Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Pelatiah Webster, 2 May 1780
From: Webster, Pelatiah
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Hond Sir
Philada. 2 May. 1780
I hope you will excuse me, if I interrupt your attention for a moment to the great objects which Engross your tho’ts by advices of particular things which are objects of genl Concern & much conversation here, & tho’ Important yet may not be the subject of Publick Dispatches.
The state of our Finances & Currency is the most alarming circumstance which Engages the genl. attention at present. I have devoted my time six months past to the study of that subject, & have wrote five Essays under the signature of “A Citizen of Philada.” The Two Last I Inclose, shod. have sent the whole set but I coud. not suppose you coud. have time to read them all. If you shod. find time & think the Essays deserve so much attention shod. be greatly obliged for your Remarks, the Intricacy of the subject, & the maze that Congress & all America are in concerning it, with the most alarming Effects, & the pressing necessity of Immediate action & attempt of Remedy, all prove that the attention of the ablest Genius, is Necessary to the Publick safety— In addition to what you will find in the Essays, I have observd, that every Publick department is Deeply in Debt that the Quota demanded by Congress from the several states are dilatorily paid, & if all paid wd. not be Equal to the Expenditures.— Inclose the Resolutions of Congress of 18 March, Least they Shod. not have Reach’d you.— I subjoin the price Current of our market by which you will be able to Judge the State of our Trade & Currency.— The County is yet full of Supplies & is very Little Exhausted, but our Currency [MS faded: is not?] a sufficient medium to Draw private property into publick use.— Please to make my best Compliments to Mr J Adams, & Shew him my Essay if you think proper.
I am, Sir, with all Esteem & Respect Your Most Obedt. Hum servt.
Pelatiah Webster

price Currt. at Philada.
W. Ind. Rum £50 per Gall.
Musco. [muscovado] Sugars, £300 per hund.
Bohea Tea £30 per lb.
Bar Iron £2400 per Ton
flour £90 per hund.
Excha. of Hard Money
3 months past, 60 for 1.
Bills on Europe 45 for 1.
P.S. The Common News here is that on the 12 ult. Charlestown was Not Taken but very Closely invested, that the Enemies ships (20 from 64 down to small ones) had got over the Bar & passed Sullivans Island with some Damage & were anchord in the Bay off the point where Fort Johnson formerly stood. Their Land Forces were supposed 6000 men with a recruit of 2000 men Expected from N York from whence they saild several Weeks ago. Ours are not Inferior, & the president Huntington told me this Day, that by the Last advices, they were resolved to Defend the place to the Last, & were in fine spirits, & Confident of success.
Genl Washington has not yet moved from his Winter Quarters in N Jersey, his force is Eno’ to Ballance that of Genl Kniphausen Who Commands in N York, but does not Seem disposed to action, Except sending out now & then a Forraging party to plunder &c The Enemy keep their post at Penobscot otherwise N England is free. We have Great health Every Where thro’ the Country Especially in the army,— We seem to have No Difficulties but in the finances, & they are Easily cured but perhaps the measure of suffering sufficient to procure the necessary Exertions, is Not yet full—. Mr. Laurens was not saild for Holland on 12th Ult, but was then at Wilmington N Carolina— Our markets Are Very high, Beef 60/ per lb Butter 105/. Candles 90/. Hiccory Wood 3 to 400 Dollrs. Cheese 52/6 a 60/. Gammons 60/ a 75/. Sawing a Cord of hiccory Wood 15£ &c. &c.
honble Benja Franklin Esqr


