidential Proclamations, and Reorganization Plans: Cite by page number to 3 C.F.R. However, since\nall executive orders are not reprinted in successive years of the C.F.R., cite to the original year, rather than the most recent\nedition of the C.F.R.\nWhere relevant, include a parallel citation to the U.S.C.\nExec. Order 13,136, 3 C.F.R. 216 (Sep. 3, 1999).\nIf the material is not in the C.F.R., cite to the Federal Register.\nExec. Order 12,900, 59 FR 9061 (Feb. 22, 1994).\nA parallel citation to the Statutes at Large may also be given.\nOther Presidential Papers: Cite to Public Papers of the Presidents (Papers) if found there. If not recorded in the Public Papers, cite\nthe Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents (Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc.), published from 1965 to January 29, 2009, the Daily\nCompilation of Presidential Documents (Daily Comp. Pres. Doc.), published from January 29, 2009 to date, or the U.S. Code\nCongressional and Administrative News (U.S.C.C.A.N.).\nBudgets: Use the structure of book citations for governmental budgets.\nOffice of Mgmt. & Budget, Exec. Office of the President, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2014\n(2013).\nFederal Aviation Administration (FAA)\nDecisions: For decisions of administrative law judges in civil penalty enforcement matters adjudicated under 14 C.F.R. Part\n13, Section 13.16 and subpart G, cite per Rule 12.4.2 as slip opinions.\nFor Decisions of the Administrator or his delegate, cite using an order number, not a docket number.\nFor Decisions of the Office of Dispute Resolution for Acquisition (ODRA) adjudicated under 14 C.F.R. Part 17, the citation\nshould incorporate the type of dispute.\nFor other FAA decisions and orders, the citation should indicate the nature of the decision, followed by the date.\nFederal Express Corporation, FAA Order No. 2002-20, 2002 WL 31777976 (F.A.A.).\nEnvirosolve, LLC, FAA Order No. 2006-2, 2006 WL 465371 (Feb. 7, 2006).\nAerocomp, Inc., FAA Order No. 2006-1, Order Dismissing Appeal ( Jan. 12, 2006).\nFederal Communications Commission (FCC)\nCite to the Federal Communications Commission Reports (F.C.C., F.C.C.2d), published 1934-1986, or the Federal Communications\nCommission Record (FCC Rcd.), published since 1986.\nProtecting and Promoting the Open Internet, GN Docket No. 14-28, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 29 FCC Rcd 5561\n(2014).\nFederal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)\nCite decisions to the Federal Energy Guidelines: FERC Reports (FERC).\nFiling of Privileged Materials and Answers to Motions, Order No. 769, 141 FERC \xc2\xb6 61,049 (2012).\nFederal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA)\nCite decisions to the Decisions of the Federal Labor Relations Authority (F.L.R.A.).\nFederal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (FMSHRC)\nCite decisions to the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission Decisions (FMSHRC).\nFederal Reserve System\nEnforcement Actions: Cite written agreements resulting from enforcement actions as: Written Agreement between <private\nbank name> and <Federal Reserve Bank name>, Docket no. <docket number> (<date>).\nWritten Agreement Between Allied First Bancorp, Inc. and Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Docket No. 14-006WA/RB-HC (2014).\nFederal Trade Commission (FTC)\nCite decisions to the Federal Trade Commission (F.T.C.).\nGovernment Accountability Office (GAO)\nBid Protest Decisions: Cite to Decisions of the Comptroller General of the United States (Comp. Gen.).\nSpace Communications Co., 66 Comp. Gen. 2 (1987).\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n55 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nAdministrative Materials\n\nCitation\n\nFor unpublished decisions to a readily accessible source, cite as: <protesting party>, <docket number>, <volume number or\nyear> <source> <location within source volume or year> (Comp. Gen. <date>).\nDo not indicate the publisher when citing these cases to the Comptroller General\xe2\x80\x99s Procurement Decision, published by West.\nHP Enterprise Services, LLC, B-405692, 2012 CPD \xc2\xb6 13 (Comp. Gen. Dec. 14, 2011).\nPhoenix Environmental Design, Inc., B-412503, 2016 WL 873296 (Comp. Gen. Mar. 7, 2016).\nInsert \xe2\x80\x9cet al.\xe2\x80\x9d after the docket number where a decision resolves multiple bid protests, each having its own docket number.\nIAP-Hill, LLC, B-406289 et al, 2012 CPD \xc2\xb6 151 (Comp. Gen. Apr. 4, 2012).\nInternational Trade Commission (USITC)\nTrade Remedy Investigations: Cite as: <investigation name>, Inv. No. <number>, USITC Pub. <number> (<date>) (<status>).\nIndicate where a single decision contains multiple investigation numbers.\nTrade and Investment Polices in India, 2014\xe2\x80\x932015, Inv. No. 332-550, USITC Pub. 4566 (Sep. 2015).\nThe Year in Trade 2014: Operation of the Trade Agreements Program, USITC Pub. 4543 ( July 2015).\nPolyvinyl Alcohol from China, Japan, and Taiwan, Inv. Nos. 701-TA-309, 731-TA-528, 731-TA-529, USITC Pub. 4067\n(Mar. 27, 2009) (Review).\nMerit Systems Protection Board (MSPB)\nCite decisions to the Decisions of the United States Merit Systems Protection Board (M.S.P.B.).\nNational Labor Relations Board (NLRB)\nCite decisions and orders to the Decisions and Orders of the National Labor Relations Board (N.L.R.B.).\nNational Mediation Board (NMB)\nCite decisions to the Decisions of the National Mediation Board (N.M.B.).\nNational Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)\nCite decisions to the National Transportation Safety Board Decisions (N.T.S.B.), published from 1967-1977.\nNuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)\nFor decisions of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, cite to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission Issuances (N.R.C.).\nFor decisions of its predecessor, the Atomic Energy Commission (1956\xe2\x80\x931975), cite to the Atomic Energy Commission Reports\n(A.E.C.).\nOccupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC)\nDecisions: For commission decisions reported in a service, cite as: <party name>, <service volume number> <publisher>\n<service, abbreviated as below> <page/paragraph number> (No. <docket number>, <year>).\nUS Pagoda, Inc., CCH OSHD \xc2\xb6 33123 (No. 10-2035, 2011).\nAt the end of a citation, indicate parenthetically when an administrative law judge issued the decision, rather than the\ncommission.\nMiller Construction Co., 24 BNA OSHC 1817 (No. 13-0323, 2013) (ALJ).\nThe abbreviations OSHRC uses for services reporting its decisions vary from those in Table T4 as follows:\nOccupational Safety & Health Cases (BNA)\n\nOSHC\n\nOccupational Safety & Health Decisions\n\nOSHD\n\nA decision that is not cited in any service or database may be cited as a slip opinion using Rule 12.4.2(b).\nPrime Roofing Corp., No. 07-1409 (OSHRC Feb. 5, 2008).\nSecurities and Exchange Commission (SEC)\nInterpretive Letters, No-Action Letters, and Exemptive Letters: Cite a service or an electronic database (Rule 12.4.1). In the\ncitation, include the correspondent\xe2\x80\x99s full name and the date that the letter became publicly available.\nPoplogix LLC, SEC No-Action Letter, 2010 WL 4472794 (Nov. 5, 2010).\nMP Environmental Funding LLC, SEC Interprative Letter, 2007 WL 2838964 (Sep. 19, 2007)\nReleases: Cite the Federal Register, SEC Docket, or a service (Rule 19). Releases that have subject-matter title may be presented\nin a short form. Make sure to include the act under which the release was issued, the release number, and the date.\nSEC Whistleblower Rules, Exchange Act Release No. 75592, 80 Fed. Reg 47829 (Aug. 10, 2015).\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n56 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nAdministrative Materials\n\nCitation\n\nIf the release is an adjudication, abbreviate the parties\xe2\x80\x99 names according to Rule 11.\nMidas Securities, LLC., Exchange Act Release No. 66200, 102 SEC Docket 3123, 102 SEC Docket 3137 ( Jan. 20, 2012).\nIf the adjudication occurred before an administrative law judge, indicate this fact in the date parenthetical.\nIf a particular release is issued under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act, or the Investment Company Act, a parallel citation\nshould be given in that order.\nStaff Interpretations: Cite SEC Staff Accounting Bulletins, Staff Legal Bulletins, and Telephone Interpretations as follows:\nSEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 99, 64 Fed. Reg. 45150 (Aug. 19, 1999).\nSEC Filings: For annual reports, proxy statements, and other company filings required under federal securities laws, provide\nthe name of the company (abbreviated according to Rule 15.1), the title as given in the document, the form type in\nparentheses, the page number if applicable, and the full date of filing with the SEC.\nApple Inc., Annual Report (Form 10-K), (Oct. 28, 2015).\nIf citing annual reports, proxy statements, or other documents in a form other than that filed with the SEC, treat as books\nunder Rule 15.\nFacebook, Inc., 2014 Annual Report (2014).\nSmall Business Administration (SBA)\nDecisions: Cite decisions as: <party name>, SBA No. <docket number> (<date>).\nOxyHeal Medical Systems, Inc., SBA No. SIZ-5707 ( Jan. 19 2016).\nThe docket number indicates the type of decision:\nSmall disadvantaged business\n\nSDBA\n\nSize determination\n\nSIZ\n\nService disabled veteran owned business\n\nVET\n\nBusiness development program\n\nBDP\n\nNorth American Industry Classification System\n\nNAICS\n\nSocial Security Administration (SSA)\nRulings and Acquiescence Rulings: For Social Security Rulings, cite as SSR; for Social Security Acquiescence Rulings, cite as\nSSAR.\nCite to the Social Security Rulings, Cumulative Edition (S.S.R. Cum. Ed.). If not published there, cite to another official source,\nsuch as the Code of Federal Regulations or the Federal Register. Otherwise, cite a commercial database or other source.\nSSR 62-2, 1960-1974 Soc. Sec. Rep. Serv. 69 ( Jan. 1, 1962).\nSurface Transportation Board (STB)\nFor materials from the Surface Transportation Board, cite to the Surface Transportation Board Reporter (S.T.B.). For materials\nfrom its predecessor, cite to the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), to the Interstate Commerce Commission Reporter\n(I.C.C., I.C.C. 2d).\nThe official date for unpublished decisions is the date on which the decision was served on the parties or otherwise filed by\nthe STB (or ICC). Do not cite the date of the decision.\n\nT3. U.S. States and Other Jurisdictions\nCategory\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n\nAlabama\nSupreme Court (Ala.): Cite to So., So. 2d, or So. 3d.\nSouthern Reporter\n\n1886\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nSo., So. 2d, So. 3d\n\nAlabama Reports\n\n1840\xe2\x80\x931976\n\nAla.\n\nPorter\n\n1834\xe2\x80\x931839\n\nPort.\n\nStewart and Porter\n\n1831\xe2\x80\x931834\n\nStew. & P.\n\nStewart\n\n1827\xe2\x80\x931831\n\nStew.\n\nMinor\n\n1820\xe2\x80\x931826\n\nMinor\n\nCourt of Civil Appeals (Ala. Civ. App.) and Court of Criminal Appeals (Ala. Crim. App.), before 1969 Court of Appeals (Ala.\nCt. App.): Cite to So., So. 2d, or So. 3d.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n57 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nCategory\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n\nSouthern Reporter\n\n1911\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nSo., So. 2d, So. 3d\n\nAlabama Appellate Courts Reports\n\n1911\xe2\x80\x931974\n\nAla. App.\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to Ala. Code (published by West).\nCode of Alabama, 1975 (West)\n\nAla. Code \xc2\xa7 x-x-x (<year>)\n\nMichie\xe2\x80\x99s Alabama Code, 1975\n(LexisNexis)\n\nAla. Code \xc2\xa7 x-x-x (LexisNexis <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to Ala. Laws.\nAlabama Laws\n\n<year> Ala. Laws <page no.>\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Alabama Legislative Service\n\n<year> Ala. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nMichie\xe2\x80\x99s Alabama Code <year>\nAdvance Legislative Service\n(LexisNexis)\n\n<year>-<pamph. no.> Ala. Adv. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (LexisNexis)\n\nAdministrative compilation\nAlabama Administrative Code\n\nAla. Admin. Code r. x-x-x.x (<year>)\n\nAdministrative register\n<vol. no.> Ala. Admin. Monthly <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nAlabama Administrative Monthly\nAlaska\nSupreme Court (Alaska): Cite to P.2d or P.3d.\nPacific Reporter\n\n1960\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nP.2d, P.3d\n\nCourt of Appeals (Alaska Ct. App.): Cite to P.2d or P.3d.\nPacific Reporter\n\n1980\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nP.2d, P.3d\n\nDistrict Courts of Alaska (D. Alaska): These courts had local jurisdiction from 1884 to 1959. Cite to F. Supp., F., or F.2d; else,\ncite to Alaska or Alaska Fed., in that order of preference.\nFederal Supplement\n\n1946\xe2\x80\x931959\n\nF. Supp.\n\nFederal Reporter\n\n1886\xe2\x80\x931932\n\nF., F.2d\n\nAlaska Reports\n\n1887\xe2\x80\x931958\n\nAlaska\n\nAlaska Federal Reports\n\n1869\xe2\x80\x931937\n\nAlaska Fed.\n\nUnited States District Courts for California and Oregon, and District Courts of Washington (D. Cal., D. Or., D. Wash.):\nThese courts had local jurisdiction in Alaska until 1884. Cite to F. or F. Cas.\nFederal Reporter\n\n1880\xe2\x80\x931884\n\nF.\n\nFederal Cases\n\n1867\xe2\x80\x931880\n\nF. Cas.\n\nAlaska Federal Reports\n\n1869\xe2\x80\x931937\n\nAlaska Fed.\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to Alaska Stat.\nAlaska Statutes (LexisNexis)\n\nAlaska Stat. \xc2\xa7 x.x.x (<year>)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Alaska Statutes Annotated\n\nAlaska Stat. Ann. \xc2\xa7 x.x.x (West <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to Alaska Sess. Laws.\nSession Laws of Alaska\n\n<year> Alaska Sess. Laws <page no.>\n\nAlaska Statutes <year> Advance\nLegislative Service\n\n<year>-<pamph. no.> Alaska Adv. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (LexisNexis)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Alaska Legislative Service\n\n<year> Alaska Legis. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nAdministrative compilation\nAlaska Administrative Code\n(LexisNexis)\n\nAlaska Admin. Code tit. x, \xc2\xa7 x.x (<year>)\n\nArizona\nSupreme Court (Ariz.): Cite to P., P.2d, or P.3d.\nPacific Reporter\n\n1883\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nP., P.2d, P.3d\n\nArizona Reports\n\n1866\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nAriz.\n\nCourt of Appeals (Ariz. Ct. App.): Cite to P.2d or P.3d.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n58 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nCategory\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n\nPacific Reporter\n\n1965\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nP.2d, P.3d\n\nArizona Reports\n\n1976\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nAriz.\n\nArizona Appeals Reports\n\n1965\xe2\x80\x931977\n\nAriz. App.\n\nTax Court (Ariz. Tax Ct.): Cite to P.2d or P.3d.\nPacific Reporter\n\n1988\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nP.2d, P.3d\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann..\nArizona Revised Statutes Annotated\n(West)\n\nAriz. Rev. Stat. Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x (<year>)\n\nArizona Revised Statutes\n(LexisNexis)\n\nAriz. Rev. Stat. \xc2\xa7 x-x (LexisNexis <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to Ariz. Sess. Laws.\nSession Laws, Arizona\n\n<year> Ariz. Sess. Laws <page no.>\n\nArizona Legislative Service (West)\n\n<year> Ariz. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nAdministrative compilation\nArizona Administrative Code\n\nAriz. Admin. Code \xc2\xa7 x-x-x (<year>)\n\nAdministrative register\n<vol. no.> Ariz. Admin. Reg. <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nArizona Administrative Register\nArkansas\n\nPublic domain citation format: Arkansas has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after February 13, 2009. For\nadditional instruction, consult Arkansas Supreme Court Rule 5-2. The format is:\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Smith v. Hickman, 2009 Ark. 12, at 1, 273 S.W.3d 340, 343.\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Doe v. State, 2009 Ark. App. 318, at 7, 2009 WL 240613, at *8.\nSupreme Court (Ark.): Cite to S.W., S.W.2d, or S.W.3d.\nSouth Western Reporter\n\n1886\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nS.W., S.W.2d, or S.W.3d\n\nArkansas Reports\n\n1837\xe2\x80\x932009\n\nArk.\n\nCourt of Appeals (Ark. Ct. App.): Cite to S.W.2d or S.W.3d.\nSouth Western Reporter\n\n1979\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nS.W.2d, S.W.3d\n\nArkansas Appellate Reports\n\n1981\xe2\x80\x932009\n\nArk. App.\n\nArkansas Reports\n\n1979\xe2\x80\x931981\n\nArk.\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to Ark. Code Ann. (published by LexisNexis).\nArkansas Code of 1987 Annotated\n(LexisNexis)\n\nArk. Code Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x-x (<year>)\n\nWest\'s Arkansas Code Annotated\n\nArk. Code Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x-x (West <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to Ark. Acts.\nActs of Arkansas (West)\n\n<year> Ark. Acts <page no.>\n\nArkansas Code of 1987 Annotated\n<year> Advance Legislative Service\n(LexisNexis)\n\n<year>-<pamph. no.> Ark. Adv. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (LexisNexis)\n\nWest\'s Arkansas Legislative Service\n\n<year> Ark. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nAdministrative compilation\nx-x-x Ark. Code R. \xc2\xa7 x (LexisNexis <year>)\n\nCode of Arkansas Rules (LexisNexis)\nAdministrative registers: Cite to Ark. Reg..\nArkansas Register\n\n<vol. no.> Ark. Reg. <page no.> (<month year>)\n\nArkansas Government Register\n\n<iss. no.> Ark. Gov\xe2\x80\x99t Reg. <page no.> (LexisNexis <month year>)\n\nCalifornia\nSupreme Court (Cal.): Cite to P., P.2d, or P.3d.\nPacific Reporter\n\n1883\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nP., P.2d, P.3d\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n59 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nCategory\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n\nCalifornia Reports\n\n1850\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nCal., Cal. 2d, Cal. 3d, Cal. 4th\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s California Reporter\n\n1959\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nCal. Rptr., Cal. Rptr. 2d, Cal. Rptr. 3d\n\nCalifornia Unreported Cases\n\n1855\xe2\x80\x931910\n\nCal. Unrep.\n\nCourt of Appeal (Cal. Ct. App.), previously District Court of Appeal (Cal. Dist. Ct. App.): Cite to P. or P.2d (before 1960) or\nCal. Rptr., Cal. Rptr. 2d (after 1959), or Cal. Rptr. 3d.\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s California Reporter\n\n1959\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nCal. Rptr., Cal. Rptr. 2d, Cal. Rptr. 3d\n\nPacific Reporter\n\n1905\xe2\x80\x931959\n\nP., P.2d\n\nCalifornia Appellate Reports\n\n1905\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nCal. App., Cal. App. 2d, Cal. App. 3d, Cal. App. 4th\n\nAppellate Divisions of the Superior Court (Cal. App. Dep\xe2\x80\x99t Super. Ct.): Cite to P. or P.2d (before 1960) or to Cal. Rptr., Cal.\nRptr. 2d (after 1959), or Cal. Rptr. 3d.\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s California Reporter\n\n1959\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nCal. Rptr., Cal. Rptr. 2d, Cal. Rptr. 3d\n\nPacific Reporter\n\n1929\xe2\x80\x931959\n\nP., P.2d\n\nCalifornia Appellate Reports\nSupplement (bound with Cal. App.)\n\n1929\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nCal. App. Supp., Cal. App. 2d Supp., Cal. App. 3d Supp., Cal. App. 4th\nSupp.\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to either the West or the Deering subject-matter code.\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Annotated California Codes\n\nCal. <Subject> Code \xc2\xa7 x (West <year>)\n\nDeering\xe2\x80\x99s California Codes,\nAnnotated (LexisNexis)\n\nCal. <Subject> Code \xc2\xa7 x (Deering <year>)\n\nAgricultural (renamed \xe2\x80\x9cFood and\nAgricultural\xe2\x80\x9d in 1972)\n\nAgric.\n\nBusiness and Professions\n\nBus. & Prof.\n\nCivil\n\nCiv.\n\nCivil Procedure\n\nCiv. Proc.\n\nCommercial\n\nCom.\n\nCorporations\n\nCorp.\n\nEducation\n\nEduc.\n\nElections\n\nElec.\n\nEvidence\n\nEvid.\n\nFamily\n\nFam.\n\nFinancial\n\nFin.\n\nFish and Game\n\nFish & Game\n\nFood and Agricultural (formerly\n\xe2\x80\x9cAgricultural\xe2\x80\x9d)\n\nFood & Agric.\n\nGovernment\n\nGov\xe2\x80\x99t\n\nHarbors and Navigation\n\nHarb. & Nav.\n\nHealth and Safety\n\nHealth & Safety\n\nInsurance\n\nIns.\n\nLabor\n\nLab.\n\nMilitary and Veterans\n\nMil. & Vet.\n\nPenal\n\nPenal\n\nProbate\n\nProb.\n\nPublic Contract\n\nPub. Cont.\n\nPublic Resources\n\nPub. Res.\n\nPublic Utilities\n\nPub. Util.\n\nRevenue and Taxation\n\nRev. & Tax.\n\nStreets and Highways\n\nSts. & High.\n\nUnemployment Insurance\n\nUnemp. Ins.\n\nVehicle\n\nVeh.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n60 of 136\n\nCategory\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n\nWater\n\nWater\n\nWelfare and Institutions\n\nWelf. & Inst.\n\nSession laws: Cite to Cal. Stat..\nStatutes of California\n\n<year> Cal. Stat. <page no.>\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s California Legislative Service\n\n<year> Cal. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nDeering\xe2\x80\x99s California Advance\nLegislative Service (LexisNexis)\n\n<year>-<pamph. no.> Cal. Adv. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (LexisNexis)\n\nAdministrative compilation\nCalifornia Code of Regulations\n(West)\n\nCal. Code Regs. tit. x, \xc2\xa7 x (<year>)\n\nAdministrative register\n<iss. no.> Cal. Regulatory Notice Reg. <page no.> (<month day,\nyear>)\n\nCalifornia Regulatory Notice\nRegister\nColorado\n\nPublic domain citation format: Colorado has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after January 3, 2012. For\nadditional information, consult Rules of the Supreme Court of Colorado, Chief Justice Directive 12-01. The format is:\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Smith v. Jones, 2012 CO 22.\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Smith v. Jones, 2012 CO 22, \xc2\xb6\xc2\xb6 13\xe2\x80\x9314.\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Jones v. Smith, 2012 COA 35.\nSupreme Court (Colo.): Cite to P., P.2d, or P.3d, if found there; else, cite to Colo., if found there, or to Colo. Law. or Brief\nTimes Rptr.\nPacific Reporter\n\n1883\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nP., P.2d, P.3d\n\nColorado Reports\n\n1864\xe2\x80\x931980\n\nColo.\n\nColorado Lawyer\n\n1972\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nColo. Law.\n\nBrief Times Reporter\n\n1977\xe2\x80\x931996\n\nBrief Times Rptr.\n\nColorado Journal\n\n1996\xe2\x80\x932002\n\nColo. J.\n\nLaw Week Colorado\n\n2002\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nL. Week Colo.\n\nCourt of Appeals (Colo. App.): Cite to P., P.2d, or P.3d, if found there; else, cite to Colo. App., if found there, or else to one of\nthe other reporters listed below.\nPacific Reporter\n\n1970\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nP.2d, P.3d\n\n1912\xe2\x80\x931915\n\nP.\n\n1891\xe2\x80\x931905\n\nP.\n\n1891\xe2\x80\x931905\n\nColo. App.\n\n1912\xe2\x80\x931915\n\nColo. App.\n\n1970\xe2\x80\x931980\n\nColo. App.\n\nColorado Lawyer\n\n1972\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nColo. Law.\n\nBrief Times Reporter\n\n1977\xe2\x80\x931996\n\nBrief Times Rptr.\n\nColorado Journal\n\n1996\xe2\x80\x932002\n\nColo. J.\n\nLaw Week Colorado\n\n2002\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nL. Week Colo.\n\nColorado Court of Appeals Reports\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to Colo. Rev. Stat..\nColorado Revised Statutes\n(LexisNexis)\n\nColo. Rev. Stat. \xc2\xa7 x-x-x (<year>)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Colorado Revised Statutes\nAnnotated\n\nColo. Rev. Stat. Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x-x (West <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to Colo. Sess. Laws.\nSession Laws of Colorado\n(LexisNexis)\n\n<year> Colo. Sess. Laws <page no.>\n\nColorado Legislative Service (West)\n\n<year> Colo. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nAdministrative compilations: Cite to Colo. Code Regs..\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n61 of 136\n\nCategory\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n\nColorado Code of Regulations\n\nColo. Code Regs. \xc2\xa7 x-x (<year>)\n\nCode of Colorado Regulations\n(LexisNexis)\n\n<vol. no.> Colo. Code Regs. \xc2\xa7 x-x (LexisNexis <year>)\n\nAdministrative register\n<iss. no.> Colo. Reg. <page no.> (<month year>)\n\nColorado Register\nConnecticut\n\nSupreme Court (Conn.), previously Supreme Court of Errors (Conn.): Cite to A., A.2d, or A.3d.\nAtlantic Reporter\n\n1885\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nA., A.2d, A.3d\n\nConnecticut Reports\n\n1814\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nConn.\n\nDay\n\n1802\xe2\x80\x931813\n\nDay\n\nRoot\n\n1789\xe2\x80\x931798\n\nRoot\n\nKirby\n\n1785\xe2\x80\x931789\n\nKirby\n\nAppellate Court (Conn. App. Ct.): Cite to A.2d or A.3d.\nAtlantic Reporter\n\n1983\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nA.2d, A.3d\n\nConnecticut Appellate Reports\n\n1983\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nConn. App.\n\nSuperior Court (Conn. Super. Ct.) and Court of Common Pleas (Conn. C.P.): Cite to A.2d or A.3d, if found there; else, cite to\nConn. Supp., if found there, or else to one of the other reporters listed below.\nAtlantic Reporter\n\n1954\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nA.2d, A.3d\n\nConnecticut Supplement\n\n1935\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nConn. Supp.\n\nConnecticut Law Reporter\n\n1990\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nConn. L. Rptr.\n\nConnecticut Superior Court Reports\n\n1986\xe2\x80\x931994\n\nConn. Super. Ct.\n\nCircuit Court (Conn. Cir. Ct.): Cite to A.2d or A.3d.\nAtlantic Reporter\n\n1961\xe2\x80\x931974\n\nA.2d, A.3d\n\nConnecticut Circuit Court Reports\n\n1961\xe2\x80\x931974\n\nConn. Cir. Ct.\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to Conn. Gen. Stat..\nGeneral Statutes of Connecticut\n\nConn. Gen. Stat. \xc2\xa7 x-x (<year>)\n\nConnecticut General Statutes\nAnnotated (West)\n\nConn. Gen. Stat. Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x (West <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to Conn. Acts, Conn. Pub. Acts, or Conn. Spec. Acts.\nConnecticut Public & Special Acts\n\n1972\xe2\x80\x93date\n\n<year> Conn. Acts <page no.