Title: To John Adams from Stephen Sayre, 1 November 1780
From: Sayre, Stephen
To: Adams, John

      Sir
      St. Petersburg 21 Octr. 1 November 1780

     I make no Apology for troubling you with a Letter, because your Excellency must know me by reputation, and because the purport of it is of a public nature. As to myself, I trust, you must be persuaded, there is not an American, now in arms, more ardent in our cause—I am sure none can have more reason to detest the British Government. When I left Great Britain, I did it with a full determination of risqing my life in service, either by Sea or land. Unfortunately, those Gentlemen who directed our affairs on the Continent of Europe, could not agree how I should be employ’d—nor did they give me any reason to hope for release, should I have been made prisoner in my way to America. The hayzard at that time was extremely great—and I well knew that if once I fell into the hands of the English, my treatment must have been fatally cruel—the Idea of a languishing and ignominious confinement before I had opportunity of distinguishing myself, was, I own, insupportable. My former conduct, situation and suffering led me to hope that I could render my Country real Services by staying in Europe—In this my wishes have been extremely disappointed; because I have had no public support. My only consolation is, that, tho’ a private Gentleman, I have render’d our cause somewhat more respectable in many parts of Europe, by Information, as to what we really are; and what our Enemies wish to represent us. In short it requires no great abilities to convince the intelligent of Europe that they are exceedingly interested in our welfare and however I may seem engaged in a private pursuit of commerce, I never lose sight of the public good. On that ground I now give you the following Information—perhaps your powers may admit your improving it to advantage. I am now building four Ships of 900 Tons each—they are after the best English Models: for I have a Russian Carpenter who has work’d five years in Deptford Yard. They are under Russian Noblemen—will have every quality of neutrallity—will be ready to take in goods in June next—perhaps in May. They will probably proceed from hence to France with Hemp &c.—from thence to the French or Dutch Islands &c. &c. Now if you have instructions that may warrant the venture; those Ships, or part of them might be loaded from hence, with such articles as America may demand, directly for St. Eustatia, Curasoa, Martineco, or any other West India Island. The property would be most sacredly cover’d; for the Merchants here who charge the Ship, would never know that it could be for other than Russian Account. A prince Niswisky, and General Borosdin—men of honest fame and of Influence here, are concern’d with me. The General goes in one of the Ships himself. They are promised by the Empress herself, the most decided protection in this trade: and you may suppose I could improve the begining of such a commerce to very good purpose, were I to have the ability to bigin it. Nothing would render her Majesty more pleasure—or make her more our freind. Your answer will greatly oblige me, whither any thing is dicided or not. I have been honor’d with the correspondence of Mr. Sam: Adams, before I left England. Shall ever esteem your Excellency’s freindship. I am with all due respect your most obt. humb Servt

      Stephen Sayre

      Messrs. Delalande and Fynie are my Correspondents in Amsterdam. They are worthy your freindship.


Title: From John Adams to Henry Grand, 3 November 1780
From: Adams, John
To: Grand, Henry

      Sir
      Amsterdam Novr. 3d. 1780

     I have recieved your favor of Octr. 13th and thank You for your Care in sending the Letters. The News Papers may come by any Opportunity. I should be obliged to You to send the News Papers regularly to Congress. The Journal des Scavans and that of Mr. Linguet, You may keep or send along to me, as You please: but I shall not renew the Subscription for these.
     I thank You for paying the twenty Louis to Mr. Austin and request it may be charged to me.
     I return to You a Letter from an Officer at Orleans. Mr. Williams it seems has been so good as to send me some Madeira Wine: but it seems it has met with some misfortune. I must beg the favor of You to write to the Gentleman, and let it be sent on to Paris. If You will either sell it for my Account or store it, I will answer the Expence. Perhaps, if it is in good Order, Dr. Franklin would take it. If not it must be disposed of, as well as possible, and if there is any loss it must be mine.
     My best Regards to your good Family, and believe me to be respectfully your’s.


Title: To John Adams from Thomas Digges, 3 November 1780
From: Digges, Thomas,Hamilton, Alexander
To: Adams, John

      Dr. Sir

       Novr. 3 1780

     I have received your line with an inclosure the 24th. ultimo, wrote to the partys, and am now busey in putting forward four of the Horsesrequird by my new Correspondant. By the time limited, I hope to send Him a set that will compleat His Carriage. As 17 or 18 have been sent from me since the 6th of last mo., I hope a considerable part of them will answer and give a good temporary lift. A Bundle of Books will go in a day or two coverd to Messrs. JDN and Son. I hope those sent the 10 Octor. have got safe.
     No abatement whatever as to the person I lately wrote about—His health good, Spirits better, and communications as usual. Mr. Searles letter, will be with Him tomorrow, He has had the contents of it before. The Youth is totally forbid further admittance and no hopes of him or any friend seeing him for some time. When I do not write, you may assure yourself that nothing new since the last written letter has transpird.
     You see the sum and substance of the Speech and debates &ca. &ca. There was nevertheless no strong appearances in the House that the American War would be vigorously carryd on—at present no appearances of troops going there. Ten to 12,000 are likely to go in a month or two to the Wt. Inds. The Carolina fleet is to sail with that fleet, so that it is at present not easy to decide whether there are any going to Chas. Town, but I should rather suppose some were to be sent there.
     Several Ships for a week or ten days past have continued to slide away seperately from Portsmouth but whether meant, as is now reported, in order to form a part of a fleet going from the channel Squadron to Gibraltar, or as was before given out, to rienforce the fleet in the Wt. Indies, is not easy to say. I rather think they are gone for the Wt. Indies, to which quarter Sr. Saml. Hood is to follow with 5 Sail of the line. It is said troops are to go with Sr. Samuel (and I beleive some thousands are) but none appear moving towards the seaports yet except a part of Fullartons ragged Regiment who are a sad disgrace to every thing like a Soldier.

      I am with high Esteem Yr very obligd & Ob ser
      Alexr. Hamilton


Title: From John Adams to Benjamin Franklin, 4 November 1780
From: Adams, John
To: Franklin, Benjamin

      Sir
      Amsterdam Novr. 4th 1780

     Mr. De Neufville, this morning brought to me, a number of Bills of Exchange, drawn upon Mr. Laurens, in the Month of July, amounting to seven or eight hundred Pounds Sterling, and informed me that your Excellency had declined becoming responsible for them and referred him to me.
     I have enquired of Mr. Searle who informs me there are about twenty thousand Pounds in such Bills now on their Way.
     If there were only seven or eight hundred Pounds, I would accept them for the Honour of the United States, and run the Venture of being able to pay them by borrowing or some way or other: but twenty thousand Pounds is much beyond my private Credit.
     I have been and am pursuing, all those Measures to which I am advised by Gentlemen, in whose Judgment I can justify placing Confidence, and am not without hopes of succeeding in some Measure: but I have not as yet been able to obtain any Money, nor any Certainty of obtaining any in future.
     I write this therefore to your Excellency, that if You could see your way clear to become responsible for these Bills for the present, I will engage to see them paid with the Money I may borrow here, if I borrow enough before the Term for their payment expires, or as much of them as I shall be able to borrow: but in this Case if I should not succeed in obtaining the Money, your Excellency will be answerable.
     I should be sorry that the Credit of the United States should suffer any Stain, and would prevent it if I could: but at present it is not in my power.
     The Successes of the English at the southward, added to the many Causes that obstructed our Credit in this Republick before, some of which it would not be prudent to explain, will render a Loan here difficult: but I still hope not quite impracticable.
     I have the Honour to be, with great Respect, Sir, your Excellency’s most obedient & most humble Servant.

      John Adams


Title: From John Adams to Hendrik Bicker, 6 November 1780
From: Adams, John
To: Hendrik, Bicker

      Sir
      Amsterdam Novr. 6. 1780

     Mr. Blomberg is so ill, that he cannot Speak, upon Business, which obliges me, to beg the Favour of your Advise, whether I ought to give more than according to the following Plan.

      A

      Interest
      5 Pr. Cent Pr. Annum for 10 years.

      To the House for negotiating the Capital
      1 Pr. Cent.

      To the Undertakers to furnish the Capital
      1 Pr. Cent

      Brokerage
      ½ Pr. Cent.

      And for the Yearly paying off of 10 Pr Cent.

      To the House, of the Loan
      1 Pr. Cent

      B
      }
      To the Undertakers
      1 Pr. Cent

      C
      Brokerage
      ¼ Pr. Cent

   I had the Pleasure of half an Hours Conversation with Mr. Bowens, who desired me to consult with M. Blomberg and Send him my Conditions.
     A Gentleman of great Worth and Skill, advised me, not to give more than four Per Cent Interest. America, is willing, however, to give a just Interest, and all other reasonable Terms but She would not, like a young Spendthrift Heir, give any Thing, to get Money.
     I am Sorry to give you, So much Trouble, amidst the Sickness in your Family. But the Sickness of Several Persons, upon whom I depended, obliges me to do it, and to request your answer as Soon as convenient. With great Respect, your humble Servant

      John Adams


Title: From John Adams to Daniël Jan Bouwens, 7 November 1780
From: Adams, John
To: Bouwens, Daniël Jan

      Sir
      Amsterdam Novr. 7th 1780

     I waited on Mr. Blomberg yesterday, but found him to ill to speak upon Business: I must therefore request You to recommend to me another Broker for the present, one who speaks French or English if possible. I dont mean to quit Mr. Blomberg, whom I esteem very much, but I suppose it will not be amiss to have two. Messrs. Mortier and Merckemaer have been mentioned to me.
     Mean time I will venture to propose to Mr. Bouwens’ Consideration the following Plan.

      Interest
      5 Per Cent pr. Annum for ten Years.

      To the House for negotiating the Capital}
      1. Per Cent.

      To the Undertakers to furnish the Capital}
      1. Per Cent.

      Brokerage
      ½ Per Cent.

      For the Yearly paying off of 10 per Cent.

      To the House of the Loan
      1. Per Cent.

      To the same for paying off the annual Interest}
      1. per Cent of the Interest.

   I should be glad of your Sentiments, as soon as may be convenient. I am with great Respect, Sir, your very humble Servant

      John Adams


Title: From John Adams to Thomas Digges, 7 November 1780
From: Adams, John,San, Fernando Raymond
To: Digges, Thomas,Church, William Singleton

      Sir

       Novr. 7th 1780

     Yours of the 24. 27 and 31. Ultimo came altogether last night. The Note in that of 27 is of much Use much Importance to me. I wrote, Sometime ago, to see if any Thing could be done by Way of Exchange.
     If a certain Sett, are governed wholly by Passion, it must be confessed they have as constant a gale of it, as a Tempest so furious, will in the ordinary course of Nature admit of. C’en est fait—as you Say. There are Letters here for a certain Friend, can you find out what is to be done with them?
     I will bring my Boys acquainted with the young Gentleman you mentioned in a former Letter, whose father does them much honour. Will you, indulge the Feelings of a Father so far as to send me Lillys Grammar and Clarks latin Exercises, for the use of these young folks. Have you Seen the Publication of the Burgomasters? what do the wise ones think of it?
     The English nation Seems in a fine Way. Such Characters as my Lord Hilsborough and Loughborough, with a long list of &cas. shooting up, perpedicularly, in Government, and Burke, Pownal, Hartley &c. unable to obtain Seats even in the Commons. People and Government Seem wonderfully cordial and harmonious.
     With great Esteem

      F.R.S.