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Jan Ingenhousz, 3 May 1780
From: Ingenhousz, Jan
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Dear friend,
Brussels May 3. 1780
I hope you are not so entirely involved in the troublesome business of the world Politic, as to have abandon’d entirely the world of Nature, whose laws, made by the supreme wisdom are as constant, and inalterable as its Legislator himself. It would, indeed, be hard to me to concieve, that a man, a Philosopher so often and so successfully employed in researches of the most intricate and the most mysterious operations of Nature, should have so far lost all feelings for those truly delightfull occupations of mind, as to be given over without reserve to the pursuit of systemes framed by men, and build upon foundations of so little solidity, as to be often overturned by mere changes and accidental circumstances.
I have so much the more reason to be persuaded that you are not lost to the world of Nature, tho many of your old friends thinck so, as I know by repeated experience, how easy it is to induce you to the contemplation of nature, by reasoning upon philosophical subjects. Your reading with so much eagerness the result of my philosophical inquiries, your constant readiness to listen to the news of any discovery in natural knowledge and to give your opinion on questions which I proposed to you so often, when I had the pleasure of enjoying your company last winter, encourage me to submit to your consideration some difficulties on Electricity, which some eminent philosophers thinck inexplicable by your allmost universaly recieved systems of positive and negative electricity.
I. If the electrical fluid is truely accumulated on the inside of a Lyden phial and expelled in the same proportion from the outside, why are the particles of glas not all thrown outwards, when the phial, being overcharged, breaks or is perforated by a spontaneous explosion?
II. When a strong explosion is directed thro a pack of cards or a book, having a piece of tin foil between several of its leaves, the electrical flash makes an impression on some of those metallic leaves, by which it seems as if the direction of the electric explosion had gone from the outside towards the inside, when on the other metallic leaves the impression is in such a direction, that it indicates the current of electrical fire to have made its way from the inside of the phial towards the outside: so that it appears to some electricians, that in the time of the explosion of an electrical phial, two streams of electrical fire rush at the same time from both surfaces and meet or cross one another.
III. When a flash of lightning happens to hitt a flat piece of metal, the metal has sometimes bien pierced by several holes, whose edges were turn’d some the one way, and some the other. So that it has appeared to some philosophers that several streams of electrical fire had rush’d in one way and some the opposit way. Such an effect of lightning has been publish’d lately by father Barletti.
IV. Tho from the very charging of the Lyden Phial, it seems clear, that electrical fluid does in reality not pervade the substance of glas; yet it is still difficult to concieve, how such a subtil fluid may be forced out from one side of a very thick pane of glass by a similar quantity of electrical fire trown upon the other surface, and yet that it does not pass thro any substance of glass, however thin, without breaking it. Is there some other fact or illustration, besides those to be found in your public writings, by which it may be made more obvious to our understanding, that electrical fire either does not enter at all the very substance of glas and yet may force from the opposit surface an equal quantity; or that it enters realy the pores of the glas on the positive side, and yet that it can not pervade the thinnest lamella of glas without breaking it? Is there any comparative illustration or exemple in nature, by which it may be made clear, that a fluid throw’n upon one surface of any body may force out the same fluid from the other surface without passing thro this substance?
I should wish to be informed, how you account for these phenomena, and to recieve you answer upon one or other when you have made up your mind about it, without waiting for the solution of the rest.
If you could communicate to me some short hints, which may occur to you about the most convenient manner of constructing gun powder magazines, the manner of preserving the powder from moisture and securing the building in the best manner from the effects of lightning, you would oblige me. Whatever may occur to you on this head, will be very acceptable. It seems to me very imprudent to heap up immense stores of that terrifying ingredient in stony vaulted buildings in the time of piece, when there is no danger of any combustible matter being thrown upon it, and more so to place several of such storehouses so near one an other as may endanger them from being all blown up, when one should happen to be set on fire by what ever accident it may be. Mr. Le Roy did not keep his word in showing me your advise upon this.
You know, that his Imperial Majesty has intrusted me with the direction of such repositories for as far as regards the danger from lighning. Since this important trust was put upon me, I have thought it my duty to consider this matter with more attention as I used to do before. I have allready a good provision of reflexions, which I intend to lay before the public, as soon as I shall find my self disposed to the undertaking of putting them in good order.
Permitt me to trespass a little more on your time, and to beg you to lay aside, for a few hours, the heavy wight of public affaires, your country has entrusted you with, to fulfill your intended sceem to determine by a well adapted experiment, what metals are the best and readyest conductors of heat. You have allready entrusted me with the account of the method you imagined as decisive for the determination of this point. But, having no right to make any use of this knowledge I am impatient to be informed of its success.