> ([Reg. or Spec.] Sess.)\n\nConnecticut Public Acts\n\n1650\xe2\x80\x931971\n\n<year> Conn. Pub. Acts <page no.>\n\nConnecticut Special Acts (Resolves & 1789\xe2\x80\x931971\nPrivate Laws, Private & Special Laws,\nSpecial Laws, Resolves & Private\nActs, Resolutions & Private Acts,\nPrivate Acts & Resolutions, and\nSpecial Acts & Resolutions)\n\n<year> Conn. Spec. Acts <page no.>\n\nConnecticut Legislative Service\n(West)\n\n<year> Conn. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nAdministrative compilation\nRegulations of Connecticut State\nAgencies\n\nConn. Agencies Regs. \xc2\xa7 x-x-x (<year>)\n\nAdministrative registers: Cite to Conn. L.J..\nConnecticut Law Journal\n\n<vol. no.> Conn. L.J. <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nConnecticut Government Register\n(LexisNexis)\n\n<iss. no.> Conn. Gov\xe2\x80\x99t Reg. <page no.> (LexisNexis <month year>)\n\nDelaware\nSupreme Court (Del.), previously Court of Errors and Appeals (Del.): Cite to A., A.2d, or A.3d.\nAtlantic Reporter\n\n1886\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nA., A.2d, A.3d\n\nDelaware Reports\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n62 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nCategory\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n\n31 Del. to 59 Del.\n\n1919\xe2\x80\x931966\n\nDel.\n\nBoyce\n\n1909\xe2\x80\x931920\n\ne.g., 24 Del. (1 Boyce)\n\nPennewill\n\n1897\xe2\x80\x931909\n\ne.g., 17 Del. (1 Penne.)\n\nMarvel\n\n1893\xe2\x80\x931897\n\ne.g., 15 Del. (1 Marv.)\n\nHouston\n\n1855\xe2\x80\x931893\n\ne.g., 6 Del. (1 Houst.)\n\nHarrington\n\n1832\xe2\x80\x931855\n\ne.g., 1 Del. (1 Harr.)\n\nDelaware Cases\n\n1792\xe2\x80\x931830\n\nDel. Cas.\n\nCourt of Chancery (Del. Ch.): Cite to A., A.2d, or A.3d.\nAtlantic Reporter\n\n1886\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nA., A.2d, A.3d\n\nDelaware Chancery Reports\n\n1814\xe2\x80\x931968\n\nDel. Ch.\n\nDelaware Cases\n\n1792\xe2\x80\x931830\n\nDel. Cas.\n\nSuperior Court (Del. Super. Ct.), previously Superior Court and Orphans\xe2\x80\x99 Court (Del. Super. Ct. & Orphans\xe2\x80\x99 Ct.): Cite to\nA.2d or A.3d, if found there; else, cite to one of the official reporters listed under Supreme Court (Del.).\nAtlantic Reporter\n\n1951\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nA.2d, A.3d\n\nFamily Court (Del. Fam. Ct.): Cite to A.2d or A.3d.\nAtlantic Reporter\n\n1977\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nA.2d, A.3d\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to Del. Code Ann..\nDelaware Code Annotated\n(LexisNexis)\n\nDel. Code Ann. tit. x, \xc2\xa7 x (<year>)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Delaware Code Annotated\n\nDel. Code Ann. tit. x, \xc2\xa7 x (West <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to Del. Laws.\nLaws of Delaware\n\n<vol. no.> Del. Laws <page no.> (<year>)\n\nDelaware Code Annotated <year>\nAdvance Legislative Service\n(LexisNexis)\n\n<year>-<pamph. no.> Del. Code. Ann. Adv. Legis. Serv. <page no.>\n(LexisNexis)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Delaware Legislative Service\n\n<year> Del. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nAdministrative compilations: Cite to Del. Admin. Code.\nDelaware Administrative Code\n\nx-x-x Del. Admin. Code \xc2\xa7 x (<year>)\n\nCode of Delaware Regulations\n(LexisNexis)\n\nx-x-x Del. Code Regs. \xc2\xa7 x (LexisNexis <year>)\n\nAdministrative registers: Cite to Del. Reg. Regs..\nDelaware Register of Regulations\n\n<vol. no.> Del. Reg. Regs. <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nDelaware Government Register\n(LexisNexis)\n\n<iss. no.> Del Gov\xe2\x80\x99t Reg. <page no.> (LexisNexis <month year>)\n\nDistrict of Columbia\nCourt of Appeals (D.C.), previously Municipal Court of Appeals (D.C.): Cite to A.2d or A.3d.\nAtlantic Reporter\n\n1943\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nA.2d, A.3d\n\nUnited States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (D.C. Cir.), previously Court of Appeals of/for the\nDistrict of Columbia (D.C. Cir.), previously Supreme Court of the District of Columbia (D.C.): Cite to F., F.2d, or F.3d.\nFederal Reporter\n\n1919\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nF., F.2d, F.3d\n\nUnited States Court of Appeals\nReports\n\n1941\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nU.S. App. D.C.\n\nAppeal Cases, District of Columbia\n\n1893\xe2\x80\x931941\n\nApp. D.C.\n\nTucker and Clephane\n\n1892\xe2\x80\x931893\n\n21 D.C. (Tuck. & Cl.)\n\nMackey\n\n1880\xe2\x80\x931892\n\n<12\xe2\x80\x9320> D.C. (Mackey <1\xe2\x80\x939>)\n\nMacArthur and Mackey\n\n1879\xe2\x80\x931880\n\n11 D.C. (MacArth. & M.)\n\nMacArthur\n\n1873\xe2\x80\x931879\n\n<8\xe2\x80\x9310> D.C. (MacArth. <1\xe2\x80\x933>)\n\nDistrict of Columbia Reports\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n63 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nCategory\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n\nDistrict of Columbia Reports\n(reported by Mackey)\n\n1863\xe2\x80\x931872\n\n<6\xe2\x80\x937> D.C.\n\nHayward & Hazleton, Circuit Court\n(Circuit Court Reports, vols. 6\xe2\x80\x937)\n\n1840\xe2\x80\x931863\n\n<1\xe2\x80\x932> Hay. & Haz.\n\nCranch, Circuit Court\n\n1801\xe2\x80\x931840\n\n<1\xe2\x80\x935> D.C. (Cranch <1\xe2\x80\x935>)\n\nSuperior Court (D.C. Super. Ct.), previously Municipal Court (D.C. Mun. Ct.): Cite to Daily Wash. L. Rptr.\nDaily Washington Law Reporter\n\n1971\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nDaily Wash. L. Rptr.\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to D.C. Code.\nDistrict of Columbia Official Code\n(LexisNexis)\n\nD.C. Code \xc2\xa7 x-x (<year>)\n\nWest\'s District of Columbia Code\nAnnotated (West)\n\nD.C. Code Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x (West <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to Stat., D.C. Reg., or D.C. Code Adv. Leg. Serv..\nUnited States Statutes at Large\n\n<vol. no.> Stat. <page no.> (<year>)\n\nDistrict of Columbia Register\n\n<vol. no.> D.C. Reg. <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nDistrict of Columbia Official Code\nLexis Advance Legislative Service\n\n<year>-<pamph. no.> D.C. Code Adv. Leg. Serv. <page no.>\n\nDistrict of Columbia Session Law\nService West\n\n<year> D.C. Sess. L. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nMunicipal regulations: Cite to D.C. Mun. Regs..\nCode of D.C. Municipal Regulations\n\nD.C. Mun. Regs. tit. x, \xc2\xa7 x (<year>)\n\nCode of District of Columbia\nMunicipal Regulations (LexisNexis)\n\nD.C. Code Mun. Regs. tit. x \xc2\xa7 x (LexisNexis <year>)\n\nAdministrative register\n<vol. no.> D.C. Reg. <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nDistrict of Columbia Register\nFlorida\nSupreme Court (Fla.): Cite to So., So. 2d, or So. 3d.\nSouthern Reporter\n\n1886\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nSo., So. 2d, So. 3d\n\nFlorida Reports\n\n1846\xe2\x80\x931948\n\nFla.\n\nFlorida Law Weekly\n\n1978\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nFla. L. Weekly\n\nDistrict Court of Appeal (Fla. Dist. Ct. App.): Cite to So. 2d or So. 3d.\nSouthern Reporter\n\n1957\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nSo. 2d, So. 3d\n\nFlorida Law Weekly\n\n1978\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nFla. L. Weekly\n\nCircuit Court (Fla. Cir. Ct.), County Court (e.g., Fla. Orange County Ct.), Public Service Commission (Fla. P.S.C.), and other\nlower courts of record: Cite to Fla. Supp. or Fla. Supp. 2d.\nFlorida Supplement\n\n1950\xe2\x80\x931991\n\nFla. Supp., Fla. Supp. 2d\n\nFlorida Law Weekly Supplement\n\n1992\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nFla. L. Weekly Supp.\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to Fla. Stat..\nFlorida Statutes\n\nFla. Stat. \xc2\xa7 x.x (<year>)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Florida Statutes Annotated\n\nFla. Stat. Ann. \xc2\xa7 x.x (West <year>)\n\nLexisNexis Florida Statutes\nAnnotated\n\nFla. Stat. Ann. \xc2\xa7 x.x (LexisNexis <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to Fla. Laws.\nLaws of Florida\n\n<year> Fla. Laws <page no.>\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Florida Session Law Service\n\n<year> Fla. Sess. Law Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nAdministrative compilation\nFlorida Administrative Code\nAnnotated (LexisNexis)\n\nFla. Admin. Code Ann. r. x-x.x (<year>)\n\nAdministrative register: Cite to Fla. Admin. Reg..\nFlorida Administrative Register\n\n2012\xe2\x80\x93date\n\n<vol. no.> Fla. Admin. Reg. <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n64 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nCategory\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n\nFlorida Administrative Weekly\n(LexisNexis)\n\n1996\xe2\x80\x932012\n\n<vol. no.> Fla. Admin. Weekly <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nGeorgia\nSupreme Court (Ga.): Cite to S.E. or S.E.2d.\nSouth Eastern Reporter\n\n1887\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nS.E., S.E.2d\n\nGeorgia Reports\n\n1846\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nGa.\n\nCourt of Appeals (Ga. Ct. App.): Cite to S.E. or S.E.2d.\nSouth Eastern Reporter\n\n1907\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nS.E., S.E.2d\n\nGeorgia Appeals Reports\n\n1907\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nGa. App.\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to Ga. Code Ann. (published by LexisNexis).\nOfficial Code of Georgia Annotated\n(LexisNexis)\n\nGa. Code Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x-x (<year>)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Code of Georgia Annotated\n\nGa. Code Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x-x (West <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to Ga. Laws.\nGeorgia Laws\n\n<year> Ga. Laws <page no.>\n\nGeorgia <year> Advance Legislative\nService (LexisNexis)\n\n<year>-<pamph. no.> Ga. Code Ann. Adv. Legis. Serv. <page no.>\n(LexisNexis)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Georgia Legislative Service\n\n<year> Ga. Code Ann. Adv. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nAdministrative compilation\nOfficial Compilation Rules and\nRegulations of the State of Georgia\n\nGa. Comp. R. & Regs. x-x-x.x (<year>)\n\nAdministrative register\n<iss. no.> Ga. Gov\xe2\x80\x99t Reg. <page no.> (LexisNexis <month year>)\n\nGeorgia Government Register\n(LexisNexis)\nHawaii\nSupreme Court (Haw.): Cite to P.2d or P.3d.\nPacific Reporter\n\n1959\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nP.2d, P.3d\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Hawaii Reports (begins with\nvol. 76)\n\n1994\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nHaw.\n\nHawaii Reports (ends with vol. 75)\n\n1847\xe2\x80\x931994\n\nHaw.\n\nIntermediate Court of Appeals (Haw. Ct. App.): Cite to P.2d or P.3d.\nPacific Reporter\n\n1980\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nP.2d, P.3d\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Hawaii Reports\n\n1994\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nHaw.\n\nHawaii Appellate Reports\n\n1980\xe2\x80\x931994\n\nHaw. App.\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to Haw. Rev. Stat..\nHawaii Revised Statutes\n\nHaw. Rev. Stat. \xc2\xa7 x-x (<year>)\n\nMichie\xe2\x80\x99s Hawaii Revised Statutes\nAnnotated (LexisNexis)\n\nHaw. Rev. Stat. Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x (LexisNexis <year>)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Hawai\'i Revised Statutes\nAnnotated\n\nHaw. Rev. Stat. Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x (West <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to Haw. Sess. Laws.\nSession Laws of Hawaii\n\n<year> Haw. Sess. Laws <page no.>\n\nMichie\xe2\x80\x99s Hawaii Revised Statutes\nAnnotated Advance Legislative\nService (LexisNexis)\n\n<year>-<pamph. no.> Haw. Rev. Stat. Ann. Adv. Legis. Serv. <page no.>\n(LexisNexis)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Hawai\'i Legislative Service\n\n<year> Haw. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nAdministrative compilation\nCode of Hawaii Rules (LexisNexis)\n\nHaw. Code R. \xc2\xa7 x-x-x (LexisNexis <year>)\n\nAdministrative register\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n65 of 136\n\nCategory\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n<iss. no.> Haw. Gov\xe2\x80\x99t Reg. <page no.> (LexisNexis <month year>)\n\nHawaii Government Register\n(LexisNexis)\nIdaho\nSupreme Court (Idaho): Cite to P., P.2d, or P.3d.\nPacific Reporter\n\n1883\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nP., P.2d, P.3d\n\nIdaho Reports\n\n1866\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nIdaho\n\nCourt of Appeals (Idaho Ct. App.): Cite to P.2d or P.3d.\nPacific Reporter\n\n1982\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nP.2d, P.3d\n\nIdaho Reports\n\n1982\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nIdaho\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to Idaho Code (published by LexisNexis).\nIdaho Code (LexisNexis)\n\nIdaho Code \xc2\xa7 x-x (<year>)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Idaho Code Annotated\n\nIdaho Code Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x (West <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to Idaho Sess. Laws.\nIdaho Session Laws\n\n<year> Idaho Sess. Laws <page no.>\n\nIdaho Code Annotated Advance\nLegislative Service (LexisNexis)\n\n<year>-<pamph. no.> Idaho Code Ann. Adv. Legis. Serv. <page no.>\n(LexisNexis)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Idaho Legislative Service\n\n<year> Idaho Legis. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nAdministrative compilation: http://adminrules.gov/rules/current\nIdaho Administrative Code\n\nIdaho Admin. Code r. x.x.x.x (<year>)\n\nAdministrative register\n<vol. no.> Idaho Admin. Bull. <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nIdaho Administrative Bulletin\nIllinois\n\nPublic domain format: Illinois has adopted a public domain citation format for cases effective July 1, 2011. See Illinois\nSupreme Court Rule 6. The format is:\n\xe2\x80\xa2 People v. Doe, 2011 IL 102345\n\xe2\x80\xa2 People v. Doe, 2011 IL App (1st) 101234\nSupreme Court (Ill.): Cite to N.E., N.E.2d, or N.E.3d.\nNorth Eastern Reporter\n\n1884\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nN.E., N.E.2d, N.E.3d\n\nIllinois Official Reports\n\n2011\xe2\x80\x93date\n\n<year> IL <docket no.>\n\n11 Ill. to date\n\n1849\xe2\x80\x932011\n\nIll., Ill. 2d\n\nGilman\n\n1844\xe2\x80\x931849\n\ne.g., 6 Ill. (1 Gilm.)\n\nScammon\n\n1832\xe2\x80\x931843\n\ne.g., 2 Ill. (1 Scam.)\n\nBreese\n\n1819\xe2\x80\x931831\n\n1 Ill. (Breese)\n\nWest\'s Illinois Decisions\n\n1976\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nIll. Dec.\n\nIllinois Reports\n\nAppellate Court (Ill. App. Ct.): Cite to N.E.2d, N.E.3d.\nNorth Eastern Reporter\n\n1936\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nN.E.2d, N.E.3d\n\nIllinois Official Reports\n\n2011\xe2\x80\x93date\n\n<year> IL App. (<court no.>)\n\nlllinois Appellate Court Reports\n\n1877\xe2\x80\x932011\n\nIll. App., Ill. App. 2d, Ill. App. 3d\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Illinois Decisions\n\n1976\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nIll. Dec.\n\nIllinois Circuit Court (Ill. Cir. Ct.), previously Court of Claims (Ill. Ct. Cl.): Cite to Ill. Ct. Cl..\nIllinois Court of Claims Reports\n\n1889\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nIll. Ct. Cl.\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to Ill. Comp. Stat..\nIllinois Compiled Statutes\n\n<ch. no.> Ill. Comp. Stat. <act no.> / <sec. no.> (<year>)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Smith-Hurd Illinois\nCompiled Statutes Annotated\n\n<ch. no.> Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann. <act no.> / <sec. no.> (West <year>)\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n66 of 136\n\nCategory\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n<ch. no.> Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann. <act no.> / <sec. no.> (LexisNexis\n<year>)\n\nIllinois Compiled Statutes\nAnnotated (LexisNexis)\nSession laws: Cite to Ill. Laws.\nLaws of Illinois\n\n<year> Ill. Laws <page no.>\n\nIllinois Legislative Service (West)\n\n<year> Ill. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nIllinois Compiled Statutes\nAnnotated Advance Legislative\nService (LexisNexis)\n\n<year>-<pamph. no.> Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann. Adv. Legis. Serv. <page no.>\n(LexisNexis)\n\nAdministrative compilations: Cite to Ill. Admin. Code.\nIllinois Administrative Code\n\nIll. Admin. Code tit. x, \xc2\xa7 x (<year>)\n\nCode of Illinois Rules (LexisNexis)\n\n<vol. no.> Ill. Code R. <rule no.> (LexisNexis <year>)\n\nAdministrative register\n<vol. no.> Ill. Reg. <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nIllinois Register\nIndiana\nSupreme Court (Ind.): Cite to N.E., N.E.2d, N.E.3d.\nNorth Eastern Reporter\n\n1885\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nN.E., N.E.2d, N.E.3d\n\nIndiana Reports\n\n1848\xe2\x80\x931981\n\nInd.\n\nBlackford\n\n1817\xe2\x80\x931847\n\nBlackf.\n\nCourt of Appeals (Ind. Ct. App.), previously Appellate Court (Ind. App.): Cite to N.E., N.E.2d, or N.E.3d.\nNorth Eastern Reporter\n\n1891\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nN.E., N.E.2d, N.E.3d\n\nIndiana Court of Appeals Reports\n(prior to 1972, Indiana Appellate\nCourt Reports)\n\n1890\xe2\x80\x931979\n\nInd. App.\n\nTax Court (Ind. T.C.): Cite to N.E.2d or N.E.3d.\nNorth Eastern Reporter\n\n1986\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nN.E., N.E.2d, N.E.3d\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to Ind. Code.\nIndiana Code\n\nInd. Code \xc2\xa7 x-x-x-x (<year>)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Annotated Indiana Code\n\nInd. Code Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x-x-x (West <year>)\n\nBurns Indiana Statutes Annotated\n(LexisNexis)\n\nInd. Code Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x-x-x (LexisNexis <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to Ind. Acts.\nActs, Indiana\n\n<year> Ind. Acts <page no.>\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Indiana Legislative Service\n\n<year> Ind. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nBurns Indiana Statutes Annotated\nAdvance Legislative Service\n(LexisNexis)\n\n<year>-<pamph. no.> Ind. Stat. Ann. Adv. Legis. Serv. <page no.>\n(LexisNexis)\n\nAdministrative compilations: Cite to Ind. Admin. Code.\nIndiana Administrative Code\n\n<tit. no.> Ind. Admin. Code <rule no.> (<year>)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Indiana Administrative Code\n\n<tit. no.> Ind. Admin. Code <rule no.> (West <year>)\n\nAdministrative register\n<vol. no.> Ind. Reg. <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nIndiana Register\nIowa\nSupreme Court (Iowa): Cite to N.W. or N.W.2d.\nNorth Western Reporter\n\n1879\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nN.W., N.W.2d\n\nIowa Reports (Cite to edition\npublished by Clarke for vols. 1\xe2\x80\x938.)\n\n1855\xe2\x80\x931968\n\nIowa\n\nGreene\n\n1847\xe2\x80\x931854\n\nGreene\n\nMorris\n\n1839\xe2\x80\x931846\n\nMorris\n\nBradford\n\n1838\xe2\x80\x931841\n\nBradf.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n67 of 136\n\nCategory\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n\nCourt of Appeals (Iowa Ct. App.): Cite to N.W.2d.\nNorth Western Reporter\n\n1977\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nN.W.2d\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to Iowa Code.\nCode of Iowa\n\nIowa Code \xc2\xa7 x.x (<year>)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Iowa Code Annotated\n\nIowa Code Ann. \xc2\xa7 x.x (West <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to Iowa Acts.\nActs of the State of Iowa\n\n<year> Iowa Acts <page no.>\n\nIowa Legislative Service (West)\n\n<year> Iowa Legis. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nAdministrative compilation\nIowa Administrative Code\n\nIowa Admin. Code r. x-x.x (<year>)\n\nAdministrative register\n<vol. no.> Iowa Admin. Bull. <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nIowa Administrative Bulletin\nKansas\nSupreme Court (Kan.): Cite to P., P.2d, or P.3d.\nPacific Reporter\n\n1883\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nP., P.2d, P.3d\n\nKansas Reports\n\n1862\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nKan.\n\nMcCahon\n\n1858\xe2\x80\x931868\n\nMcCahon\n\nCourt of Appeals (Kan. Ct. App.): Cite to P., P.2d, or P.3d.\nPacific Reporter\n\nKansas Court of Appeals Reports\n\n1895\xe2\x80\x931901\n\nP.\n\n1977\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nP.2d, P.3d\n\n1895\xe2\x80\x931901\n\nKan. App.\n\n1977\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nKan. App. 2d\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to Kan. Stat. Ann..\nKansas Statutes Annotated\n\nKan. Stat. Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x (<year>)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Kansas Statutes Annotated\n\nKan. Stat. Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x (West <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to Kan. Sess. Laws.\nSession Laws of Kansas\n\n<year> Kan. Sess. Laws <page no.>\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Kansas Legislative Service\n\n<year> Kan. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nAdministrative compilation\nKansas Administrative Regulations\n(updated by supplements)\n\nKan. Admin. Regs. \xc2\xa7 x-x-x (<year>)\n\nAdministrative register\n<vol. no.> Kan. Reg. <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nKansas Register\nKentucky\n\nSupreme Court (Ky.): before 1976 the Court of Appeals (Ky.) was the highest state court. Cite to S.W., S.W.2d, or S.W.3d.\nSouth Western Reporter\n\n1886\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nS.W., S.W.2d, S.W.3d\n\n78 Ky. to 314 Ky.\n\n1879\xe2\x80\x931951\n\nKy.\n\nBush\n\n1866\xe2\x80\x931879\n\ne.g., 66 Ky. (3 Bush)\n\nDuvall\n\n1863\xe2\x80\x931866\n\ne.g., 62 Ky. (1 Duv.)\n\nMetcalf\n\n1858\xe2\x80\x931863\n\ne.g., 58 Ky. (1 Met.)\n\nMonroe, Ben\n\n1840\xe2\x80\x931857\n\ne.g., 53 Ky. (14 B. Mon.)\n\nDana\n\n1833\xe2\x80\x931840\n\ne.g., 35 Ky. (5 Dana)\n\nMarshall, J.J.\n\n1829\xe2\x80\x931832\n\ne.g., 27 Ky. (4 J.J. Marsh.)\n\nMonroe, T.B.\n\n1824\xe2\x80\x931828\n\ne.g., 19 Ky. (3 T.B. Mon.)\n\nLittell\n\n1822\xe2\x80\x931824\n\ne.g., 13 Ky. (3 Litt.)\n\nKentucky Reports\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n68 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nCategory\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n\nLittell\xe2\x80\x99s Selected Cases\n\n1795\xe2\x80\x931821\n\ne.g., 16 Ky. (1 Litt. Sel. Cas.)\n\nMarshall, A.K.\n\n1817\xe2\x80\x931821\n\ne.g., 10 Ky. (3 A.K. Marsh.)\n\nBibb\n\n1808\xe2\x80\x931817\n\ne.g., 6 Ky. (3 Bibb)\n\nHardin\n\n1805\xe2\x80\x931808\n\n3 Ky. (Hard.)\n\nSneed\n\n1801\xe2\x80\x931805\n\n2 Ky. (Sneed)\n\nHughes\n\n1785\xe2\x80\x931801\n\n1 Ky. (Hughes)\n\nKentucky Opinions\n\n1864\xe2\x80\x931886\n\nKy. Op.\n\nKentucky Law Reporter\n\n1880\xe2\x80\x931908\n\nKy. L. Rptr.\n\nKentucky Appellate Reporter\n\n1994\xe2\x80\x932000\n\nKy. App.\n\nKentucky Attorneys Memo\n\n2001\xe2\x80\x932007\n\nKy. Att\xe2\x80\x99y Memo\n\nKentucky Law Summary\n\n1966\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nKy. L. Summ.\n\nCourt of Appeals (Ky. Ct. App.) (for decisions before 1976, see Kentucky Supreme Court): Cite to S.W.2d or S.W.3d.\nSouth Western Reporter\n\n1976\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nS.W.2d, S.W.3d\n\nKentucky Appellate Reporter\n\n1994\xe2\x80\x932000\n\nKy. App.\n\nKentucky Attorneys Memo\n\n2001\xe2\x80\x932007\n\nKy. Att\xe2\x80\x99y Memo\n\nKentucky Law Summary\n\n1966\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nKy. L. Summ.\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to one of the following codes.\nBaldwin\xe2\x80\x99s Kentucky Revised Statutes\nAnnotated (West)\n\nKy. Rev. Stat. Ann. \xc2\xa7 x.x (West <year>)\n\nMichie\xe2\x80\x99s Kentucky Revised Statutes\nAnnotated (LexisNexis)\n\nKy. Rev. Stat. Ann. \xc2\xa7 x.x (LexisNexis <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to Ky. Acts.\nActs of Kentucky\n\n<year> Ky. Acts <page no.>\n\nKentucky Revised Statutes and Rules\nService (West)\n\n<year> Ky. Rev. Stat. & R. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nMichie\xe2\x80\x99s Kentucky Revised Statutes\nAdvance Legislative Service\n(LexisNexis)\n\n<year>-<pamph. no.> Ky. Rev. Stat. Adv. Legis. Serv. <page no.>\n(LexisNexis)\n\nAdministrative compilation\n<tit. no.> Ky. Admin. Regs. <rule no.> (<year>)\n\nKentucky Administrative\nRegulations Service\nAdministrative register\n\n<vol. no.> Ky. Admin. Reg. <page no.> (<month year>)\n\nAdministrative Register of Kentucky\nLouisiana\n\nPublic domain citation format: Louisiana has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after December 31, 1993. See\nRules of the Supreme Court of Louisiana, part G, section 8. The format is:\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Smith v. Jones, 93-2345 (La. 7/15/94); 650 So.2d 500\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Smith v. Jones, 93-2345 (La. App. 1 Cir. 7/15/94); 660 So.2d 400\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Smith v. Jones, 94-2345, p. 7 (La. 7/15/94); 650 So.2d 500, 504\nSupreme Court (La.), before 1813 the Superior Court of Louisiana (La.) and the Superior Court of the Territory of Orleans\n(Orleans): Cite to So., So. 2d, or So. 3d.\nSouthern Reporter\n\n1886\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nSo., So. 2d, So. 3d\n\nLouisiana Reports\n\n1901\xe2\x80\x931972\n\nLa.\n\nLouisiana Annual Reports\n\n1846\xe2\x80\x931900\n\nLa. Ann.\n\nRobinson\n\n1841\xe2\x80\x931846\n\nRob.\n\nLouisiana Reports\n\n1830\xe2\x80\x931841\n\nLa.\n\nMartin (Louisiana Term Reports)\n\n1809\xe2\x80\x931830\n\nMart. (o.s.), Mart. (n.s.)\n\nCourt of Appeal (La. Ct. App.): Cite to So., So. 2d, or So. 3d.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n69 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nCategory\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n\nSouthern Reporter\n\n1928\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nSo., So. 2d, So. 3d\n\nLouisiana Court of Appeals Reports\n\n1924\xe2\x80\x931932\n\nLa. App.\n\nPeltier\xe2\x80\x99s Decisions, Parish at Orleans\n\n1917\xe2\x80\x931924\n\nPelt.\n\nTeissier, Orleans Court of Appeals\n\n1903\xe2\x80\x931917\n\nTeiss.\n\nGunby\xe2\x80\x99s Reports\n\n1885\n\nGunby\n\nMcGloin\n\n1881\xe2\x80\x931884\n\nMcGl.\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to one of the following codes.