Title: To Benjamin Franklin from [Samuel Cooper], 27 February 1777
From: Cooper, Samuel
To: Franklin, Benjamin

My dear Sir,
Boston N.E. Feby 27. 1777
I wrote you some Time ago, acknowledging the Receit of your kind Letter dated from Philadelphia 25th Octr. last, the Day you embarqued for Europe, and read your affectionate Leave to all our Friends. We often think and talk of you, and constantly follow you with our best Wishes. I have lately heard with particular Pleasure of your safe Arrival in France, where I know you meet with many Friends, and where all Orders of People will treat you as you deserve, and I can wish you Nothing better. May Heaven preserve your Life and Health for the Sake of your Country, for which I know your Wishes are at least equal to your Abilities:
“Oh! save my Country, Heaven, will be your last.”
You have doubtless heard, before this can reach you, perhaps already, from those who can best inform you, of the happy Change in the Face of our Affairs since the 26th of Decr. last. When our Army was wasted greatly, when what remain’d was upon the Point of Dissolution, the Time of Enlistment being expir’d, when General Lee, upon whom we plac’d large Hopes was snatch’d from us; when Washington, whose Prudence and Firmness can never be too much applauded was driven with his handful of Men thro the Jersies, beyond the Delaware, when ev’ry Thing upon which the States depended for the Winter’s Defence seem’d to fail; then a kind Providence, in whose Blessing, in so righteous a Cause, you express’d so firm a Dependance, signally interpos’d on our Behalf. Washington was animated to form a great and daring Design, considering his Circumstances. He attack’d the conquering and pursuing Army; He sav’d Philadelphia; He almost instantly clear’d the West Jersies. He reviv’d the Spirits of the States, tho they remain’d firm, at the most pressing Season, almost beyond Example; Since which the British Forces and their Auxiliaries have been coop’d up at Brunswick and Amboy by scarcely any Thing more than a Militia inferior even in Numbers. Desertions from the Enemy are now frequent. They are straitned for Provisions and Forage. Alarms and Fatigues and Sickness have worn their Men, and impair’d their Number. Frequent Skirmishes, in which we have constantly had the advantage have done the same. A large foraging Party, that lately ventur’d but a little way from Brunswick have been drove back with Precipitation and considerable Loss. The States are now engag’d in forming their new Army: There are Difficulties, but not we hope unsurmountable. Washington begins to receive in considerable Numbers the new Levies. Those from this Quarter that are first in readiness, march to Ticconderoga. The Lake has not yet been frozen over, and it is believ’d we are for the present safe on that Side. Will France let such an opportunity for her own Advantage, slip out of her Hands? Can Britain give her an Equivalent for the Independance of these States? Will the House of Bourbon not exert itself to prevent any more forreign Troops from coming to America? Can we have no Men of War to open our Ports, and Trade, and secure our most necessary Supplies? Will not France employ it’s Influence in Canada, and on the Forreigners that are here? Many of them have already mutinied at N: York, and are confin’d in Jayls and Guardships, or disarm’d, or very narrowly watch’d by Britons. We have Reports of the same kind from Canada.
Adieu my dear Sir, for having such short Warning of this Opportunity, I write in Hast and Fear of missing it. Remember me to any Friend you see where you now are. Ev’ry Blessing attend you. Pray write me. With the greatest Esteem and Attachment, ever Yours:

Addressed: The Honle: Benjn. Franklin Esqr. LLD / In Paris
Endorsed: Dr Cooper Boston Feb. 27. 1777.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Jonathan Williams, Jr., 27 February 1777
From: Williams, Jonathan Jr.
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Dear and honored Sir
Nantes Feb. 27. 1777
I recvd your obliging Favour by the post to day, too late to answer it with mine to the Deputies. I am happy that you approve of my desire to settle in france, and I intend to prosecute the Scheme with Vigour. As yet I know nothing of Bordeaux so of course must give the preference to Nantes I am charmed with the place and like the people, besides I think its Situation excellent for Commerce, particularly for Exportation. Mr. Montaudouin has proposed a partnership with a young man who has money, and is acquainted with those local Circumstances which a Stranger can’t be supposed to know at once; but I don’t like young partnerships, I have seen too many unsuccessfull ones. I will however write you farther when I am a little better informed.
My principal Reason in writing this is to give our Countryman Mr. Jones an Opportunity of paying his Respects to you, he is going to amsterdam and you may want to convey Letters or papers thither. I think him trust worthy by all I have seen, and he seems warmly attached to our Cause; he is conected in a House at St. Eustatia.

Mr. Morris and Mr. Penet have returned from L’orient. I understand they do not intend to send the packet. They must inform you the Reason for I am all in the dark.
By advice from L’orient it is certain that one or two English Frigates are cruising off this Coast. I am with the greatest Respect Your dutifull and affectionate Kinsman
J Williams

Addressed: A Monsieur / Monsieur Franklin LLD / a l’Hotel d’Hambourg / Rue Jacob. / a Paris.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Richard Bache, 28 February 1777
From: Bache, Richard
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Dear Sir
Phila. 28th. February 1777
I did myself this Pleasure under date of the 5th. Instant. Yesterday, via New England we had the agreeable Tidings of your safe arrival at Nantz, by some Vessel arrived at Newbury from Bourdeaux; tho’ we have no Letters from you, the account comes so strait, and the news is so agreeable, that we are determined to believe it. We have had a variety of reports circulated respecting you; since you left us, first you were taken and carried into Newyork, then you were taken off Bermudas, and carried to England, and a thousand such idle stories invented by Tories, to give your friends pain if possible. The Enemy still keep possession of Brunswick, they have sent for part of the Troops which went to Rhode Island, to reinforce them; part of the Hessian Troops have been mutinying, and we are confidently told that two hundred of them had laid a plan to desert, but it was discovered too soon, this however presages well. Last Sunday we had a smart Skirmish with a foraging party of about 2,000 of the Enemy, and drove them back with considerable loss, they are greatly distressed for forage for their horses, and small parties will not answer their purpose to obtain it. Since the reinforcement joined them from Rhode Island, it has been generally thought and believed that they intend pushing for this Place once more, but I think they must wait ’till the roads get better, and by that time, I am in hopes we shall be better prepared to receive them. By the best accounts, they have lost upwards of 3,000 Men since Christmas day, without including what may have died a natural death. I cannot think that their whole force now exceeds 12,000, I mean under Howe, if so, we shall soon be a match for them by Land; and I hope that by an Alliance with the French we shall soon be a match for them by Sea.
Sally has wrote you and Benny by this opportunity. I heard from her yesterday, all well, my Love to Benny and Temple and believe me ever Honored Sir Your affectionate Son
Rich: Bache
Dr Franklin

Addressed: The Honble. / Dr Franklin / One of the Commissioners from the / United States of America, at the / Court of France Paris


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Thomas Cushing, Sr., 28 February 1777
From: Cushing, Thomas Sr.
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Sir
Boston Feby: 28. 1777.
I embrace this opportunity by Capt. Adams to congratulate you upon your safe arrival in France. It gave me a sinsible Pleasure when I heard that the Congress had appointed a Gentleman of your Abilities Influence and Character one of the Commissioners of the United States of America at the Court of France. I sincerely wish you success in your Negotiations and doubt not this Country will soon realize the happy fruits and Effects of this Appointment. The aid and assistance of the Court of France will be much needed the ensuing Summer especially if Great Britain should send any considerable reinforcement to Genl. Howe. As for news I beg leave to refer you to the Letter and news papers sent you by the Council, which renders it entirely needless for me to add any thing upon this Subject. Your Freinds Dr. Winthrop, and Dr. Cooper are well, Mr. Jona. Williams and Family are all well, they send their best respects.
I shall always be glad to hear of your Welfare, and as we now seldom get any News from England, any Intelligence from your part of the World will be very Acceptable, Whenever Your other Engagements will permit. My most respectful Complements to Mr. Dean and Dr. Lee. I have the Honor to be with the greatest Esteem and regard your most humble Servant
Thomas Cushing
Honble Benjamin Franklin Esqr.

Notation: T. Cushing Boston 28 Feb. 77


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Jacques-Alexandre Gourlade, 28 February 1777
From: Gourlade, Jacques-Alexandre
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Monsieur
L’orient le 28 fevrier 1777
J’ai remis aujourduy a M. Lambert Wickes la lettre que vous m’avez adressé pour luy vous trouverez cy Inclus sa reponse. Si en quelques choses Je pouvois vous être util disposé de celuy qui est avec respect Monsieur Votre tres humble serviteur
Gourlade
M. Bn. Francklin / a / Paris

Addressed: A Monsieur / Monsieur Francklin / A Paris
Notation: Gourlade 28 Feb. 77


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from William Alexander, 1 March 1777
From: Alexander, William
To: Franklin, Benjamin

My Dear Sir
Dijon 1 March 1777
I got Safe here Wednesday evening, after one of the Pleasantest Journeys I ever made, and made the Girls very happy with the prospect of a visit from you. If the Business of that Musty Town you reside in can admit of a few weeks interuption you will find travelling infinitely more comfortable than when the Warm weather Sets in, besides when I was a young Man making love I found litle absences and even Jealousies, Servd more to disclose the sentiments of my Mistress, than an assiduous Courtship. This is for your Grand Son.
I was thinking on the Road on your friend Dubourgs bargain, which In the way he states it is very advantageous, In so much that putting all Circumstances together, I am convinced it is your bargain, altho’ you know nothing about it. I mean that the idea of its being a Concern of yours, which has been represented, Supported by your known friendship for him, Has led them in giving it, to think They were serving you. The Exceeding desire they Dubourg and His associate shew to have you Interested for a very trifling share, I Suspect arises more from that motive Than from any assistance you coud give in their purchases. And as for any aid from your Government, They might expect your Patronage more readily in Consequence of your friendship for Dubourg than from a trifling share in an adventure in trade. In case you therefore meditate any great Interprize for yourself I Suspect it will be necessary that you disclaim Clearly all Concern In theirs.
Pray might not such a litle adventure as is proposed for you, suit Williams? He coud be of more use in the Detail Either at home or in America than your Situation permits. And I think by Combining the outward adventure with the homeward, freighting ships in place of buying, and insuring the Sale price of the outward Cargo in Europe, which Law and Custom warrants, at least in Britain, a profit might be secured against every accident, but the Breaking of the people trusted, which is working as safely as the Contingency of human Affairs will permit.
This is enough of business. But pray let me hear of you when your Grandson is not better Employd, I woud be Glad to hear what is going forward. I mean Such public matters as it is not treason to hear. And If you can give me an Address through the Channel which you know, you shall hear from me any thing that occurs worth the postage. If your Grandson will write in french it will be killing two birds with one Stone. And will you forgive me my Dear Sir for noticing, That your papers seem to me to Lye a litle Loosely about your hand? You are to Consider yourself as Surrounded by spies, and amongst people who can make a Cable from a thread, woud not a spare half hour per day enable your Son to arrange all your papers, useless or not, So as that you coud come at them sooner, and not one be visible to a prying Eye? I understand I am put in the English papers for my visit to you, but have not yet been able to see what is said of me. If They attack not my moral Character, I Shall be easy about the rest. Before I left Paris I sent Information for Loyds of your proceedings with regard to our trade. The Girls join me in kindest Compliments to you and your Son, and be assurd that you have not a friend in the World who bears you a more tender affection than Dear Sir your most obedient humble servant
W Alexander

Mr. De Morveaux book In which the Iron and Steel is treated will be publishd next week when I will send it you. There is a letter perhaps more at your house for me which I beg may be returnd altering the address to Dijon.