Title: From John Adams to Edmund Jenings, 7 November 1780
From: Adams, John
To: Jenings, Edmund

      Sir
      Amsterdam Novr. 7th 1780

     I have recieved yours of the first. Will You be so good as to explain to me, what is meant by “Instructions to endeavour to inspire American Agents at Madrid, with Distrust and Jealousy of one another, at present employed in Europe?”
     What the armed Neutrality will come to, I know not. I believe it would have been much easier to have negotiated all the Maritime Powers of Europe into an Acknowledgment of American Independence, and even into a War in support of it, than it will be to accomplish the Armed Neutrality. Who the real Author of this Idea was, I know not: but he did the English a favour by it, for all that have agreed to the Armed Neutrality might have been as easily persuaded, to take a decided part against England, and even Holland and Portugal would have joined them in that Measure at least as soon as in this.
     At present they have pledged themselves to a Neutrality, so that they cannot decide with Honour. I wish however that Congress had a Minister at Petersbourg, at least to try if any thing could be done or any discoveries made.
     The Bruits of a Treaty between the United Provinces and United States, are as true as most of the Bruits.

      Novr. 8th

     This Moment your favour of the sixth was delivered me. I am very much obliged to You for the Sight of Mr. Lees Letter. His Arrival in America will have considerable Consequences, and upon the whole will do much good both to himself and his Country. He wanted to see his Countrymen face to face, and make his Observations upon the Spot. I am very glad to find his Reflections so philosophical. I had not learnt before your Letter that General Green had left the Army. Green is my Friend and I am his. I have had a long Correspondence with him, and never one Word or Look unfriendly. Notwithstanding this, the Time has been in Congress, when I would have given my Vote for his Dismission from the Service: and if it is true that he wrote lately a Letter to Congress that I have heard of, I hope Congress have dismissed him.
     There is at times a Turbulence in some of the Officers, that must be suppressed. It does no harm to dismiss them when there is Cause. The Cause and Country are strengthened by it. They go home, converse with their Neighbours, learn better Principles, and get into a better Temper, are obliged to march out with the Militia, and are chosen into Offices at Home &c.
     De Guichen returning with 22 Ships!
     Farewell.

      John Adams


Title: Hendrik Bicker to John Adams: A Translation, 7 November 1780
From: Bicker, Hendrik
To: Adams, John

       Sir
       Amsterdam, 7 November 1780

      I am glad that you were able to meet with Mr. Bouwens, but mortified that his broker, Blomberg, is so ill that you have to resort to another one. Please allow me to suggest that you ask Mr. Bouwens’ advice or let his bookkeeper find you one whose references you can check. You may not be able to find one who speaks French or English for they are rare. Mortier and Merckemaer have the best reputation, but they are at the service of the Staphorsts for Mr. A. G.
      Here are your conditions, with a few remarks which I submit to the attention of those who one day will have the honor of being employed by you, to wit
      A A five percent interest, in my opinion, is not too much, since all the great monarchs, including the northern ones, are eagerly looking for such a price.
      B-C Two conditions, so far unknown to me, and therefore superfluous, but which apparently will be suggested to you by some venial or grasping soul.
      However, I found nothing specific concerning the payment of the annual interest, a most important matter which well merits the payment of one percent. Let me explain. The notes of one million produce fifty thousand, of which one percent is only five hundred florins. And even on this basis, they always had to pay me two percent.
      I have the honor to be, with much esteem, sir, your very humble and very obedient servant.

       H:Bicker


Title: To John Adams from C. W. F. Dumas, 7 November 1780
From: Dumas, Charles William Frederic
To: Adams, John

       Monsieur
       Lahaie 7e. Nov. 1780

      Vous aurez pu voir par le Supplément de la Gazette de Leide de ce jour, que je vous ai ponctuellement obéi, en faisant insérer les Extraits concernant Mr. Lawrens. On a seulement omis les 2 ou 3 dernieres Lignes, où White-Eyes est chargé de la bassesse du traitement indigne qu’éprouve Mr. Laurens: parce qu’on n’auroit pu les mettre sans s’exposer.
      Du reste je vous Suis très-obligé, Monsieur, de cette communication, dont j’ai fait bon usage ici avant que cela ait paru en public: ce qui n’est pas indifférent. Je me recommande pour cette raison, et aussi pour la part intime que je prends au sort de Mr. Lawrens, à la continuation de votre bonté, à mesure que vous recevrez de ses nouvelles; et je vous promets de les publier ou supprimer, selon que vous le jugerez nécessaire pour le bien de Mr. Lawrens, dont la mauvaise santé est ce qui m’inquiete le plus. J’espere de pouvoir faire un petit voyage à Amsterdam, et de vous y voir en parfaite santé; en attendant je suis avec un très-grand respect, Monsieur Votre trèshumble et très-obeissant serviteur,

       Dumas


Title: C. W. F. Dumas to John Adams: A Translation, 7 November 1780
From: Dumas, Charles William Frederic
To: Adams, John

       Sir
       The Hague, 7 November 1780

      You will have seen from today’s supplement to the Gazette de Leyde that I followed your instructions to the letter and had the extracts concerning Mr. Laurens inserted. Only the last two or three lines, where White-Eyes is charged with the ignominious treatment inflicted upon Mr. Laurens, have been omitted, for including them would have risked exposing ourselves.
      Moreover, I am very grateful, sir, for this communication, of which I have made such good use prior to its publication here, which makes a difference. For this reason, as well as my personal interest in the fate of Mr. Laurens, I ask for your continued generosity in sharing any further news you receive. I promise to publish or suppress it, depending upon what you judge necessary for the welfare of Mr. Laurens, whose ill health concerns me the most. I hope to make a small trip to Amsterdam and see you there in perfect health. In the meantime, I am with great respect, sir, your very humble and very obedient servant,

       Dumas


Title: To John Adams from Hendrik Bicker, 11 November 1780
From: Bicker, Hendrik
To: Adams, John

       Amsterd 17 11/11 80

      Monsieur, Les Courtiers ten Kate du temps que j’etais dans les Affaires ont eu l’entree Libre chez moi, je les crois capables, Mais je les ai trouves si interressables pour Eúx memes que je ne pouvais jamais terminer avec Eux, quand au Sieur van Vloten je crois que sa Residance est a Utrecht et qu’il a des bonnes occasions pour placer de L’argent des Habitants de cette Province qui pourtant ne sont pas des Capitalistes pour donner dú branle a la Negotiation en question.
      J’ai l’honneur d’etre avec beaucoup d’estime Monsieur Votre tres humb & Ob. Serviteur,

       H: Bicker


Title: Hendrik Bicker to John Adams: A Translation, 11 November 1780
From: Bicker, Hendrik
To: Adams, John

       Sir
       Amsterdam, 11 November 1780

      The brokers Ten Kate, had free entry at my house when I was in business. I think them capable, but I found them so liable to influence through their own interests that I never could close with them. As to Mr. van Vlooten, I think his residence is at Utrecht, and that he has fair opportunities of placing the money of citizens of that Province, who are not, however, capitalists enough to set in motion the negotiation in question.
      I have the honor to be, with much esteem, sir, your very humble and obedient servant,

       H: Bicker


Title: To John Adams from Alexander Gillon, 12 November 1780
From: Gillon, Alexander
To: Adams, John

      Sir
      Amsterdam 12 Novr. 1780

     A Fever having confind me to my lodgings some days, debar’d me of the pleasure of waiting on your Excellency, and of making a Verbal instead of A written application to you in behalf and for the use of the State of South Carolina.
     Your Excellency has been partly a Witness to the unavoidable delays I have met with here, proceeding from a three months spell of Easterly winds and not sufficient Water to get the South Carolina Frigate over the Shoals of Sixty a Seventy Miles distant from each other ere she would lay a Float, those delays caus’d numerous expences, which added to the extraordinary expences attending such an undertaking of getting a Ship in deep Water that has hitherto been deem’d impracticable without the Assistance of the Camillas camels, has expended all the Funds I had of the State of So. Carolina, besides a quantity of Goods I sold, in hopes that their proceeds would pay all demands, but on collecting the accounts I find I still need about thirty A forty Thousand Guilders, which I allways suppos’d I could have procur’d on the Security of the State of So. Carolina, but the late advices from that State, have fixd an Erroneous impression on the minds of those whom I applied to, which I cannot as yet efface, and as my property is in that State, my usual proposal of becoming responsible in my own Name, does not produce the effect it did on similar occassions, thus it is to your Excellency I now must unbosom my situation and crave your Aid; I know some of the obstacles, but I flatter my self when your Excellency recollects that this Ship may prove A benefit to America in General, you will deem her in America’s service as well as in the service of a particular State, and therefore facilitate her departure for the Continent, by aiding me to procure on Account of the State of So. Carolina, the ballance I may want to get the said Ship to Sea, I know not the urgent demands you may foresee from the Honble the Continental Congress for their Monies, but I humbly conceive your friendly acquiescence can cause no umbrage at Home, as it is for the purposes of what America most needs, A Navy, and the particular favorable construction of this Ship renders her A very essential object, that may readily not only repay her disbursements, but procure what America much wants, some of the English Frigates that are annoying our Coast and Trade; admit me to observe that the State of So. Carolina has never been slow in lending to Congress any sums requested when in her power to comply, and as it is in your Excellencies power to aid them without any Inconvenience to yourself or Congress, I flatter myself with the Hopes that you’ll be pleas’d to grant me your permission, to Assure them that will lend me the Monies, I need as beforemention’d, that you will in behalf of Congress sign the agreements I will make with them, said agreement propos’d is for twenty five A fifty Thousand Guilders, payable in five, Ten, A fifteen Years, with an Intrest of five pr Ct. pr Annum, and a trivial Commission to the Merchant, but with this exception that the State is at liberty to pay it off at any time within the time limited; it will give me pleasure to receive your Excellencies early reply hereto, as my friends have the monies ready that are so much wanted to dispatch the Frigate ere the Winter sets in. With all due respect & very much Esteem I have the Honour to be Your Excellencies Most Obedt. & most hble Servt,

      A. Gillon Commodore of the Navy of the State of South Carolina


Title: From John Adams to Alexander Gillon, 12 November 1780
From: Adams, John
To: Gillon, Alexander

      Sir
      Amsterdam Novr. 12 1780

     I have received the Letter which you did me the Honour to write me the 12 of Novr.
     It would give me great Pleasure to do any thing in my Power consistant with the duty I owe to my Constituents to assist you. But the Advices you allude to are as great an Obstruction to you as to me.
     I have left no Measure unattempted, that Prudence could justify: but have neither procured any Money nor obtained the least Hope of obtaining any.
     I have heretofore entertained hopes of obtaining something. But these hopes are all at an End.
     There are Bills of Exchange already here, that must I fear be protested, and others on their Way that must share the Same Fate, as Mr. Franklin cannot accept them and no one else has any Prospect.
     In this Situation, I should be criminal, to comply with the request in your Letter.
     Indeed, if there was Money of the United States here at my disposal, and more than enough to answer the Bills drawn, and to be drawn, I could not justify lending it to any particular state, without express Instructions. There are Commissioners now in Europe from Virginia Pensilvania and the Massachusetts, who would have similar Reasons for requesting my Aid. But a President of this sort should never be set, without the highest Authority for it. If there could be any State for which I should hazard such an Irregularity, it would be S. Carolina, on Account of her suffering Situation.
     I have the Honour to be with great Esteem and Respect, sir your most obedient & humble sert.