\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Louisiana Statutes Annotated\n\nLa. Stat. Ann. \xc2\xa7 x:x (<year>)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Louisiana Children\xe2\x80\x99s Code\nAnnotated\n\nLa. Child. Code Ann. art. x (<year>)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Louisiana Civil Code\nAnnotated\n\nLa. Civ. Code Ann. art. x (<year>)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Louisiana Code of Civil\nProcedure Annotated\n\nLa. Code Civ. Proc. Ann. art. x (<year>)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Louisiana Code of Criminal\nProcedure Annotated\n\nLa. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. x (<year>)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Louisiana Code of Evidence\nAnnotated\n\nLa. Code Evid. Ann. art. x (<year>)\n\nWest\'s Louisiana Constitution\nAnnotated\n\nLa. Const. Ann. art. x (<year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to La. Acts.\nState of Louisiana: Acts of the Legislature <year> La. Acts <page no.>\n<year> La. Sess. Law Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Louisiana Session Law\nService\nAdministrative compilation\nLouisiana Administrative Code\n\nLa. Admin. Code tit. x, \xc2\xa7 x (<year>)\n\nAdministrative register\n<vol. no.> La. Reg. <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nLouisiana Register\nMaine\n\nPublic domain citation format: Maine has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after December 31, 1996. See\nAdministrative Order of the Supreme Judicial Court\xe2\x80\x94New Citation Form (Aug. 20, 1996). The format is:\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Estate of Hoch v. Stifel, 2011 ME 24, 16 A.3d 137\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Estate of Hoch v. Stifel, 2011 ME 24, \xc2\xb6 11, 16 A.3d 137\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Saucier v. State Tax Assessor, 1998 ME 61, 708 A.2d 28\nSupreme Judicial Court (Me.): Cite to A., A.2d or A.3d.\nAtlantic Reporter\n\n1885\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nA., A.2d, A.3d\n\nMaine Reports\n\n1820\xe2\x80\x931965\n\nMe.\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to Me. Stat..\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Maine Statutes\n\nMe. Stat. tit. x, \xc2\xa7 x (<year>)\n\nMaine Revised Statutes Annotated\n(West)\n\nMe. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. x, \xc2\xa7 x (<year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to Me. Laws.\nLaws of the State of Maine\n\n<year> Me. Laws <page no.>\n\nMaine Legislative Service (West)\n\n<year> Me. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nAdministrative compilation\nCode of Maine Rules (LexisNexis)\n\nx-x-x Me. Code R. \xc2\xa7 x (LexisNexis <year>)\n\nAdministrative register\nMaine Government Register\n(LexisNexis)\n\n<iss. no.> Me. Gov\xe2\x80\x99t Reg. <page no.> (LexisNexis <month year>)\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n70 of 136\n\nCategory\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n\nMaryland\nCourt of Appeals (Md.): Cite to A., A.2d or A.3d.\nAtlantic Reporter\n\n1885\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nA., A.2d, A.3d\n\nMaryland Reports\n\n1851\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nMd.\n\nGill\n\n1843\xe2\x80\x931851\n\nGill\n\nGill and Johnson\n\n1829\xe2\x80\x931842\n\nG. & J.\n\nHarris and Gill\n\n1826\xe2\x80\x931829\n\nH. & G.\n\nHarris and Johnson\n\n1800\xe2\x80\x931826\n\nH. & J.\n\nHarris and McHenry\n\n1770\xe2\x80\x931774\n1780\xe2\x80\x931799\n\nH. & McH.\n\nCourt of Special Appeals (Md. Ct. Spec. App.): Cite to A.2d or A.3d.\nAtlantic Reporter\n\n1967\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nA.2d, A.3d\n\nMaryland Appellate Reports\n\n1967\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nMd. App.\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite by subject to either Michie\xe2\x80\x99s Md. Code Ann. or West\xe2\x80\x99s Md. Code Ann..\nMichie\xe2\x80\x99s Annotated Code of\nMaryland (LexisNexis)\n\nMd. Code Ann., <subject> \xc2\xa7 x-x (LexisNexis <year>)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Annotated Code of Maryland\n\nMd. Code Ann., <subject> \xc2\xa7 x-x (West <year>)\n\nAgriculture\n\nAgric.\n\nBusiness Occupations and Professions\n\nBus. Occ. & Prof.\n\nBusiness Regulation\n\nBus. Reg.\n\nCommercial Law\n\nCom. Law\n\nConstitutions\n\nConst.\n\nCorporations and Associations\n\nCorps. & Ass\xe2\x80\x99ns\n\nCorrectional Services\n\nCorr. Servs.\n\nCourts and Judicial Proceedings\n\nCts. & Jud. Proc.\n\nCriminal Law\n\nCrim. Law\n\nCriminal Procedure\n\nCrim. Proc.\n\nEconomic Development\n\nEcon. Dev.\n\nEducation\n\nEduc.\n\nElection Law\n\nElec. Law\n\nEnvironment\n\nEnvir.\n\nEstates and Trusts\n\nEst. & Trusts\n\nFamily Law\n\nFam. Law\n\nFinancial Institutions\n\nFin. Inst.\n\nHealth\xe2\x80\x93General\n\nHealth\xe2\x80\x93Gen.\n\nHealth Occupations\n\nHealth Occ.\n\nHousing and Community Development\n\nHous. & Cmty. Dev.\n\nHuman Services\n\nHum. Servs.\n\nInsurance\n\nIns.\n\nLabor and Employment\n\nLab. & Empl.\n\nLand Use\n\nLand Use\n\nLocal Government\n\nLocal Gov\'t\n\nNatural Resources\n\nNat. Res.\n\nPublic Safety\n\nPub. Safety\n\nPublic Utility\n\nPub. Util.\n\nReal Property\n\nReal Prop.\n\nState Finance and Procurement\n\nState Fin. & Proc.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n71 of 136\n\nCategory\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n\nState Government\n\nState Gov\xe2\x80\x99t\n\nState Personnel and Pensions\n\nState Pers. & Pens.\n\nTax\xe2\x80\x93General\n\nTax\xe2\x80\x93Gen.\n\nTax\xe2\x80\x93Property\n\nTax\xe2\x80\x93Prop.\n\nTransportation\n\nTransp.\n\nSession laws: Cite to Md. Laws.\nLaws of Maryland\n\n<year> Md. Laws <page no.>\n\nMichie\xe2\x80\x99s Annotated Code of\nMaryland Advance Legislative\nService (LexisNexis)\n\n<year>-<pamph. no.> Md. Code Ann. Adv. Legis. Serv. <page no.>\n(LexisNexis)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Maryland Legislative Service\n\n<year> Md. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nAdministrative compilation\nMd. Code Regs. <reg. no.> (<year>)\n\nCode of Maryland Regulations\nAdministrative register\n\n<vol. no.> Md. Reg. <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nMaryland Register\nMassachusetts\n\nSupreme Judicial Court (Mass.): Cite to N.E., or N.E.2d, N.E.3d..\nNorth Eastern Reporter\n\n1885\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nN.E., N.E.2d, N.E.3d\n\n97 Mass. to date\n\n1867\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nMass.\n\nAllen\n\n1861\xe2\x80\x931867\n\ne.g., 83 Mass. (1 Allen)\n\nGray\n\n1854\xe2\x80\x931860\n\ne.g., 67 Mass. (1 Gray)\n\nCushing\n\n1848\xe2\x80\x931853\n\ne.g., 55 Mass. (1 Cush.)\n\nMetcalf\n\n1840\xe2\x80\x931847\n\ne.g., 42 Mass. (1 Met.)\n\nPickering\n\n1822\xe2\x80\x931839\n\ne.g., 18 Mass. (1 Pick.)\n\nTyng\n\n1805\xe2\x80\x931822\n\ne.g., 2 Mass. (1 Tyng)\n\nWilliams\n\n1804\xe2\x80\x931805\n\n1 Mass. (1 Will.)\n\nMassachusetts Reports\n\nAppeals Court (Mass. App. Ct.): Cite to N.E.2d, N.E.3d.\nNorth Eastern Reporter\n\n1972\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nN.E.2d, N.E.3d\n\nMassachusetts Appeals Court\nReports\n\n1972\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nMass. App. Ct.\n\nLower Courts (Mass. Dist. Ct., Bos. Mun. Ct.): Cite to Mass. App. Div., if found there; else cite to Mass. Supp. or Mass. App.\nDec..\nReports of Massachusetts\n\n1936\xe2\x80\x931950\n\nAppellate Division\n\n1980\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nMass. App. Div.\n\nMassachusetts Reports Supplement\n\n1980\xe2\x80\x931983\n\nMass. Supp.\n\nMassachusetts Appellate Decisions\n\n1941\xe2\x80\x931977\n\nMass. App. Dec.\n\nAppellate Division Advance Sheets\n\n1975\xe2\x80\x931979\n\n<year> Mass. App. Div. Adv. Sh. <page no.>\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to Mass. Gen. Laws.\nGeneral Laws of Massachusetts\n(Mass. Bar Ass\xe2\x80\x99n/West)\n\nMass. Gen. Laws ch. x, \xc2\xa7 x (<year>)\n\nMassachusetts General Laws\nAnnotated (West)\n\nMass. Gen. Laws Ann. ch. x, \xc2\xa7 x (West <year>)\n\nAnnotated Laws of Massachusetts\n(LexisNexis)\n\nMass. Ann. Laws ch. x, \xc2\xa7 x (LexisNexis <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to Mass. Acts.\nActs and Resolves of Massachusetts\n\n<year> Mass. Acts <page no.>\n\nMassachusetts Legislative Service\n(West)\n\n<year> Mass. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n72 of 136\n\nCategory\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n<year>-<pamph. no.> Mass. Adv. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (LexisNexis)\n\nMassachusetts Advance Legislative\nService (LexisNexis)\n\nAdministrative compilations: Cite to official Mass. Code Regs..\nCode of Massachusetts Regulations\n\n<tit. no.> Mass. Code Regs. <sec. no.> (<year>)\n\nCode of Massachusetts Regulations\n(LexisNexis)\n\n<tit. no.> Mass. Code Regs. <sec. no.> (LexisNexis <year>)\n\nAdministrative register\n<iss. no.> Mass. Reg. <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nMassachusetts Register\nMichigan\nSupreme Court (Mich.): Cite to N.W. or N.W.2d.\nNorth Western Reporter\n\n1879\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nN.W., N.W.2d\n\nMichigan Reports\n\n1847\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nMich.\n\nDouglass\n\n1843\xe2\x80\x931847\n\nDoug.\n\nBlume, Unreported Opinions\n\n1836\xe2\x80\x931843\n\nBlume Unrep. Op.\n\nBlume, Supreme Court Transactions 1836\xe2\x80\x931843\n\nBlume Sup. Ct. Trans.\n\nCourt of Appeals (Mich. Ct. App.): Cite to N.W.2d.\nNorth Western Reporter\n\n1965\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nN.W.2d\n\nMichigan Appeals Reports\n\n1965\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nMich. App.\n\nCourt of Claims (Mich. Ct. Cl.): Cite to Mich. Ct. Cl.\nMichigan Court of Claims Reports\n\n1939\xe2\x80\x931942\n\nMich. Ct. Cl.\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to Mich. Comp. Laws.\nMichigan Compiled Laws (1979)\n\nMich. Comp. Laws \xc2\xa7 x.x (<year>)\n\nMichigan Compiled Laws Annotated\n(West)\n\nMich. Comp. Laws Ann. \xc2\xa7 x.x (West <year>)\n\nMichigan Compiled Laws Service\n(LexisNexis)\n\nMich. Comp. Laws Serv. \xc2\xa7 x.x (LexisNexis <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to Mich. Pub. Acts.\nPublic and Local Acts of the\nLegislature of the State of Michigan\n\n<year> Mich. Pub. Acts <page no.>\n\nMichigan Legislative Service (West)\n\n<year> Mich. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nMichigan Advance Legislative\nService (LexisNexis)\n\n<year>-<pamph. no.> Mich. Adv. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (LexisNexis)\n\nAdministrative compilation\nMichigan Administrative Code\n\nMich. Admin. Code r. x.x (<year>)\n\nAdministrative register\n<iss. no.> Mich. Reg. <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nMichigan Register\nMinnesota\nSupreme Court (Minn.): Cite to N.W. or N.W.2d.\nNorth Western Reporter\n\n1879\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nN.W., N.W.2d\n\nMinnesota Reports\n\n1851\xe2\x80\x931977\n\nMinn.\n\nCourt of Appeals (Minn. Ct. App.): Cite to N.W.2d.\nNorth Western Reporter\n\n1983\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nN.W.2d\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to Minn. Stat..\nMinnesota Statutes\n\nMinn. Stat. \xc2\xa7 x.x (<year>)\n\nMinnesota Statutes Annotated (West)\n\nMinn. Stat. Ann. \xc2\xa7 x.x (West <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to Minn. Laws.\nLaws of Minnesota\n\n<year> Minn. Laws <page no.>\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n73 of 136\n\nCategory\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n<year> Minn. Sess. Law Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nMinnesota Session Law Service\n(West)\nAdministrative compilation\n\nMinn. R. <rule no.> (<year>)\n\nMinnesota Rules\nAdministrative register\n\n<vol. no.> Minn. Reg. <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nMinnesota State Register\nMississippi\n\nPublic domain citation format: Mississippi has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after July 1, 1997. See\nMississippi Rules of Appellate Procedure, Rule 28(f). The format is:\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Smith v. Jones, 95-KA-01234-SCT (Miss. 1997)\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Smith v. Jones, 95-KA-01234-SCT (\xc2\xb61) (Miss. 1997)\nSupreme Court (Miss.): Cite to So., So. 2d, or So. 3d.\nSouthern Reporter\n\n1886\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nSo., So. 2d, So. 3d\n\n23 Miss. to 254 Miss.\n\n1851\xe2\x80\x931966\n\nMiss.\n\nSmedes and Marshall\n\n1843\xe2\x80\x931850\n\ne.g., 9 Miss. (1 S. & M.)\n\nHoward\n\n1834\xe2\x80\x931843\n\ne.g., 2 Miss. (1 Howard)\n\nWalker\n\n1818\xe2\x80\x931832\n\n1 Miss. (1 Walker)\n\nMississippi Decisions\n\n1820\xe2\x80\x931885\n\nMiss. Dec.\n\nMississippi Reports\n\nCourt of Appeals (Miss. Ct. App.): Cite to So. 2d or So. 3d.\nSouthern Reporter\n\n1995\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nSo. 2d, So. 3d\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to Miss. Code Ann. (published by LexisNexis).\nMississippi Code 1972 Annotated\n(LexisNexis)\n\nMiss. Code Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x-x (<year>)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Annotated Mississippi Code\n\nMiss. Code Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x-x (West <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to Miss. Laws.\nGeneral Laws of Mississippi\n\n<year> Miss. Laws <page no.>\n\nMississippi General Laws Advance\nSheets (LexisNexis)\n\n<year>-<pamph. no.> Miss. Laws Adv. Sh. <page no.> (LexisNexis)\n\nWest\'s Mississippi Legislative Service\n\n<year> Miss. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nAdministrative compilation\n<tit. no.>-<ch. no.> Miss. Code R. \xc2\xa7 x (LexisNexis <year>)\n\nCode of Mississippi Rules\n(LexisNexis)\nAdministrative register\n\n<iss. no.> Miss. Gov\xe2\x80\x99t Reg. <page no.> (LexisNexis <month year>)\n\nMississippi Government Register\n(LexisNexis)\nMissouri\n\nSupreme Court (Mo.): Cite to S.W., S.W.2d, or S.W.3d.\nSouth Western Reporter\n\n1886\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nS.W., S.W.2d, S.W.3d\n\nMissouri Reports\n\n1821\xe2\x80\x931956\n\nMo.\n\nCourt of Appeals (Mo. Ct. App.): Cite to S.W., S.W.2d, or S.W.3d.\nSouth Western Reporter\n\n1902\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nS.W., S.W.2d, S.W.3d\n\nMissouri Appeals Reports\n\n1876\xe2\x80\x931954\n\nMo. App.\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to Mo. Rev. Stat..\nMissouri Revised Statutes\n\nMo. Rev. Stat. \xc2\xa7 x.x (<year>)\n\nVernon\xe2\x80\x99s Annotated Missouri\nStatutes (West)\n\nMo. Ann. Stat. \xc2\xa7 x.x (West <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to Mo. Laws.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n74 of 136\n\nCategory\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n\nSession Laws of Missouri\n\n<year> Mo. Laws <page no.>\n\nMissouri Legislative Service (West)\n\n<year> Mo. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nAdministrative compilation\nMissouri Code of State Regulations\nAnnotated\n\nMo. Code Regs. Ann. tit. x, \xc2\xa7 x-x.x (<year>)\n\nAdministrative register\n<vol. no.> Mo. Reg. <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nMissouri Register\nMontana\n\nPublic domain citation format: Montana has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after December 31, 1997. See:\n\xe2\x80\xa2 AF 06-0632 (02-25-10) Order In re: Opinion Forms and Citation Standards of the Supreme Court of Montana\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Adoption of Public Domain and Neutral-Format Citation (Dec. 16, 1997)\n\xe2\x80\xa2 AF 07-0064 (01-22-09) Order in the Matter of Amending Citations Standards for the Montana Supreme Court\nThe format is:\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Doe v. Roe, 1998 MT 12, \xc2\xb6\xc2\xb6 44-45, 286 Mont. 175, 989 P.2d 1312\nSupreme Court (Mont.): Cite to P., P.2d, or P.3d.\nPacific Reporter\n\n1883\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nP., P.2d, P.3d\n\nMontana Reports\n\n1868\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nMont.\n\nState Reporter\n\n1945\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nState Rptr.\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to Mont. Code Ann..\nMontana Code Annotated\n\nMont. Code Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x-x (<year>)\n\nWest\'s Montana Code Annotated\n\nMont. Code Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x-x (West <year>)\n\nSession laws\n<year> Mont. Laws <page no.>\n\nLaws of Montana\nAdministrative compilation\n\nMont. Admin. R. <rule no.> (<year>)\n\nAdministrative Rules of Montana\nAdministrative register\n\n<iss. no.> Mont. Admin. Reg. <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nMontana Administrative Register\nNebraska\nSupreme Court (Neb.): Cite to N.W. or N.W.2d.\nNorth Western Reporter\n\n1879\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nN.W., N.W.2d\n\nNebraska Reports\n\n1860\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nNeb.\n\nCourt of Appeals (Neb. Ct. App.): Cite to N.W.2d.\nNorth Western Reporter\n\n1992\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nN.W.2d\n\nNebraska Appellate Reports\n\n1992\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nNeb. App.\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to Neb. Rev. Stat..\nRevised Statutes of Nebraska\n\nNeb. Rev. Stat. \xc2\xa7 x-x (<year>)\n\nRevised Statutes of Nebraska\nAnnotated (LexisNexis)\n\nNeb. Rev. Stat. Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x (LexisNexis <year>)\n\nWest\'s Revised Statutes of Nebraska\nAnnotated\n\nNeb. Rev. Stat. Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x (West <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to Neb. Laws.\nLaws of Nebraska\n\n<year> Neb. Laws <page no.>\n\nWest\'s Nebraska Legislative Service\n\n<year> Neb. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nAdministrative compilation\nNebraska Administrative Code\n\n<tit. no.> Neb. Admin. Code \xc2\xa7 x-x (<year>)\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n75 of 136\n\nCategory\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n\nNevada\nSupreme Court (Nev.): Cite to P., P.2d, or P.3d.\nPacific Reporter\n\n1883\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nP., P.2d, P.3d\n\nNevada Reports\n\n1865\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nNev.\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to Nev. Rev. Stat..\nNevada Revised Statutes\n\nNev. Rev. Stat. \xc2\xa7 x.x (<year>)\n\nMichie\'s Nevada Revised Statutes\nAnnotated (LexisNexis)\n\nNev. Rev. Stat. Ann. \xc2\xa7 x.x (LexisNexis <year>)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Nevada Revised Statutes\nAnnotated\n\nNev. Rev. Stat. Ann. \xc2\xa7 x.x (West <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to Nev. Stat..\nStatutes of Nevada\n\n<year> Nev. Stat. <page no.>\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Nevada Legislative Service\n\n<year> Nev. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nAdministrative compilation\nNevada Administrative Code\n\nNev. Admin. Code \xc2\xa7 x.x (<year>)\n\nAdministrative register\n<vol. no.> Nev. Reg. Admin. Regs. <reg. no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nNevada Register of Administrative\nRegulations\nNew Hampshire\nSupreme Court (N.H.): Cite to A., A.2d, or A.3d.\nAtlantic Reporter\n\n1885\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nA., A.2d, A.3d\n\nNew Hampshire Reports\n\n1816\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nN.H.\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. (published by West).\nNew Hampshire Revised Statutes\nAnnotated (West)\n\nN.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. \xc2\xa7 x:x (<year>)\n\nLexis New Hampshire Revised\nStatutes Annotated\n\nN.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. \xc2\xa7 x:x (LexisNexis <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to N.H. Laws or N.H. Legis. Serv..\nLaws of the State of New Hampshire\n(West)\n\n<year> N.H. Laws <page no.>\n\nNew Hampshire Legislative Service\n(West)\n\n<year> N.H. Legis. Serv. <page no.>\n\nLexis New Hampshire Revised\nStatutes Annotated <year> Advance\nLegislative Service (LexisNexis)\n\n<year>-<pamph. no.> N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. Adv. Legis. Serv. <page no.>\n(LexisNexis)\n\nAdministrative compilations: Cite to N.H. Code Admin. R. Ann..\nNew Hampshire Code of\nAdministrative Rules Annotated\n(LexisNexis)\n\nN.H. Code Admin. R. Ann. <dep\'t name as abbreviated in Rules>\n<rule no.> (<year>)\n\nCode of New Hampshire Rules\n(LexisNexis)\n\nN.H. Code R. <dep\'t name as abbreviated in Rules> <rule no.>\n(LexisNexis <year>)\n\nAdministrative registers: Cite to N.H. Rulemaking Reg..\nNew Hampshire Rulemaking\nRegister\n\n<vol. no.> N.H. Rulemaking Reg. <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nNew Hampshire Government\nRegister (LexisNexis)\n\n<iss. no.> N.H. Gov\xe2\x80\x99t Reg. <page no.> (LexisNexis <month year>)\n\nNew Jersey\nSupreme Court (N.J.), previously Court of Errors and Appeals (N.J.): Cite to A., A.2d, or A.3d.\nAtlantic Reporter\n\n1885\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nA., A.2d, A.3d\n\nNew Jersey Reports\n\n1948\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nN.J.\n\nNew Jersey Law Reports\n\n1790\xe2\x80\x931948\n\nN.J.L.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n76 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nCategory\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n\nNew Jersey Equity Reports\n\n1845\xe2\x80\x931948\n\nN.J. Eq.\n\nNew Jersey Miscellaneous Reports\n\n1923\xe2\x80\x931948\n\nN.J. Misc.\n\nSuperior Court (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div., N.J. Super. Ct. Ch. Div., N.J. Super. Ct. Law Div.), previously Court of Chancery\n(N.J. Ch.), Supreme Court (N.J. Sup. Ct.), and Prerogative Court (N.J. Prerog. Ct.): Cite to A., A.2d, or A.3d.\nAtlantic Reporter\n\n1885\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nA., A.2d, A.3d\n\nNew Jersey Superior Court Reports\n\n1948\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nN.J. Super.\n\nNew Jersey Law Reports\n\n1790\xe2\x80\x931948\n\nN.J.L.\n\nNew Jersey Equity Reports\n\n1830\xe2\x80\x931948\n\nN.J. Eq.\n\nNew Jersey Miscellaneous Reports\n\n1923\xe2\x80\x931948\n\nN.J. Misc.\n\nCounty Court (e.g., Essex County Ct.) and other lower courts: Cite to A.2d.\nTax Court (N.J. Tax Ct.): Cite to N.J. Tax.\nNew Jersey Tax Court Reports\n\n1979\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nN.J. Tax\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to N.J. Stat. Ann..\nNew Jersey Statutes Annotated\n(West)\n\nN.J. Stat. Ann. \xc2\xa7 x:x (West <year>)\n\nNew Jersey Revised Statutes (2013)\n\nN.J. Rev. Stat. \xc2\xa7 x:x (<year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to N.J. Laws.\nLaws of New Jersey\n\n<year> N.J. Laws <page no.>\n\nNew Jersey Session Law Service\n(West)\n\n<year> N.J. Sess. Law Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nAdministrative compilation\nNew Jersey Administrative Code\n(LexisNexis)\n\nN.J. Admin. Code \xc2\xa7 x:x-x.x (<year>)\n\nAdministrative register\n<vol. no.> N.J. Reg. <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nNew Jersey Register (LexisNexis)\nAdministrative report\nNew Jersey Administrative Reports\n\n1979\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nN.J. Admin., N.J. Admin. 2d\n\nNew Mexico\nPublic domain citation format: New Mexico has adopted a public domain citation format for cases effective July 1, 2013. See\nNew Mexico Supreme Court Rule 23-112 (effective June 4, 2004). The format is:\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Bianco v. Horror One Prods., 2009-NMSC-006, \xc2\xb6 10, 145 N.M. 551.\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Bianco v. Horror One Prods., 2009-NMSC-006, \xc2\xb6 10, 145 N.M. 551, 202 P.3d 810.\n\xe2\x80\xa2 State v. Dickert, 2012-NMCA-004, \xc2\xb6 28.\n\xe2\x80\xa2 State v. Dickert, 2012-NMCA-004, \xc2\xb6 28, 268 P.3d 515.\nSupreme Court (N.M.): Cite to P., P.2d, or P.3d.\nPacific Reporter\n\n1883\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nP., P.2d, P.3d\n\nNew Mexico Reports\n\n1852\xe2\x80\x932012\n\nN.M.\n\nCourt of Appeals (N.M. Ct. App.): Cite to P.2d or P.3d.\nPacific Reporter\n\n1967\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nP.2d, P.3d\n\nNew Mexico Reports\n\n1967\xe2\x80\x932012\n\nN.M.\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to N.M. Stat. Ann..\nNew Mexico Statutes Annotated 1978\n(Conway Greene)\n\nN.M. Stat. Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x-x (<year>)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s New Mexico Statutes\nAnnotated\n\nN.M. Stat. Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x-x (West <year>)\n\nMichie\'s Annotated Statutes of New\nMexico (LexisNexis)\n\nN.M. Stat. Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x-x (LexisNexis <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to N.M. Laws.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n77 of 136\n\nCategory\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n\nLaws of the State of New Mexico\n\n<year> N.M. Laws <page no.>\n\nNew Mexico Advance Legislative\nService (Conway Greene)\n\n<year> N.M. Adv. Legis. Serv. <page no.>\n\nWest\'s New Mexico Legislative\nService\n\n<year> N.M. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nAdministrative compilation\nN.M. Code R. \xc2\xa7 x.x.x.x (LexisNexis <year>)\n\nCode of New Mexico Rules\n(LexisNexis)\nAdministrative register\n\n<vol. no.> N.M. Reg. <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nNew Mexico Register\nNew York\n\nCourt of Appeals (N.Y.) after 1847: Cite to N.E., N.E.2d, or N.E.3d.\nNorth Eastern Reporter\n\n1885\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nN.E., N.E.2d, N.E.3d\n\nNew York Reports (The first series of 1847\xe2\x80\x93date\nN.Y. is reprinted in N.Y.S. and\nN.Y.S.2d without separate\npagination. Do not include a parallel\ncite to N.Y.S. or N.Y.S.2d in citations\nto the first series of N.Y.)\n\nN.Y., N.Y.2d\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s New York Supplement\n\nN.Y.S.2d\n\n1956\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nCourt for the Correction of Errors (N.Y.) and Supreme Court of Judicature (N.Y. Sup. Ct.) (highest state courts of law before\n1847): Cite to one of the following reporters.\nLockwood\xe2\x80\x99s Reversed Cases\n\n1799\xe2\x80\x931847\n\nLock. Rev. Cas.\n\nDenio\xe2\x80\x99s Reports\n\n1845\xe2\x80\x931848\n\nDenio\n\nHill and Denio Supplement (Lalor)\n\n1842\xe2\x80\x931844\n\nHill & Den.\n\nHill\xe2\x80\x99s Reports\n\n1841\xe2\x80\x931844\n\nHill\n\nEdmond\xe2\x80\x99s Select Cases\n\n1834\xe2\x80\x931853\n\nEdm. Sel. Cas.