Title: From George Washington to John Rumney, Jr., 24 January 1788
From: Washington, George
To: Rumney, John Jr.

Sir,
Mount Vernon January 24th 1788

In answer to your letter of the 22d I can only, in addition to what I have formerly written to you on the subject of the claims on the surplus (if any) of the estate of the deceased Colo. Thomas Colvill, say, that I, who in fact had very little to do in the administration of that Estate previous to the dispute with Great Britain, and nothing during the continuation of it for the nine or ten years that I was absent, have done every thing in my power, since my return home, to bring the accts to a close in some manner or another. To this end I have called upon the Son and Heir of Mr John West (deceased) who was the principal acting Executor of Colo. Colvill—upon the Revd Mr West & Colo. George West his Brothers, the former of whom is, and the latter was (before his death) the Executors of John West—and upon Major Little, the Agent of Lord Tankerville, for all the papers and information that can throw lights on these accts. and such as I have been able to obtain—imperfect indeed they are!—are placed in the hands of a Gentleman of the Law, well acquainted with this kind of business to make a proper digest and arrangement of them, which, when accomplished, will be exhibited in the Court. and then—as I mentioned in a former letter, whatever is right and proper for me to do under the will, agreeable to Law, I shall do with out delay, or hesitation.
It must seem strange to persons not acquainted with the Circumstances, that a matter of this sort should lye in an unfinished state so long. The truth of the case is—that Colo. Thomas Colveil’s

affairs were so blended with his brother John Colvell (to whom he was sole Executor and a Legatee)—and these again so entangled with debts, to the Tankerville family—also with an important sale of land made by Thomas Colvell, as Executor of John Colvell, to John Semple which involved disputes, references &c. and moreover with Law-suits in other cases—all of which together, with more exertion than I believe fell to the lott of Mr West, could not have brought matters to a close before hostilities commenced; and the Courts of Justice were shut; after this, the death of Mr West, and my absence (Mrs Colvell the Executrix of the will being also dead) put an entire stop to this business; and since, the disordered state in which that Gentleman has left his papers—or rather no papers—has occasioned more trouble and vexation to me engrossed as my time is with a multitude of other matters than any private circumstance of my life has ever done to renew and bring this business if possible to a satisfactory issue. However, I am determined that the accounts and disputes shall be liquidated—and the best, or worst known without much more delay; for this purpose I have this day written to the Gentleman who is vested with all the Papers to have them adjusted upon the best ground he can take for the accomplishment of this work. I am &c.

G. Washington


Title: To George Washington from James Keith, 25 January 1788
From: Keith, James
To: Washington, George

Sir
[25 January 1788]

Your man has just delivered me your Favor, desiring to be informed, in what State the papers respecting Colo. Colvills Estate, delivered me to arrange, now stand. I have delayed closing that Buseness to this distant period, hoping to discover some Traces of a Claim, which by Mr Riddles accts Mr West appears to have satisfyed, but for which no account is lodged, among the papers, and to procure a Receipt from Mr Adams for his Claim, which I am inclined to think has been satisfyed by Mr West; I have several times applyed to him to satisfy me in that particular, which he has repeatedly promised but without performing as yet. The first I doubt will never be cleared up, the other I will proceed upon as it now appears, and whenever Mr Adams’s Receipt can be procured it will then become a Credit for Mr West: Neither Capt. West nor the Parson have furnished me with any papers or Information[.] In the course of next week I will wait upon you with the papers—I have them stated from those Lights with which I have been furnished and Information upon the several Points contained in your Letter. I am Sir your most obedt Servt

Ja. Keith


Title: GW to John Fitzgerald and George Gilpin, 27 January 1788 [letter not found]
From: Washington, George
To: Fitzgerald, John,Gilpin, George

Letter not found: GW to John Fitzgerald and George Gilpin, 27 Jan. 1788. Advertised in Goodspeed’s catalog no. 150, item 3140, March-April 1923.


Title: To George Washington from William Irvine, 27 January 1788
From: Irvine, William
To: Washington, George

Sir
New York January 27th 1788

I have been honored with your letter of the 11th instant. I need not tell you how much pleasure it would give me to be able to answer your queries, to your satisfaction, but I am persuaded that no observations short of an actual Survey will enable you to gratify your correspondents abroad—(particularly relative to your 3d querie) with such accuracy as to hazard any thing positively; I will however relate to you such facts, and observations as actually came within my own knowledge, as well as accounts of persons who I think may be confided in.
From a place called Mahoning on the big Beaver to the falls of Cayahoga is about thirty miles; the Country is hilley, tho not Mountainous, the chief is called the Beech ridge in this rout, which is not high, but pretty extensive, being several miles over a flat moist Country on the summit; in some places it inclines to be marshey and the difficulty of travelling is encreased much by the roots of Beech trees with which it is heavily loaded. The Cayahago above the great falls is rapid, rocky, and interrupted by sundry lesser falls, on the branch that heads towards that part of the big Beaver called Mahoning—This account I had from an intelligent person, then at Mahoning who was loading a Sloop with flour at the mouth of Cayahoga for Detroit; he added that an old Indian assured him it was not more than 15 miles from Mahoning to a navigable Creek, a few miles East of Cayahoga—that he had employed the Indian to blaise a road, and intended when that was done to explore the Country himself—I presume however this service was not performed, as this gentlemans Men & Horses were soon after killed and his store house burned by the Savages.
Captain Brady, a Partizan officer, says that the sources of the big Beaver, Muskingum, and a large deep Creek which empties

into Lake Erie, 15 or 20 miles above Cayahoga, are within a very few miles of each other, (perhaps four or five) and that the Country is level. Several other persons of considerable credibility and information, have assured me the portage between Muskingum, and the Waters falling into the Lake, in wet seasons—do not exceed 15 miles—some say two miles, but I believe the first is the safest to credit.
At Mahoning, and for many miles above and below, I found the general course of the Beaver to be East & West, from which I concluded this place to be the nearest to the main branch of Cayahoga—and on comparing the sundry accounts I am led to think, that, the shortest communication between the Waters of Beaver, Muskingum, and Lake Erie, will be found to lie East and west of Cayahoga. I have also been informed by a young gentleman of veracity, that the sources of the grand River (laid down in Hutchins’s map) and a branch of Beaver which falls into Big Beaver, called Shinango, are not more than twelve miles apart—the Country hilley—I know this to be a fine Boatable str[e]am its confluence with the Big Beaver about 20 miles from the Ohio. I droped down the Beaver from Mohoning to the great fall about seven miles from the Ohio, in a Canoe on the first of July without any difficulty—it is true that at this season when all the western waters are remarkably low, some small riffles appear—but nothing to cause any material obstruction—The great falls appear at first view impracticable, at low water; indeed too tremendous, at any season, notwithstanding it has been passed at all seasons—I met two Men in a flat Boat a few miles above, who had carried their Cargo half a mile on shore and then warped up the empty Boat—they set with poles the rest of the way to Mahoning—This Boat carried about a ton and a half—but at some seasons there will undoubtedly be water sufficient for Boats with five tons in—Canoe’s tis said have ascended 25 miles higher than Mahoning, which must certainly be very near one branch of Muskingum—as it continues a westerly course—and this most Easterly branch of that River, it is agreed by all who have been in that quarter approaches very near to waters falling into Lake Erie—all agree likewise that the Rivers north of the dividing ridge are deep and smooth the Country being flat, particularly those, west of the Cayahoga—Following the Indian path, which generally keeps in the low ground, along

the River, the distance from the mouth of Big Beaver to Mahoning is 50 miles, which with the 30 computed from thence to Cayahog makes 80. but I am certain a much better road will be found by keeping along the high grounds which divide the waters of the big, and little Beaver, and the distance shortened at least 20 miles—but this digression I must beg your pardon for—to your 4th querie I flatter myself I shall be able to afford you more satisfaction, as I think I can point out a more practicable and easy Communication by which the articles of trade you mention, can be transported from Lake Erie, to the Ohio, than any other hitherto mentioned—at least untill Canals are cut—This is by a branch of the Alegheny, which is navigable, by Boats of considerable burden to within 8 miles of Lake Erie—I examined the greatest part of this communication myself, and such as I did not, was before and subsequent to my being there, by persons whose account can scarce be doubted. From Fort Pitt to Venango by land on the Indian, & French, path is computed to be 90 miles—by water it is said to be at least a third more; but as you know the Country so far, I will forbear giving any account of it—but proceed to inform you that I set out from Vinango and traveled, by land, tho frequently, on the ⟨beach⟩ or within high water mark—(the Country in many places being almost impracticable for a Horse) to the Confluence of a branch or Creek called Caniwagoo, about 65 miles from French Creek—the general course of the River between these two Creeks is North East—the course of Caniwagoo is very near due north—it is upwards of 100 yards wide 30 miles up from the mouth to a fork—deep and not very rapid—to this fork the navigation is rather better from Vinango, than from thence to Fort Pitt.
I traveled about 25 miles a day, two Indians pushed a large Canoe loaded, and encamped with me every night, as the River is crooked I think it must have been near 40 miles by water[.] One fork of the Caniwago continues a north direction about 7 miles to a beautifull Lake, this Lake is noticed in Hutchins map by the name Lake Jadaque, but is badly executed—it extends by the best information I could obtain, to within 9 miles of Lake Erie—is from one quarter to two miles broad, and deep enough—I was taken sick which prevented my intended Journey to Lake Erie; The following account I had from an Indian Chief of the Seneca tribe—as well as from a white Man named