Title: From John Adams to Jonathan Loring Austin, 13 November 1780
From: Adams, John
To: Austin, Jonathan Loring

      Sir
      Amsterdam 13 Novr. 1780

     I have received your Letter, and very Sorry you have found So little Success in your affair for the Massachusetts. You have this Consolation, however that you have had as good Luck as any one else.

     The Series of Events for the last twelve months, which the English represent so favourable to them, and so unfortunate for Us, Seems to have extinguished the little Remains of Credit that We had before. And I must confess my self as much in despair as you, of obtaining any Thing considerable.
     Our Countrymen, will build upon Sandy foundations if they depend upon any Thing, but their own Industry and Resources.
     I cannot advise you whether to return in the Mars or stay longer. I see no Prospect of Advantage, from remaining in Europe. We have no Reason to expect any News this year, that will make any considerable Change in our Credit. Even the Burgoining of Cornwallis would not. The Obstinacy of Great Britain terrifies Europe, tho it will make a contrary Impression on Americans.
     I am perswaded you have done, as much as any one could have done. I have Seen your Industry and been made Acquainted with many of your Proceedings and I know not what further or better could have been done. And the best Way is to explain the whole to your Constituents with the Utmost Frankness and Simplicity.
     I am sir, with great Regard, your humble sert.
     N.B. I have a Trunk, for Mrs. Adams either at L’orient or on board of Commodore Jones. I should be very glad to get it on board the Mars, if possible.


Title: To John Adams from Jean Luzac, 14 November 1780
From: Luzac, Jean
To: Adams, John

       Monsieur
       Leide 14. Nov. 1780

      J’ai été bien fâché d’avoir vu trainer si longtems l’impression de la Brochure en question, d’abord par le refus du Libraire, auquel je m’étois d’abord adressé, et sur lequel j’avois compte, ensuite par les lenteurs continuelles de l’Imprimeur. Là voilà enfin achevée: J’ai l’honneur de vous en envoyer ci-joint deux Exemplaires: J’en ai demandé une douzaine gratis pour votre usage, et je vous en expédierai encore dix par la Barque Marchande. Si vous en souhaitez davantage, aïez la bonté de me le mander.
      Oserois-je vous prier de présenter mes très-humbles respects à Mr. Searle et par occasion aussi à Mr. Dumas, ainsi que d’être persuadé de tous les sentimens, avec lesquels j’ai l’honneur d’être Monsieur, de Votre Excellence, Le très-humble et très-obéissant serviteur,

       J: Luzac


Title: To John Adams from Antoine Marie Cerisier, 15 November 1780
From: Cerisier, Antoine Marie
To: Adams, John

       Monsieur
       Utrecht le 15 novembre 1780

      Comme vous connaissiez l’ardeur et la Sincérité de mes sentimens pour la cause de la liberté, jugez avec quelle reconnaissance j’ai reçu l’honneur de votre confiance par Votre lettre du 23 octobre. Je regrette Seulement de ne pouvoir consacrer toutes mes forces et tous mes talens à la défense de cette noble cause. Les occupations dont je suis a présent accablé, me laissent à peine un instant libre. Cela ne m’a cependant pas empêché de lire avec la plus exacte attention le narrative de Sir William Howe. Quoiqu’il S’y trouve beaucoup de longueurs et de particularités qui ne peuvent intéresser que les personnes qui ont part aux affaires, je vous assure, cependant, que je n’ai rien lu qui m’ait paru aussi important, aussi décisif sur un point essentiel, savoir l’impossibilité de reduire l’Amérique Quoique Ce ministere Anglois ait depuis six à sept ans, trompé toutes les années l’attente de la nation Britannique sur cet objet; il ne laisse pas d’y avoir dans ce pays et dans plusieurs autres, quantité de personnes qui Croyent encore aveuglément a l’infaillibilité du Conclave de Londres. “Il est trop éclairé, disent-ils, pour poursuivre cette guerre. S’il n’avait pas des esperances solides et légitimes de triompher à la fin. La plus grande partie des Américains sont bien affectionnés pour l’Angleterre; et il n’est pas douteux qu’ils s’estimeront trop contens de pouvoir faire leur accomodement aux dépends de leur prétendue indépendance.” Les préjugés que la cour de Londres travaille sans relâche à perpétuelle sont trop enracinés, pour qu’on ne tache pas de les détruire. Je vois tous les jours des gens qui passent pour sensés, qui en sont infectés. J’ai donc cru que rien n’était plus propre à les détromper que le Compte rendu par Sir William Howe, lui-même, c’est à dire par un Général qui s’est trouvé à portée de voir les choses de propres et d’en donner un tableau fidel. En conséquence j’ai déterminé un libraire de Rotterdam à en entreprendre la traduction que j’ai faite moi-même. Ainsi vous ne trouverez pas mauvais que j’aye retenu si longtems l’exemplaire que vous avez eu la bonté de me faire passer. J’ai eu soin, comme vous verrez de faire mettre en italiques tous les passages qui peuvent servir à détruire les fausses opinions. Comme on a distribué l’ouvrage à deux imprimeurs pour qu’il soit fini plûtôt, je ne puis vous envoyer que la premiere feuille des lettres à un Gentilhomme. Je n’en ai encore point reçu du narrative: je ferai précéder le tout par un avertissement où je montrerai l’impossibilité de conquérir l’Amerique
      1° par la difficulté des lieux
      2° par les dispositions des Habitans.
      Je crois qu’une pareille piece servira, très à propos, de préparatoire à une autre que je propose sur la confiance et le crédit que merite un peuple, dont l’indépendance est fondée sur une base aussi solide et les ressources sur les productions du pays le plus fertile et le plus étendu, qui ne peut qu’accroître en richesses et en industrie.
      Vous voyez mon plan; je ne doute pas que vous ne m’aidiez de vos Secours.
      Mr. Wild m’a dit que vous aviez accepté tous les livres qu’il vous avait envoyés. Il m’ajouta alors qu’il devait faire, dans peu, le voyage d’Amsterdam. Je ne sais pas encore s’il y est allé. Je n’ai pas même le tems d’aller demander s’il a quelque chose à vous faire dire.
      Mon adresse est toujours chez Mr Mandrillon à Amsterdam ou dans le lang-nicus Straat à Utrecht.
      J’ai l’honneur d’être avec dévoument et vénération Monsieur votre très humble et très obéissant serviteur,

       A. M. Cerisier

       Si vous avez d’autres pamphlets propres au même objet et surtout la procedure du General Bourgoine que vous m’avez promis, j’espere que vous voudrez bien les communiquer: car on ne peut de les procurer à Utrecht.
       Vous me demandates à Amsterdam, si je connaissais une bonne maison d’Education pour Messieurs vos fils: Si vous aviez quelque envie de les envoyer à utrecht où l’air est excellent, je vous en indiquerai une où j’espere qu’ils seraient très bien.


Title: From John Adams to the President of Congress, No. 20, 16 November 1780
From: Adams, John
To: President of Congress,Huntington, Samuel

      Sir
      Amsterdam November 16. 1780

     On the 10th of this month, Sir Joseph York, presented to the States General, the following Memorial.

         High and mighty Lords.

        The King, my Master, has discovered, during the whole Course of his Reign, the most Sincere desire, to maintain the Union, which has Subsisted for more than a Century, between his Crown and this Republick. This Union rests, upon the immoveable Basis, of reciprocal Interest, and as it has contributed much to the Prosperity of the two nations, the natural Ennemy of both, employs all the Resources of his Policy to destroy it: For Some Time past this Ennemy, has not laboured but with too much Success, being Supported by a Faction, which Seeks to govern the Republick, and which is always ready to Sacrifice the General Interest, to private Views. The King has Seen with as much Surprize as Regret, the little Effect, which has been produced, by his repeated demands of the Succours Stipulated by the Treaties and the Representations of his Ambassador, concerning the daily Violations of Engagements the most Solemn.
        The Moderation of the King has induced him to attribute this Conduct of your High Mightinesses to the Intrigues of an overbearing Cabal, and his Majesty would Still perswade himself, that your Justice and your Intelligence, will determine you to fullfill your Engagements towards him, and to prove by all your Proceedings your Resolution to put in Vigour, the System formed by the Wisdom of your Ancestors, and the only one, which can insure the Safety and Glory of the Republick. The Answer of your High mightinesses, to this Declaration, which the subscriber makes by the express order of his Court, will be the Touch Stone of your Sentiments and Intentions towards the King. His Majesty has had, for some Time, Indications, without Number of the dangerous Designs of an unbridled Cabal: But the Papers of Mr. Laurens, who calls himself a President of a pretended Congress, have made a discovery of a Conspiracy, without Example, in the Annals of the Republick. It appears by these Papers, that the Gentlemen of Amsterdam, have commenced a clandestine Correspondance, with the Rebels of America, from the Month of August 1778, and that there were Instructions and full Powers given by them, relative to the Conclusion of an indissoluble Treaty of Amity, with these Rebels, Subjects of a Souverain, to whom the Republick is bound by Engagements the most Strict. The Authors of this Conspiracy pretend not to deny it: on the contrary, they avow it, and endeavour in vain to justify it. It is in these Circumstances, that his Majesty, depending on the Equity of your high mightinesses, demands a formal Disavowal of a conduct So irregular, not less contrary to your Engagements the most Sacred, than to the fundamental Laws of the Batavian Constitution. The King demands also a prompt Satisfaction proportioned to the offence, and an exemplary Punishment of the Pensionary Van Berkel, and of his Accomplices, as Disturbers of the Publick Peace, and Violators of the Law of Nations. His Majesty perswades himself, that the Answer of your High Mightinesses, will be prompt and Satisfactory, in all respects: but if the Contrary should happen; if your High Mightinesses, refuse a demand so just, or endeavour to evade it, by Silence, which will be considered as a Refusal, in that Case, the King, will not be able to consider the Republick itself, but as approving of Misdemeanors, which it refuses to disavow, and to punish; and after Such a Conduct, his Majesty will See himself in the Necessity of taking Such Measures as the Maintenance of his Dignity, and the essential Interests of his People, demand. Done at the Hague the 10. November 1780.