\n\nYates\xe2\x80\x99 Select Cases\n\n1809\n\nYates Sel. Cas.\n\nAnthon\xe2\x80\x99s Nisi Prius Cases\n\n1807\xe2\x80\x931851\n\nAnt. N.P. Cas.\n\nWendell\xe2\x80\x99s Reports\n\n1828\xe2\x80\x931841\n\nWend.\n\nCowen\xe2\x80\x99s Reports\n\n1823\xe2\x80\x931829\n\nCow.\n\nJohnson\xe2\x80\x99s Reports\n\n1806\xe2\x80\x931823\n\nJohns.\n\nCaines\xe2\x80\x99 Reports\n\n1803\xe2\x80\x931805\n\nCai.\n\nCaines\xe2\x80\x99 Cases\n\n1796\xe2\x80\x931805\n\nCai. Cas.\n\nColeman & Caines\xe2\x80\x99 Cases\n\n1794\xe2\x80\x931805\n\nCole. & Cai. Cas.\n\nJohnson\xe2\x80\x99s Cases\n\n1799\xe2\x80\x931803\n\nJohns. Cas.\n\nColeman\xe2\x80\x99s Cases\n\n1791\xe2\x80\x931800\n\nCole. Cas.\n\nCourt of Chancery (N.Y. Ch.) (highest state court of equity before 1848): Cite to one of the following reporters.\nEdwards\xe2\x80\x99 Chancery Reports\n\n1831\xe2\x80\x931850\n\nEdw. Ch.\n\nBarbour\xe2\x80\x99s Chancery Reports\n\n1845\xe2\x80\x931848\n\nBarb. Ch.\n\nSandford\xe2\x80\x99s Chancery Reports\n\n1843\xe2\x80\x931847\n\nSand. Ch.\n\nSaratoga Chancery Sentinel\n\n1841\xe2\x80\x931847\n\nSarat. Ch. Sent.\n\nPaige\xe2\x80\x99s Chancery Reports\n\n1828\xe2\x80\x931845\n\nPaige Ch.\n\nClarke\xe2\x80\x99s Chancery Reports\n\n1839\xe2\x80\x931841\n\nCl. Ch.\n\nHoffman\xe2\x80\x99s Chancery Reports\n\n1839\xe2\x80\x931840\n\nHoff. Ch.\n\nHopkins\xe2\x80\x99 Chancery Reports\n\n1823\xe2\x80\x931826\n\nHopk. Ch.\n\nLansing\xe2\x80\x99s Chancery Reports\n\n1824\xe2\x80\x931826\n\nLans. Ch.\n\nJohnson\xe2\x80\x99s Chancery Reports\n\n1814\xe2\x80\x931823\n\nJohns. Ch.\n\nNew York Chancery Reports\nAnnotated\n\n1814\xe2\x80\x931847\n\nN.Y. Ch. Ann.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n78 of 136\n\nCategory\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n\nSupreme Court, Appellate Division (N.Y. App. Div.), previously Supreme Court, General Term (N.Y. Gen. Term): Cite to\nN.Y.S. or N.Y.S.2d.\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s New York Supplement\n\n1888\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nN.Y.S., N.Y.S.2d\n\nAppellate Division Reports\n\n1896\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nA.D., A.D.2d, A.D.3d\n\nSupreme Court Reports\n\n1874\xe2\x80\x931896\n\nN.Y. Sup. Ct.\n\nLansing\xe2\x80\x99s Reports\n\n1869\xe2\x80\x931873\n\nLans.\n\nBarbour\xe2\x80\x99s Supreme Court Reports\n\n1847\xe2\x80\x931877\n\nBarb.\n\nOther lower courts (e.g., N.Y. App. Term, N.Y. Sup. Ct., N.Y. Ct. Cl., N.Y. Civ. Ct., N.Y. Crim. Ct., N.Y. Fam. Ct.): Cite to N.Y.S.\nor N.Y.S.2d.\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s New York Supplement\n\n1888\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nN.Y.S., N.Y.S.2d\n\nNew York Miscellaneous Reports\n\n1892\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nMisc., Misc. 2d\n\nOther lower courts before 1888: Cite to one of the following reporters.\nAbbott\xe2\x80\x99s New Cases\n\n1876\xe2\x80\x931894\n\nAbb. N. Cas.\n\nAbbott\xe2\x80\x99s Practice Reports\n\n1854\xe2\x80\x931875\n\nAbb. Pr., Abb. Pr. (n.s.)\n\nHoward\xe2\x80\x99s Practice Reports\n\n1844\xe2\x80\x931886\n\nHow. Pr., How. Pr. (n.s.)\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to one of the following sources.\nMcKinney\xe2\x80\x99s Consolidated Laws of\nNew York Annotated (West)\n\nN.Y. <subject> Law \xc2\xa7 x (McKinney <year>)\n\nNew York Consolidated Laws\nService (LexisNexis)\n\nN.Y. <subject> Law \xc2\xa7 x (Consol. <year>)\n\nNew York Consolidated Laws\nUnannotated (LexisNexis)\n\nN.Y. <subject> Law \xc2\xa7 x (LexisNexis <year>)\n\nAbandoned Property\n\nAband. Prop.\n\nAgricultural Conservation\n\nAgric. Conserv.\n\nAgriculture and Markets\n\nAgric. & Mkts.\n\nAlcoholic Beverage Control\n\nAlco. Bev. Cont.\n\nAlternative County Government\n\nAlt. County Gov\xe2\x80\x99t\n\nArts and Cultural Affairs\n\nArts & Cult. Aff.\n\nBanking\n\nBanking\n\nBenevolent Orders\n\nBen. Ord.\n\nBusiness Corporation\n\nBus. Corp.\n\nCanal\n\nCanal\n\nCivil Practice Law and Rules\n\nN.Y. C.P.L.R. <rule no.> (McKinney <year>)\nor:\nN.Y. C.P.L.R. <rule no.> (Consol. <year>)\n\nCivil Rights\n\nCiv. Rights\n\nCivil Service\n\nCiv. Serv.\n\nCommerce\n\nCom.\n\nCooperative Corporations\n\nCoop. Corp.\n\nCorrection\n\nCorrect.\n\nCounty\n\nCounty\n\nCriminal Procedure\n\nCrim. Proc.\n\nDebtor and Creditor\n\nDebt. & Cred.\n\nDomestic Relations\n\nDom. Rel.\n\nEconomic Development\n\nEcon. Dev.\n\nEducation\n\nEduc.\n\nElder\n\nElder\n\nElection\n\nElec.\n\nEminent Domain Procedure\n\nEm. Dom. Proc.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n79 of 136\n\nCategory\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n\nEmployers\xe2\x80\x99 Liability\n\nEmpl\xe2\x80\x99rs Liab.\n\nEnergy\n\nEnergy\n\nEnvironmental Conservation\n\nEnvtl. Conserv.\n\nEstates, Powers and Trusts\n\nEst. Powers & Trusts\n\nExecutive\n\nExec.\n\nFinancial Services\n\nFin. Serv.\n\nGeneral Associations\n\nGen. Ass\xe2\x80\x99ns\n\nGeneral Business\n\nGen. Bus.\n\nGeneral City\n\nGen. City\n\nGeneral Construction\n\nGen. Constr.\n\nGeneral Municipal\n\nGen. Mun.\n\nGeneral Obligations\n\nGen. Oblig.\n\nHighway\n\nHigh.\n\nIndian\n\nIndian\n\nInsurance\n\nIns.\n\nJudiciary\n\nJud.\n\nJudiciary Court Acts\n\nJud. Ct. Acts\n\nLabor\n\nLab.\n\nLegislative\n\nLegis.\n\nLien\n\nLien\n\nLimited Liability Company\n\nLtd. Liab. Co.\n\nLocal Finance\n\nLocal Fin.\n\nMental Hygiene\n\nMental Hyg.\n\nMilitary\n\nMil.\n\nMultiple Dwelling\n\nMult. Dwell.\n\nMultiple Residence\n\nMult. Resid.\n\nMunicipal Home Rule and Statute of Local\nGovernments\n\nMun. Home Rule\n\nNavigation\n\nNav.\n\nNot-for-Profit Corporation\n\nNot-for-Profit Corp.\n\nOptional County Government\n\nOpt. Cty. Gov\xe2\x80\x99t\n\nParks, Recreation and Historic Preservation\n\nParks Rec. & Hist. Preserv.\n\nPartnership\n\nP\xe2\x80\x99ship\n\nPenal\n\nPenal\n\nPersonal Property\n\nPers. Prop.\n\nPrivate Housing Finance\n\nPriv. Hous. Fin.\n\nPublic Authorities\n\nPub. Auth.\n\nPublic Buildings\n\nPub. Bldgs.\n\nPublic Health\n\nPub. Health\n\nPublic Housing\n\nPub. Hous.\n\nPublic Lands\n\nPub. Lands\n\nPublic Officers\n\nPub. Off.\n\nPublic Service\n\nPub. Serv.\n\nRacing, Pari-Mutuel Wagering and Breeding\n\nRac. Pari-Mut. Wag. & Breed.\n\nRailroad\n\nR.R.\n\nRapid Transit\n\nRapid Trans.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n80 of 136\n\nCategory\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n\nReal Property\n\nReal Prop.\n\nReal Property Actions and Proceedings\n\nReal Prop. Acts.\n\nReal Property Tax\n\nReal Prop. Tax\n\nReligious Corporations\n\nRelig. Corp.\n\nRetirement and Social Security\n\nRetire. & Soc. Sec.\n\nRural Electric Cooperative\n\nRural Elec. Coop.\n\nSecond Class Cities\n\nSecond Class Cities\n\nSocial Services\n\nSoc. Serv.\n\nSoil and Water Conservation Districts\n\nSoil & Water Conserv. Dist.\n\nState\n\nState\n\nState Administrative Procedure Act\n\nA.P.A.\n\nState Finance\n\nState Fin.\n\nState Printing and Public Documents\n\nState Print. & Pub. Docs.\n\nState Technology\n\nState Tech.\n\nStatutes\n\nStat.\n\nSurrogate\xe2\x80\x99s Court Procedure Act\n\nSurr. Ct. Proc. Act\n\nTax\n\nTax\n\nTown\n\nTown\n\nTransportation\n\nTransp.\n\nTransportation Corporations\n\nTransp. Corp.\n\nUnconsolidated\n\nUnconsol.\n\nUniform Commercial Code\n\nU.C.C.\n\nVehicle and Traffic\n\nVeh. & Traf.\n\nVillage\n\nVillage\n\nVolunteer Ambulance Workers\xe2\x80\x99 Benefit\n\nVol. Ambul. Workers\xe2\x80\x99 Ben.\n\nVolunteer Firefighters\xe2\x80\x99 Benefit\n\nVol. Fire. Ben.\n\nWorkers\xe2\x80\x99 Compensation\n\nWorkers\xe2\x80\x99 Comp.\n\nUncompiled laws: Cite to one of the following sources. For the user\xe2\x80\x99s convenience, the McKinney\xe2\x80\x99s volume in which the law\nappears is indicated parenthetically below.\nMcKinney\xe2\x80\x99s Consolidated Laws\n\nN.Y. <law> \xc2\xa7 x (McKinney <year>)\n\nConsolidated Laws Service\n\nN.Y. <law> \xc2\xa7 x (Consol. <year>)\n\nLexisNexis New York Consolidated\nLaws Unannotated\n\nN.Y. <law> \xc2\xa7 x (LexisNexis <year>)\n\nNew York City Civil Court Act (29A)\n\nCity Civ. Ct. Act\n\nNew York City Criminal Court Act\n(29A)\n\nCity Crim. Ct. Act\n\nCode of Criminal Procedure (11A)\n\nCode Crim. Proc.\n\nCourt of Claims Act (29A)\n\nCt. Cl. Act\n\nFamily Court Act (29A)\n\nFam. Ct. Act\n\nUniform City Court Act (29A)\n\nUniform City Ct. Act\n\nUniform District Court Act (29A)\n\nUniform Dist. Ct. Act\n\nUniform Justice Court Act (29A)\n\nUniform Just. Ct. Act\n\nSession laws: Cite to official N.Y. Laws, if found there; else, cite to N.Y. Sess. Laws.\nLaws of New York\n\n<year> N.Y. Laws <page no.>\n\nMcKinney\'s Session Laws of New\nYork (West) (McKinney)\n\n<year> N.Y. Sess. Laws <page no.>\n\nNew York Consolidated Laws\nService\n\n<year>-<pamph. no.> N.Y. Consol. Laws Adv.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n81 of 136\n\nCategory\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\nLegis. Serv. <page no.> (LexisNexis)\n\nAdvance Legislative Service\n(LexisNexis)\nAdministrative compilation\nOfficial Compilation of Codes, Rules\n& Regulations of the State of New\nYork (West)\n\nN.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. x, \xc2\xa7 x (<year>)\n\nAdministrative register\n<vol. no.> N.Y. Reg. <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nNew York State Register\nNorth Carolina\nSupreme Court (N.C.): Cite to S.E. or S.E.2d.\nSouth Eastern Reporter\n\n1887\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nS.E., S.E.2d\n\n63 N.C. to date\n\n1868\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nN.C.\n\nPhillips\xe2\x80\x99 Equity\n\n1866\xe2\x80\x931868\n\n62 N.C. (Phil. Eq.)\n\nPhillips\xe2\x80\x99 Law\n\n1866\xe2\x80\x931868\n\n61 N.C. (Phil.)\n\nWinston\n\n1863\xe2\x80\x931864\n\n60 N.C. (Win.)\n\nJones\xe2\x80\x99 Equity (54\xe2\x80\x9359)\n\n1853\xe2\x80\x931863\n\ne.g., 54 N.C. (1 Jones Eq.)\n\nJones\xe2\x80\x99 Law (46\xe2\x80\x9353)\n\n1853\xe2\x80\x931862\n\ne.g., 46 N.C. (1 Jones)\n\nBusbee\xe2\x80\x99s Equity\n\n1852\xe2\x80\x931853\n\n45 N.C. (Busb. Eq.)\n\nBusbee\xe2\x80\x99s Law\n\n1852\xe2\x80\x931853\n\n44 N.C. (Busb.)\n\nIredell\xe2\x80\x99s Equity (36\xe2\x80\x9343)\n\n1840\xe2\x80\x931852\n\ne.g., 36 N.C. (1 Ired. Eq.)\n\nIredell\xe2\x80\x99s Law (23\xe2\x80\x9335)\n\n1840\xe2\x80\x931852\n\ne.g., 23 N.C. (1 Ired.)\n\nDevereux & Battle\xe2\x80\x99s Equity (21\xe2\x80\x9322)\n\n1834\xe2\x80\x931839\n\ne.g., 21 N.C. (1 Dev. & Bat. Eq.)\n\nDevereux & Battle\xe2\x80\x99s Law (18\xe2\x80\x9320)\n\n1834\xe2\x80\x931839\n\ne.g., 20 N.C. (3 & 4 Dev. & Bat.)\n\nDevereux\xe2\x80\x99s Equity (16\xe2\x80\x9317)\n\n1826\xe2\x80\x931834\n\ne.g., 16 N.C. (1 Dev. Eq.)\n\nDevereux\xe2\x80\x99s Law (12\xe2\x80\x9315)\n\n1826\xe2\x80\x931834\n\ne.g., 12 N.C. (1 Dev.)\n\nHawks (8\xe2\x80\x9311)\n\n1820\xe2\x80\x931826\n\ne.g., 8 N.C. (1 Hawks)\n\nMurphey (5\xe2\x80\x937)\n\n1804\xe2\x80\x931813\n1818\xe2\x80\x931819\n\ne.g., 5 N.C. (1 Mur.)\n\nTaylor\xe2\x80\x99s North Carolina Term\nReports\n\n1816\xe2\x80\x931818\n\n4 N.C. (Taylor)\n\nCarolina Law Repository\n\n1813\xe2\x80\x931816\n\n4 N.C. (Car. L. Rep.)\n\nHaywood (2\xe2\x80\x933)\n\n1789\xe2\x80\x931806\n\ne.g., 2 N.C. (1 Hayw.)\n\nConference by Cameron &\nNorwood\n\n1800\xe2\x80\x931804\n\n1 N.C. (Cam. & Nor.)\n\nTaylor\n\n1798\xe2\x80\x931802\n\n1 N.C. (Tay.)\n\nMartin\n\n1778\xe2\x80\x931797\n\n1 N.C. (Mart.)\n\nNorth Carolina Reports\n\nCourt of Appeals (N.C. Ct. App.): Cite to S.E.2d.\nSouth Eastern Reporter\n\n1968\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nS.E.2d\n\nNorth Carolina Court of Appeals\nReports\n\n1968\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nN.C. App.\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to N.C. Gen. Stat. (published by LexisNexis).\nGeneral Statutes of North Carolina\n(LexisNexis)\n\nN.C. Gen. Stat. \xc2\xa7 x-x (<year>)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s North Carolina General\nStatutes Annotated\n\nN.C. Gen. Stat. Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x (West <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to N.C. Sess. Laws.\nSession Laws of North Carolina\n\n<year> N.C. Sess. Laws <page no.>\n\nNorth Carolina <year> Advance\nLegislative Service (LexisNexis)\n\n<year>-<pamph. no.> N.C. Adv. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (LexisNexis)\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n82 of 136\n\nCategory\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n<year> N.C. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nNorth Carolina Legislative Service\n(West)\nAdministrative compilation\n\n<tit. no.> N.C. Admin. Code <rule no.> (<year>)\n\nNorth Carolina Administrative Code\n(West)\nAdministrative register\n\n<vol. no.> N.C. Reg. <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nNorth Carolina Register (LexisNexis)\nNorth Dakota\n\nPublic Domain Citation Format: North Dakota has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after December 31,\n1996. See North Dakota Rules of Court, Rule 11.6. The format is:\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Smith v. Jones, 1997 ND 15\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Smith v. Jones, 1997 ND 15, 600 N.W.2d 900\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Smith v. Jones, 1997 ND 15, \xc2\xb6 21\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Smith v. Jones, 1997 ND 15, \xc2\xb6 21, 600 N.W.2d 900\nSupreme Court (N.D.): Cite to N.W. or N.W.2d.\nNorth Western Reporter\n\n1890\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nN.W., N.W.2d\n\nNorth Dakota Reports\n\n1890\xe2\x80\x931953\n\nN.D.\n\nSupreme Court of Dakota (Dakota): Cite to N.W..\nNorth Western Reporter\n\n1879\xe2\x80\x931889\n\nN.W.\n\nDakota Reports\n\n1867\xe2\x80\x931889\n\nDakota\n\nCourt of Appeals of North Dakota (N.D. Ct. App.): Cite to N.W.2d.\nNorth Western Reporter\n\n1987\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nN.W.2d\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to N.D. Cent. Code.\nNorth Dakota Century Code\n(LexisNexis)\n\nN.D. Cent. Code \xc2\xa7 x-x-x (<year>)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s North Dakota Century Code\nAnnotated\n\nN.D. Cent. Code Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x-x (West <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to N.D. Laws.\nLaws of North Dakota\n\n<year> N.D. Laws <page no.>\n\nNorth Dakota Century Code <year>\nAdvance Legislative Service\n(LexisNexis)\n\n<year>-<pamph. no.> N.D. Cent. Code Adv. Legis. Serv. <page no.>\n(LexisNexis)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s North Dakota Legislative\nService\n\n<year> N.D. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nAdministrative compilation\nN.D. Admin. Code <rule no.> (<year>)\n\nNorth Dakota Administrative Code\nOhio\n\nPublic Domain Citation Format: Ohio has adopted a public domain citation format for cases decided after April 30, 2002.\nSee Supreme Court of Ohio Writing Manual (2d ed. 2013). The format is:\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Bonacorsi v. Wheeling & Lake Erie Ry. Co., 95 Ohio St.3d 314, 2002-Ohio-2220, 767 N.E.2d 707, \xc2\xb6 15\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Bowling Green v. Godwin, 110 Ohio St.3d 58, 2006-Ohio-3563, 850 N.E.2d 698, \xc2\xb6 13, fn. 1\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Byer v. Wright, 160 Ohio App.3d 472, 2005-Ohio-1797, 827 N.E.2d 835 (11th Dist.)\nSupreme Court (Ohio): Cite to N.E., N.E.2d, or N.E.3d.\nNorth Eastern Reporter\n\n1885\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nN.E., N.E.2d, N.E.3d\n\nOhio State Reports\n\n1852\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nOhio St., Ohio St. 2d, Ohio St. 3d\n\nOhio Reports\n\n1821\xe2\x80\x931851\n\nOhio\n\nWilcox\xe2\x80\x99s Condensed Reports\n\n1821\xe2\x80\x931831\n\nWilc. Cond. Rep.\n\nWright\n\n1831\xe2\x80\x931834\n\nWright\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n83 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nCategory\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n\nOhio Unreported Cases\n\n1809\xe2\x80\x931899\n\nOhio Unrep. Cas.\n\nCourt of Appeals (Ohio Ct. App.): Cite to N.E., N.E.2d, or N.E.3d.\nNorth Eastern Reporter\n\n1926\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nN.E., N.E.2d, N.E.3d\n\nOhio Appellate Reports\n\n1913\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nOhio App., Ohio App. 2d, Ohio App. 3d\n\nOhio Circuit Court Reports\n\n1914\xe2\x80\x931917\n\nOhio C.C.\n\nOhio Courts of Appeals Reports\n\n1916\xe2\x80\x931922\n\nOhio Ct. App.\n\nOther law courts: Cite to N.E., N.E.2d, or N.E.3d, if found there; else, cite to another reporter in the following order of\npreference.\nNorth Eastern Reporter\n\n1926\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nN.E., N.E.2d, N.E.3d\n\nOhio Miscellaneous Reports\n\n1962\xe2\x80\x932012\n\nOhio Misc., Ohio Misc. 2d\n\nOhio Bar Reports\n\n1982\xe2\x80\x931987\n\nOhio B.\n\nOhio Opinions\n\n1934\xe2\x80\x931982\n\nOhio Op., Ohio Op. 2d, Ohio Op. 3d\n\nOhio Law Abstract\n\n1922\xe2\x80\x931964\n\nOhio Law Abs.\n\nOhio Nisi Prius Reports\n\n1903\xe2\x80\x931934\n\nOhio N.P., Ohio N.P. (n.s.)\n\nOhio Decisions\n\n1894\xe2\x80\x931921\n\nOhio Dec.\n\nOhio Decisions, Reprint\n\n1840\xe2\x80\x931893\n\nOhio Dec. Reprint\n\nOhio Circuit Decisions\n\n1885\xe2\x80\x931923\n\nOhio Cir. Dec.\n\nOhio Circuit Court Decisions\n\n1901\xe2\x80\x931923\n\ne.g., 13-23 Ohio C.C. Dec.\n\nOhio Circuit Court Reports\n\n1885\xe2\x80\x931901\n\nOhio C.C.\n\nOhio Law Bulletin\n\n1876\xe2\x80\x931921\n\nOhio L. Bull.\n\nOhio Circuit Court Reports, New\nSeries\n\n1903\xe2\x80\x931917\n\nOhio C.C. (n.s.)\n\nOhio Law Reporter\n\n1903\xe2\x80\x931934\n\nOhio L.R.\n\nTappen\xe2\x80\x99s Reports\n\n1816\xe2\x80\x931819\n\nTapp. Rep.\n\nAnderson\xe2\x80\x99s Unreported Ohio\nAppellate Cases\n\n1990\n\nOhio App. Unrep.\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to one of the following codes.\nPage\xe2\x80\x99s Ohio Revised Code\nAnnotated (LexisNexis)\n\nOhio Rev. Code Ann. \xc2\xa7 x.x (LexisNexis <year>)\n\nBaldwin\xe2\x80\x99s Ohio Revised Code\nAnnotated (West)\n\nOhio Rev. Code Ann. \xc2\xa7 x.x (West <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to Ohio Laws.\nState of Ohio: Legislative Acts Passed and Joint Resolutions Adopted <year> Ohio Laws <page no.>\nPage\xe2\x80\x99s Ohio Legislative Bulletin\n(LexisNexis)\n\n<year> Ohio Legis. Bull. <page no.> (LexisNexis)\n\nBaldwin\xe2\x80\x99s Ohio Legislative Service\nAnnotated (West)\n\n<year> Ohio Legis. Serv. Ann. <page no.> (West)\n\nAdministrative compilation\nOhio Admin. Code <rule no.> (<year>)\n\nBaldwin\'s Ohio Administrative Code\n(West)\n\nAdministrative and executive registers: Cite to one of the following registers.\nBaldwin\'s Ohio Monthly Record\n\n1977\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nOhio Monthly Rec. <page no.> (<month year>)\n\nOhio Government Reports\n\n1965\xe2\x80\x931976\n\nOhio Gov\xe2\x80\x99t <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nOhio Department Reports\n\n1914\xe2\x80\x931964\n\nOhio Dep\xe2\x80\x99t <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nOklahoma\nPublic domain citation format: Oklahoma has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after May 1, 1997. See\nOklahoma Supreme Court Rule 1.200(f) and Oklahoma Criminal Appeals Rule 3.5(c). The format is:\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Skinner v. Braum\xe2\x80\x99s Ice Cream Store, 1995 OK 11, 890 P.2d 922\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Skinner v. Braum\xe2\x80\x99s Ice Cream Store, 1995 OK 11, \xc2\xb69, 890 P.2d 922\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n84 of 136\n\nCategory\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Hunter v. State, 1953 OK CR 155, 97 Okl.Cr. 402, 264 P.2d 997\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Robinson v. State, 1997 OK CR 24, \xc2\xb6 3, 68 OBJ 1379, 1381\nSupreme Court (Okla.): Cite to P., P.2d, or P.3d.\nPacific Reporter\n\n1890\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nP., P.2d, P.3d\n\nOklahoma Reports\n\n1890\xe2\x80\x931953\n\nOkla.\n\nCourt of Appeals of Indian Territory (Indian Terr.): Cite to S.W..\nSouth Western Reporter\n\n1896\xe2\x80\x931907\n\nS.W.\n\nIndian Territory Reports\n\n1896\xe2\x80\x931907\n\nIndian Terr.\n\nCourt of Criminal Appeals (Okla. Crim. App.), before 1959 Criminal Court of Appeals (Okla. Crim. App.): Cite to P., P.2d, or\nP.3d.\nPacific Reporter\n\n1908\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nP., P.2d, P.3d\n\nOklahoma Criminal Reports\n\n1908\xe2\x80\x931953\n\nOkla. Crim.\n\nCourt of Civil Appeals (Okla. Civ. App.): Cite to P.2d or P.3d.\nPacific Reporter\n\n1971\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nP.2d, P.3d\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to Okla. Stat..\nOklahoma Statutes (West)\n\nOkla. Stat. tit. x, \xc2\xa7 x (<year>)\n\nOklahoma Statutes Annotated (West)\n\nOkla. Stat. Ann. tit. x, \xc2\xa7 x (West <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to Okla. Sess. Laws.\nOklahoma Session Laws (West)\n\n<year> Okla. Sess. Laws <page no.>\n\nOklahoma Session Law Service\n(West)\n\n<year> Okla. Sess. Law Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nAdministrative compilation\nOklahoma Administrative Code\n\nOkla. Admin. Code \xc2\xa7 x:x-x-x (<year>)\n\nAdministrative registers: Cite to one of the following sources.\nOklahoma Register 1983\xe2\x80\x93date\n\n<vol. no.> Okla. Reg. <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nOklahoma Gazette 1962\xe2\x80\x931983\n\n<vol. no.> Okla. Gaz. <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nOregon\nSupreme Court (Or.): Cite to P., P.2d, or P.3d.\nPacific Reporter\n\n1883\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nP., P.2d, P.3d\n\nOregon Reports\n\n1853\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nOr.\n\nCourt of Appeals (Or. Ct. App.): Cite to P.2d or P.3d.\nPacific Reporter\n\n1969\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nP.2d, P.3d\n\nOregon Reports, Court of Appeals\n\n1969\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nOr. App.\n\n1962\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nOr. Tax\n\nTax Court (Or. T.C.): Cite to Or. Tax.\nOregon Tax Reports\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to Or. Rev. Stat..\nOregon Revised Statutes\n\nOr. Rev. Stat. \xc2\xa7 x.x (<year>)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Oregon Revised Statutes\nAnnotated\n\nOr. Rev. Stat. Ann. \xc2\xa7 x.x (West <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to Or. Laws. When citing statutes repealed during or after 1953, indicate parenthetically the former Or.\nRev. Stat. sections.\nOregon Laws and Resolutions\n\n<year> Or. Laws <page no.>\n<year> Or. Laws Spec. Sess. <page no.>\n<year> Or. Laws Adv. Sh. No. x, <page no.>\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Oregon Legislative Service\n\n<year> Or. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nAdministrative compilation\nOregon Administrative Rules\n\nOr. Admin. R. <rule no.> (<year>)\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n85 of 136\n\nCategory\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n\nAdministrative register\n<vol. no.> Or. Bull. <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nOregon Bulletin\nPennsylvania\nSupreme Court (Pa.): Cite to A., A.2d, or A.3d.\nAtlantic Reporter\n\n1885\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nA., A.2d, A.3d\n\nPennsylvania State Reports\n\n1845\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nPa.\n\nMonaghan\n\n1888\xe2\x80\x931890\n\nMonag.\n\nSadler\n\n1885\xe2\x80\x931889\n\nSadler\n\nWalker\n\n1855\xe2\x80\x931885\n\nWalk.\n\nPennypacker\n\n1881\xe2\x80\x931884\n\nPennyp.\n\nGrant\n\n1814\xe2\x80\x931863\n\nGrant\n\nWatts and Sergeant\n\n1841\xe2\x80\x931845\n\nWatts & Serg.\n\nWharton\n\n1835\xe2\x80\x931841\n\nWhart.\n\nWatts\n\n1832\xe2\x80\x931840\n\nWatts\n\nRawle\n\n1828\xe2\x80\x931835\n\nRawle\n\nPenrose and Watts\n\n1829\xe2\x80\x931832\n\nPen. & W.\n\nSergeant and Rawle\n\n1814\xe2\x80\x931828\n\nSerg. & Rawle\n\nBinney\n\n1799\xe2\x80\x931814\n\nBinn.\n\nYeates\n\n1791\xe2\x80\x931808\n\nYeates\n\nAddison\n\n1791\xe2\x80\x931799\n\nAdd.\n\nDallas\n\n1754\xe2\x80\x931806\n\nDall.\n\nAlden\n\n1754\xe2\x80\x931814\n\nAld.\n\nSuperior Court (Pa. Super. Ct.): Cite to A., A.2d, or A.3d. For cases decided after December 31, 1998, use the following public\ndomain citation format:\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Jones v. Smith, 1999 PA Super 1\nAtlantic Reporter\n\n1931\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nA., A.2d, A.3d\n\nPennsylvania Superior Court\nReports\n\n1895\xe2\x80\x931997\n\nPa. Super.\n\nCommonwealth Court (Pa. Commw. Ct.): Cite to A.2d or A.3d.\nAtlantic Reporter\n\n1970\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nA.2d, A.3d\n\nPennsylvania Commonwealth Court\nReports\n\n1970\xe2\x80\x931994\n\nPa. Commw.\n\nOther lower courts: Cite to Pa. D. & C., Pa. D. & C.2d, Pa. D. & C.3d, Pa. D. & C.4th, or Pa. D. & C.5th. Not all lower court\ndecisions are reproduced in the reporters listed below, and it may be necessary, on occasion, to cite to the legal reporter for\nan individual county, if available. For a comprehensive list of Pennsylvania county court reports, consult chapter seven,\nappendix four, Frank Y. Liu et al., Pennsylvania Legal Research Handbook (2008).\nPennsylvania District and County\nReports\n\n1918\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nPa. D. & C., Pa. D. & C.2d, Pa. D. & C.3d, Pa. D. & C.4th, Pa. D. & C.5th\n\nPennsylvania District Reports\n\n1892\xe2\x80\x931921\n\nPa. D.\n\nPennsylvania County Court Reports\n\n1870\xe2\x80\x931921\n\nPa. C.\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to Pa. Cons. Stat. (79 titles). These publications should not be confused with Pa. Code, which is a\ncode of regulations, not of legislation.\nPennsylvania Consolidated Statutes\n\n<tit. no.> Pa. Cons. Stat. \xc2\xa7 x (<year>)\n\nPurdon\xe2\x80\x99s Pennsylvania Statutes and\nConsolidated Statutes Annotated\n(West)\n\n<tit. no.> Pa. Stat. and Cons. Stat. Ann. \xc2\xa7 x (West <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to Pa. Laws.\nLaws of Pennsylvania\n\n<year> Pa. Laws <page no.>\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n86 of 136\n\nCategory\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n<year> Pa. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nPurdon\xe2\x80\x99s Pennsylvania Legislative\nService (West)\nAdministrative compilation\n\n<tit. no.> Pa. Code \xc2\xa7 x.x (<year>)\n\nPennsylvania Code (Fry\nCommunications)\nAdministrative register\n\n<vol. no.> Pa. Bull. <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nPennsylvania Bulletin (Fry\nCommunications)\nRhode Island\nSupreme Court (R.I.): Cite to A., A.2d or A.3d.