Title: From George Washington to Richard Henry Lee, 10 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Lee, Richard Henry

            Dear Sir,
            White plains Augt 10th 1778.

          A few days ago I received your favor of the 26th Ulto, inclosing one from Colo.
            Spotswood, for which I thank you. The reputation which
            this Gentn had acquired, of being an attentive Officer and good disciplinarian, was
            justly founded; and I considered his leaving the Army a loss to the Service. The
            supposed death of his Brother, it is natural to believe, had a painful influence upon
            his mind—but he had long before been very uneasy in his situation, on acct of the
            determination in the case between him and Colo. McLanahan (and I am perswaded was only
            prevented from quitting the line in consequence, throˆ my means).
          My regard for Colo. Spotswood, and the opinion I entertain of him as an Officer, would
            induce me to interest myself in his favor, whereever I could with propriety—In the
            present instance however I cannot, because I think I shd do an injury to the Officers of
            the Virga line (if not to those of the line at large) and because I am convinced his
            promotion would excite infinite discontents and produce many resignations.
          When he left Camp in the Month of October, he made a surrender of his Commission to me
            according to the then prevailing custom. This was accepted—and a new arrangement took
            place among the field Officers. After this I could not suppose him to continue in the
            line—and to attempt to recall the rise of the Officers, to give him a place again, would
            be to attempt an impossibility. No reasoning upon the subject would be sufficient to get
            them to consent to it.

          With respect to the report of the Board of General Officers to which you allude you
            will excuse me when I say, in my opinion, it will not apply. The case there was, that
            sundry inferior Officers, or juniors of the same rank, from local circumstances, and the
            oppertunities of application, obtained from the Committees, or Councils of the States in
            whom the power of appointing Officers to the Army for 1777 was vested, new Commissions
            prior in date to those granted afterwards to their Seniors—and in consequence claimed a
            right to rank before them. The Board determined their claims unjust and, that the rank
            which the Officers immediately held before their new Commissions should govern, as it
            did not appear that the Councils intended to supercede the Senior Officers—But here, there had been no interruption or relinquishment of
            the right to rank by resignation—surrender of Commission—or any other act of the
            Parties. Nor could I ever think, that Colo. Spotswood had cause to complain of the
            decision on the point in question between him and Colo. McClanahan. It was founded on
            the practice, which had commonly prevailed—I believe universally, in like
            cases—viz.—that when state Officers became Continental they should rank, with respect to
            each other, according to their state precedence. This principle appeared to be just, and
            I am certain, was the only one that could be adopted to give general satisfaction. As
            many of our Regiments in the first instance, and particularly those from virginia, were
            raised by the States without any order by Congress, a contrary rule would have involved
            great inconveniencies—& would have proved an effectual bar to many valuable
            Officers coming into Service.
          I have not the most distant suspicion that Colo. Spotswood is influenced in his wishes,
            upon the present occasion, in the smallest degree by any considerations arising from the
            half pay establishment—I am convinced that he is not—Nor do I believe that any Officer
            will impute a matter of the sort to him—or object to his being reintroduced into the
            line from motives of personal dislike—they will oppose it as an injury to their
            rights.
          I thank you much for your congratulations. The prospect we have before us is certainly
            pleasing, and such as promises a glorious and happy issue to all our struggles. Success
            in the intended enterprize against Rhode Island, wd operate powerfully, I should
            suppose, upon the minds of the British Nation, and bring matters to a speedy
              conclusion. I wait impatiently to hear from thence. I
            am Dr Sir Yr most Obedt H. Ser.

            Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General John Stark, 10 August 1778
From: Stark, John
To: Washington, George

            Albany, August 10, 1778.

          Dear General—Your letter of the 5th instant has come to hand by
            express. I am very happy to hear that the disposition of the troops in this department
            will so well agree with your sentiments.
          The posts of Schoharie and Cherry Valley I look upon as exposed to equal danger. For
            that reason I have stationed Colonel Butler at one, and Colonel Alden at the other.
          By the inclosed letters, you will perceive the progress Colonel Butler has made, since
            he took the command at Schoharie; and if he should be
            removed, and form a junction with Colonel Alden’s regiment, I shall find some method to
            remove Colonel Alden, so that Butler may have the command, and Alden be satisfied.
            Concerning the provisions, that have been issued to the State prisoners, upon inquiry, I
            find it to be by some general order a year ago; but I shall stop it until farther
            orders. We are in daily expectation of some important news from you. I am, sir, Your
            humble servant,

            JOHN STARK.


Title: From George Washington to Major General John Sullivan, 10 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Sullivan, John

            Dear Sir,
            Head Quarters White Plains Aug. 10th 1778

          I have been duly favoured with yours of the 6th.
          I regret much the tardiness of the militia, as every moment is infinitely precious, and
            the delay, it produces, may not only frustrate the expedition, which is a matter of the
            greatest importance in itself;  but may expose the French fleet to
            some fatal disaster. I have no doubt of your utmost exertions to forward the business
            with all dispatch.
          I have received advice from Long Island, that a party of the enemy, from twelve to
            fifteen hundred men were marching under General Tryon, towards the East End of the
            Island, collecting all the waggons, they can find, in their way. They were at Setacket the 6th, and were to continue their march early the next
            morning. I have had information of another party more considerable being at Jamaica
            plains; but this fact is not so well ascertained as the former. I conclude the design of
            these parties is to sweep the Island of all the stock and grain upon it, particularly
            the cattle collected upon the neck, at the East-end; which will be an immense
            acquisition to them, in their present circumstances.
          While the navigation of the Sound is open to the enemy, it would be too perilous an
            attempt, to throw a body of troops from this army upon the Island; not withstanding it
            is a very desireable object to intercept the enemy and disappoint their intended forage.
            Could the Count with propriety have sent a ship or two down the Sound, agreeable to a
            proposal made him, through Colonel Laurens, the
            enterprise might have been effected without difficulty; and I had resolved upon sending
            troops to collect the cattle on the neck; at the same
            time, I am fully sensible of the weight of the reasons which prevented his doing it. It
            has occurred to me, that there is a possibility it may be in your power to throw a part of the troops, under your command, upon the
            Island, for the purpose here mentioned; though from your last accounts, it is to be
            apprehended the expedition against Rhode Island will not be completed in time to admit
            of a measure of this kind. If it should be, this will be an object well-worth your
            attention. A sufficient body of troops, under the protection of some ships of war,
            thrown across, so as to take post just within the neck, might cut off the enemy’s
            detachment without great risk, and collect all the cattle there for our own use. A
            stroke of this kind would be attended with several obvious advantages. Besides the loss
            of their troops to the enemy, the disappointment in supplies, of which they stand in
            great need, would be severely felt; and we should gain a quantity of good cattle, which
            would afford extensive refreshment to the French fleet.
          How far it may be convenient to the Count to assist in an operation of this kind, I
            cannot perfectly judge. I know he will want to repose and refresh his men, and repair
            the injuries, which a fleet necessarily suffers, from being a long time at sea. If
            circumstances make the project suggested in other respects practicable, which I very
            much question, you will consult the Count; but it is not my wish, he should be, in any
            instance, pressed to engage in a thing, to which he discovers  the
            least reluctance. I am with great regard, Dr Sir, Your most Obedt Serv.

            Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Major General John Sullivan, 10 August 1778
From: Sullivan, John
To: Washington, George

            Dear General
            Portsmouth Rhode Island 10 Aug. 1778

          The Count De-Estaing and myself were by Agreement to land our Forc[e]s here this
            Morning but I having received Intelligence early Yesterday Morning that the Enemy had
            abandoned the north End of the Island entirely in Consequence of the French Fleets
            coming up the River thought it best to push over without Loss of Time the whole of my
            Troops which accordingly was done—immediately after our
            landing a Fleet of 29 Sail, 8 or 10 of which appeared to be Vessells of Force were
            discovered standing into Newport under Eng. Colours—As
            the Wind was small & unfavourable the Count kept his Position but this Morning
            he got under Way with a fine Breeze, passed the Batteries at Newport and those which are
            below with all his Ships of the Line & went in Chace of the English Fleet—At 11
            oClock I had the Pleasure of seeing them fly before him.
          The Count has left three Frigates in the East Passage—It is out of my Power to inform
            You when we shall make the Attack on the Enemy as it is uncertain when the French Fleet
            will return and I think it necessary to wait their Arrival as their Troops are on
            b[o]ard. I have the Honor to be with much Respect, dear General, Your most obedt
            & very hble Servt

            Jno. Sullivan


Title: General Orders, 11–12 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To:

            Head-Quarters W. Plains Tuesday Augt 11th[-12] 78.
            Parole New-Windsor—C. Signs Orange. Peru.