As you never refused me some hours of philosophical conversation, whenever I have the pleasure of being with you; I may with as much confidence sollicit you to bestow now and than an hour in answering by writing to some philosophical questions, and thus steal from your political occupations consecrated only to the service of your own country, some hours for the benefit of whole mankind. I can commit no indiscretion in endeavouring to prevent, that such of your philosophical notions, as never are or never would have be known to others, may not be lost to the world. Your ennemies even, I trust, would not grudge at my corresponding with you on such subjects, tho in the middel of that political convulsion, which continues still to shake the very foundations of the mightyest empire, which ever existed on the surface of the earth, and which embitters the minds of many against those, who happened to have a great share in this awfull revolution of human affaires.
Lettres directed to my name au soins de mr. devroom marchand sur le marché au beur(?) a Bruxelles, will come to right.
One of the best and most skillfull electricians I ever saw, is a young gentleman here, 19 years old, the son of a rich banker, whose name is Walkiers. He does scarce meddle with any thing but Electricity, and his father encourages this particular taste. His electrical machine far excells every one I ever saw, his battery is the strongest, that I ever met with. He has a genius for contriving new experiments, and understands thoroughly the theory. He has a most sensible conductor upon the house, which is affected very often by distant clouds or even without clouds. I expect great thinks from him, the more so, as I am [torn: one word illegible] natural knowledge can make but slow progress in the hand of those, who doe not pursue one single object with ardour, and leave allmost every other object aside.
I made some experiments with this young gentleman on purpose to discovre the law, by which are produced the direction of the burrs upon cards and of the impressions and holes in leaves of tin foil, laid between cards, when a strong blast of an electrical explosion is directed thro them. I observed that those burrs and impressions had no regular direction, when the pack of cards was equaly pressed on bothe sides between the two nobs of metal which serve [to] convey the electrical explosion thro them. The stream was allso allways divided in different branches by passing thro these cards and pieces of tin foil, as on some there appeared two three or even more burrs and impressions, which had a contrary direction even on the same piece. Mr. Walkiers had allready made very accurate observations on this head, and found constantely that the direction of these burrs and impressions is allways towards that side where was the least pression. He produced realy these burrs and impressions on what ever side he pleased. This seems to demonstrate, that they produced by the explosion of the body happening at the moment this rapid fire makes its way thro it, the parts of the body taking the direction towards the weakest resistance.
I am with great esteeme Dear frend Your most obedient humble servant and faithfull frend
J. IngenHousz

Endorsed: Dr. Ingenhauss Philosophy


Title: Franklin: Answers to Queries from Dr. Ingenhousz, [after 3 May 1780]
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To:

  [after May 3, 1780]
  Queries from Dr. Ingenhouse, with my Answers, BF;