         Signed Le Chevalier Yorke.

     Whether Sir Joseph York, after 20 Years Residence in this Republick is ignorant of its Constitution, or whether knowing it, he treats it, in this manner, on purpose the more, palpably to insult it, I know not.The Sovereignty resides in the States General. But who are the States General? Not their High Mightinesses, who assemble at the Hague to deliberate. These are only Deputies of the States General. The States General, are the Regencies of the Cities, and the Bodies of Nobles, in the several Provinces. The Burgomasters of Amsterdam, therefore, who are called the Regency are one Integral Branch of the Sovereignty of the seven United Provinces, and the most material Branch of all, because the City of Amsterdam is one quarter of the whole Republick, at least in Taxes.
     What would be Said in England, if the Count de Welderon, Ambassader at the Court of London, had presented a Memorial to the King, in which he had charged, any integral Part of their sovereignty, as the whole House of Lords, or the whole House of Commons, with Conspiracies, Factions, Cabals, Sacrificing general Interest to private Views, and demanded examplary Punishment upon them. The Cases are in Nature precisely Parellel, altho there are only three Branches of the Souvereignty in England, and there are a greater Number than three in Holland.
     There are Strong Simptoms of Resentment, of this outrageous Memorial in Amsterdam; but whether the whole, will not evaporate in Smoke I know not. Many Persons however, are of opinion that a War is inevitable, and Insurance, cannot be had, even to St. Eustatia, Since this memorial was made publick under 20 or 25 Pr. Cent.
     This Memorial is So like the Language of my Lord Hilsborough and Governor Bernard, that I could Scarcly forbear Substituting Boston for Amsterdam, and Otis or Hancock or Adams for Van Berkel as I read it. I should not wonder if the next Memorial should charge the Republick with Rebellion and except, two or three from Pardon. I have the Honour to be &c.


Title: From John Adams to the President of Congress, No. 21, 17 November 1780
From: Adams, John
To: President of Congress,Huntington, Samuel

      Sir
      Amsterdam November 17. 1780

     From the Time, of the Arrival of my Commission, I have been constantly employed in forming Acquaintances, making Inquiries and asking Advice; but am Sorry to be obliged to Say that I hitherto See no certain Prospect of borrowing any Money, at all.
     For Some Years past, all the Information I could obtain from this Country led me to think, that America had many Friends in this Republick, and that a considerable Sum might be borrowed here, provided Application was made to Dutch Houses, of old Families and numerous Connections. And after my Arrival here, I had the opinion of Persons who, I had every Reason to think, knew best, that if proper Powers should arrive from the thirteen united States, Money might be had.
     But, now that all agree that full Powers have arrived, I do not find the Same Encouragement. This Nation has been so long in the Habit, of admiring the English and disliking the French: so familiarized to call England the natural Ally and France the natural Ennemy of the Republick, that it must be the Work of Time to eradicate these Prejudices, altho the Circumstances are greatly altered. Add to this the little Decission and Success, which has appeared in the Conduct of the Affairs of America and her Allies, and the Series of Small Successes which the English have had for the last twelve months.—The Suspence and Uncertainty in which Mans Minds have been held respecting the Accession of the Dutch to the armed Neutrality: and at last the Publication of some Papers taken with Mr. Laurens, the Part the Statholder has acted and the angry Memorial of Sir Joseph York, concerning them; all these Things together have thrown this Nation into a State of Astonishment, Confusion and Uncertainty, to such a degree that No House that I have as yet thought it prudent to apply to, dares to undertake the Trust. The Times are now critical indeed. The Question will be decided in a few Days, whether the Republick shall join the armed Neutrality or not. Four Provinces have voted for it—two others, have voted in such a manner that their Deputies may agree to it; and most Men Say it will be decided by the Plurality.
     The King of England demands a Disavowal of the Amsterdam Treaty, and the Punishment of the Regency. They will not be punished nor their Conduct disavowed.
     The King of England therefore must take such Measures, as he shall think his Dignity, and the essential Interest of his People require. What these will be Time alone can discover. Many think he will declare War—but more are of a different opinion.
     Congress who have been long used to contemplate the Characters and the Policy of this King and his Ministers, will see that they are now pursuing towards this Republick the Same Maxims which have always governed them. Their Measures in America for many Years, were calculated to divide the many from the Few in the Towns of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Charlestown—next to divide the Provinces from their Capitals—and then to divide the rest of the Continent from those Provinces, which took the earliest a decided Part.
     Their Plan now is to divide, the People of Amsterdam from their Burgomasters, and to Single out Mr. Van Berkel, for the Fate of Barnevelt, Grotius or De Wit. To divide the other Cities of Holland from Amsterdam—and the other Provinces of the Republick from Holland. But they will succeed no better in Holland than in America. And their Conduct bids fair to make Mr. Vanberkel, the most respected and esteemed of all the Citizens.
     In the present critical state of Things a Commission of a Minister Plenipotentiary, would be usefull here. It would not be acknowledged, perhaps not produced, except in case of War. But if Peace should continue, it would Secure its Possessor the External Respect of all. It would give him a Right to claim and demand the Prerogatives and Priviledges, of a Minister Plenipotentiary, in case any thing should turn up, which might require it: it would make him considered as the Center of American Affairs, and it would assist, if any thing would, a Loan.

     I cannot conclude without observing that I cannot think it would be Safe for Congress to draw for Money here, untill they shall receive certain Information, that their Bills can be honoured. There are Bills arrived, which, if Mr. Franklin cannot answer, must, for what I know be protested. I have the Honour to be


Title: To John Adams from Thomas Digges, 17 November 1780
From: Digges, Thomas
To: Adams, John

      Dear Sir

       Nov. 17. 80

     I acknowlegd the Receipt of yours the 28th Octo. and 7th Instant in my last letter of the 14th. Since that day no material move with regard to our friend; but I am in consultations now and then to fix upon some mode by a motion in Parliament to have him put on parole or releasd by Bail. By the inclosd letter you will discover as much as I have yet been able to discover of the writer who appears to be Mr. L——s Secretary. The other papers alluded to in His letter are no where here abouts yet, but I will keep a look out for them knowing some of the names mentiond in the inclosd. As the inclosd has but this moment come to hand and I am rather pinchd for time by this Post, I can not further add.
     You will by this time have read and heard as much as I have relative to Arnolds apostacy. Ministry have been in possession of the plan of this plot above a month (ever since Gov. Trions arrival) and it has been the cause of their holding out such strong assurances of success from America, and of their confidant elation. They now brag very much of a considerable disunion in W——ns army and that Knox, Skuyler, Howe, and another Genl. have come over to their Interest.I do not beleive any thing of this. It is meerly held out to cover the disgrace and ruin of their dearly purchasd plots.
     It is said Rodney was not to Leave Ama. till the 25th October then to go to His old Station. By the packet and other arrivals from N York subsequent to the Gazette accounts it appears the whole British fleet of 24 ships was blocking up Rhode Island, and no accounts whatever, in that or any other quarter, of the French or Spanish fleets. How can you account for them?
     The Books lately wrote for are shippd on board the  Captain for Amsterdam. Twelve or fourteen in all. The papers are sent regularly as directed. As I shall be uneasy about this inclosure please to acknowlege the Receipt of it.
     The Expedition for Chesapeak is said to be saild from N York. When you get any News from the Southern army or from Virga. give me a line. What think you of the article in the inclosd mentioning the recapture of Gates’s Baggage, taking Lord Cornwallis &ca.
     The Writer of the within and the Captn. Peckles will most likely be sent into Prison with their Countrymen at Portsmouth. I do not know how to help them as yet, probably Mr. L——ns friend, Mr. Manning, may be inducd to advance them a little money. Mr. Young is Mr. L——ns Secretary—and the papers said to be left with Mr. Shute were so orderd to be by Mr. L, probably to be forwarded from N foundland to some part of America.
     Your Pamphlets and 2 shool books, went yesterday or this morning (13 in all) in a paper parcell directed to Messrs Q D and son. I cannot yet get the Ship or Captns name.


Title: From John Adams to Antoine Marie Cerisier, 18 November 1780
From: Adams, John
To: Cerisier, Antoine Marie

      Sir
      Amsterdam Novr. 18th. 1780

     I have recieved the letter which You were so good as to write me on the 15th. of this Month. The Translation of the Narrative of Genl. Howe cannot fail to have a good Effect at this critical Moment.
     The final Independence of America is as certain, as a decree of the Destinies. The only Question is, how much Blood shall be shed and how long Mankind shall be unnecessarily embroiled in the quarrel, and how many Nations shall be injured and insulted by one. It is plain, that Genl. Howe studiously avoids giving any Information to the rest of Mankind, which can shew the Weakness of his Country and the Strength and Unanimity of America, but what was absolutely necessary for his own Vindication. Yet enough appears, to shew his Opinion and to convince any impartial Reader. It is astonishing that any sensible Man, should still be of Opinion, that there is either Light or Integrity in the British Ministry. The whole History of the Court of St. James’s for these twenty Years proves that they have had the narrowest views, and been actuated by the meanest Passions. They have betrayed a total Ignorance of the Temper, Character, Principles, and Views of America, France, Spain, Holland, Russia, Sweeden and Denmark. They have discovered a constant Contempt of Truth, Justice, Liberty and Humanity—in short they have shewn themselves ignorant of every thing that Statesmen ought to know, except the Character of their Master, and the Degree to which Corruption might be carried in their Nation, and this last Knowledge has been or will be the Ruin of themselves, their Master and Nation altogether.
     Your Advertisement, and your Observations on American Credit, I shall expect with Impatience, as they will undoubtedly throw much light upon our Affairs. You may depend upon me, Sir, for any little Assistance I may be able to afford You, in your virtuous Labours, in the Cause of Mankind. I have written for G. Burgoyne’s Narrative, but have not yet recieved it. As soon as it comes it shall be sent.
     This Opportunity Republick will very soon have its Eyes opened upon its Interest and its Duty. I have had too long and too painful Experience of the British Cabinet, and their Conduct, not to know, that when they use a Language like that of Sir Joseph Yorke’s Memorial, they mean a great deal. It will not long be in the Power of any Man to think so favourably as some do or pretend to do.
     I should be obliged to You if You would let me know upon what Terms my Sons might go to the School you mention and whether Greek as well as Latin is taught at it.
     I am Sir, with very great Respect and Esteem your H. Servt.