Addressed: A Monsieur / Monsieur Franklin / a L’hotel de Hambourg / Rue Jacob / a Paris.
Notation: Alexander 1. March 1777.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Jonathan Williams, Jr., 1 March 1777
From: Williams, Jonathan Jr.
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Dear and honored Sir
Nantes March. 1. 1777.
Inclosed are two Letters to the Deputies, one of which you will find on a particular subject, which I leave to your wisdom whether to communicate or not. I wrote it because I feared it might be thought neglectfull if I should hereafter be known to have omitted such information.
I am highly obliged by your kind offers of assistance and must determine in favour of nantes for many reasons. I find that with your good opinion I can be back’d by the first houses here. Mr. Montaudouin has asked me to be connected with a young man he reccommends, and Mr. Shweighausser wants me to be connected with himself.
I will write further next post. I am in haste. Your dutifull and affectionate Kinsman
J Williams.

Addressed: A Monsieur / Monsieur Franklin LLD / a l’Hotel d’Hambourg / Rue Jacob / a Paris.
Notation: Mr Williams Nantes Febry 28th 1777


Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Arthur Lee, 2 March 1777
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: Lee, Arthur

Dear Sir,
Paris, March 2. 1777
We received duly yours of Feb. 14. from Nantes; and one since from Bourdeaux, dated, by Mistake, Jan. 29. We are glad to hear you were got so far well on your Journey.
The Farmers General since your Departure, have been again in Treaty with us for Tobacco. We offer’d (rather rashly, I think) to deliver it in France at 8 sols. They offer’d us 5. Interim we receiv’d your Intelligence of its being at 20 sh. Sterling per Cwt. in Virginia: of course we rejected their Offer; and we think of treating with them no farther, but leave them to Mr. Morris or who they please.
The Court here continue firmly of Opinion that very few Germans will go out this Year. Last Night I received a Letter from London, which mentions as confirm’d the Defeat of the Hessians at Trenton, only 300 escaping out of the Brigade, 1200 kill’d or made Prisoners; a subsequent Defeat of the 17th and 49th Regiments between Trenton and Princetown; a more general Action at Princetown; in consequence of all which the King’s Troops were evacuating Jersey as fast as they could. It is added, that the Accounts say 3 Battallions of the Hessians behav’d ill, and threw down their Arms, surrendring themselves Prisoners without Necessity, from whence it is concluded at London that they had been tampered with by “Congressional Emissaries”; and this has alarm’d the Court, and given a Distrust of Foreign Mercenaries, so that ’tis thought no more will be engag’d. All the Hessian Colours were taken, and 8 Pieces of Brass Cannon. All the Commissaries Stores assembled at Burlington for the Enterprize against Philadelphia also fell into our Hands. This News is all from London; we are yet without any direct Intelligence, therefore cannot give it as certain. I have omitted that in the two Actions, between Trenton and Princetown, and at Princetown, the English own they lost 400 killed, with 10 Officers; the Number of Wounded not mentioned. Genl. Lee is said to be taken Prisoner by the Enemy; but that News, tho’ possibly true, comes so indirectly as to leave still some room to doubt. The Troops at New York were very sickly. Providence not taken nor likely to be attempted; on the contrary it is said a Part of the Fleet with some of the Troops were ordered from Rhodeisland to the Eastern Shore of Maryland, perhaps to aid the then intended Invasion of Pennsylvania.
We have heard nothing of M. Mercle since he left Paris. Consulting Mr. de V. concerning the Demand, he advis’d against making it for several Reasons, on which it is laid aside for the present. I will mention to the Congress what you propose concerning the Cruelties on Long Island. I remember to have heard before I left America, that some young English Officers valued themselves on an Expedient by which they had exasperated the Hessians against the Americans while yet on Staten Island, viz. a Man happening to die suddenly in the Night, they caus’d him to be scalp’d and horridly mangled, and the next Day show’d him to the Hessians in one of their Uniforms, as a Hessian murder’d by the Provincials.
Sir Roger Grand and Mr. B. are gone to Holland, to forward the Business there.
Capt. Wickes is return’d to L’Orient with 5 Prizes, taken on the Coast of Portugal: One a Packet from Falmouth to Lisbon, with 18 Guns and 50 Men. The others a Ship from Pool with Fish, one from Shetland with Barley, one from Ireland with Flour, and one from Bristol with Wine and Brandy. He has made near 100 Prisoners. At his Request we have proposed, to the English Ambassador here, an Exchange for as many Americans taken by the Raisonnable; but have received no Answer; indeed we did not expect any. Wickes meets with Difficulties at l’Orient about his Prizes. We are solliciting here for some Favour to him, but as yet have no explicit Answer. Mr. Dean is gone again to day to Versailles. Perhaps we might be more favour’d in Spanish Ports. Tho’ People tell us that this Court is offended with the late Conduct of Britain, (which was insolent on its supposed Success in America) and begins now to use a Ton that indicates a Rupture: But these are Notices not to be rely’d on.
I am now removed to Passi, but am almost every Day at Hotel d’Hambourg with Mr. Deane, who begins to talk afresh of going northward.
The enclos’d, directed to John Thomson was put into my Hands by a Person from England, who told me he believ’d it was for me. I accordingly open’d and perus’d it; and judging it by the last Paragraph to be from a Friend of yours, I answer’d it by the Return of the same Person, to Tower Hill. I have since receiv’d one directed to you, which is also enclos’d.

Capt. Nicholson is return’d, and the Cutter with Capt. Hynson is arriv’d at Havre. M. Hodge has not yet succeeded at Dunkirk, but expects. The taken Packet will I believe be fitted out as a Cruiser, being said to sail well.
The young Gentleman was at first a little discontented with his School, but is become better satisfied. He din’d with us last Week.
Mr. Sollier has receiv’d the 90,000 Livres from Nantes for our Use. I can at present think of nothing farther to add, but that I am, with great Esteem and Regard, Dear Sir, Your most obedient and most humble Servant
B Franklin
Arthur Lee Esqr.


Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Claude-Carloman de Rulhière, 2 March 1777
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: Rulhière, Claude-Carloman de

This is Franklin’s earliest surviving letter in French, and it was more consequential than it seems. The recipient, the Chevalier de Rulhière (1735–91), was a man of some distinction, a poet, historian, and diplomat, who had been the secretary of the French embassy in St. Petersburg and had written extensively on recent developments in Russia and Poland. He wanted to see Franklin in order to recommend his Polish friend, Count Casimir Pulaski, but the ensuing interview must have discouraged him. The American said that he did not know who Pulaski was, declined to advance him money, but did finally agree to secure him passage on the Reprisal when she returned to America. He would do more than he promised, Rulhière hoped, after making inquiries about the Count and himself. The hope materialized: Franklin discovered that the Pole had the support of Versailles, and recommended him to Washington with unaccustomed warmth.

A Passi, ce Dimanche matin 2 Mars pres de M. Chaumont M. Franklin presente ses Respects a M. le Chevalier Rulhiere, et sera bien aise de le recevoir ce soir à six heures, si cela est convenable a M. Rulhiere.

Addressed: A Monsr. / Monsieur le Chevalier Rulhiere / &c


Title: Lambert Wickes to the American Commissioners, 3 March 1777
From: Wickes, Lambert
To: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur

Gentlemen,
L’Orient March 3d 1777
I recd. yours of the 23d Feby. by Mr. Defrancy which I am Sorry Come so late, as the Vessels are all gone. He will soon return, when I shall give you as full an Answer as I Can to all your proposals. We have got up to place of Carreening and are now prepairing for that Bussiness; time is now our Own and you may order or dispose of us as you think proper. From Gentlemen Your obedient Humble Servant
Lambt. Wickes
To the Honbles: Dr. Franklin Silas Dean

Addressed: To / The Honble. Dr. Benja. Franklin / at / Paris
Notation: Capt Weekes L’Orient March 3 77


Title: The American Commissioners to the Committee of Secret Correspondence, 4 March 1777
From: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur
To: Committee of Secret Correspondence,Franklin, Benjamin,Dickinson, John,Harrison, Benjamin,Jay, John,Johnson, Thomas

Gentlemen
Paris 4th March 1777
We send you herewith the Draught of a Frigate, by a very ingenious Officer in this service, which appears to Us peculiarly suitable for Our purpose, and We are in hopes of being able to ship Cordage and Sail Cloth, and Anchors &c. sufficient for Five or Six such Frigates, by the Time you can have them built. Though deprived of any intelligence from you since the first of last November, and without remittances leaves Us in a situation easier to be conceived than described. The want of intelligence affects the Cause of the United States in every department; what Accounts of Our Affairs arrive in Europe at all comes thro’ the hands of Our Enemies, and whether defeated or Victorious we are the last who are acquainted with Events which ought first to be announced by Us. We are really unable to account for this Silence, and while We are affected with the unhappy Consequences of it must intreat the honorable Congress to devise some Method for giving Us the earliest and most certain Intelligence of what passes in America. The Ship by which this is sent is Loaded with Cloathing and Cordage and Duck. Not having a full Cargo of the former, We ordered Mr. Williams who acts for Us at Nantes to compleat with the latter, for which We have obtained a short Credit. Mr. Williams will write You by this Opportunity, he has been of great Service to Us at Nantes, and it is but justice to say that his knowledge of Business probity, Activity and Zeal for the Interests of his Country, with the good Opinion justly entertained of him by Gentlemen in Business at Nantes, render him Very serviceable in Our Affairs there, and proper to be employed in Commercial Transactions. It gives Us pain to be obliged to say, That the Conduct of Mr. Merkle is intirely the reverse. He left the Vessel he came over in at Bordeaux on Expence in December last, has sent no Orders to her since, he pass’d thro’ Paris in January for holland, or rather spent a Month in the City on which Journey, when, as well as at Bourdeaux his Character is marked for low Debauchery incompatible with the Gentleman or the Man of Business. Persons of such a Character giving themselves out for Agents of Congress and producing Contracts in support of their Pretensions, hurt the Commercial reputation of the United States, and can be of no service in any shape whatever. We Apprehend that Letters to Monsr. Schweighauser have not had fair play, and therefore advise You to write to him, charging the Capt. who carries Your Letters to deliver them with his Own hand if he arrive at Nantz, if at any other Port that he send them under Cover to Us. We are fitting a packet by which shall write more particularly in a few Days. Mr. Lee wrote Us last Week from Bordeaux, on his Way to Spain. We present Our most Respectful Compliments To the honorable Congress and are Gentlemen Your most Obedient and Very humble Servants
B FranklinSilas Deane

