Title: To George Washington from Joseph Reed, 18 April 1780
From: Reed, Joseph
To: Washington, George

            Sir
            In Council Philadelphia April 18th 1780

          I have the honour of three of your Excellencys favours respecting the supplies furnished by this state agreeable to the Resolve of Congress of the twenty fifth of February. The number and distance at which these magazines are to be formed will I fear be found very difficult if not impracticable, as the Transportation (for which no provision is made by the Resolve of Congress) will in many cases prove more expensive and difficult than the cost and difficulty of procuring the articles themselves.
          We submit to your Excellencys consideration whether this circumstance is not deserving of attention it is a burthen which ought not to be partially laid and if not rectified will fall extremely heavy on this state which has its deposits at such a distance and must depend on the inner Counties to have them filled. After viewing the matter in every possible light, and with the most anxious desire to exert ourselves and raise as few difficulties as possible we are obliged to acknowledge that we see no prospect of effecting the transportation at such distance by the exertions of the state singly.
          The enclosed representation has been transmitted to us from the Army, as we find upon enquiry it had not been communicated to your Excellency we thought it incumbent on us to forward it to you as soon as possible and that before any measures had been taken upon it, either in the state, or Congress. Its Contents are really important and may lead to consequences the most interesting we must therefore intrude so far on your time as to request your opinion and advice both in matter and manner, by which we shall be very much directed in our farther proceeding thereon. As we conceive voluntary enlistment now nearly over we confess the incorporation of the regiments would be very agreeable to us as it would prove a great saving of publick expence, a very necessary consideration at all times, and at this in particular but we do not

seek local gratifications if incompatible with the general good of the service.
          It has been very much the wish of the Legislature of this state that three or four loose Artillery companies belonging to this state but doing duty with Colonel Lambs regiment should be incorporated with Colonel Proctors regiment General Knox when I was at camp approved of it highly on condition some vacancies in Proctors regiment could be previously filled up—to this the Officers in those Companies consented but by some means the incorporation is not effected. It would be tresspassing on your Excellencys time to send you the Resolves, but there have been two express recommendations on this subject from the House of Assembly to their Delegates in Congress the latter referred it to the Board of War, and they informed us they waited your Excellencys opinion upon it, this is now some Months past. I am with very great respect and regard Your Excellencys most obedient and very humble servant

            Jos: Reed President


Title: To George Washington from Samuel Allinson, 19 April 1780
From: Allinson, Samuel
To: Washington, George

            Respected Friend
            Burl[ingto]n [N.J.] 19th 4th Mo: 1780.

          Thy Letter of the 10th Inst: inclosing one for the Commandg Officer of Major Lees light Horse I received the 17th and can do no less than acknowledge thy kindness & attention to the representation made to thee of the abuses done me by Lt Kearns. The “abhorrence which thou

expressest of every violence done to the inhabitants” correspond with the respectable character which I have ever hear’d of thee.
          Thou mayst be surprised, after thus putting the offender in my Power, that I should rather forgive the injury than punish the offence, yet so it is, not from any doubts or fears of success, that finding it most consistent with the sentiments of some of my Friends, and that difficulties of a religious nature would be likely to attend a prosecution I have waived any thing of that kind, and aquainted Major Lee of it, tho’ I am, and, plainly see, shall be much censured for it by many of the most respectable people in the Govt: I should gladly give thee my reasons at large but fear it would trespass too much on thy time.
          It seems necessary however to mention, that Jas Kinsey at my request delivered thy Letter to Major Lee; some time was given for Lt Kearns to consider of the matter, in hopes for his own sake as well as the good of others, that an intimation might have come from him of an amicable nature, which was all I ever wish’d for; attempts were very speedily made to obstruct my proceeding any way, by endeavoring to villify me with being an Enemy to my country, which one of the officers, who was a Stranger to me, the Justice told me offered to make affidavit of, signifying that I had never taken the Tests, and therefore could have no right to Justice any way until I had done it. Major Lee intimated his suspension of the matter, or right of doing it, until a representation which he said Lt Kearns had sent to thee was hear’d, in which, he told me; I am charged with mal-treatment of a Virga Officer, who it is said was wounded in the Battle of Brandywine, signifying that I had refused him admittance in a faint condition, by which he lay at my door sevl Hours in the sun until he was near dead, and was at last forced in. The truth of the facts is, the Officer was Captn Reid, he had recover’d of his wound but was taken ill of a Fever, had Quarters in Burln but Coll Beufort thinking them too confined solicited me to let him be brot to my House for the sake of better air &c., this I declined, for several strong reasons, in a quiet manner, but he resolving to send him, (which he afterwards did totally contrary to the billeting Law) we put a bed into the most suitable & best room in the house below stay’rs, where no one had ever been, and prepared it for him; he was brot when both myself & Wife were from home & not the least opposition was made by my housekeeper that I know or ever heard of, how therefore so black a calumny cou’d be now hatch’d agst me is amazing; but the reason was obvious, the Justice was to be prevailed on to tender me the Tests as a dangerous and disaffected person (of which I am perswaded no person who knows me ever suspected me, tho’, for religious reasons I, with many other reputable people, wish to be excused from taking them) and Genl Washington was to be prejudiced agst me. It was not expected

that the Captn would have lived many days; at my return I visited him, and pittying his condition, finding him much neglected, tho’ it was not desired of me, I administred to his necessities many little things, which in his situation were of importance & believe I was the probable means of saving his Life; he stay’d some time after his recovery & I never gave or received from him an unhandsom Word.
          Thus instead of acknowledging an Act of unprovoked Violence, or being ready quietly to submit to the free Current of civil or military Justice, if called upon, great industry was immediately used by divers officers to obstruct its course and evade its operation by endeavoring to bring me into difficulty (altho’ no Law requireing the Tests of a suitor) adding calumny to Violence, and to persecute with Fine or imprisonment a Man, whose life is, (excuse me for saying), I hope, as irreproachably sober & Virtuous as most, simply because he had been notoriously abused by an Officer, and had at least fortitude enough truly to represent it to thee, under a hope, that, for the sake of others as much or more than myself, it might produce thy Orders to stay & prevent the Grievances complained of in future, which was the only aim I had, and wch perhaps I might more clearly have expressed. I have shown the Major the Letter to me, expressing thy “abhorrence of violence to the inhabitants.” The facts I have mentioned are too notorious to be denied here, whatever they may be in a Letter at the distance of Morristown, and yet so high are some of those Men, who ought to keep & promote civil peace & good order that J. Kinsey as my Friend in this matter has been very cavalierly treated for his accompanying me as a Witness or a Guard to support me from being singly crushed, with as innocent & just a cause as ever existed. I can acct for such conduct no otherwise than by a supposition that if abuses already commited & the abused persons can be thus silenced nothing will oppose even greater outrages; but Genl Washington is left to his own reflections—He will, I hope, excuse me for taking up so much of his time, and take my Character from those I have already mentioned to him, or any other impartial persons who know me, if the great duties of his station should admit of it, or bring back to his remembrance a Man who sincerely subscribes himself thy real Friend.

            Saml Allinson


Title: General Orders, 20 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To:

            Head Quarters Morristown Thursday April 20th 1780
            Parole Louis  Countersigns Vergennes Luzerne

          [Officers] Of the Day Tomorrow[:] Colonel Angell[,] Major C. Stewart[,] Brigade Major 2d pennsylva. Brigade
          The General Court martial whereof Colonel Livingston is President is dissolved and another ordered to assemble at the same hut in the Connecticut line where the last sat for the Trial of Major Church and such others as shall come before them.
          Colonel Shreve to preside, Lieutenant Colonel Conway Major Reed two Captains from the 1st Pennsylvania brigade two from the 2nd two from Hand’s one from Maxwell’s one from Clinton’s and two from Stark’s to attend as Members.


Title: From George Washington to Colonel William Davies, 20 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Davies, William

            D. sir
            Head Qrs Morris Town April 20th 1780

          I have received Your Letter of the 20th of last month—and Mr Harrison has communicated to me the contents of one he had received from You of the same date.
          The arrangement of Officers for the Regiments gone to the Southward, was made at philadelphia—after the Virginia line marched from hence—and I do not know the reasons which operated, for appointing Colo. Gist to the command of one of them in preference to Others. With respect to Yourself it possibly might have happened from

an opinion which generally prevailed about the time, that You meant to leave the service. I have not heard that the post of Deputy Adjutant General in the Southern Army was vacant, but on the contrary I believe the Gentleman who has long held it, still acts. At any rate however I do not know that there is any thing in the arrangement of the Adjutant General & Inspector’s department which would give any of the sub Inspectors a right to a vacancy which might happen in the former, on a successional principle; nor do I recollect that it was ever in contemplation to establish in them such a right. I have written to Genl Muhlenburg on the subject of collecting the Recruits & Drafts the State may make at certain places of Rendezvous, and how they are to be disposed of; and with respect to Deserters he will hear from me by another Opportunity. From the unhealthiness of petersburg—I have requested him not to assemble the Recruits & Drafts at it—& if it can be done, to remove the Sick now there to some Other place. I have also proposed to him your superintending them for the present—and I doubt not if You are appointed, You will do all in your power to promote their relief. In such case You will advise Genl Muhlenburg of their state & number every Two or Three Weeks—who will of course inform me. I have written to Doctr Brown, who at this time has the direction of the Medical department (Doctr Shippen being in arrest) acquainting him that a physician or more is wanted, & desired him to take measures for having One supplied without loss of time if it can be done. As to the pay of the Officers in Virginia—it is difficult to say, from the state of our treasury & their remote situation, what can be done about it. I have mentioned the matter in my Letter to Genl Muhlenburg & perhaps by his transmitting an Abstract of their names—rank & Regiments, to the Honble the Board of War, with whom by the instructions he received from them he is occasionally to correspond, they may have it in their power to make some arrangement by which the Officers may obtain their pay. I am D. Sir with regard & esteem Yr Most Obedt st

            G.W.