          A sufficient number of Officers having not yet presented themselves as Candidates for
            Commissions in the Companies of Sappers and Miners—The General requests all those who
            may be disposed to enter into this service immediately to give in their names and wait
            upon General Du Portail as he is desirous of having the Companies established without
            delay—This being a species of service well worthy the Ambition of Gentlemen of Zeal and
            Talents who wish to advance themselves in military knowledge and Distinction and being
            held in the highest Estimation in every Army—it will be expected as heretofore that
            those who apply should be well recommended for their good Character and liberal
            qualifications.
          The Field Officers in the Maryland Line are desired to assemble and either collectively
            or by a Committee state the Pretensions of Rank claimed by the Officers of that Line;
            together with the reasons or grounds upon which those Pretensions are founded and report
            as soon as may be.
          The Issuing Commissaries are carefully to preserve the Provision Barrels or Casks after
            the Meat or Flour is taken out of them ’till the Coopers have repaired them, when they
            are to be returned to the Commissary General of Issues.
          At a General Court Martial whereof Coll David Hall was President August [4]th 1778—Captn Seely of the 5th Pennsylvania Regiment tried for
            leaving his guard before he was regularly relieved found guilty of the Charge exhibited
            against him, being a breach of the 4th Article,  12 Section of the
            Articles of War and sentenced to be reprimanded in General Orders.
          The Commander in Chief confirms the sentence tho’ he could wish a severer punishment
            had been decreed to an offence which is of the highest military Criminality and of the
            most dangerous tendency; the safety of the Army altogether depending on the strict
            discipline & unremiting Vigilance observed by Officers on Guard particularly at
            the out Posts.
          At the same Court Neil Megonigle a soldier in the 7th Pennsylvania Regiment tried
            first, for threatning Captain Scott’s Life, 2ndly drawing his Bayonet and stabbing him
            repeatedly while in the Execution of his Office, found guilty of the Charges exhibited
            against him, being breaches of the 5th Article 2nd section of the Articles of War and
            sentenced by a Majority of more than two thirds to be shot to Death.
          His Excellency the Commander in Chief confirms the sentence.
          Wednesday Morn Augt 12th 1778.
          The Light Troops are to be paraded this afternoon at two ôClock on Chatterton’s Hill—A
            number of Tents and Camp Kettles proportionate to the number of men from each Regiment
            are to be sent with them.
          The Brigade Quarter Masters will see that those tents are brought on the ground in
            Waggons at the time fixed.
          The Commissary General of Issues will immediately appoint an issuing Commissary to the
            Light Corps.


Title: From George Washington to Lieutenant Caleb Brewster, 11 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Brewster, Caleb

            Sir
            Head Quarters White plains 11th Augt 1778

          I perceive by a letter of yours to Genl Parsons that Genl Silliman had granted liberty
            to Lieut. French to return to Long Island upon parole.
            Genl Parsons tells me that upon rect of your letter he directed Mr French to be detained
            untill he consulted me upon the propriety of the Measure. I desire that he may be
            immediately sent back to the  place from whence he came, and inclosed
            is a letter for Genl Silliman informing him of my reasons for as doing. I am &c.


Title: From George Washington to Henry Laurens, 11 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Laurens, Henry

            sir
            White plains August 11th 1778

          I take the liberty of transmitting to Congress the Inclosed Letter, which I just now
            received from the pay Master General. They will
            perceive by it, that the Military Chest is entirely exhausted, and, that a third of the
            Army remains unpaid for the Months of April and May. The importance & necessity
            of an immediate and large supply will at once appear—and I am persuaded it will be
            ordered and forwarded with all possible expedition.
          Since I had the honor of writing by Colo. Heth on Sunday last, I have not received any advices from Rhode Island. I have the
            Honor to be with great respect & esteem sir Your Most Obedt sert

            Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to William Livingston, 11 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Livingston, William

            Dear Sir,
            Head Quarters White Plains 11 Augst 1778.

          I was favor’d with yours of the 7th in[stant] this morning.

          You will perceive by the enclosure from Colo. Biddle the Forage Master General to the
            Army the prices that have been given for hay in the different States and that the proper
            measures will be used to exempt Somerset County from her proportion of Forage.
          The last accounts from Rhode Island was of the 6th with the news of the Enemy’s
            destroying several of their Frigates upon the approach of two of the Count D’Estaings
            Ships to give them battle. I am dear Sir &c.

            Go: Washington.


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General Thomas Nelson, Jr., 11 August 1778
From: Nelson, Thomas Jr.
To: Washington, George

            My Dear sir
            Philada Aug: 11 1778

          Will you pardon a liberty I am about to take with you. I have been inform’d that you
            have had the misfortune to lose your favorite Horse & that you are not mounted
            at present as you ought to be. The Liberty I am about to take with you, is that of
            sending you a Horse that will suit  you better than any one in
            Am[e]rica. But then I must insist that he be accepted as a present, for his value cannot
            be ascertain’d. He is now nine years old and of most excellent qualities. He is not
            quite reconcild to the beat of Drums, but that he will soon be familiariz’d. I must again apologize for this liberty and beg that you will
            believe me with the greatest sincerity Your Obedt Servt

            Thos Nelson Jr


Title: From George Washington to Alexander Spotswood, 11 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Spotswood, Alexander

            Dear sir
            White plains August 11th 1778

          A few days ago I received your favor of the 16th Ulto, which Colonel Lee was so
            obliging as to transmit.
          From the regard I had for you and the estimation in which I held you, as an Officer, I
            wished your continuance in the Army; and considered your departure from it a loss to the
            service. This you will readily believe, as you well know my persuasions had been used to
            prevent it’s taking place before it did. At this time, I can neither interest myself to
            introduce you into the line again—nor advise you to persevere in your application for
            the purpose. I am convinced, if the measure were to take place, it would excite infinite
            discontents—and produce a variety of resignations. When you left the Army, you made a
            surrender of your Commission, according to the usual and then prevailing custom.
              This, tho very reluctantly (but indeed you left me no
            choice) was accepted by me and in consequence, many Officers were promoted. To attempt
            to recall their rise, would be to attempt an impossibility—and no reasonings on the
            subject would be sufficient to obtain their consent to it. Their objection, I am
            persuaded, would not proceed from any motives of personal dislike—but from an opinion,
            that your being introduced again would be an essential injury to their rights. I have
            every reason to believe, that this is the light in which the matter would be viewed by
            the Virginia Officers—and I am by no means clear, that the disgust would be confined to
            them. Whether you were injured or not in the question determined between you and Colo.
            McClenachan, is a point I shall not undertake to discuss. However, the decision given
            upon the occasion, was agreable I am certain, to the common, & I believe,  universal practice in like cases,
            Viz. that state Officers should rank according to their State precedence when
            incorporated into the Continental Army. This appears to me to have been a Rule, strongly
            founded in principles of justice and policy—& to have been calculated to promote
            a more general harmony than any other that could have been devised. Indeed, in the more
            early period of the War, there was an absolute necessity for it, as most of the Troops
            raised in the first instance were State and not Continental; and as a different
            principle would have been an effectual bar to a large proportion of Officers coming, or
            at least continuing in service. Nor would policy or the public interest, suffer a
            discrimination to be made—though the Officers did not all come into the line at one
            & the same instant.
          I have written to you with freedom and as a Friend. I wish you had continued in the
            Army—but you did not, a regard to the rights of Others and the tranquility of the
            Virginia line—& perhaps that of the Army at large are opposed to my interesting
            myself in the smallest degree, to promote your present views. I am Dr sir with great
            esteem & regard Yr Most Obd. sert

            G.W.


Title: General Orders, 12 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To:

            Head-Quarters W. Plains Wednesday Augt 12th 1778.
            Parole Quercy—C. Signs Rutland. Sidney.

          The Brigade Commissaries are daily to deliver the hides and tallow at the Magazines of
            Provisions.


Title: To George Washington from Silas Deane, 12 August 1778
From: Deane, Silas
To: Washington, George

            Dear sir
            Philadelphia August 12th 1778

          I had the pleasure of receiving your polite & Freindly Letter of the 25th Ulto
            but Three days ago, and Col. Bannister informing me, he  should set
            out in a Day, or Two, for the Army, prevented my
            instantly writing to tell you, how happy I am to find that my Conduct has met your
            Approbation, & how much I consider myself honored by it. next to the
            satisfaction which rises from a consciousness, of having faithfully and successfully
            served one’s Country, a Satisfaction, which no one in the world can enjoy to a greater
            degree than Yourself, a generous mind must ever esteem that, which flows from the
            approbation of Persons, of your distinguished character, and merit. my design is to
            reimbark for France in a few Months, but whither in a public Character, or not, is
            uncertain. I have not as yet learned, except from The information of my Freinds in
            private, what were the reasons for my being recalled, and though I have understood by
            their and by the general Conversation of others that it is expected, that I return to
            France in a public Character yet as the Affairs I was engaged in, for the public, which
            I was obliged to leave unsettled, oblige me to return, though it should be in a private
            Character, I have not been sollicitous about the resolutions that may be taken on the
            Subject. The reception of the French Minister and other affairs, which have engaged the
            Attention of Congress since my return has prevented my having a public Audience, but I
            expect One in a few Days, after which I shall do myself
            the honor, of paying you a Visit at Head Quarters, and am in hopes that his Excellency
            Mr Gerard will visit you at the same Time; he is very desirous of an Opportunity of
            paying personally his respects to one, for whom he, as well as his Nation, & I
            may add, all the brave and generous in Europe have the highest Esteem. I promise myself
            the pleasure of communicating many things in a personal Conversation which may be
            agreeable and entertaining to You, but which cannot so well be put into a Letter;
            meantime I have taken the Liberty of enclosing the Copies, of a Letter from Mr De
            Vergennes to the President of Congress, of one from him to Me, & of one from
            Docr Franklin to the President. I send them because I
            think it will be agreeable to You to find that the Sentiments entertained of Me by his
            Majesty & the Court of France, & by Our mutual Freind have been similar
            to those which you have honored Me with. I most sincerely congratulate You on the
            favorable prospects before Us, happily oweing to the perseverance, and bravery of your
            Army, in a principal degree, and though I have not had the honor of sharing with You the
            dangers & the honors of the Feild; yet no one has, or can ever be more sensibly
            affected, & interested by both the one, & The other, in hopes that I
            shall soon have the honor of waiting on You in person, I am with the most sincere
            respect & Esteem Your Excellencys most Obedt & Very humle servt

            Silas Deane


Title: From George Washington to Vice Admiral d’Estaing, 12 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Estaing, Charles-Hector Théodat, comte d’

            Sir,
            Head Quarters White Plains Augt 12th 1778  OClock P.M.