Question I.
  Answer
By the Circumstances that have appear’d to me, in all the Jarrs that I have seen perforated at the Time of their Explosion, I have imagined that the Charge did not pass by those Perforations. Several single Jarrs that have broke while I was charging them, have shown, besides the Perforation in the Body, a Trace on both sides the Neck, wherein the Polish of the Glass was taken off, the Breadth of a Straw; which prov’d that great Part at least, of the Charge, probably all, had passed over that Trace. I was once present at the Discharge of a Battery containing 30 Jarrs, of which 8 were perforated and spoilt at the Time of the Discharge, yet the Effect of the Charge on the Bodies upon which it was intended to operate, did not appear to be diminished. Another Time I was present when twelve out of Twenty Jarrs were broken at the Time of the Discharge, yet the Effect of the Charge which pass’d in the regular Circuit, was the same as it would have been if they had remained whole. Were those Perforations an Effect of the Charge within the Jarr forcing itself thro’ the Glass to get at the Outside, other Difficulties would arise and demand Explanation, 1. How it happens that in 8 Bottles and in 12 the Strength to bear a strong Charge should be so equal, that no one of them would break before the rest and thereby save his Fellows; but all should burst at the same Instant? 2. How it happens that they bear the Force of the great Charge till the Instant that an easier Means of Discharge is offered them, which they make use of, and yet the Fluid breaks thro’ at the same time? My Conjecture is, that there has been in the Place where the Rupture happens, some Defect in the Glass, some Grain of Sand perhaps, or some little Bubble in the Substance, nearly void, where during the Charging of the Jarr the Electric Fluid is forc’d in and confin’d, till the Pressure is suddenly taken off by the Discharge, when not being able to escape so quickly, it bursts its way out by its elastic Force. Hence all the Ruptures happen nearly at the same Instant with the regular Discharge, tho’ really a little posterior, not being themselves Discharges, but the Effects of a Discharge which pass’d in another Channel.
Question II
  Answer
  Those Impressions are not Effects of a moving Body, striking with Force in the Direction of its Motion; they are made by the Burs rising in the neighbouring perforated Cards, which rise accidentally sometimes on one Side of a Card, sometimes on the other in consequence of certain Circumstances in the Form of their Surfaces or Substances or Situations. In a single Card supported without touching others while perforated by the passing Fluid, the Bur generally rises on both Sides, as I once show’d to Mr Symmer at his House. I imagine that the Hole is made by a fine Thread of El. Fluid first passing, and augmented to a bigger Thread, at the Time of the Explosion, which obliging the Parts of the Card to recede every way, condenses a Part within the Substance, and forces a Part out on each side, because there is least Resistance.
  Question III.
  This will be answer’d in my Remarks on M. Barletti’s Book which Remarks when finish’d I will send you.
  Question IV.
  That the Electric Fluid by its repulsive Nature is capable of Forcing Portions of the same Fluid out of Bodies without entring them itself, appears from this Experiment. Approach an isolated Body with a rubb’d Tube of Glass; the Side next the Tube will then be electris’d negatively, the opposite positively. If a pair of Cork Balls hang from that opposite side, the Electrical Fluid forc’d out of the Body, will appear in those Balls, causing them to diverge. Touch that opposite Side, and you thereby take away the positive Electricity. Then Remove the Tube, and you leave the Body all in a negative State. Hence it appears that the Electric Fluid appertaining to the Glass Tube did not enter the Body; but retired with the Tube, otherwise it would have supply’d the Body with the Electricity it had lost.

With regard to Powder Magazines
  My Idea is,
That to prevent the Mischief which might be occasion’d by the Stones of their Walls flying about in case of accidental Explosion, they should be constructed in the Ground; that the Walls should be lin’d with Lead, the Floor Lead, all ¼ Inch thick & the Joints well solder’d; the Cover Copper; with a little Scuttle to enter, the whole in the Form of a Canister for Tea. If the Edges of the Cover scuttle fall into a Copper Channel containing Mercury, not the smallest Particle of Air or Moisture can enter to the Powder, even tho’ the Walls stood in Water, or the whole was under Water.


Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Duvivier, 4 May 1780
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: Duvivier, Pierre-Simon-Benjamin

Monsieur
à Passy ce 4 Mai 1780
J’ai montré les Epreuves de la Medaille à plusieurs Personnes, qui les ont trouvées bien, a l’exception des Lettres qui composent l’Inscription dans l’Exergue. Elles sont si irregulieres, que je vous prie de les corriger s’il est possible. J’ai l’honneur d’etre
  A M. du Vivier, Graveur du Roi aux Galeries du Louvre
  See Vote about the Medals—


Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Simon-Pierre Fournier le jeune, 4 May 1780
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: Fournier, Simon-Pierre, le jeune