Title: From John Adams to Thomas Digges, 19 November 1780
From: Adams, John,San, Fernando Raymond
To: Digges, Thomas,Church, William Singleton

      Dr Sr.

       Novr. 19th 1780

     The Bundle by Mr. Bromfield I received, and one or two Parcells since. Yesterday I received the N. Papers and yours of the 14th.
     I wish to know, how Sir. J. Y. Mem. is considered among you. Will they declare this Republick in Rebellion, or not? Whenever my Lord H—h has charged Faction and Cabal, it has been followed Soon by outlawry, and Charges of Rebellion and War.
     Poor Arnold! Where are his Laurels?—So much for attempting to convert the Tory Ladies. I dont wonder, there is no Exultation. A poor crippled, Piece of frail Mortality, hobbling on Crutches can no longer be an active Soldier. Will he go out? If he does he will meet Riflemen, and Hunters.
     This Defection is not So shocking, as the Example of the Son of the Count of Egmont, delivering up to the Spaniards that very Brussells where the Citizens dipt their Hankerchiefs in his Fathers Blood in order to preserve the prescious Drops.

     It must have been a Bargain to march a Body of Men into Some Position to be Surrenderd up. As to a Body of 3000 Men, or their Officers being corrupted, I know better.
     Can you discover, whether Mr. Laurens had a Commission as Plenipo. or only to negotiate a Loan. This is a material Question.
     Mr. Searle’s desires his Respects to you.
     With great Regard yrs

      F.R.S.


Title: From John Adams to William Lee, 19 November 1780
From: Adams, John
To: Lee, William

      Dear Sir
      Amsterdam Nov. 19. 80

     I am honoured with yours of the 15 and congratulate you on your Recovery, and that of your Family, mine have all luckily escaped hitherto.
     The Relaxation of Mr. L.s Confinement is owing intirely to the Ministry getting Information that the opposition intended to make a Motion about him. This would have made so much Noise and excited so many Speculations, that they had reason to dread it.
     Ten Thousand Men, if to be found will not repair the Waste made by sickness and the sword in N. A. and the W. I. last Year. But they will not obtain half the Number.
     There cannot be three greater Absurdities, than the three Systems you mention. As to the last, I believe you are mistaken. I never Suspected any such System. I am Sure the Conduct was not calculated upon any Such Principle.
     A Zeal for the Union of the 13 States, is in my opinion one of the first Duties of every American Citizen. For altho I am myself of opinion, that All the 13 would maintain their Independancy, if they were rent into two or three Divisions—yet there would be too much Hazard of Britains prevailing over some—and if she should not prevail over any, yet the different divisions of the continent, would soon be at War, with each other.
     The Resolves of the Associations merit Attention, but I Scarcely think the Debates worth reading. Even the Idol Fox is as crude, indigested, and little to be depended on in American affairs as the Ministry. Nothing in England merits the Attention of an Honest Man or a Lover of Liberty but the Committees, yet so many ignorant and unprincipled Men get Credit there, that I see no Prospect of their doing any Thing well.
     Sir J. Y. Mem. is a Master Piece. It is a curiosity. We shall See how this Measure will end. Whether the Republick will join the armed Neutrality I know not, if they do not, it will be wholly owing to this memorial, and the British Ministry will have answered their End. But this will not content them. The King of England having declared War, against Mr. V. Berkel and the Burgomasters of Amsterdam, must go on, and Support the Dignity of his Character. If any Man or Men whom he has charged with Faction, Cabal, Sacrificing general Interests to private Views, Violations of the Law of Nations, Disturbance of the Peace &c. are ever forgiven, I shall be mistaken.
     Is not Arnold an Acquisition—a Cripple, hobbling on Crutches, charged with Peculation, reprimanded at the head of the Army, and likely to be prosecuted at common Law, flying from Vengeance. Nothing can be a fuller Proof of Weakness, than such miserable shifts of Bribery and Treachery. The meanness of it, will make them despized by all Men. With great Regard, your humble sert.


Title: From John Adams to Joan Derk van der Capellen tot den Pol, 20 November 1780
From: Adams, John
To: Capellen tot den Pol, Joan Derk, Baron van der

      Sir
      Amsterdam Nov. 20. 1780

     I have the honour to inclose, a Smal Pamphlet lately published, which in this critical Moment may do Some good.
     The Hour draws nigh, when this Republick is to determine, whether it will acceed to the armed Neutrality: but let their determination of that question be as it will, if they do not disavow the Conduct of Amsterdam, and punish Mr. Van berkel and the Burgomasters, the King of Great Britain has threatened, and if I am not deceived by his past Conduct, he will attempt to carry his Threats into Execution. If he declares War, or which is more probable, commences hostilities without a declaration it will be on pretence of an Insult and an Injury, committed by beginning a Correspondence and a Treaty with his Subjects in Rebellion, altho they were at that Time as compleatly in Possession of an Independance and a Sovereignty de Facto as England or Holland were.
     I hope for the Honour of your Answer to the Proposal I made you, by the Time limited and am with the Utmost Respect, Sir your most obt. sert.


Title: To John Adams from Edmund Jenings, 20 November 1780
From: Jenings, Edmund
To: Adams, John

      Sir
      Brussels Nov. 20. 1780

     Your Excellencys Letter of the 7th Instant came duly to Hand.
     The Queries, sent to England, came to me from Madrid; that which regards Instructions to inspire the American Agents with distrust of one Another, has not been explained to me, and therefore I know not what Suggestions have been, and were to be used for that purpose, perhaps none were, but only directions given for it, as is Usual in drawing up political Instructions. However I will write to Know what was said and done in pursuance thereof, and Immediately do myself the Honor of Communicating the Answer to your Excellency.
     I do not know your Excellencys opinion of the King of Englands Speech, and the proceedings of Parliament thereon, but to me the same leaven of Malice is mixed therein, as in the former Conduct of that King and People, under whom we have suffered so much. However, I think I observe, that they bear with greater Patience the Talk of our Independancy, and when Any One declares, that the Sense of the Nation is Against the American War, it passes without Contradiction. This is little, but it is Something, considering the former Obstinacy and Insolence. It was with pleasure I read that the Absurdity of Pulteneys Opinion, that the war became Just, when the Americans refused to Negociate was Answered in some degree by Mr. Fox. A fuller Answer might have been given, such a One, as might have touched the Man himself, but this would have rendered Him, if possible, more perverse and Obstinate, for Fools and Knaves are never convinced by Reason, but are made more foolish and Knavish by Conviction.
     I observe that Col. Hartley, Cosin to David, has given Notice of a Motion to address the King to make peace with America upon any Terms.
     My Anxiety is great at this Moment about the Conduct, which the States General may hold in their present Situation. Never surely were a people treated with more Outrage and Insult than the Dutch. The Proceedings of the King of England cannot be Accounted for, but on a Supposition, that He Knows, He has so strong a Party among them, that He shall Oblige the whole to be subservient to his purposes, and that He will by a desperate blow enable himself by the seizure of the Dutch Property in the English Funds, to carry on the War at their Expence. The personal Attack on the Pensioner Van Berkel is, I imagine, a Party business to give Weight to those, who Evidently concur with Sir J York, and to ruin the true friends of the Republic. If Minheer Van Berkel is sacrificed—this will be the Effect, but this cannot be done without debasing at the same Time the Dignity and endangering the Liberty of Holland. All Europe will then see and Act Accordingly, it will see that there is no Insult, or Outrage, which the Dutch will not put up with to save the triffling Comperative Interests of Individuals. I doubt not that the Dutch Money in the English Funds is the Object of the English Kings Threats—his Avarice will seize it—but will the Punishment of Monsieur van Berkel answer all the purposes of England? The ruin of the Patriotic Party may be Attained by it, and this is an Object with those in Holland who evidently Act in Concert with the English Minister, to whom I doubt not they have suggested this Malicious Measure, to serve their purposes against the public Freedom, but the whole of the English Kings Designs will not be compleated thereby. I am sure it has been determind some time to seize the Dutch Interest in the Funds with or without reason, and it is with this View, that He has endeavoured by repeated Outrage and Insult to force them to some strong Acts to give a color to his Unwarrantable Policy. The Violation of their Independancy at Home and Abroad and in particular the Affair of St. Martins cannot be accounted for on other Grounds. Whether Obedience is paid to the Order, (for such it appears to all Europe) to punish an Individual will little Signify. Fresh Occasions will be taken and made, until this avaritious Necessity of England is satisfied, and therefore let not the Dutch Think they can ward off the premeditated Blow, let them take those Measures which their true and Solid Interests demand. Let them Act with Vigor or the King of England will govern them in all Cases whatever.
     To this End, there is one Thing most Obviously to be done. They ought to draw their Money immediately out of the Funds as silently as possible, and never trust them Again, that they may not in future be led into Temptation to Sacrifice the public Interest to partial and Selfish Views. The States themselves ought to take measures to secure the Virtue of the People by preventing them putting themselves in a Situation, that may induce them to fear more for a private than the general Interest.
     The Dutch have done Noble Actions—I wish the Recollection of them would reanimate their Minds. They opposed Lewis the 14th a formidable Power in the Heigth of his Strength and Glory, who attempted to render them subservient to his purposes: they then Acted bravely and Magnanimously in Support of their Independancy. They sacrificed all private Interest and Property, and the very Soil, on which they Stood to defeat their Ennemy. Can they not now bear to Sacrifice the pecuniary Interest of a few Individuals to preserve their public Independancy. They contend for a greater Interest than a specifyed Sum of Money. They contend for a continued encreasing wealth, which flows from extended Commerce and at the same time, for their Honor and Liberty and that too Against a desperate weakned and disgraced People, who have ever been their Rivals and are now their avowed Ennemies and insulting Masters.
     All Men must see, that England is in such a desperate State, that She will not stick at any thing, that may serve to extricate Herself from her present Danger. She will not and thinks she ought not to Keep any Faith, where the Breach of it may tend to save Her from Ruin. She will Justify herself on this ground to her People, Salus Populi est Suprema Lex, and they, blinded by their Avarice and Ambition, will approve of the Doctrine and the Measures taken in Consequence thereof altho they must Eventually be fatal to themselves, for the Seizure of the Dutch Property will destroy all future Credit with Foreigners—it will at the same Time shake it much at Home. Hitherto public Credit has never been violated, when it is violated in any one Instance, under any pretence and for any purpose, it may, and will be violated in others. This must be Obvious to all, it will be felt and acted upon by many and by Consequence the raising the Supplies as Usual will be much embarrassed, if not totally put a stop to by a general Distrust.
     I am shocked and grievd beyond Measure at the Defection of Arnold.
     I beg your Excellency to Excuse my sending to you for your perusal and conveyance in the Safest Manner two Pacquets from Mr. Amory. He seems to be a repentant Sinner and deserving of our forgiveness—if your Excellency thinks so, I am Confident you will render Him a most essential Service in putting his Papers in the Way of being Transmitted to Boston. If your Excellency does, let me beg that you would make a Note by what ships they may go.
     I am with the greatest Respect Sir your Excellencys most Faithful & Obedient Humbl Sert.