Mathews, of Virginia, who says he was taken by the Indians at the Canhawa in the year 1777, he has lived with the Indians since that time; as far as I could Judge he appeared to be well acquainted with this part of the Country—I employed him on this tour as interpreter—That from the upper end of Jadaque Lake, to Lake Erie, is not more than 9 miles along the path, or road, for they with great confidence assured me that there was formerly a Carriage road between the two Lakes—The Indian related this, that he was about fourteen years old when the French first went to establish a post at Fort Pitt—That he accompanied an Uncle of his a Chief warior, who attended the French on that occasion, that the head of Lake Jadaque was the spot the Detachment embarked at; that they fell down all the way to Fort Pitt without obstruction—in large Canoes, with Artillery, Stores, provision &ca—he added that French Creek was made the communication afterward—for what reason he could not tell—but always wondered at it as he expressed himself, knowing this other to be so much better—This Seneca also related a number of circumstances to corroberate, and convince me of the truth of his account—among which the most remarkable are—That he was constan[t]ly employed by the British last war in this quarter had the rank of Captain—that he Commanded the party who were defeated up the Aligheny by Col. Broadhead—That in the year 1782 a Detachment composed of 300 British and 500 Indians were formed, and actually embarked in Canoes on Lake Jadaque—with 12 pieces of Artillery, with an avowed intention to attack Fort Pitt—this Expedition he says was laid aside occasioned by reports of the repair & strength of the place, carried by a person from the neighborhood of the Fort—They then contented themselves with, the usual mode of sending small partys on the frontiers, one of whom burned Hannas town. I recollect very well that in august 1782 we picked up a number of Canoes which drifted down the River—and I received repeated accounts in June & July—as well from friendly Indians, who I employed as from a Canadian who Deserted to me, of this armament, but I never knew with precision, before this account, of the spot of formation—Both the Seneca and Mathews wanted to conduct me as farther proof of their veracity—to where an Iron four pounder lies on the bank of Jadaque Lake—which the Indian says was left there by the French—Major Finley,

who has been in that Country since I was, informs me he saw the Gun—Mathews wished me much to explore the East fork of Caniwagoo—but the reason already mentioned prevented me—his Account is—that it is navigable about 40 miles up from the Junction with the north or west branch, it suddenly terminates in a Swamp—which is half a mile wide—that on the north side of this swamp a very large Creek has its source, called Cateraque, which falls into Lake Erie about 40 miles from the head, that he has three several times been of a party—who went up the one & down the other, carrying the Canoe over the swamp only—he added that Cateraque waters much the finest Country between Niagara and Presque Isle.
A letter has been lately published in a Philadelphia News paper, written by one of the Gentlemen who was employed last summer in running a boundary line between New York and Pennsylvania, which I think supports the foregoing accounts very much—his words are as near as I can recollect “We pushed up a large branch of the Alegheny called Caniwango, to a beautifull Lake called Chataghque—(so he spells the names) which is from one half mile to three or four broad, and upwards of twenty long; the Country is level and land good to a great extent on both sides. we ascended the dividing ridge between this and Lake Erie, from this place a most delightfull prospect was open to us[”]—here he dwells on the scene and future prospects of grandeure &ca not to the present purpose; but concludes by saying that in his opinion “the waters of Lake Erie can not be brought to the Ohio as the summit of the dividing ridge is 70 feet higher than that Lake but we continued along the common path to Lake Erie which is only nine miles though the path is crooked—a good waggon road may be made which will not exceed seven miles as the hill is not steep.[”] This gentleman has overlooked the Eastern branch, which is extraordinary if his view was to find out a communication as there is very little difference in the size of the two at the Junction—I suppose the Commissioners have reported to the Executives of New york & Pennsylvania—which I doubt not I can have access to. If I find any thing more particular than what is herein mentioned, I will inform you.
I am sorry this detail has been spun out to such length, as I doubt will rather weary than afford you real satisfaction, but being

obliged to blend other persons information with what came within my own knowledge, rendered it in some degree unavoidable—I have the honor to be with the greatest respect, Sir Your Excellencys Most obedient Humble Servant

Wm Irvine


Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Lincoln, 27 January 1788
From: Lincoln, Benjamin
To: Washington, George

My dear General
Boston Jany 27th 1788

I have the pleasure of enclosend two news papers in which are the debates of the convention to Saturday the 19th—they are not forward enough to give your Excellency a just state of the business I therefore am inclined to observe that yesterday we were on the 9th sect.—The oposition seem now inclined to hurry over the business and bring on as soon as possible the main question—however this they are not permitted to do it is pretty well known what objections are on the minds of the people—it becomes therefore necessary to obviate them if possible—we have hither to done this with success the oposition see it and are alarmed for there are a vast many people attending in the galleries (we now assemble in one of our meeting houses) and most of the arguments are published in the papers both are of use.
Your Excellency will see in the paper propositions for adopting the constitution on conditions, this will not be attended to—It is possible if we adopt it absolutely that the convention may recommend certain amendments—It will never I presume be adopted on any conditions, It will pass absolutely or be rejected. I have now higher expectations that it will pass than when I last wrote I think the friends to it increase daily, however I would not raise your Excellencys expectations to high—it is yet impossible to determine absolutely its fate.
Mr Gerry as mentioned in my last left the convention in dugeons he has not since returned to it I presume he will not return.

With the highest esteem I have the honor of being my Dear Genl your most obedient servant

B. Lincoln


Title: To George Washington from Chartier de Lotbinière, 27 January 1788
From: Chartier de Lotbinière, Michel, marquis de
To: Washington, George

Sir,
New York 27 Jany 1788

Immediately upon my return from Philadelphia I was seized with the tertian ague which was so violent in its first attacks that I still feel the effects of it—This has hitherto prevented me from giving you, by letter, some proof of my acknowledgements for the kind attention with which your Excellency honored me for the short time I was with you—But I should first have offered you the compliments of the season by wishing that you may have all the success & happiness which you deserve.
You have already learnt, Sir, & with the same satisfaction that I have, that his Britanic Majesty has been obliged to restrain (I judge for near a year & perhaps more) the resentment which he has felt against his most Christian Majesty ever since your independence, by the firm & manly answer which the Archbishop of Toulouse ordered to be given to his minister by the Ct de Mountmorin to the artful & impudent requisition made on the part of his master.
You see at the same time, into the conduct of our good King whom the safety of the United Provences had equally engaged, & how happy they were, amidst all the furious & violent measures which were taken against them, to have an ally so exact & generous as he is. & what flatters me more than anything else in the event of this business is, that it has given time to your States to unite themselves firmly under the wise Constitution which you have presented to them: And by speaking you would find him ready to disengage you very quickly by some severe examples of those troops of Spies scattered about here by half dozens upon the arrival of every British Packet, whose sole occupation

is to foment divisions & spread confusion—and give an account of the success to their chief in their Country—who are, in my opinion the only enemies whom you have to fear, & whom you may no longer dread when you have arranged yourselves under a constitution sufficiently energetic.
I have with me here at present, a young man of 13 years & two months old of the same name & family as myself but of the Branch of Allainville seperated from our’s about three centuries ago who is deficient neither in information nor abilities suitable to his birth. I will not hide it from your Excellency, that seeing my only son without Children & without a prospect of having any by his present wife, my views are to perpetuate my branch (which is the oldest in France) by his means, in case my only son of our branch dies without issue; and my design is, in the first place, to fix this young shoot in your States. I placed him, soon after my arrival here at an Acadamy at Flat Bush on Long Island, chiefly with a view for him to learn English & to be instructed in writing—He has begun his studies & speaks English well enough to enter into common conversation. When I find him properly formed, I shall have the honor to offer him to you (that you may, if you have occasion, make him one of your aid de Camps, as his ruling passion is military) and I will venture to foretell that he will not be long with you before he will merit the honor of your protection, and under a master such as you, sir, he will soon display a sufficiency of genius to render him remarkable.
Altho I have not yet had the honor to be known to Madam Washington, I dare flatter myself that you will not object to presenting my himble respects to her & with this sentiment joined to that of the most lively attachment, I have the honor to be Yr Excellency’s Most Hbe & Obedt Servt

le Mis de Chartier de Lottiniere


Title: To George Washington from John Lathrop, 28 January 1788
From: Lathrop, John
To: Washington, George

Sir,
Boston 28 Jany 1788

Our worthy an amiable friend General Linclon asked me the other day, whether I had sent one of my Discourses ⟨de⟩livered before the Humane Society to General Washington, I told him I had not, and indeed the reason I had not was, that I had not confidence enough in its merit, to think it worth sending so far. But as Genral Linclon assurd me Your excellency wished to see every thing of the kind publishd in America, and that he would take the trouble of sending it, I will ask your acceptance of one of those Discourses for your self, and one for any friend to whom you may please to give it.
I also take the liberty to Send a Discourse deliverd on the Peace. ⟨I⟩ felt myself greatly interested in the events of the w⟨ar I⟩ never enjoyed a more happy Day than that which ⟨brough⟩t peace, with innumerable Blessings. With ev⟨ery s⟩entiment of respect ⟨I⟩ beg leave to Subscribe myself Your Excellency’s most obedient & humbe Servt

John Lathrop


Title: To George Washington from James Madison, 28 January 1788
From: Madison, James
To: Washington, George

Dear Sir
New York Jany 28. 1788

The information which I have by the Eastern mail rather increases than removes the anxiety produced by the last. I give it to you as I have recd it in the words of Mr King.