Monsieur
à Passy ce 4 Mai 1780
Je parle si mal François que je ne suis pas surpris de trouver que vous ne m’ayez pas bien compris relativement au Portrait que vous avez desiré. Quand j’ai fait Mention de M. du Plessis, c’etoit pour dire, qu’ayant fait un bon Portrait de moi en grand pour M. de Chaumont, votre Artiste pouvoit le Copier ce Portrait en Miniature pour vous. Mais comme vous aimiez mieux de le faire tirer d’apres nature j’ai consenti, pour vous obliger, de donner des Séances à tel Artiste que vous voudriez employer, quoique ce soit une chose trés ennuyante pour moi, & que je l’eusse déja refusé a plusieurs. Il me semble, par quelques Expressions dans votre Lettre, que vous entendez que je payera l’Artiste. Il faut donc que nous nous entendions mieux avant de commencer. Car quoique je sois très sensible a l’honneur que vous voulez me faire d’accepter mon Portrait Et en meme tems je ne crois pas qu’ils meritent que vous en fassiez la Dépense. Je vous dirai que je ne suis ni assez riche ni assez vain pour en faire tirer a 8 ou 10 Louis la piece pour les donner en Presents.
Je trouve l’N & l’& bien formés. Je vous remercie de vôtre Pièce sur la belle Invention de Caracteres de Musique. Je suis étonné qu’ils ne soient plus en Usage. Je n’ai jamais vu le Traité sur l’Origine de l’Imprimerie, & je suis bien curieux de le voir. Avant que vous donniez vos Ordres pour le Moule a Lucien je serois bien aise de vous voir, & de conferer avec vous sur le Poids de la Fonte, & le Prix. Je suis, avec beaucoup d’Estime et de Consideration, Monsieur &
  Presentez je vous prie mes Respects a Made Fournier.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Dumas, [4] May 1780
From: Dumas, Charles-Guillaume-Frédéric
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Monsieur,
Lahaie May [4,] 1780.
Je ne manquerai pas de vous rendre compte de ce qui se passe ici. Vous avez bien raison d’appeller interessant ce qui S’y passe avec la Russie. C’est un grand coup, entr’autres pour l’Amérique: car à présent il est sûr que la Rep. ne pourra être entrainée dans cette guerre en faveur des Anglois, qui, d’ailleurs, par leur Déclaration du 17 Avril, ont, au moins provisionellement, renoncé à son alliance. Notre Ami est persuadé que cet événement va amener une paix générale, & je le crois aussi. En attendant on arme ici, mais lentement, comme à l’ordinaire. On ne manque pas de vaisseaux, mais d’hommes pour les monter. On vient d’en mettre en commission un de 76 canons, nommé l’Amiral-général, & l’on en a donné le commandement au Vice Aml. Hartsing bon républicain, & grand ami de notre ami.
Comptez, Monsieur, qu’il ne tiendra pas à moi, que je ne sois réconcilié avec. … [Ambassador La Vauguyon], quoique d’autres trouvent que j’ai déjà trop rampé devant lui, & que c’est là ce qui me fait traiter avec plus de dureté, & même contre toute raison: car on a dit à notre ami, qu’encore qu’on désapprouvoit certaine action on exigeoit cependant que je justifiasse l’acteur: ce qui est—mais brisons là-dessus. Je ne veux plus vous troubler, Monsieur, par des accusations de qui que ce soit. Je n’ajouterai que ceci: c’est que la même main qui a ouvert ma Lettre à Mr. C——, avoit ouvert précédemment celles que Mr. C—— m’avoit écrites, & que ce ne fut que pour engager mon Ami à m’écrire sous un autre couvert, que je lui ai dit trop cruement ce que je pensois; & ce que j’ai dit, se dit tous les jours en cent endroits à Amsterdam, non seulement de lui, mais aussi, à quelques circonstances personelles près, de plusieurs autres maisons comme des Hoope, des Muilman &c. savoir qu’ils anglicanisent. La vraie origine de cela, c’est qu’on veut se venger sur moi de n’avoir pas eu l’approvisionnement de l’Escadre. Dans l’affaire de la Lettre, on en a usé avec beaucoup d’artifice, on m’avoit fait accroire qu’on le tenoit de toute une autre maniere que de la vraie: on m’avoit même fait accroire que j’étois abandonné de tout le monde, même de ceux que vous appellez mes amis particuliers à Amsterdam.
Au reste, comme ce n’est que par le canal de ces derniers que je sais que Mr. L—— doit venir en ce pays, il y a grande apparence qu’ils le verront avant moi, & qu’ils n’auront nullement besoin que je les lui recommande. Je n’entendois par la Carte du Pays que des généralités nécessaires à savoir à tout Négociateur.
Quant au Hollandois qui a été chez vous, Monsieur, si je savois son nom & sa qualité, je pourrois vous en dire mon sentiment plus précisément. Ce qu’il vous a dit est plus que suspect, est faux. Il n’y a aucune ville, ni même aucune province de la rep. qui puisse conclure séparément un Traité avec une puissance étrangere. Quant au Plan que vous avez vu, & dont j’ai envoyé différentes copies en Amérique, Mrs. d’Amst—— n’y sont entrés que pour desirer que ce project puisse un jour s’effectuer entre les deux rep., & pour que le Traité, en ce cas, soit tout prêt, & que l’on gagne le temps qu’il faudroit pour le faire dresser, examiner, approuver &c. Vous avez, Monsieur, copie des Lettres de notre ami, où tout cela est clairement exprimé.
Puisque vous me faites l’honneur de me demander mon opinion sur le vaisseau Hollandois pris par Mr. Jones & envoyé en Amérique, je dirai, qu’il seroit juste peut être de le restituer, malgré la déclaration du Capitaine, qui dit que la propriété de la Cargaison est Angloise.