      Edm: Jenings


Title: To John Adams from Thomas Digges, 22 November 1780
From: Digges, Thomas,Church, William Singleton
To: Adams, John,San, Fernando Raymond

      Dear Cozen

       22d Novr. 80

     I understood from seeing a letter lately from Paris there had appeard at a Dutch Bankers in that City sundry seconds of Bills for acceptance the first of which had been paid by regular indorsements to Vieve Babet and Co., Nantes, which seconds of Bills appeard to have been taken among Mr. L—s papers and forwarded to Paris unindorsd for acceptance. This causd some uneasiness at Paris; the Bills were tracd to a Dutch Bankers who had them in remittance from Messr. Hopes. This transaction appearing rather too mean even for my Countrymen the English, I probd the matter to the bottom, and find it was all done for the best. A particular friend of a person who has frequently been the subject of my late letters, got the bills above alluded to, slipt into His hands during a first and watchd interview, and they were that way forwarded to prevent any unfair method being used of obtaining their value in another way. This affair has been cleard up by the friend of Our friend both in Yours and a neighbouring Country.
     No news from abroad save a disagreeable account of the dispersion of the expected Jamaica fleet. I fear I shall be ruind by it for the produce of my valuable Estate in that Island is on its way uninsurd.
     Since the news of Adjut. Genl. Andre’s Execution in the Rebel Washingtons Camp nothing has been talkd of here but “making Examples,” acts of retaliation, &ca. &ca. A person of the name of Trumbull was taken up for high Treason on Sunday night and committed Irond to Prison. A search has been made after a Companion of His a Mr. Tyler who I am told got away some days ago. Many people were also carryd before the Magistrate who accidentally calld to visit either of these Gentlemen on Monday. Many names are talkd of in this last list. Mr. De Neufville a Dutch Merchant, Mr. Digs, Mr. Stewart a Limner of Rhode Island, Mr. H. Laurens Jur., and sundry others, but nothing as I can learn was got out of them and it is impossible to say to what lengths they will go against Mr. Trumbull—report says that the affadavits of two Refugee N. England men and his own papers are quite sufficient to hang Him, and hang him they certainly will if they can, for my Countrymen seem to thirst after blood most exceedingly since Andre’s execution.

     Many others Americans are threatend, but as I know none of them having no connexion with that Country I realy forget their names. I can assure you Sir from present conversations and dispositions for revenge which is dayly expected expressd, my Country has become exceedingly disagreable to live in, and I heartily wish I could live among people fonder of Philosophy and philanthropy.
     Adieu Yrs Affecy &ca.


Title: From John Adams to Benjamin Franklin, 24 November 1780
From: Adams, John
To: Franklin, Benjamin

      Sir
      Amsterdam Novr. 24th. 1780

     The Letter which your Excellency did me the Honour to write me on the thirteenth is recieved, and I have accordingly accepted the Bills, and shall draw upon your Excellency about the Time they become payable, for Money, to enable me to discharge them, provided I should not succeed in my Endeavours to borrow it here.
     I have hitherto no prospect at all. When I first arrived here, I had such Informations as made me believe that a Sum of Money might be had, upon the Credit of the United States: but the News from Carolina, and New York and the West Indies, but above all the Affair of the Burgomaster and Sir Joseph Yorke’s Memorial have struck a Panic which must have Time to wear off. At present I meet with only one Gentleman, who thinks any thing can be done, and I fear that he decieves himself.
     I hope by this Time, your Excellency’s Health is restored, and have the Honour to be, Sir, Your Excellency’s most obedient humble Servant

      John Adams


Title: To John Adams from Henry Grand, 24 November 1780
From: Grand, Henry
To: Adams, John

      Sir
      Paris Novr. 24th. 1780

     After the receit of the Letter you honoured Me with the 3rd of this Month I immediately wrote to Messrs. Ve. J. Fleury & Desmadieres at Orleans, to send up the Wine Mr. Williams had procured you; and following the Circumstances it shall be disposed of in the best Manner possible.
     Respecting the News Papers for America, they have till now been most regularly shipped. I have not been so fortunate in Opportunities for Amstrm. which I am very Sorry about.
     We have no other News but that the Courrier de l’Europe has been pleased to give us, concerning André and Arnold. Count d’Estaing is not yet arrived.
     Mr. Dana has wrote me that he was a coming and not to send on his Letters but Keep them, there is none. And I shant answer him expecting to do it by word of mouth. In case he be not yet gone you will oblige me particularly in giving him my best Respects, and several Compliments to Mr. Thaxter.
     The family joins with me in assurances of true Attachment and great Consideration. I have the honour to be sir Your most obt hble sert

      Hy. Grand


Title: To John Adams from Jean Luzac, 24 November 1780
From: Luzac, Jean
To: Adams, John

       Monsieur
       Leyde le 24. Novembre 1780

      J’ai l’honneur de vous envoyer ci-joint encore deux Exemplaires sur du Papier à écrire des Pensées: Je n’en ajoute pas un plus grand nombre, parce que vous pouvez l’avoir actuëllement plus facilement à Amsterdam même, chez les Libraires indiqués dans l’Avis, qui se trouve dans notre Gazette d’aujourd’hui. Je suis bien aise, que vous approuviez la Préface, qui néanmoins est audessous de l’épithète, que vous voulez bien lui donner.
      Je suis de votre avis relativement aux intentions des gens, dont vous parlez. J’espère que, si elles se réalisent, l’on fera la Guerre à bon escient; that it will not be a mock-war, calculated to crush the Commercial interest of our Country and to increase by our defeats the influence of those, who cry that our friendship with Britain is our salvation. En attendant je m’apperçois, que la publication des Papiers de Mr. Laurens opère contre le voeu de ceux qui en ont fait tant d’éclat.
      J’ai l’honneur d’être avec les sentimens les plus respectueux, Monsieur, de Votre Excellence, Le très-humble et très-obéissant serviteur,

       J: Luzac


Title: From John Adams to the President of Congress, No. 22, 25 November 1780
From: Adams, John
To: President of Congress,Huntington, Samuel

      Sir
      Amsterdam Novr. 25th 1780

     It is now certain that the States General, have by a Plurality of five Provinces determined to acceed to the armed Neutrality. Zealand and Guelderland, have agreed to it likewise, but upon Condition of a Warranty of the Possessions of the Republick. If the Intention of Sir J. Yorks Memorial, was to intimidate their high mightinesses from this measure, he has missed his aim. Nor will the Conduct of the Burgomasters of Amsterdam be disavowed, nor Mr. Van Berkel nor his accomplices punished. We shall see, how the British Ministry will disentangle themselves from this Perplexity.
     All these Things however, so far from aiding our Affairs, in this nation Seem to have put an entire Stop to them for the Present. The Nation is trembling for their Commerce, their Money in the British Funds, their East and W. India Possessions; and no Man dares engage in a Measure that may in some degree, increase the Allarm.
     The Bills upon Mr. Laurens, I have accepted, those of them at least, that have arrived, upon an assurance from Dr. Franklin that in case I should not be able to borrow the Money by the Time they become payable, that I may draw upon him for it. I think Congress will perceive the danger of drawing any more, untill they shall receive Intelligence from me that the Money is ready.
     The Choice of an House is a Point of So much Importance that I could not justify making it, without the most mature Inquiry and Reflection. Not only the success of the Negotiation will depend upon it but the political Consequences of it will be important. I have made every Inquiry, and Several Proposals, but all have been politely declined. There are two Houses which I believe would accept it, but these, altho respectable are so far from the first Rank, that I should be ashamed Sorry to fix upon either, if I could obtain a more See a Prospect of gaining one of higher Rank. I am told that opening the Loan now would injure Us exceedingly: but I know not what to judge. I have found So many opinions, mistaken, that in this Country I cannot judge which are well founded.
     Fear is ever the Second Passion in minds governed by Avarice: as long therefore as the English misrepresentations can make People here believe that there is a Possibility of conquering America or of our returning to the Government of England, so long We shall find little Credit here.


Title: From John Adams to the President of Congress, No. 23, 25 November 1780
From: Adams, John
To: President of Congress,Huntington, Samuel

      Duplicate
      Sir
      Amsterdam Novr. 25th 1780

     The Prince was ill advised, when he undertook, what he was not obliged to do, in producing Mr. Laurens’s Papers, which he did too in a manner justly offensive to the United States. It was the part of Sir Joseph Yorke, to have produced them, not to the Prince, but to their High Mightinesses. His Serene Highness, therefore, in this Work of Supererogation, gave himself the Air of an Instrument of Sir Joseph, which has not all recommended him to the Dutch Nation.
     But Sir Joseph, or his Master, have committed a greater Mistake, in presenting that intemperate Memorial. It is said that he pleads positive Orders, but many believe, that if he had such Orders, he procured them from his Court and that the Memorial was prepared at the Hague, and adjusted to the State of Parties and Politicks in the Republick.
     Be this as it may, both the Prince and the Ambassador have missed their Aim and the Publication of Mr. Laurens’s Papers, has had a contrary Effect from what they expected and intended.
     The Republick however, is in an embarrassed Situation. The Prince has a decided Inclination for England. He has the Command of Armies and Navies, and the Gift of so many Offices, that his Influence is astonishing among the Nobility, and all the higher Families: besides this, the Clergy are very generally devoted to him, and their Influence among the Populace is very great. So that there is great danger, that the Republick will not be able to exert its real Strength, even in Case England should continue their Hostilities—I say continue because it is certain, that by repeated Violations of Territory, as well as by innumerable Captures of innocent Vessels, Hostilities have been long since begun.
     It is the Opinion of many here, that without the Discovery of Mr. Laurens’s Papers, the Republick would not have acceeded to the Armed Neutrality, as this great Confederation is now determined on. We shall see what will be its Effects. The Empress of Russia is not of a Character to be trifled with: yet I think the English will not respect the new Arrangement. They will violate the Principles of it, at least towards the Dutch, and risque a War with all the Maritime Powers of the World, at once, rather than relinquish America, and agree to the Principle of free Ships, free Goods.