PS. Just as We were closing this Lettr We recd. a Letter from Our Colleague Mr. Lee dated Bourdeaux 22d. Feby. 1777. He was to set out the Next Day for Madrid. The following extract of his Letter we think merits your Attention, and that we ought to transmit it.
<Every respectable merchant in Nantes and Bordeaux holds Morris and Merkle in contempt; they have done almost irreparable harm to the credit of Congress.>

Notation: Franklin & Deane to the Comtee March 4. 1777


Title: Lambert Wickes to the American Commissioners, 5 March 1777
From: Wickes, Lambert
To: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur

Gentlemen,
L’Orient 5th. March 1777
I received two of yours of the 25th. by Mr. Defrancy who I am sorry Came so late, as our Sales were compleat before his Arrival. I have strictly attended to your proposals and shall give you as full an Answer as in my power. As to Cruizing in the sound for the Baltick Ships I am afraid that will not do, as neither me nor my officers are acquainted with those Sea’s, nor have we any proper Charts for those Sea’s. Another objection is, the Certainty of being soon discovered, as there is such Numbers of Vessels passing and repassing constantly, the Consequence of which would be dangerous, as the passage in and out are Narrow and we should be either blocked in or taken but if you should think proper to order us on this Expedition I think it would be highly Neccessary to procure us Admittance and protection in Some of the principal Ports in those Sea’s. If this Cannot be done I think it would not be Advisable to venture there. The Cruize on the Coast of Guineay I think much Safer and better, but there is Such difficultes Attending it, as cannot be got over. Our ship will not carry Water and provision enough for to Cruize, as it will be Necessary to take 4 Months Water and provisions for that Cruize, and we Cannot take more than 2 Months Water and provisions. If you should purchase the Marepaus, I think this Cruize would then be Advantageous as the Ships Warr are all Small that is on that Coast and the Guineay Men, tho’ they have all more or less Guns are not in a Condition to fight, as their Men are Generally very Sickly going off the Coast. I join with you in sentiments in regard to Cruizing on this Coast as there is very little prospect of any More Success here. I am Informed by the Officers belonging to two French Ships Warr, that arrived two days ago from a Cruize, that there is three Brittish Ships Warr Cruizing, between Cape Finnester and Ushant, one of 64 Guns one of 50 and one of 32 Guns, two of which they Saw and was told there was Another. The French Ships goes out again on a Cruize to Day. I think if a Very fast Sailing Cutter could be got and Stationed at Dunkirk they might soon make plenty Prizes by running into the Downs and Cutting Ships out from there, provided they would be received and protected in that port untill it suited you to send them off for America or Else where, And take the liberty to recommend Capt. Hinson for that service, as he is a Stout brave Man and I think well qualified for Such an Enterprize. I am very glad to hear you intend to provide for Capt. Nicholson, as I think him deserving your Confidence and make no Doubt he will Merrit your Esteem in any Station you may think proper to place him. If you purchase the Marepaus and I am appointed to Command her, I know no Obsticle in Capt. Nicholsons way, as my Officers would Chuse to Continue with me and of Course there will be room for him in the Reprisal. I think you may get the Marepaus £12,500 Sterling. She is a Very fine ship and has the Charector of a Very fast Sailor. I would recommend the purchase if Conveinient. Whatever may be your determination on those hints mentioned in your last I shall Chearfully Comply with any orders from you if in my power. The Officers do not Sign a Written parole, only give their Word of Honour, as I have wrote you fully on this head shall only Say they are all discharged. This comes by Mr. Defrancy who returns emeadiately to Paris as you Trusted him I think I may safely do the same. From Gentlemen, Your Most Obliged Humble Servant.

    P.S. I shall take Care not let any more Officers on Shore at all.
    L.W.

Addressed: To / The Honble Dr. Benja. Franklin / at / Paris
Notation: Capt Weekes L’Orient 5 March 77


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Arthur Lee, 5 March 1777
From: Lee, Arthur
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Dear Sir,
Burgos March 5th. 1777
I have been desird to stop here which is half way to Madrid, in order to negotiate with more secrecy. There appears more timidity here than with you. What I shall be able to do, I cannot yet determine, but I am told that if I proceed to Madrid it will be likely to prevent the execution of those good intentions there may be towards us. I beg you will write me immediately your opinion, whether I ought to give up this point. Direct to me here.
I am assurd from the best authority, that a plan is forming for such a disposition of the forces of the two kingdoms, as will give the fullest alarm to our enemy.
If you think the enclosd is likely to be of use in augmenting that alarm, please to seal, and have it put into the post.
I suppose Mr. D. is gone. I am, dear Sir, Yours &c.

Addressed: A Monsr. / Monsr. Francois / dans le jardin
Notation: A Lee. to B.F. Burgos March 5th. 77.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Thomas Walpole, 5 March 1777
From: Walpole, Thomas
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Dear Sir
London 5 March 1777.
It is some time since I prepared the inclosed letter in answer to that you was so kind to favour me with by Dr. Bancroft. A diffidence arising from serious concern and agitation of mind on the cruel situation and melancholy prospect of affairs prevented my sending it forward which I now do as a testimony that I was both pleased and flattered by your remembrance of me, at the same time having at last closed accounts with my Associators in the Ohio purchase. I send you here inclosed yours with a circular letter and a remittance for the ballance as at foot noted, and I shall desire you will send me a receipt for the ballance of accounts betwixt us. News you will not expect from me the best friends of this Country meet often but it is only to lament its misguidance. I am with the Sincerest regard Dear Sir your most faithfull and affectionate humble Servant
Thomas Walpole

The bills inclosed are Liv: 2500. 2739:16:9. ds: 29 Feby at 2 / mo. date on Lavabre Doerner & Co.

Notation: Walpole 1. feby. 1777.


Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Richard Peters, 6 March 1777
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: Peters, Richard

This letter to the secretary of the American board of war was written to introduce a Frenchman who had already had vicissitudes and was to encounter many more. Louis Garanger was born about 1741 and, because of his family connections in the corps of artillery, was admitted to it as a youngster; he was on active service at the age of fifteen. His military studies brought him to the notice of members of the Académie royale des sciences, and particularly of Franklin’s old opponent in electrical matters, Mathurin-Jacques Brisson. Their support enabled the young man to continue his education and helped him, when he wanted to join the group that Du Coudray was taking to America, to procure leave and a brevet captaincy. He and his younger brother, breveted a lieutenant, expected to create a corps of bombardiers in the American army.
For some reason-the evidence is conflicting-the brothers did not sail with Du Coudray, but cooled their heels in Le Havre until their money ran out. In late January Louis Garanger wrote Franklin, enclosing a letter of recommendation from Brisson, and asked for help in cash. None seems to have been forthcoming, and he went to Paris to consult his sponsors. While there he left a note for Franklin, asking for acknowledgment of Du Coudray’s engagement with him or at least for some authorization to go to America, and saying that he would return the next day for an answer. One or more interviews presumably took place, out of which came the present letter of recommendation.
The provenance of the copy we print can be briefly explained. The brothers finally found passage for America with the marquis de Brétigney, who chartered a ship at his own expense to carry the officers and equipment needed for a corps of one hundred and thirty men. The party reached Charleston in September, 1777, but was captured at sea on the way to Philadelphia. The officers were imprisoned in St. Augustine, and there Franklin’s letter was copied and forwarded to Whitehall in a dispatch from Patrick Tonyn, Governor of East Florida. The Garangers were subsequently transferred to New York and then exchanged; the younger brother soon returned home in bad health, and the older one found only disappointments in his American service.

Dear Sir,
Paris March 6th. 1777.
The Bearer Mr. Garanger, Captain of Bombardiers had as he informs me, engaged to go to America with M: De Coudray, an Officer of great Distinction in the Artillery, who is engaged in our Service, and sailed sometime since. M. Garanger not being then ready was left behind. He is well recommended to me by M. Brisson, a Gentleman of Science here, and has other Certificates of his Abilities to shew; besides that the Judgement of M: de Coudray in chusing to engage him is of itself more than a sufficient recommendation. I know nothing of the Contract between them, and must for that refer to M: de Coudray himself, who I hope is by this time safely arrived. I only beg leave to introduce him to you, to recommend him to your Civilities, and Countenance, as a Gentleman, who is zealous for our Cause, and desirous to serve it, and to request you will present him to the Board of War. I Congratulate you on the Check given to the Enemy in New Jersey, and wishing continued Success to our Arms, and to you, and Mrs. Peters Health, and Happiness. I have the honour to be, Dear Sir Your most Obedient humble Servant
(Signed) B. Franklin

Copy of a Letter from Benjamin Franklin Esqr. to Mr. Richard Peters Secretary to the Rebel Board of War at Philadelphia dated at Paris March 6th. 1777.

Notations: Copy, Letter Benjamin Franklin to Richard Peters Esqr. Secretary to the Rebel Board of War / In Govr. Tonyn’s (No 51) of 26 Jany. 1778.


Title: Jonathan Williams, Jr., to the American Commissioners, 6 March 1777
From: Williams, Jonathan Jr.
To: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur

Gentlemen
Nantes March 6, 1777.
The principal occasion for troubling you at present is to inform you that on account of the great Demand for Government every large anchor in this place is engaged. We shall find the other sizes easy enough, but unless you can obtain from the minister 2 Anchors of 2400 wt. and 2 of 2200 wt. our purchase I fear will be by so much incompleat.
By advice from orleans we find that 67 Bales are now loaded. 78 are on their way hither and 50 more will be dispatched in about 15 Days, this the Gentleman seems to think will be all but he can’t say with certainty whether it will be so or not; these, with what we have, will make 373 Bales, and if they arrive in time to be reduced in size as I have done those that are here there will I apprehend be room enough. If this circumstance should add to our delay I hope you will not think it my Fault.
By advice from Bordeaux I am informed that a Ship is arrived at that port from Virginia with Tobacco which Brings a Virginia Gazette of the 20 Jan. containing a Letter from Gen. Washington to the Congress giving an account of the Defeat of the Hessians, the Loss is stated at 900 men. The Capt. mentions that the Capture of Gen. Lee was talk’d off but nobody believed it, he adds that the americans have taken a great Quantity of Soldiers Cloathing. Mr. Lee had left Bordeaux when the post came away. I hear that the packet Boat is sold for 16,000 Livres. I expect Mr. Francis here again tomorrow. I have the honour to be with great Respect Gentlemen Your most obedient Servant
J Williams Junr
The Honorable The Deputies of the United States.