          I have just received a second letter dated the 10th from General Maxwell, confirming
            the intelligence of the departure of the British fleet from the Hook, with some further
            particulars, which it may not be useless or unsatisfactory to you to know—an extract
            from which I do myself the honor to inclose. The state
            of the winds for two or three days past makes me hope this communication may not arrive
            too late. With the most ardent wishes for your success and the sincerest respect I have
            the honor to be Sir Most Obedt servt

            G.W.


Title: To George Washington from Major General William Heath, 12 August 1778
From: Heath, William
To: Washington, George

            Dear General
            Head Quarters Boston Augst 12th 1778

          Yours of the 24th June and 3rd July Came to hand by this Days Post. where they have
            been so long detained I cannot Conceive, as they Contain Several Peices of Intelligence
            of the then motions of the Enemy—had they Come to hand in the Usual Time would have
            gratifyed the Publick exceedingly; be pleased Sir to accept my warmest acknowledgements
            of Gratitude and Thanks for the Honor Done me in writing of them.
          I some time Since received a resolve of Congress accepting the resignations of Colo.
            Lee & Major Swaseys Commissions—the latter I do my Self the Honor to
              enclose⟨.⟩ Colo. Lee is Gone a voluntier on the
            Expedition to Rhode Island—and I beleive Commands the Boats.
          I am happy in having your Excellency’s approbation of my Conduct respecting the
            Unfortunate Death of Lt Brown of the Troops of the Convention.
          all the Military Stores which Some time Since arrived at Portsmouth to which your
            Excellency is pleased to allude in yours of the 3rd July have been Sent on to
            Springfield, and had I received the Signification of your Pleasure those for the Horse
            should have been Sent Immediately to the North River.
          The whole attention of the Publick is turned to the Rhode Island Expeditio⟨n.⟩ as I
            apprehend your Excellency has every intelligence directly from that place it will be
            needless for me to make mention of any from that Quarte⟨r.⟩ I have the Honor to be with
            the greatest respect your Excellencys most Obt Hbble Servt

            W. Heath

            N.B. Capt. Sewall’s Commission goes wth this.


Title: To George Washington from the Council of Maryland, 12 August 1778
From: Council of Maryland
To: Washington, George

            Sir.
            In Council 12th Augt 1778.

          Lieut. Colo. Smith by his Letter of the 26th last, informs us that he is desired by the
            Officers of the second Maryland Brigade to apply to us for Money to inlist the nine
            Months Men, many of whom they have inlisted for three Years and the greatest Number of
            whom may be before their Time has expired; that the Money, which they will frequently
            want, will induce them and, he conceives an Order through your Excellency to the
            Paymaster General would be the most convenient Method.
            We very much wish to prevent, as far as possible, the like Inconveniencies again
            occurring in reinlisting and recruiting as we have too often experienced and, if it can
            be done with Propriety, hope you will give the necessary Orders for the Advance of the
            forty Dollars Bounty allowed by this State for such of the nine Months Men as may inlist
            in our Regiments. If this Mode of Advance on Account of the State cannot be effected, we
            shall endeavour to furnish the Officers in  some other Method, though
            none offers itself at present. We are Sir with the greatest Respect &ca.


Title: General Orders, 13 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To:

            Head-Quarters W. Plains Thursday August 13th 1778.
            Parole Worcester—C. Signs Upton Tweed.

          Two Colliers from each Brigade are to be constantly employed under direction of Colonel
            Baldwin in burning Coal for the use of the Army.
          All the Teams attached to the different Brigades fit for service are to be turned out
            daily by the Waggon Master General to be employed by the Commissary General of
            Provisions and Forage in the Invirons of Camp except so many as may be necessary for
            Camp duty, which the Waggon Master General will allot.


Title: To George Washington from Lieutenant Colonel William Butler, 13 August 1778
From: Butler, William
To: Washington, George

          Letter not found: from Lt. Col. William Butler, 13 Aug. 1778. On
            24 Aug., GW wrote Butler: “I recd yours of the 13th instant dated at Schohary.” Butler
            wrote New York governor George Clinton on 13 Aug.: “I have wrote to his Excellency Genl.
            Washington informing him of my situation &c. of the same date” (Hastings, Clinton Papers, 3:632).


Title: From George Washington to Colonel John Lamb, 13 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Lamb, John

            sir
            Head Qrs [White Plains] August the 13th 1778

          I have been favoured with your Letter of ⟨yes⟩terday.
          A Board of Officers cannot sit at this time upon the point in question between you and
            Colo. Harrison; but you may be assured, that as soon as circumstances will permit, I
            will order One, as there is nothing that  I wish for more than an
            adjustment of disputes about rank. In the mean while I request, that you will transmit
            me a full state of your claim, that I may lay it before the Board when they meet, with
            such other papers as may be nec⟨e⟩ssary upon the occasion. I am sir Your Most Obedt servant

            Go. Washington


Title: From George Washington to Henry Laurens, 13 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Laurens, Henry

            Sir,
            Head Quarters White Plains Aug. 13th 1778

          I have the honor to transmit you a letter from General Sullivan, which, from the
            tardiness of the expresses, is but just come to hand—I suppose it gives Congress the
            same information communicated to me; but lest there should be any particulars mentioned
            in his letter to me, which may not be contained in the one to you, I am induced to
            accompany the latter with a copy of the former.
          The papers sent from Congress to Head Quarters and returned, respecting the case of
            Major General St Clair, will be wanted immediately, as it is probable his trial will now
            very speedily come on.
          I beg you will excuse the trouble, I give you, in requesting you will favour me, in
            your next with copies of the resolve of Congress, for raising the regiment of Artillery
            in Virginia, and appointing Col: Harrison to the command of it, and of another passed
            the latter end of 76, for raising three batalions of Continental Artillery. Some disputes about rank have arisen which make these
            resolutions necessary; and it happens, that my papers of that period are absent. With
            the utmost respect I have the honor to be Sir Your most Obedt servt

            Go: Washington

            P.S. I request you will be pleased to forward the inclosed to Mr Serjeant
              without delay.


Title: To George Washington from Henry Laurens, 13 August 1778
From: Laurens, Henry
To: Washington, George

            Sir
            [Philadelphia] 13th August [1778]

          Since my last of the 30th July I have had the honor of presenting to Congress Your
            Excellency’s several favors of the 3d, 4th and 7th Inst.
          The transcript from the journal of Congress dated the 10th Inst. and here inclosed will
            shew Your Excellency how those of the 3d and 4th were dispos’d of.
          I likewise inclose with this, an Act of Congress dated the 10th, and three dated the
            12th Inst. together with the declaration of the last mention’d date.

            1. for adding two Members to the Committee of Arrangement
            2. for permitting Colonel Knobeloch to act as a Volunteer in the Army, and for
              allowing him 125 Dollars per Month
            3. for allowing a compensation for horses kill’d in battle
            4. a Declaration That Congress hold it incompatible with their honor in any manner
              to correspond or have intercourse with George Johnstone Esquire one of the British
                Commissioners
            5. An Act of Congress of the 12th for sending the said Declaration to the
              Commissioners by a Flag.

          Congress request Your Excellency will give directions for carrying this immediately
            into execution.

          Yesterday I presented to Congress a letter from Mr Ferguson, Secretary to the
            Commissioners of the 7th Inst. and the Paper referred to in that letter. Copies of these
            I take the liberty of transmitting herewith, merely for your Excellency’s
              information. I have the honor to be With the highest
            Esteem and Regard.


Title: To George Washington from Colonel William Malcom, 13 August 1778
From: Malcom, William
To: Washington, George

          Letter not found: from Col. William Malcom, 13 Aug. 1778. On 17
            Aug., GW wrote Malcom: “I rec’d your favor of the 13th inst.”


Title: From George Washington to William Paterson, 13 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Paterson, William

            sir
            York State, White plains August the 13th 1778

          You will perceive by the Inclosed Copy of the proceedings of Congress, that they have
            appointed you, to assist and co-operate with the Judge Advocate in conducting the Trial
            of the General Officers, who were in the Northern Department, when Tyconderoga and Mount
            Independence were evacuated. I think it proper to
            inform you, that a General Court Martial will sit at this place on Monday the 24th
            Instant, to try Major General St Clair, who is one of the Officers under this
            description. I am sir Your Most Obedt servant

            Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Major General John Sullivan, 13 August 1778
From: Sullivan, John
To: Washington, George

            Dear General.
            Head Quarters Rhode Island Augt 13th 1778.