Title: To George Washington from Samuel Hodgdon, 20 April 1780
From: Hodgdon, Samuel
To: Washington, George

            Phila. 20 April 1780.
            Write to his Excellency Genl Washington

          That I recd his of the 6th March—on the 7th Inst.
          That the returns of the Artily Artificers employ⟨ed⟩ at Springfield—with Major Eyers—are Inclosed.
          That in future seperate Rolls shall be kept to distinguish those for three years from those for the War—that there are none with me who claim a discharge at the end of three years but four or five of Capt. Roes Compy—who were enlisted to serve during the War or for three years to be attachd to the Artily in the Field—but the Board of War have determin’d they are to serve to the end of the War—from their Bounty receipt—for the War—all the rest of that part of the regt belonging to this State were reInlisted at the end of their first years Service to serve three years or during the War—and have near One year of the three years yet to come—the 100 Dollars fresh bounty even if we had the Cash to offer—would have no effect with any of those people—if they supposd they could get clear at the end of three years—they are all Trades men and in general good Workmen who if Free could get from 40 to 50 Dollars ⅌ day whereas by continueing with us they get but 60 Dollars ⅌ Month & most of them have Famelies—but if their pay agreable to their original Contracts of 5/ ⅌ day is made good to them of which there is some prospect—it would be their Interest to continue—which ought & I hope will be done or the Supplies for the Army must Suffer, as experience has convinced us they cannot be obtaind with certainty but from our own Manufactures by Inlisted Men.
          Capt. Corens Company of Artily are Inlisted for three years or dureing the War—I have not yet heard that they clai⟨m⟩ a Discharge—tho many of them have served three years they are not trades men and perhaps might be induced to reinlist for the War, with the temptation of 100 Dollars fresh Bounty but I have not Money to try the Ex⟨peri⟩ment—as soon as I have it shall be try’d—and yo⟨ur⟩ Excellency shall be informd of our success.
          I regret exceedingly that no provision is likely to be made by this State for that part of my Corps ⟨who⟩ belong to it—they certainly are intitled to it a⟨nd⟩ deserve it as much as any Troops—the State of Massachuset have generously given the Ar⟨tily⟩ Artificer of my regt belonging to their State ev⟨ery⟩ benefit given to their other Troops—& the reas⟨on⟩ given by this Assembly is that we are Comfortably Quarterd and receive greater pay than other Tr⟨oops⟩ we are willing to serve whereever we are suppos⟨ed⟩ to be most usefull—therefore ought not to loose any benefit given to Others—but trust that Gen⟨l⟩ Scuyler & the other Gentlemen

on the Committee of arra⟨nge⟩ment will consider our usefullness and do us Justice.


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General Jedediah Huntington, 20 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Huntington, Jedediah

            Dear Sir
            Head Quarters Morris Town 20th April 1780.

          The Minister of France, who is now here, being desirous to see Elizabeth town and the Country below the Mountain, I shall ride down with him tomorrow Morning. We purpose being at Springfeild, where I expect the pleasure of meeting you by 10 OClock—You will be pleased to have small Guards posted at the points between Newark and Amboy and send as considerable a detachment as your command will afford to Elizabeth Town to receive the Minister. You will be pleased to keep the reason of this disposition intirely secret, that the enemy may have no opportunity of taking any advantages. Be kind enough to desire Mr Caldwell to have Forage for about forty Horse ready at Springfeild. I am &c.

            P.S. Be pleased to order the Militia Light Horse to be diligent in patrolling tomorrow and let a party of them extend up towards second River.


Title: To George Washington from James Jay, 20 April 1780
From: Jay, James
To: Washington, George

            At General Howe’s Quarters [Highlands, N.Y.]April 20. 1780
            Dear Sir

          I did myself the pleasure to write to You a few days ago by the Post; and to send you, by the same conveyance, a little box with the article you desired.
          I fancy you have been acquainted with the reasons why the Experiments I formerly mentioned were not made in the winter. It is a pity that the opportunities which that season afforded for such purposes, had not been made use of. They may however still be executed, though I shall not be able to disguise, quite so well, the real conclusions I mean to draw from them: nevertheless, matters may be so conducted, as to keep those points out of sight. If you should have no objection to the experiments being made at present, I will set about them without loss of time. In regard to alarming the Country, that I believe may be easily prevented by only giving previous notice, and yet not long beforehand, that a few pieces of Ordnance are to be proved at the Fort. In case we are to go on, I should be glad to have Major Beauman with me: he is very fit on several accounts; and I fancy he will be happy to attend, & have an opportunity of making a few experiments himself. General Heath seemed to apprehend that the Major might be disposed to exhibit some things for show, as well as to try others for use. But this may easily be guarded against. As to myself, you may rely upon it, that nothing shall be done out of the strict line of public utility. I remain, with great esteem Dear Sir Your Most Obt Servt

            James Jay

            P.S. I am informed that Beauman is in the neigbourhood of Morris Town.


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General Peter Muhlenberg, 20 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Muhlenberg, Peter

            Dr Sir
            Hd Qrs Morris Town April 20. 1780

          I duly received Your Letter of the 24 February from Philadelphia, when You were on the point of leaving it, with a Copy of the Instructions from the Board of War to which You refer. The business which they mentioned to employ your attention, is very interesting, and in this view I persuade myself that every reasonable exertion will be used as far as it may depend on You to promote it. I do not know what measures the State is pursuing to place their line upon a more respectable footing than it is at present, however I suppose in consequence of the late requisition of Congress on the 9th of Feby—and the necessity of the case, they are doing something. In fixing on places of Rendezvous for the Recruits & Drafts—regard should be had to their probable future destination—and to their health. The destination from present appearances will be the Southward, and therefore the more conveniently they can rendezvous to the communication leading that way, the better; But petersburg from it’s usual unhealthiness should not by any means be appointed for them to assemble at. It has already proved the Grave of too many, and if it can be done—I think no time should be lost in removing the Troops from it, which may be there, as without a change of situation, there will be no good reason for us to hope the sick will recover. It might be proper—perhaps for a Field Officer to take upon him the particular superintendence of them and while things remain in their present footing Colo. Davies who I understand is not gone to the Southward with any of the Regiments which marched with General Woodford would answer the purpose well. As the Recruits & Drafts come in—You will have them formed into Companies immediately under proper Officers & every attention paid to their discipline & Whenever they amount to 50 strong they are to march & join the Troops of the State at the Southward. This is to be [the] case from time to time as often as they make this number, unless Orders are received to the contrary, and whenever the Detachments amount to 150 a Field Officer

should proceed. That I may know how to direct matters with the more propriety—You will not fail to inform me of the places of Rendezvous You appoint—and to transmit me by every fortnight’s post a particular State of the Recruits or Drafts that assemble. Your attention will be extended to having the Old Soldiers collected who were furloughed & who have not joined their Regiments. I have been informed that there are many Deserters in the State and possibly that a good many of them would come in, if they were not afraid of being punished. You shall hear from me on this subject by the first post after I know the places You appoint for the rendezvous of the Recruits &c., which you cannot be too early in communicating.
          The Officers in the State will in all probability want their pay. I really do not know in the present deranged situation of our Treasury and from their remoteness how they will get it. perhaps by Transmitting an Abstract of their names & Ranks & the Regiments to which they belong, to the Honbe the Board of War, with whom by their instructions You are to correspond, it may be in their power to have the matter put in such a train that it may be obtained. I am Dr sir &.


Title: To George Washington from Lieutenant Robertson Duncanson, 21 April 1780
From: Duncanson, Robertson
To: Washington, George

            Sir
            Lancaster [Pa.] 21st April 1780

          I beg your Excellency will be pleased to excuse the liberty I take in addressing you, but particular bussiness of a private nature which I had not an opportunity of negotiateing at New York before I was made Prisoner, and that now requires my personal attendance there, induces me most earnestly to request your Excellencys permission to go in upon Parole of honor for any space of time your Excellency might please to appoint.
          Hopeing your Excellency will be pleased to take my case into consideration I have the honor to subscribe myself Your Excellencys Most Obedient & Most humble Servt

            R. Duncanson Lieut. 71st Grendrs


Title: General Orders, 22 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To:

            Head Quarters Morristown Saturday April 22d 1780
            Parole Sartine  Countersigns D[’]Estaing, Marebois.

          [Officers] Of the Day Tomorrow[:] Colonel Stewart[,] Major Trescott[,] Brigade Major Stark’s Brigade
          The Guards to be very alert in turning out to the Minister of France and Committee of Congress and paying them the same Honors as the Commander in Chief.


Title: To George Washington from Samuel Huntington, 22 April 1780
From: Huntington, Samuel
To: Washington, George

            sir,
            Philadelphia 22. April 1780

          Enclosed is an Act of Congress of the 21st Instant impowering your Excellency when properly applied to for that Purpose, to authorize an Agent or Commissary of Prisoners appointed by the Enemy to reside in these United States; and with Powers similar to those granted to a like Officer on behalf of the United States and allowed by the Enemy to be exercised within their Lines.
          The Extract of a Letter from Genl Lincoln contains the latest Intelligence I have received from Charles Town. I have the honor to be with great respect—your Excelly’s hbble servt

            Sam. Huntington President


Title: From George Washington to the Board of War, 23 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Board of War

            Gentlemen
            Head Quarters Morris Town 23d April 1780

          I had yesterday the honor to receive your Letters of the 13th & 17th Instant, with their inclosures. With respect to the Boats and other articles which make the subject of the first, I beg leave to inform the Board that I do not know that there will be any objection to selling them, except such a part of the Tar as they may think it necessary to keep. The state of our Treasury & the necessity we are in for money seem to require that we should obtain a supply by every practicable means.
          From the present situation of affairs It does not appear to me probable, that we shall carry on any extensive operations in the Western quarter this Campaign—and therefore that there can not be at any rate an occasion for the number of Tents which Colo. Brodhead has requested. And If the incursions of the Savages should make it necessary to collect a body of Militia—yet from the light—desultory service in which they would be engaged, Tents would be improper—as they would greatly embarrass & impede their movements—and besides in our present circumstances the supply I should suppose would be impracticable. It may however be well perhaps to send Colo. Brodhead a few Horse Mens Tents and a very small number fit for Soldiers, as they may be useful in case of sickness and on some other occasions.
          The Board will be pleased to receive again—the Returns they were so obliging as to send me some time ago—and also Returns of the Men in Moylan’s Regimt of the same kind, which were never given in till yesterday. I have the Honor to be with the highest respect Gentn Yr Most Obedt st

            Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General Jedediah Huntington, 23 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Huntington, Jedediah

            Dr Sir,
            Hd Qrs M[orris] T[own] 23d April 80

          Your coming to Morris as you wish tomorrow will be agreeable to me, & I request that should you give permission to any of the Officers at the Post to accompany you that you would enjoin them to return at night. The Enemy from the occasion which brings you here may be led to think that we shall be off our guard & attempt to enterprise something. I wish you to give directions for the Troops to be in as compact order as possible, and to lay on their Arms tomorrow night. I am &c.