1°. Parce que le Traité de commerce entre la France & l’Am. établit expressément la maxime de free bottom free good.
2°. Parce que ce Traité n’exclut aucune autre nation du même traitement de la part de l’amérique, à tous égards, que la France a stipulé pour elle.
On pourroit cependant alléguer d’un autre côté,
1°. que la Rep. n’a pas encore conclu un pareil Traité avec l’Amérique.
2°. Qu’en vertu de l’Acte de Navigation, les effets réclamés sont illégitimement chargés sur un navire non-Anglois. Il est vrai que les Hollandois repliqueront à cela, qu’ils n’ont jamais consenti expressément à cet Acte de Navigation.
Il résulte toujours de là, ce me semble, qu’on pourroit déclarer de bonne prise la propriété Angloise, mais dédommager scrupuleusement les Hollandois de tout ce qu’ils perdent & devoient gagner là-dessus.
J’ai acheminé la Lettre pour Middelbourg.
Pour revenir à Mr. L——, je me garderai bien de lui mettre dans la tête rien qui puisse faire du tort à l’Am—— ou à luimême. J’espere même qu’il contribuera à me remettre bien avec certain Seigneur. Du reste, j’ignore quand il arrivera; & si je puis faire ma paix avant ce temps, sans blesser mon honneur & ma conscience, je n’y manquerai pas. Je suis avec tout le respectueux attachement qui vous est voué pour la vie, Monsieur Votre trèshumble & très obéissant serviteur
D

  Il est arrivé à Amst. un petit Navire Americain, Cap. Hedon consigné à Mrs. J. De Neufville & fils; parti de Boston le 28 fevr. Il ne s’etoit rien passé de nouveau.
  Passy à S. E. M. Franklin

Notation: Dumas la haie May 1780


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from James Lovell, 4 May 1780
From: Lovell, James
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Hond Sir
May 4th 1780
I cannot write with official authority nor have I time to enlarge now upon our public affairs owing to the particular Circumstances of the Mass: Delegation which forces me to attend in Congress and the Vessel will probably sail before our Adjournment this Afternoon. I refer you to the Journals & Gazettes together with Mr. Robert Mease’s Conversation. It is not necessary that I should recommend this Gentleman to your Civilities: your Knowledge of his Family, and his present Care to forward Pacquets to you, both secure for him your Attentions.
We have had no Letter from you since one of Sepr. 30th. read Feb. 23d. nor have we at any Time recd. a Copy of the Instrument annulling the 11th. and 12th. articles the publication of which articles in our Newspapers make some public proceedg. here necessary in regard to the Annullment. It was some time in Novr. —78 as appears by the Copies of some Letters delivered by Mr Adams the originals of which did not come to hand.
Our Affairs at the Southward are to be judged of by the Gazettes. We 11. 14. 8. 12. 1. 3. 27. 13. 11. 17. 6. We have a very good Prospect that the late War between 3. 6. 18. 23. 3. 4. 13. 6. 14. 24. 18. 13. 16. 26. 4. 23. 3. 4 is the last that will spring up between those Tribes. They have convinced each other by every Skirmish that they ought to be in perpetual Amity on the Ground of reciprocal Benefits.
I do not feel easy till I have my Pacquets on Board. If I have Time I will again write to you by the same opportunity more largely.
Be assured of my greatest Respect for your Character and my sincerest Wishes for your Prosperity being, Sir, your Friend and most humble Servant
James Lovell