Notation: Mr Williams Nantes March 6th 1777 to Hon: Deputies U.S.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Duportail, 6 March 1777
From: Duportail, Louis Lebègue de Presle
To: Franklin, Benjamin

A nantes le 6 mars 1777
Nous n’avons point trouvé de vaisseau ici qui allat directement a vos Colonies, et nous sommes obligés de nous embarquer sur un qui va au Cap St. Domingue d’ou tout le monde assure qu’il est très facile de passer a philadelphie. Nous sommes pourtant bien fachés de faire un tel circuit. J’apprehende que nous n’arrivions la Campagne commencée si elle s’ouvre effectivement aussitot que quelques personnes le prétendent. Comme nous nous proposons de freter a nos frais quelque petit batiment qui nous passe de St. Domingue a philadelphie, et que la tempête ou la crainte des anglois peut nous forcer de debarquer un peu plus bas que la pensilvanie, je desirerois que le Congrés prévint les Commandants de ces parties de notre arrivée, afin que nous fussions réçus sans difficulté et pussions nous faire reconnoitre autrement que par nos papiers que certaines circonstances peuvent nous obliger de jetter a la mer dans la traversée de St. Domingue.
Je porte ici le nom de Derford Mr. de la radiere celui de Baillard Mr. de Launoy [Laumoy] celui de Le thier et Mr. de Gouvion celui d’Olry nous les conserverons pour plus grande sureté jusques dans votre pays, et même dans votre pays si la chose me paroit avantageuse.
Le chevalier du Portail a francklin


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Nathan Rumsey, 6 March 1777
From: Rumsey, Nathan
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Honorable Sir
Nantes March 6th. 77.
I am infinitely obliged to You for the agreable News contained in your favor of the 2d. Inst. and wish we may find verified with respect to it, even a Maxim of my Lord Chesterfield upon a certain Occasion, in believing only one half of what the World says.
Messrs. Penet and Morris have disposed of the Prizes in the manner you are pleased to observe, at the future Risque of the Buyers. The Packet which was the property of Cap. Wickes I understand, by some Regulations of Congress being a King’s Ship, is also sold by Cap. Wickes himself and suppose upon the same Conditions as the former.
Captain Young in the Mary and Elizabeth will sail for Philadela. provided the wind answers, in 5 or 6 Days. My Compliments to Mr. Temple Franklin conclude me Honorable Sir Your most obedient Humble Servant
Nathan Rumsey
Dr Franklin

Addressed: A l’Honorable / Doct. Franklin / a l’Hotel D’Hambourg / Rüe Jacob / a Paris.
Notation: N Rumsey March 6. 77.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Jonathan Williams, Jr., 6 March 1777
From: Williams, Jonathan Jr.
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Dear and honored Sir
Nantes March 6. 1777.
Major Luttelock arrived here a few days ago and I have since endeavoured to get him a passage via St. Domingo, together with the 4 Engineers, but when he found it necessary to pay his passage he told me he expected to go free and had not provided sufficient money; I can’t make his passage free without paying for it myself and that I have no orders to do. He therefore waits further advice. Messrs. Portail &c. go away tomorrow morning. I have done all in my power to assist them and shall do the same for the Major, but I request that evry officer who is to go on the public account may have an express order, that I may not be in danger of doing wrong; and those for the Count de Vergennes I beg to be notified off. I am with great Respect Your dutifull and affectionate Kinsman
Jona Williams J

[In the margin:] My Love to Temple. If I have not mentioned him before it is because I have been always hurried, not because I have forgot him.
Addressed: Dr Franklin


Title: Robert Morris to the American Commissioners, 7 March 1777
From: Morris, Robert
To: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur

Gentlemen
Philada. March 7th. 1777
I have wrote you several letters and sent you dispatches from Congress and Committee of Correspondance by Mr. Reed who will probably be longer in reaching you than this but he goes by a much safer Conveyance as I apprehend. The Congress have adjourned from Baltimore to this place again but I think rather at an improper time as it appears to me that Genl. Howe is now forming another expedition against this place and I shall not think the City safe whilst the principal part of its defence depends on Militia, and altho our New Army has been recruiting a Considerable time yet we do not find them so forward as cou’d be wished, the want of cloathing &c. keeps them back a good deal, but we are spurring them on as much as possible. I do most sincerely hope you will negotiate the Loan and send out the Articles Wanted as we might then have leisure to make remittances with greater security than we can if done precipitately. We have bought considerable quantities of produce in various parts and shall export it as fast as the times, Seasons and Enemies Ships will permit, this you may depend on, and the Produce of this Country if it coud once be exported freely will soon discharge the Debt it may be necessary to Contract.
The Committee will all be here next Week and write you fully themselves. In the mean time I remain with perfect Esteem and respect Gentlemen Your obedient humble servant
Robt Morris

This goes by Monsr. Coleaux who promises to deliver it and a Packet of News Papers.
The Honble Doctr Franklin, Silas Deane and Arthur Lee Esqrs.

Endorsed by Franklin: Secret Committee March 7. 77


Title: Lambert Wickes to the American Commissioners, 7 March 1777
From: Wickes, Lambert
To: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur

Gentlemen,
L’Orient March 7. 1777
I wrote you the 3d. by post and the 5th. by Mr. De Francy. I have not received any of yours since Mr. De Francy’s Arrival. I should be glad of a Line from you, informing of your intentions in regard to my further distination. We are now all ready to heave down and only Wait for good weather, the Weather has been very bad this last Week or that Job would have been done, but I am in hopes we shall be able to Compleat it in the Next Week after which time, I shall wait your Orders for the Government of future proceedings. If Capt. Nicholson can be Spared and you intend doing any thing for him here, the sooner he Comes the better. I am informed the Admiralty of Vans will Clear all our prizes out under French Coulours which is more than I expected. Please write me as soon as possible. From Gentlemen Your Obedient Humble Servant.
Lambt. Wickes


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from William Alexander, 7 March 1777
From: Alexander, William
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Dear Sir
Hotel de St Louis Dijon 7 March 1777
I thank you for returning me the letter that came to hand after my leaving Paris, and still more for letting me hear from you. That no news are Good News is an old proverb, very applicable to the present times. Your letter Coverd also a Blank Cover under which was an original of the Contract between Mons. Dubourg and the Farmers. I know not with what Intention it has been sent and shall therefore keep it untill You or he inform me what is to be done with it.
The whole Seems to have been pretty well Considerd on the part of the sellers. Only the Alternative in favour of the Farmers in case of War between france and England to Cast the bargain, seems not well advisd, the risk will not be encreased by that event and therefore the Contractors perhaps did wrong in Insisting on the right of Casting it As it gave rise to the Alternative, which throws great uncertainty on the bargain, and the farmers will only take the benefit of the Clause in case of a fall in the Market, which is the event on which the Contractors will Chiefly be anxious to maintain it. It appears to me that every ship that falls in the way of a Cruizer going to or Coming from America, under whatever Colours She Sails will be Considerd as Prize altho’ Britain shoud remain at Peace with the european powers. In case of a War the Number of European privateers will be very trifling; I will venture to say within 20 from England, first because it is not the English Genius, secondly from want of hands. On the other hand the french and spanish fleet and privateers, will add Some hundred Cruizers to the defence of american trade, so that I shoud Consider the risk as rather diminishd in the voyage to and from America.

In case Your friend from South Carolina has not got the Merchandize he seeks, at Paris, He may write to Mesr. John Black & Co. Bordeaux, where I believe his business may be done. If the Comodities are to be got there, He needs no introduction. Let Him be quit Explicit to save time. He will find Mr. Black a Man of Worth, who will not trifle with Him.
I hope you have got over your money, as the Exchange is got against England 3½ per Cent by a remittance I have last post. This is a proof that the Circulation of Bank paper is mightily encreased which is the first of our many woes that will Come. We have had here a Privy Councelor of the Empress of Russia, who is positive that England will not get a Man from that Empire. The Recruiting goes on heavily in Germany and the utmost that is Expected from that quarter is 8000 Men, on the other hand they talk of stripping Ireland of ¾ of her remaining troops, and perhaps they may Supply Them by English Militia, who may be perswaded to go So far.
I sent You by a friend going to Paris the 1st vol: of Monsr. De Morveaux Elements of Chimistry which tho printed is not yet publishd and the 2d vol. is not printed. I put a Dogs ear to the part that Treats of Iron and steel, and I am apt to think he has gone further than the Russians in that article. You’l see that he makes all Iron perfect, and Consequently Inferiority of quality Implies merely a defective flux.
If you wish to know more on this subject come and See us. I beg my Compliments to Your son and all friends. I am ever with the warmest attachment Dear Sir Your most obedient humble servant
W. Alexander

Addressed: A Monsieur / Monsieur Franklin / Hotel d’Hambourg Rue Jacob / a Paris
Endorsed: Mr. Alexander
Notations: Alexander W. 7 March 1777. / M. Alexander to B. Franklin


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Silas Deane, [7 March 1777]
From: Deane, Silas
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Dear Sir
Friday Evening [March 7, 1777]
I recd. This Evening the inclosed Lettrs. &c. from London. They had been opened, and when I see You, will explain by whom. I therefore broke them afresh, which impute to my impatience to know the particulars of the important Contents, on which I congratulate You most sincerely. I wish to see You early in the Morning here, as the Business I wish to confer on can be much better consulted on here, as it relates to Capt. Hynson in part; but if more Agreeable To You, will wait on You at Passy with him. I am Dear Sir Yours
S Deane

Addressed: To / The Hone. Benja Franklin Esqr / Passy


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Lambert Wickes, 7 March 1777
From: Wickes, Lambert
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Sir,
March 7th, 1777
I should be much obliged if you would send the inclosed letter forward by the first undoubted safe Conveyance. I should not give your honour the Trouble if Could have an Oppertunity of a Safe Conveyance from this. As that is impractacable shall be much obliged for your Care of the Same. It Contains matters of Importance both to me and Mr. Johnston. From Sir, Your most Obedient humble Servant
Lambt. Wickes

To The Hon [torn] Franklin

Addressed: To / The Honble. Dr. Benja. Franklin / at / Paris
Notations: Cap. Weekes L’Orient March 7. 77 / Capt Wickes


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Patience Wright, 7 March 1777
From: Wright, Patience
To: Franklin, Benjamin

My much Honoured Friend
Pall-mall Merch 7th [1777]
Sir, your thorow knowledg of me, and my Princples and actions makes it not nesscery for me to apoligize for writing to you.
I was very ancious for a opertunity to be of Som use in the great work of doing good to mankind. But now I see and behold gad ordreth all thing by His wise Provedence and things are all in the universial Course Set in order by him and all I Can do is only Pray for you as the means to bring about a wise and Safe Peace.
My daughter wrote to you Informing you of the Case of m. Platt now in Newgate for Rebelion Comitted in Sevannah in Georgea in year 1775 4 month before the Coloney, was Declared Rebels the wondrful method taken to Convince us of our Safe Situation. I make no Doubt but your great Knowledge of human Nature and humane temper with a Desere to do all the good you Can you will so ordr that Eithr Platt be Imeadatly set at liberty or Exchangd for another prisioner or Som money be Sent to Support him in His unjust Confinement. A Letter from you to the alldmen of London or to some other of those who have Power it will Spirit up those good honest men (for Some thir are) who will Se that Justice be done if he be Brot to trial. We are now Impatient for your advise how to proced as youl See per the news papr his Case and the procedings against him. We keept in the Dark with all the movements of govrment and hope light to brake in upon us by som divine Spark Kindled in you or those providenc makes his agents.