\nAtlantic Reporter\n\n1885\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nA., A.2d, A.3d\n\nRhode Island Reports\n\n1828\xe2\x80\x931980\n\nR.I.\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to R.I. Gen. Laws.\nGeneral Laws of Rhode Island\n(LexisNexis)\n\n<tit. no.> R.I. Gen. Laws \xc2\xa7 x-x-x (<year>)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s General Laws of Rhode Island\nAnnotated\n\n<tit. no.> R.I. Gen. Laws Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x-x (West <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to R.I. Pub. Laws.\nPublic Laws of Rhode Island and\nProvidence Plantations\n\n<year> R.I. Pub. Laws <page no.>\n\nActs and Resolves of Rhode Island\nand Providence Plantations\n\n<year> R.I. Acts & Resolves <page no.>\n\nRhode Island Advance Legislative\nService (LexisNexis)\n\n<year>-<pamph. no.> R.I. Adv. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (LexisNexis)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Rhode Island Advance\nLegislative Service\n\n<year> R.I. Adv. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nAdministrative compilation\n<tit. no.>-<ch. no.> R.I. Code R. \xc2\xa7 x (LexisNexis <year>)\n\nCode of Rhode Island Rules\n(LexisNexis)\nAdministrative register\n\n<iss. no.> R.I. Gov\xe2\x80\x99t Reg. <page no.> (LexisNexis <month year>)\n\nRhode Island Government Register\n(LexisNexis)\nSouth Carolina\n\nSupreme Court after 1868 (S.C.): Cite to S.E. or S.E.2d.\nSouth Eastern Reporter\n\n1887\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nS.E., S.E.2d\n\nSouth Carolina Reports\n\n1868\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nS.C.\n\nCourt of Appeals (S.C. Ct. App.): Cite to S.E.2d.\nSouth Eastern Reporter\n\n1983\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nS.E.2d\n\nSouth Carolina Reports\n\n1983\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nS.C.\n\nCourts of law before 1868: Cite to South Carolina Law Reports (S.C.L.)\nRichardson (37\xe2\x80\x9349)\n\n1850\xe2\x80\x931868\n\ne.g., 37 S.C.L. (3 Rich.)\n\nStrobhart (32\xe2\x80\x9336)\n\n1846\xe2\x80\x931850\n\ne.g., 32 S.C.L. (1 Strob.)\n\nRichardson (30\xe2\x80\x9331)\n\n1844\xe2\x80\x931846\n\ne.g., 30 S.C.L. (1 Rich.)\n\nSpeers (28\xe2\x80\x9329)\n\n1842\xe2\x80\x931844\n\ne.g., 28 S.C.L. (1 Speers)\n\nMcMullan (26\xe2\x80\x9327)\n\n1840\xe2\x80\x931842\n\ne.g., 26 S.C.L. (1 McMul.)\n\nCheves\n\n1839\xe2\x80\x931840\n\n25 S.C.L. (Chev.)\n\nRice\n\n1838\xe2\x80\x931839\n\n24 S.C.L. (Rice)\n\nDudley\n\n1837\xe2\x80\x931838\n\n23 S.C.L. (Dud.)\n\nRiley\n\n1836\xe2\x80\x931837\n\n22 S.C.L. (Ril.)\n\nHill (19\xe2\x80\x9321)\n\n1833\xe2\x80\x931837\n\ne.g., 19 S.C.L. (1 Hill)\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n87 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nCategory\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n\nBailey (17\xe2\x80\x9318)\n\n1828\xe2\x80\x931832\n\ne.g., 17 S.C.L. (1 Bail.)\n\nHarper\n\n1823\xe2\x80\x931824\n\n16 S.C.L. (Harp.)\n\nMcCord (12\xe2\x80\x9315)\n\n1821\xe2\x80\x931828\n\ne.g., 12 S.C.L. (1 McCord)\n\nNott and McCord (10\xe2\x80\x9311)\n\n1817\xe2\x80\x931820\n\ne.g., 10 S.C.L. (1 Nott & McC.)\n\nMill (Constitutional) (8\xe2\x80\x939)\n\n1817\xe2\x80\x931818\n\ne.g., 8 S.C.L. (1 Mill)\n\nTreadway (6\xe2\x80\x937)\n\n1812\xe2\x80\x931816\n\ne.g., 6 S.C.L. (1 Tread.)\n\nBrevard (3\xe2\x80\x935)\n\n1793\xe2\x80\x931816\n\ne.g., 3 S.C.L. (1 Brev.)\n\nBay (1\xe2\x80\x932)\n\n1783\xe2\x80\x931804\n\ne.g., 1 S.C.L. (1 Bay)\n\nCourts of equity before 1868: Cite to South Carolina Equity Reports (S.C. Eq.)\nRichardson\xe2\x80\x99s Equity (24\xe2\x80\x9335)\n\n1850\xe2\x80\x931868\n\ne.g., 24 S.C. Eq. (3 Rich. Eq.)\n\nStrobhart\xe2\x80\x99s Equity (20\xe2\x80\x9323)\n\n1846\xe2\x80\x931850\n\ne.g., 20 S.C. Eq. (1 Strob. Eq.)\n\nRichardson\xe2\x80\x99s Equity (18\xe2\x80\x9319)\n\n1844\xe2\x80\x931846\n\ne.g., 18 S.C. Eq. (1 Rich. Eq.)\n\nSpeers\xe2\x80\x99 Equity\n\n1842\xe2\x80\x931844\n\n17 S.C. Eq. (Speers Eq.)\n\nMcMullan\xe2\x80\x99s Equity\n\n1840\xe2\x80\x931842\n\n16 S.C. Eq. (McMul. Eq.)\n\nCheves\xe2\x80\x99 Equity\n\n1839\xe2\x80\x931840\n\n15 S.C. Eq. (Chev. Eq.)\n\nRice\xe2\x80\x99s Equity\n\n1838\xe2\x80\x931839\n\n14 S.C. Eq. (Rice Eq.)\n\nDudley\xe2\x80\x99s Equity\n\n1837\xe2\x80\x931838\n\n13 S.C. Eq. (Dud. Eq.)\n\nRiley\xe2\x80\x99s Chancery\n\n1836\xe2\x80\x931837\n\n12 S.C. Eq. (Ril. Eq.)\n\nHill\xe2\x80\x99s Chancery (10\xe2\x80\x9311)\n\n1833\xe2\x80\x931837\n\ne.g., 10 S.C. Eq. (1 Hill Eq.)\n\nRichardson\xe2\x80\x99s Cases\n\n1831\xe2\x80\x931832\n\n9 S.C. Eq. (Rich. Cas.)\n\nBailey\xe2\x80\x99s Equity\n\n1830\xe2\x80\x931831\n\n8 S.C. Eq. (Bail. Eq.)\n\nMcCord\xe2\x80\x99s Chancery (6\xe2\x80\x937)\n\n1825\xe2\x80\x931827\n\ne.g., 6 S.C. Eq. (1 McCord Eq.)\n\nHarper\xe2\x80\x99s Equity\n\n1824\n\n5 S.C. Eq. (Harp. Eq.)\n\nDesaussure\xe2\x80\x99s Equity (1\xe2\x80\x934)\n\n1784\xe2\x80\x931817\n\ne.g., 1 S.C. Eq. (1 Des. Eq.)\n\nStatutory compilation\nCode of Laws of South Carolina 1976\nAnnotated\n\nS.C. Code Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x-x (<year>)\n\nSession laws\n<year> S.C. Acts <page no.>\n\nActs and Joint Resolutions, South\nCarolina\n\nAdministrative compilation: Administrative regulations appear in volumes 1\xe2\x80\x9310 of S.C. Code Ann. This publication should\nnot be confused with the statutory compilation of the same name, which also contains volumes 1\xe2\x80\x9310.\nS.C. Code Ann. Regs. <reg no.> (<year>)\n\nCode of Laws of South Carolina 1976\nAnnotated:Code of Regulations\n(West)\nAdministrative register\n\n<vol. no.> S.C. Reg. <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nSouth Carolina State Register\nSouth Dakota\n\nPublic domain citation format: South Dakota has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after December 31, 1996.\nSee South Dakota Rules of Civil Procedure \xc2\xa7 15-26A-69.1 and Supreme Court Rule 10-05. The format is:\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Smith v. Jones, 1996 S.D. 15, 600 N.W. 2d 900\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Smith v. Jones, 1996 S.D. 15, \xc2\xb6 21, 500 N.W.2d 900, 901\nSupreme Court (S.D.): Cite to N.W. or N.W.2d.\nNorth Western Reporter\n\n1890\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nN.W., N.W.2d\n\nSouth Dakota Reports\n\n1890\xe2\x80\x931976\n\nS.D.\n\nSupreme Court of Dakota (Dakota): Cite to N.W..\nNorth Western Reporter\n\n1879\xe2\x80\x931889\n\nN.W.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n88 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nCategory\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n\nDakota Reports\n\n1867\xe2\x80\x931889\n\nDakota\n\nStatutory compilation\nSouth Dakota Codified Laws (West)\n\nS.D. Codified Laws \xc2\xa7 x-x-x (<year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to S.D. Sess. Laws.\n<year> S.D. Sess. Laws <ch. x \xc2\xa7 x> <page no.>\n\nSession Laws of South Dakota\nAdministrative compilation\n\nS.D. Admin. R. <rule no.> (<year>)\n\nAdministrative Rules of South\nDakota\nAdministrative register\n\n<vol. no.> S.D. Reg. <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nSouth Dakota Register\nTennessee\n\nSupreme Court (Tenn.): Cite to S.W., S.W.2d, or S.W.3d.\nSouth Western Reporter\n\n1886\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nS.W., S.W.2d, S.W.3d\n\n60 Tenn. to 225 Tenn.\n\n1872\xe2\x80\x931972\n\nTenn.\n\nHeiskell\n\n1870\xe2\x80\x931874\n\ne.g., 48 Tenn. (1 Heisk.)\n\nColdwell\n\n1860\xe2\x80\x931870\n\ne.g., 41 Tenn. (1 Cold.)\n\nHead\n\n1858\xe2\x80\x931860\n\ne.g., 38 Tenn. (1 Head)\n\nSneed\n\n1853\xe2\x80\x931858\n\ne.g., 33 Tenn. (1 Sneed)\n\nSwan\n\n1851\xe2\x80\x931853\n\ne.g., 31 Tenn. (1 Swan)\n\nHumphreys\n\n1839\xe2\x80\x931851\n\ne.g., 20 Tenn. (1 Hum.)\n\nMeigs\n\n1838\xe2\x80\x931839\n\n19 Tenn. (Meigs)\n\nYerger\n\n1818\xe2\x80\x931837\n\ne.g., 9 Tenn. (1 Yer.)\n\nMartin & Yerger\n\n1825\xe2\x80\x931828\n\n8 Tenn. (Mart. & Yer.)\n\nPeck\n\n1821\xe2\x80\x931824\n\n7 Tenn. (Peck)\n\nHaywood\n\n1816\xe2\x80\x931818\n\ne.g., 4 Tenn. (1 Hayw.)\n\nCooke\n\n1811\xe2\x80\x931814\n\n3 Tenn. (Cooke)\n\nOverton\n\n1791\xe2\x80\x931815\n\ne.g., 1 Tenn. (1 Overt.)\n\nTennessee Reports\n\nCourt of Appeals (Tenn. Ct. App.): Cite to S.W.2d or S.W.3d.\nSouth Western Reporter\n\n1932\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nS.W.2d, S.W.3d\n\nTennessee Appeals Reports\n\n1925\xe2\x80\x931971\n\nTenn. App.\n\nCourt of Criminal Appeals (Tenn. Crim. App.): Cite to S.W.2d or S.W.3d.\nSouth Western Reporter\n\n1967\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nTennessee Criminal Appeals Reports 1967\xe2\x80\x931971\n\nS.W.2d, S.W.3d\nTenn. Crim. App.\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to Tenn. Code Ann. (published by LexisNexis).\nTennessee Code Annotated\n(LexisNexis)\n\nTenn. Code Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x-x (<year>)\n\nWest\'s Tennessee Code Annotated\n\nTenn. Code Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x-x (West <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to Tenn. Pub. Acts or Tenn. Priv. Acts.\nPublic Acts of the State of Tennessee\n\n<year> Tenn. Pub. Acts <page no.>\n\nPrivate Acts of the State of\nTennessee\n\n<year> Tenn. Priv. Acts <page no.>\n\nTennessee Code Annotated Advance\nLegislative Service (LexisNexis)\n\n<year>-<pamph. no.> Tenn. Code Ann. Adv. Legis. Serv. <page no.>\n(LexisNexis)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Tennessee Legislative Service\n\n<year> Tenn. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nAdministrative compilation\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n89 of 136\n\nCategory\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\nTenn. Comp. R. & Regs. <rule no.> (<year>)\n\nOfficial Compilation Rules &\nRegulations of the State of\nTennessee\nAdministrative register\n\n<vol. no.> Tenn. Admin. Reg. <page no.> (<month year>)\n\nTennessee Administrative Register\nTexas\n\nSupreme Court (Tex.): Cite to S.W., S.W.2d, or S.W.3d.\nSouth Western Reporter\n\n1886\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nS.W., S.W.2d, S.W.3d\n\nTexas Reports\n\n1846\xe2\x80\x931962\n\nTex.\n\nSynopses of the Decisions of the\n1862\xe2\x80\x931865\nSupreme Court of Texas Arising\nfrom Restraints by Conscript and\nOther Military Authorities (Robards)\n\nRobards (no vol. number)\n\nTexas Law Review (containing\npreviously unpublished cases from\nthe 1845 term)\n\n1845\xe2\x80\x931846\n\n65 Tex. L. Rev.\n\nDigest of the Laws of Texas\n(Dallam\xe2\x80\x99s Opinions)\n\n1840\xe2\x80\x931844\n\nDallam (no vol. number)\n\nTexas Supreme Court Journal\n\n1957\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nTex. Sup. Ct. J.\n\nCourt of Criminal Appeals (Tex. Crim. App.), previously Court of Appeals (Tex. Ct. App.): Cite to S.W., S.W.2d, or S.W.3d.\nSouth Western Reporter\n\n1892\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nS.W., S.W.2d, S.W.3d\n\nTexas Criminal Reports\n\n1892\xe2\x80\x931962\n\nTex. Crim.\n\nTexas Court of Appeals Reports\n\n1876\xe2\x80\x931892\n\nTex. Ct. App.\n\nCondensed Reports of Decisions in\nCivil Causes in the Court of Appeals\n(White & Willson vol. 1) (Willson\nvols. 2\xe2\x80\x934)\n\n1876\xe2\x80\x931883\n1883\xe2\x80\x931892\n\nWhite & W. Willson\n\nCommission of Appeals (Tex. Comm\xe2\x80\x99n App.): Cite to S.W. or S.W.2d.\nSouth Western Reporter\n\n1886\xe2\x80\x931892\n\nS.W.\n\n1918\xe2\x80\x931945\n\nS.W.2d\n\nTexas Reports\n\n1879\xe2\x80\x931892\n1918\xe2\x80\x931945\n\nTex.\n\nTexas Unreported Cases (Posey)\n\n1879\xe2\x80\x931884\n\nPosey\n\nCondensed Reports of Decisions in\nCivil Causes in the Court of Appeals\n(White & Willson)\n\n1879\xe2\x80\x931883\n\nWhite & W.\n\nOfficially published opinions of the Commission of Appeals from 1879 to 1892 were adopted by the Supreme Court and\nshould be cited as opinions of the Supreme Court. Opinions of the Commission of Appeals from 1918 to 1945 have a notation\nfrom the Supreme Court that usually appears in the final paragraph of the opinion, e.g., \xe2\x80\x9copinion adopted,\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9cholding\napproved,\xe2\x80\x9d or \xe2\x80\x9cjudgment adopted.\xe2\x80\x9d Commission opinions that were adopted by the Supreme Court should be cited as\nopinions of the Supreme Court. \xe2\x80\x9cHolding approved\xe2\x80\x9d and \xe2\x80\x9cjudgment adopted\xe2\x80\x9d opinions are cited by using \xe2\x80\x9cholding approved\xe2\x80\x9d\nor \xe2\x80\x9cjudgm\xe2\x80\x99t adopted.\xe2\x80\x9d\nCourts of Appeals (Tex. App.), previously Courts of Civil Appeals (Tex. Civ. App.): Cite to S.W., S.W.2d, or S.W.3d.\nSouth Western Reporter\n\n1892\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nS.W., S.W.2d, S.W.3d\n\nTexas Civil Appeals Reports\n\n1892\xe2\x80\x931911\n\nTex. Civ. App.\n\nFor additional information on the history and structure of Texas courts and on local citation rules, the following sources\nare suggested: Texas Law Review Ass\xe2\x80\x99n, The Greenbook: Texas Rules of Form (12th ed. 2010); Lydia M.V. Brandt, Texas Legal\nResearch (1995); and A Reference Guide to Texas Law and Legal History (Karl T. Gruben & James E. Hambleton eds., 2d ed.\n1987).\nStatutory compilations: Texas is nearing the completion of a recodification of its laws. Cite to the new subject-matter Tex.\nCode Ann., if found there; else, cite to Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat. Ann. or to one of the independent codes contained in the series\nVernon\xe2\x80\x99s Texas Civil Statutes or Vernon\xe2\x80\x99s Texas Statutes Annotated. Note that the independent codes are not part of the new\nsubject-matter Tex. Code Ann.\nVernon\xe2\x80\x99s Texas Codes Annotated\n(West)\n\nTex. <Subject> Code Ann. \xc2\xa7 x (West <year>)\n\nVernon\xe2\x80\x99s Texas Revised Civil\nStatutes Annotated (West)\n\nTex. Rev. Civ. Stat. Ann. art. x, \xc2\xa7 x (West <year>)\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n90 of 136\n\nCategory\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n\nVernon\xe2\x80\x99s Texas Business\nCorporation Act Annotated (West)\n\nTex. Bus. Corp. Act Ann. art. x (West <year>)\n\nVernon\xe2\x80\x99s Texas Code of Criminal\nProcedure Annotated (West)\n\nTex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. x (West <year>)\n\nVernon\xe2\x80\x99s Texas Insurance Code\nAnnotated (West)\n\nTex. Ins. Code Ann. art. x (West <year>)\n\nVernon\xe2\x80\x99s Texas Probate Code\nAnnotated (West)\n\nTex. Prob. Code Ann. \xc2\xa7 x (West <year>)\n\nAgriculture\n\nAgric.\n\nAlcoholic Beverage\n\nAlco. Bev.\n\nBusiness and Commerce\n\nBus. & Com.\n\nBusiness Organizations (effective Jan. 1,\n2006)\n\nBus. Orgs.\n\nCivil Practice and Remedies\n\nCiv. Prac. & Rem.\n\nEducation\n\nEduc.\n\nElection\n\nElec.\n\nEstates\n\nEst.\n\nFamily\n\nFam.\n\nFinance\n\nFin.\n\nGovernment\n\nGov\xe2\x80\x99t\n\nHealth and Safety\n\nHealth & Safety\n\nHuman Resources\n\nHum. Res.\n\nInsurance\n\nIns.\n\nLabor\n\nLab.\n\nLocal Government\n\nLoc. Gov\xe2\x80\x99t\n\nNatural Resources\n\nNat. Res.\n\nOccupations\n\nOcc.\n\nParks and Wildlife\n\nParks & Wild.\n\nPenal\n\nPenal\n\nProperty\n\nProp.\n\nSpecial District Local Laws\n\nSpec. Dists.\n\nTax\n\nTax\n\nTransportation\n\nTransp.\n\nUtilities\n\nUtil.\n\nWater\n\nWater\n\nSession laws: Cite to Tex. Gen. Laws.\nGeneral and Special Laws of the\nState of Texas\n\n<year> Tex. Gen. Laws <page no.>\n\nVernon\xe2\x80\x99s Texas Session Law Service\n(West)\n\n<year> Tex. Sess. Law Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nLaws of the Republic of Texas\n\n<year> Repub. Tex. Laws <page no.>\n\nSession laws passed before 1941 must be cited according to the exact title, e.g., Tex. Loc. & Spec. Laws, Tex. Gen. & Spec. Laws,\nand Tex. Gen. Laws. The Revised Statutes were enacted and published separately in 1879, 1895, 1911, and 1925 and should be\ncited as <year> Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat. xxx. The Code of Criminal Procedure and Penal Code were enacted and published\nseparately in 1856, 1879, 1895, 1911, and 1925 and should be cited as <year> Tex. Crim. Stat. xxx.\nAdministrative compilation\nTexas Administrative Code (West)\n\n<tit. no.> Tex. Admin. Code \xc2\xa7 x.x (<year>)\n\nAdministrative register\nTexas Register (LexisNexis)\n\n<vol. no.> Tex. Reg. <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nUtah\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n91 of 136\n\nCategory\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n\nPublic domain citation format: Utah has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after December 31, 1998. See Utah\nSupreme Court Standing Order No. 4 (effective Jan. 18, 2000). The format is:\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Smith v. Jones, 1999 UT 16. (Before publication in Utah Advanced Reports)\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Smith v. Jones, 1999 UT App 16.\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Smith v. Jones, 1999 UT 16, 380 Utah Adv. Rep. 24. (Before publication in Pacific Reporter but after publication in\nUtah Advance Reports)\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Smith v. Jones, 1999 UT App 16, 380 Utah Adv. Rep. 24.\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Smith v. Jones, 1999 UT 16, 998 P.2d 250. (After publication in Pacific Reporter)\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Smith v. Jones, 1999 UT App 16, 998 P.2d 250.\nSupreme Court (Utah): Cite to P., P.2d, or P.3d.\nPacific Reporter\n\n1881\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nP., P.2d, P.3d\n\nUtah Reports\n\n1873\xe2\x80\x931974\n\nUtah, Utah 2d\n\nCourt of Appeals (Utah Ct. App.): Cite to P.2d or P.3d.\nPacific Reporter\n\n1987\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nP.2d, P.3d\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to one of the following codes.\nUtah Code Annotated (LexisNexis)\n\nUtah Code Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x-x (LexisNexis <year>)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Utah Code Annotated\n\nUtah Code Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x-x (West <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to Utah Laws.\nLaws of Utah\n\n<year> Utah Laws <page no.>\n\nUtah Code <year> Advance\nLegislative Service (LexisNexis)\n\n<year>-<pamph. no.> Utah Adv. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (LexisNexis)\n\nUtah Legislative Service (West)\n\n<year> Utah. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nAdministrative compilation\nUtah Administrative Code\n\nUtah Admin. Code r. x-x-x (<year>)\n\nAdministrative register\n<iss. no.> Utah Bull. <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nUtah State Bulletin\nVermont\n\nPublic domain citation format: Vermont has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after December 31, 2002. See\nVt. R. App. P. 28.2. The format is:\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Smith v. Jones, 2001 VT 1, \xc2\xb6 12, 169 Vt. 203, 850 A.2d 421\nSupreme Court (Vt.): Cite to A., A.2d or A.3d.\nAtlantic Reporter\n\n1885\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nA., A.2d, A.3d\n\nVermont Reports\n\n1826\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nVt.\n\nAikens\n\n1825\xe2\x80\x931828\n\nAik.\n\nChipman, D.\n\n1789\xe2\x80\x931824\n\nD. Chip.\n\nBrayton\n\n1815\xe2\x80\x931819\n\nBrayt.\n\nTyler\n\n1800\xe2\x80\x931803\n\nTyl.\n\nChipman, N.\n\n1789\xe2\x80\x931791\n\nN. Chip.\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to Vt. Stat. Ann. (published by LexisNexis), if found there\nVermont Statutes Annotated\n(LexisNexis)\n\nVt. Stat. Ann. tit. x, \xc2\xa7 x (<year>)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Vermont Statutes Annotated\n\nVt. Stat. Ann. tit. x, \xc2\xa7 x (West <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to Vt. Acts & Resolves.\nActs and Resolves of Vermont\n\n<year> Vt. Acts & Resolves <page no.>\n\nVermont <year> Advance Legislative\nService(LexisNexis)\n\n<year>-<pamph. no.> Vt. Adv. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (LexisNexis)\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n92 of 136\n\nCategory\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n<year> Vt. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Vermont Legislative Service\nAdministrative compilation\n\n<tit. no.>-<ch. no.> Vt. Code R. \xc2\xa7 x (<year>)\n\nCode of Vermont Rules (LexisNexis)\nAdministrative register\n\n<iss. no.> Vt. Gov\xe2\x80\x99t Reg. <page no.> (LexisNexis <month year>)\n\nVermont Government Register\n(LexisNexis)\nVirginia\n\nSupreme Court (Va.), previously Supreme Court of Appeals (Va.): Cite to S.E. or S.E.2d.\nSouth Eastern Reporter\n\n1887\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nS.E., S.E.2d\n\n75 Va. to date\n\n1880\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nVa.\n\nGrattan\n\n1844\xe2\x80\x931880\n\ne.g., 42 Va. (1 Gratt.)\n\nRobinson\n\n1842\xe2\x80\x931844\n\ne.g., 40 Va. (1 Rob.)\n\nLeigh\n\n1829\xe2\x80\x931842\n\ne.g., 28 Va. (1 Leigh)\n\nRandolph\n\n1821\xe2\x80\x931828\n\ne.g., 22 Va. (1 Rand.)\n\nGilmer\n\n1820\xe2\x80\x931821\n\n21 Va. (Gilmer)\n\nMunford\n\n1810\xe2\x80\x931820\n\ne.g., 15 Va. (1 Munf.)\n\nHening & Munford\n\n1806\xe2\x80\x931810\n\ne.g., 11 Va. (1 Hen. & M.)\n\nCall\n\n1779\xe2\x80\x931825\n\ne.g., 5 Va. (1 Call)\n\nVirginia Cases, Criminal\n\n1789\xe2\x80\x931826\n\ne.g., 3 Va. (1 Va. Cas.)\n\nWashington\n\n1790\xe2\x80\x931796\n\ne.g., 1 Va. (1 Wash.)\n\nVirginia Reports\n\nCourt of Appeals (Va. Ct. App.): Cite to S.E.2d.\nSouth Eastern Reporter\n\n1985\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nS.E.2d\n\nVirginia Court of Appeals Reports\n\n1985\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nVa. App.\n\nCircuit Court (Va. Cir. Ct.): Cite to Va. Cir.\nVirginia Circuit Court Opinions\n\n1957\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nVa. Cir.\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to Va. Code Ann. (published by LexisNexis).\nCode of Virginia 1950 Annotated\n(LexisNexis)\n\nVa. Code Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x (<year>)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Annotated Code of Virginia\n\nVa. Code Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x (West <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to Va. Acts.\nActs of the General Assembly of the\nCommonwealth of Virginia\n\n<year> Va. Acts <page no.>\n\nVirginia <year> Advance Legislative\nService (LexisNexis)\n\n<year>-<pamph. no.> Va. Adv. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (LexisNexis)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Virginia Legislative Service\n\n<year> Va. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nAdministrative compilation\n<tit. no.> Va. Admin. Code \xc2\xa7 x-x-x (<year>)\n\nVirginia Administrative Code (West)\nAdministrative register\n\n<vol. no.> Va. Reg. Regs. <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nVirginia Register of Regulations\n(LexisNexis)\nWashington\nSupreme Court (Wash.): Cite to P., P.2d, or P.3d.\nPacific Reporter\n\n1880\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nP., P.2d, P.3d\n\nWashington Reports\n\n1889\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nWash., Wash. 2d\n\nWashington Territory Reports\n\n1854\xe2\x80\x931888\n\nWash. Terr.\n\nCourt of Appeals (Wash. Ct. App.): Cite to P.2d or P.3d.\nPacific Reporter\n\n1969\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nP.2d, P.3d\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n93 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nCategory\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n\nWashington Appellate Reports\n\n1969\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nWash. App.\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to Wash. Rev. Code.\nRevised Code of Washington\n\nWash. Rev. Code \xc2\xa7 x.x.x (<year>)\n\nWest\'s Revised Code of Washington\nAnnotated\n\nWash. Rev. Code Ann. \xc2\xa7 x.x.x (West <year>)\n\nAnnotated Revised Code of\nWashington (LexisNexis)\n\nWash. Rev. Code Ann. \xc2\xa7 x.x.x (LexisNexis <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to Wash. Sess. Laws.\nSession Laws of Washington\n\n<year> Wash. Sess. Laws <page no.>\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Washington Legislative\nService\n\n<year> Wash. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nAdministrative compilation\nWashington Administrative Code\n\nWash. Admin. Code \xc2\xa7 x-x-x (<year>)\n\nAdministrative register\n<iss. no.> Wash. Reg. <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nWashington State Register\nWest Virginia\n\nSupreme Court of Appeals (W. Va.): Cite to S.E. or S.E.2d.\nSouth Eastern Reporter\n\n1886\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nS.E., S.E.2d\n\nWest Virginia Reports\n\n1864\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nW. Va.\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to W. Va. Code.\nWest Virginia Code\n\nW. Va. Code \xc2\xa7 x-x-x (<year>)\n\nMichie\xe2\x80\x99s West Virginia Code\nAnnotated (LexisNexis)\n\nW. Va. Code Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x-x (LexisNexis <year>)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Annotated Code of West\nVirginia\n\nW. Va. Code Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x-x (West <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to W. Va. Acts.\nActs of the Legislature of West\nVirginia\n\n<year> W. Va. Acts <page no.>\n\nWest Virginia <year> Advance\nLegislative Service (LexisNexis)\n\n<year>-<pamph. no.> W. Va. Adv. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (LexisNexis)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s West Virginia Legislative\nService\n\n<year> W. Va. Legis. Serv. <page no.>\n\nAdministrative compilation\nWest Virginia Code of State Rules\n\nW. Va. Code R. \xc2\xa7 x-x-x (<year>)\n\nAdministrative register\n<vol. no.> W. Va. Reg. <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nWest Virginia Register\nWisconsin\n\nPublic domain citation format: Wisconsin has adopted a public domain citation format for cases decided after December 31,\n1999. See Wisconsin Supreme Court Rule 80. The format is:\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Smith v. Jones, 2000 WI 14, \xc2\xb66\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Smith v. Jones, 214 Wis. 2d 408, \xc2\xb612\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Doe v. Roe, 2001 WI App 9, \xc2\xb617\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Doe v. Roe, 595 N.W.2d 346, \xc2\xb627\nSupreme Court (Wis.): Cite to N.W. or N.W.2d.\nNorth Western Reporter\n\n1879\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nN.W., N.W.2d\n\nWisconsin Reports\n\n1853\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nWis., Wis. 2d\n\nPinney\n\n1839\xe2\x80\x931852\n\nPin.\n\nChandler\n\n1849\xe2\x80\x931852\n\nChand.