            G.W.


Title: To George Washington from John Mercereau, 23 April 1780
From: Mercereau, John
To: Washington, George

            Sir
            Wood bridge [N.J.] April 23 [1780]

          I have at Last Seen the person I wanted and have Setled agreable to your Request the Correspondance he is Now gone to New york and will Meet me on thursday Night or fryday then I Shall imediately Come to you and Deliver what Can be Collected in the time and for time to Come we Shall have it Reguler once a week & oftner if any Suden Movements apear the Eenemy Now are Ready for an Expedition against Midletown with about Sixty Men we have Sent Over to Capt: Morgan on that Shore which I hope will Meet them Sir Remain your Sincere friend

            John Mercereau


Title: To George Washington from Colonel Daniel Brodhead, 24 April 1780
From: Brodhead, Daniel
To: Washington, George

            Dear General
            Fort Pitt [Pa.] April 24th 1780

          I am honored with your favors of the 4th of January & the 14th of March, that of the 4th January I did not receive untill the 18th instant.
          Returns of the Troops under my Command have been duly forwarded to the orderly Office agreeable to Genl Orders, except one or two Months in the Winter when the Mountain was impassible.
          As no reinforcement can be had from your Excellency, the intended expedition against Detroit must be laid aside untill a favourable turn of affairs takes place, unless you would recommend a junction of Colo. Clarks Troops with mine.
          I have called upon the different Counties on this side the Mountain for 825 Rank & file to be drafted from the Militia and intend to visit the Shawnese provided the Men are furnished but the unhappy dispute of Jurisdiction will, I fear, prevent my getting them, and as many Renegadoes from the different Indian Nations are Collected at the Shawnese Towns I do not incline to make an attempt with an inconsiderable number of Men, because a defeat would be attended with fatal Consequences to the Settlements.
          I am honored with a Line from the Honorable Board of War

informing me that an Officer of Colo. proctors Regt with some stores & Cannon were in readiness to be sent up as soon as the Roads would permit & the means of transportation can be procured.
          Mr Arthur Gordon is deserted from his Arrest and will probably avoid a new trial.
          With a view of saving Land Carriage Expences where water carriage was practicable I suffered only a few of the boats to be used, and greater care could scarcely have been taken than what I took to prevent their being lost or spoiled; but it was out of my power to watch every person. I have however the pleasure to assure you that not more than seven are past Fort Henry, which as I have given Orders to some of Colo. Clarks Officers will I trust be saved & sent back to this post.
          I was much inclined last fall to do myself the Honor of waiting upon your Excellency with a view of proposing some things which at that time I expected would have promoted the Service in this district in the course of this Campaign but I do not recollect that I expressed any desire to visit my Family. I am much oblidged to your Excellency for the indulgence but as Colo. Gibson is absent on a visit to his Family at Carlisle and the Indians are remarkably hostile, I must remain untill I see whether it will be in my power to prosecute an Expedition against the hostile Indians or not, and untill I have the honor of hearing from you again.
          The Lieutts of Monongalia County & Ohio, write that they are happy to hear of the intended Expedition against some of the Hostile Indians, and that they will exert themselves to furnish the Men required but they conceive that it will be difficult to effect it on acct of the disputed Territory.
          I take the liberty to inclose the Copy of a letter lately received from the Delaware Council at Coochocking No. 1. Likewise a Copy of the Revd Mr Zeisbergers Letter No. 2 & an extract from the Revd Mr Hackenwelders Letter No. 3. And will likewise inclose the Return of the Troops as nearly as possible to your wish but as Colo. Gibsons Regt my own & the Independent Corps were chiefly raised within the disputed territory it will be impossible to determine in which State they were raised untill the line is run.
          Fearing a scarcity of salt provisions for the out posts and the better to enable me to subsist a number of the Militia upon the proposed Expedition I have been oblidged to Reduce the ration of Meat one quarter, but I have allowed some Indian Meal in lieu thereof.
          Since the first of March, the Indians have killed & taken forty three Men Women & Children, in the Counties of Yoghagania, Monongalia & Ohio, including those killed and taken upon the River, and they have destroyed a number of Horses & Cattle in Tyger Valley.

          The Honorable Board of War mention the Expence of Expresses in such a manner as must prevent my employing any, but I will do myself the Honor to communicate to you, every material Occurrence by such private conveyances as may from time to time offer. I have the Honor to be with the most Sincere respect & esteem your Excellencies most Obedt Servt

            Daniel Brodhead


Title: To George Washington from George Clinton, 24 April 1780
From: Clinton, George
To: Washington, George

            Dear Sir.
            Poughkeepsie [N.Y.] 24th April 1780

          I have to acknowlege the Receipt of your Excellency’s favors of the 26th Ulto & 12th Instant. Two Days before the former came to hand I received the Act of Congress respecting the Troops proposed to be raised for the Defence of our frontiers. Some considerable Time will necessarily elapse before they can be embodied and as the Enemy have already appeared at different Times and Places on the northern & western frontiers, I am very apprehensive that, in the interim, the more remote Settlements will be abandoned. Every Measure will be used to expedite this Business and your Excellency will have the earliest Information of the Disposition which in consequence of your Letter I shall cause to be made of these Levies.
          The Act of Congress of the 26th of last Month respecting the Quotas of Supplies for the Army to be furnished by the different States was not received until some Days after the Rising of the Legislature—This together with some other important Matters, from Congress, has induced me to call them together at an earlier Day than that to which they stand adjourned and I have accordingly issued my Proclamation for

convening them at Kingston on the 9th of next Month; when this Business will be submitted to their Consideration. In the mean time I think it my Duty to inform your Excellency that in consequence of the several Laws which have been enacted for obtaining Supplies of Provision and Forage for the Army, this State is so exhausted that I am persuaded there is not more Grain & Meal left in the possession of the Farmer than a bare competency for the support of it’s Inhabitants until the new Crop comes in; and with respect to Forage few of the Farmers have a sufficiency to bring their Stock through until Grass. Should therefore the present Supplies besides what are already in the Hands of the public Officers, be wanted before Harvest they are not to be had in this State. I should have written to your Excellency earlier on this Subject but I did not receive your Letter until a few Days ago. I have the Honor to be with the highest Sentiments of Respect & Esteem Your Excellency’s most Obedient Servant

            Geo: Clinton


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General Jedediah Huntington, 24 April 1780
From: Huntington, Jedediah
To: Washington, George

            Springfield [N.J.] 24th April 1780half after One A.M.
            Dear sir,

          I have this hour recd a Line from the Command at Newark that a Body of Enemy are out at Paramus—Numbers not known—they are also (I this Moment hear by Major Lenox) out at Halstead Point Elisabeth Town I have no Express from thence nor hear any Firing therefore conclude the last Party small—I am &c.

            J. Huntington


Title: To George Washington from James Watson, 24 April 1780
From: Watson, James
To: Washington, George

            May it Please Your Excellency
            Hartford 24th Aprl 1780

          It is my duty to inform you that I am appointed by the Genl Assembly to procure the Rum & Hay Ordered by Congress to be furnished by this State, & am refered to your Excellency for directions where to place the Magazines—There is an Issuing Comy in this Town who has Stores ready & convenient to receive the Rum; & keep it in Safety—& as it will be necessary to make some purchases immediately I shall deliver the Goods into his care ’till I am favored with your Excellency’s Orders in the case. I am with every Sentiment of Respect & Esteem Your Excellencys Most Obet & most Hume Sert

            J. W. Watson


Title: General Orders, 25 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To:

            Head Quarters Morristown Tuesday April 25th 1780
            Parole Tingre  Countersigns Noailles, Beauview.

          [Officers] Of the Day Tomorrow[:] Brigadier General Hand[,] Lieutenant Colonel Commandant Hubley[,] Brigade Major 1st Pennsylvania brigade
          All the Officers and men belonging to Colonel Dayton’s regiment now in Camp are to march tomorrow morning and join the detachment under Major Burrows who with the officers and men from the other regiments of the Jersey Brigade will immediately return to Camp.
          The Commander in Chief at the request of the Minister of France has the pleasure to inform Major General the Baron de Steuben and the officers and men of the four Battalions that the appearance and manœuvres of the Troops yesterday met His entire Approbation and afforded him the highest Satisfaction.


Title: To George Washington from the Board of War, 25 April 1780
From: Board of War
To: Washington, George

            Sir
            War Office [Philadelphia] April 25. 1780.