          In my last I had the honor to inform your Excellency of my being in possession of the
            enemies works on the North end of this Island, and of the arrival of a British fleet the
            moment we had landed, with the addition of Count d’Estain’s sailing in pursuit of
              them. As this last unfortunate circumstance deprived
            me of the assistance I had reason to expect from the French troops, I found it
            absolutely necessary to remain inactive until my numbers were sufficiently encreased, to
            warrant my advanceing without them. But fortune
            (determined to shew us the extent of his power[)] brought on a storm so violent that it
            last night blew down tore, and almost irreparably ruined the few tents my troops had in
            their possession. The arms of course were rendered unfit for immediate use and almost
            the whole of the amunition damaged. My men have suffered much, the greater part of them
            have had no kind of covering, nor would tents if they had them prove a sufficient
            security against the severity of the storm. Our
            communication with the main is intirely cut off by the violence of the winds which will
            scarcely permit the passage of a whale boat. Should the enemy move out to take advantage
            of our situation, our dependence must rest on the superiority of our numbers and the
            length of our Bayonets. How our Militia would behave on such an occasion I am unable to
              determine—they may be desperate when they find it impossible to
            retreat, and that their only alternative is to conquer and die. … Many men have perished already, and I wish the mortality may
            end with the storm. I despair of deriving any immediate
            advantage from our allies, as they must have been driven to a distance, far from
            affording us any, if not entirely from our coasts.
          To combat all those difficulties and to surmount all those obstacles, require a degree
            of temper and a persevering fortitude which I could never boast of, and which few
            possess in so ample a manner as your Excellency. I will however endeavour by emulating
            the excellence of your example, to rise superior to the malevolence of fortune, and
            flatter myself, that if heaven will deign once more to smile upon me, I may yet answer
            in some measure, the expectations your Excellency may have conceived of the
              enterprize.

          I am sorry your Excellency’s letter respecting the enemy’s burning their shipping did
            not come to hand until they had burned every vessel of force and sunk almost all their
            vessels of whatever denomination to block up the channel. The letter you inclosed to Count d’Estaign did not arrive till after he had
              sailed, nor did I receive the intelligence from the
            council of Massachusetts informing that Admiral Byron appeared off the Western Islands,
            till a day after his departure. The account says that Byron was spoke with the 29th of
              June, and had thirteen sail of the line under his
            command. The fleet to which the Count gave chace consisted of five sail of the line,
            some frigates & transports under the direction of Lord Howe. They landed no men
            here. An apprehension that some such event as this might take place to deprive me of the
            Counts assistance induced me to call out more men than I otherwise would have done. The
            number of the enemy are nearly thus.

              2 Hessian Regiments
              600 each
              1200

              2 Anspach Do
              500 each
              1000

              Brown & Fanning

                600

              22d 38th 43d & 54th British Regiments
              400 each
              1600

              2 Hessian Regiments
              500 each
              1000

              Whitmans Regiment

                100

              To these we may add of seamen

              1000

              6500

          My numbers on the Island are about nine thousand rank and file. I am Sir with the
            greatest respect your Excellys most obt very hble servt

            Jno. Sullivan

            P.S. Deserters come out in great numbers.


Title: General Orders, 14 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To:

            Head-Quarters W. Plains Friday Augt 14th 1778.
            Parole Almanza—C. Signs Atlas. Albany.

          A Detachment of Light Dragoons commanded by a Field Officer to join the Light Infantry
            this afternoon and to be relieved Weekly.
          The General Court-Martial whereof Majr General Lord-Stirling is President is
            dissolved—Also that whereof Colonel Hall is President; and another order’d to sit at the
            usual place tomorrow morning nine ôClock to try all such Persons as shall be bro’t
            before them—Coll Hazen will preside. Members—Lieutt Colonel Russell, Major Haws and a Captain from each Brigade except Scott’s,
            Parsons’s & Poor’s.
          The Regimental Pay-Masters are to prepare the Pay-Rolls for the Months of June
            & July and deliver the same to the Pay-Master General for examination; They are
            to be careful to make them up agreeable to the Resolves of Congress of May 27th—and June
              2nd—a Column is to be added for subsistence of the
            officers which is to be charged at the following Rates.

              Coll
              pr month
              50 Dol.

              Lieut. Colonel

              40.

              Major

              30.

              Captain

              20.

              Regil Surgeon

              30 Doll.

              Lieutt & Ensign

              10.

              Surgeon’s Mate

              10.

          The Pay of the Infantry remains as before except as follows—

              Doll.

              Lieutenant
              26⅔ pr Mo.

              Serjt Majr Qr Mastr

                  Serjt & Serjeants
              10—

              Dr. & Fife Majors
              9—

              Surgeon pr Mo.
              60.

              Surgeon’s Mate
              40.

          The following Officers if taken from the line to be allowed in addition to their Pay in
            the line—

              Aide-de Camp
              24 Dol. pr Mo.

              Brigade Major
              24.

              Quartr Master
              13.

              Adjutant
              13.

              Pay-Master
              20.

          The Officers of the Staff taken from the line are not to be made up in the Pay-Rolls of
            their respective Companies, but to receive their Pay in the manner heretofore practiced
            by the Staff.
          The Pay-Masters of the Artillery and Cavalry may receive the Establishment of their
            respective Corps by applying to the Pay-Master General.
          Next monday nine ôClock in the morning is appointed for the Execution of David Potter,
            Solomon Lynes, Alexander Graham, Nicholas Fitzgerald, Zechariah Ward, Richard Burk,
            Michael Carmen, William McLaughlin, John Jenkins, John Craige & Neil Megonigle
            now under sentence of Death, the ten first for desertion &c. and the last for
            wounding an Officer in the Execution of his office.


Title: From George Washington to Major General William Heath, 14 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Heath, William

            Dear sir.
            Head Quarters White plains Augt 14th 1778

          Within a few days past I have been favoured with your several letters of the 15. 17
            & 25 Ulto and of the 6th Inst.
          Mr Attendorff shall never act as a Major or in any capacity as an officer in the army
            with my consent; and I am much surprised that he should entertain the most distant idea
            that he would be received. His conduct deserves a very different notice.
          With respect to the salt provisions which you mention, Col. Wadsworth, the Commissary
            general had given directions about them before your letter came to hand, and matters of
            this nature are principally left to his management.
          I have no objection to your receiving Major Lithgows resignation, as he appears unfit
            for service and to be very desirous of a discharge. you will use the proper and
            accustomary precautions in like cases respecting a settlement of his accounts.
          I thank you much for your kind wishes. It is natural for you to desire to be in a more
            active scene; but the important objects of your present command, requiring an
            intelligent and attentive officer I do not see how your services can be dispensed
            with.
          I have transmitted a copy of General Phillips’s letter to Congress on the subject of an
            officers going to Canada. This I have never thought
            regular, or given direction in any matter respecting the Convention troops of my own
              accord. Indeed I wish that when there are any points
            in which they are concerned, and which you cannot determine yourself you would make your
            application immediately to them.
          The zeal of the gentlemen volunteers deserves great commendation. I hope their
            exertions will be crowned with success and with all the honor they desire. I am dr Sir
            with great regard & Esteem Your most obt servt

            Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Major General William Heath, 14 August 1778
From: Heath, William
To: Washington, George

            Dear General,
            Head Quarters Boston Augst 14th 1778

          The Express who came from Congress being taken Sick here, prevents his returning at
            Present I am therefore to request the favor that your Excellency would be pleased to
            Send on the Packet addressed to the Hon. President by the First Express that goes from
            your Quarters—which will lay me under great obligation.
            I have the Honor to be with the greatest respect your Excellencys most Obt Hbble
            Servt

            W. Heath


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General John Paterson, 14 August 1778
From: Paterson, John
To: Washington, George

          Letter not found: from Brig. Gen. John Paterson, 14 Aug. 1778.
            On 15 Aug., Richard Kidder Meade wrote Paterson: “His Excy rec’d your favor of
            Yesterday” (DLC:GW).


Title: From George Washington to Major General Philip Schuyler, 14 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Schuyler, Philip

            Dr Sir
            Head Quarters White plains 14 Augt 1778

          I had not the pleasure of receiving your letter of the 28 ulto till the other day. It
            was found by a soldier in a tavern, and delivered to Colonel Hay who immediately sent it
            forward.
          I have now to inform you that the Court martial for the tryal of General St Clair sits
            the 24th Inst. I am Sir &[ca]

            G.W.


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General Charles Scott, 14 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Scott, Charles

            sir.
            [White Plains, 14 August 1778]

          With the detachment of light troops under your command you are to take post in front of
            our camp and in such a position as may appear best calculated to preserve the security
            of your own corps and cover this army from surprise.
          For the better execution of these purposes you will make yourself master of all the
            roads leading to the enemies lines.
          You will keep up a constant succession of scouting parties as large as can possibly be
            spared from the detachment without harrassing it by too severe duty.
          These parties are to penetrate as near the enemy’s lines as possible, and to continue
            within observing distance at all times. In order that these parties may avoid all
            surprise, they will have their evenings position well reconnoitred and choose it at a
            greater distance than the ground wch they occupied during the day—They will mov⟨e⟩ to it
            under circumstances the least liable to excite attention, and be careful not to kindl⟨e⟩
            fires in the knight as these might betray their situation.
          These parties will make you constant reports of their discoveries, and you will give me
            the earliest and fullest intelligence of all occurrences worthy of notice. Given at Head
            Quarters &c. this 14 August 1778.