Mr. Scayr is now at Leberty to atend your Comands and if you think proper will See you. My vanity promps me to think I Can entertan you if permited to write. Pray Sir Suffer me to troubel you with my Scraps of papr as I formely did in Craven Street. Small begining and Some time a Slight hint to a wise man from a honest heart may do wonders. Our Stocks is a meteriel object to our leading People and to Save ther money they Let go ther Contry &c.
Ld. Dunmore Spent much time to Convince me of the week and wicked americean Rebelion this day and the Impudence of Captn. Weeks to take the Swallow Sloop war the Kings Packet and to Sell the Kings Ship at Public Sail in France is a thing he dont Like. He tells the King, “americea will very Soon be tired of doct. Franklngs Condoct” as also that thy now wish for Peace most heartly. May the great Ruler of the Earth give you health and Contune your life a Blessing to all mankind is the most heaty Prayr of sir your faithful humble servant
Patience Wright

I keep a Jurnal of meteriel Events and I wish to here from my Relations and friends in Philadelphia. Pray favor me with a line. My Children Joyne me in duty and good wishes. All Lettr are Said to be opend at the Post office So it is not meteriel what I write here.
Dr. F--

Notation: Wright Pall-mall 7th. March


Title: Jonathan Williams, Jr., to the American Commissioners, 8 March 1777
From: Williams, Jonathan Jr.
To: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur

Gentlemen
Nantes March 8. 1777.
As I don’t hear farther relative to the purchase of Mr. Montieu’s Fusils I conclude that you do not intend to put any on board the Count de Vergennes, so propose to put in her as much salt as will answer for Ballast. I have lately been looking over some Memoires about Mr. Montieu’s process and find that these Fuzils cost him at the rate of 25 sous each for those capable of repair and 10 sous each for those that are not, with a Condition that none of them should ever be sold in the Kingdom. This circumstance makes it sure that if you don’t by them nobody else can (except for the negro Trade) and therefore that you will have nobody to outbid you. Mr. Shweighausser desires to know whether you approve of having Capt. Toaklys Brig sold; as she now lays at the Expence of 400 Dollars per Month, she will otherwise soon eat out her Value. The Balance remaining in his hands on the Cargo of Tobacco he tells me has been called for, and agreeable to his orders he must pay it to Mr. Pennet. I have the honor to be with greatest Respect Gentlemen Your most obedient Servant
J Williams Junr
The Honourable The Deputies of The United States.

Addressed: A Monsieur / Monsieur Franklin LLD / a l’Hotel d’Hambourg / Rue Jacob. / a Paris.
Notation: Jona Williams Nantes March 8. 77


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Jean-Baptiste-Jacques Elie de Beaumont, 8 March 1777
From: Elie de Beaumont, Jean-Baptiste-Jacques
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Monsieur
Paris 8 mars 1777.
J’ai l’honneur de vous presenter Monsieur dufourny de villiers l’un de nos dignes Membres de la societé d’Emulation dont j’ai eu l’honneur de vous parler. Consacré aux arts par goût il ne croit pouvoïr faire un plus noble et plus patriotique usage de ses talens que de consacrer a sa patrie le buste de l’illustre franklin qu’un autre hemisphere menace de nous ravir et qui pourtant devroit se croire citoyen du monde entier si l’estime, la reconnoissance et le respect sont des titres d’incolat et de cité. Je joins mes prieres aux siennes, Monsieur, pour vous prier de lui accorder cette faveur dont il est digne par le prix qu’il y attache et en cela je vous sollicite pour moimême, me proposant ensuite de m’assurer d’après ce buste votre portrait pour le placer dans ma bibliotheque au rang des amis de Leur patrie et de l’humanité. J’ai l’honneur d’être avec une tendre veneration Monsieur Votre tres humble et tres obeissant serviteur
Elie De Beaumont

Addressed: A Monsieur / Monsieur franklin / A Paris
Notation: elie de Beaumont Paris 8 Mars 77


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Nathan Rumsey, 8 March 1777
From: Rumsey, Nathan
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Honorable Sir
Nantes March 8th. 1777.
By the Brigantine Penet Cap. Bartlet, just arrived here in 29 Days from Boston, who sailed the 2d. Day of Feby. we have received a Confirmation of the Affair at Trenton, and the particulars of General Lee’s being taken, as You will find them in the Gazette of the 6th. January herewith inclosed. The Cap. brought papers as late as the 23d. January but the inclosed of the 20th. and the 6th. include all the news of the others. As near as I can collect I think the Number of men killed, wounded and taken prisoners in the Trenton Affair including the Skirmishes of Princetown, Morristown, Hackinsack and Peek’s Hill amount to about 2000.
The Captain informs us verbally that the Congress, who, by his Excellency General Washington’s Letter you will perceive were Assembled at Baltimore, left Philadelphia upon General Howe’s Arrival at Trenton, and that their immediate Return to Philadelphia was expected: that General Lee’s being taken had greatly enraged the Populace, and that General Washington had by Flag of Truce informed the Enemy, that if they sent off General Lee for England he would hereafter give no Quarter. The French Gentleman taken with Gen. Lee is a Collonel Gaiault, who sailed from hence for Phil. in a Congress Ship in August last.
Not a Letter is come to Hand from Philadelphia, but in one to Mr. Penet from Boston it is said the Congress have ordered 100 Battalions to be inlisted for 3 Years: that many of those Batallions are already officered, and are filling up fast.
The Captain informs that 2 large Ships were ready to sail from Boston when he put to sea: as soon as they arrive I shall forward to You any interesting News they may bring.
I have taken the Liberty of inclosing a Letter in your Packet to Alderman Lee, the better to avoid the Nantes Post mark which I suspect condemns many of our Letters in England; it is directed, as by his Desire are all my Letters to him, to Mr. Browne. Your forwarding it will add further Obligations to those already conferred on Honorable Sir Your most obedient Humble Servant
Nathan Rumsey.

Addressed: To The Honorable / Doct. Benjamin Franklin / at / Paris. / per Mr. Defransey.
Notation: Nathan Rumsey March 8. 77.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Jonathan Williams, Jr., 8 March 1777
From: Williams, Jonathan Jr.
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Dear and honored Sir
Nantes March 8 1777.
We are informed here that a Canadian with a commission from the Congress has fitted out a privateer at Dunkirk, and after cruising sometime in the Channel has taken a very large prize and carried her into Ostend; this News seems to occasion great eagerness in some people here to fitt out privateers in the same way, if proper commissions can be obtain’d and the french Government will connive at having french Sailors on board. If you have cruising Commissions or can give them, I apprehend I could soon have several of them at Sea, and if you think the presence of an american necessary in any Enterprize of that nature which you may think proper to undertake, you know you may command me; I am at least half of a Sailor, and would endeavour to do my duty. What I mean by this to say is that I am at your Disposal, so that no good plan may fail of Execution for want of any assistance in my power to give.
Mr. de Francy will tell you the Success of his Commission at L’orient.
The Ship Pennet is just arrived from Boston and brings papers down to the 23d Jan. some of which Mr. Ramsey sends by this Conveyance. You will see that the Capture of Gen. Lee is but too true and that our Successes in Jersey amount to 919 Prisoners at Trentown, 500 at princetown 35 at morristown 30 Tories at peeks kill and 500 at Hackinsack. I understand that this Ship is dispatched by Mr. Penets partner and that she is to be followed by 2 or 3 more to his address, so we may soon expect more news.
I have this moment recd. your Favour of March 2. I thank Mr. Dean most sincerely for his Reccommendations. I shall write again per post Mr. Francy being now waiting. I am most respectfully your dutifull and affectionate Kinsman
J Williams

Addressed: D Franklin
Notation: Mr Williams


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Richard Bache, 10 March 1777
From: Bache, Richard
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Dear Sir
Philadelphia 10th. March 1777.
We yet remain without a Line from you; tho’ we have had the pleasure of hearing you were safe arrived; this is my third Letter to you, since you left us; I think I have never mentioned to you before, that Mr. Galloway, when the Enemy were at Trenton, passed over the Delaware and took protection, three of the Allens did the same, viz: John, Andrew, and Billy. They are now all in Newyork, wishing and praying, I suppose, that the Enemy may soon make a conquest of us, that they may have an opportunity of being with their Families again.
Last Wednesday, Mr. Thomas Wharton Junr. was declared President of the executive Council for this State, and Mr. George Bryan Depty. President, they were proclaimed formally at the Court house. The Congress have returned from Baltimore, and sit here again; they have raised the Interest on the Moneys they borrow to 6 per Cent: whether this will have the desired Effect is hard to say. About a fortnight ago, we had a smart skirmish with the Enemy near Woodbridge, they were far superior in number to us, but our shot did so much more execution than theirs, that they made a very precipitate retreat, it is said, with the loss of upwards of 500 killed, wounded, and taken; we had about ten Men killed, and twice that number wounded. I left the good Folks at Goshen two days ago, very well and hearty, they join me in Love to yourself Temple and Benny. I am Dear Sir Your ever affectionate Son
Rich Bache
Doctor Franklin

Addressed: The Honble. / Doctr. Benjn. Franklin / One of the Commissioners from the United States of America / a Paris / Via Bourdeaux.
Bordeaux 10 May 1777 Forwarded by Sir Your most obt Hble Sts.
S. & J. H. Delap

Notation: Recd. per the [torn]y


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Ebenezer Smith Platt, 10 March 1777
From: Platt, Ebenezer Smith
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Sir,
Newgate. March 10th. 1777.
Through the solicitations of my freinds I have made free to trouble you with thiss Packett, and to beg the favour of you to forward per first conveniant and safe opportunity the Inclos’d letters. I am inform’d you have been acquainted with a state of my Case, for which reason have omited troubling you therewith again, and shall only give you the following Particulars (for your own satisfaction) which were not propper to be Inserted in my Case: that on the 7th. of January 1776 I left Georgea, with permission from the Provintial Congress, bound to Cape Nichola Mole, but unfortunately was taken within a few hours sail of my distin’d Port, by his Majesty’s Ship Maidstone, and Carried into Jamaca tho was not made a Prise off, on Account of the Vessels not being American Property. I therefore sold my Cargo, and Purchas’d a Vessell, with Intent to proceed back to America; tho was oblig’d to Clear out my Vessell for Turtling and Fishing, and as I was proceeding to Sea, was stop’d, my Vessell sold, and I detaind a Prisner in Irons, and for farther particulars I refer you to the state of my Case, which contains a true Account. Since my Confinment here I have taken every Legal step to Indeavour to be brought to tryall but could not, and fear I shall not be, as I am now detained under that Accursd, and Arbitary Law, for the suspention of the Habeous Corpus Act until January 1778, until which time, if not longer I expect to remain, unless through the Blessings of God, the Americans shou’d Continue to go on with eaqual sucksess, as they have for these few months last past done, which I beleive wou’d be the meanes of Discharging me and all others, which I pray God may be the Case. From Sir Your most Obedient and Verry Humble Servant
Ebenezer Smith Platt