          We have the honor to inclose you the copy of a letter from the Governor of Maryland proposing the exchange of Lt Col. Conolly for Lieut. Col. Ramsay, the eldest prisoner of that rank in the Maryland Line. We will take the liberty of stating to your Excellency the facts that occur to us; respecting Lt Col. Conolly.
          It appears by the Journals of Congress of Decr 1st 1775, that Conolly & his associates were apprehended by the Committee of Frederick Town, who desired the advice of Congress with regard to the prisoners. On the 8th of the same month, Congress resolved that Conolly & his Associates should be confined in prison at Philadelphia at the Continental expence until the further order of Congress; from that time Conolly has been, whether in confinement or on parole, wholly under the direction of Congress.
          On the first of Novr last, Congress resolved that he should be considered as a prisoner of war, & exchangeable for a Lieut. Colonel in the Service of the States: Of this the Comy Genl of prisoners was duly notified. On the 13th day of Jany last Congress adopted a plan proposed

by the board for placing all prisoners under the direction of the Comy Genl of prisoners; a part of which plan (in order to induce the States to acquiesce in it) provided that Individual States should from time to time receive the first benefit of exchanges of prisoners taken by their respective Citizens; the residue of their prisoners to be applied to the Continental account. the journals of Congress containing this plan are herewith transmitted. It is under this provision that Maryland claims a right to Exchange Lt Col. Conolly, for Lt Col. Ramsay. We cannot deny the Justice of the claim: and think it rather a favorable circumstance that they are desirous of giving Conolly in exchange for a continental Officer. We now beg leave to submit the affair to your Excellencys direction; and to request (if your opinion of the claim coincides with ours) that you would take the measures requisite to effect the exchange. Col. Ramsay imagines every attempt will be fruitless unless Col. Conolly is permitted to go into New York personally to solicit the Exchange. We have the honor to be With the highest respect Yr Excellency’s Most Obed. Servts

            by ord.Ben. Stoddert Secy


Title: To George Washington from Jabez Bowen, 25 April 1780
From: Bowen, Jabez
To: Washington, George

            Sir
            Providence Apr. 25 1780

          I dont mean to be troublesome to your Exellency, but the Duty that I owe the Publick demands that I should inform you that in my opinion

the large quantities of Military Stores now deposited in this Town are by no means safe eighther for the Amunition or the Town.
          You will perceive by the Incloased Vote the Idea that the Town Council have of the matter.
          The heavy Stores may be Transported on Board small Vessells to Windsor on Connecticutt River with small expense and but little danger if Springfield is the place at which they are to be deposited. I wish you to consider of the matter and give such orders as you shall think necessary to Major Perkins. Your Complyance will Oblige one who is your Exellencys Most Obedient and most Humb. Servant.

            Jabez Bowen


Title: General Orders, 26 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To:

            Head Quarters Morristown Wednesday April 26th 1780.
            Parole Sunbury  Countersigns Sussex Steuben

          [Officers] Of the Day Tomorrow[:] Brigadier General Irvine[,] Lieutenant Colonel Robinson[,] Brigade Major 2d Pennsa. Brigade
          His Excellency the Minister of France was pleas’d to express in the warmest Terms His Approbation of the Troops in the review of yesterday; Applause so honorable cannot but prove a new motive to the emulous exertions of the Army.

          The General has seen with peculiar satisfaction the Zeal of all ranks to manifest their respectful attachment to a Gentleman, who to the title of being the Representative of the illustrious Friend and Ally of these States adds that of having given distinguished proofs during his residence amongst us of the sincerest disposition to advance their Interest.


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General Jedediah Huntington, 26 April 1780
From: Huntington, Jedediah
To: Washington, George

            Springfield [N.J.] 26 April 1780

          I inclose your Excellency a Letter from Lt Col. Gray. I have some Expectation of further Intelligence this Evening. I remain, very respectfully, Your Excellency’s most Ob[e]dient servt

            J. Huntington


Title: From George Washington to La Luzerne, 26 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To: La Luzerne, Anne-César, chevalier de

            Sir,
            Head Qrs Morris-town 26th of April 1780

          I am just returned from a visit to Mr D’Miralles, and am happy to inform your Excellency, that if he has experienced any change since you left him, it is for the better.
          His Fever & pulse, tho’ he had a very restless night the last, are now moderate & regular, and his hic-cough has entirely left him. These are symptoms which the Doctor considers as rather favourable, but I am unhappy they are not such as enable him to determine that the prospect of his recovery is either certain, or flattering.
          I pray you to make an offer of my respects to Mr Marbois—& do me the justice to believe that, with much consideration, & great personal attachment—I have the honor to be Yr Excellencys Most Obedt & obligd Hble Servt

            Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Lieutenant Colonel John Laurens, 26 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Laurens, John

            My dear Laurens.
            Head Quarters Morris-town 26th of Apl 1780.

          I have received your letters of the 14th of Feby and 14th of March, and am much obliged to you for the Military details they contain.
          I sincerely lament that your prospects are not better than they are. The impracticability of defending the bar, I fear, amounts to the loss of the town & garrison. At this distance it is difficult to judge for you, and I have the greatest confidence in General Lincolns prudence; but it really

appears to me that the propriety of attempting to defend the Town depended on the probability of defending the bar, and that when this ceased the attempt ought to have been relinquished. In this however I suspend a definitive judgment, & wish you to consider what I say as confidential.
          Since your last to me I have received one from General Lincoln of the 24th of March, in which he informs me that the enemy had gotten a Sixty four gun ship with a number of other Vessels over the bar & that it had been determined to abandon the project of disputing the passage by Sullivans Island—and to draw up the Frigates to the Town and take out their Cannon. This brings your affairs nearer to a dangerous crisis, & increases my apprehensions.
          You will have learnt from General Lincoln that a second detachment had sailed from New York the 7th Instt, supposed to be destined to reinforce Sir Henry Clinton. I have not yet ascertained all the particular Corps, but know that the 42d—the Irish Volunteers—Queens Rangers—& some foreign Troops are of the number, & have every reason to believe the total is what I mentioned to him—from 2000 to 2500. They appeared a few days since off Chesapeak bay, but immediately continued their voyage.
          I have just received an acct of the arrival of 47 Transports the 24th Instt at New York from South Carolina, & that there were strong symptoms of another embarkation—This circumstance is to me not of easy explanation. I should imagine that Sir Henry Clinton’s present force was equal to his object, and that he would not require more. The garrison of New York and its dependencies, at this time, cannot much exceed 8000 Men—a number barely sufficient for its defence; and not with propriety admitting a diminution. Perhaps however, counting upon our weakness, the enemy may determine to hazard something here, the more effectually to prosecute and secure conquest to the Southward; or perhaps he may only intend to detach a force for a temporary diversion in Virginia or No. Carolina, to return afterwards to New-York. I expect more certain advice to day, & should it confirm the first, any demonstrations it may be in our power to make to retard or prevent the embarkation shall be put in practice; but unfortunately we have very little in our power.
          In both your letters you express a wish that I should come to the Southward. Though I cannot flatter myself with the advantages you look for from such a Step, yet if it were proposed by Congress I confess to you I should not dislike the journey, did our affairs in this quarter permit it. But unluckily the great departments of the Army are now in total confusion & Congress have just appointed a Committee in conjunction with me to new model & rectifie them. Till this is done I could not leave

this Army. And were not this obsticle in the way you will easily conceive I must have many scruples which forbid me to let the measure in question originate with me. But all this for your private ear.
          Be assured my dear Laurens that I am extremely sensible to the expressions of your attachment, and that I feel all for you in your present situation which the warmest friendship can dictate. I am confidant you will do your duty & in doing it you must run great hazards. May Success attend you, and restore you with fresh laurels to your friends—to your Country—and to me—With every sentiment of regard & Affection I am—sincerely Yrs

            Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Major James Moore, Jr., 26 April 1780
From: Moore, James Jr.
To: Washington, George

            May it please your Excellency
            Paramus [N.J.] 26th Apl 1780

          Last Night a sergant & 14 Men of this detachment, attempted to Desert to the Enemy, but by timely information, & the Vigilence of the officers, I was fortunate Enough to get Everey Man before the[y] got one Mile from thier Cantoonments, they were all properly armed.
          It has been in agitation this Some days, & had this Party Succeded in thier Attempt, I have Everey reason to believe, I should have Lost great Part of the Detachment.
          I found it absolutely Neccessary to Make an Example of one of those I had taken, in order to put a Stop (if poseble) to so Great A Spirit of Desertion, for which purpose I took the opinion of the officers, who were fully the Same, with My own, that an imidiate Example ought to be made, Sergant Williams from his Confesion at the Gallos fully Convinced me he was a Verry Proper Object, & him, I reluctantly, ordred to be hanged.
          I do assure your Excellency, it Gives me infinite Pain to be reduced to the Necessity of makeing this Example, & I trust when I inform you, (that nothing but the duty I owe to my Country, & the good of the Service, could have posebly, induced me to act as I have Done) that you

Will fully aprove of my Conduct, & more Especially when I Inform your Excellency, that this Example has Made so Great an impression, on the Minds of the Soldiers that I have Everey reason to believe I shall not have any more Desertions, during the Command.
          The other 14 who made the attempt With the Sergant, I Now send to the Provost, Many of them are Proper objects, & richly Deser[ve] punishment, they are Princpaly from the York Regts.
          I beg leave to recomend to your Excellency, Sargant Saml Higby of the 4th N: York Regt, who gave Me the information of those w[h]o were going to desert, he an Exceding attentive good Sergt.
          I have Nothing to Comunicate to you from Below the Enemy have Not been out in this Quarter Since I have been at this Post.
          I should be Glad your Excellency would order Me as Many Men, as I have Now sent to the Provost—to Compleat the Detachment—Inclosed I send you a List of the Prisoners Names and the regts to which the[y] Belong. I have the honor to be your Excellency⟨’s⟩ Most Obdt & Very Hbl. servt

            J: Moore


Title: General Orders, 27 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To:

            Head Quarters Morristown Thursday April 27th 1780
            Parole Woodbridge  Countersigns Tunis, Ulm.

          [Officers] Of the Day Tomorrow[:] Colonel Livingston[,] Lieutenant Colonel Hay[,] Brigade Major Clinton’s Brigade
          A Detachment to be paraded Tomorrow morning 9 o’Clock on the Grand parade with two days’ Provisions and 40 rounds ⅌ man to be commanded by Major Trescott. A Surgeon or mate from the 1st pennsylvania Brigade to join the Detachment.
          On Monday next the 1st of May the Arms Accoutrements and Ammunition of the Pennsylvania Division will be inspected by the Inspector General.