            G.W.


Title: To George Washington from William Smith, 15 August 1778
From: Smith, William
To: Washington, George

          Letter not found: from William Smith, 15 Aug. 1778. On 21 Aug.,
            GW wrote Smith: “I received your letter of the 15th Inst. by Lieut. Colonel Burr.”


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General John Stark, 15 August 1778
From: Stark, John
To: Washington, George

            Albany, August 15, 1778.

          Dear General— The deputy paymaster of this department informs me
            that he is recalled, and that your excellency is of opinion that we have  no occasion for one. Your excellency must be deceived as to the
            distances of our detachments from head quarters.
          One body is stationed at Otter creek, one hundred and thirty miles north-east of this
            place; one at Fort Edward, fifty miles; one at Fort Schuyler, one hundred and twenty
            miles; and Alden’s and Butler’s regiments are posted on two other stations. Beside these, the militia are employed for short terms, and the
            wages they earn will not justify the expense of sending to you. Under these
            circumstances, a deputy paymaster is often of the greatest importance at this place. I
            leave the matter, however, for your judgment.
          As Congress has been pleased to make provision for the battalion officers, but not any as I have heard for the generals or staff, I should
            be glad of your opinion in what manner I shall make up my accounts, as I am in a
            separate command, which makes my expenses much greater than if I acted with the army. I
            wish to be able to live up to my station, which can not be done by the bare allowance of
            a brigadier, as I am obliged to purchase everything at a high price: for instance, for a
            gallon of rum, $14; a pound of sugar, $2.50; and every thing in proportion.
          Capt. McKean is with me, and informs that he can raise a company of good rangers to
            scour the woods on the western frontier, if he can have proper encouragement. He served
            with me in the ranging service during most of the last war.
          I have ordered him to raise them, which I hope you will approve, as I think one company
            of such men can do more than a regiment of militia. I am, sir, your ob’t serv’t,

            JOHN STARK.


Title: From George Washington to Lund Washington, 15 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Washington, Lund

            Dear Lund,
            White plains Augt 15th 1778.

          Your Letter of the 29th Ulto, Inclosing a line from Captn Marshall to you came to my
            hands yesterday—I have no reason to doubt the truth of your observation, that this
            Gentleman’s Land, & others equally well situated, & under like
            circumstances, will sell very high—The depreciation of
            our money—the high prices of every article of produce, & the redundancy of
            circulating paper, will, I am perswaded, have an effect upon the price of land—nor is it
            to be wondered at, when a Barrl of Corn which used to sell for 10/. will now fetch
            40—when a Barl of Porke that formerly could be had for £3. sells for £15. & so
            with respect to other Articles which serves to enable the Man who has been fortunate
            enough to succeed in raising these things to pay accordingly; but, unfortunately for me,
            this is not my case; as, my Estate in Virginia is scarce able to support itself whilst
            it is not possible for it to derive any benefit from my labors here.
          I have premised these things to shew my inability, not my unwillingness, to purchase
            the Lands in my own Neck at (almost) any price. & this I am yet very desirous of
            doing if it could be accomplished by any means in my power, in the way of Barter for
            other Land—for Negroes (of whom I every day long more & more to get clear of)—or
            in short for any thing else (except Breeding Mares and Stock of other kinds) which I
            have in my possession—but for money I cannot, I want the means. Marshalls Land alone, at
            the rate he talks of, would amount to (if my memory of the quantity he holds is right)
            upwards of £3000. a sum I have little chance, if I had much inclination, to pay;
            & therefore would not engage for it, as I am resolved not to incumber my self
            with Debt.
          Marshall is not a necessitous Man—is only induced to offer his Land for Sale in
            expectation of a high price—& knowing perhaps but too well my wish to become
            possessed of the Land in that Neck will practice every deception in his power to work me
            (or you in my behalf) up to his price, or he will not sell. this should be well looked
            into, and guarded against—If, as you think, & as I believe, there is little
            chance of getting more (at any rate) than the reversion of French’s Land, I have no
            objection to the Land on which Morris lives going in exchange for Marshalls, or its
            being sold for the purpose of paying for it, but remember, it will not do to contract at
            a high price for the one, before you can be assured of an adequate Sum for the
            other—without this, by means of the arts which may be practiced, you may give much and
            receive little, which is neither my Inclination nor intention to do. If Negroes could be
            given in Exchange for this Land of Marshalls, or sold at a proportionable price, I
            should prefer it to the sale of Morriss Land as  I still have some
            latent hope that Frenchs Lands may be had of D—— for it. but either I wd part with.
          Having so fully expressed my Sentiments concerning this matter, I shall only add a word
            or two respecting Barry’s Land. The same motives which
            induce a purchase in the one case prevail in the other, and how ever unwilling I may be
            to part with that small tract I hold on difficult Run (containing by Deed, if I
            recollect right 275 acres, but by measurement upwards of 300) on acct of the valuable
            Mill Seat Meadow Grds &ca yet I will do it for
            the sake of the other but if the matter is not managed with some degree of address you
            will not be able to effect an exchange without giving instead of receiving, Boot—For
            this Land also I had rather give Negroes—if Negroes would do. for to be plain I wish to
            get quit of Negroes.
          I find by a Letter from Mr Jones that he has bought the Phæton which you sold Mr Geo:
            Lewis and given him £300 for it—I mention this, with no other view than to remind you of
            the necessity of getting the Money for wch you sold it, of Lewis (if you have not
            already done it)—He, probably, will prepose to settle
            the matter with me, but this, for a reason I could mention, I desire may be avoided.
          In your Letter of the 29th you say you do not suppose I would choose to cut down my
            best Land, & build Tobo Houses, but what Am I to do—or—how am I to live—I cannt
            Support myself if I make nothing—& it is evident from yr acct that I cannot
            raise Wheat if this Crop is likely to share the fate of the three last. I should have
            less reluctance to clearing my richest Lands (for I think the Swamps are these &
            would afterwards do for meadow) than building Houses.
          I should not incline to sell the Land I had of Adams
            unless it should be for a price proportioned to what I must give for others. I could
            wish you to press my Tenants to be punctual in the payment of their Rents—right
            & Justice with respect to my self requires it—& no injury on the
            contrary a real service to themselves as the Man who finds it difficult to pay one rent
            will find it infinitely more so to pay two, & his distresses multiply as the
            rents increase. I am & ca

            G. W——n


Title: To George Washington from Lieutenant General Wilhelm von Knyphasen, 16 August 1778
From: Knyphausen, Wilhelm von
To: Washington, George

          Letter not found: from Lt. Gen. Wilhelm von Knyphausen, 16 Aug.
            1778. On 23 Aug., GW wrote Knyphausen: “I had the honor to receive your letter of the
            16th Instant.”


Title: From George Washington to Henry Laurens, 16 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Laurens, Henry

            Sir
            Head quarters White plains August 16th: 1778

          I take the liberty, by the conveyance now offered me by Captain Riley, to transmit to
            Congress the proceedings of the Court Martial in the case of Major General Lee.
          The Inclosed papers comprehend a request by General phillips, for an Officer to go to
            Canada by way of the Lakes, on the subject of Cloathing for the Convention Troops. I do
            not conceive myself at liberty to answer General Heath upon the point, who referred it
            to me, and request that Congress will favor me with their direction as soon as they
            conveniently can, that I may enable him to satisfye General phillips respecting it.

          I have not received a single tittle of Intelligence from Rhode Island, since General
            Sullivan’s Letter of the 10th, a Copy of which I transmitted in mine of the 13th. I am
            extremely anxious to hear from thence—and of Count D’Estaing’s safe arrival in port. The
            moment I do, I shall do my self the honor to advise Congress. I have the Honor to be
            with the greatest respect & esteem sir Yr Most Obedt servant

            Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Henry Laurens, 16 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Laurens, Henry

            Sir
            Head Qrs White plains Augt 16: 1778

          Since I had the honor of addressing you to day by Captain Riley, I received a Letter
            from General Sullivan, a Copy of which you have inclosed. From this it appears the Count D’Estaing had not returned with his Squadron on the
            13th Inst.—and there is reason to fear from the violence of the Weather ever since, that
            he has not yet got in. This accident has much deranged our views—and I shall be happy if
            it does not totally defeat our Enterprize against Rhode Island. I feel much for the
            Count. He has been peculiarly unfortunate in the combination of several untoward
            circumstances to frustrate his plans.
          The Letter addressed to you accompanied mine from General Sullivan. They were both delivered at the same instant and through
            inadvertency, I broke the seal of yours. Before I had opened it I discovered the
            mistake, and the contents have not been seen. This relation I trust will apologize for
            the measure. I have the Honor to be with the greatest respect & esteem Sir Your
            Most Obedt servant

            Go: Washington

            P.S. Your favor of the 13th has come to hand.