Addressed: Honorable/ Doctor Franklin/ Minister plenipory./ of the United States/ of America/ in/ France/ favd by/ Mr. Mease
Endorsed: J Lovell May 4. 80 / Lovel


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Sartine, 5 May 1780
From: Sartine, Antoine-Raymond-Gualbert-Gabriel de
To: Franklin, Benjamin

A Versailles le 5 May 1780.
J’ai reçu, Monsieur, la Lettre que vous m’avez fait l’honneur de m’écrire le 13. du mois dernier.
D’après la Demande qui m’en a été faite par M. Le Ray de Chaumont, J’ai donné des ordres à Dunkerque pour faire remettre à la Disposition de son fondé de Procuration la Corvette La Cesse. De Scarboroug. Cette affaire est terminée depuis le 14 Janvier dernier ainsi vous pouvez convenir avec M. de Chaumont de tout ce qui concerne la vente du Bâtiment dont il s’agit.
J’ai l’honneur, d’être avec la plus parfaite consideration, Monsieur votre tres humble et tres obeissant Serviteur
(signé) De Sartine.
M. Franklin


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Benjamin Franklin Bache, 6 May 1780
From: Bache, Benjamin Franklin
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Mon cher grand papa
ce 6e. mai 1780
Je Souhaiterois beaucoup d’avoir de vos nouvelles, mais je pense que les affaires vous empechent de m’écrire, car sans cela je serois fort en peine, mais du moins je voudrois que mon cousin me donnât de vos nouvelles, et en même temps des siennes, ainsi que mon ami Cockran, je voudrois aussi avoir des nouvelles de mon papa et de ma mama. Je me porte très bien, Je souhaite que vous vous portiès de même; je fais tout mon possible pour vous contenter, je voudrois bien revoir toute ma famille et tous mes amis, et avoir mon frère à Genéve avec moi Madame artaud, avec qui je dinai l’autre Jour, me donna de vos nouvelles, et cela me fit un grand plaisir; Madame Cramer qui a toujours beaucoup de bontés pour moi, se porte très bien; Je me trouve très bien chez Monsieur de Marignac, et lui et madame me traitent comme Leurs enfants. J’ai l’honneur d’être avec un prond [profond] respect Mon cher grand papa votre tres humble et tres obeissant petit fils
Benjamin Franklin B

Addressed: A Monsieur / Monsieur Franklin Ministre / Plénipotentiaire des provinces unies / de l’Amérique auprès de sa Majesté / très chrétienne. Chez Monsieur / Grand Banquier ruë Montmartre / A Paris
Notation: B.F.B. to Dr. F Geneva May 6. ’80


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Chantereyne, 6 May 1780
From: Chantereyne, —— de
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Monsieur,
Cherbourg le 6 May 1780.
Jespere que votre excellence aura bien reçu par le dernier ordinaire, la procedure de MM. les officiers de lAmirauté de Cherbourg concernant la Prise hollandoise la flore Chargée pour Compte des Negts De Dublin, faite par Le Corsaire Americain le Black prince armé à Dunkerque, par M. J. Torris qui est parti depuis quelques jours pour Paris, & qui aura lhonneur de vous rendre compte des circonstances qui ont occasionné cette prise neutre.
Je vous prie, Monsieur, de vouloir bien jetter les yeux sur un memoire d’observations que jai fait rediger par M. Groult docteur en droit jurisconsulte le plus eclairé sur les loix maritimes de leurope, dans lequel il fait voir la legitimité de larret de ce navire. Je me flatte que votre excellence y fera toute lattention que merite cette affaire pour le bien des Sujets des etats unis.
Je suis avec un profond respect, Monsieur, Votre tres humble & tres obeissant Serviteur.
De Chantereyne
M. Le Dr. Franklin.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Jonathan Williams, Jr., 6 May 1780
From: Williams, Jonathan Jr.
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Dear & honoured Sir.
Nantes May 6. 1780.
I wrote you the 18 April informing you of the Cloathing I had at different Times sent to Brest by M. de Chaumonts direction. I have since Advice that the said Cloathing arrived in Time but that the Transports were all full & Consequently but a small part is embarked. This being the Case I concluded not to send any more ’till further Orders, for it is absurd to be at so great an Expence without at least a probability of having the Goods shipped. Please to let me know what method is to be adopted for the future Expedition of the Cloathing and I shall be obliged also if you will please to favour me with your approbation of what I have hitherto done.
I am ever most dutifully and affectionately Yours &c
Jona Williams J