          On Tuesday the 2d of May Hand’s and Maxwell’s and on Wednesday the 3d of May Clinton’s and Stark’s.
          The Divisions on the Day of Inspection are to furnish no Guards except their proportion of the Detachment at Peramus which is to be Inspected tomorrow on the Grand parade and every man to be present without exception.
          All supernumerary Arms &ca to be produced; for this the Colonels will be answerable.
          The Conductors will be present at the Inspection to receive the Arms &ca found not fit for service which are to be delivered in to the Field Commissary except such as can be immediately repaired.
          Each Regiment to make out a Return of Arms &ca Wanting; the Returns to be made out before the Inspector General leaves the parade; signed by the commanding officer of the regiment and countersigned by the Major of Brigade.
          These Returns to be delivered to the Sub Inspector the day after the Inspection of the Divisions respectively who are to make out like Returns of the Divisions sign and deliver them the day after to the Inspector General.
          Where there is no Conductor the Major of Brigade will appoint a Quarter master to do that duty.
          The Eldest Major of Brigade in Clinton’s and Stark’s brigades will do the duty of Sub-inspector for the Division composed of those Brigades.
          Congress having been pleased to appoint George Augustine Washington an Ensign in the second Regiment of Virginia he is to do Duty in the Commander in Chiefs Guards untill further Orders.


Title: To George Washington from Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin Flower, 27 April 1780
From: Flower, Benjamin
To: Washington, George

            May it please Your Excellency
            Philadelphia Aprill 27th 1780

          Your much esteemed favor of the 6th March I have received, have now the honor to enclose the return of the part of my Regiment station’d at springfield—in my next return shall insert as directed, particularly the number of Men engaged, and their term of services, by which you will perceive that I have none expressly enlisted for three years who belong to this State except four or five belonging to the late Capt. Roes Company. these he has given Certificates were, although their bounty receipts, makes it clear they were to serve during the War, from which circumstance I am directed still to detain them—All the rest of the Regt belonging to this state at the end of their first service of one year reinlisted for three years or during the War, and have about one year yet to serve, to compleat the three—the hundred dollars, with these Men, shou’d they suppose their inlistments terminate, at the given term, would have no effect, as they are all tradesmen and most of them families. and could if free receive from thirty to forty dollars ⅌r day, whereas they now get but two could they receive either by making up the depretiation or in any other way, the Original contract of five shillings ⅌r day, and an assurance it would be continued in future, I presume I should meet with no difficulty in engaging them for any term of time, and this, if effected would insure the supplies from my department, which would be a happy circumstance, as experience, has shown that no dependence can be put upon hired Men.
          Capt. Corens Company of Artillery employ’d in the Labaratory are inlist’d for three years or during the War. I have not heard yet that they claim a discharge tho’ many of them have served three years. they are not tradesmen, perhaps, the hundred dollars may prevail, to get them

to make the matter certain by a New inlistment, this as soon as I can obtain Money shall be determin’d, and your Excellency acquainted with my success.
          I regret that no provision is likely to be made by this state for that part of my Regt that belongs to it, as reason and justice declare they are intituled to it in common with others—under this conviction the Assembly of Massachusetts Bay, have agreed to include, that part of the Regt station’d at springfield belonging to their state, the only reason given by this State, for not including us, is that we are comfortably provided for and quarter’d—but this is not true, besides they forget that the Men are soldiers, and liable to be call’d into the field at any hour—however under every discouragement, your Excellency may rest assured, that nothing on my part shall be wanting to fill up the Regt, keep it in peace, and thereby secure the supplies expected from my department. With the most sincere Respect I am your Excellencies Most Obedt Humbe Servt

            Benj: Flower Colo.Arty & Arty ⟨Artificers⟩


Title: To George Washington from Major General Lafayette, 27 April 1780
From: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de
To: Washington, George

              At the Entrance of Boston harbour 27th April 1780

            here I am, My dear General, and in the Mist of the joy I feel in finding Myself again one of your loving Soldiers I take But the time of telling you that I Came from france on Board of a fregatt Which the king Gave me for my passage—I have affairs of the utmost importance that I should at first Communicate to You alone—in Case my Letter finds you Any where this side of philadelphia, I Beg You will wait for me, and do Assure You A Great public Good May derive from it—to Morrow we Go up to the town, and the day after I’ll Set off in My usual way to join My Belov’d and Respected friend and General. Adieu, My dear General, You will Easily know the hand of Your Young Soldier

              Lafayette

            My Compliments to the family.


Title: From George Washington to William Livingston, 27 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Livingston, William

            Dear Sir
            Head Quarters Morris Town 27th April 1780

          I have been honored with yours of the 25th inclosing a Certificate from Mr Boudinot that Colo. Billop, after he was the first time taken

by the Militia, was exchanged for Colo. Atlee a Continental Officer: But as Colonel Billop was the last time taken by a party of Continental troops and exchanged by Co⟨lo.⟩ Reynolds of the Militia, the account be⟨tween⟩ the State and Continent, so far as Bill⟨op is⟩ concerned, seems settled—However, as t⟨he⟩ releif of so valuable an Officer as Capt. FitzRandolph is made, by the enemy, to depend upon exchanging Capt. Pitcairne for him, I shall give directions to the Commy General of prisoners to send him in and to call for Capt. Fitzrandolph in return. The State will thereby become indebted to the Continent for an Officer of the Rank of a Captain, which they must take the first opportunity of paying. I have the honor to be Yr Excellency’s Most obt Servt

            ⟨Go: Washington⟩


Title: From George Washington to Jonathan Trumbull, Sr., 27 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Trumbull, Jonathan Sr.

            Dear Sir
            Head Quarters Morris Town 27th April 1780

          I am informed by Lt Colo. Stevens, at present the commanding Officer of Colonel Lambs Regiment of Artillery, that there are four Companies in that Regiment, which were raised in Connecticut, and have been adopted and supplied by the State, for which reason, he has desired liberty to send an Officer from each Company on the recruiting service, not doubting but they will be allowed the same priviledges and Bounties as are granted to those recruiting for the Line—Not knowing

what arrangements you may have made, I have directed the Officers to apply to your Excellency before they enter upon the Business, that they may not interfere with any regulations which may have been made for obtaining the deficiency of the quota of your State. I have the honor to be Yr Excellency’s Most obt Servt

            ⟨Go: Washington⟩


Title: From George Washington to Colonel Goose Van Schaick, 27 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Van Schaick, Goose

            Sir
            Head Quarters Morris Town 27th April 1780

          I am sorry to find by yours of the 15th that Indian Ravages have again began upon your frontiers, but as the Congress have authorised the State to take 800 Militia into Continental pay, I am in hopes their incursions will be checked—I shall direct an additional quantity of powder and Lead to be sent up to the Magazine at Albany. I am &.

            P.S. The Maryland and Delaware Lines having marched to the southward you will be pleased to send all the Men belonging them, who are fit to remove, down to Fishkill, from whence I shall give orders to have them brought forward.


Title: General Orders, 28 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To:

            Head Quarters Morristown Friday April 28th 1780
            Parole Amsterdam  Countersigns A, X.

          [Officers] Of the Day Tomorrow[:] Colonel Johnson[,] Lieutenant Colonel Huntington[,] Brigade Major Stark’s Brigade
          A Serjeant Corporal and twelve men from General St Clair’s Division for Fatigue Tomorrow to be under the direction of Mr shute.


Title: To George Washington from Claude- Boniface Collignon, 28 April 1780 [letter not found]
From: Collignon, Claude- Boniface
To: Washington, George

          Letter not found: from Claude-Boniface Collignon, 28 April 1780. Collignon wrote GW on 15 March 1790: “I have had the honor to write you a letter in date April 28th 1780” (see Papers, Presidential SeriesW. W. Abbot et al., eds. The Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series. 19 vols. to date. Charlottesville, Va., 1987–. 5:227–31).


Title: From George Washington to Major General Robert Howe, 28 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Howe, Robert

            Dr Sir,
            Hd Qrs Morris Town April 28th 1780

          Col. Hay delivered me your letter of the 18th of April. It is lamentable that we should be obliged to experience such distresses as we do every where. Those we feel here are not inferior to yours—we are constantly on the point of starving for want of provision and forage—A deficiency of money is the cause, and a cause for which the present situation of affairs renders it infinitely difficult to provide a remedy. We are at a most delicate crisis—I dread with you the consequences.
          We are informed there is an arrival of 47 transports from South Carolina at New York and that there are appearances of a further embarkation. It may be of use to make demonstrations of a movement on our part—I should be glad so far as it can be done, without interfering with the necessary operations and without incurring expence, that you would set on foot a collection of boats on the river—have them inspected and some little repairs made. Some time since you were directed at your own instance to have all the fascines and gabions which had been provided in expectation of Count D’Estaing last fall deposited within the works. If this has not been effected, You will be pleased to have it done. They may possibly be of future utility and the act of removing them will contribute to our present purpose—A number were provided below Stoney point where the Virginia troops lay. You will not forget to remove these also to a place of security.
          General DuPortail being gone to the Southward, it is necessary that Col. Gouvion should repair to this army. If there are any previous arrangements you wish him to make, you will be pleased to direct him to make them and to set out for Head Quarters as speedily as he can.
          It has been represented to me that cattle coming on for this army have been stopped by some of your Commissaries for the use of the

Garrison. As the Purchasing Commissary makes a distribution in the first instance and always takes care to send a proportion to the posts under your command, any interference of this kind is irregular and improper. You will be pleased to give orders to prevent it in future. Our wants here are so extreme that the supplies intended for this part of the army cannot be diverted to any other without risking the most serious consequences.
          The state of our arsenals makes the greatest care and œconomy indispensable. I wish you to pay a pointed attention that the men whose times of service expire do not at leaving the army, carry away the public arms with them. Such who may have brought Arms of their own with them for which they have not been paid and which have been exchanged for better, they must as far as maybe practicable return those they now have and receive their own—You will make the commandants of batalions particularly responsible for carrying this into execution.
          The Maryland division being gone to the Southward, all the men belonging to it in the Hospitals at Albany are directed to be sent to Fish Kill. When arrived there you will take measures to have them and those now at Fish Kill forwarded to this place. Should they want any little necessaries of shoes &c. you will have them supplied. I am with great regard D. Sir Your Most Obedt.