Boston 20 Jany 88
“Our Convention proceeds slowly. An apprehension that the liberties of the people are in danger, and a distrust of men of property or education have a more powerful effect upon the minds of our opponents than any specific objections against the Constitution. If the opposition was grounded on any precise points, I am persuaded that it might be weakened, if not entirely overcome. But every attempt to remove their fixed and violent jealousy seems hitherto to operate as a confirmation of that baneful passion. The opponents affirm to each other that they have an unalterable majority on their side. The friends doubt the strength of their adversaries but are not entirely confident of their own. An event has taken place relative to Mr Gerry, which without great caution may throw us into confusion. I informed you by the last post on what terms Mr Gerry took a Seat in the Convention. Yesterday in the course of debate on the Construction of the Senate, Mr G. unasked, informed the Convention that he had some information to give the Convention on the subject

then under discussion. Mr Dana and a number of the most respectable members, remarked upon the impropriety of Mr G—s conduct. Mr G. rose with a view to justify himself. He was immediately prevented by a number of objectors. This brought on an irregular conversation whether Mr G. should be heard. The Hour of adjournment arrived and the President adjourned the House. Mr Gerry immediately charged Mr Dana with a design of injuring his reputation by partial information, and preventing his having an opportunity to communicate important truths to the Convention. This charge drew a warm reply from Mr Dana. The members collected about them, took sides as they were for or against the Constitution, and we were in danger of the utmost confusion—However the gentlemen separated, and I suppose tomorrow morning will renew the discussion before the Convention. I shall be better able to conjecture the final issue by next post.”

There are other letters of the same date from other gentlemen on the spot which exhibit rather a more favorable prospect. Some of them I am told are even flattering. Accounts will always vary in such cases, because they must be founded on different opportunities of remarking the general complexion; where they take no tincture from the opinions or temper of the writer. I remain Dear Sir with the Most perfect esteem & attachment Your Obedt servt

Js Madison Jr


Title: From George Washington to Benjamin Lincoln, 31 January 1788
From: Washington, George
To: Lincoln, Benjamin

My dear Sir,
Mount Vernon Jany 31st 1788

Your favor of the 9th instt came to hand last evening. As you know what ever concerns your happiness & welfare cannot be indifferent to me, you will very readily believe me when I assure you, that I take a feeling part in your anxiety and distress on account of your Son, and most sincerely wish for his recovery.
I thank you, my dear Sir, for your observations upon the advantages

which might accrue from a Settlement of the Eastern parts of your State—&ca. And also for the information contained in your letter. I am very sorry to find that there is like to be so powerful an opposition to the adoption of the proposed plan of Government with you; and I am entirely of your opinion that the business of the Convention should be conducted with moderation, candor & fairness (which are not incompatible with firmness) for altho’ as you justly observe, the friends of the New system may bear down the opposition, yet they would never be able, by precipitate or violent measures, to sooth and reconcile their minds to the exercise of the Government; which is a matter that ought as much as possible to be kept in view, & temper their proceedings.
What will be the fate of the Constitution in this State is impossible to tell at a period so far distant from the meeting of the Convention; my private opinion of the matter however is, that it will certainly be adopted; There is no question however but the decision of other States will have great influence here; particularly of one so respectable as Massachusetts.
You have undoubtedly seen my sentiments upon the Constitution in an extract of a letter written by me to a Gentleman in Fredericksburgh, which I find has circulated pretty generally through the Papers. I had not the most distant idea of its ever appearing before the public, for altho’ I have not the least wish or desire to conceal my sentiments upon the subject from any person living, yet, as the letter containing the paragraph alluded to was written upon several other matters quite foreign to this, & intended only for that Gentleman’s own inspection, I did not attend to the manner of expressing my ideas, or dress them in the language I should have done, if I had had the smallest suspicion of their ever coming to the public eye—through that Channel.
I feel myself much obliged by your promise to inform me of whatever transpires in your Convention worthy of attention, and assure you that it will be gratefully received. With the sincerest regard and the most ardent desire in which Mrs Washington joins me—that your distresses may be removed by the recovery of your Son I am My dear Sir, with great regard Yr Most Obedt Hble Servt

Go. Washington


Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Tasker Dulany, 1 February 1788
From: Dulany, Benjamin Tasker
To: Washington, George

Dear General
Springhill Feby 1st 1788

Nothing but the inclemency of the Weather has prevented my going to Maryland for your Rent, and can assure you I have no other apology to make.
As soon as I can cross the potomac you may rely on my going to Maryland, and immediately waiting on you on my return with your Rent, in the mean time Mrs French will rest satisfied—With respectful Compliments to Mrs Washington I am Dear Genl with true esteem Your Obedt servt

Benjn Dulany


Title: To George Washington from James Madison, 1 February 1788
From: Madison, James
To: Washington, George

Dear Sir
N. York Feby 1. 1788

The Eastern Mail which arrived yesterday brought me a letter from Mr King, of which a copy follows. “Our prospects are gloomy, but hope is not entirely extinguished. Gerry has not returned to the Convention, and I think will not again be invited. We are now thinking of Amendments to be submitted not

as a condition of our assent & ratification, but as the Opinion of the Convention subjoined to their ratification. This scheme may gain a few members but the issue is doubtful.”
In this case as in the last Mr King’s information is accompanied with letters from other persons on the spot which dwell more on the favorable side of the prospect. His anxiety on the subject may give a greater activity to his fears than to his hopes; and he would naturally lean to the cautious side. These circumstances encourage me to put as favorable a construction on his letter as it will bear.
A vessel is arrived here from Charlestown which brings letters that speak with confidence of an adoption of the fœdl Government in that State; and make it very probable that Georgia had actually adopted it. Some letters on the subject from N. Carolina speak a very equivocal language as to the prospect there.
The French Packet arrived yesterday. As she has been out since early in November little news can be expected by her. I have not yet got my letters if there be any for me and I have heard the contents of no others. I remain Dr Sir with the utmost respect & attachment Yr Affte servt

Js Madison Jr


Title: To George Washington from John Fowler, 2 February 1788 [letter not found]
From: Fowler, John
To: Washington, George

Letter not found: from John Fowler, 2 Feb. 1788. GW wrote Fowler on 2 Feb.: “I have received your letter of to day.”


Title: From George Washington to John Fowler, 2 February 1788
From: Washington, George
To: Fowler, John

Sir,
Mount Vernon February 2d 1788

I have received your letter of to day, and in answer to it must inform you that I have no inclination to purchace the Negro fellow which you mention as I have already as many Slaves as I wish, and I cannot engage to give another, or others in exchange for him, because I do not think, it would be agreeable to their inclinations to leave their Connexions here, and it is inconsistent with my feelings to compel them. I did agree to take him from Mr Robt Alexander but it was in part payment of a debt which

he owed me & upon any other consideration I would not receive him. I am &c.

G. Washington


Title: From George Washington to Burwell Bassett, Jr., 3 February 1788
From: Washington, George
To: Bassett, Burwell Jr.

Dear Sir,
Mount Vernon February 3d 1788

Mr Dandridge for reasons which he can better explain to you than I, have requested that the enclosed Bonds may be put in Suit. I beg it may be done accordingly.
Upon so great a change as has lately taken place in your career of life I ought, possibly to have begun this letter with compliments of congratulation but as they are not less sincere on account of there being made the second Paragraph of the epistle you will please to accept and present them to your lady the manner which will be most pleasing to you both In doing which includ your Aunts.
It is unnecessary, I hope, for me to add that whenever, and at all times, that you & Mrs Bassett can find inclination and leizure to visit your friends at Mount Vernon we shall be happy to see you at it. I am &c.

Go. Washington

P.S. Inform me by the first Post after this letter is received of its safe arrival that I m[a]y be relieved from any apprehension of its miscarriage.


Title: To George Washington from Clement Biddle, 3 February 1788 [letter not found]
From: Biddle, Clement
To: Washington, George

Letter not found: from Clement Biddle, 3 Feb. 1788. On 5 Mar. GW wrote Biddle: “In your letter of the 3d of February....”


Title: To George Washington from John Jay, 3 February 1788
From: Jay, John
To: Washington, George

Dear Sir
New York 3d Feby 1788

an English Gentleman having been so obliging as to procure for me some Rhubard Seed which, from his account of it, there is Reason to believe is of the best kind, I take the Liberty of sending you a little Parcel of it—If the seed prove good you

will soon be able to determine whether it will flourish in your climate, & in what Soil & Situation best.
It is a prevailing and I believe a just opinion that our Country would do well to encourage the breeding of mules; but the Difficulty of obtaining good male Asses, as yet much retards it. as you have one of the best kind, would it not be useful to put him to some of the best females now in the Country; and by that means obtain at least a tolerable Breed of asses? The few that I have seen are indeed very small, and it is to be wished that two or three Females of the largest Size could be imported; for we might then have from Yours, as good a Race of those animals as any in the world.
our Legislature has agreed to call a Convention—the opponents to the proposed Constitution are nevertheless numerous & indefatigable; but as the Ballance of abilities and Property is against them, it is reasonable to expect that they will lose ground as the People become better informed: I am therefore inclined to think that the Constitution will be adopted in this State; especially if our Eastern neighbours should generally come into the Measure—our accounts, or rather Calculations from Massachusetts are favorable, but not decisive.
Your favor of the 20th Ult. was delivered to me this morning. The Letters which accompanied it, shall be conveyed by the most early & proper opportunities that may offer. are you apprized that all American Letters, and indeed most others, which pass thro’ the french Post office are opened! so is the fact—while in that Country I never recd a single one from the office that did not bear marks of Inspection.
The influence of Massachusetts on the one Hand, and of Virginia on the other, renders their Conduct on the present occasion, very interesting—I am happy that we have as yet no Reason to despair of either. Connecticut has acceded, and the Gazettes tell us that Georgia has done the same. A few months more will decide all Questions respecting the adoption of the proposed Constitution. I sincerely wish it may take Place, tho’ less from an Idea that it will fully realize the sanguine Expectations of many of its Friends, than because it establishes some great Points, and smooths the Way for a System more adequate to our national objects. Its Reputation & Success will I think greatly depend on the manner in which it may at first be organized

and administred—but on this head we have no Reason to despond.
Mrs Jay’s Health which was a little deranged by her too kind attendance on me while sick, is again pretty well established—For my own Part I have much Reason to be thankful, for altho a constant pain in my left Side continues to give me some, but no great Trouble, yet I am happy that my long and severe Illness has left me nothing more to complain of—we are both obliged by your kind attention, & assure you & Mrs Washington of our best wishes—I am with the greatest Respect & Esteem Dear Sir Your affectionate & hble Servt