Title: From George Washington to Major General John Sullivan, 16 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Sullivan, John

            dear sir
            Head Qrs White plains August 16th 1778

          On Thursday I received your favor of the 10th Instant,
            advising of your descent on Rhode-Island—of the arrival of the British fleet &
            of Count D’Estaing’s pursuing them. Since this I have not had a single tittle of
            intelligence on the subject of your operations—and of course I have been in a
            disagreable state of suspence and anxiety. I must earnestly request that you will be
            more frequent in your advices. It is material for me to know and extremely satisfactory
            what you are doing or not doing. I trust Count D’Estaing has got into port again—and
            unless he was fortunate enough to overhaul Admiral Howe’s Squadron and give them a
            drubbing, I consider their appearance as a very unlucky event. I am Dr sir with great
            regard & esteem Your Most Obedt servant

            Go: Washington

            P.S. The Letters which accompany this, you will dispose of agreable to their
              addresses. Those for Count D’Estaing you will forward to him immediately.


Title: General Orders, 17 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To:

            Head-Quarters W. Plains Monday Augt 17th 1778.
            Parole Thessaly—C. Signs Thames. Taunton.

          The Sub-Inspectors are to receive thirty dollars pr Month in addition to the Pay which
            they derive from their Rank in the Line; and Brigade Inspectors twenty dollars pr Month
            in addition &c. This Pay to commence from the time of their respective
            appointments.
          The Execution of the ten remaining Criminals who were to have suffered death this day
            is postponed to next friday morning nine ôClock.
          Major Cabbell is appointed Inspector in Genl Muhlenberg’s Brigade, vice, Captn Lewis
            & is to be accordingly respected and obeyed.


Title: From George Washington to Colonel William Malcom, 17 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Malcom, William

            Sir,
            Hd Qrs [White Plains] Augst 17th 1778

          I rec’d your favor of the 13th inst. & can not determine the question you put
            respecting adjutants on the establishment of 1777, for want of the resolves.
          with respect to that part of your Memorandum given to Mr Oliver concerning the exchange
            of Hides for Shoes, I must beg to decline giving the permission, as it makes the
            business of the commissary in that department too complicated—He has the power of making
            all such contracts, & it would be well if you’d direct the Shoemakers you
            mention to see him—& make their bargains with him—the Shoes may be deliverd to
            you after being in the hands of the Clothr Genl.
          Inclosed is a letter to the Clothier at Fish Kills, to furnish you with such
            necessaries as he may have, for the use of the men you mention—you  will be pleasd to inform him for what
            Corps they are intended that he may charge them properly—this you can do by giving a
            particular return. I am &c.
          Copy

            G. W——n


Title: To George Washington from Major General John Sullivan, 17 August 1778
From: Sullivan, John
To: Washington, George

            Dear General.
            Head Quarters Rhode Island August 17th 1778.

          Notwithstanding the train of misfortunes (mentioned in my letter of the 14th Inst.) sufficient in number and aggravation to drepress even the
            spirits of fortitude and damp the ardor of enterprise, I have by the interposition of
            heaven and unabated industry nearly recovered from the deplorable situation of which my
            last contained but an imperfect description—I have by sending for supplies to different
            quarters replenished my magazine with Amunition, and my stores with provision, and by
            timely addresses to my men have exhilerated their spirits & reconciled them in a
            great measure to the vicissitudes of war. Having not heard any thing from Count d’Estain
            and apprehensive of the bad consequences of delay, I on the 15th Ulto marched down in
            columns (so disposed) as to render forming the lines as familiar and as easy as
            possible; and I am happy in informing your Excellency that the regularity and good order
            observed by the different corps on their march excited admiration in every beholder,
            & infinitely exceeded my most sanguine expectations—I halted the army in full sight of and within long shot of the
            enemy (in hopes) that they would be thereby tempted to meet us in the plain and become
            an easy conquest. But the event convinces me, that how contrary soever they may act to
            the dictates of nature in other instances, they implicitly obey her commands so far as
            they respect self-preservation—After disposing my army in such a manner as to
            effectually invest their works I began my approaches (under cover of night) within two
            hundred and fifty yards of their lines. This days fog favors my operations, and I
            promise your Excellency that by to-morrow noon, I shall be able to keep up so warm a
            fire upon them as to render  the properties of a salamander
            essentially necessary to their existence. And I think I may venture to assure your
            Excellency, that I shall have it shortly in my power either to force them to an action,
            upon disadvantagious destructive principles, or reduce them to honourable terms of
              capitulation. I have the honor to remain (in
            expectation of this agreeable event) your Excellency’s obliged
          (a copy)

            John Sullivan


Title: General Orders, 18 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To:

            Head-Quarters W. Plains Tuesday August 18th 1778.
            Parole Cadwallader—C. Signs Concord Crosswicks.

          A board of General Officers to consist of Majr General McDougall, Brigadiers General
            Parsons and Knox to sit tomorrow morning at ten ôClock at Genl Smallwood’s large Marquee
            to hear the Claims of the Officers in the Maryland Line respecting their Rank and to
            make such Arrangement of the same as they shall think right which they are to report to
            the Commander in Chief—In order to facilitate the business, three officers are to be
            chosen by that line out of those who were in the Regiment formerly commanded by General
            Smallwood, the Independent Companies and Flying Camp, to attend the board and represent
            the Claims and Pretensions of the Rest who have been respectively promoted from those
            Corps into the present Battalions from that State.

          The Commander in Chief will also lay such Papers before the board as have been
            transmitted to him by the State upon the subject; and they will besides call upon such
            Persons as they may judge necessary to give Information on the Points in question.
          Lieutenant John Potter is appointed Pay-Master in Colonel Wood’s Regiment of
              Militia.


Title: To George Washington from Colonel Peter Gansevoort, 18 August 1778
From: Gansevoort, Peter
To: Washington, George

            [Fort Schuyler, N.Y., 18 August 1778]

          I have the unhappiness to inform your Excellency that desertion has lattely been very
            frequent from this Garrison—since the 26t of last March we have had 3 Serjts 2 Corpls
            & 20 Privates desert from this Battn besides 1 bumdr 1 Gunr & 1 Matrs
            from the Arttillery before the date above mentioned several soldiers had been tryed by a
            General Court Martial at this Garrison, for de[se]rtion, but never recieved the
            Punishment due their Crimes, the Sentences of these different Court Martials were
            carefully sent to Commanding General of this Department but no returns have been ever
            recievd some time in June last Colonel Varick informd me a Recruit who had just joined
            our Battn was susspected of being a Confederate with Major Hammill. I orderd his Conduct
            to be narrowly inspected—he was detected in the fact of Corrupting & enticing
            the Soldiers to desert upon being apprehended, he confessed that he came upon such
            desings, & was sent by Lord Aid du Camp to Genl Sir Harry Clinton as a spy to
            endeavour to enlist what Irish men he could from the American Army—there was every Appearance of his being a spy. he was
            immediately tryed by a General Court Martial the sentence was directly sent down for
            Approbation, but no Answer has been recieved—& the Man Still lays confined in
            Irons—finding the Spirit of desertion to increase, & the Men in General to be
            exceeding uneasy—probably arising from their being so long stationed on this Frontier
            Post—they have been frequently heard in thier private Conversations to say—that they
            woul’d sooner die, tha[n] stay here the ensuing winter,
            My Officers as well as myself was  Convinced that—unless some Example
            was made, we shoul’d not be able to check this growing Evil—A party of five Men deserted
            on the 10 of August. they were taken by the Tuscarora Indians, on their way to Canada
            fifty Miles from this Fort—they were brought in on the 13th—a General Court Martial was
            convened on the 15th—they were sentenced—to die, the Officers in a body, desired their
            Immediate Execution, as the only way effectually to stop the increasing spirit of
              desertion—whilst these Men were under sentence of
            death, a party returned from the German flatts, who been on Command to drive Cattle to
            this Garrison, they had lost Six Men by desertion, who were pursued, but without
            effect—this together with the above Reasons & being apprehensive of some design
            of the Enemy, & a Report that they had carefully spread among the Savages of
            having upwards of seventy Men enlisted in this Garrison, who woul’d rise upon their
            appearance—Convinced me of the Necessity of a Rigid Example, & resolved me to
            take the advice of my Officers, by Ordering the prisoners to be Executed, & they
            were accordingly shott at the Head of the Regiment on the 17th—In doing of which altho,
            I coul’d not find the Articles of warr gave me the fullest Authority yet as Commanding
            Officer of a frontier Post, & far distant from the Commander in Chief, &
            having a seperate Commission from Congress as Commandant of this Post, I concieved,
            myself fully impowered, in a Case of such great Necessity unprecedented to me—I hope Your Excellency will be convinced of the Necessity,
            & approve of the Justness of the Execution—Inclosed your Excellency has a Copy
            of the Proceedings of the Court Martial.


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General William Maxwell, 18 August 1778
From: Maxwell, William
To: Washington, George

          Letter not found: from Brig. Gen. William Maxwell, c.18 Aug.
            1778. On 21 Aug., GW wrote Maj. Gen. Nathanael Greene: “By a Letter which I received
            yesterday from Genl Maxwell, inclosing one from Major Howell … it appears certain, that
            Sixteen of Lord Howes fleet entered the Hook on the 17th.” GW’s other correspondence
            with Maxwell around this time suggests that the travel time for letters from Richard
            Howell to Maxwell was about one day and for letters from Maxwell to GW about two
            days.