Notation: E. S. Platt from Newgate


Title: Dumas to the American Commissioners, 11 March 1777
From: Dumas, Charles-Guillaume-Frédéric
To: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur

Dear Sirs
11e. Mars 1777
Je ne saurois plus longtemps résister à la tentation de vous écrire, que j’éprouve à chaque ordinaire, et à laquelle je succomberois régulierement, si la crainte d’être importun, plus qu’utile, ne me retenoit. Enfin la joie de pouvoir vous féliciter des succès de nos amis l’emporte sur cette crainte. Trois Regiments Hessois pris à Trenton, et 3 autres, royaux, battus successivement, sont des événements avérés arrivés bien à propos, et me font augurer, non seulement que les autres, annoncés sur des fondements moins authentiques, savoir la défaite du Major Rogers, la reprise des Lignes de Kingsbridge, et le soulevement du reste des troupes Hessoises, pourroient bien se confirmer aussi. Quoiqu’il en soit, je rends graces à Dieu de ce qui est arrivé; et dans mes éjaculations mentales (car mes prieres ne sont jamais méditées, et par conséquent elles sont infiniment courtes) je lui demande à tous moments sa puissante protection pour les Etats Unis Am. Mon Epouse et ses deux fils en exhalent de pareilles; et ma fille ne manque pas, soir et matin, de demander soir et matin au bon Dieu de bons jours et de bonnes nuits pour les bons amis de Papa. Ainsi l’Amérique a pour elle, dans ces provinces, outre les voeux de tout ce qui n’y est pas directement ou indirectement intéressé en faveur de ses cruels ennemis, une petite Eglise, de 5 membres seulement, mais qui se distingue des autres, je ne dis pas par l’orthodoxie, mais par le sentiment, la simplicité et l’innocence. A mesure que nos Marchands feront avec les vôtres des affaires lucratives, et surtout lorsque nos rentiers pourront, sur des sûretés suffisantes pour capitaux et intérêts, placer chez vous l’argent dont ils regorgent, vous aurez aussi pour vous les Eglises où l’on prie avec plus de bruit et d’étalage: la superstition et l’incrédulité, l’hypocrisie même, l’avarice et la prodigalité, l’économie et le luxe, l’active coquinerie et la phlegmatique bonhommie, tout priera alors à l’envi pour l’Amérique.
L’Amb[assadeu]r A[nglais] a présenté il y a plus de 8 jours un Mémoire à nos Etats, le plus violent et le plus impératif dont on puisse s’aviser d’Etat à Etat. Le Roi son maître se plaint sur le plus haut ton, que les Am[éricains] trouvent à se pourvoir chez nos Marchands, surtout à St. Eustache, d’armes et de munitions, &c. &c.; que le Gouverneur de St. Eustache a rendu le salut à un Armateur Am[éricain] et les favorise; que par-là il a témoigné reconnoître des Rebelles pour une Puissance legitime; que les Etats doivent déposer, rappeller, punir ce Gouverneur, donner une satisfaction éclattante à l’Angleterre, prohiber efficacément les pratiques de leurs Marchands, et NB ne point procéder en tout ceci avec leur lenteur ordinaire, qu’autrement la bonne harmonie entre la Gr. Br. et cette Rep. sera interrompue, lui-même rappellé, &c. &c. Telle est, Messieurs, la Loi, munie, comme vous voyez, d’une Sanction formelle, que l’on vient de notifier ici, où à ce qu’on m’a assuré, les premieres têtes sont à la fois choquées de l’incartade, et intriguées comment y répondre. Comme la réponse cependant ne peut se faire sans avoir pris l’avis des provinces, on a envoyé l’affaire à chacune ad referendum; cela occasionnera partout des Dietes extraordinaires; et l’on est très curieux de savoir quelles résolutions elles prendront. J’ai cru cette nouvelle digne de vous être communiquée; et je ne manquerai pas, en son temps, de vous en mander les suites.
Je n’ai ni écrit, ni parlé au grand Facteur depuis ce dont je vous ai rendu compte, Messieurs, faute de matiere qui puisse me donner quelque relief.
Je suis fort lié depuis quelque temps avec le Gazetier françois de Leide, qui favorise tant qu’il peut les Am[éricains], qui a déjà inséré dans ses feuilles plusieurs petits articles que je lui ai communiqués, et qui en inserera d’autres si je puis les lui fournir: il me l’a promis; et je vous conseille fort, Messieurs, de profiter de sa bonne volonté, en me fournissant de quoi lui donner (mais plus de faits que de raisonnements politiques); car sa gazette est fort répandue, tant en ce pays que par toute l’Europe, étant estimée comme l’une des plus impartiale. On lui a reproché dans une lettre d’Espagne, et dans d’autres aussi, de ce qu’il n’entre pas encore assez dans les détails quant à l’Amérique.
Dieu vous donne, mes respectables Amis, santé, vigueur, et continuation de bonnes nouvelles. Je baise les mains au vénérable Docteur, et à son digne Collegue. Je sens, Messieurs, que vous m’écririez, si vous n’étiez surchargés d’affaires; mais je mentirois, si je vous laissois croire que ma philosophie me fait supporter avec résignation une longue privation de vos Lettres. Cependant quelque cheres qu’elles me soient, je ne voudrois pas, pour tout au monde, en avoir aux dépens de la moindre des affaires de nos amis; j’aimerois mieux, en ce cas, continuer de souffrir. Ceci soit dit aussi à Mr. Carmichaël, Pour lequel je joindrai un mot, si le temps me le permet, sinon, une autre fois. Ce que j’ose hardiment vous demander, Messieurs, c’est de m’aimer toujours comme je vous aime et respecte avec tous les braves Americains.

La seule chose qui trouble la joie que j’ai de leurs succès, c’est la captivité du brave Général Lee. Son sort m’inquiete.
Une autre nouvelle, que je viens de lire dans une de nos Gazettes Hollandoises, m’affligeroit beaucoup aussi, si je pouvois la croire: c’est que, selon une prétendue Lettre de New-York, du 22e. Janvier, Messieurs Allen et Galloway, tous deux Membres du Congrès, se seroient allés rendre au Ld. Howe. A moins que vous ne me la confirmiez, je ne croirai jamais une telle infamie. Vos atroces ennemis n’ont déjà que trop débité pareils mensonges. Je suis, Messieurs pour toute la vie, votre dévoué et humble serviteur
St. Jean.

[J’ai] quelques autres particularités [encore] à vous marquer. Je les dirai vendredi prochain à Mr. Carmichaël sous le couvert de Messieurs Germany Girardot et Compagnie. Ce que je lui écris est aussi pour vous; ainsi, Messieurs, s’il étoit absent, ouvrez, s’il vous plait, mes Lettres pour lui avant de le lui faire tenir.
Messieurs Franklin et Deane

Addressed: Monsieur / Monsieur Silas Deane / hotel de hambourg rue Jacob / à Paris [in another hand:] hotel Colbert
Notation: Dumas 11. March 77.


Title: Jonathan Williams, Jr., to the American Commissioners, 11 March 1777
From: Williams, Jonathan Jr.
To: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur

Gentlemen
Nantes March 11. 1777.
I have began to load the Ship. The salt is at Painbeuf and we are here loading the first Lighter with some Bales and the Cordage which is near all made, the Bales that were here are all reduced, and tomorrow the workmen will begin to reduce those that are just arrived from orleans; the Letter from thence informs us that about 50 more will be ready to come away about the 15th of this month. If these should be detained and the ship ready before they arrive, I suppose we must not wait; I shall therefore hasten all I can unless you order otherwise. I beg to know whether you can obtain the large anchors, else I am afraid we shall not be able to get them. Capt. Wicks informs me that he has only a quarter Waggoner that he can spare which he will send if he can find an opportunity. If you can send Charts from Paris it would be better.
A little Schooner is arrived here express from the Congress. The Capt. landed at Quiberon and now goes express with Mr. Romsey to Paris. It is said that Gen. Washington has cut off the Retreat of the English in Jersey, but the Letters they bring will give you full Information. I have the honor to be in haste, with the greatest Respect Gentlemen Your most obedient most humble Servant,
J Williams Junr
The Honble The Deputies of the United States.

Notation: Jon Williams Nantes March 11. 77


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Penet, 11 March 1777
From: Penet, Pierre
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Monsieur
nantes le 11. mars 1777.
Mr. rumcay porteur de la presante est partie ce jour pour cerandre [se rendre] a paris avec le capt. hammond arrivant dans ce port expedie par le committé secret de philadelphie a baltimore avec des lettres pour vous Mr. Deane et Lée; nous esperons qu’il vous serat parvenus heureusement et nous attandons vos ordres et son retour pour l’expedier ausitot avec les munitions qui nous sont demandé.
Je ne vous informme d’aucunne nouvelle venant du continant en etant instruit ausi bien que moy. J’auréz l’honneure de vous dire seulement que toutes vos operations qui nous sont confié tant du Congré que des provinces sont executé avec toutes l’exactitude posible et j’ausse me flatter que lorsqu’elles vous seront connus plus particulierement elles me meritterons de plus en plus votre confiansce.
M. Th. morris depuis qu’il ai liée d’affairre avec moy tiens la conduite la plus reculliere il s’occupe du matin au soir aux affaires publicques desquelles il ai chargé et je panse qu’il vous donne un compte exacte de tous ce qui ce passe a ce sujet.
Vous auréz etté informmé sans doute de la vante des prices conduit a loriand par le Capt. Wilkes. Je me suis randue a loriand avec Mr. morris pour cette operation nous avons conduit l’affaire avec la prudansce et discrestion la plus grande. J’ay l’honneur d’etre avec un profond respect, Monsieur, votre tres humble et tres obeisant serviteur
P: Penet
Au noble Docteur Francklin

Addressed: Au noble / Docteur Francklin / A paris
Notation: Penet, Nantes 11 Mars 77


Title: The American Commissioners to the Committee of Secret Correspondence, 12 March[–9 April 1777]
From: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur
To: Committee of Secret Correspondence,Franklin, Benjamin,Dickinson, John,Harrison, Benjamin,Jay, John,Johnson, Thomas