Title: From George Washington to Samuel Huntington, 28 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Huntington, Samuel

            Sir
            Head Qrs Morris Town April 28th 1780

          I have the Honor to acknowledge Your Excellency’s dispatches of the 15th, which have been duly received. Colo. Ward, whose appointment

to the Office of Commissary of prisoners they communicate, went to the Eastward soon after he returned from philadelphia. It is probable Your Excellency was acquainted with this circumstance; however I have thought it material to mention it, that you might know in case You were not, where to write to him upon the subject. From Colo. Ward’s assiduity and his great and uniform zeal for the service and interest of the States, there is every reason to believe, if he accepts the appointment, that he will give satisfaction and fully answer the expectations of Congress.
          I inclose Your Excellency a New York paper of the 25th, which probably contains later advices from the Southward than You have received. If these Accounts are true, Our Affairs in that quarter are in a disagreable situation. I have the Honor to be with the highest respect & esteem Yr Excellency’s Most Obedt servt

            Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to La Luzerne, 28 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To: La Luzerne, Anne-César, chevalier de

            Sir
            Morris-town 28th of April 1780

          It is with pain I inform your Excellency that Mr de Miralles is worse to day—He had a restless night, and his fever is increased—His Throat is now so sore that it is with difficulty he can be nourished—and besides these, his respiration is bad.
          Symptoms so unfavourable in the advanced stages of a disorder

afford little hope of recovery, especially in a person of Mr de Miralles’s age.
          Permit me to offer my respects to Mr Marbois—& to assure your Excellency that with much consideration I have the honor to be Yr Most Obedt H. Ser.

            Go: Washington

            Mr De Miralles is growing worse—he is now in a delirium.

              G:W.


Title: To George Washington from Major James Moore, Jr., 28 April 1780
From: Moore, James Jr.
To: Washington, George

            Bantas Mills 2 Miles from Peromus ChurchApr. 28th 1780
            May it Please your Excellency

          Since I arrived at this Post with the detachment under my command

it has not been in my Power to Procure any Kind of provision altho I have frequently sent to the Contracter for this County, Who is Never to be found at home, I have Also Made particular inquerey to find a magastrate but they are also fled.
          the Verry Severe duty that is required at this Post to prevent a Surprise, & the Want of Provision, I was afraid Would Exite the border Soldiers to frequent Desertions I therefore thought it my duty, in this Disagreeable Situation to send My Quarter Master out With a Party to Procure a small supply Untill Provision May be sent me from Morristown, the Murmors of the Soldiers, indeed, compeled me to take this Step Which I hope Will be approved of by your Excellency.
          I Should be Glad Some Provision Might be sent me imidiately & in future I shall Send Waggons to Morristown from this Unless Your Excellency Shall order otherways.
          I shall take the Liberty of Sending to Procure Some Rum for the Detachment as I am fully Convinced of the Necessity there is of granting the troops at this Post Everey thing they really require to Prevent Desertions to the Enemy.
          from the Great Number of disaffected inhabitants about this Place, I think it absolutely Necessary to Move my Quarters frequently, this Night I have taken that Precaution, at 11 oClock When all Was Quiet, I Marched the Detachment from Mr Dewines to this Place Which is Verry Little further from the Church I shall March Back in the morning.
          I Shall Persue this Method of Moving My troops, if it Meets with your approbation.
          the Militia took up two Deserters from the 10th Pena Regt which the[y] have Delivered to Me, I shall send them to Camp with the first Party I have occasion to send to Morristown.
          a few Light Dragoons Would be of infinite Service here they Would be Great Security to the Detachment & Should any Desertions happen the[y] Might be taken before they would Get over the New Bridge. I have the Honor to be Your Excellencys Most obdt Hb. Sert

            J: Moore


Title: From George Washington to Joseph Reed, 28 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Reed, Joseph

            Sir
            Head Quarters Morris Town April 28th 1780

          I have had the honor to receive Your Excellency’s Letter of the 18th Instant. I am sorry to find the Council are apprehensive that difficulties will attend the collecting of the Supplies required of the State, by the Resolution of Congress of the 25th of February; but I cannot see that it is in my power to prevent them in any degree. Your Excellency and the Council will perceive on recurring to the proceedings, that all I could do on the occasion, was to appoint such places of deposit in each State for the articles they were to furnish respectively, as I should judge convenient, or in other words accommodated to the Public service. This I have endeavoured to do in the best manner I was able, from a full consideration of all circumstances, as well with respect to Pennsylvania as to every other State; and I am happy in the persuasion that Your Excellency and the Council will believe it has been the case. It was owing I imagine to the pressing necessity of the case and the very unhappy state of our Public finance, that this mode of obtaining supplies was adopted; and it appears evidently to me, to be the spirit and the expectation of the system, founded I suppose in the same unhappy necessity which led to the requisition for specific supplies, that each State should transport the articles they are to furnish, to the places appointed within them as deposits.
          With respect to the representation of the field officers of the Pennsylvania line, which Your Excellency has been pleased to transmit me—it leads without doubt to consequences of an important and interesting nature. The objects in general to which it goes are of such magnitude and delicacy, that I cannot undertake, either to decide or hardly to give an opinion upon them. It is however certainly to be wished and the general interest requires it, that the Regiments which the Public think proper to keep up, should be made more respectable than they are in many instances at present. How this is to be effected is with the particular States to determine. But two modes occur to me—either to do it by voluntary enlistment or by drafting. Most of the States from which I have heard, have in consequence of the late requisition of Congress adopted the former, and it is said the business is attended with some success; but should this not be the case, the States must if they mean to continue the War, have recourse to the other expedient. I am also persuaded that there is too much countenance given to Deserters—and if proper Laws could be devised & effectually executed against those that do it, that our force would be much more respectable than it is at present. There have been many instances where Deserters which have been apprehended by Officers, have been rescued by the People—and

but very few where the Officers have received their aid & support. As to a reduction and incorporation of the Regiments, it must depend on Congress—and be the effect probably of some general system of Arrangement. I have expected for some days past a Committee at Camp; whose powers possibly may extend to this point. If they do & the measure is thought eligible and adopted, it will I suppose of course, comprehend a plan of provision for the Officers who are reduced. The wishes of the Legislature with respect to the Independent Companies of Artillery, will also be without doubt in such case, attended to & the incorporation made if it can be done.
          With respect to the depreciation of the money—& making it up to the Officers & Soldiers—it were to be wished that it could be the result of some common general system—that all might stand upon an equal footing. But whether this will or can be the case, I cannot pretend to say. Most if not the whole of the New England States as I have understood, have acted upon the matter and provided for it in the instance of their Troops; but I do not know the principles on which they have conducted this business. This being the case with respect to them those of the other States who have the same pretentions, will naturally expect relief from some quarter. It is certain, the depreciation of the money has operated with singular severity against the Army, as their pay has not been encreased and gives them an equitable claim to a compensation; but it may be a matter of difficulty to say how the compensation should be made. If it is to be in money—the payment at a future day would be attended with less injury to the Public and more advantage to those receiving it, as our finances would then be in a better train and of course the money more valuable; whereas at this time it would require a very extraordinary emission and add to the Public embarrassments, while it afforded but little or no relief to the parties. I have the honor to be With great respect & esteem Your Excellency’s Most Obet hum. Servant

            Go: Washington


Title: General Orders, 29 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To:

            Head Quarters Morristown Saturday April 29th 1780
            Parole Havannah  Countersigns Harlaem, Kent.

          [Officers] Of the Day Tomorrow[:] Colonel Cortlandt[,] Lieutenant Colonel Mentges[,] Brigade Major Hand’s Brigade
          At the General Court martial whereof Brigadier General Hand was president Captain Alexander Mitchel of the first New Jersey Regiment was tried for “Ungentlemanlike behavior in stabbing Lieutenant Burroughs of the same regiment with a hanger and for repeating the Blow in a cowardly and scandalous manner whereby his life was endangered.”
          The Court are of opinion that although the Facts of Captain Mitchel’s stabbing Lieutenant Burroughs with a hanger and having repeated the Blow are proved yet considering the provocation he received from Lieutenant Burroughs they are of opinion that Captain Mitchel’s conduct was not Unofficerlike Ungentlemanlike Cowardly or Scandalous and They do therefore acquit Captain Mitchel of those Charges.
          The Commander in Chief is sorry to find himself obliged to disapprove the Sentence; He does not consider the provocation sufficient to justify the attempt upon the life of Lieutenant Burroughs while unprepared to defend himself; Other less exceptionable modes of satisfaction might and ought to have been adopted by Captain Mitchel. He is released from Arrest.
          Lord Stirling’s Division to relieve the Main Guard and picquet at Morristown Tomorrow. The Division commanded by General Clinton on Monday—The Pennsylvania Division Tuesday General Clinton’s

Division to relieve the small detached Guards of the Pennsylvania Division tomorrow—The Pennsylvania Division to relieve those from Lord Stirling’s Monday afternoon; and Lord Stirling’s those from Clinton’s Division Tuesday afternoon.


Title: To George Washington from La Luzerne, 29 April 1780
From: La Luzerne, Anne-César, chevalier de
To: Washington, George

              Sir
              Philadelphia 29th of April 1780

            I have received with all the gratitude possible the news which your Excellency has been pleased to give me of Don Juan. I begin to flatter myself that the cares he has received from you and from all those who surround him will reestablish him.
            I cannot sufficiently express to you Sir my sentiments in this respect and for the kindnesses without number, which you have heaped upon me during the time what I passed with you.
            I shall render an account to my Court of all that I saw at the army—of the good order and discipli⟨ne⟩ of the troops—of the zeal and talents of the officers—of the good disposition reign⟨ing⟩ among them as well as of the respect and public confidences in the Command⟨er⟩ in Chief. These circumstances united form an augur the most favourable for the enterprises which your army may be in condition to undertake, when it shall be completed in consequenc⟨e⟩ of the measures that have been just taken. I am certain before hand that his Majesty will take a true satisfaction in learning details so interesting to a power so dear to him.
            I dare supplicate your Excellency to receive anew the assurances of the sentiments of veneration and of respect with which you have inspired me and with which I have the honor to be Yr most humble and Most Obedient servant

              Luzerne

            Permit that I seize this occasion to pray you to present the homages of my respect to Mrs Washington.