Title: From George Washington to Major General Lafayette, 19 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de

            My dear Marquis,
            White-plains Augt 19th 78

          This Letter will be delivered to you by Monsr Laneville, to whom, I have no doubt, you
            will shew civility, as he appears to me to be a Gentn of sense & science. I hope, however, he will come too late to afford you any
            aid—I say so, because I could wish he may find the work already done, of which, I have
            some hope from Genl Sullivans last Letter.
          I have lately received a horse for you from Colo. Bland, so exceedingly poor that he
            can scarce walk—I have put him into the care of my Groom and have ordered him to use his
            utmost exertions to get him in order for you, but it will be many Months before he can
            be fit for any kind of Service.
          Adieu my dear Marqs may honr & glory attend you—this is the sincere wish of
            your affecte friend

            Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Colonel William Malcom, 19 August 1778
From: Malcom, William
To: Washington, George

          Letter not found: from Col. William Malcom, 19 Aug. 1778. On 24
            Aug., GW wrote Malcom: “I recd yours of the 19th inclosing the weekly Return of the
            Garrison.”


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General John Stark, 19 August 1778
From: Stark, John
To: Washington, George

            Albany, 19th August, 1778.

          Dear Sir—I yesterday wrote you concerning clothing for Major
            Whitcomb’s corps of rangers, and sent a return of the said corps. The bearer hereof waits on you for clothing, and can inform you
            of the sad condition of the men.
          I understand that Colonel Winship, deputy commissary general, has resigned. I know of
            no person so attentive to his business as Bethuel Washburn, assistant deputy commissary
            general at this place. I hope he may be appointed, as
            his fidelity may be relied on.
          Inclosed is the report of Lieutenant Colonel Wheelock, who has been upon a scout to
            Unadilla, which will inform you of the situation of the enemy. If an expedition should be made to that quarter, a number of
            pack-saddles will be necessary. Colonel Wheelock’s information may be depended on, as he
            is a gentleman of undoubted character. I am, sir, your ob’t serv’t,

            JOHN STARK.


Title: From George Washington to Major General John Sullivan, 19 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Sullivan, John

            Dr Sir,
            Head Quarters White Plains Aug. 19th 1778 ¼ past 9 A.M.

          Your favour of the 17th came to hand an hour and a half ago; and at the same time, that
            I regret extremely the Count not being arrived, for whose fate, I feel the greatest
            anxiety, I am happy to learn, that you had been able to extricate yourself from the
            difficulties you laboured under, and that you had so favourable a prospect before you—I
            shall wait the issue with the most anxious expectation; and earnestly hope both  for your own sake and that of the public, the success may answer your
            warmest wishes.
          If your next does not announce the return of the French fleet, I shall be glad to know
            how they were provided with water and other necessaries when they sailed: my
            apprehensions on this score, are very great.
          I observe letters, for Congress, generally accompany those you send to me—I presume
            they contain the same information you give me, yet as I was not certain of it, I have
            hitherto made a point of transmitting copies of those I received—You will please to
            advise me on this head that I may know whether it is necessary to continue this
            practice, or not.
          I have discovered that the expresses stationed between us are sometimes employed in
            sending private letters; the impropriety and inconvenience of this are obvious—you will
            give the strictest orders to prevent it, in future. I am, with great regard Dr Sir Your
            most Obedt.


Title: To George Washington from Major General John Sullivan, 19 August 1778
From: Sullivan, John
To: Washington, George

            Dear General
            Rhode Island Head Qrs Augt 19th 1778

          I am honored this day by the receipt of your favor of the 16th Inst. Wherein you complain of my want of attention in giving you more
            frequently an acct of my situation and progress of my operations and in answer can
            assure your Excellency that want of interesting matter not of inclination has given rise
            to the suspicion—I can recieve no greater satisfaction than what arises from
            contributing to yours. and the most exquisite pleasure that I shall taste from the
            success of this or any future  operation will result from your
            approbation, and be regulated in degree by the satisfaction you express. … I cannot
            learn a single syllable from Count d’Estain, & consider his absence in the same
            point of view with your Excellency. … I have raised several batteries one of them within
            half musquet shot of their outworks, in defiance of an incessant tho ineffectual fire from their redoubts—They have not injured any of my
            works—lessened my number a single man, or prevented me a moment from making my
            approaches, in advancing of which I have been greatly favoured by a fog. I could have
            opened upon them from a battery or two some time since, but was determined to wait until
            my preparations would enable me to speak with decision—I shall this day give them a
            lecture on the force of gunpowder and make them feel my weight of metal and resentment.
            The consequence shall be the subject of my next. I have the honor to be Dear General
            with the greatest respect & regard your very hble Servt

            John Sullivan


Title: Proceedings of a Council of General Officers, 20–24 August 1778
From: Council of General Officers
To:

            [White Plains, 20–24 August 1778]

          At a meeting of the General Officers at Head Quarters White plains Augt 20th 1778

              Present

              The Commander in Chief

              Major Generals.
              Brigadier Generals

              Gates
              Knox. Smallwood

              Sterling
              Woodford. Muhlenberg

              Lincoln.
              Wayne. Clinton

              McDoughal
              Huntington. Parsons

              Baron D’Kalb.
              Poor—Patterson

              Portail

          The commander in chief states to the council, that, by the articles of war, the highest
            corporal punishment allowed to be inflicted on offenders, by sentence of Courts martial
            is one hundred lashes—That there are no gradations of intermediate punishment between
            this and death—That, in consequence, courts martial are
            obliged to adopt either the one, or the other, with respect to all crimes of a higher
            nature, from whence these inconveniences result, that they have it not in their power to
            distribute a proper proportion of punishment to the different degrees of guilt, which
            occur; and deeming a hundred lashes inadequate to a variety of cases, that come before
            them, think themselves bound in duty to decree the only greater penalty, they have in
            their choice, which being that of death, capital sentences become so numerous, that it
            is impossible to execute them, without degenerating  into cruelty,
            and destroying in a great measure the effect, by the too great frequency of the example;
            that to avoid these disagreeable consequences a necessity too often arises of granting
            pardons, which not only occasions many atrocious criminals to escape, with impunity; but
            affords a strong encouragement to a repetition of crimes.
          Having stated these things, his Excellency requests the sentiments of the Council on
            the expediency of punishment by hard and severe labor, instead of death, with such
            circumstances of rigor as may tend to make the terror and influence of the example the
            greater; and on the particular modes and degrees, they would think adviseable; in order,
            that, if any system of this kind can be devised, which promises to be effectual, for
            preventing crimes and obviating the necessity of capital punishments, it may be finally
            submitted to the consideration of Congress.
          At a Meeting of General Officers, held at White Plains, by Order of His Excellency The
            Commander in Chief, August 24th 1778. It was unanimously decided by them, that Severe
            hard Labour be recommended to The Honorable The Congress, to be the intermediate
            punishment between One Hundred Lashes, and Death: The Board also unanimously resolved,
            that repairs of The Roads, Fortifications, and such necessary public works, as The
            Commander in Chief—Quarter Master General, or Chief Engineer, think proper to direct,
            Shall be the Duty to be performed by such delinquents, and in such proportion, as either
            a General, or Regimental Court Martial, shall decide. The Board advise, that in the
            framing this Addition to the penalties inflicted by the present Articles of War, The
            Courts Martial, General, and Regimental, may have power to Order Severe hard labour, as
            a punishment in all cases whatsoever.
          The Board further take the Liberty to recommend, that a prison be established in each
            Division, where all NonCommissioned Officers, & Soldiers, guilty of Drunkeness,
            and such enormities as frequently proceeds from Drunkeness, are to be confined for such
            a Term, as a General, or Regimental Court Martial shall decree; and for, &
            during that Term, suffered to receive no other sustenance, than Bread &
            Water.

            Horatio Gates Stirling, The Baron deKalb— Alexr McDougall Saml H:
              Parsons W. Smallwood Henry Knox Enoch Poor Jno. Paterson J.
              Huntington


Title: From George Washington to Henry Laurens, 20 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Laurens, Henry