John Jay


Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Lincoln, 3 February 1788
From: Lincoln, Benjamin
To: Washington, George

My dear General,
Boston Feby 3 1788

Your Excellency will find by the papers of yesterday, which I do myself the pleasure to inclose, that the Governour has taken his seat as President of the Convention and that he came forward with a motion for the adoption of the constitution and sub joined a recommendation that some alterations may take place in it; The motion has taken up a considerable time; those in the opposition want the constitution to be accepted upon condition that the alterations be made; this they will not be able to carry—Yesterday noon, a motion was made that the motion under consideration should be committed. This was agreed to, and a large Committee was raised, consisting of two members from each of the large Counties, and of one for two small ones. It was also agreed that each County should nominate their own members & that they should take one who had given his opinion for, and one who had given his opinion against the constitution, in each County wherein two were chosen; I expect they will report tomorrow afternoon to which time convention stands adjourned. I hope Good will arise from the measure & that the main question will be taken by Wednesday next. The Gentlemen in the opposition urge that the Governour’s motion ought to be divided, and that the first question be taken simply “whether they

will or will not accept the constitution”; They are opposed in this, and I hope the large Committee will adjust the matter and put an end to any further dispute upon the question.
We find ourselves exceedingly embarrass’d by the temper which raged the last winter in some of the Counties. Many of the insurgents are in Convention, (even some of Shay’s Officers.) a great proportion of those men are high in the opposition. We could hardly expect any thing else, nor could we I think, justly suppose that those men who were so lately intoxicated with large draughts of liberty, and who were thirsting for more would in so short a time submit to a constitution, which would further take up the reins of government, which in their opinion were too strait before; I hope people abroad will consider this matter and make proper allowances for a clog of this kind—I think the constitution will pass. I have the honor of being my dear General with perfect Esteem yr Excellency’s most obedt Servt

B. Lincoln


Title: To George Washington from Samuel Griffin, 4 February 1788
From: Griffin, Samuel
To: Washington, George

Sir—
WilliamsBurg 4th February 1788

As Rector of the Visitors, & Governors, of William and Mary College, for the present year—I do myself the Honor to inclose

you a Copy of a Resolution which passed at the last Convocation, And I am directed by the Convocation, to assure you, that your acceptance of the appointment, will be esteemed of the highest honor confered on them. should you wish to be possessd of one of the Books which contains the Charter, & Statutes, and which Authorises the appointment of a Chancellor, I will with the greatest pleasure forward one by the first safe conveyance. I have the Honor to be with the greatest respect & esteem Sir Your Friend & most Obedt Servt

Saml Griffin


Title: From George Washington to Henry Knox, 5 February 1788
From: Washington, George
To: Knox, Henry

My dear Sir,
Mount Vernon 5th Feby 1788.

Soon after my last was dispatched to you, I was favoured with the receipt of your letter of the 14th Ult.; by which, and other accts of more recent date, I am sorry to find that the important question under deliberation in Massachusetts, stands on such precarious ground. The decision of that State will, unquestionably, have considerable influence on those which are to follow; especially on the one in which you now are; at the sametime that an unfavourable issue, will strengthen the cords of dissention in others, which have already decided.
What may be the final determination on this Subject in Virginia, is more, I believe, than any man can say with precision. Every one, with whom you converse, delivers his own sentiment as the sentiments of the State; whilst there is no just criterian that I know of, to form a decided judgment. My own opinion of the matter is, as I observed to you in my last, that it will certainly be received; but, for the reasons then assigned, I may be mistaken; not having been from home ten miles (my journey up the river being prevented by bad weather & a slight indisposition) since I returned from Philadelphia, and from not having seen many beyond that circle, except travellers & strangers, whose means of information is too often defective to be relied on.
The poor Patriots of Holland, must either have been greatly decieved, or they have acted from weakness & precipitency. The first, I conceive to be the case—& the peculiar situation of the affairs of France—perhaps too, divisions among themselves, will acct for it. Be this as it may, their case is pitiable.
The Navigation of this river has been stopped for near five weeks—at this moment we are locked fast by Ice—and the air of this day is amongst the keenest I ever recollect to have felt. Mrs Washington joins me in every good wish for you & Mrs Knox—and I am My dear Sir, Yr Sincere frd & Affece Servt

Go: Washington

P.S. Pray, if it is not a secret, who is the author, or authors of Publius?


Title: From George Washington to James Madison, 5 February 1788
From: Washington, George
To: Madison, James

My dear Sir,
Mount Vernon Feby 5th 1788.

I am indebted to you for several of your favors, and thank you for their enclosures. The rumours of War between France and England have subsided; and the poor Patriots of Holland, it seems, are left to fight their own Battles or negotiate—in neither case with any great prospect of advantage—They must have been deceived, or their conduct has been divided, precip-[it]ant, & weak—the former, with some blunders, have, I conceive, been the causes of their misfortunes.
I am sorry to find by yours, and other accts from Massachusetts, that the decision of its Convention (at the time of their dates) remained problematical. A rejection of the New form by that State will envigorate the opposition, not only in New York, but in all those which are to follow; at the sametime that it will afford materials for the Minority in such as have adopted it, to blow the Trumpet of discord more loudly. The acceptance by a bare majority, tho’ preferable to rejection, is also to be depricated.
It is scarcely possible to form any decided opinion of the general sentiment of the people of this State, on this important subject. Many have asked me with anxious sollicitude, if you did not mean to get into the Convention; conceiving it of indispensable necessity. Colo. Mason, who returned here only yesterday, has offered himself, I am told, for the County of Stafford; and his friends add, he can be elected not only there, but for Prince William & Fauquier also. The truth of this I know not. I rarely go from home and my visitors who for the most part are travellers and strangers, have not the least information.
At the time you suggested for my consideration, the expediency of a communication of my sentiments on the proposed Constitution, to any corrispondent I might have in Massachusetts, it did not occur to me that Genl Lincoln & myself frequently interchanged letters—much less did I expect that a

hasty, and indigested extract of one which I had written—intermixed with a variety of other matter to Colo. Chas Carter, in answer to a letter I had received from him respecting Wolf dogs—Wolves—Sheep—experiments in Farming &ca &ca &ca—was then in the press, and would bring these sentiments to public view by means of the extensive circulation I find that extract has had. Altho’ I never have concealed, and am perfectly regardless who becomes acquainted with my sentiments on the proposed Constitution, yet nevertheless, as no care had been taken to dress the ideas, nor any reasons assigned in support of my opinion, I felt myself hurt by the publication; and informed my friend the Colonel of it. In answer, he has fully exculpated himself from the intention, but his zeal in the cause prompted him to distribute copies, under a prohibition (which was disregarded) that they should not go to the press. As you have seen the rude, or crude extract (as you may please to term it) I will add no more on the subject.
Perceiving that the Fœderalist, under the signature of Publius, is about to be republished, I would thank you for forwarding to me three or four Copies; one of which to be neatly bound, and inform me of the cost.
Altho’ we have not had many, or deep Snows since the commencement of them, yet we have had a very severe Winter; and if the cold of this day is proportionably keen with you, a warm room, & a good fire will be found no bad, or uncomfortable antidote to it. With sentiments of perfect esteem and friendship I am—Dear Sir Yr Affecte & Obedt Servt

Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Jonathan Trumbull, Jr., 5 February 1788
From: Washington, George
To: Trumbull, Jonathan Jr.

My dear Sir,
Mount Vernon February 5th 1788

I thank you for your obliging favor of the 9th Ulto which came duly to hand, & congratulate with you on the adoption of the new Constitution in your State by so decided a Majority and so

many respectable Characters. I wish for the same good tidings from Massachusetts but the accts from thence are not so favourable—The decision, it is even said, is problematical; arising, as I believe 9/10th of the opposition does, from local circumstances and sinister views, The result of the deliberations in that State will have considerable inf[l]uence on those which are to follow—especially in that of New York where I fancy the opposition to the form will be greatest.
Altho’ an inhabitant of this State, I cannot speak with decision on the publick sentiment of it with respect to the proposed Constitution—my private opinion however of the matter is, that it will certainly be received but in this opinion I may be mistaken. I have not been ten miles from home since my return to it from Philadelphia—I see few who do not live within that circle, except Travellers and strangers and these form opinions upon too slight ground to be relied on—The opponants of the Constitution are indefatigable in frabricating and circulating papers, reports &c. to its prejudice whilst the friends generally content themselves with the goodness of the cause and the necessity for its adoption suppose it wants no other support.
Mrs Washington, and others of this family with whom you are acquainted (among which is Colo. Humphrees) Join me in every good wish for you Mrs Trumbull and family and with sentiments of the sincerest regard and friendship I am Dear Sir—Yr Affect. & very Hble Sert

Go. Washington


Title: To George Washington from Rufus King, 6 February 1788
From: King, Rufus
To: Washington, George

Sir
Boston 6 Feb. 1788

Our convention this day ratified the constitution 187 affirmatives 168 negatives the majority although small are very respectable, and the minority in addition to great Temper & moderation, publickly declare that the Discussion has been fair & candid, and that the majority having decided in favor of the constitution, they will devote their Lives & Fortunes to support the

Government—with perfect respect I have the Honor to be Sir your obt Hble Servt

Rufus King


Title: From George Washington to Lafayette, 7 February 1788
From: Washington, George
To: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de