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n94 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nCategory\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n\nBurnett\n\n1842\xe2\x80\x931843\n\nBur.\n\nBurnett (bound with session laws for\nDec. 1841)\n\n1841\n\nBur.\n\nCourt of Appeals (Wis. Ct. App.): Cite to N.W.2d.\nNorth Western Reporter\n\n1978\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nN.W.2d\n\nWisconsin Reports\n\n1978\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nWis. 2d\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to Wis. Stat..\nWisconsin Statutes\n\nWis. Stat. \xc2\xa7 x.x (<year>)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Wisconsin Statutes Annotated\n\nWis. Stat. Ann. \xc2\xa7 x.x (West <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to Wis. Sess. Laws.\nWisconsin Session Laws\n\n<year> Wis. Sess. Laws <page no.>\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Wisconsin Legislative Service\n\n<year> Wis. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nAdministrative compilation\nWis. Admin. Code <agency abbreviation> \xc2\xa7 x-x (<year>)\n\nWisconsin Administrative Code\nAdministrative register\n\n<iss. no.> Wis. Admin. Reg. <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nWisconsin Administrative Register\nWyoming\n\nPublic domain citation format: Wyoming has adopted a public domain citation format for cases decided after December 31,\n2003. See Order Amending Citation Format (Aug. 19, 2005). The format is:\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Doe v. Roe, 2001 WY 12\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Doe v. Roe, 2001 WY 12, 989 P.2d 1312 (Wyo. 2001)\nSupreme Court (Wyo.): Cite to P., P.2d, or P.3d.\nPacific Reporter\n\n1883\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nP., P.2d, P.3d\n\nWyoming Reports\n\n1870\xe2\x80\x931959\n\nWyo.\n\nStatutory compilations: Cite to Wyo. Stat. Ann. (published by LexisNexis).\nWyoming Statutes Annotated\n(LexisNexis)\n\nWyo. Stat. Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x-x (<year>)\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Wyoming Statutes Annotated\n\nWyo. Stat. Ann. \xc2\xa7 x-x-x (West <year>)\n\nSession laws: Cite to Wyo. Sess. Laws.\nSession Laws of Wyoming\n\n<year> Wyo. Sess. Laws <page no.>\n\nWest\xe2\x80\x99s Wyoming Legislative Service\n\n<year> Wyo. Legis. Serv. <page no.> (West)\n\nAdministrative compilation\n<tit. no.>-<ch. no.> Wyo. Code R. \xc2\xa7 x (LexisNexis <year>)\n\nCode of Wyoming Rules\n(LexisNexis)\nAdministrative register\n\n<iss. no.> Wyo. Gov\xe2\x80\x99t Reg. <page no.> (LexisNexis <month year>)\n\nWyoming Government Register\n(LexisNexis)\nAmerican Samoa\n\nHigh Court of American Samoa (Am. Samoa): Cite to Am. Samoa, Am. Samoa 2d, or Am. Samoa 3d.\nAmerican Samoa Reports\n\n1900\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nAm. Samoa, Am. Samoa 2d, Am. Samoa 3d\n\nStatutory compilation\nAmerican Samoa Code Annotated\n\nAm. Samoa Code Ann. \xc2\xa7 x (<year>)\n\nAdministrative compilation\nAmerican Samoa Administrative\nCode\n\nAm. Samoa Admin. Code \xc2\xa7 x (<year>)\n\nCanal Zone\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n95 of 136\n\nCategory\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n\nUnited States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana (E.D. La.): This court has jurisdiction over litigation\npending as of Apr. 1, 1982, in the United States District Court for the District of the Canal Zone. Cite to F. Supp.\nFederal Supplement\n\n1982\xe2\x80\x931983\n\nF. Supp.\n\nUnited States District Court for the District of the Canal Zone (D.C.Z.): This court ceased to exist on Mar. 31, 1982. Cite to F.\nSupp.\nFederal Supplement\n\n1946\xe2\x80\x931982\n\nF. Supp.\n\nStatutory compilation\nPanama Canal Code\n\nC.Z. Code tit. x, \xc2\xa7 x (<year>)\n\nGuam\nSupreme Court of Guam (Guam): See Sandra E. Cruze, How To Cite Guam Law, Third Edition, September 2002. For\nexample:\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Santos v. Carney et. al., 1997 Guam 4; 1997 WL 460435 (Sup. Ct. Guam 1997)\nDistrict Court of Guam (D. Guam): Cite to F. Supp., F. Supp. 2d, or F. Supp. 3d.\nFederal Supplement\n\n1951\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nF. Supp., F. Supp. 2d, F. Supp. 3d\n\nGuam Reports\n\n1955\xe2\x80\x931980\n\nGuam\n\nStatutory compilation\n<tit. no.> Guam Code Ann. \xc2\xa7 x (<year>)\n\nGuam Code Annotated\nSession laws\n\nGuam Pub. L. <law no.> (<year>)\n\nGuam Session Laws\nAdministrative compilation\n\n<tit. no.> Guam Admin. R. & Regs. \xc2\xa7 x (<year>)\n\nAdministrative Rules & Regulations\nof the Government of Guam\nNavajo Nation\n\nSupreme Court (Navajo), previously Court of Appeals (Navajo): Cite to Navajo Rptr.\nNavajo Reporter\n\n1969\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nNavajo Rptr.\n\nDistrict Court (Navajo D. Ct.): Cite to Navajo Rptr.\nNavajo Reporter\n\n1969\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nNavajo Rptr.\n\nStatutory compilation\nNavajo Nation Code Annotated\n(West)\n\nNavajo Nation Code Ann. tit. x, \xc2\xa7 x (<year>)\n\nNorthern Mariana Islands\nPublic domain citation format: The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands has adopted a public domain citation\nformat. See General Order 01-100 (March 13, 2001). The format is:\n\xe2\x80\xa2 ABC Company vs. XYZ Company, 2001 MP 1 \xc2\xb610\nSupreme Court (N. Mar. I.): Cite to N. Mar. I.\nNorthern Mariana Islands Reporter\n\n1989\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nN. Mar. I.\n\nDistrict Court for the Northern Mariana Islands, Trial and Appellate Divisions (D. N. Mar. I. and D. N. Mar. I. App. Div.),\nand Commonwealth Superior Court (N. Mar. I. Commw. Super. Ct.), previously Commonwealth Trial Court (N. Mar. I.\nCommw. Trial Ct.): Cite to F. Supp., F. Supp. 2d, or F. Supp. 3d.\nFederal Supplement\n\n1979\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nF. Supp., F. Supp. 2d, F. Supp. 3d\n\nNorthern Mariana Islands\nCommonwealth Reporter\n\n1979\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nN. Mar. I. Commw.\n\nStatutory compilation\nNorthern Mariana Islands\nCommonwealth Code (LexisNexis)\n\n<tit. no.> N. Mar. I. Code \xc2\xa7 x (<year>)\n\nSession laws\nNorthern Mariana Islands Session\nLaws\n\n<year> N. Mar. I. Pub. L. <law no.>\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n96 of 136\n\nCategory\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n\nAdministrative compilation\n<tit. no.> N. Mar. I. Admin. Code \xc2\xa7 x (<year>)\n\nNorthern Mariana Islands\nAdministrative Code\nAdministrative register\n\n<vol. no.> N. Mar. I. Reg. <page no.> (<month day, year>)\n\nNorthern Mariana Islands\nCommonwealth Register\nOklahoma Native Americans\n\nTribal Courts, Courts of Indian Offenses (Appellate Division), Courts of Indian Appeals, and Courts of Indian Offenses:\nCite to Okla. Trib.\nOklahoma Tribal Court Reports\n\n1979\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nOkla. Trib.\n\nPuerto Rico\nPublic domain citation format: Puerto Rico has adopted a public domain citation format for cases decided after December\n31, 1997. The format is:\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Yumac Home Furniture v. Caguas Lumber Yard, 2015 TSPR 148\nSupreme Court (P.R.): Cite to P.R. or P.R. Offic. Trans., if found there; else, cite to P.R. Dec. or P.R. Sent., in that order of\npreference.\nPuerto Rico Reports\n\n1899\xe2\x80\x931978\n\nP.R.\n\nOfficial Translations of the Opinions\nof the Supreme Court of Puerto\nRico\n\n1978\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nP.R. Offic. Trans.\n\nDecisiones de Puerto Rico\n\n1899\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nP.R. Dec.\n\nSentencias del Tribunal Supremo de\nPuerto Rico\n\n1899\xe2\x80\x931902\n\nP.R. Sent.\n\nCircuit Court of Appeals (P.R. Cir.): Cite to T.C.A\nDecisiones del Tribunal de Circuito\nde Apelaciones de Puerto Rico\n\n1995\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nT.C.A.\n\nStatutory compilation\nLaws of Puerto Rico Annotated\n(LexisNexis)\n\nP.R. Laws Ann. tit. x, \xc2\xa7 x (<year>)\n\nLeyes de Puerto Rico Anotadas\n(LexisNexis)\n\nP.R. Leyes An.tit. x, \xc2\xa7 x (<year>)\n\nSession laws\nLaws of Puerto Rico\n\n<year> P.R. Laws <page no.>\n\nLeyes de Puerto Rico (LexisNexis)\n\n<year> P.R. Leyes <page no.>\n\nVirgin Islands\nAll courts: Cite to V.I.\nVirgin Islands Reports\n\n1917\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nV.I.\n\n1962\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nV.I. Code Ann. tit. x, \xc2\xa7 x-x <year>\n\nStatutory compilation\nVirgin Islands Code Annotated\n(LexisNexis)\nSession laws: Cite to V.I. Sess. Laws.\nSession Laws of the Virgin Islands\n\n<year> V.I. Sess. Laws <page no.>\n\nVirgin Islands Code Annotated\nAdvance\n\n<year>-<pamph. no.> V.I. Code Ann. Adv.\n\nLegislative Service (LexisNexis)\n\nLegis. Serv. <page no.> (LexisNexis)\n\nAdministrative compilation\nCode of U.S. Virgin Islands Rules\n(LexisNexis)\n\n<tit. no.>-<ch. no.> V.I. Code R. \xc2\xa7 x-x (LexisNexis <year>)\n\nAdministrative register\nVirgin Islands Government Register\n(LexisNexis)\n\n<iss. no.> V.I. Gov\xe2\x80\x99t Reg. <page no.> (LexisNexis <month year>)\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n97 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nT4. Required Abbreviations for Services\nT4.1. Service Publisher Names\nService Publisher Name\n\nAbbreviation\n\nBureau of National Affairs\n\nBNA\n\nCommerce Clearing House\n\nCCH\n\nMatthew Bender\n\nMB\n\nPike & Fischer\n\nP&F\n\nResearch Institute of America\n\nRIA\n\nT4.2. Service Abbreviations\nFor each looseleaf service title, the appropriate abbreviation is followed by the name of the publisher.\nService Name\n\nAbbreviation\n\nAdministrative Law Third Series\n\nAdmin. L.3d (BNA)\n\nAffirmative Action Compliance Manual for Federal Contractors\n\nAff. Action Compl. Man. (BNA)\n\nAIDS Law & Litigation Reporter\n\nAIDS L. & Litig. Rep. (Univ. Pub. Group)\n\nAll States Tax Guide\n\nAll St. Tax Guide (RIA)\n\nAmerican Federal Tax Reports, Second Series\n\nA.F.T.R.2d (RIA)\n\nAmerican Stock Exchange Guide\n\nAm. Stock Ex. Guide (CCH)\n\nAntitrust & Trade Regulation Report\n\nAntitrust & Trade Reg. Rep. (BNA)\n\nAviation Law Reporter\n\nAv. L. Rep. (CCH)\n\n\xe2\x87\x92 bound as Aviation Cases\n\nAv. Cas. (CCH)\n\nBNA\xe2\x80\x99s Banking Report\n\nBanking Rep. (BNA)\n\nBankruptcy Court Decisions\n\nBankr. Ct. Dec. (LRP)\n\nBankruptcy Law Reports\n\nBankr. L. Rep. (CCH)\n\nBenefits Review Board Service\n\nBen. Rev. Bd. Serv. (MB)\n\nBioLaw\n\nBioLaw (LexisNexis)\n\nBlue Sky Law Reporter\n\nBlue Sky L. Rep. (CCH)\n\nBoard of Contract Appeals Decisions\xe2\x80\x94see Contract Appeals Decisions\nBusiness Franchise Guide\n\nBus. Franchise Guide (CCH)\n\nCanadian Commercial Law Guide\n\nCan. Com. L. Guide (CCH)\n\nCanadian Tax Reporter\n\nCan. Tax Rep. (CCH)\n\nChemical Regulation Reporter\n\nChem. Reg. Rep. (BNA)\n\nChicago Board Options Exchange Guide\n\nChicago Bd. Options Ex. Guide (CCH)\n\nCollective Bargaining Negotiations & Contracts\n\nCollective Bargaining Negot. & Cont. (BNA)\n\nCollier Bankruptcy Cases, Second Series\n\nCollier Bankr. Cas. 2d (MB)\n\nCommodity Futures Law Reporter\n\nComm. Fut. L. Rep. (CCH)\n\nCommunications Regulation\n\nCommc\xe2\x80\x99ns Reg. (BNA)\n\nCongressional Index\n\nCong. Index (CCH)\n\nConsumer Credit Guide\n\nConsumer Cred. Guide (CCH)\n\nConsumer Product Safety Guide\n\nConsumer Prod. Safety Guide (CCH)\n\nContract Appeals Decisions\n\nCont. App. Dec. (CCH)\n\n\xe2\x87\x92 bound as Board of Contract Appeals Decisions\n\nB.C.A. (CCH)\n\nContracts Cases, Federal\xe2\x80\x94see Government Contracts Reporter\nCopyright Law Decisions\n\nCopyright L. Dec. (CCH)\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n98 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nService Name\n\nAbbreviation\n\nCopyright Law Reporter\n\nCopyright L. Rep. (CCH)\n\nCost Accounting Standards Guide\n\nCost Accounting Stand. Guide (CCH)\n\nThe Criminal Law Reporter\n\nCrim. L. Rep. (BNA)\n\nDaily Labor Report\n\nDaily Lab. Rep. (BNA)\n\nDominion Tax Cases\n\nDominion Tax Cas. (CCH)\n\nEEOC Compliance Manual\n\nEEOC Compl. Man. (BNA)\n\nEEOC Compliance Manual\n\nEEOC Compl. Man. (CCH)\n\nEmployee Benefits Cases\n\nEmpl. Benefits Cas. (BNA)\n\nEmployee Benefits Compliance Coordinator\n\nEmpl. Coordinator (RIA)\n\nEmployment Practices Guide\n\xe2\x87\x92 bound as Employment Practices Decisions\n\xe2\x87\x92 bound assee also Labor Law Reporter\n\nEmpl. Prac. Dec. (CCH)\n\nEmployment Safety and Health Guide\n\nEmpl. Safety & Health Guide (CCH)\n\n\xe2\x87\x92 bound as Occupational Safety and Health Decisions\n\nO.S.H. Dec. (CCH)\n\nEmployment Testing: Law & Policy Reporter\n\nEmpl. Testing (Univ. Pub. Am.)\n\nEnergy Management & Federal Energy Guidelines\n\nEnergy Mgmt. (CCH)\n\nEnvironment Reporter\n\nEnv\xe2\x80\x99t Rep. (BNA)\n\n\xe2\x87\x92 bound as Environment Reporter Cases\n\nEnv\xe2\x80\x99t Rep. Cas. (BNA)\n\nEnvironmental Law Reporter\n\nEnvtl. L. Rep. (Envtl. Law Inst.)\n\nExempt Organizations Reports\n\nExempt Org. Rep. (CCH)\n\nFair Employment Practice Cases\xe2\x80\x94see Labor Relations Reporter\nThe Family Law Reporter\n\nFam. L. Rep. (BNA)\n\nFamily Law Tax Guide\n\nFam. L. Tax Guide (CCH)\n\nFederal Audit Guides\n\nFed. Audit Guide (CCH)\n\nFederal Banking Law Reporter\n\nFed. Banking L. Rep. (CCH)\n\nFederal Carriers Reports\n\nFed. Carr. Rep. (CCH)\n\n\xe2\x87\x92 bound as Federal Carriers Cases\n\nFed. Carr. Cas. (CCH)\n\nFederal Contracts Report\n\nFed. Cont. Rep. (BNA)\n\nFederal Election Campaign Financing Guide\n\nFed. Election Camp. Fin. Guide (CCH)\n\nFederal Energy Regulatory Commission Reporter\n\nFed. Energy Reg. Comm\xe2\x80\x99n Rep. (CCH)\n\nFederal Estate and Gift Tax Reporter\n\nFed. Est. & Gift Tax Rep. (CCH)\n\n\xe2\x87\x92 bound as Standard Federal Tax Reporter\n\nStand. Fed. Tax Rep. (CCH)\n\nFederal Excise Tax Reporter\n\nFed. Ex. Tax Rep. (CCH)\n\nFederal Income, Gift and Estate Taxation\n\nFed. Inc. Gift & Est. Tax\xe2\x80\x99n (MB)\n\nFederal Rules Service, Second Series\n\nFed. R. Serv. 2d (West)\n\nFederal Securities Law Reporter\n\nFed. Sec. L. Rep. (CCH)\n\nFederal Tax Coordinator Second\n\nFed. Tax Coordinator 2d (RIA)\n\nFederal Tax Guide Reports\n\nFed. Tax Guide Rep. (CCH)\n\nFire & Casualty Cases\xe2\x80\x94see Insurance Law Reports\nFood Drug Cosmetic Law Reporter\n\nFood Drug Cosm. L. Rep. (CCH)\n\nGovernment Contracts Reporter\n\nGov\xe2\x80\x99t Cont. Rep. (CCH)\n\n\xe2\x87\x92 bound as Contracts Cases, Federal\n\nCont. Cas. Fed. (CCH)\n\nGovernment Employee Relations Report\n\nGov\xe2\x80\x99t Empl. Rel. Rep. (BNA)\n\nHousing & Development Reporter\n\nHous. & Dev. Rep. (RIA)\n\nHuman Resources Management OSHA Compliance Guide\n\nOSHA Comp. Guide (CCH)\n\nImmigration Law Service\n\nImmigr. L. Serv. (West)\n\nInsurance Law Reports\n\nIns. L. Rep. (CCH)\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n99 of 136\n\nService Name\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nAbbreviation\n\n\xe2\x87\x92 bound as Personal and Commercial Liability\n\nPersonal and Comm. Liab. (CCH)\n\n\xe2\x87\x92 bound as Life, Health & Accident Insurance Cases 2d\n\nLife Health & Accid. Ins. Cas. 2d (CCH)\n\nInternational Environment Reporter\n\nInt\xe2\x80\x99l Env\xe2\x80\x99t Rep. (BNA)\n\nInternational Trade Reporter\n\nInt\xe2\x80\x99l Trade Rep. (BNA)\n\nIRS Positions\n\nIRS Pos. (CCH)\n\nLabor Arbitration Awards\n\nLab. Arb. Awards (CCH)\n\nLabor Law Reporter\n\nLab. L. Rep. (CCH)\n\n\xe2\x87\x92 bound as Labor Cases\n\nLab. Cas. (CCH)\n\n\xe2\x87\x92 bound as NLRB Decisions\n\nNLRB Dec. (CCH)\n\nsee also Employment Practices Guid\nLabor Relations Reporter:\n\nLab. Rel. Rep. (BNA)\n\n\xe2\x87\x92 bound as Fair Employment Practice Cases\n\nFair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA)\n\n\xe2\x87\x92 bound as Labor Arbitration Reports\n\nLab. Arb. Rep. (BNA)\n\n\xe2\x87\x92 bound as Labor Relations Reference Manual\n\nL.R.R.M. (BNA)\n\n\xe2\x87\x92 bound as Wage and Hour Cases\n\nWage & Hour Cas. (BNA)\n\nABA/BNA Lawyers\xe2\x80\x99 Manual on Professional Conduct\n\nLaws. Man. on Prof. Conduct (ABA/BNA)\n\nLife, Health & Accident Insurance Cases\xe2\x80\x94see Insurance Law Reports\nLiquor Control Law Reporter\n\nLiquor Cont. L. Rep. (CCH)\n\nMedia Law Reporter\n\nMedia L. Rep. (BNA)\n\nMedical Devices Reporter\n\nMed. Devices Rep. (CCH)\n\nMedicare and Medicaid Guide\n\nMedicare & Medicaid Guide (CCH)\n\nMutual Funds Guide\n\nMut. Funds Guide (CCH)\n\nNational Reporter on Legal Ethics & Professional Responsibility\n\nNat\xe2\x80\x99l Rep. Legal Ethics (Univ. Pub. Am.)\n\nNew York Stock Exchange Guide\n\nN.Y.S.E. Guide (CCH)\n\nNLRB Decisions\xe2\x80\x94see Labor Law Reporter\nNuclear Regulation Reporter\n\nNuclear Reg. Rep. (CCH)\n\nOccupational Safety & Health Reporter\n\nO.S.H. Rep. (BNA)\n\n\xe2\x87\x92 bound as Occupational Safety & Health Cases\n\nO.S.H. Cas. (BNA)\n\nOFCCP Federal Contract Compliance Manual\n\nOFCCP Fed. Cont. Compl. Man. (CCH)\n\nPatent, Trademark & Copyright Journal\n\nPat. Trademark & Copyright J. (BNA)\n\nPension & Benefits Reporter\n\nPens. & Ben. Rep. (BNA)\n\nPension Plan Guide\n\nPens. Plan Guide (CCH)\n\nPension & Profit Sharing Second\n\nPens. & Profit Sharing 2d (RIA)\n\nProduct Safety & Liability Reporter\n\nProd. Safety & Liab. Rep. (BNA)\n\nProducts Liability Reporter\n\nProd. Liab. Rep. (CCH)\n\nPublic Utilities Reports\n\nPub. Util. Rep. (PUR)\n\nSchool Law Reporter\n\nSchool L. Rep. (Educ. Law Ass\xe2\x80\x99n.)\n\nSearch & Seizure Bulletin\n\nSearch & Seizure Bull. (Quinlan)\n\nSEC Accounting Rules\n\nSEC Accounting R. (CCH)\n\nSecured Transactions Guide\n\nSecured Transactions Guide (CCH)\n\nSecurities and Federal Corporate Law Report\n\nSec. & Fed. Corp. L. Rep. (West)\n\nSecurities Regulation & Law Report\n\nSec. Reg. & L. Rep. (BNA)\n\nShipping Regulation\n\nShipping Reg. (BNA)\n\nSocial Security Reporter\n\nSoc. Sec. Rep. (CCH)\n\nStandard Federal Tax Reporter\n\nStand. Fed. Tax Rep. (CCH)\n\n\xe2\x87\x92 bound as U.S. Tax Cases\n\nU.S. Tax Cas. (CCH)\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n100 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nService Name\n\nAbbreviation\n\nState and Local Tax Service\n\nSt. & Loc. Tax Serv. (RIA)\n\nState and Local Taxes\xe2\x80\x94see All States Tax Guide\nState Inheritance, Estate, and Gift Tax Reporter\n\nSt. Inher., Est. & Gift Tax Rep. (CCH)\n\nState Tax Guide\n\nSt. Tax Guide (CCH)\n\nState Tax Reporter\n\nSt. Tax Rep. (CCH)\n\nTax Court Memorandum Decisions\n\nT.C.M. (RIA)\n\n\xe2\x87\x92 bound as Tax Court Reporter\n\nT.C.M. (CCH) [or (RIA)]\n\nTax Court Reported Decisions\n\nTax Ct. Rep. Dec. (RIA)\n\nTax Court Reports\n\nTax Ct. Rep. (CCH)\n\nTrade Regulation Reporter\n\nTrade Reg. Rep. (CCH)\n\n\xe2\x87\x92 bound as Trade Cases\n\nTrade Cas. (CCH)\n\nUnemployment Insurance Reporter\n\nUnempl. Ins. Rep. (CCH)\n\nUniform Commercial Code Reporting Service Second\n\nUCC Rep. Serv. (West)\n\nUnion Labor Report Newsletter\n\nUnion Lab. Rep. Newsl. (BNA)\n\nThe United States Law Week\n\nU.S.L.W. (BNA\xe2\x80\x94publisher need not be\nindicated)\n\nThe United States Patents Quarterly bound in same name\n\nU.S.P.Q. (BNA)\n\nU.S. Tax Cases\xe2\x80\x94see Federal Estate and Gift Tax Reporter and Standard Federal Tax\nReporter\nU.S. Tax Reporter\n\nU.S. Tax Rep. (RIA)\n\nU.S. Tax Treaties Reporter\n\nU.S. Tax Treaties Rep. (CCH)\n\nUtilities Law Reports\n\nUtil. L. Rep. (CCH)\n\nWage and Hour Cases\xe2\x80\x94see Labor Relations Reporter\n\nT5. Required Abbreviations for Legislative Documents\nWords not on this list that are more than six letters should not abbreviated if the abbreviation would be\nambiguous. All articles and prepositions should be removed from the abbreviated title if the document\ncan be unambiguously identified without the articles and prepositions.\nLegislative Document\n\nAbbreviation\n\nAnnals\n\nAnnals\n\nAnnual\n\nAnn.\n\nAssembly[man, woman, member]\n\nAssemb.\n\nBill\n\nB.\n\nCommittee\n\nComm.\n\nConcurrent\n\nCon.\n\nConference\n\nConf.\n\nCongress[ional]\n\nCong.\n\nDebate\n\nDeb.\n\nDelegate\n\nDel.\n\nDocument[s]\n\nDoc.\n\nExecutive\n\nExec.\n\nFederal\n\nFed.\n\nHouse\n\nH.\n\nHouse of Delegates\n\nH.D.\n\nHouse of Representatives\n\nH.R.\n\nJoint\n\nJ.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n101 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nLegislative Document\n\nAbbreviation\n\nLegislat[ion, ive]\n\nLegis.\n\nLegislature\n\nLeg.\n\nMiscellaneous\n\nMisc.\n\nNumber\n\nNo.\n\nOrder\n\nOrder\n\nRecord\n\nRec.\n\nRegister\n\nReg.\n\nRegular\n\nReg.\n\nReport\n\nRep.\n\nRepresentative\n\nRep.\n\nResolution\n\nRes.\n\nSenate\n\nS.\n\nSenator\n\nSen.\n\nService\n\nServ.\n\nSession\n\nSess.\n\nSpecial\n\nSpec.\n\nSubcommittee\n\nSubcomm.\n\nT6. Required Abbreviations for Treaty Sources\nThe dates to the year of the treaties contained in the source, not the years in which the source was\npublished.\nCourt Name\n\nDate\n\nAbbreviation\n\nUnited States Treaties and Other International Agreements\n\n1950\xe2\x80\x93date\n\n<volume> U.S.T. xxx\n\nStatutes at Large (indexed at 64 Stat. B1107)\n\n1778\xe2\x80\x931949\n\n<volume> Stat. xxx\n\nTreaties and Other International Acts Series\n\n1945\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nT.I.A.S. No. x\n\nTreaty Series\n\n1778\xe2\x80\x931945\n\nT.S. No. x\n\nExecutive Agreement Series\n\n1922\xe2\x80\x931945\n\nE.A.S. No. x\n\nSenate Treaty Document\n\n1981\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nS. Treaty Doc. No. x\n\nSenate Executive Documents\n\n1778\xe2\x80\x931980\n\nS. Exec. Doc. No. x\n\nUnited Nations Treaty Series\n\n1946\xe2\x80\x93date\n\n<volume> U.N.T.S. xxx\n\nLeague of Nations Treaty Series\n\n1920\xe2\x80\x931945\n\n<volume> L.N.T.S. xxx\n\nPan-American Treaty Series\n\n1949\xe2\x80\x93date\n\n<volume> Pan-Am. T.S. xxx\n\nEuropean Treaty Series\n\n1948\xe2\x80\x932003\n\nE.T.S. No. xxx\n\nOrganization of American States Treaty Series\n\n1970\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nO.A.S.T.S. No. xxx\n\nCouncil of Europe Treaty Series\n\n2004\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nC.E.T.S. No. xxx\n\nU.S. Treaties on LEXIS\n\n1776\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nLEXIS xxx\n\nInternational Legal Materials\n\n1962\xe2\x80\x93date\n\n<volume> I.L.M. xxx\n\nParry\xe2\x80\x99s Consolidated Treaty Series\n\n1648\xe2\x80\x931919\n\n<volume> Consol. T.S. xxx\n\nHein\xe2\x80\x99s United States Treaties and Other International Agreements\n\n1984\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nHein\xe2\x80\x99s No. KAV xxxx\n\nBevans\n\n1776\xe2\x80\x931949\n\n<volume> Bevans xxx\n\nOfficial U.S. Sources\n\nIntergovernmental Treaty sources\n\nUnofficial Treaty Sources\n\nT7. Required Abbreviations for Arbitral Reporters\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n102 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nCourt Name\n\nAbbreviation\n\nArbitration Materials\n\nArb. Mat\' l\n\nHague Court Reports, First Series\n\nHague Ct. Rep. (Scott)\n\nHague Court Reports, Second Series\n\nHague Ct. Rep. 2d (Scott)\n\nInternational Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) Reports\n\nICSID Rep.\n\nInternational Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) Review\n\nICSID Rev.\n\nInternational Chamber of Commerce Arbitration\n\nInt\' l Comm. Arb.\n\nInternational Tribunal for the Law of the Sea Reports of Judgments, Advisory Opinions\nand Orders\n\nITLOS Rep.\n\nInvestment Treaty Arbitration Investment Treaty Cases\n\nITA Inv. Treaty Cases\n\nPermanent Court of Arbitration Case Repository\n\nPCA Case Repository\n\nUnited Nations Reports of International Arbitral Awards\n\nR.I.A.A.\n\nWorld Arbitration Reporter\n\nWorld Arb. Rep. (<issue\nnumber>)\n\nT8. Required Abbreviations for Intergovernmental Organizations\nT8.1. United Nations and League of Nations\nCategory\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n\nUnited Nations Documents\nUnited Nations Documents\n\nU.N. Docs.\n\nUnited Nations Principal Organs\nGeneral Assembly\n\nGAOR\n\nSecurity Council\n\nSCOR\n\nEconomic and Social Council\n\nESCOR\n\nTrusteeship Council\n\nTCOR\n\nInternational Court of Justice (I.C.J.)\nJudgments, Advisory Opinions, and Orders\n\n1946\xe2\x80\x93date\n\n<year> I.C.J. xx\n\nPleadings, Oral Arguments, and Documents\n\n1946\xe2\x80\x93date\n\n<year> I.C.J. Pleadings xx\n\nActs and Documents\n\n1946\xe2\x80\x93date\n\n<year> I.C.J. Acts & Docs xx\n\n1946\xe2\x80\x93date\n\n<year> U.N.T.S. xxx\n\nPermanent Court of International Justice\n\n1920\xe2\x80\x931945\n\n<year> P.C.I.J. xxx\n\nLeague of Nations Treaty Series\n\n1920\xe2\x80\x931945\n\n<year> L.N.T.S. xxx\n\nTreaties and international agreements\nUnited Nations Treaty Series\nLeague of Nations\n\nT8.2. Europe\nCategory\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n\nEuropean Union\nCourts: Cite cases before the Court of Justice of the European Union (E.C.J.) and the General Court (Ct. of First Instance) to\nE.C.R.. If not, cite to C.M.L.R., Common Mkt. Rep. (CCH), or CEC (CCH), if found there, in that order. If not, cite to official\nonline sources.\nReports of cases before the Court of Justice\n\n1973\xe2\x80\x93date\n\n<year> E.C.R. xxx\n\nCommon Market Law Reports\n\n1962\xe2\x80\x93date\n\n<year> C.M.L.R. xxx\n\nCommon Market Reports\n\n1962\xe2\x80\x931988\n\n<year> Common Mkt. Rep. (CCH) xxx\n\nEuropean Community Cases\n\n1989\xe2\x80\x932007\n\n<year> CEC (CCH) xxx\n\nLegislative acts: Cite acts of the European Council and the European Commission to O.J. (the Official Journal of the\nEuropean Union, formerly the Official Journal of the European Communities). If not, cite to O.J. Spec. Ed.. If not, cite to J.O..\nFor issues of J.O. before 1967, indicate the issue number. For issues of O.J. and J.O. dating from 1967 and later, indicate the\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n103 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nCategory\nseries and issue number.>\n\nDates\n\nAbbreviation\n\nOfficial Journal of the European Union\n\n1973\xe2\x80\x93date\n\n<year> O.J. (L <act number>) xxx\n<year> O.J. Spec. Ed. xxx\n\nOfficial Journal of the European Community, Special Edition\n1952\xe2\x80\x931972\nJournal Officiel des Communaut\xc3\xa9s Europ\xc3\xa9ennes\n\n1958\xe2\x80\x93date\n\n<year> J.O. (L <act number>) xxx\n\nParliamentary documents\nEuropean Parliamentary Debates\n\nEur. Parl. Deb. (<debate number>) x\n\nEuropean Parliament Working Session or Session Documents\n\nEur. Parl. Doc. (COM <document number>)\nx\n\nParlement Europ\xc3\xa9en Documents de S\xc3\xa9ance\n\nParl. Eur. Doc. (SEC <document number>) x\n\nEuropean Commission of Human Rights: Cite to Eur. Comm\xe2\x80\x99n H.R. Dec. & Rep., Y.B. Eur. Conv. on H.R., or Eur. H.R. Rep.,\nin that order.>\nEuropean Commission of Human Rights Collections of\nDecisions\n\n<volume> Eur. Comm\xe2\x80\x99n H.R. Dec. & Rep.