            Dear Sir
            Head Quarters [White Plains] Augt 20th 1778

          I am now to acknowledge my obligations for your favor of the 31st Ulto & for
            its several Inclosures.
          The conduct of Governor Johnstone has been certainly reprehensible—to say no worse of
            it—and so I think the world will determine. His Letters to Messrs Morris and Reed are
            very significant and the points to which they conclude quite evident. They are, if I may
            be allowed so to express myself, of a pulse-feeling cast, and the offer to the latter
            thro the Lady, a direct attempt upon his integrity.
            When these things are known, he must share largely in public contempt—and the more so
            from the opposite parts he has taken.
          I am sorry you troubled yourself with transmitting me copies & extracts of your
            Letters to the French Officers, in answer to their applications for Rank. Your word,
            Sir, will always have the fullest credit with me whenever you shall be pleased to give
            it upon any occasion; and I have only to regret that there has not been the same degree
            of decision and resolution in every Gentleman, as you have used in these instances. If
            there had, it would not only have contributed much to the tranquility of the Army—but
            preserved the rights of our own Officers. With respect to Brevet Commissions, I know
            many of the French Gentlemen have obtained nothing more. That these were intended as
            merely honorary—and that they are not so objectionable as the other sort; however these
            are attended with great inconveniencies, for the instant they gain a point upon you, no
            matter what their primary professions and engagements were, they extend their views and
            are incessant in teasing for actual command. The reason for their pressing for printed
            Commissions in the usual form, in preference to the Brevits you give them is obvious.
            The former are better calculated to favor their Schemes as they import an idea of real
            command—and of consequence afford them grounds for their future sollicitations for the
            purpose. I am well pleased with Monsr Girards declaration—and if he adheres to it, he
            will prevent many frivolous & unwarrantable applications; for finding their
            pursuits not seconded by his interest, many of the Gentlemen will be discouraged, and
            relinquish every hope of success. Nor am I insensible of the propriety of your wish
            respecting our  friend the Marquis. His Countrymen soon find access
            to his heart and he is but too apt afterwards to interest himself in their behalf,
            without having a sufficient knowledge of their Merit—or a proper regard to their
            extravagent views. I will be done upon the Subject. I am sure you have been severely
            punished by their importunities as well as myself.
          The performance ascribd to Mr Mauduit is really curious as coming from him, when we
            consider his past conduct. He is a sensible writer—and his conversion at an earlier day,
            with many others that have lately happened, might have availed his Country much. His
            reasoning is plain & forcible and within the compass of every understanding.
          I have nothing new to inform you of. My public Letter to Congress yesterday contained
            my last advices from Rhode Island. I hope in a few days from the high spirits and
            expectations of General Sullivan, that I shall have the happiness to congratulate you on
            our success in that Quarter. I am Dr Sir With the most perfect esteem & regard
            Yr Most Obedt & Obliged Sert

            Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Henry Laurens, 20 August 1778
From: Laurens, Henry
To: Washington, George

            Sir
            [Philadelphia] 20th Augt [1778]

          My last to Your Excellency went by Dunn dated the 13th since which I have had the honor
            of receiving and presenting to Congress Your Excellency’s second of the 13th and one of
            the 16th Inst. I have at present nothing to trouble
            Your Excellency with but an Act of Congress of the 17th for exonerating the Commanding
            Officers on Hudsons’ river from any censure for the loss of the Posts in the
              Highlands. I have the Honor to be With great Esteem
            and Respect &c.


Title: To George Washington from Henry Laurens, 20 August 1778
From: Laurens, Henry
To: Washington, George

            Sir
            [Philadelphia] 20th Augt [1778]

          I had the honor of writing to Your Excellency this Morning by Burwell and late the
            present Evening of receiving Your Excellency’s dispatches by Captain Riley. These shall be presented to Congress tomorrow. Inclosed with
            this will be found a Report of a Committee on Your Excellency’s letter, relative to
            Baron Steuben, which Congress request Your Excellency will take under consideration, and
            return it as speedily as the case will admit of, together with Your Excellency’s opinion
            on the several parts, and any amendments or additions which shall appear to be
              necessary. I am with great Respect &c.
          P.S. Baron Arndt has obtain’d from Congress leave of absence for twelve
            months.


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General Thomas Nelson, Jr., 20 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Nelson, Thomas Jr.

            My dear Sir,
            Camp at the White-plains Augt 20th 1778

          In what terms can I sufficiently thank you for your polite attention to me, and
            agreeable present? and, which is still more to the purpose, with what propriety can I
            deprive you of a valuable, and favourite Horse? You have pressed me once, nay twice, to
            accept him as a gift; as a proof of my sincere
            attachment to, and friendship for you, I obey, with this assurance, that from none but a
            Gentn for whom I have the highest regard, would I do this, notwithstanding the
            distressed situation I have been in for want of one.
          I am heartily disappointed at a late resolution of Congress for the discontinuance of
            your Corps, because I pleased my self with the prospect
            of seeing you, and many other Gentn of my acquaintance from Virginia, in Camp—As you had
            got to Philadelphia, I do not think the saving, or difference of expence (taking up the
            matter even upon that ground, which under present circumstances I think a very erroneous
            one) was by any means an object suited to the occasion.
          The arrival of the French Fleet upon the Coast of America is a great, &
            striking event; but the operations of it have been injured by a number of unforeseen
            & unfavourable cercumstances—which, tho they  ought not to
            detract from the merit, and good intention of our great Ally, has nevertheless lessened
            the importance of their Services in a great degree—The length of the passage in the
            first instance was a capitol misfortune, for had even one of common length taken place,
            Lord Howe with the British Ships of War and all the Transports in the River Delaware
            must, inevitably, have fallen; and Sir Harry must have had better luck than is commonly
            dispensed to Men of his profession, under such circumstances, if he and his Troops had
            not shared (at least) the fate of Burgoyne—The long passage of Count D’Estaign was
            succeeded by an unfavourable discovery at the hook, which hurt us in two respects; first
            in a defeat of the enterprize upon New York—the Shipping—& Troops at that place;
            and next, in the delay that was used in ascertaining the depth of Water over the Bar;
            which was essential to their entrance into the Harbour of New York—And lastly after the
            enterprize upon Rhode Island had been planned, and was in the moment of execution, that
            Lord Howe with the British Ships should interpose, merely to create a diversion, and
            draw the French fleet from the Island was again unlucky, as the Count had not return’d
            on the 17th to the Island tho drawn off from it the 10th; by which means the Land
            operations were retarded, and the whole subject to a miscarriage in case of the arrival
            of Byrons Squadron.
          I do not know what to make of the enemy at New York; whether their stay at that place
            is the result of choice, or the effect of necessity, proceeding from an inferiority in
            their Fleet—want of Provisions—or other causes, I know not, but certain it is that if it
            is not an act of necessity it is profoundly misterious unless they look for considerable
            reinforcements and are waiting the arrival of them to commence their operations. time
            will shew.
          It is not a little pleasing, nor less wonderful to contemplate, that after two years
            Manœuvering and undergoing the strangest vicissitudes that perhaps ever attended any one
            contest since the creation both Armies are brought back to the very point they set out
            from and, that that, which was the offending party in the beginning is now reduced to
            the use of the spade and pick axe for defence. The hand of Providence has been so
            conspicuous in all this, that he must be worse than an infidel that lacks faith, and
            more than wicked, that has not gratitude enough to acknowledge his obligations—but—it
            will be time enough for me to turn preacher, when my present appointment ceases; and
            therefore, I shall add no more on the Doctrine of Providence; but make a tender of my
            best respects to your good Lady—the Secretary &
            other friends and assure you that with the most perfect regard I am Dr Sir Yr Most
            Affecte & Obliged Hble Ser.

            Go: Washington

            P.S. Since writing the foregoing, I have been favoured with your Letter of
              the 25th Ulto from Baltimore, and 9th Instt from Philadelphia—The method you propose to take with the Public Horses in your
              volunteer Corps will be very proper & agreeable to me.

            G. W——n


Title: General Orders, 21 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To:

            Head-Quarters W. Plains Friday Augt 21st 1778.
            Parole Rotterdam—C. Signs Rumney—Riswick—

          The Commander in Chief has tho’t proper to pardon the following Criminals who were
            under sentence of Death and to have been executed this day—Solomon Lynes, John Craige,
            Zechariah Ward Richard Burk, Michaël Carmen, William McLaughlin, John Jenkins, Nicholas
            Fitzgerald David Potter and Neil Megonigle.
          Notwithstanding the general good Character of the Criminal as a soldier, the Wounds he
            has received in fighting for his Country; the warm Solicitation of several respectable
            Officers and even the special Intercession of Captain Scott himself to whom the Injury
            was offered, it was with extreme difficulty the Commander in Chief could prevail with
            himself to pardon an Offence so attrocious as that committed by Megonigle; The least
            disrespect from a soldier to an Officer is criminal in an high degree & deserves
            severe Punishment; when it proceeds to any kind of personal Violence the offender justly
            merits death, but when it extends to an attempt upon the Officers life as was the Case
            in the present instance it, assumes a Complexon so enormous and aggravated that it wants
            a name, and puts the Criminal almost beyond the reach of Mercy itself—The General is
            happy to reflect that this is the first time an Instance of this nature has come before
            him—He thinks it necessary to warn every soldier that a similar one will never hereafter
            be forgiven, whatever may be the Character of the Offender or the Intercessions of the
            Officers.
          Several Deserters from the Army to the Enemy who have since returned having been
            permitted with Impunity to join their Regiments—The General to prevent an Abuse of his
            Lenity by its being drawn into Precedent and made an Encouragement to others to commit
            the same Crime, takes occasion to declare in explicit terms that no man who shall  desert to the Enemy after the Publication of this order will ever be
            allowed to enjoy the like Indulgence, but whether he return voluntarily himself or fall
            into our hands by any other means will infalliably suffer the Punishment decreed to his
            Crime.
          Captn Lieutt Ambrose Buchanan is appointed Pay-Master to Coll Harrison’s Regiment of
              Artillery.


Title: From George Washington to John Beatty, 21 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Beatty, John

            sir
            Head Quarters [White Plains] 21 Augt 1778

          Lewis Johnson Costagan a Lieut. in the 1st Jersey Regt was taken prisoner early in
              1777. I would wish that the speediest means may be
            used for the obtaining his Exchange, at the same time you will observe such caution in
            conducting the affair as not to alarm the enemy or induce them to detain him. You will
            not seem over anxious, and yet take such measures as cannot fail to procure his
            liberty.
          As soon as he comes out you will be pleased to direct him to repair immediately to the
            Head Quarters of the army. I am Sir &c.

            G.[W.]