My dear Marqs,
Mount Vernon February 7th 1788

You know it always gives me the sincerest pleasure to hear from you, my dear Marquis, and therefore I need only say that your two kind letters of the 9th & 15th of Octr so replete with personal affection and confidential intelligence, afforded me inexpressible satisfaction. I shall myself be happy in forming an acquaintance and culivating a friendship with the new Minister Plenipotentiary of France, whom you have commended as “a sensible & honest man”—these are qualities too rare & too precious not to merit on[e]’s particular esteem—you may be persuaded he will be well received by the Congress of the United States, because they will not only be influenced in their conduct by his individual merits, but also by their affection for the nation of whose Sovereign he is the Representative. For it is an undoubted fact, that the People of America entertain a greateful remembrance of past services as well as a favourable disposition for commercial and friendly connections with your Nation.
You appear to be, as might be expected from a real friend to this Country, anxiously concerned about its present political situation. So far as I am able I shall be happy in gratifying that friendly solicitude. As to my sentiments with respect to the merits of the new Constitution, I will disclose them without reserve (although by passing through the Post offices they should become known to all the world) for, in truth, I have nothing to conceal on that subject. It appears to me, then, little short of a miracle, that the Delegates from so many different States (which States you know are also different from each other in their manners, circumstances and prejudieces) should unite in forming a system of national Government, so little liable to well founded objections. Nor am I yet such an enthusiastic, partial or undiscriminating admirer of it, as not to prerceive it is tinctured with some real (though not radical) defects. The limits of a letter would not suffer me to go fully into an examination of them; nor would the discussion be entertaining or profitable, I therefore forbear to touch upon it. With regard to the two great points (the pivots on which the whole machine must move) my Creed is simply:
1st That the general Government is not invested with more Powers than are indispensably necessary to perform [the] functions

of a good Government; and, consequently, that no objection ought to be made against the quantity of Power delegated to it.
2ly That these Powers (as the appointment of all Rulers will forever arise from, and, at short stated intervals, recur to the free suffrage of the People) are so distributed among the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial Branches, into which the general Government is arranged, that it can never be in danger of degenerating into a monarcchy, an Oligarchy, an Aristocracy, or any other despotic or oppressive form; so long as there shall remain any virtue in the body of the People.
I would not be understood my dear Marquis to speak of consequences which may be produced, in the revolution of ages, by corruption of morals, profligacy of manners, and listlessness for the preservation of the natural and unalienable rights of mankind; nor of the successful usurpations that may be established at such an unpropitious Juncture, upon the ruins of liberty, however providently guarded and secured, as these are contingencies against which no human prudence can iffectually provide. It will at least be a recommendation to the proposed Constitution that it is provided with more checks and barriers against the introduction of Tyranny, & those of a nature less liable to be surmounted, than any Government hitherto instituted among mortals, hath possessed. we are not to expect perfection in this world: but mankind, in modern times, have apparently made some progress in the science of Government. Should that which is now offered to the People of America, be found an experiment less perfect than it can be made—a Constitutional door is left open for its amelioration. Some respectable characters have wished that the States, after having pointed out whatever alterations and amendments may be judged necessary, would appoint another federal Co[n]vention to modify it upon these documents. For myself I have wondered that sensible men should not see the impracticability of the scheme. The members would go fortified with such Instructions that nothing but discordant ideas could prevail. Had I but slightly suspected (at the time when the late Convention was in session) that another Convention would not be likely to agree upon a better form of Government, I should now be confirmed in the fixed belief that they would not be able to agree upon any System whatever: So many,

I may add, such contradictory, and, in my opinion, unfounded objections have been urged against the System in contemplation; many of which would operate equally against every efficient Government that might be proposed. I will only add, as a farther opinion founded on the maturest deliberation, that there is no alternative—no hope of alteration—no intermediate resting place—between the adoption of this and a recurrence to an unqualified state of Anarchy, with all its deplorable consequences.
Since I had the pleasure of writing to you last, no material alteration in the political State of affairs has taken place to change the prospect of the Constitution’s being adopted by nine States or more. Pennsylvania, Delaware, Jersey and Connecticut have already done it. It is also said Georgia has aceeded. Massachusetts, which is perhaps thought to be rather more doubtful than when I last addressed you, is now in Convention.
A spirit of emigration to the western Country is very predominant. Congress have sold, in the year past, a pretty large quantity of lands on the Ohio, for public Securities, and thereby diminished the domestic debt considerably. Many of your military acquaintances such as the Generals Parsons, Varnum and Putnam, the Colos. Tupper[,] Sprout and Sherman, with many more, propose settling there. From such beginnings much may be expected.
The storm of war between England and your Nation, it seems, is dissipated. I hope and trust the political affairs in France are taking a favorable turn. If the Ottomans wod suffer themselves to be precipitated into a war, they must abide the consequences. Some Politicians speculate on a triple Alliance between the two Imperial Corts & Versailles.
I think it was rather fortunate, than otherwise, that the incaution of an Ambassador and the rascality of a Rhinegrave prevented you from attempting to prop a falling fabric.
It gives me great pleasure to learn the present ministry of France are friendly to America; and that Mr Jefferson & yourself have a prospect of accomplishing measures which will mutually benefit and improve the commercial intercourse between the two Nations. Every good wish attend you & yrs & I am &c.

Go. Washington


Title: From George Washington to La Luzerne, 7 February 1788
From: Washington, George
To: La Luzerne, Anne-César, chevalier de

Sir,
Mount Vernon February 7th 1788

The Compte de Moustier your successor in office hath forwarded from New York, the letter in which you did me the honour to bring me acquainted with the merits of that Nobleman. Since it is the misfortune of America not to be favored any longer with your residence, it was necessary, to diminish our regrets, that so worthy and respectable a character should be appointed your successor. I shall certainly be happy in cultivating his acquaintance and friendship. The citizens, from gratitude as well as from personal considerations, will, I am persuaded, treat him with the greatest respect. Congress, I doubt not, will by every means in there power desire to make his sojourn in the United States as agreeable as it possible can be.
But, Sir, you may rest assured your abilities and dispositions to serve this Country were so well understood; and your services so properly appreciated, that the residence of no public Minister will ever be longer remembered or his absence more sincerely regretted. It will not be forgotten that you was a witness to the dangers, the sufferings, the exertions and the successes of the United States from the most perilous crises to the hour of triumph. The influence of your agency on the Cabinet to produce a co-operation and the prowess of your Countrymen cooperating with our’s in the field to secure the liberties of America have made such an indelible impression on the public mind as will never be efaced. Wherever you may be, our best wishes will follow you. And such is our confidence in your disinterested friendship, that we are certain you will wish to be useful to us, in whatever Mission you may be honored by your King: it has been surmised, on I know not what authority, that there was a probability of your being employed in the Diplomatique Corps at the Court of London; shod this particularly be the case, your zeal m[a]y still find occasions of being servicable to America and profetable to your own Country at the same time—for I conceive

the commercial interests of the two nations are in many instances blended and in opposition to those of great Britain.
By intelligence of a more recent date than that brought by the Compte de Maustier, we learn that the political clouds which threatened to burst in a storm on France and England are blown over. The poor Dutch Patriots, however, seem to have had the objects for which  off (if I m[a]y use the same metaphor) by a cornes of the hurrican, The Dutch Patriots, I fear have been disunited imprudent, impetuous: and that the King of Prussia has not acted worthily or wisely—should his measures drive the Corts of Versailles & Vienna into an union of plans—should the embers of war be but imperfectly quenched, he may yet repent the temerity of intermeddling with the internal affairs of a foreign Power. In the mean time the new scene that is opened in the north, by the rupture between the Russians and Turks must call men’s attention to that quarter; as it can hardly avoid producing e[ve]nts, which will be attended with serious, extensive, and durable consequences.
I feel, sir, not only for myself but in behalf of my Country, under great obligations for the affectionate wishes you have the goodness to make with respect to the tranquility and happiness of America. Seperated as we are by a world of water from other Nations, if we are wise we shall surely avoid being drawn into the labarynth of their politics and involved in their distructive wars.
You will doubtless have seen long before this time the Constitution which was proposed by the Fœderal Convention for the United States. Only four States as yet (to my knowledge) have [had] an opportunity of acting upon it. The Pensylvania State Convention adopted it by a Majority of two to one, those of Jersey and Delaware Unanimously, and that of Connecticut by more than three to one; In Massachusetts the Convention is now in session. The Merits of this Constitution have been discussed in a great variety of news paper and other Publications. A periodical Essay in the New York Gazetts, under Title of the Federalist, has advocated it with great ability. In short it seems (so far as I have been able to learn) to be a prevalent opinion that it will be accepted by nine States or more by some period early in the ensuing summer. with Sentiments of great respect and Considn I have the honor to be &c.

Go. Washington


Title: From George Washington to Moustier, 7 February 1788
From: Washington, George
To: Moustier, Eléanor-François-Elie, comte de

Sir,
Mount Vernon February 7th 1788

I have received the letter which your Excellency did me the honor to address to me on the 24th of January, and take the earliest occasion of expressing my warmest acknowledgments for your favourable opinion as well as offering my sincerest congratulations on your safe arrival in this country. I am at the same time to return you my thanks for the trouble you had the goodness to take in conveying to me the letters of my noble friends the Marquis de la Fayette and the Chevr de la Luzerne, indeed nothing was wanting to the pleasure afforded by their communications, but that of having received them at your hands and thereby having had an opportunity of demonstrating the promptitude of my attention to their recommendations. In the mean time I have taken the liberty (which I beg your Excellency to excuse) of remitting my answers for them to your care.
The fidelity, honour & bravery of the troops of your nation, to which I have been a witness; the enlightened sentiments of patriotism and the delicate feelings of friendship which have actuated great numbers of your compatriots, with whom I may bost the happiness of being intimately connected; and above all that lively interest which your illustrious Monarch and his faithful subjects took in the success of the American Arms and the confirmation of our Independence have endeared the National Character to me, formed attachments and left impressions which no distance in time or contingency in event can possibly remove. Though but a private citizen myself and in a measure secluded from the world, I am conscious the assertion will be founded, while I venture to affirm such are the feelings & such the affections of the American People.
Deprived of the felicity of having been able to form a personal acquaintance with your Excellency, by your arrival at a distance: it is mine peculiarly to regret that misfortune and earnestly to wish some favorable circumstance may hasten the moment so desirable to me. And I pray you will be persuaded that I should

be truly happy to receive you, in the plain unceremonious American style, on the banks of the Potowmack.
The partial knowledge of your merits which had preceded your advent and the very honorable testimonials of our friends in France, added to the advantage you possess in being the Representative of a Sovereign, (the earliest, most faithful & most powerful Ally of these infant States) cannot fail to make your presents extremely agreeable to Congress and the American People.
Permit me to add the assurance, Sir, that your Mission cannot be more acceptable, to, or your friendship more flattering to any American, than to him who hath the honour to subscribe himself Sir Yr Excellency’s &c.