     I have the Honour to be, with the greatest Respect, Sir, your most obedient and most humble Servant


Title: From John Adams to Thomas Digges, 27 November 1780
From: Adams, John,San, Fernando Raymond
To: Digges, Thomas,Church, William Singleton

      Dr. Sir
      Amst. Nov. 27. 1780

     I have received yours of the 17. with its Inclosure and that of the 22d.—and thank you for both.
     Things are coming to an Extremity, that Philanthropy would wish to avoid: but thus it ever was, in Similar Cases. A free Nation corrupted, becomes an Hell, a Society of Devils. Angells fallen, retain nothing but immortal Hate. Come out of her, my People! Says a good old Book.
     This Republick has determined to acceed to the armed Neutrality. But most of the Provinces and indeed most of the cities of Holland will disavow the Treat Negotiation of the Regency of Amsterdam: but they cannot punish Van Berkell and his Acomplices, because they are a Limb of the Sovereignty.
     Singleing him out will make him, the most conspicuous and the most respected of the Citizens. But this is the ministerial Method of making great Men. In this Way Wilks, Hancock, and Adams were made famous.
     What will Govt. do about the armed Neutrality? Will they charge Russia, Sweeden, and Denmark with Faction, Sedition, Cabal, and Rebellion? Why dont they Demand that Panin and his Accomplices should be punished?
     Adieu affectionatly

      F.R.S.


Title: To John Adams from William Lee, 29 November 1780
From: Lee, William
To: Adams, John

      Dear Sir
      Bruxelles Nov. 29/80

     I am honor’d with your favor of the 19th. and am happy to hear that you and your Sons have escaped the general contagion of the Season.

     I flatter myself with the Idea that Arnolds Apostacy will not be attended with any inconvenience to America, but I cannot help regretting that a Man who has render’d essential service to his Country and laid a solid foundation for permanent and substantial Glory, shou’d blast the whole by a baseness and profligacy that wou’d disgrace, even our Enemies. On the whole, I feel much easier about the fate of America than I have done for some time past, hoping that as the plot is discover’d, the principal agents will be found out and meet exemplary punishment; for there seems to be little doubt of Arnold having been only a subaltern in the business. The most superficial observer may now be able to see from what source have sprung all the dissensions and mischeifs that have for some years distress’d and nearly ruin’d America.
     By the vessel arrived in France from N. England I presume you will have a full and particular account of this business, of which we know nothing here but what we learn from the English papers.
     I agree with you that the three systems I formerly mention’d are highly absurd and I will add that they appear to me highly wicked, however as two of them have been hitherto adopted, it is one melancholy proof among many others, that well meaning and honest men, are too often deceived by the wicked and artful into their measures; but it may teach them hereafter to weigh with caution whatever comes recommended or insinuated from the same quarter. The conquest of Canada is said to be a favorite object with the Eastern States; in this I shall heartily agree with them at a proper season, but an attempt of that sort while the Enemy is in possession of any part of the territory of the 13 States, appears to me begining at the wrong end; however I shall submit my judgement readily to those on the spot, who have seldom determin’d wrong when their councils have been unclouded with faction.
     The packet with the English mail of the 21. being taken and that of the 24 being not arriv’d, tho’ due two days and fair winds, leaves us without any late papers, but the B. Minister it seems gives out that Gates has obtain’d a considerable advantage over Ld. Cornwillis and that the latter was in a disagreeable and precarious situation. As the States General have agreed to enter into the system of the arm’d neutrality, the English must either adopt pacific measures or determine on a War with all the Maritime powers of Europe and in their present state of phrenzy I should not be surprized at their choosing the latter; but in the meantime it might be of essential service if the associated powers cou’d be induced to agree on jointly acknowleging the Independence of Ama. Tho’ G.B. may not be able to send all the reinforcements that they propose to Ama., it seems to me quite proper that our friends on the other side of the Water should be advised of their intentions, that preparations may be made against the worst that can happen. I refer’d to the debates on the 7th instant only relative to what fell from Colo. Hartly. With high Esteem & respect I am Dr. Sir Yr. most Obedt & Hble Sert.

      W. Lee


Title: From John Adams to Benjamin Franklin, 30 November 1780
From: Adams, John
To: Franklin, Benjamin

      Sir
      Amsterdam Nov. 30. 1780

     I have already accepted Bills drawn upon Mr. Laurens, to the Amount of Thirty four Thousand three hundred and fifty Eight Guilders. How many more will arrive I know not. I shall inform your Excellency from Time to Time, as they appear, and I accept them.
     This Republick is in a violent Crisis. If a certain Party prevails, We Shall raise no Money here. If they do not We shall raise very little. Patience is recommended to me and Delay in hopes of a Turn of affairs. I am advised to do nothing: to attempt nothing: not even to choose an House, at present.
     I am vexed and grieved beyond measure at the Fate of poor Trumbull and Tyler. It will have one good Effect, however. It will be a Warning. It will break up a weak Communication that common Discretion ought to have prevented long ago. I have the Honour to be, Sir, your respectfull humble sert


Title: From John Adams to Benjamin Franklin, 30 November 1780
From: Adams, John
To: Franklin, Benjamin

      Sir
      Amsterdam Novr: 30th 1780

     I was duly honoured with your Excellency’s Letter of the eighth of October by Mr. Searle.
     I thank You, Sir, for inclosing the Resolution of Congress respecting my Salary and Mr. Dana’s. I wish I could see a prospect of relieving You from this Burthen, as well as that of the Bills of Exchange drawn upon Mr. Laurens, but at present there is not a prospect of obtaining a Shilling. What Turn Affairs may take, it is impossible to foresee. Some Gentlemen tell me that a few Months or indeed Weeks may produce Events which will open the Purses to me; but I think that our Want of Credit here, is owing to Causes that are more permanent. I never had any just Idea of this Country until I came here; if indeed I have now.
     I have recieved Money of the House of Horneca, Fitzeau and Grand, on account of Mr. F. Grand of Paris, for my Subsistence, and if You have no Objection, I will continue in this Way.
     Mr. Searle’s Conversation is a Cordial to me. He gives a charming sanguine Representation of our Affairs, such as I am very well disposed to believe, and such as I should give myself, if interrogated, according to the best of my Knowledge. But We have an hard Conflict to go through yet.
     The Correspondence You mention, between his Excellency the C. de V. and me, I transmitted regularly to Congress in the Season of it from Paris, and other Copies since my Arrival in Amsterdam, both without any Comments.
     The Letter I mentioned, I believe was from your Excellency to M. Dumas, who informs me, that there has been none to the Grand Pensionary, but the one which your Excellency wrote when I was at Passy, which I remember very well.
     The Republick, it is said, for it is hard to come at the Truth, have on the one hand acceeded to the Armed Neutrality, and on the other have disavowed the Conduct of Amsterdam. This it is hoped will appease all Nations for the present, and it may for what I know. We shall see.
     I should be the less surprised at Great Britain’s treating the United Provinces like an English Colony, if I did not every day hear the Language and Sentiments of English Colonists. But if She treats all her Colonies with equal Tyranny, it may make them all in time equally independent.
     A Gentleman here has recieved a Commission from England, to hire as many Vessels as he possibly can, to carry Troops to America. This I have certain Information of. It is also given out, that Sir Joseph Yorke has demanded and obtained Permission of the States to do it, but this I believe is an English Report. It is also said that the Burgomasters of the City have signified abroad that it would be disagreable, if any body should hire the Ships. But this may be only Bruit. It shews the English want of Shipping—their Intention to send Troops, and their Cunning to get away from this Nation both their Ships and Seamen.
     I have the Honour to be, with the greatest Respect, Sir, your Excellency’s most obedient Servant

      John Adams


Title: From John Adams to the President of Congress, No. 24, 30 November 1780
From: Adams, John
To: President of Congress,Huntington, Samuel

      Duplicate
      Sir
      Amsterdam November 30th 1780

     The State of Parties in this Republick is still critical. Many anonymous Pamphlets appear on both Sides. Those which proceed from the English Party, are virulent against Mr. Van Berkel.
     The Republick itself wavers, according to Events and Causes which are impenetrable. A few days ago, the Plan appeared to be to acceed to the armed Neutrality, in order to satisfy one Party, and to disavow the Conduct of Amsterdam, in forming with Mr. Lee the Project of a Treaty, in order to appease the other. Fifteen Cities, even in the Province of Holland, have disavowed this Measure: Haerlem and Dort are the only two, which have approved it. The Grand Pensionary of Holland has sent after the Courier, who had been dispatched to the Plenipotentiaries at Petersbourg, and brought him back to the Hague. What Alteration is to be made is unknown. It is now given out, that they have determined to increase the Fortifications of the Maritime Towns, and augment their Garrisons.
     I see every day more and more of the inveterate Prejudices of this Nation in favour of the English, and against the French, more and more of the irresistible Influence of the Stadtholder, and more and more of the Irresolution, Uncertainty and Confusion of the Nation. How the whole will conclude I know not.
     One thing however is certain, that Congress can depend upon no Money from hence. I have, confiding in the Assurances of Dr. Franklin, accepted all the Bills drawn upon Mr. Laurens, which have yet been presented to me, amounting to thirty four thousand, three hundred and fifty eight Guilders: but I have no prospect of discharging them, or even of deriving my own Subsistence from any other Source than Passy. Congress will therefore I presume desist from any further draughts upon Holland, at least until they recieve certain Information, that Money has been borrowed, of which I see no present prospect.
     I have the Honour to be, with the greatest Respect, Sir, your most obedient and most humble Servant.


Title: From John Adams to Jean Luzac, 30 November 1780
From: Adams, John
To: Luzac, Jean

      Sir
      Amsterdam Nov. 30. 1780

     Your kind Favour of the 24 with the two elegant Copies of the Pensees I have received, with Gratitude.
     The Republick appears to be, at this Time, in a violent Crisis. It is to be hoped, that the effect of the Fermentation will be Salutary. If it is indeed true, that the Republick has acceeded to the armed Neutrality, and the Nations engaged in that Confederation, are in earnest to make a common Cause, the commercial Interest of this Country, will be protected: because England will not venture to take Ships which will be redemanded by Such a formidable Combination. Reprisals ordered by four Nations or perhaps five or Six in addition to three with whom they are already at War would be too dangerous for England, or if she should be desperate enough to hazard it, the confederated Powers would easily obtain Compensation, for it may, I think be depended upon that England is not omnipotent nor infallible. England owes the Existence of her maritime Power at this moment to the Inactivity, whether accidental or political of her present Enemies. This Inactivity may not always continue. Perhaps it has been Studied on Purpose to accomplish the armed Neutrality. I can easily conceive that the Councils of France and Spain might think it, prudent to give Time to the neutral nations, to accomplish their Confederation.
     If delays were necessary to compleat, the neutral System, I should rejoice in those delays, because I esteem that, an excellent Effect for the good of Mankind Springing out of the American Revolution.
     The English are degenerating in the Conduct of the American War into greater and greater Degrees of Cruelty and Barbarism. But there is a kind of Consolation in Seeing that they pursue the Same Maxims towards other nations, which they pursued, first towards Us. When all Nations shall see that they have become Tyrants towards them, they will at length believe that they have been Tyrants in America.
     The Honourable Francis Dana Esq., formerly a Member of Congress, now a Secretary to one of their Legations, will do me the favour to deliver this. He has an Inclination to see Leyden, and I should esteem myself, under particular obligations to you, Sir, if you could give him an opportunity of Seeing in your City, whatever is worthy the Attention of a Traveller. I am, Sir with much Esteem your obliged sert.