Title: To George Washington from Lieutenant Francis Monty, 29 April 1780
From: Monty, Francis
To: Washington, George

            Camp Mendham [N.J.]April 29th 1780
            May it please your Excellency

          Conceiving you to be The Father of the Army, and knowing the Justness, that Ever Reigns, in your Breast, is what Induces me to Apply to your Excellency for Redress in a Cause wherin I Conceive myself much Injured. Your Excellency must know that five years ago I Enterd this Service in Cannada as a Lieutenant that on our being Repulsd I was obliged to Quit the Country and Happily Brought my Family with me and having Two Sons thought I could not Employ them Better than Employ them in the Service of a Country whose Cause I had Espoused, Accordingly I Engaged them to Serve in the Regiment to which I Belongd as Volunteers or whilst I Continued in the Service they not being of age I made their Inlistment myself, the Country having occasion to send some one into Cannada with Letters and to gain Intelligence I was Employed by General Schuyler for occasion went and Fortunately Succeeded and on my Return was surprised to find my Children were musterd in my absence for During the Warr, by a Captain with whom they have signed no Inlistment Therefore Humbly beg your Excellency will give me, or order the Col. to give me a Certificate to the Contrary, that In Case any Accident should Happen to me, My Children, may have it in their power to be Free, and Enjoy that Liberty they Have So Gloriously Contended for, And the Favor will be Ever Thankfully acknoledged by Your Excellencys most Obedt Hble Servant

            francis Monty Lt


Title: To George Washington from Captain James Rivers, 29 April 1780
From: Rivers, James
To: Washington, George

            Sir
            Rutland [Mass.] April the 29th 1780.

          Your Excellency will percieve by the few inclos’d Lines why I so earnestly entreat for Leave to go to England. I can assure You upon my Word that the Surgeons in the Winter had but small hopes of my recovery, but since the Spring has opened itself, I am somewhat better, nothing but my impair’d Health & shatter’d Constitution would permit me to ask so high a favor, & your known Humanity paints to me an Idea that You will not think me troublesome either with my Pen or Request, I have been extremely ill for more than 12 Months past, & am daily becoming weaker. I am with great Respect Your Excellency’s most obedt humble Servt

            Jas Rivers Capt. 60th

            N.B. An Offr of equal Rank will be sent out on Parole from York on my immediately arrival there, if Your Excellency will be pleas’d to comply with the above request.


Title: To George Washington from Major General William Heath, 30 April 1780
From: Heath, William
To: Washington, George

            Dear General,
            Roxbury [Mass.] April 30. 1780

          I was some time since honor’d with yours of the 28th ultimo respecting Cloathing for the recruits—and this morning with that of the 17th Instant.

          Several Officers have already come from West-Point on the recruiting service and others are on the road: I wish they may be successfull—but, am at loss from the tenor of your Excellencys Letter to determine what bounty the recruits raised by this State (Massachusetts) are to receive. It seems the Continental bounty after the Act of March 1779 was to be 200 Dollars.
          The General Assembly of this State on the 30th of September last passed the following Resolution vizt “Resolved that a bounty of three hundred Dollars, in addition to the bounty and subsistance money allowed by Congress, be paid to each Non-Commissioned Officer and Soldier who has or shall enlist as one of this States quota of the Continental Army during the continuance of the present War between the United States of America and Great Brittain.” This bounty appears to be intended over and above the Continental bounty, and extended to all the Soldiers belonging to their quota of the Army, enlisted at any preceding period.
          I purpose to morrow to lay the matter before the Assembly who it is probable may have received Some particular instructions on the Subject, or at least that they may conduct as they think proper.
          On Tuesday last 2 privateers belonging to Salem (the Franklin, and Jack) Sent into that port a large letter of marque Ship having on board 1000 barrels Pork & Beef 750 barrels Flour 800 Firkins Butter and dry Goods to the amo[un]t of £15,000.
          A Doctor Apedale lately come from New York to Boston, and some time before from Canada to New York, reports that before he left Canada, it was said that about 1000 Regulars and Tories, with as many Indians as could be collected and would join them, were to make an Excursion on our Frontiers on the Mowhawk river as Soon as the Season was Suitable, in two divisions, under the command of Johnson and Butler, and that Lt Colo. Stacy was held a prisoner in Canada with a view to be Exchanged for Johnson or Butler Should either of them happen to be taken: how much credit is to be given to this report your Excellency may be able best to determine.
          I have the happiness to forward this by Major General Marquis de LaFayette, who arrived at Boston on the 28th Inst. where, he was received with every demonstration of Joy. I have the honor to be with the greatest respect Your Excellency’s Most obedient Servt

            W. Heath


Title: General Orders, 1 May 1780
From: Washington, George
To:

            Head Quarters Morristown Monday May 1st 1780
            Parole Schuyler  Countersigns Matthews Peabody

          [Officers] Of the Day Tomorrow[:] Colonel Angell[,] Major Thayer[,] Brigade Major 1 Pennsylva. Brigade
          James Coleman a Soldier in the 11th Pennsylvania regiment was tried on the 29th ulto at the General Court martial whereof Colonel Shreve is president for “Repeated Desertion Forgery and disposing of his Arms and Accoutrements” Pled Guilty. The Court are of opinion that he is Guilty of a breach of the 1st Article 6th Section and 3d Article 12th Section, of the Articles of War and do sentence him to suffer Death more than two thirds of the Court agreeing.
          The Commander in Chief confirms the Sentence.
          As the Stormy weather has prevented the Inspection of the Pennsylvania Division this day; the Inspection of that Division is postponed ’till tomorrow and of the others to the succeeding days. agreeable to the order of the 27th the small detached Guards to be relieved one day later than mentioned in the General order of 29th ulto.


Title: To George Washington from Major General Robert Howe, 1 May 1780
From: Howe, Robert
To: Washington, George

            Dear Sir
            Highlands [N.Y.] 1st May 1780

          I hear every two or three Days from New York but the Details given me have not been consequential enough t⟨o⟩ be sent purposely by Express, & no safe casual Opportunity has lately happen’d. I have had a pretty good Account of the Troops that have sail’d from New York, & my Informants assure me they did not exceed two thousand—that the British themselves talk’d only of three, but that it is almost ⟨c⟩ertain two was the Extent—their Destination absolutely Charles Town. Many of the Transports sail’d only with Stores. They tell me also, that the Enemy are elaborately busy in Preparations for Movements of Importance, but that Opinions were various as to their Object—some thought, & many fear’d a total Evacuation of New York & Long Island; While others, & those the most rational, concluded that they were preparing to take Advantage of the Arrival of that Period they had long & impatiently been expecting—the Expiration of the Inlistments of our Troops; from which they were determin’d to benefit by vigorous Exertions—that be however their Intentions what they may, they never were in a State of

Preparation so forward for Field Operations as at present—that the Arms & Accoutrements of the Men had been examin’d with a Strictness more than common & Ammunition had been dealt out in the Quantities usual for Action, & the whole ordered to be ready at a Moment’s Warning—that a Party of Dragoons & Infantry had been foraging on Long Island, more than once, with a great Number of Waggons, chiefly in Suffolk County, & had collected a great Deal of Forage—That the 17th Regt was at the Plains in Queen’s County, the 47th at Jamaica, & a Detachment of the Guards at King’s Bridge—Four Hessian Regiments between that & the City—The Remains of Robinson’s Corps at Blooming Dale.
          I have had an Eye to the Post on Lloyd’s Neck, & had a Man in their Works two Days—He reports them not to be tenable against Cannon, but to be strong against Musketry—that in the out Works were two four Pounders, & in the Block House four Swivels—the Command is Col. Hulet’s with two hundred Men, He thinks without Cannon it would cost more than it is worth.
          Genl Tryon is about sailing for England. Two Deserters from different Corps, & by different Routes, report that some Troops are absolutely return’d from the South’ard. How true this is, I know not. some very well affected men upon the Lines sent me Word last Night, that a Brother of one of them came out of New York the Morning of the Day before & said, that a Vessel of a very short Passage had arrived from Charles Town, & it was currently talk’d in that Place that the Enemy had twice attacked Charles Town & had been twice repuls’d, & that Sir Harry Clinton was certainly to return, & was soon expected—that they believed this News so true they thought it worth sending me an Account of immediately—Another Correspondent upon the Lines writes me that the Tories about him, said the same Thing. It is undoubtedly far from being impossible, but I fear it is too good News to be true.
          I have long been witheld from entering into a particular Account of our Situation in Respect to Supplies, because I would not pain your Excellency by a Detail of Grievances which you could not remedy, & because I knew the Army honor’d by your immediate Command, was laboring under similar if not superior Difficulties, & also because I have ’till now been flattered with a Prospect of having Supplies of Flour sufficient to serve for a good While longer, & that it only waited until Transportation could be procur’d, but being now inform’d that a Sufficiency of that Article cannot be obtain’d in this State, & being reduced to but a few Days Provision of Bread Kind, I think it proper to lay the Matter before your Excellency, in Hopes that some Flour may be obtain’d from the South’ard, which added to that I still have Hopes of obtaining here,

may enable us to eke out the Time untill Harvest arrives. Our Prospects as to salt Meat, could we get it up & procure some Cattle to help it out, are not quite so gloomy, but even on that Side we have much to fear—Every Commissary (even those the most spirited & active) seem to despond, & when urg’d by reiterated Orders & Applications, clamor out the Impotency of their Efforts without Money & being so much in Debt, that their, & the public Credit is entirely lost. They say also, they cannot procure Teams to bring up even the Provisions they have on Hand for Want of Carts—The Laws for impressing Teams in Connecticut do not warrant their being taken out of the Hands of the Owners of them without Money Lodg’d to pay the Hire of them, so that from them we can obtain no Assistance, even if the Magistrates were willing to execute the Law when applied to, to do so. Service has received the most spirited & patriotic Support from the Governor of this State, as well as from the Legislature & Inhabitants—but willing as they are, their Stock of Supplies are in a great Measure exhausted—It is therefore Time to call forth the Exertions of Connecticut, & I have endeavour’d to do so—I have written to the Governor in the strongest Terms my Imagination could suggest, & have urg’d him to use his Influence to induce the Inhabitants to credit the Commissaries for Beef Cattle, & Teams; in both of which his State abounds—& I have lately repeated this Request in such Terms as I flatter myself will be attended to.
          I have written circular Letters to the Magistrates of both these States, urging them in the most earnest Manner to invest the Quarter Masters & Commissaries with those Powers the Laws have put into their Hands to obtain Teams, & to aid & cooperate with the military in every proper Exertion for the Purpose of obtaining & bringing up Supplies.
          I have sent the most pointed & repeated Orders to the Quarter Masters & Commissaries to use their utmost Efforts for these Purposes, & have dispatch’d prudent & active Officers to both them, & the Magistrates, not only in Hopes their personal Applications would add Force to my literary ones, but to obtain an exact Detail of the Provisions we have on Hand, & also what Prospects we have of further Supplies—from whence & where they can be obtain’d, & to observe & report any Abuses or Neglects that may have happen’d in the Quarter Masters, & Commissaries of every Sort, & of every District in this Department: These Sir, & many other Methods (too numerous to mention) have I pursued, & I flatter myself I have left nothing undone that my Situation required, or would admit of my doing.
          I have thought proper to direct the Commissaries to procure as much indian Corn & Rye as possible, & have it ground up, as in Case of Necessity we can use it as Bread—& should that not happen, it may be transfer’d to the Forage Masters for the Use of the Horses of the Army.