Go. Washington


Title: To George Washington from Caleb Gibbs, 9 February 1788
From: Gibbs, Caleb
To: Washington, George

Dear General
Boston Feby 9th 1788.

It is with infinite satisfaction that I take the earliest oppertunity of Informing your Excellency that on the 6th Inst. at evening the Convention of this Commonwealth, assented to & Ratified the proposed Constitution for the United States.
It gives all ranks of people great pleasure, thus to see a glimmer of a hope that this Country is in a fair way of appearing respectable both at home and abroad by the Establishment of a government wherein Justice & Energy preside; I have done myself the honor of transmitting your Excellency the best news papers in this Capitol which contains allmost all the debates of the Convention but it was impossible to obtain the whole. There is a subscription on foot to have the Whole in a pamphlet if it is accomplished I will endeavour to forward one to your Excellency. The Minority your Excellency will please to observe by the last paper seem to be easy & Concilatory. it was said by many of them on the day of Ratification at the Senate Chamber, that

If the vote was to be reconsidered & Call again there would be but few against the adoption of the Constitution.
It would take more time than the post would allow me to give you an account of the whole of the characters of the Minority, but thus much I will say that a large proportion of them of the Eastern Counties of Lincoln, Cumberland & York (or Province of Main) who have for these several years been Endeavouring to bring about a separation from this Commonwealth, Others of the Western & Southern Counties of whom more than twenty have this moment a State Warrant against them for being some of the foremost in the last winters Rebellion, & Principal part of the remainder are Insurgents & some of the most attrocious Characters in existence. This is real fact, that very few of them are men of very little property & very much In debt & wish only to oppose the Constitution because if not adopted they may have it in their power to pass tender Acts, & emit paper money to pay a just debt they owe in Specie. Genl Warren who was Pay Mr Genl in 76 is one of the greatest Antifederalists we have among us. but he could not obtain to get his Election for Convention. he acts like the snake in the grass. N. Hampshire Convention meets on Tuesday next. I had the pleasure to See the Honbl. Mr Langdon who attended several days of our Convention & he told me that If Massachutts adopted the Constitution, N. Hampshire would not be one week in Session. Some of the principal Gentlemen of Newport & Providence have been attending the debates here, & they said the same a[s] Mr Langdon did, that is, A Convention they were Certain would be called immediately & no doubt but the Constitution would be adopted. I cannot write your Excellency as full as what the papers will communicate & by Compareing those in the opposition specially those who debated on the Constitution—You will see the Characters I have alluded to. those are the feeble Speakers of the Rabble. I shall be happy to hear from your Excellency after receipt of this & any thing in my power to Communicate worth notice I shall endeavour to forward.
Mrs Gibbs (altho a stranger to your Mrs Washington) desires her most respectfull Compliments may be offered. & pray Sir make mine to Mrs Washington & all freinds—Mr Hancock’s Indisposition was such as prevented his attendance in the early

part of the Convention, but fortunately he recovered so much as to be in the house a week or more previous to the great question, & many of our ableest politicians say if he had not been well enough to have come out & appeared in Convention, it was more than probable the important question would have been lost. I have the honor to be With the greatest respect and Esteem Dear General Your most Obedient & very humble Servant

C. Gibbs


Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Lincoln, 9 February 1788
From: Lincoln, Benjamin
To: Washington, George

My dear General
Boston Feby 9th 1788

In my last I had the pleasure of announcing to your Excellency that we had adopted the reported constitution. Nothing very material has taken place since saving what is mentioned in the enclosed paper by that you will learn what was the temper of many of those who had been in the oposition I think they discovered a candour which does them honor and promises quiet in the State. Some however will I fear sow the seeds of discontent and attempt to inflame the minds of the people in the country—They have no really object as they cannot be certain it will ever pass nine State I hope and trust this consideration will quiet them at present when it shall have passed nine State it will be too late for any one State to think of opposing it.
Considering the great disorders which took place in this State the last winter, and considering the great influence the spirit which then reigned has had since upon all our operations it must be supposed that we have got through this business pretty well and considering also that when we came together a very decided majority of the convention were against adopting the constitution—Every exertion will be made to inform the people & to quiet their minds. It is very fortunate for us that the Clergy are pretty generally with us they have in this State a very

great influence over the people and they will contribute much to the general peace and happiness.
Subscription papers are out for printing all the debates in the convention they will probably be printed if they are I will forward to your Excelly one of the books—Should they not I will forward the remaining news papers as they come out.
By the paper your Excellency will observe some account of the parade of the Eighth the printer had by no means time enough to do justice to the subject⟨.⟩ to give you some idea how far he has been deficient I will mention an observation I heard made by a Lady the last evening who saw the whole that the description in the paper would no more compare with the original than the light of the faintest star would with that of the Sun fortunately for us the whole ended without the least disorder and the town during the whole evening was, so far as I could observe perfectly quiet. I have the honour of being my dear General your Excellencys most obedient servant

B. Lincoln

P.S. Upon a review of the last paragraph I think it of little importance have therefore X it out.


Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 10 February 1788
From: Knox, Henry
To: Washington, George

New York 10 February 1788

I thank you my dear Sir for your favor of the 10th of last month which I duly received.
 The constitution has labored in Massachusetts exceedingly more than was expected. The opposition has not arisen from a

consideration of the merits or demerits of the thing itself as a political machine, but from a deadly principle levelled at the existence of all government whatever; The principles of insurgency expanded, and deriving fresh strength and life from the impunity with which the rebellion of last year was suffered to escape.
It is a singular circumstance that in Massachusetts, the property, the ability and the virtue of the state are almost solely in favor of the constitution—Opposed to it are the late insurgents and all those who abetted their designs constituting 4/5ths of the opposition—a few very few indeed well meaning people are joined to them.
The friends of the constitution in that state without overrating their own importance conceived that the decision of Massachusetts would most probably seal the fate of the proposition—They therefore proceeded most cautiously and wisely—debated every objection with the most guarded good nature and candour but took no questions on the several paragraphs and thereby prevented the establishment of parties—This conduct has been attended with the most beneficial consequences—It is now no secret that on the opening of the conventions a majority were prejudiced against it—But the federalists are now well assured that the scale is turned in their favor—The question to approve and ratify in the form contained in the enclosed papers was most probably taken somewhere between the 5th & 8th instant—Although the federalists presume on a majority they do not flatter themselves with a large one—The recommendatory alterations are to be considered as conciliatory propositions, and in no degree militating with an unconditional adoption[.] As the form of ratification, and the propositions for alterations were the mature productions of the federalists, it is probable that they will pass without any material alterations.
Mrs Knox desires me to associate her in the most affectionate respects to you and Mrs Washington. I am my dear Sir Your most obedient humble Servant

H. Knox

Mr Saml Adams seconded Mr Hancocks motion.


Title: From George Washington to Henry Knox, 11 February 1788 [letter not found]
From: Washington, George
To: Knox, Henry

	Letter not found: to Henry Knox, 11 Feb. 1788. On 10 Mar. Knox wrote GW: “Your favor of the 11th ultimo was duly received.”


Title: From George Washington to Benjamin Lincoln, 11 February 1788
From: Washington, George
To: Lincoln, Benjamin

My dear Sir,
Mount Vernon. Feb. 11th 1788.

As you must be convinced that whatever effects your happiness or welfare cannot be indifferent to me, I need not tell you that I was most sensibly affected by your letter of the 20th of January. Yes, my dear Sir, I sincerely condole with you the loss of a worthy, amiable & valuable Son! Altho’ I had not the happiness of a personal acquaintance with him, yet the character which he sustained, and his near connection with you, are, to me, sufficient reasons to lament his death.
It is unnecessary for me to offer any consolation on the present occasion; for to a mind like yours, it can only be drawn from that source which never fails to give a bountiful supply to those who reflect justly. Time alone, can blunt the keen edge of afflictions. Philosophy & Religion holds out to us such hopes as will, upon proper reflection, enable us to bear with fortitude the most calamitous incidents of life, and these are all that can be expected from the feelings of humanity; & all which they will yield.
I thank you, my dear Sir, for the information you forwarded me of the proceedings of your Convention. It is unhappy that a matter of such high importance cannot be discussed with that candour & moderation which would through light on the subject, and place its merits in a proper point of view: but in an Assembly so large as your Convention must be, & composed of such various & opposite characters, it is almost impossible but that some things will occur which would rouse the passions of the most moderate man on earth. It is, however, to be hoped that your final decision will be agreeable to the wishes of good men, and favorable to the Constitution.
Mrs Washington thanks you for your kind remembrance of

her & joins me in the sincerest condolence for your loss. With sentiments of the highest estm & regard—I am—My dear Sir Yr Most Affecte & Obedt Ser⟨vt⟩

Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Thomas Cushing, 12 February 1788 [letter not found]
From: Cushing, Thomas
To: Washington, George

 Letter not found: from Thomas Cushing, 12 Feb. 1788. On 10 Mar. GW wrote Cushing acknowledging the receipt of “Your letter of the 12th Ulto . . . last Saturday.”