Title: To John Adams from Benjamin Franklin, 30 November 1780
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: Adams, John

      Sir
      Passy Nov. 30. 1780

     I have had a severe Fit of the Gout which has confined me six Weeks; but it is now going off, and I flatter myself that it has done me a great deal of Good.

     I have just received a Letter from Dr. Ezra Stiles, of which the inclosed is an extract. Please to communicate it to Mr. Searle, and then give it to M. Dumas if you judge it proper for Publication. I have also a large and particular Account of Arnolds Treachery. There is not time to transcribe it for this Post, but you shall have it per next. I have the honour to be with great Esteem Sir Your Excellency’s most obedt & most humble Servant

      B Franklin

      Enclosed is a Letter for you which came by the same Ship.


Title: To John Adams from Edmund Jenings, 30 November 1780
From: Jenings, Edmund
To: Adams, John

      Sir
      Brussels Novr. 30. 1780

     I did myself the Honor of writing to your Excellency the 20th of this Month and inclosing some Papers from Mr. Amory of Boston. I now take the Liberty of sending you a Letter, receivd this Day from Mr. L. for your Excellency’s Perusal—give me leave to beg that your Excellency would return it and the former one from the same Gentleman, if your Excellency has no further Occasion for them.
     There have been reports at Paris that a Part of Monsr. De Ternays Squadron is burnt at Rhode Island. Perhaps there is no foundation for them; but I trust there is great reason to Imagine that General Gates Troops have had several succesful Skirmishes at Carolina against the Ennemy. The English Resident here seems to credit them.
     I Hope your Excellency takes good Care of your Health. The Damp Climate of Holland requires much Additional Cloathing—it is Experience that makes Dutchmen wear six Waistcoats, and I Know not how many pair of Breeches.
     I have expected particular Advices from England, but one of the Packets is taken.
     I see the Translation is published in Holland. Has your Excellency seen the Letters of Monsr. Joly? I beg to know your Excellencys Opinion of them. They are I believe just published in Holland. Does the Subject regard Us?
     I beg to be rememberd to my young Friends.
     I am with the greatest Respect Sir your Excellencys Most Faithful & Obedient Humble Servant

      Edm: Jenings


Title: From John Adams to the President of Congress, No. 25, 1 December 1780
From: Adams, John
To: President of Congress,Huntington, Samuel

     Amsterdam, 1 Dec. 1780. Dupl in John Thaxter’s hand (PCC, No. 84, II, f. 321–324). LbC almost entirely in JQA’s hand (Adams Papers). printed:Wharton, ed., Dipl. Corr. Amer. Rev.Francis Wharton, ed., The Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States, Washington, 1889; 6 vols., 4:176–177.
     This letter, received by Congress on 19 Nov. 1781, contained the order of battle of the combined French and Spanish fleets at Cádiz. The information, probably taken from the Gazette de Leyde of 1 Dec., was copied into the Letterbook by JQA immediately below JA’s brief opening paragraph. It is the first known instance where JQA, acting as his father’s secretary, copies a letter to Congress.


Title: From John Adams to Samuel Cooper, 6 December 1780
From: Adams, John
To: Cooper, Samuel

      Sir
      Amsterdam Decr. 6. 1780

     I have received your very agreable Letter of the 8th of September.
     Nothing could give me more Satisfaction than to learn the peaceable Establishment of the New Constitution. I Sincerely wish Mr. Hancock happy in his important office. Much will depend upon the Wisdom and Firmness of the first Governor, and much upon the Impartiality, and Liberality with which he hearkens to the Advice of Such, as have Abilities and Dispositions to give the best. There are Characters, in the Massachusetts very able, if they draw together, to conduct the State through every Perplexity and Danger: but if any little or great Animosities should estrange them from each other, the Consequences will be disagreable. They may be very pernicious.
     I am impatient to see the Lists of Council, senate, and Assembly. The Attention of Nations is turned to the Massachusetts more than ever. That Commonwealth has a great Trust in its Hands, and I hope will be able to give a good Account of it. It has hitherto answered the highest Expectations.
     Their high mightinesses have at length determined to acceed to the armed Neutrality. The K. of Prussia, will acceed to it. It is believed that his Letters to the Prince of Orange, induced his most serene highness to relax his opposition, because it is Supposed that he had Influence enough to have prevented the Republick from acceeding if he had been determined. At present however, the Dutch are much intimidated. They are afraid of every Thing. But above all Things, of giving Us a Credit.
     As to Peace there is not a Thought nor a Word Spent about it. The War will last Several Years. If America were to seek Peace or even Reconciliation, and even if France would consent that she should, Great Britain would grant her no other Terms than unlimited Submission. Depend upon it, there never was more Malice, or deceit, nor more wicked Designs than that whole Nation entertains against Us at this moment.
     Adieu.


Title: From John Adams to Benjamin Franklin, 6 December 1780
From: Adams, John
To: Franklin, Benjamin

      Sir
      Amsterdam Decr. 6. 1780

     I congratulate you, on the Return of your Health and thank you for the Extract from Dr. Styles, which I have communicated to Mr. Searle and Mr. Dumas as you desired. Shall be happy to See, the detail of Arnolds Conduct.
     As long, as Congress and Courts Martial inflict So gentle Punishments upon flagrant Criminals, and then entrust them with Commands and Employments as if nothing had happened, So long we may expect to see Examples of Treachery, Desertion, and every other Villany. What an Instance of Bravery, and Baseness, this Man has exhibited.
     There is one Measure, however, that would Scatter more Knaves than all the Discipline of the Army, or than all Committees of Enquiry, which ever Sat. It is a civil Action. Let the united States Sue, at common Law, every Man who has abused the publick Confidence, and let a Jury determine. I warrant you, a Jury would turn many a one out of his Chariot, into the Dirt. Arnold was accused of Plunder, or Peculation rather, by the Executive Council of Pensilvania. He ought to have been sued. If he had, he would never have had a Command again.
     There are confused Rumours of Gates’s having obtained Advantages of Cornwallis, but as We have nothing from England for three or four Posts know not their origin, or Credibility.
     It is said in the Papers that M. Rochambeau, is come to Solicit for more Troops. More Troops would do no harm, that I know of, but they are not wanted. All We want is Money and ships. Men We have enough, and willing ones too. Without ships, Troops will do no good at all. Untill the Courts of France and Spain, shall see the Policy and Necessity of keeping a naval superiority in the American Seas, one little rascally Nation, will continue to make Sport of all the Nations of the Earth.
     I have the Honour to be, with great Esteem, sir your most obedient sert

      John Adams


Title: From John Adams to Arthur Lee, 6 December 1780
From: Adams, John
To: Lee, Arthur

      Dear Sir
      Amsterdam Decr. 6. 1780

     Yours from Lebanon 28 Sept. is just come to hand. I wish the Mass. happy in their Governor. It would not have been otherwise, as you Suggest, had an Absent Citizen been at home. Popularity is a Witch. The Gentleman chosen has long been So, to a great degree. The Absent one could Scarcely ever be Said to be so.
     So it has ever been. Objects must be set up for popular Admiration, Confidence, and Affection, and when the Habit is formed, it is impossible to wean it, tho it may become dangerous, or even pernicious. It is So in the freest Governments, and even in the most virtuous. I hope however, in this Instance, We shall do well—and have no Reason to think otherwise. More Penetration, Knowledge, and Steadiness might have been found, perhaps. But the Meaning is good, as I believe.
     I hope that effectual Measures will be taken to support Credit: but I doubt whether our Allies, will Lend us a Million. You know the Difficulty, We always had to get any Money. As to borrowing in Holland, our Credit is not worth a Guinea.
     How can We expect Credit abroad when We have it not at home? It is most assuredly in the Power of the People of America, to pay in Taxes, and lend to the Publick Money for our Necessities. But nobody will lend.
     I have now made Experiments in Person, and I know that Money cannot be borrowed here, altho on my first Arrival I was deceived into an opposite opinion, by People who thought by a few fair Words to get a great deal of Trade. Depend upon it the Friendship for Us in this Country goes no further, than an Inclination after our Commerce.
     As to our being forced to an Accommodation, God forbid. We can gain no Accommodation but unconditional submission. No Propositions the English ever made Us had any Sincerity, or meant any Thing more than to deceive, divide and betray Us. Malice is in all their Thoughts towards Us.
     No Man or Nation in my opinion can do a more fatal Injury to America, or lead her into a more ruinous Error, than by countenancing an opinion, that England will ever give Us Terms. No sir! War We must have and that for many Years, or Slavery without Alloy. My most friendly Respects to your Brothers &c.
     Adieu.


Title: From John Adams to William Lee, 6 December 1780
From: Adams, John
To: Lee, William

      Dear Sir
      Amsterdam Decr. 6th 1780

     Yours of the 29th. Ultimo is before me. Arnold’s Apostacy shews the Necessity of nipping Dishonesty in the Bud. Congress must assume a more decided Authority, and must punish Crimes, and in other Ways do Justice to the Public.
     If Arnold had been sued at Common Law for the Money or Goods of the Public that he had defrauded the Public of, he would never have had another Command. Juries are the Support of Government. Committees and Courts Martial alone will never do. Such Turpitude would disgrace any Highwayman it is true, but We shall see more of it, if Juries are not appealed to.
     I am curious to see, what the Behaviour of Britain will be, in Relation to the Confederated Neutral Powers. I dont know that the Eastern States are more fond of the Conquest of Canada than any other. I have heard nothing of it—indeed all wish Canada a fourteenth State, but none wish a Conquest of any Body but the English in it. This will follow of Course, when the Enemy is driven from the thirteen States. I believe France wishes for it more than any body.
     The Revolt of all the English Colonies, after the Independence of the thirteen States, is most certain. The People will never bear their Government, if they can be admitted into the Confederation. And the Revolt of the British Islands too: but the States would not undertake their Protection perhaps. They would never admit them into the Confederation.
     All these are but Wanderings of Imagination. As You say, our Business at present is, to drive the English out of the thirteen States; and build a Navy I say.

     A Navy is our only Defence—more necessary for Us than for Great Britain. By this alone can We defend a long Coast, and transport Troops from one Place to another. We need not march Armies nine hundred Miles, if We had a Navy.
     Adieu.