Gentlemen
Paris March 12th. [–April 9] 1777.
It is now more than 4 Months since Mr. Franklin’s Departure from Philadelphia, and not a Line from thence written since that time has hitherto reached either of your Commissioners in Europe. We have had no Information of what passes in America but thro’ England, and the Advices are for the most part such only as the Ministry chuse to publish. Our total Ignorance of the truth or Falsehood of Facts, when Questions are asked of us concerning them, makes us appear small in the Eyes of the People here, and is prejudicial to our Negotiations.
In ours of Feby. 6 of which a Copy is enclosed, we acquainted you that we were about purchasing some Cutters to be employ’d as Packet Boats. We have succeed’d in getting one from Dover, in which we purpose to send our present Dispatches. Mr. Hodge, who went to Dunkirk and Flushing where he thought another might be easily found has not yet acquainted us with his success. We promised that when we had a Conveyance which by its Swiftness is more likely to carry safely our Letters, we would be more explicit in Accounts of our Proceedings here, which promise we shall now fulfill, as follows.
In our first Conversation with the Minister, after the Arrival of Mr. Franklin, it was evident that this Court, while it treated us privately with all Civility, was cautious of giving Umbrage to England, and was therefore desirous of avoiding an open Reception and Acknowledgement of us, or entering into any formal Negotiation with us, as Ministers from the Congress. To make us easy however we were told, that the Ports of France were open to our Ships, as Friends; that our People might freely purchase and transport as Merchandize whatever our States had Occasion for; vending at the same time our own Commodities; that in doing this we should experience all the Facilities that a Government disposed to favour us, could consistent with Treaties, afford to the Enemies of a Friend. But tho’ it was at that time no Secret, that 200 Field Pieces of Brass and 30,000 fusils with other Munitions of War in great abundance had been taken out of the Kings Magazines for the purpose of Exportation to America, the Minister in our presence affected to know nothing of that Operation, and claimed no Merit to his Court on that Account. But he intimated to us that it would be well taken if we communicated with no other person about the Court concerning our Affairs but himself, who would be ready at all convenient times to confer with us.
We soon after presented several Memorials representing the State of the Colonies, the necessity of some Naval aid and the Utility to France that must result from our Success in establishing the Independance of America, with the Freedom of its Commerce. In Answer we received a positive refusal of the Ships of the Line (which we had been instructed to ask) on this Principle, that if a War with England should take place, the whole Fleet of France would be necessary at home for her Defence; that if such a War did not take place, yet while England apprehended a War, it was equally serviceable to our States that the Fleet of France should remain entire in her Ports, since that must retain an equal Force of English at home, who might otherwise go to America, and who certainly would follow thither any french Squadron.
During these Conferences, every step was taken to gratify England publickly, by attending to the Remonstrances of her Ambassador, forbidding the Departure of Ships which had Military Stores on board [In the margin: These were afterwards privately permitted to go, or went without Permission.] recalling officers who had leave of Absence and were going to join us, and giving strict Orders that our Prizes should not be sold in French Ports; yet that we might not be discouraged, it was intimated to us by persons about the Court, that those Measures were necessary at present, France not being yet quite ready for a War; And that we might be assured of her good Will to us and to our Cause, Means were proposed of our obtaining a large Sum of Money for present Use by an Advance from the Farmers General to be repaid in Tobacco of which they wanted 20,000 Hhds. We entered accordingly into a Treaty with that Company, which meeting with Difficulty in settling the Terms, we were informed that a grant was made us of two Millions of Livres from the Crown of which 500,000 was ready to be paid us down, and an equal Sum should be paid the beginings of April, July, and October; that such was the Kings Generosity, he exacted no Conditions or Promise of Repayment he only required that we should not speak to any one of our having received this Aid: we have accordingly observed strictly this injunction, deviating only in this Information to you, which we think Necessary for your Satisfaction, but earnestly requesting that you would not suffer it to be made publick. This is the Money which in our former Letter we mention’d as rais’d for us by Subscription.
One of the ablest Sea Officers of France, skill’d in all the Arts relating to the Marine having offered his Service to our States with the Permission of the Minister, we (enabl’d by the above Grant) engag’d him to superintend the building two Ships of War of a particular Construction, which tho’ not of half the Cost, shall be superior in force and utility to Ships of 64 Guns. He has built one here for the King which we are told exceeds every thing in Swift sailing. He has furnished us with Drafts which we send you, that if the Congress thinks fit, others of the same Construction may be set up in America; in which Case we have given him Expectations of being their Commodore. We have seen his large and curious Collection of Memoires containing every the minutest Particular relating to the Construction and Management of a Fleet, with a variety of proposed Improvements; and we are persuaded that he will be found a valuable Acquisition to our Country.
April 9. Since writing the above, we received Dispatches from the Congress by Capt. Hammond, others from Mr. Morris by Capt. Bell; and some Copies by Capt. Adams via Boston, which on many Accounts were very satisfactory. We directly drew up and presented Memorials on the Subject of those Dispatches; We were promised immediate Consideration and speedy Answers; for which we detain’d Capt. Hammond, but we have not yet obtain’d them. We receive however continual Assurances of the Good Will of this Court and of Spain; We are given to understand that it is by their Operations the raising of German Troops for England has been obstructed; we are paid punctually the second 500,000 Livres, and having convinc’d the Ministry of the Great Importance of keeping up the Credit and fixing the Value of our Currency which might be done by paying in Specie the Interest of what we borrow, or in Bills upon France for the Amount, we are now assured that the above mentioned Quarterly Payments shall be continued (after the 2,000,000) for the purpose of paying the Interest of the 5,000,000 Dollars you are supposed to have borrow’d, which we believe will be punctually comply’d with; and the Effect must be restoring to its original Value the Principal for which such Interest is paid and with that the rest of the Emission.
We have turned our Thoughts earnestly to what is recommended to us by Congress, the borrowing £2,000,000 sterling in Europe. We first proposed to borrow it of this Court upon Interest, but were told by the Minister that it was impossible to spare such a Sum, as they were now arming at a great Expence, which kept the Treasury bare: but there was no objection to our borrowing it of private Capitalists here, provided we did not offer too high an Interest as that might raise it upon Government. We are advised to try Holland; and we have caused the Pulse to be felt there but tho’ Holland at present is a little disgusted with England, and our Credit is considerably mended in Europe by our late successes, it does not yet appear to be sufficient to procure such a Loan. Spain it seems has by its punctual payments of Interest, acquired high Credit there, and we are told that by her Publickly borrowing as for herself, and privately allowing us to draw on her Banker, we might there obtain what Money we pleased. Mr. Lee was gone to Spain, before the Commission and Orders came to BF for that Station: He will give you a particular Account of his Negotiations there; We here only mention that he received the same general Assurances of the Good Will of that Court, that we have here of this; was informed that 3000 Barrels of Powder and some Cloathing were lodg’d for our Use at New Orleans; that some Merchants at Bilboa had Orders to ship for us such Necessaries as we might want; that orders would be given to allow us Admission into the Havana as a favour’d Nation; and that we should have a Credit on Holland (the Sum not then settled) which might be expected at Paris the beginning of this Month. The Spanish Ambassador here, a grave and wise Man, to whom Mr. Lee communicated the above, tells us, that his Court piques itself on a religious Observance of its word, and that we may rely on a punctual Performance of its Promises. On these Grounds we are of Opinion, that tho’ we should not be able to borrow the two Millions sterling recommended to us; yet if the Congress are obliged to borrow the whole 20,000,000 of Dollars they have issued we hope to find sufficient here, by way of Subsidy, to pay the Interest in full value, whereby the Credit of their Currency will be established, and on great and urgent Occasions they may venture to make an Addition to it. Which we conceive will be better than paying the Interest of 2,000,000 Sterling to Foreigners. On the whole we would advise Congress to draw on us for Sums equal to the Interest of what they have borrow’d as that Interest becomes due allowing the lenders in the Drafts 5 Livres Money of France for every Dollar of Interest. And we think they may venture to promise it for future Loans, without however mentioning the Grounds we here give for making such a Promise. For these Courts have particular Strong Reasons for keeping out of the War as long as they can, beside this general One, that on both sides the Nation attacking loses the Claim which when attack’d it has for Aid from its Allies. And we have these Advantages in their keeping out of War that they are better able to afford us private Assistance, that by holding themselves in readiness to invade Britain they keep more of her Force at Home, and that they leave to our arm’d Vessels the whole Harvest of Prizes made upon her Commerce, and of Course the whole Encouragement to encrease our Force in Privateers which will breed Seamen for our Navy.
The Desire military Officers here of all Ranks have of going into the Service of the United States, is so general and so strong as to be quite amazing. We are hourly fatigu’d with their Applications and Offers which we are obliged to refuse; and with hundreds of Letters which we cannot possibly answer to Satisfaction, having had no Orders to engage any but Engineers, who are accordingly gone. If the Congress think fit to encourage some of distinguished Merit to enter their Service, they will please to signify it.
Capt. Wickes made a Cruise this Winter, and return’d with 5 Prizes, of the Produce of which we suppose Mr. Morris will acquaint you; for they are sold, tho’ the bringing them into France has given some Trouble and uneasyness to the Court; and must not be too frequently practis’d. We have order’d him to make another Cruise before he returns to America, and have given him for a Consort the arm’d Cutter Capt. Nickolson; they will sail in a few Days.
Mr. Hodge writes us that he has provided another Cutter. We intended to have employ’d one of them as a Packet, but several of yours being now here, and having lately made a Contract for sending one every Month, a Copy of which we enclose, we shall make use of this new purchase as a Cruiser.
We have at length finish’d a Contract with the Farmers General for 4000 Hhds. of Tobacco, a Copy of which is enclosed. We shall receive the first Advance of two Millions of Livres next Month and we intreat you to use your best Endeavours to enable us to comply with our part of the Agreement. We found it a Measure of Government to furnish us by that means with larger Advances, as well as to obtain the Ground of some of their own taxes. And finding the Minister anxious to have such a Treaty concluded, we comply’d with the Terms, tho’ we apprehend them not to be otherwise very advantageous. We have Expectations however, that in case it appears that the Tobacco cannot be afforded so cheap thro’ Captures &c. Government will not suffer us to be losers.
We have purchased 80000 Fusils, a Number of Pistols &c. of which the enclosed is an Account for 220,000 Livres. They were Kings Arms and second hand, but so many of them are unus’d, and unexceptionably good that we Esteem it a great Bargain, if only half of them should arrive.
We applied for the large brass Cannon to be borrow’d out of the Kings Stores till we could replace them, but have not yet obtain’d an Answer.
You will soon have the Arms and Accoutrements for the Horse except Saddles, if not intercepted by the Enemy.
All Europe is for us. Our Articles of Confederation being by our means translated and published here have given an Appearance of Consistence and Firmness to the American States and Government, that begins to make them considerable.
The separate Constitutions of the several States are also translating and publishing here, which afford abundance of Speculation to the Politicians of Europe. And it is a very general Opinion that if we succeed in establishing our Liberties, we shall as soon as Peace is restored receive an immense Addition of Numbers and Wealth from Europe, by the Families who will come over to participate our Privileges and bring their Estates with them. Tyranny is so generally established in the rest of the World that the Prospect of an Asylum in America for those who love Liberty gives general Joy, and our Cause is esteem’d the Cause of all Mankind. Slaves naturally become base as well as wretched. We are fighting for the Dignity and Happiness of Human Nature. Glorious is it for the Americans to be call’d by Providence to this Post of Honour. Cursed and Detested will everyone be that deserts or betrays it.
We are glad to learn the Intention of Congress to send Ministers to the Empire, Prussia and Tuscany: With submission We think Holland, Denmark, Sweden and Russia (if the Expence is no Objection) should not be neglected. It would be of great Service, if among them we could get a free Port or two for the Sale of Prizes as well as for Commerce: A Commencement of Intercourse has been made with Prussia, as you will see by the enclosed Copies of Letters between his Minister and us. We suppose as the Congress has appointed one of us to Spain, they will order another of us to some of the other Courts; as we see no utility equal to the charge, and yet some Inconveniency, in a joint Commission here, where One, when freed from Commercial Cares and Action is sufficient for the Business. As soon as the Court of Spain shall be willing to receive a Minister, (which from Mr. Lee’s Information seems not to be at present the Case) Mr. Franklin intends to go thither in Obedience to the Orders he has received. Mr. Lee had express’d his readiness to go to Prussia or Tuscany before the Intention of Congress to send to those Courts was known. And he waits here awhile by the Advice of his Colleagues, expecting that perhaps the next ship may bring his Future Destination.
For the procuring and sending more certain and Speedy Intelligence, We have as before mentioned entered in a Contract here, whereby we are to have a Packet boat dispatched every Month. The first will sail in about a fortnight. As we are yet without an explicit Answer from Court on several important Points, and we shall have that speedy Opportunity, we do not now enlarge in Answer to the several Letters received by Hammond, Bell, Adams and Johnson. We only now assure the Congress that we shall be attentive to execute all the Resolutions and Orders they have sent us for our Government, and we have good Hopes of Success, in most of them.
For News we refer in general to the Papers, to some Letters inclosed which we have received from London. We shall only add that tho’ the English begin again to threaten us with 20,000 Russians, it is the Opinion of the wisest Men here and particularly among the Foreign Ministers, that they will never be sent. The Anspachers, who were to be embarked in Holland, mutinied and refused to proceed, so that their Prince was obliged to go with his Guards and force them on: A Gentleman of Rotterdam writes us, that he saw a number of them brought bound hands and feet in Boats to that Place. This does not seem as if much Service can be expected from such unwilling Soldiers. The British Fleet is not yet half mann’d. The Difficulty in that Respect was never before found so great; and is ascribed to several Causes; viz. a Dislike of the War; the subtraction of American Sailors; the Number our Privateers have taken out of British Ships; and the enormous transport Service. The French are free from this Difficulty, their Seamen being all Registred, and serving in their Turns. Their Fleet is nearly ready and will be much superior to the English when join’d with that of Spain, which is preparing with all Diligence. The Tone of the Court accordingly rises; and it is said that a few Days since when the British Ambassador intimated to the Minister, that if the Americans were permitted to continue drawing Supplies of Arms &ca. from this Kingdom, the Peace could not last much Longer; he was firmly answer’d, Nous ne desirons pas la Guerre, et nous ne le craignons pas. We neither desire War, nor fear it. When all are ready for it, a small Matter may suddenly bring it on; and it is the Universal Opinion that the Peace cannot continue another Year. Every Nation in Europe wishes to see Britain humbled having all in their Turns been offended by her Insolence, which in Prosperity she is apt to discover on all Occasions: A late Instance manifested it towards Holland; when being elate with the News of some Success in America, and fancying all that Business ended, Sir Joseph York delivered a Memorial to the States, expressing his Masters Indignation against them, on Account of the Commerce their Subjects carried on with the Rebels, and the Governor of Eustatia’s returning the Salute of one of the American Ships: remarking that, (if that Commerce was not stopt, and the Governor punished) the King knew what appertain’d to the Dignity of his Crown and should take proper Measures to vindicate it. The States were much offended, but answer’d cooly, that they should enquire into the Conduct of their Governour, and in the mean time would prepare to secure themselves against the vengeance with which Britain seem’d to threaten them. Accordingly they immediately order’d 26 Men of War to be put upon the Stocks.
We transmit it you some Affidavits relating to the Treatment of our Prisoners, with a Copy of our Letter to Lord Stormont communicating them, and his insolent Answer.
We request you to present our Duty to the Congress, and assure them of our most faithful Services. With great Respect, we have the Honour, to be, Gentlemen, Your most obedient humble Servants
B FranklinSilas Deane
Copy To the Committee of Correspondence.