Title: To George Washington from William Hartshorne, 13 February 1788
From: Hartshorne, William
To: Washington, George

General Washington
Alexandria February 13th 1788

Enclosed is your Accot with W.H. & Co. Amot £34.19.5 also an accot of what will be due to the Potowmack Co. the 15th next Mo. say £33.14.8 Virga Currency—If agreeable to you I will take your draft on London payable at 30 days sight for either, or both these accounts, at the Excha. of 40 ⅌ct. I am very Respectfully Yours

Wm Hartshorne


Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 14 February 1788
From: Knox, Henry
To: Washington, George

My dear Sir
New York 14th February 1788

It is with great satisfaction that I inform you that last evening the news arrived here of the adoption of the new constitution in Massachusetts on the 6th instant. The members present in the convention on the decision of the question 355—187 affirmatives, 168 negatives—majority 19.
It may be asserted with great truth, that the subject was most

candidly examined and debated. Many of the minority declared their determination of inculcating the principles of acquiesence, and union, among their constituents.
The opposition arose from local causes, which existed previously to the general convention of Philadelphia in May and is to be classed under the following heads.
1st The part of the insurgent interest who oppose every species of government, that may prevent their return to great Britain. The persons who influence the insurgents, have been fixed on this point, and consider the constitution, as the greatest obstacle to the accomplishment of their wishes.
2. Desperate debtors who are warmly attached to paper-money and tender Laws.
3. Honest men, without information, whose minds are apprehensive of danger to their liberties, but like people groping in the dark, they possess, no principle whereby to ascertain the quality, degree or nearness of the danger—Their suspicions render them incapable of conviction.
The 1st and 2d classes constitute probably 8/10ths of the opposition in the convention of Massachusetts. 45 members were present from the Province of main 25 of whom voted for the constitution.
I enclose a news paper containing a description of the demonstrations of Joy by the people of Boston on the occasion.
There is not a doubt but that the Majority will be perfectly efficient within the State of Massachusetts, But the example to the other States particularly to this, will not be so influential as if the majority had been larger.
The Convention of New Hampshire assembled yesterday. About 20 days hence I hope to have the pleasure of informing You of the adoption of the constitution in that State. I am my dear Sir with the sincerest affection Your most obedient humble Servant

H. Knox


Title: To George Washington from James Madison, 15 February 1788
From: Madison, James
To: Washington, George

Dear Sir
N. York Feby 15. [1788]

I have at length the pleasure to inclose you the favorable result of the Convention at Boston. The amendments are a blemish, but are in the least offensive form. The minority also is very disagreeably large, but the temper of it is some atonement. I am assured by Mr King that the leaders of it as well as the members of it in general are in good humour; and will countenance no irregular opposition there or elsewhere. The Convention of N. Hampshire is now sitting. There seems to be no question that the issue there will add a seventh pillar, as the phrase now is, to the fœderal Temple. With the greatest respect & attachmt I am Dr Sir Yrs

Js Madison Jr


Title: To George Washington from David Stuart, 17 February 1788
From: Stuart, David
To: Washington, George

Dear Sir,
Abingdon 17th Feby 88

As well as I can recollect the College Charter, the Governor for the time, is expressly declared Chancellor—None of them I belive, ever took upon them the duties of the office, before Lord Botetourt—Visitations are I think appointed to be held twice in the year. The only business of these meetings formerly used to be, to enquire into the conduct of the Professors, and to prescribe rules for them—Tho’ it is not absolutely necessary that the Chancellor should be present at these meetings, (the Rector being the active office) it will no doubt be expected.
I have just returned from a tour round part of the County—I mean about the middle of the week to set out again—I find that Pope, and Chichester in particular, have been very active in alarming the people. The latter Gentleman and myself were near meeting at several houses—He had his pockets full of Mason’s objections; which he leaves wherever he calls—He is trying to persuade some one opposed to the Constitution, to offer for the Convention—Mr Pollard informed me that he applied to him, but that he declined it. I am happy to find, that he has met with no success except with old Broadwater—Mr Little informs

me, that he appears to be changed, and to be disposed to offer himself in opposition to those who approve of the Constitution—I almost think that Mason, doubtful of his election in Stafford will offer for this County, notwithstanding his declarations—I think he might have been satisfied with the publication of his objections, without taking the pains to lodge them at every house—I find it commonly believed in this County, that you consider amendments necessary. It therefore appears to me, that it would be of advantage to the Constitution, to undecieve the people in this respect; by some communication or other. Would not Mr Blair your fellow labourer in the business, be a proper person, through whom to introduce it to the Publick? If you should think proper to take any step of this sort, it would be particularly useful, to take some short notice of the difference between the Objections—I find this argument to have the most weight with the common class. I am Dr Sir, with the greatest respect Your affecte Servant

David Stuart


Title: From George Washington to William Irvine, 18 February 1788
From: Washington, George
To: Irvine, William

Sir,
Mount Vernon February 18th 1788

I have to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the 27th Ulto and to thank you for the information contained in it.
As a Communication between the waters of lake Eire and those of the Ohio is a matter which promises great public utility, and as every step towards the investigation of it may be considered

as promoting the general interest of our Country I need [not] make an apology to you for any trouble that I have given upon this subject.
I am fully sensible that no account can be sufficiently accurate to hazard any operations upon without an actual survey. My object in wishing a solution of the Quæries proposed to you, was that I might be enabled to return Answers, in some degree satisfactory, to several Gentlemen of distinction in foreign Countries who have applied to me for information on the subject in behalf of others who to engage in the fur trade, and at the same time to gratify my own curiosity and assist me in forming a Judgement of the practicability of opening a communication should it ever be seriously in contemplation.
1st—Could a channel once be opened to convey the Fur, Peltry &c. from the lakes into the Eastern Country, its advantages would be so obvious as to induce an opinion that it would, in a short time, become the channel of conveyance for much the greatest part of the commodities brot from thence.
2d—The trade, which has been carried on between New York and that quarter is subject to great inconveniences from the length of the Commun[ication]—number of Portages—and at seasons from Ice—yet it has, notwithstanding, been prosecuted with success.
I Shall feel myself much obliged by any further information that you may find time and inclination to communicate to me on this head—& am sir with great esteem Yr Most Obedt Hble Sert

Go. Washington


Title: From George Washington to Samuel Griffin, 20 February 1788
From: Washington, George
To: Griffin, Samuel

Dear Sir,
Mount Vernon Feby 20th 1788

I have been duly honored & gratefully affected with the receipt of the Resolution of the Visitors & Governors of William & Mary College, appointing me Chancellor of the same; and have to thank you for your polite attention in the transmission.
Not knowing particularly what duties, or whether any active Services are immediately expected from the person holding the Office of Chancellor; I have been greatly embarrassed in deciding upon the public answer proper to be given. It is for that reason I have chosen to explain in this private communication my situation & feelings; and to defer an ultimate decision until I shall have been favored with farther information on this subject.
My difficulties are briefly these. On the one hand, nothing in this world could be farther from my heart than a want of respect for the worthy Gentlemen in question; or a refusal of the appointment with which they have honored me—provided its duties are not incompatible with the mode of life to which I have entirely addicted myself. And on the other hand, I would not for any consideration disappoint the just expectations of the Convocation, by accepting an Office, whose functions I previously know (from my pre-engagements & occupations) I should be absolutely unable to perform.
Although, as I observed before, I know not specifically what these functions are, yet, Sir, I have conceived that a principal duty required of the Chancellor might be a regular & indispensable Visitation once or perhaps twice a year—Should this be expected, I must decline accepting the Office. For, notwithstanding I most sincerely & ardently wish to afford whatever little influence I may possess, in patronising the cause of Science,

I cannot, at my time of life & in my actual state of retirement, persuade myself to engage in new and extensive avocations.
Such being the sentiment of a heart unaccustomed to disguise; I flatter myself the candid manner in which I have explained it, could not be displeasing to the Convocation; and that the intervening delay, between the present and the moment in which I shall have the pleasure of receiving such ulterior explanations as may enable me to give a definitive answer will not prove very detrimental to the Collegiate interests. With great esteem and regard I am—Dear Sir Yr Obedt Hble Servt

Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Lincoln, 20 February 1788
From: Lincoln, Benjamin
To: Washington, George

My dear General
Boston Feby 20th 1788

New hampshire convention is setting the accounts are vague and uncertain things do not look as well as we wish they did we however flatter ourselves that the constitution will go down among them—Governour Sullivan & Mr Langdon, who have been in oposite boxes, are in this matter united and they are uniting their whole interest in favor of the constitution.
Our supream judicial Court opened here yesterday the Chief justice in his charge to the grand jury stated the imperfections of the old and the wisdom & necessety of the new constitution and answered many objections which have been thrown out against it—People here are quiet and are daily more and more attracted to the new—a proposed government.
I have the pleasure of inclosing the three last papers if none of my letters misscarry your Excellency will have the debates regularly in the several papers I have & shall forward. I have the honour of being my dear General with the highest esteem & affection your Excellencys most Obedient servant.