\nxxx\n\nEuropean Human Rights Reports\n\n<volume> Eur. H.R. Rep. xxx\n\nYearbook of the European Convention on Human Rights\n\nY.B. Eur. Conv. on H.R.\n\nEuropean Court of Human Rights: >\nEuropean Court of Human Rights Reports of Judgments and\nDecisions\n\nxx Eur. Ct. H.R. (<year>)\n\nYearbook of the European Convention on Human Rights\n\nY.B. Eur. Conv. on H.R.\n\nT8.3. Inter-American and International Tribunal\nCategory\n\nAbbreviation\n\nInter-American Commission on Human Rights\nInter-American Commission on Human Rights Annual Reports\n\nInter-Am. Comm\xe2\x80\x99n H.R.\n\nInter-American Court of Human Rights: Cite to Series, to Rep. Inter-Am. Ct. H.R., or to official online sources.>\nA - Judgments and Opinions\n\nInter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) No. xx\n\nB - Pleadings, Oral Arguments and Documents (Relative to Series A)\n\nInter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. B) No.\nxx, xxx\n\nC - Decisions and Judgments\n\nInter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. xx\n\nD - Pleadings, Oral Arguments and Documents (Relative to Series C)\n\nInter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. D) No.\nxx, xxx\n\nE - Provisional Measures\n\nInter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. E) No.\nxx, xxx\n\nF - Procedural Decisions\n\nInter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. F) No.\nxx, xxx\n\nAnnual Reports of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights:>\nComplete Opinions: 1970-date\n\nRep. Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. xxx\n\nInternational Tribunal for the Law of the Sea\nInternational Tribunal for the Law of the Sea Reports of Judgments, Advisory Opinions\nand Orders: 1956\xe2\x80\x93date\n\nITLOS Rep.\n\nT8.4. Other Intergovernmental Organizations\nCategory\n\nAbbreviation\n\nComprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization\n\nCTBTO\n\nFood and Agriculture Organization\n\nFAO\n\nGlobal Environment Facility\n\nGEF\n\nIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\n\nIPCC\n\nInternational Atomic Energy Agency\n\nIAEA\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n104 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nCategory\n\nAbbreviation\n\nInternational Bank for Reconstruction and Development\n\nIBRD\n\nInternational Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes\n\nICSID\n\nInternational Civil Aviation Organization\n\nICAO\n\nInternational Criminal Police Organization\n\nINTERPOL\n\nInternational Development Association\n\nIDA\n\nInternational Finance Corporation\n\nIFC\n\nInternational Fund for Agricultural Development\n\nIFAD\n\nInternational Labour Organization\n\nILO\n\nInternational Maritime Organization\n\nIMO\n\nInternational Monetary Fund\n\nIMF\n\nInternational Refugee Organization\n\nIRO\n\nInternational Telecommunication Union\n\nITU\n\nInternational Union for Conservation of Nature\n\nIUCN\n\nMultilateral Investment Guarantee Agency\n\nMIGA\n\nOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development\n\nOECD\n\nOrganisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons\n\nOPCW\n\nUnited Nations\n\nU.N.\n\nUnited Nations Children\'s Fund\n\nUNICEF\n\nUnited Nations Development Programme\n\nUNDP\n\nUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization\n\nUNESCO\n\nUnited Nations Environment Programme\n\nUNEP\n\nUnited Nations Industrial Development Organization\n\nUNIDO\n\nUniversal Postal Union\n\nUPU\n\nWorld Bank Group\n\nWBG\n\nWorld Customs Organization\n\nWCO\n\nWorld Health Organization\n\nWHO\n\nWorld Intellectual Property Organization\n\nWIPO\n\nWorld Meteorological Organization\n\nWMO\n\nWorld Tourism Organization\n\nUNWTO\n\nWorld Trade Organization\n\nWTO\n\nT9. Required Abbreviations for Court Names\nCourt Name\n\nAbbreviation\n\nAdministrative Court\n\nAdmin. Ct.\n\nAdmiralty [Court, Division]\n\nAdm.\n\nAldermen\xe2\x80\x99s Court\n\nAlder. Ct.\n\nAppeals Court\n\nApp. Ct.\n\nAppellate Court\n\nApp. Ct.\n\nAppellate Department\n\nApp. Dep\xe2\x80\x99t\n\nAppellate Division\n\nApp. Div.\n\nArmed Services Board of Contract Appeals\n\nASBCA\n\nBankruptcy Appellate Panel\n\nB.A.P.\n\nBankruptcy [Court, Judge]\n\nBankr.\n\nBoard of Contract Appeals\n\nB.C.A.\n\nBoard of Immigration Appeals\n\nB.I.A.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n105 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nCourt Name\n\nAbbreviation\n\nBoard of Patent Appeals and Interferences\n\nB.P.A.I.\n\nBoard of Tax Appeals\n\nB.T.A.\n\nBorough Court\n\n<Name> Bor. Ct.\n\nCentral District\n\nC.D.\n\nChancery [Court, Division]\n\nCh.\n\nChildren\xe2\x80\x99s Court\n\nChild. Ct.\n\nCircuit Court (old federal)\n\nC.C.\n\nCircuit Court (state)\n\nCir. Ct.\n\nCircuit Court of Appeals (federal)\n\nCir.\n\nCircuit Court of Appeals (state)\n\nCir. Ct. App.\n\nCity Court\n\n<Name> City Ct.\n\nCivil Appeals\n\nCiv. App.\n\nCivil Court of Record\n\nCiv. Ct. Rec.\n\nCivil District Court\n\nCiv. Dist. Ct.\n\nClaims Court\n\nCl. Ct.\n\nCommerce Court\n\nComm. Ct.\n\nCommission\n\nComm\xe2\x80\x99n\n\nCommon Pleas\n\nC.P. <when appropriate, name county or similar subdivision>\n\nCommonwealth Court\n\nCommw. Ct.\n\nConciliation Court\n\nConcil. Ct.\n\nCounty Court\n\n<Name> Cty. Ct.\n\nCounty Judge\xe2\x80\x99s Court\n\nCty. J. Ct.\n\nCourt\n\nCt.\n\nCourt of Appeal (English)\n\nC.A.\n\nCourt of Appeals (federal)\n\nCir.\n\nCourt of Appeal[s] (state)\n\nCt. App.\n\nCourt of Appeals for the Armed Forces\n\nC.A.A.F.\n\nCourt of Civil Appeals\n\nCiv. App.\n\nCourt of Claims\n\nCt. Cl.\n\nCourt of Common Pleas\n\nCt. Com. Pl.\n\nCourt of Criminal Appeals\n\nCrim. App.\n\nCourt of Customs and Patent Appeals\n\nC.C.P.A.\n\nCourt of Customs Appeals\n\nCt. Cust. App.\n\nCourt of Errors\n\nCt. Err.\n\nCourt of Errors and Appeals\n\nCt. Err. & App.\n\nCourt of Federal Claims\n\nFed. Cl.\n\nCourt of [General, Special] Sessions\n\nCt. <Gen. or Spec.> Sess.\n\nCourt of International Trade\n\nCt. Int\xe2\x80\x99l Trade\n\nCourt of Military Appeals\n\nC.M.A.\n\nCourt of Military Review\n\nC.M.R.\n\nCourt of Special Appeals\n\nCt. Spec. App.\n\nCourt of Veterans Appeals\n\nCt. Vet. App.\n\nCriminal Appeals\n\nCrim. App.\n\nCriminal District Court\n\nCrim. Dist. Ct.\n\nCustoms Court\n\nCust. Ct.\n\nDistrict Court (federal)\n\nD.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n106 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nCourt Name\n\nAbbreviation\n\nDistrict Court (state)\n\nDist. Ct.\n\nDistrict Court of Appeal[s]\n\nDist. Ct. App.\n\nDivision\n\nDiv.\n\nDomestic Relations Court\n\nDom. Rel. Ct.\n\nEastern District\n\nE.D.\n\nEmergency Court of Appeals\n\nEmer. Ct. App.\n\nEquity [Court, Division]\n\nEq.\n\nFamily Court\n\nFam. Ct.\n\nHigh Court\n\nHigh Ct.\n\nJudicial District\n\nJud. Dist.\n\nJudicial Division\n\nJud. Div.\n\nJudicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation\n\nJ.P.M.L.\n\nJustice of the Peace\xe2\x80\x99s Court\n\nJ.P. Ct.\n\nJuvenile Court\n\nJuv. Ct.\n\nLand Court\n\nLand Ct.\n\nLaw Court\n\nLaw Ct.\n\nLaw Division\n\nLaw Div.\n\nMagistrate Division\n\nMagis. Div.\n\nMagistrate\xe2\x80\x99s Court\n\nMagis. Ct.\n\nMiddle District\n\nM.D.\n\nMunicipal Court\n\n<Name> Mun. Ct.\n\nNorthern District\n\nN.D.\n\nOrphans\xe2\x80\x99 Court\n\nOrphans\xe2\x80\x99 Ct.\n\nParish Court\n\n<Name> Parish Ct.\n\nPolice Justice\xe2\x80\x99s Court\n\nPolice J. Ct.\n\nPrerogative Court\n\nPrerog. Ct.\n\nProbate Court\n\nProb. Ct.\n\nPublic Utilities Commission\n\nP.U.C.\n\nReal Estate Commission\n\nReal Est. Comm\xe2\x80\x99n\n\nRecorder\xe2\x80\x99s Court\n\nRec\xe2\x80\x99s Ct.\n\nSouthern District\n\nS.D.\n\nSpecial Court Regional Rail Reorganization Act\n\nReg\xe2\x80\x99l Rail Reorg. Ct.\n\nSuperior Court\n\nSuper. Ct.\n\nSupreme Court (federal)\n\nU.S.\n\nSupreme Court (other)\n\nSup. Ct.\n\nSupreme Court, Appellate Division\n\nApp. Div.\n\nSupreme Court, Appellate Term\n\nApp. Term\n\nSupreme Court of Errors\n\nSup. Ct. Err.\n\nSupreme Judicial Court\n\nSup. Jud. Ct.\n\nSurrogate\xe2\x80\x99s Court\n\nSur. Ct.\n\nTax Appeal Court\n\nTax App. Ct.\n\nTax Court\n\nT.C.\n\nTeen Court\n\nTeen Ct.\n\nTemporary Emergency Court of Appeals\n\nTemp. Emer. Ct. App.\n\nTerritor[ial, y]\n\nTerr.\n\nTrademark Trial and Appeal Board\n\nT.T.A.B.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n107 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nCourt Name\n\nAbbreviation\n\nTraffic Court\n\nTraffic Ct.\n\nTribal Court\n\n<Name> Tribal Ct.\n\nTribunal\n\nTrib.\n\nWater Court\n\nWater Ct.\n\nWestern District\n\nW.D.\n\nWorkmen\xe2\x80\x99s Compensation Division\n\nWorkmen\xe2\x80\x99s Comp. Div.\n\nYouth Court\n\nYouth Ct.\n\nT10. Required Abbreviations for Titles of Judges and Officials\nTitle\n\nAbbreviation\n\nAdministrative Law Judge\n\nA.L.J.\n\nArbitrator\n\nArb.\n\nAssembly[man, woman, member]\n\nAssemb.\n\nAttorney General\n\nAtt\xe2\x80\x99y Gen.\n\nBaron\n\nB.\n\nChancellor\n\nC.\n\nChief Baron\n\nC.B.\n\nChief Judge, Chief Justice\n\nC.J.\n\nCommissioner\n\nComm\xe2\x80\x99r\n\nDelegate\n\nDel.\n\nHonorable\n\nHon.\n\nJudge, Justice\n\nJ.\n\nJudges, Justices\n\nJJ.\n\nLord Justice\n\nL.J.\n\nMagistrate\n\nMag.\n\nMaster of the Rolls\n\nM.R.\n\nMediator\n\nMed.\n\nReferee\n\nRef.\n\nRepresentative\n\nRep.\n\nSenator\n\nSen.\n\nVice Chancellor\n\nV.C.\n\nT11. Required Abbreviations for Case Names In Citations\nCase Name\n\nAbbreviation\n\nAcadem[ic, y]\n\nAcad.\n\nAdministrat[ive, ion]\n\nAdmin.\n\nAdministrat[or, rix]\n\nAdm\xe2\x80\x99 [r, x]\n\nAdvertising\n\nAdvert. or Adver.\n\nAgricultur[e, al]\n\nAgric.\n\nAlliance\n\nAll.\n\nAlternative\n\nAlt.\n\nAmerica[n]\n\nAm.\n\nand\n\n&\n\nAssociate\n\nAssoc.\n\nAssociation\n\nAss\xe2\x80\x99n\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n108 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nCase Name\n\nAbbreviation\n\nAtlantic\n\nAtl.\n\nAuthority\n\nAuth.\n\nAutomo[bile, tive]\n\nAuto.\n\nAvenue\n\nAve.\n\nBankruptcy\n\nBankr.\n\nBoard\n\nBd.\n\nBroadcast[er, ing]\n\nBroad.\n\nBrotherhood\n\nBhd.\n\nBrothers\n\nBros.\n\nBuilding\n\nBldg.\n\nBusiness\n\nBus.\n\nCasualty\n\nCas.\n\nCent[er, re]\n\nCtr.\n\nCentral\n\nCent.\n\nChemical\n\nChem.\n\nCoalition\n\nCoal.\n\nCollege\n\nColl.\n\nCommission\n\nComm\xe2\x80\x99n\n\nCommissioner\n\nComm\xe2\x80\x99r\n\nCommittee\n\nComm.\n\nCommunication\n\nCommc\xe2\x80\x99n\n\nCommunity\n\nCmty.\n\nCompany\n\nCo.\n\nCompensation\n\nComp.\n\nComputer\n\nComput.\n\nCondominium\n\nCondo.\n\nCongress[ional]\n\nCong.\n\nConsolidated\n\nConsol.\n\nConstruction\n\nConstr.\n\nContinental\n\nCont\xe2\x80\x99l\n\nCooperative\n\nCoop.\n\nCorporat[e, ion]\n\nCorp.\n\nCorrection[s, al]\n\nCorr.\n\nCounty\n\nCty. or Cnty.\n\nDefen[der, se]\n\nDef.\n\nDepartment\n\nDep\xe2\x80\x99t\n\nDetention\n\nDet.\n\nDevelopment\n\nDev.\n\nDigital\n\nDig.\n\nDirector\n\nDir.\n\nDiscount\n\nDisc.\n\nDistribut[or, ing]\n\nDistrib.\n\nDistrict\n\nDist.\n\nDivision\n\nDiv.\n\nEast[ern]\n\nE.\n\nEconom[ic, ical, ics, y]\n\nEcon.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n109 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nCase Name\n\nAbbreviation\n\nEducation[al]\n\nEduc.\n\nElectr[ic, ical, icity, onic]\n\nElec.\n\nEmployee\n\nEmp.\n\nEmploy[er, ment]\n\nEmp\xe2\x80\x99[r, t]\n\nEnforcement\n\nEnf\xe2\x80\x99t\n\nEngineer\n\nEng\xe2\x80\x99r\n\nEngineering\n\nEng\xe2\x80\x99g\n\nEnterprise\n\nEnter.\n\nEntertainment\n\nEntm\xe2\x80\x99t\n\nEnvironment\n\nEnv\xe2\x80\x99t\n\nEnvironmental\n\nEnvtl.\n\nEquality\n\nEqual.\n\nEquipment\n\nEquip.\n\nExaminer\n\nExam\xe2\x80\x99r\n\nExchange\n\nExch.\n\nExecutive\n\nExec.\n\nExecut[or, rix]\n\nEx\xe2\x80\x99[r, x]\n\nExplorat[ion, ory]\n\nExpl.\n\nExport[er, ation]\n\nExp.\n\nFederal\n\nFed.\n\nFederation\n\nFed\xe2\x80\x99n\n\nFidelity\n\nFid.\n\nFinanc[e, ial, ing]\n\nFin.\n\nFoundation\n\nFound.\n\nGeneral\n\nGen.\n\nGlobal\n\nGlob.\n\nGovernment\n\nGov\xe2\x80\x99t\n\nGroup\n\nGrp.\n\nGuaranty\n\nGuar.\n\nHospital[ity]\n\nHosp.\n\nHousing\n\nHous.\n\nImport[er, ation]\n\nImp.\n\nIncorporated\n\nInc.\n\nIndemnity\n\nIndem.\n\nIndependen[ce, t]\n\nIndep.\n\nIndustr[y, ies, ial]\n\nIndus.\n\nInformation\n\nInfo.\n\nInstitut[e, ion]\n\nInst.\n\nInsurance\n\nIns.\n\nInternational\n\nInt\xe2\x80\x99l\n\nInvestment\n\nInv.\n\nInvestor\n\nInv\xe2\x80\x99r\n\nLaboratory\n\nLab.\n\nLiability\n\nLiab.\n\nLimited\n\nLtd.\n\nLitigation\n\nLitig.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n110 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nCase Name\n\nAbbreviation\n\nMachine[ry]\n\nMach.\n\nMaintenance\n\nMaint.\n\nManagement\n\nMgmt.\n\nManufacturer\n\nMfr.\n\nManufacturing\n\nMfg.\n\nMaritime\n\nMar.\n\nMarket\n\nMkt.\n\nMarketing\n\nMktg.\n\nMechanic[al]\n\nMech.\n\nMedic[al, ine]\n\nMed.\n\nMemorial\n\nMem\xe2\x80\x99l\n\nMerchan[t, dise, dising]\n\nMerch.\n\nMetropolitan\n\nMetro.\n\nMortgage\n\nMortg.\n\nMunicipal\n\nMun.\n\nMutual\n\nMut.\n\nNational\n\nNat\xe2\x80\x99l\n\nNatural\n\nNat.\n\nNorth[ern]\n\nN.\n\nNortheast[ern]\n\nNe.\n\nNorthwest[ern]\n\nNw.\n\nNumber\n\nNo.\n\nOpinion\n\nOp.\n\nOrganiz[ation, ing]\n\nOrg.\n\nPacific\n\nPac.\n\nParish\n\nPar.\n\nPartnership\n\nP\xe2\x80\x99ship\n\nPerson[al, nel]\n\nPers.\n\nPharmaceutic[s, al, als]\n\nPharm.\n\nPreserv[e, ation]\n\nPres.\n\nProbat[e, ion]\n\nProb.\n\nProduct[ion]\n\nProd.\n\nProfessional\n\nProf\xe2\x80\x99l\n\nProperty\n\nProp.\n\nProtection\n\nProt.\n\nPublic\n\nPub.\n\nPublication\n\nPubl\xe2\x80\x99n\n\nPublishing\n\nPubl\xe2\x80\x99g\n\nRailroad\n\nR.R.\n\nRailway\n\nRy.\n\nRefining\n\nRef.\n\nRegional\n\nReg\xe2\x80\x99l\n\nRehabilitat[ion, ive]\n\nRehab.\n\nReproduct[ion, ive]\n\nReprod.\n\nResource[s]\n\nRes.\n\nRestaurant\n\nRest.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n111 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nCase Name\n\nAbbreviation\n\nRetirement\n\nRet.\n\nRoad\n\nRd.\n\nSavings\n\nSav.\n\nSchool[s]\n\nSch.\n\nScien[ce, tific]\n\nSci.\n\nSecretary\n\nSec\xe2\x80\x99y\n\nSecurit[y, ies]\n\nSec.\n\nService\n\nServ.\n\nShareholder\n\nS\xe2\x80\x99holder\n\nSocial\n\nSoc.\n\nSociety\n\nSoc\xe2\x80\x99y\n\nSolution\n\nSol.\n\nSouth[ern]\n\nS.\n\nSoutheast[ern]\n\nSe.\n\nSouthwest[ern]\n\nSw.\n\nSteamship[s]\n\nS.S.\n\nStreet\n\nSt.\n\nSubcommittee\n\nSubcomm.\n\nSurety\n\nSur.\n\nSystem[s]\n\nSys.\n\nTechn[ical, ological, ology]\n\nTech.\n\nTelecommunication\n\nTelecomm.\n\nTele[phone, graph]\n\nTel.\n\nTemporary\n\nTemp.\n\nTownship\n\nTwp.\n\nTranscontinental\n\nTranscon.\n\nTransport[ation]\n\nTransp.\n\nTrust[ee]\n\nTr.\n\nTurnpike\n\nTpk.\n\nUniform\n\nUnif.\n\nUniversity\n\nUniv.\n\nUtility\n\nUtil.\n\nVillage\n\nVill.\n\nWest[ern]\n\nW.\n\nT12. Required Abbreviations for Geographical Terms\nT12.1. U.S. States, Cities and Territories\nPlace\n\nAbbreviation\n\nStates\nAlabama\n\nAla.\n\nAlaska\n\nAlaska\n\nArizona\n\nAriz.\n\nArkansas\n\nArk.\n\nCalifornia\n\nCal.\n\nColorado\n\nColo.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n112 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nPlace\n\nAbbreviation\n\nConnecticut\n\nConn.\n\nDelaware\n\nDel.\n\nFlorida\n\nFla.\n\nGeorgia\n\nGa.\n\nHawaii\n\nHaw.\n\nIdaho\n\nIdaho\n\nIllinois\n\nIll.\n\nIndiana\n\nInd.\n\nIowa\n\nIowa\n\nKansas\n\nKan.\n\nKentucky\n\nKy.\n\nLouisiana\n\nLa.\n\nMaine\n\nMe.\n\nMaryland\n\nMd.\n\nMassachusetts\n\nMass.\n\nMichigan\n\nMich.\n\nMinnesota\n\nMinn.\n\nMississippi\n\nMiss.\n\nMissouri\n\nMo.\n\nMontana\n\nMont.\n\nNebraska\n\nNeb.\n\nNevada\n\nNev.\n\nNew Hampshire\n\nN.H.\n\nNew Jersey\n\nN.J.\n\nNew Mexico\n\nN.M.\n\nNew York\n\nN.Y.\n\nNorth Carolina\n\nN.C.\n\nNorth Dakota\n\nN.D.\n\nOhio\n\nOhio\n\nOklahoma\n\nOkla.\n\nOregon\n\nOr.\n\nPennsylvania\n\nPa.\n\nRhode Island\n\nR.I.\n\nSouth Carolina\n\nS.C.\n\nSouth Dakota\n\nS.D.\n\nTennessee\n\nTenn.\n\nTexas\n\nTex.\n\nUtah\n\nUtah\n\nVermont\n\nVt.\n\nVirginia\n\nVa.\n\nWashington\n\nWash.\n\nWest Virginia\n\nW. Va.\n\nWisconsin\n\nWis.\n\nWyoming\n\nWyo.\n\nCities1\nBaltimore\n\nBalt.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n113 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nPlace\n\nAbbreviation\n\nBoston\n\nBos.\n\nChicago\n\nChi.\n\nDallas\n\nDall.\n\nDistrict of Columbia\n\nD.C.\n\nHouston\n\nHous.\n\nLos Angeles\n\nL.A.\n\nNew York\n\nN.Y.C.\n\nPhiladelphia\n\nPhila.\n\nPhoenix\n\nPhx.\n\nSan Francisco\n\nS.F.\n\nTerritories\nAmerican Samoa\n\nAm. Sam.\n\nGuam\n\nGuam\n\nNorthern Mariana Islands\n\nN. Mar. I.\n\nPuerto Rico\n\nP.R.\n\nVirgin Islands\n\nV.I.\n\nNote\n1. Abbreviations for city names may also be composed from state name abbreviations above.\nFor example, \xe2\x80\x9cKansas City\xe2\x80\x9d should be shortened to \xe2\x80\x9cKan. City.\xe2\x80\x9d\n\nT12.2 Australian States and Canadian Provinces and Territories\nPlace\n\nAbbreviation\n\nAustralia\nAustralian Capital Territory\n\nAustl. Cap. Terr.\n\nNew South Wales\n\nN.S.W.\n\nNorthern Territory\n\nN. Terr.\n\nQueensland\n\nQueensl.\n\nSouth Australia\n\nS. Austl.\n\nTasmania\n\nTas.\n\nVictoria\n\nVict.\n\nWestern Australia\n\nW. Austl.\n\nCanada\nAlberta\n\nAlta.\n\nBritish Columbia\n\nB.C.\n\nManitoba\n\nMan.\n\nNew Brunswick\n\nN.B.\n\nNewfoundland & Labrador\n\nNfld.\n\nNorthwest Territories\n\nN.W.T.\n\nNova Scotia\n\nN.S.\n\nNunavut\n\nNun.\n\nOntario\n\nOnt.\n\nPrince Edward Island\n\nP.E.I.\n\nQuebec\n\nQue.\n\nSaskatchewan\n\nSask.\n\nYukon\n\nYukon\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n114 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nT12.3 Countries and Regions\nPlace\n\nAbbreviation\n\nAfghanistan\n\nAfg.\n\nAfrica\n\nAfr.\n\nAlbania\n\nAlb.\n\nAlgeria\n\nAlg.\n\nAndorra\n\nAndorra\n\nAngola\n\nAngl.\n\nAnguilla\n\nAnguilla\n\nAntarctica\n\nAntarctica\n\nAntigua & Barbuda\n\nAnt. & Barb.\n\nArgentina\n\nArg.\n\nArmenia\n\nArm.\n\nAsia\n\nAsia\n\nAustralia\n\nAustl.\n\nAustria\n\nAustria\n\nAzerbaijan\n\nAzer.\n\nBahamas\n\nBah.\n\nBahrain\n\nBahr.\n\nBangladesh\n\nBangl.\n\nBarbados\n\nBarb.\n\nBelarus\n\nBelr.\n\nBelgium\n\nBelg.\n\nBelize\n\nBelize\n\nBenin\n\nBenin\n\nBermuda\n\nBerm.\n\nBhutan\n\nBhutan\n\nBolivia\n\nBol.\n\nBosnia & Herzegovina\n\nBosn. & Herz.\n\nBotswana\n\nBots.\n\nBrazil\n\nBraz.\n\nBrunei\n\nBrunei\n\nBulgaria\n\nBulg.\n\nBurkina Faso\n\nBurk. Faso\n\nBurundi\n\nBurundi\n\nCambodia\n\nCambodia\n\nCameroon\n\nCameroon\n\nCanada\n\nCan.\n\nCape Verde\n\nCape Verde\n\nCayman Islands\n\nCayman Is.\n\nCentral African Republic\n\nCent. Afr. Rep.\n\nChad\n\nChad\n\nChile\n\nChile\n\nChina, People\'s Republic of\n\nChina\n\nColombia\n\nColom.\n\nComoros\n\nComoros\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n115 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nPlace\n\nAbbreviation\n\nCongo, Democratic Republic of the\n\nDem. Rep. Congo\n\nCongo, Republic of the\n\nCongo\n\nCosta Rica\n\nCosta Rica\n\nC\xc3\xb4te d\'Ivoire\n\nC\xc3\xb4te d\'Ivoire\n\nCroatia\n\nCroat.\n\nCuba\n\nCuba\n\nCyprus\n\nCyprus\n\nCzech Republic\n\nCzech\n\nDenmark\n\nDen.\n\nDjibouti\n\nDjib.\n\nDominica\n\nDominica\n\nDominican Republic\n\nDom. Rep.\n\nEcuador\n\nEcuador\n\nEgypt\n\nEgypt\n\nEl Salvador\n\nEl Sal.\n\nEngland\n\nEng.\n\nEquatorial Guinea\n\nEq. Guinea\n\nEritrea\n\nEri.\n\nEstonia\n\nEst.\n\nEthiopia\n\nEth.\n\nEurope\n\nEur.\n\nFalkland Islands\n\nFalkland Is.\n\nFiji\n\nFiji\n\nFinland\n\nFin.\n\nFrance\n\nFr.\n\nGabon\n\nGabon\n\nGambia\n\nGam.\n\nGeorgia\n\nGeor.\n\nGermany\n\nGer.\n\nGhana\n\nGhana\n\nGibraltar\n\nGib.\n\nGreat Britain\n\nGr. Brit.\n\nGreece\n\nGreece\n\nGreenland\n\nGreen.\n\nGrenada\n\nGren.\n\nGuadeloupe\n\nGuad.\n\nGuatemala\n\nGuat.\n\nGuinea\n\nGuinea\n\nGuinea-Bissau\n\nGuinea-Bissau\n\nGuyana\n\nGuy.\n\nHaiti\n\nHaiti\n\nHonduras\n\nHond.\n\nHong Kong\n\nH.K.\n\nHungary\n\nHung.\n\nIceland\n\nIce.\n\nIndia\n\nIndia\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n116 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nPlace\n\nAbbreviation\n\nIndonesia\n\nIndon.\n\nIran\n\nIran\n\nIraq\n\nIraq\n\nIreland\n\nIr.\n\nIsrael\n\nIsr.\n\nItaly\n\nIt.\n\nJamaica\n\nJam.\n\nJapan\n\nJapan\n\nJordan\n\nJordan\n\nKazakhstan\n\nKaz.\n\nKenya\n\nKenya\n\nKiribati\n\nKiribati\n\nKorea, North\n\nN. Kor.\n\nKorea, South\n\nS. Kor.\n\nKosovo\n\nKos.\n\nKuwait\n\nKuwait\n\nKyrgyzstan\n\nKyrg.\n\nLaos\n\nLaos\n\nLatvia\n\nLat.\n\nLebanon\n\nLeb.\n\nLesotho\n\nLesotho\n\nLiberia\n\nLiber.\n\nLibya\n\nLibya\n\nLiechtenstein\n\nLiech.\n\nLithuania\n\nLith.\n\nLuxembourg\n\nLux.\n\nMacau\n\nMac.\n\nMacedonia\n\nMaced.\n\nMadagascar\n\nMadag.\n\nMalawi\n\nMalawi\n\nMalaysia\n\nMalay.\n\nMaldives\n\nMaldives\n\nMali\n\nMali\n\nMalta\n\nMalta\n\nMarshall Islands\n\nMarsh. Is.\n\nMartinique\n\nMart.\n\nMauritania\n\nMauritania\n\nMauritius\n\nMauritius\n\nMexico\n\nMex.\n\nMicronesia\n\nMicr.\n\nMoldova\n\nMold.\n\nMonaco\n\nMonaco\n\nMongolia\n\nMong.\n\nMontenegro\n\nMontenegro\n\nMontserrat\n\nMontserrat\n\nMorocco\n\nMorocco\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n117 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nPlace\n\nAbbreviation\n\nMozambique\n\nMozam.\n\nMyanmar\n\nMyan.\n\nNamibia\n\nNamib.\n\nNauru\n\nNauru\n\nNepal\n\nNepal\n\nNetherlands\n\nNeth.\n\nNew Zealand\n\nN.Z.\n\nNicaragua\n\nNicar.\n\nNiger\n\nNiger\n\nNigeria\n\nNigeria\n\nNorth America\n\nN. Am.\n\nNorthern Ireland\n\nN. Ir.\n\nNorway\n\nNor.\n\nOman\n\nOman\n\nPakistan\n\nPak.\n\nPalau\n\nPalau\n\nPanama\n\nPan.\n\nPapua New Guinea\n\nPapua N.G.\n\nParaguay\n\nPara.\n\nPeru\n\nPeru\n\nPhilippines\n\nPhil.\n\nPitcairn Island\n\nPitcairn Is.\n\nPoland\n\nPol.\n\nPortugal\n\nPort.\n\nQatar\n\nQatar\n\nR\xc3\xa9union\n\nR\xc3\xa9union\n\nRomania\n\nRom.\n\nRussia\n\nRuss.\n\nRwanda\n\nRwanda\n\nSaint Helena\n\nSt. Helena\n\nSaint Kitts & Nevis\n\nSt. Kitts & Nevis\n\nSaint Lucia\n\nSt. Lucia\n\nSaint Vincent & the Grenadines\n\nSt. Vincent\n\nSamoa\n\nSamoa\n\nSan Marino\n\nSan Marino\n\nS\xc3\xa3o Tom\xc3\xa9 & Pr\xc3\xadncipe\n\nS\xc3\xa3o Tom\xc3\xa9 & Pr\xc3\xadncipe\n\nSaudi Arabia\n\nSaudi Arabia\n\nScotland\n\nScot.\n\nSenegal\n\nSen.\n\nSerbia\n\nSerb.\n\nSeychelles\n\nSey.\n\nSierra Leone\n\nSierra Leone\n\nSingapore\n\nSing.\n\nSlovakia\n\nSlovk.\n\nSlovenia\n\nSlovn.\n\nSolomon Islands\n\nSolom. Is.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n118 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nPlace\n\nAbbreviation\n\nSomalia\n\nSom.\n\nSouth Africa\n\nS. Afr.\n\nSouth America\n\nS. Am.\n\nSpain\n\nSpain\n\nSri Lanka\n\nSri Lanka\n\nSudan\n\nSudan\n\nSuriname\n\nSurin.\n\nSwaziland\n\nSwaz.\n\nSweden\n\nSwed.\n\nSwitzerland\n\nSwitz.\n\nSyria\n\nSyria\n\nTaiwan\n\nTaiwan\n\nTajikistan\n\nTaj.\n\nTanzania\n\nTanz.\n\nThailand\n\nThai.\n\nTimor-Leste (East Timor)\n\nTimor-Leste\n\nTogo\n\nTogo\n\nTonga\n\nTonga\n\nTrinidad & Tobago\n\nTrin. & Tobago\n\nTunisia\n\nTunis.\n\nTurkey\n\nTurk.\n\nTurkmenistan\n\nTurkm.\n\nTurks & Caicos Islands\n\nTurks & Caicos Is.\n\nTuvalu\n\nTuvalu\n\nUganda\n\nUganda\n\nUkraine\n\nUkr.\n\nUnited Arab Emirates\n\nU.A.E.\n\nUnited Kingdom\n\nU.K.\n\nUnited States of America\n\nU.S.\n\nUruguay\n\nUru.\n\nUzbekistan\n\nUzb.\n\nVanuatu\n\nVanuatu\n\nVatican City\n\nVatican\n\nVenezuela\n\nVenez.\n\nVietnam\n\nViet.\n\nVirgin Islands, British\n\nVirgin Is.\n\nWales\n\nWales\n\nYemen\n\nYemen\n\nZambia\n\nZam.\n\nZimbabwe\n\nZim.\n\nT13. Required Abbreviations for Document Subdivisions\nDocument Subdivision\n\nAbbreviation\n\naddendum\n\nadd.\n\namendment\n\namend.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n119 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nDocument Subdivision\n\nAbbreviation\n\nannotation\n\nannot.\n\nappendi[x, ces]\n\napp., apps.\n\narticle\n\nart.\n\nbibliography\n\nbibliog.\n\nbook\n\nbk.\n\nchapter\n\nch.\n\nclause\n\ncl.\n\ncolumn\n\ncol.\n\ncomment[ary]\n\ncmt.\n\ndecision\n\ndec.\n\ndepartment\n\ndept.\n\ndivision\n\ndiv.\n\nexample\n\nex.\n\nfigure1\n\nfig.\n\nfolio\n\nfol.\n\nfootnote[s] in cross-references\n\nnote, notes\n\nfootnote[s] in other references2\n\nn., nn.\n\nhistorical note[s]3\n\nhist. n., hist. nn.\n\nhypothetical\n\nhypo.\n\nillustration[s]\n\nillus.\n\nintroduction\n\nintro.\n\nline[s]\n\nl., ll.\n\nnumber\n\nno.\n\npage[s] in cross-references\n\np., pp.\n\npage[s] in other references\n\n[at]\n\nparagraph[s]\n\n\xc2\xb6, \xc2\xb6\xc2\xb6\n\nparagraph[s] if symbol appears in source\n\npara., paras.\n\npart\n\npt.\n\npreamble\n\npmbl.\n\nprinciple\n\nprinc.\n\npublication\n\npub.\n\nrule\n\nr.\n\nschedule\n\nsched.\n\nsection[s] in amending act\n\nsec., secs.\n\nsection[s] in all other contexts\n\n\xc2\xa7, \xc2\xa7\xc2\xa7\n\nseries, serial\n\nser.\n\nsubdivision\n\nsubdiv.\n\nsubsection\n\nsubsec.\n\nsupplement\n\nsupp.\n\ntable4\n\ntbl.\n\ntitle\n\ntit.\n\nvolume\n\nvol.\n\nNotes for Table T13:\n1. For figures, do not add a space between the abbreviation and the number of letter. For\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n120 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nexample, \xe2\x80\x9cfig.4\xe2\x80\x9d\n2. For footnotes, do not add a space between the abbreviation and the number of letter. For\nexample, \xe2\x80\x9cn.4\xe2\x80\x9d\n3. For historical notes, do not add a space between the abbreviation and the number or letter.\nFor example, \xe2\x80\x9chist. n.4\xe2\x80\x9d\n4. For tables, do not add a space between the abbreviation and the number of letter. For\nexample, \xe2\x80\x9ctbl.4\xe2\x80\x9d\n\nT14. Required Abbreviations for Explanatory Phrases\nIf a phrase is followed a case name as the direct object, the comma should be omitted.\nAbbreviated Phrase\nacq.\nacq. in result\naff\xe2\x80\x99d,\naff\xe2\x80\x99d by an equally divided court,\naff\xe2\x80\x99d mem.,\naff\xe2\x80\x99d on other grounds,\naff\xe2\x80\x99d on reh\xe2\x80\x99g,\naff\xe2\x80\x99g\namended by\nappeal denied,\nappeal dismissed,\nappeal docketed,\nappeal filed,\nargued,\ncert, denied,\ncert, dismissed,\ncert, granted,\ncertifying questions to\ndenying cert, to\ndismissing appeal from\nenforced,\nenforcing\ninvalidated by\nmandamus denied,\nmodified,\nmodifying\nnonacq.\noverruled by\nperm. app. denied,\nperm. app. granted,\npetition for cert, filed,\nprob. juris, noted,\nreh\xe2\x80\x99g granted [denied],\nrev\xe2\x80\x99d,\nrev\xe2\x80\x99d on other grounds,\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n121 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nAbbreviated Phrase\nrev\xe2\x80\x99d per curiam,\nrev\xe2\x80\x99g\nvacated,\nvacating as moot\nwithdrawn,\n\nT15. Required Abbreviations for Institutions\nInstitution Name\n\nAbbreviation\n\nAdelaide\n\nAdel.\n\nAir Force\n\nA.F.\n\nAlbany\n\nAlb.\n\nAmerican Bar Association (ABA)\n\nA.B.A.\n\nAmerican Intellectual Property Law Association\n\nAIPLA\n\nAmerican Law Institute\n\nA.L.I.\n\n[ Journal of the] American Medical Association\n\n[ J]AMA\n\nAmerican Society of Composers, Authors, & Publishers\n\nASCAP\n\nAmerican University\n\nAm. U.\n\nBoston College\n\nB.C.\n\nBoston University\n\nB.U.\n\nBrigham Young University\n\nBYU\n\nBrooklyn\n\nBrook.\n\nBuffalo\n\nBuff.