Notation: Franklin & Deane to the Comtee. March 12. 1777.


Title: The American Commissioners: Memorandum [for Vergennes], [12 March 1777]
From: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur
To: Vergennes, Charles Gravier, comte de

  Memoire [March 12, 1777]
While Great Brittain engross’d the Commerce of the United States, merchandize imported from thence into France was considered as British, and Consequently subject to the same duties, Customs &c, as if imported direct from the Islands of Great Brittain or Ireland. Since the separation of those States from Brittain it is presumed their Merchandize must be considered under a different predicament, and it is therefore desired that untill Stable and fixed regulations respecting the Commerce of the United States can take place those Articles which come directly from the United States may be exempted from being Subject to such duties, which appear in several instances to be designed as a prohibition, particularly those on the Articles of Salt Fish, Whale Oil, Whale bone, Spermaceti, Beeswax, Peltry or Furrs, Masts for the Navy, Tar, Pitch, Turpentine, and Indigo.

Notation: 12 march 1777.


Title: Arthur Lee to Franklin and Silas Deane, 12 March 1777
From: Lee, Arthur
To: Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas

Dear Sirs:
Vitoria, March 12th. 1777
In my return to this place, I receivd the joyful intelligence which I enclose; and in which I congratulat you a thousand and a thousand times. The Congress had removd to Baltimore, and General Putnam was providing for the defence of Philadelphia, before this happy change in the posture of the hostile Army. It is said that the cruelties exercised in the Jerseys, had so exasperated the People, that the Militia fought with irresistible fury. I am afraid Genal. Lee is a prisoner. Upwards of a thousand of the Prisoners in New York have died of famine and cruel treatment.
The barbarity of these Sarracen Invaders went so far as to destroy the Philosophical Apparatus at Princeton College, with the Orrery constructed by Dr. Rittenhouse. The Papers say, that Genl. Howe had removed part of his baggage to Staten Island, and orderd a reinforcement from Rhode Island. There is an account in the Papers of the taking of Elizabeth Town, but that makes the number of Prisoners less than 200 among whom were 80 highlanders. The loss of the enemy in all these rencounters is stated at upwards of 2000, with Artillery, Baggage, and Stores to a considerable amount. I think we may now say the Scales are at least even, and I shall continue all my life to thank General Howe for dividing his Army, from which I always hop’d for the greatest advantages to us.
I am to wait here, an Answer to what I transmitted to Court in consequence of my conference with the Duke of Grimaldi who is to meet me here to-morrow. I have represented that my not going to Madrid will be construed a refusal on the part of Spain to receive a Deputy from the States and may therefore have a very bad effect both in Europe and America. I have askd at the same time for a credit in Holland and expect that to soften the former, they will be more liberal in the latter. I send an Account of the late intelligence to Madrid, London and the Hague, desiring Dumas to have it inserted in the Gazettes, and translated into German to be distributed among the german troops, before they embark, with a hint that as the King of G. Britain refuses to settle a Cartel, they may remain Prisoners for life. Surely this will be a good reason for them, especially the Officers to refuse to go. I intended to have written to Mr. Dean and Sir Roger le Grand at Amsterdam to the same purpose, but I perceive by a Letter from the latter, in the post office here, going to Madrid that he is yet in Paris, which makes me suppose they have laid aside or postpond the intended journey. Mr. Carmichael can assist you in contriving to distribute the Account among the german troops, from which I think some good must arise.
It seems to me that something ought to be transmitted to the States General, representing that their agreeing to let the mercenaries notoriously hird to desolate the States of America, have a passage, will be considered as a breach of that strict neutrality which the United States expect from all those nations, who woud wish to remain in Amity with them. Vatel acknowledges that granting such passage has often been warmly[?] remonstrated against; tho he maintains that it is no breach of neutrality, nor any just cause of war. I differ from him so much, that I am willing to have my name put to such a remonstrance. It is a palpable imposition upon common sense to say, that a nation who facilitates the enterprizes of my Enemy against me, preserves a neutrality: The pretence that they woud do the same for us, is incompetent; also why will it not justify the furnishing Arms, Ammunition and Provisions in the way of trade? They both stand upon the same foot, that of contributing directly to my distruction. For in what does he who opens the way to the employment of Arms &c. against me, differ from him who furnishes them?

I had almost forgot to mention that the Ships which brought the news, are the Alexander, Capt. Williamson and the Charlotte Capt. Sinclair from Newberry port. They saild the 4th of Feby. and arrivd at Bilboa the 8th of March.
Please to remember me to Sir Roger and all our friends. If Mr. Dean shoud go to Amsterdam, he will probably meet with a Mr. Paul Wentworth; of whom I woud advise him to be much upon his guard. I have the honor to be Dear Sirs with great esteem, Your most obedient Servant,
Arthur Lee

Endorsed by Franklin: Mr Lee
Notation: A Lee to Messrs F & D. Victoria March 12. 77.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Barbeu-Dubourg, 12 March 1777
From: Barbeu-Dubourg, Jacques
To: Franklin, Benjamin

12e. mars 1777.
J’ai l’honneur de souhaiter le bonjour à Monsieur franklin; nous avons oublié moi de lui remettre le memoire quittancé de sa Lingere, et lui de me remettre le traité original entre les fermiers generaux et moi. J’ai besoin de celuicy actuellement; ainsi je le prie de me le renvoyer par le porteur.
J’ai annoncé sa visite a M. Turgot pour demain; il le recevra avec grand plaisir, et je compte profiter de l’occasion, pour lui reïterer sans cesse les assurances de mon attachement sans bornes
Dubourg

Notation: du Bourg / 12 Mars 77


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from William Wilkinson, 12 March 1777
From: Wilkinson, William
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Paris, March 12th 1777
Mr. Wilkinson’s Compliments to Dr. Franklin and is sorry he could not find him at Hotel D Hamborg.
Twas not till this Day that Mr. W knew possitively where Dr. F was else should have sooner acquainted him that a Gentleman going to London early next Week who may be depended on will carry any Letters there carefully.
Mr. W also going himself to Nantz on Monday will convey any Letters the Dr. May have to that Place.
If by the Bearer Dr. F will be so kind as fix when the Letters will be ready Mr. Wilkinson will do himself the Pleasure of waiting on him for them.

Addressed: Dr Franklin
Notation: Wilkinson