Title: To George Washington from James Madison, 20 February 1788
From: Madison, James
To: Washington, George

Dear Sir
New York Feby 20. 1788

I am just favored with yours of the 7th inst: and will attend to your wishes as to the political essays in the press.
I have given notice to my friends in Orange that the County may command my services in the Convention, if it pleases. I can say with great truth however that in this overture I sacrifice every private inclination to considerations not of a selfish nature. I foresee that the undertaking will involve me in very laborious and irksome discussions; that public opposition to several very respectable characters whose esteem and friendship I greatly prize may unintentionally endanger the subsisting connection; and that disagreeable misconstructions, of which samples have been already given, may be the fruit of those exertions which fidelity will impose. But I have made up my determination on the subject; and if I am informed that my presence at the election in the County be indispensable, shall submit to that condition also; though it is my particular wish to decline it, as well to avoid apparent solicitude on the occasion; as a journey of such length at a very unpleasant Season.
I had seen the extract of your letter to Col. Carter, and had supposed from the place where it first made its appearance that its publication was the effect of the zeal of a correspondent. I cannot but think on the whole that it may have been of service, notwithstanding the scandalous misinterpretations of it which have been attempted. As it has ev[i]dently the air of a paragraph to a familiar friend, the omission of an argumentative support of the opinion given will appear to no candid reader unnatural or improper.
We have no late information from Europe, except through the English papers, which represent the affairs of France as in the most ticklish state. The facts have every appearance of authenticity, and we wait with great impatience for the packet which is daily expected. It can be little doubted that the patriots have been abandoned; whether from impotency in France, misconduct in them, or from what other cause is not altogether clear. The french apologists are visibly embarrassed by the dilemma of submitting to the appearance of either weakness or the want of faith. They seem generally to alledge that their engagements

being with the Republic, the Nation could not oppose the regular Authority of the Country by supporting a single province, or perhaps a party in it only. The validity of this excuse will depend much on the real connection between France and the patriots, and the assurances given as an encouragement to the latter. From the British King’s speech it would seem that France had avowed her purpose of supporting her Dutch friends; though it is possible, her menaces to England might be carried farther than her real promises to the patriots. All these circumstances however must have galled the pride of France, and I have little doubt that a war will prove it as soon as her condition will admit of it; perhaps she may be the sooner forced into it on account of her being in a contrary situation.
I hear nothing yet from the Convention of N. Hampshire. I remain yours most respectfully & Affectly

Js Madison Jr


Title: From George Washington to James Wilkinson, 20 February 1788
From: Washington, George
To: Wilkinson, James

Mount Vernon Feby 20th 1788

I have received your letter of the 30th of December, written at George-Town. I am very sorry that your business was so pressing as to deprive me of the pleasure of seeing you at this place, while you was in the neighbourhood of it.
Doctor Stuart handed me the Indian fabricks which you did me the honor to send by him, and for which I beg you to accept of my warmest thanks. Altho’ they are not novel to me, yet the sight of them will undoubtedly be highly pleasing to those who have never before had an opportunity of seeing work of this kind; and peculiarly gratifying to the curiosity of an European. I regret the loss of the Seeds, having long been endeavouring to possess myself of the curious shrubs of the Western Country, but sincerely congratulate you on your own fortunate escape.
I feel myself much obliged, Sir by the offer of your Services which you are so polite as to make me, and shall always retain a grateful remembrance of them. My compliments if you please

[to] Mrs Wilkinson. With much esteem I am—Dear Sir Yr Most Obedt Servt

Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Clement Biddle, 22 February 1788
From: Washington, George
To: Biddle, Clement

Dear Sir,
Mount Vernon 22d Feby 1788

If this letter should get to your hand in time, I beg you would send me five bushels of clean and fresh red-clover seed, and the like quantity of Timothy by the Vessel which you say would sail for Alexandria, soon after the Delaware should be freed from Ice.
By a letter which I have just received from Mr Smith of Carlisle dated the 5th Instt I am informed that he had at that time £200 of my money in his possession which he would send to you by the first safe conveyance—out of this please to pay yourself.
I will write more fully to you in a few days. In the meanwhile I am—Dear Sir Yr Most Obedt Servt

Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Thomas Smith, 22 February 1788
From: Washington, George
To: Smith, Thomas

Sir
Mount Vernon February 22d 1788

I have, at this late period, to acknowledge the rect of your letter of the 22d of may last. The reason of my not doing it in course, was not owing to any neglect or inattention on my part, but to the want of knowing that it was in my hands, for I received the Title papers of my land in Washington County which

you sent to me in Philadelphia, and not expecting that any thing was containd in the enclosure more than those, I delay’d opening it till a few days since.
I have forwarded the letter to Mr Bushrod Washington which was under the same cover with my papers, but I expect the contents of it have been anticipated by a letter from you since that time.
You have undoubtedly recd a letter from me before this, requesting you to retain whatever you consider as a compensation for the trouble of yourself and Mr Ross in prosecuting my land suit, out of the money which you may recover on my acct from the bonds in your hands and transmit the residue to Clement Biddle Esqr. in Philadelphia. I am yrs &c.

Go. Washington


Title: To George Washington from Charles Lee, 23 February 1788
From: Lee, Charles
To: Washington, George

Dear Sir
Alexandria 23 Feby 1788

A bill drawn on you by the Treasurer of the James River Company for sixty five pounds balance of the requisitions accompanied with the account has been transmitted to me which I have the honour to enclose. Please to inform me when and to whom application is to be made for payment. With every consideration of respect and esteem I remain your most obed. sert

Charles Lee


Title: To George Washington from Caleb Gibbs, 24 February 1788
From: Gibbs, Caleb
To: Washington, George

Dear Sir.
Boston Feby 24th 1788.

On the 8th Instant I did myself the honor of addressing your Excellency and Communicating the agreable Information that this Commonwealth had assented to and Ratified the proposed Constitution for the United States of America. I also transmitted several news papers of this Metropolis containing Part of the Debates of the Convention. In the same Letter I gave your Excellency some hope that as New Hampshire was soon to meet in Convention, they would (by the best Information) adopt the Constitution, They Convened on the 13th at Exeter, and Continued doing business till the 22d when I am sorry to inform your Excellency they adjourned till June next, This was owing to a very large proportion of the Delegates, having received positive Instructions from their Constituents, to vote against the adoption of the Constitution. The Gentlemen in favour found if they went on doing business ⟨till⟩ the final question was called, that a decided Majority would be against the Constitution, and finding that several who came so Instructed were in some measure converted, but having their hands tied dare not vote for the adoption, It was therefore thought advisable by the Gentlemen in favour, and those Converted, that they had best adjourn and Return to their Constituents, and give up their Instructions, and if they would not Consent for them to act according to the dictates of their own reason, they would resign & they may choose new Delegates to meet in June at Exeter. It is thought this measure will have its desired effect, for before June the Illiberal and Ignorant will be brought in to do what is right and Just.
Nothing more worth notice can I find to Communicate, but refer your Excellency to the Inclosed news papers which I do myself the honor to transmit by this Conveyance.
Mrs Gibbs Joins with me in most respectful regards to your Excellency and Mrs Washington, pray offer me in terms of esteem to Inquireing freinds. With the greatest respect regard and esteem I have the honor to be your Excellency’s most Obedient and most humble servant

C. Gibbs


Title: From George Washington to Edward Newenham, 24 February 1788
From: Washington, George
To: Newenham, Edward

Dear Sir,
Mount Vernon Feby 24th 1788.

I have been favoured with your letter of the 10th of Augt and am very sorry to find by it, that your intended voyage to this Country was prevented, and especially after you had made your arrangements and was upon the point of Sailing. The cause of your detention must have made it still more displeasing to you, for, of all the vexations in life, that of a tedious & perplexing Law-suit is the most disagreeable. I am, however, in hopes that your visit is not wholly given up, but only postponed.
You will be so good, my dear Sir, as to inform your friend Colo. Persse that I have a grateful sense of the favourable sentiments which he entertains of me, and present my best thanks to him for the Hay seed & Gooseberry bushes wch he is so polite as to propose sending me.
I must beg that you would not put yourself to any trouble or inconvenience in obtaining the wolf dogs for me, for however desirous I may be to procure a breed of them, I should think they were too dearly purchased if you met with any difficulty in getting them.
At the time you complain of having been deluged by incessant rains, we were, in this part of the Continent, distressed by the opposite extreme. The drought in this neighbourhood, was as severe last Summer & fall as was ever known in the memory of man. The grass & small grain were greatly injured by it, and the Indian corn (maize) in some places, almost entirely cut off. My farms were among the number of those which felt it in its greatest severity—but happily, it was not general. The middle & Eastern States had favourable Seasons & good Crops. A very severe winter has added to the inconvenience of short Crops. We have, since Christmas, experienced a series of cold weather which is very seldom felt in this climate. The navigation of our rivers has been stopped by the frost since the first of January.
I thank you, my dear Sir, for your information upon the general state of Politics in Europe; and would, in return, give you some acct of our public affairs here had any thing of importance transpired since I had the honor of writing to you last. I can only say that we are still in a state of expectation, waiting the result of the State Conventions, relative to the proposed plan of

Government. Six States only have as yet decided upon it; they are favourable. The Convention of New Hampshire is now in Session. The most formidable to it, is expected to come from New York and Virginia. But as nine States will have determined upon it (and in all probability adopt it) before their Conventions take place it is expected that its opponents in those States will not have sufficient influence to prevent its adoption there when it is found to be the general voice of the Union. Rhode Island has discovered some symptoms of recovering from the delirium into which she had fallen. The papers mention the Votes of several Towns instructing their delegates in the Legislature to have a Convention of the People for the purpose of considering the New Constitution.
Mrs Washington joins me in Compliments to Lady Newenham and yourself—with great esteem & regard I am—Dear Sir Yr Most Obedt Hble Servt

Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Caleb Gibbs, 28 February 1788
From: Washington, George
To: Gibbs, Caleb

Sir,
Mount Vernon February 28th 1788

I have received your letter of the 9th inst. accompanied by the papers which you was so polite as to send me. I must beg you to accept my thanks for your attention in forwarding to me the pleasing decision of your convention upon the proposed Government. The candid and concileating behavour of the minority places them in a more favourable point of view than the debates of the Convention gave room to expect, and sufficiently shews the good effects of the full and fair discussion which the subject met with.
The adoption of the Constitution in Massachusetts will, I presume, be greatly influential in obtaining a favourable determination

upon it in those States where the question is yet to be agitated.
No person can, at this moment pretend to say what will be its fate here, and I am perhaps less qualified to give an opinion upon it, from my own observation, than almost any one, as I very seldom ride off my farms, and am indebted to Gentlemen who call upon me for any information which I have of the disposition of the people towards it, but from what I can collect, I have no doubt of its being accepted here. I am &c.

Go. Washington