\n\nCalifornia (California Law Review only)\n\nCalif.\n\nCapital\n\nCap.\n\nChapman\n\nChap.\n\nChartered Life Underwriters\n\nC.L.U.\n\nCincinnati\n\nCin.\n\nCity University of New York\n\nCUNY\n\nCleveland\n\nClev.\n\nColumbia\n\nColum.\n\nCumberland\n\nCumb.\n\nDenver\n\nDenv.\n\nDetroit\n\nDet.\n\nDickinson\n\nDick.\n\nDuquesne\n\nDuq.\n\nEast[ern]\n\nE.\n\nForeign Broadcast Information Service\n\nF.B.I.S.\n\nGeorge Mason\n\nGeo. Mason\n\nGeorge Washington\n\nGeo. Wash.\n\nGeorgetown\n\nGeo.\n\nGonzaga\n\nGonz.\n\nHarvard\n\nHarv.\n\nHoward\n\nHow.\n\nJohn Marshall\n\nJ. Marshall\n\nJudge Advocate General[\'s]\n\nJAG\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n122 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nInstitution Name\n\nAbbreviation\n\nLas Vegas\n\nL.V.\n\nLawyer\'s Reports Annotated\n\nL.R.A.\n\nLoyola\n\nLoy.\n\nMarquette\n\nMarq.\n\nMelbourne\n\nMelb.\n\nMemphis\n\nMem.\n\nNew England\n\nNew Eng.\n\nNew York University [School of Law]\n\nN.Y.U.\n\nNorth[ern]\n\nN.\n\nNortheast[ern]\n\nNe.\n\nNorthwest[ern]\n\nNw.\n\nPepperdine\n\nPepp.\n\nPittsburgh\n\nPitt.\n\nRichmond\n\nRich.\n\nRocky Mountain Mineral Law Institute\n\nRocky Mtn. Min. L. Inst.\n\nSaint Louis\n\nSt. Louis\n\nSan Fernando Valley\n\nSan Fern. V.\n\nSoutheast[ern]\n\nSe.\n\nSouth[ern]\n\nS.\n\nSouthern Methodist University\n\nSMU\n\nSouthwest[ern]\n\nSw.\n\nStanford\n\nStan.\n\nTemple\n\nTemp.\n\nThomas Jefferson\n\nT. Jefferson\n\nThomas M. Cooley\n\nT.M. Cooley\n\nThurgood Marshall\n\nT. Marshall\n\nToledo\n\nTol.\n\nTulane\n\nTul.\n\nUniversidad de Puerto Rico\n\nU. P.R.\n\nUniversity of California\n\nU.C.\n\nUniversity of California - Los Angeles\n\nUCLA\n\nUniversity of Missouri Kansas City\n\nUMKC\n\nUniversity of the District of Columbia, David A. Clarke School of Law\n\nUDC/DCSL\n\nUniversity of West Los Angeles\n\nUWLA\n\nValparaiso\n\nVal.\n\nVanderbilt\n\nVand.\n\nVillanova\n\nVill.\n\nWashington & Lee\n\nWash. & Lee\n\nWest[ern]\n\nW.\n\nWilliam & Mary\n\nWm. & Mary\n\nWilliam Mitchell\n\nWm. Mitchell\n\nT16. Required Abbreviations for Publishing Terms\nPublishing Term\n\nAbbreviation\n\nabridge[d, ment]\n\nabr.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n123 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nPublishing Term\n\nAbbreviation\n\nannotated\n\nann.\n\nanonymous\n\nanon.\n\ncirca\n\nc.\n\ncompil[ation, ed]\n\ncomp.\n\ncopyright\n\ncopy.\n\ndraft\n\ndrft.\n\nedit[ion, or]\n\ned.\n\nmanuscript\n\nms.\n\nmimeograph\n\nmimeo.\n\nnew series\n\nn.s.\n\nno date\n\nn.d.\n\nno place\n\nn.p.\n\nno publisher\n\nn. pub.\n\noffprint\n\noffprt.\n\nold series\n\no.s.\n\npermanent\n\nperm.\n\nphotoduplicated reprint\n\nphoto. reprint\n\nprinting\n\nprtg.\n\nreplacement\n\nrepl.\n\nreprint\n\nreprt.\n\nrevis[ed, ion]\n\nrev.\n\nspecial\n\nspec.\n\ntemporary\n\ntemp.\n\ntentative\n\ntent.\n\ntranslat[ion, or]\n\ntrans.\n\nunabridged\n\nunabr.\n\nvolume\n\nvol.\n\nT17. Required Abbreviations for Month Names\nMonth Name\n\nAbbreviation\n\nJanuary\n\nJan.\n\nFebruary\n\nFeb.\n\nMarch\n\nMar.\n\nApril\n\nApr.\n\nMay\n\nMay\n\nJune\n\nJune\n\nJuly\n\nJuly\n\nAugust\n\nAug.\n\nSeptember\n\nSept.\n\nOctober\n\nOct.\n\nNovember\n\nNov.\n\nDecember\n\nDec.\n\nT18. Required Abbreviations for Common Words Used In Periodical Names\nThe following guidelines are used for abbreviating periodical names:\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n124 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\n1. Use the title of the periodical on the issue you are citing, even if the name of the periodical\nhas changed.\n2. Use the abbreviations for common institutional names as listed in Table T15 if the name is\nlisted.\n3. If the institutional name is not listed in Table T15, use abbreviations as listed in Table T18 and\nTable T12.\n4. If the word is not found in Table T18 or Table T12, do not abbreviate the word in the\nabbreviated title.\n5. Do not use the words \xe2\x80\x9ca,\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9cat,\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9cin,\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9cof,\xe2\x80\x9d and \xe2\x80\x9cthe\xe2\x80\x9d in the abbreviated title, but do use the word\n\xe2\x80\x9con.\xe2\x80\x9d\n6. If the title consists of \xe2\x80\x9ca,\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9cat,\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9cin,\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9cof,\xe2\x80\x9d or \xe2\x80\x9cthe\xe2\x80\x9d followed by a single word, do not abbreviate\nthe remaining word.\n7. If the periodical title has an abbreviation in it, use the abbreviation.\n8. Omit all commas in abbreviated titles, but retain other punctuation.\n9. If a periodical title has a colon followed by words, omit all that from the abbreviated title.\n10. If a periodical has been renumbered into a new series, indicate that by prefacing the series\nnumber with \xe2\x80\x9c(n.s.)\xe2\x80\x9d.\n11. If there is an online supplement to a print publication, use the proper abbreviation for the\nprint publication, followed by the name of the online supplement.\nInstitution Name\n\nAbbreviation\n\nAcadem[ic, y]\n\nAcad.\n\nAccount[ant, ants, ing, ancy]\n\nAcct.\n\nAdministrat[ive, or, ion]\n\nAdmin.\n\nAdvertising\n\nAdvert.\n\nAdvoca[te, cy]\n\nAdvoc.\n\nAffairs\n\nAff.\n\nAfrica[n]\n\nAfr.\n\nAgricultur[e, al]\n\nAgric.\n\nAmendment\n\nAmend.\n\nAmerica[n, s]\n\nAm.\n\nAncestry\n\nAnc.\n\nand\n\n&\n\nAnnual\n\nAnn.\n\nAppellate\n\nApp.\n\nArbitrat[ion, or, ors]\n\nArb.\n\nAssociation\n\nAss\xe2\x80\x99n\n\nAttorney\n\nAtt\xe2\x80\x99y\n\nBankruptcy\n\nBankr.\n\nBar\n\nB.\n\nBehavior[al]\n\nBehav.\n\nBritish\n\nBrit.\n\nBulletin\n\nBull.\n\nBusiness\n\nBus.\n\nCapital\n\nCap.\n\nCatholic\n\nCath.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n125 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nInstitution Name\n\nAbbreviation\n\nCent[er, re]\n\nCtr.\n\nCentral\n\nCent.\n\nChildren[\xe2\x80\x99s]\n\nChild.\n\nChronicle\n\nChron.\n\nCircuit\n\nCir.\n\nCivil\n\nCiv.\n\nCivil Libert[y, ies]\n\nC.L.\n\nCivil Rights\n\nC.R.\n\nCollege\n\nC.\n\nCommentary\n\nComment.\n\nCommerc[e, ial]\n\nCom.\n\nCommunication[s]\n\nComm.\n\nComparative\n\nComp.\n\nConference\n\nConf.\n\nCongressional\n\nCong.\n\nConstitution[al]\n\nConst.\n\nContemporary\n\nContemp.\n\nContract[s]\n\nCont.\n\nConveyancer\n\nConv.\n\nCorporat[e, ion]\n\nCorp.\n\nCosmetic\n\nCosm.\n\nCounsel[or, ors, or\xe2\x80\x99s]\n\nCouns.\n\nCourt\n\nCt.\n\nCourts\n\nCts.\n\nCriminal\n\nCrim.\n\nDefense\n\nDef.\n\nDelinquency\n\nDelinq.\n\nDepartment\n\nDep\xe2\x80\x99t\n\nDerecho\n\nDer.\n\nDevelopment[s]\n\nDev.\n\nDigest\n\nDig.\n\nDiplomacy\n\nDipl.\n\nDispute\n\nDisp.\n\nDoctor\n\nDr.\n\nEast[ern]\n\nE.\n\nEconom[ic, ics, ical, y]\n\nEcon.\n\nEducation[al]\n\nEduc.\n\nEmploy[ee, ment]\n\nEmp.\n\nEnglish\n\nEng.\n\nEntertainment\n\nEnt.\n\nEnvironment\n\nEnv\xe2\x80\x99t\n\nEnvironmental\n\nEnvtl.\n\nEstate[s]\n\nEst.\n\nEurope[an]\n\nEur.\n\nFaculty\n\nFac.\n\nFamily\n\nFam.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n126 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nInstitution Name\n\nAbbreviation\n\nFederal\n\nFed.\n\nFederation\n\nFed\xe2\x80\x99n\n\nFinanc[e, ial]\n\nFin.\n\nFortnightly\n\nFort.\n\nForum\n\nF.\n\nFoundation[s]\n\nFound.\n\nGeneral\n\nGen.\n\nGovernment\n\nGov\xe2\x80\x99t\n\nHispanic\n\nHisp.\n\nHistor[ical, y]\n\nHist.\n\nHospital\n\nHosp.\n\nHuman\n\nHum.\n\nHumanit[y, ies]\n\nHuman.\n\nImmigration\n\nImmigr.\n\nIndependent\n\nIndep.\n\nIndustrial\n\nIndus.\n\nInequality\n\nIneq.\n\nInformation\n\nInfo.\n\nInjury\n\nInj.\n\nInstitute\n\nInst.\n\nInsurance\n\nIns.\n\nIntellectual\n\nIntell.\n\nInterdisciplinary\n\nInterdisc.\n\nInterest\n\nInt.\n\nInternational\n\nInt\xe2\x80\x99l\n\nInvest[ments, ors]\n\nInv.\n\nJournal\n\nJ.\n\nJudicial\n\nJud.\n\nJuridical\n\nJurid.\n\nJurisprudence\n\nJuris.\n\nJustice\n\nJust.\n\nJuvenile\n\nJuv.\n\nLabor\n\nLab.\n\nLaw\n\nL.\n\nLaw (first word)\n\nLaw\n\nLawyer[s, s\xe2\x80\x99, \xe2\x80\x99s]\n\nLaw.\n\nLegislat[ion, ive]\n\nLegis.\n\nLibrar[y, ian, ies]\n\nLibr.\n\nLitigation\n\nLitig.\n\nLocal\n\nLoc.\n\nMagazine\n\nMag.\n\nManagement\n\nMgmt.\n\nMaritime\n\nMar.\n\nMarket\n\nMkt.\n\nMatrimonial\n\nMatrim.\n\nMedic[al, ine]\n\nMed.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n127 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nInstitution Name\n\nAbbreviation\n\nMilitary\n\nMil.\n\nMineral\n\nMin.\n\nModern\n\nMod.\n\nMunicipal\n\nMun.\n\nNational\n\nNat\xe2\x80\x99l\n\nNationality\n\nNat\xe2\x80\x99lity\n\nNatural\n\nNat.\n\nNegligence\n\nNegl.\n\nNegotiation\n\nNegot.\n\nNew Series\n\nn.s.\n\nNewsletter\n\nNewsl.\n\nOffice\n\nOff.\n\nOrder\n\nOrd.\n\nOrganization\n\nOrg.\n\nPacific\n\nPac.\n\nPatent\n\nPat.\n\nPersonal\n\nPers.\n\nPerpsective[s]\n\nPersp.\n\nPhilosoph[ical, y]\n\nPhil.\n\nPlanning\n\nPlan.\n\nPolicy\n\nPol\xe2\x80\x99y\n\nPolitic[al, s]\n\nPol.\n\nPracti[cal, ce, tioner(s)]\n\nPrac.\n\nPrivate\n\nPriv.\n\nProbat[e, ion]\n\nProb.\n\nProblems\n\nProbs.\n\nProce[edings, dure]\n\nProc.\n\nProducts Liability\n\nProd. Liab.\n\nProfession[al]\n\nProf.\n\nProperty\n\nProp.\n\nPsycholog[ical, y]\n\nPsychol.\n\nPublic\n\nPub.\n\nPublishing\n\nPub.\n\nPuertorrique\xc3\xb1o\n\nP.R.\n\nQuarterly\n\nQ.\n\nRecord\n\nRec.\n\nReferee[s]\n\nRef.\n\nRegister\n\nReg.\n\nRegulat[ion, ory]\n\nReg.\n\nRelations\n\nRel.\n\nReport[s, er]\n\nRep.\n\nReproduct[ion, ive]\n\nReprod.\n\nResearch\n\nRes.\n\nReserve\n\nRes.\n\nResolution\n\nResol.\n\nResponsibility\n\nResp.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n128 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nInstitution Name\n\nAbbreviation\n\nReview\n\nRev.\n\nRevista\n\nRev.\n\nRights\n\nRts.\n\nSchool\n\nSch.\n\nScien[ce, ces, tific]\n\nSci.\n\nScottish\n\nScot.\n\nSection\n\nSec.\n\nSecurities\n\nSec.\n\nSentencing\n\nSent\xe2\x80\x99g\n\nService\n\nServ.\n\nSocial\n\nSoc.\n\nSociety\n\nSoc\xe2\x80\x99y\n\nSociolog[ical, y]\n\nSoc.\n\nSolicitor[s, s\xe2\x80\x99, \xe2\x80\x99s]\n\nSolic.\n\nState\n\nSt.\n\nStatistic[s, al]\n\nStat.\n\nStudies\n\nStud.\n\nSupreme Court\n\nSup. Ct.\n\nSurvey\n\nSurv.\n\nSymposium\n\nSymp.\n\nSystem\n\nSys.\n\nTaxation\n\nTax\xe2\x80\x99n\n\nTeacher\n\nTchr.\n\nTechn[ique, ology]\n\nTech.\n\nTelecommunication[s]\n\nTelecomm.\n\nTransnational\n\nTransnat\xe2\x80\x99l\n\nTransportation\n\nTransp.\n\nTribune\n\nTrib.\n\nTrust[ee, s]\n\nTr.\n\nUniform Commercial Code\n\nUCC\n\nUnited States\n\nU.S.\n\nUniversit[ies, y]\n\nU.\n\nUrban\n\nUrb.\n\nUtilit[ies, y]\n\nUtil.\n\nWeek\n\nWk.\n\nWeekly\n\nWkly.\n\nYearbook (or Year Book)\n\nY.B.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n129 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nT19. Table of Citation Guides\nThe 20th edition of The Bluebook is 560 pages. Pages 307\xe2\x80\x93490 are devoted to Table 2, which is named\n\xe2\x80\x9cForeign Jurisdictions.\xe2\x80\x9d While The Bluebook does an admirable, although some might argue overly specific,\njob of discussing the citation of U.S. legal materials, Table 2 breezes through 43 foreign jurisdictions at a\nbreathtakingly rapid pace. The authoritativeness and care found in the rest of The Bluebook is perhaps not\npossible when attempting to summarize, for example, the legal system of France in 5 pages. As such, we\nattempt in this table to direct the reader to a series of other citation guides that are readily available for\nfurther guidance.\n\nT19.1. General Legal Citation Guides\n1. New York University School of Law, Guide to Foreign and International Legal Citations, First\nEdition (2006). (Superseded by Second Edition)\n2. Cardiff University, Cardiff Index to Legal Abbreviations, (2011).\n3. University of Chicago Law Review, The Maroonbook: The University of Chicago Manual of\nLegal Citation, (2016).\n4. Peter W. Martin, Introduction to Basic Legal Citation, (2015).\n5. University of Washington School of Law, Acronyms & Abbreviations, (2015).\n6. Washington University in St. Louis Global Studies Law Review, International Citation Manual.\n7. American Association of Law Libraries, AALL Universal Citation Guide, Edition 2.1, (2008)\n(Superseded by Edition 3.0)\n\nT19.2. Country-Specific Citation Guides\n1. New Zealand Law Foundation, New Zealand Law Style Guide, 2nd Edition, (2011).\n2. Faulty of Law, University of Oxford, Oxford University Standard for Citation of Legal\nAuthorities, (2006).\n3. SILC, Standard Indian Legal Citation, (2014).\n4. University of Melbourne, Australian Guide to Legal Citation, Third Edition (2010).\n\nT19.3. State and Jursisdiction-Specific Legal Citation Guides\n1. Arkansas Reporter of Decisions, House Style Guide, (2010).\n2. Edward W. Jessen, California Style Manual, 4th Edition, (2000).\n3. Office of the Reporter of Judicial Decisions, The Manual of Style for the Connecticut Courts\n(Third Edition), (2013).\n4. Superior Court of Delaware, Guide to the Delaware Rules of Legal Citation (Second Edition),\n(2004).\n5. Supreme Court of Illinois, Style Manual for the SUpreme and Appellate Courts of Illinois,\nFourth Edition (2012).\n6. Massachusetts Reports, Style Manual Prepared by the Office of the Reporter of Decisions,\n2015\xe2\x80\x932016.\n7. Supreme Court of New Jersey, New Jersey Manual on Style for Judicial Opinions, (2004).\n8. Law Reporting Bureau of the State of New York, New York Official Reports Style Manual,\n(2015).\n9. U.S. Army Court of Criminal Appeals, Citation Guide, Seventh Edition, (2012).\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n130 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\n10. District of Columbia Court of Appeals, Citation and Style Guide, (2009).\n11. Department of Justice, United States Department of Justice, Office of the Solicitor General\nCitation Manual, (2014).\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n131 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nT20. Tables of Correspondence\nThe material in this section was originally prepared by Patrick Durusau.\n\nForward Lookup\nThe Indigo Book\n\nThe Bluebook\xc2\xae\n\nR1. Two Types of Legal Documents\n\nB1, R1\n\nR2. Typeface Standards\n\nB2, R2\n\nR3. In-Text Citations\n\nB1, R1\n\nR4. Signals\n\nB1.2, R1.2\n\nR5. Capitalization Rules\n\nB8, R8\n\nR6. Signals for Supporting Authority\n\nB1.2, R1.2\n\nR7. Signals for Comparison\n\nB1.2, R1.2(b)\n\nR8. Signals for Contradictory Authority\n\nB1.2, R1.2(c)\n\nR9. Signals for Background Material\n\nB1.2, R1.2(d)\n\nR10. Order of Authorities Within Each Signal / Strength of Authority\n\nB1.2, R1.4\n\nB. CASES\n\nB10, R10\n\nR11. Full citation\n\nB10.1\n\nR12. Court & Year\n\nB10.1.3, R10.4, R10.5\n\nR13. Weight of Authority and Explanatory Parenthetical\n\nB10.1.5, R10.6.1\n\nR14. History of the Case\n\nB10.1.6, R10.7\n\nR15. Short Form Citation for Cases\n\nB10.2, R10.9\n\nC. STATUTES, RULES, REGULATIONS, AND OTHER LEGISLATIVE & ADMINISTRATIVE\nMATERIALS\n\nR12, R13, R14\n\nR16. Federal Statutes\n\nB12.1.1, R12\n\nR17. State Statutes\n\nB12.1.2, R12\n\nR18. Rules of Procedure and Evidence, Restatements, and Uniform Acts\n\nB12.1.3, R12.9.3,\nR12.9.4\n\nR19. Administrative Rules and Regulations\n\nB14, R14\n\nR20. Federal Taxation Materials\n\nB12.1.4, R12.9.1\n\nR21. Legislative Materials\n\nB13, R13\n\nR22. Short Form Citation of Legislative and Administrative Materials\n\nR13.8\n\nR23. Sources and Authorities: Constitutions\n\nB11, R11\n\nD. COURT & LITIGATION DOCUMENTS\n\nR10.8.3\n\nR24. Citing Court or Litigation Documents from Your Case\n\nR10.8.3\n\nR25. Citing Court or Litigation Documents from Another Case\n\nR10.8.3\n\nR26. Short Form Citation for Court Documents\n\nB4, R4\n\nR27. Capitalization Within the Text of Court Documents and Legal Memoranda\n\nB8, R8\n\nE. BOOKS & NON-PERIODICALS\n\nB15, R15\n\nR28. Full Citation for Books & Non-Periodicals\n\nB15.1\n\nR29. Short Form Citation for Books & Non-Periodicals\n\nB15.2\n\nF. JOURNALS, MAGAZINES, & NEWSPAPER ARTICLES\n\nR16\n\nR30. Full Citation for Journals, Magazines & Newspaper Articles\n\nB16.1\n\nR31. Short Form Citation for Journals, Magazines & Newspaper Articles\n\nB16.2\n\nG. INTERNET SOURCES\n\nB18, R18\n\nR32. General Principles for Internet Sources\n\nR18.2.1\n\nR33. Basic Formula for Internet Sources\n\nB18.1.1, R18.1\n\nR34. Short Form Citations for Internet Sources\n\nB18.2\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n132 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nThe Indigo Book\n\nThe Bluebook\xc2\xae\n\nH. EXPLANATORY PARENTHETICALS\n\nR12.8\n\nR35. General Principles for Explanatory Parentheticals\n\nB1.3\n\nR36. Order of parentheticals\n\nR1.5(b)\n\nI. QUOTATIONS\n\nB5, R5\n\nR37. General Principles for Quotations\n\nB5.1\n\nR38. Alterations of Quotations\n\nR5.2\n\nR39. Omissions in Quotations\n\nR5.3\n\nR40. Special Rules for Block Quotations\n\nB5.2\n\nJ. TABLES\nT1. Federal Judicial and Legislative Materials\n\nT1.1\n\nT2. Federal Administrative and Executive Materials\n\nT1.2\n\nT3. U.S. States and Other Jurisdictions\n\nT1.3\n\nT4. Required Abbreviations for Services\n\nT15\n\nT4.1. Service Publisher Names\n\nT15\n\nT4.2. Service Abbreviations\n\nT15\n\nT5. Required Abbreviations for Legislative Documents\n\nT9\n\nT6. Required Abbreviations for Treaty Sources\n\nT4\n\nT7. Required Abbreviations for Arbitral Reporters\n\nT5\n\nT8. Required Abbreviations for Intergovernmental Organizations\n\nT3\n\nT8.1. United Nations and League of Nations\n\nT3.1, T3.2\n\nT8.2. Europe\n\nT3.3, T3.4, T3.5\n\nT8.3. Inter-American and International Tribunal\n\nT3.6, T3.7, T3.8\n\nT8.4. Other Intergovernmental Organizations\n\nT3.9\n\nT9. Required Abbreviations for Court Names\n\nT7\n\nT10. Required Abbreviations for Titles of Judges and Officials\n\nT11\n\nT11. Required Abbreviations for Case Names In Citations\n\nT6\n\nT12. Required Abbreviations for Geographical Terms\n\nT10\n\nT12.1 U.S. States, Cities and Territories\n\nT10.1\n\nT12.2 Australian States and Canadian Provinces and Territories\n\nT10.2\n\nT20.3 Countries and Regions\n\nT10.3\n\nT13. Required Abbreviations for Document Subdivisions\n\nT16\n\nT14. Required Abbreviations for Explanatory Phrases\n\nT8\n\nT15. Required Abbreviations for Institutions\n\nT13.1\n\nT16. Required Abbreviations for Publishing Terms\n\nT14\n\nT17. Required Abbreviations for Month Names\n\nT12\n\nT18. Required Abbreviations for Common Words Used In Periodical Names\n\nT13.2\n\nT19. Table of Citation Guides\n\nT2\n\nReverse Lookup\nThe Bluebook\xc2\xae\n\nThe Indigo Book\n\nB1, R1\n\nR1. Two Types of Legal Documents\n\nB2, R2\n\nR2. Typeface Standards\n\nB1, R1\n\nR3. In-Text Citations\n\nB1.2, R1.2\n\nR4. Signals\n\nB8, R8\n\nR5. Capitalization Rules\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n133 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nThe Bluebook\xc2\xae\n\nThe Indigo Book\n\nB1.2, R1.2\n\nR6. Signals for Supporting Authority\n\nB1.2, R1.2(b)\n\nR7. Signals for Comparison\n\nB1.2, R1.2(c)\n\nR8. Signals for Contradictory Authority\n\nB1.2, R1.2(d)\n\nR9. Signals for Background Material\n\nB1.2, R1.4\n\nR10. Order of Authorities Within Each Signal / Strength of Authority\n\nB10, R10\n\nB. CASES\n\nB10.1\n\nR11. Full citation\n\nB10.1.3, R10.4, R10.5\n\nR12. Court & Year\n\nB10.1.5, R10.6.1\n\nR13. Weight of Authority and Explanatory Parenthetical\n\nB10.1.6, R10.7\n\nR14. History of the Case\n\nB10.2, R10.9\n\nR15. Short Form Citation for Cases\n\nR12, R13, R14\n\nC. STATUTES, RULES, REGULATIONS, AND OTHER LEGISLATIVE & ADMINISTRATIVE\nMATERIALS\n\nB12.1.1, R12\n\nR16. Federal Statutes\n\nB12.1.2, R12\n\nR17. State Statutes\n\nB12.1.3, R12.9.3,\nR12.9.4\n\nR18. Rules of Procedure and Evidence, Restatements, and Uniform Acts\n\nB14, R14\n\nR19. Administrative Rules and Regulations\n\nB12.1.4, R12.9.1\n\nR20. Federal Taxation Materials\n\nB13, R13\n\nR21. Legislative Materials\n\nR13.8\n\nR22. Short Form Citation of Legislative and Administrative Materials\n\nB11, R11\n\nR23. Sources and Authorities: Constitutions\n\nR10.8.3\n\nD. COURT & LITIGATION DOCUMENTS\n\nR10.8.3\n\nR24. Citing Court or Litigation Documents from Your Case\n\nR10.8.3\n\nR25. Citing Court or Litigation Documents from Another Case\n\nB4, R4\n\nR26. Short Form Citation for Court Documents\n\nB8, R8\n\nR27. Capitalization Within the Text of Court Documents and Legal Memoranda\n\nB15, R15\n\nE. BOOKS & NON-PERIODICALS\n\nB15.1\n\nR28. Full Citation for Books & Non-Periodicals\n\nB15.2\n\nR29. Short Form Citation for Books & Non-Periodicals\n\nR16\n\nF. JOURNALS, MAGAZINES, & NEWSPAPER ARTICLES\n\nB16.1\n\nR30. Full Citation for Journals, Magazines & Newspaper Articles\n\nB16.2\n\nR31. Short Form Citation for Journals, Magazines & Newspaper Articles\n\nB18, R18\n\nG. INTERNET SOURCES\n\nR18.2.1\n\nR32. General Principles for Internet Sources\n\nB18.1.1, R18.1\n\nR33. Basic Formula for Internet Sources\n\nB18.2\n\nR34. Short Form Citations for Internet Sources\n\nR12.8\n\nH. EXPLANATORY PARENTHETICALS\n\nB1.3\n\nR35. General Principles for Explanatory Parentheticals\n\nR1.5(b)\n\nR36. Order of parentheticals\n\nB5, R5\n\nI. QUOTATIONS\n\nB5.1\n\nR37. General Principles for Quotations\n\nR5.2\n\nR38. Alterations of Quotations\n\nR5.3\n\nR39. Omissions in Quotations\n\nB5.2\n\nR40. Special Rules for Block Quotations\nJ. TABLES\n\nT1\n\nFederal Jurisdictions\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n134 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nThe Bluebook\xc2\xae\n\nThe Indigo Book\n\nT1.1\n\nT1. Federal Judicial and Legislative Materials\n\nT1.2\n\nT2. Federal Administrative and Executive Materials\n\nT1.3\n\nT3. U.S. States and Other Jurisdictions\n\nT2\n\nT19. Table of Citation Guides\n\nT3\n\nT8. Required Abbreviations for Intergovernmental Organizations\n\nT3.1, T3.2\n\nT8.1. United Nations and League of Nations\n\nT3.3, T3.4, T3.5\n\nT8.2. Europe\n\nT3.6, T3.7, T3.8\n\nT8.3. Inter-American and International Tribunal\n\nT3.9\n\nT8.4. Other Intergovernmental Organizations\n\nT4\n\nT6. Required Abbreviations for Treaty Sources\n\nT5\n\nT7. Required Abbreviations for Arbitral Reporters\n\nT6\n\nT11. Required Abbreviations for Case Names In Citations\n\nT7\n\nT9. Required Abbreviations for Court Names\n\nT8\n\nT14. Required Abbreviations for Explanatory Phrases\n\nT9\n\nT5. Required Abbreviations for Legislative Documents\n\nT10\n\nT12. Required Abbreviations for Geographical Terms\n\nT10.1\n\nT12.1 U.S. States, Cities and Territories\n\nT10.2\n\nT12.2 Australian States and Canadian Provinces and Territories\n\nT10.3\n\nT12.3 Countries and Regions\n\nT11\n\nT10. Required Abbreviations for Titles of Judges and Officials\n\nT12\n\nT17. Required Abbreviations for Month Names\n\nT13\n\nRequired Abbreviations for Periodical Names\n\nT13.1\n\nT15. Required Abbreviations for Institutions\n\nT13.2\n\nT18. Required Abbreviations for Common Words Used In Periodical Names\n\nT14\n\nT16. Required Abbreviations for Publishing Terms\n\nT15\n\nT4. Required Abbreviations for Services\n\nT15\n\nT4.1. Service Publisher Names\n\nT15\n\nT4.2. Service Abbreviations\n\nT16\n\nT13. Required Abbreviations for Document Subdivisions\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n135 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nK. CODICIL\nThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation is distributed as a single document coded with the HTML 5 and\nCascading Style Sheet (CSS) standards.\nEach rule and section of the file have a unique ID, making them individually addressable. Examples are:\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Each Rule has an ID starting with the letter R and then the rule number. For example, Rule 1.1\ncan be addressed by adding #R1.1 to the URL.\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Each Section has an ID starting with the letter S and then the rule letter. For example, the\nCodicil can be addressed by adding #SK to the URL.\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Each Table has an ID starting with the letter T and then the table number. For example, Table\nT1.1 can be addressed by adding #T1.1 to the URL.\nThe header of the file calls two open source Google fonts. If those fonts are not available, the CSS style\nsheet falls back to Georgia, which is present on most computers, and then to the generic serif font. The\nfonts we use are:\n\xe2\x80\xa2 For the cover, Alice, which was designed by Ksenia Erulevich and inspired by Lewis Carrol\'s\nnovel.\n\xe2\x80\xa2 For the body of the document, Libre Baskerville, based on the 1941 American Type Founder\'s\nBaskerville, but optimized for web use.\nTo clearly distinguish our work from other citation manuals, we have forgone the use of the color Royal\nBlue in favor of Indigo, in solidarity with the ryots of Bengal who were oppressed by the insatiable British\ndemand for blue and the profits that flowed from it, leading to the Nilbridroha (Indigo revolt) and the\nbeginning of the road that led to independence.\nThe CSS has been coded with support for printing on US Letter size paper. We use Prince XML to\nconvert the HTML document to PDF format.\nIt is also possible to dynamically change the styles to perform tasks such as making all text in italics \xe2\x80\x9cpop\xe2\x80\x9d\nby turning it crimson or back to normal .\nTo create a file for use in Microsoft Word, an easy method is to comment out the calls to Google fonts,\nupload the document to Google Docs, and then downloading it in Word format.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0cThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation\n\n136 of 136\n\nhttps://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html\n\nL. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS\nThe Indigo Book: A Manual of Legal Citation was created under the direction of Professor Christopher Jon\nSprigman. Professor Sprigman\'s research assistant is Daryl Steiger. Students who worked on the\ndocument include Manuel Antunes, Tommy Bird, Ty Callahan, Isha Ghodke, Kaitlyn Gosewehr, Nireeti\nGupta, Rebecca Laskey, Nicole Lieberman, Junru Liu, Colinford Mattis, Adine Mitrani, Edwin Mok,\nChristian Scarlett, Alexander Stillman, Alec Webley, Chris Weldon, and Alex Young.\nDuring the pre-review release period, extensive comments were received from Professor Frank Bennett,\nDr. Rintze Zelle, Professor Christopher Jon Sprigman, Professor Pamela Samuelson, Professor Peter W.\nMartin, Point.B Studio, and the anonymous students of Professor Sprigman.\nDuring the public Request for Comments period, comments were received from Deborah Bouchoux,\nNate Cardozo, Alvin Y.H. Cheung, Jill Dinneen, Patrick Durusau, John Flatness, Paul Gowder, Leonid\nGrinberg, Misha Guttentag, Elayne Harmer, Adi Kamdar, Sue Liemer, Mike Lissner, Stephen Mortellaro,\nStephen Paskey, Theodore Rostow David Sorkin, Dustin Watkins, David Ziff, and Michael Zuckerman.\nJoseph C. Gratz of Durie Tangri LLP represented Public Resource during pre-publication discussions.\n\n10/13/21, 12:28 PM\n\n\x0c'