Should this not be approv’d by your Excellency, you will be pleas’d to let me know it as soon as possible, that I may countermand it.
          I inclose some Papers relative to Capt. Nevan, they explain his Case so fully, that they need no Comment, I think, however, his Case a hard one, & as he appears to be a very useful Officer, & has the strongest Recommendations from every Person that knows him, I venture to express a Wish that something could be done for him—Col. Kosiesko writes that he will not accept less than Major’s Rank, for which Reason I delay’d sending the Papers, but from a Conversation I have had with Mr Nevan, I learn that less Rank than that, will not be refuss’d, tho’ he seems to merit the Rank he asks.
          I should not trouble you with this Matter Sir, did he not desire me to do so, and as He is anxious to hear from you upon the Subject. I am Dear Sir with the most perfect Respect & Regard Your Excellency’s most obedient & very Humble Servant

            Robert Howe


Title: To George Washington from Major General Robert Howe, 1 May 1780
From: Howe, Robert
To: Washington, George

            Dear Sir
            Highlands [N.Y.] May 1st 1780

          Since writing my other letter, I have been Honour’d with your Excellency’s favour of the 29th of April—All the Fascines between West Point, and Kings ferry have long since been remov’d to a place of safety, as would those below it, had I known they had been there, but Colo.

Kosceozcko inform’d there were none lower down—I have remov’d a good many of the Gabions, but they tumble to pieces in such a manner that they can be but of little use, either to us, or the Enemy, and as they took up so much Room in the Boats, and we had so much to do, I have given the removal of them over for the present, unless you would have me to Do it—Having been obliged to serve to the Troops the Stationary Provision of West Point, until the Stock was reduced to no more than five days Rations, I was compelled from necessity to order Forty Head to be stopt out of the Drove going to Morris Town, which having been informed was intended for this Post, I concluded had been order’d otherwise at the mere motion of the assistant commissary, who might not have known the Distress we were in—I shall not however do this again, lest it should be attended with Inconveniences to the Army, so plainly pointed out by your Excellency.
          I shall pay faithful attention to every part of your letter, and have the Honor to be, with the greatest Respect Your Excellencys Most Obt Very Huml. Sert

            Robert Howe


Title: To George Washington from Major General Robert Howe, 1 May 1780
From: Howe, Robert
To: Washington, George

            Dear sir
            Highlands [N.Y.] 1st May 1780

          I have found Occasion to send down —— with a Flag to new York, as I want him to brighten his chain, and as some late instances give me reason to think the Enemy have Confidence in him; he has not of late given me any intelligence, but if he gets Access to New York I think he must on his return be able to communicate somthing Substantial. Colo. Gouvion is just on the Point of finishing the works at Stoney & Verplanks Points, and as Major Mournong [Murnan] has been wounded in a Duel, and is unfit for duty, I should wish Colo. Govion Could Stay until those works were Completed. If it was agreeable to your Excellency to call up Colo. Kosciuszko instead of Colo. Gouvion, I am persuaded the Business here would proceed with full as much rapidity. he has a better method of Facilitating the Operation and of Accommodating to the Temper of the men and therefore Effects more in less time than the other can do however in other Respects Meritorious. Beside this he is more interested in the Works Number 1. 2. and 3, which I look upon to be very Consequential to this Post, and which I am Exceedingly Anxious to have finished, Your Excellency will Excuse this liberty and

Determine as you please—The Quantity of Cattle which Connecticut had offered us, not one Head of which we have for many weeks had, and the great Droves of them that are as I am inform’d continually going down to Newport in Rhode Island and are sold for hard money, is not only an Alarming Circumstance, but Awakens Suspicions of the Enemy’s receiving them, Especially as some of my Emissaries have inform’d me, that it has been Boasted of at new York, that they constantly receive supplies of Beef from Connecticut, and that Vessels loaded with newly Salted Provision have been seen going down the sound to New York; I thought it my Duty to mention this to you sir, and to inform you that as I keep several Boats upon the sound to obtain intelligence under prudent and Spirited Persons, I shall send instructions to them to Endeavour at Capturing some of these Vessels in order to trace if possible, this Evil to its Origin & As none of the Vessels are convoyed and most of them are unarm’d it may I am persuaded be Easily Effected. As much of this Provision however goes Out to Sea before it Reaches New York, I Shall write to the Governour in Providence informing him of this matter, who may I should think fall upon measures to check this infernal Commerce in a great measure if not intirely. To complain of a State in a Publick letter would be as improper, as not to speak to you sir sincerely of them in a Private one, Especially upon a Conduct by which the Army suffers. There is sir such an Apathy, such an Inertion in the State of Connecticut, in all matters relativ⟨e⟩ to the army to say no worse of it, that ou⟨r⟩ Distresses if they have not been Occasion’d by it, will Certainly be encrease’d and Prolonged. Indeed acts of that state instead of Aiding and Cooperating with these measures upon which the maintenance of this Post and almost the being of this army Depends, rather retard and impede the Operations of our Executive Officers, by using Quick and forced Construction of a system of Laws at best not Liberal, Even in the utmost Extent of them, and which seem to have been rather Compulsory Sacrifices, than Generous Offerings to the Common Cause. Indeed the state it self apears to be so Self Concenter’d that without they can be Roused and animated very little can be Expected in our favour, Either from their Exertions, or from their Encouragement or Even indulgence to Ours. may I sir take the liberty to suggest that if you would Drop A line to the Governour of that state, to induce him to Aid, at this Critical time our Quarter Masters and Commissaries, I think it might have a very Salutary Effect, Especially As their Legislature is at this time Convened. Should you differ from me in Sentiments you will please excuse the liberty I have taken, and impute it to the true motive my desire to Serve the Army—The inclos’d paper will Shew Your Excellency what a Glorious measure they have fallen upon to Serve Us, and

what a laudable Use they have made of the Gigantick Power with which Congress have been Pleas’d to invest them. By this Noble Stroke Every Quarter master and Commissary in their Power (and these happen to be those we at this time most depend upon for supplies) are Suspended, or at least intirely Called Off from the Duties of their Station, the army here I fear will absolutely starve in consequence of it, and had they laid a plan to Effect this purpose I know of none more likely to succeed than that above mention’d.
          When I consider my Dear General the Numberless Perplexities and Embarrassments by which you are Enveloped Continually, I do not more Applaud Your greatness and Equanimity of mind, than I wonder how it is possible for You to find Methods to extricate yourself from them, certain I am that it would be absolutely impossible were you not uncommonly fraught with Resources, and Endued with a Fortitude few, if any, possess, and I think it may be truly said of you, that the Difficulties you surmount ought to be attended with more Glory than three fourths of the Victories we read of. these Sir are some of the sentiments I Entertain of you, and as I disdain to adulate any man, and should despise those who Could Suspect me of it, I shall make no apology for Expressing them, Either to you, or of you, as Occasion may Call them forth, for if my Good Opinion of you is of any Consequence to you be assured sir you have it. I am Dear sir with the greatest respect and most Sincere affection your Excellency’s most Obedient very hum. servt

            Robt Howe


Title: From George Washington to James Watson, 1 May 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Watson, James

            Sir
            Head Quarters Morris Town 1st May 1780

          I have recd your favr of the 24th ulto informing me of your being appointed by the State of Connecticut to purchase the quota of Rum and Hay required by Congress, and desiring to be made acquainted with the places of deposit—I have already, in conformity to the tenor of the Resolve, pointed out to His Excellency Governor Trumbull the

different places at which the several Articles required are to be deposited, and which I make no doubt he will communicate to you—but lest some delay may attend his dispatches, you will be pleased to observe that the following are the places of deposit for the Rum and Hay in the proportions affixed to each. I am &.


Title: General Orders, 2 May 1780
From: Washington, George
To:

            Head Quarters Morristown Tuesday May 2nd 1780
            Parole Poland  Countersigns B. O.

          [Officers] Of the Day Tomorrow[:] Colonel Spencer[,] Major Torrey[,] Brigade Major 2d Pennsylva. Brigade
          The Pennsylvania Lines gives the Main Guard & Picquet tomorrow.
          The Noncommissioned Officers and privates of Colonel Sherburn’s regiment who belong to the State of Massachusett[s] are for the present to join Colonel Jackson’s regiment; those belonging to the State of Rhode Island Colonel Angell’s and those belonging to the State of Connecticut Colonel Webb’s they are to be included in the Muster Rolls and payrolls of the above regiment, from the 1st Instant.
          ’Till further orders all Guards and Detachments are to be furnish’d with as many Cartridges as their boxes will contain and no more unless expressly ordered.
          Francis Lambert of Colonel Gansevoort’s regiment is to be sent to the Quarter master General’s store in Morristown where he will remain ’till the regiment moves from this ground.
          The Prisoners in the Provost Guard to be tried as soon as possible.