Notation: Jona Williams May 6. 1780


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Gourlade & Moylan, 8 May 1780
From: Gourlade & Moylan
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Honord Sir
L’Orient 8th. May 1780
We have received a letter from Doctor Laurence Brooke late Surgeon of the Ship Bon Homme Richard, dated at Lisbon the 6th. ulto. extract of wch. we have the honor of transmiting you agreeable to his request.
We are with the utmost respect Honord sir Your most obt. & most humble Servts
Gourlade & Moylan

Extract from Doctor Laurence Brooke’s Letter
“I saild from Curuna the 10 march with Cap. Cunningham and several other American passengers in a Tartan for Virga. and on the 24th. of that month had the misfortune of being taken by the General Edwards privateer between Madeira and the Western Islands. Two days after we had been taken we were all except poor Cunningham put on board a portuguize Snow bound to Lisbon. He was detaind by means of a Scoundrel who had sail’d with him three months in his Cutter and made him known to the Crew of the privateer notwithstanding he had changed his name.
The reason they gave for not liberating him was founded on a false report that the Court of London had offerd a great reward for him either Dead or alive, I left him in very great distress and in a very bad state of health and unless something is don immediately for his releif he must infalibly fall a sacrafice to his misfortunes. I therefore request you will make his situation known to the Honorable Doctor B Franklin, that he may take such steps as will prevent the loss of so valuable subject to the united states of America.”

Addressed: The Honorable / Doctor Benj. Franklin / Plenipotentiary Minister / from the United States of / America / at / Passy./.
Notation: Gourlade & Moylan L’Orient May. 8. 80


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from the Chevalier de Pougens, 8 May 1780
From: Pougens, Marie-Charles-Joseph, chevalier de
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Monsieur
Ce 8 Mai 1780
J’ai l’honneur de vous envoïer un paquet que je suis chargé de vous remettre. Le mauvais état de ma santé et de ma vüe m’empeche de venir vous le porter moi même, n’aïant pas la certitude que vous Soiés visible, voulés vous bien me fixer le moment où je pourrai Sans indiscrétion venir vous offrir mes respects et mon admiration.
Je joins ici le plan d’un ouvrage dont je m’occupe depuis plusieurs années; je ne publie pas encore ce discours, peut être le but que je me propose vous interresserat-il, ne fut-ce même que par son immensité? J’attens vos ordres et Suis ainsi que toute l’Europe avec le respect que l’on doit à la vertu Monsieur Votre tres humble et très obeissant serviteur
LE CH. DE Pougenshotel royal place du Palais Royal
M. le Deur. franklin.

Notation: De Fougere 8 may 1780.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Fournier, 9 May 1780
From: Fournier, Simon-Pierre, le jeune
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Monsieur
Paris Le 9 mai 1780
Je Suis on ne Peut Plus Sensible au Cadot que vous voulez Bien me faire de Permettre aux Peintre de Prendre deux a trois Séances Pour avoir votre Portrait je me suis arrangé de Prix avec luy: je n’ai jamais compté, monsieur, que vous me Le fériés faire  a vos Dépens, C’est Bien heureux Pour moi de L’avoir: quand il m’en couteroit 20. Louis je Les donnerais avec Plaisir. Ce n’est Point je vous jure flatterie de ma part; C’est Le Plus Beau Cadot que j’aurai eu de ma vie, et qui me fera honneur et même a ma Postérité. Le Peintre vous Remettra Cette Lettre, et je vous Prierai de lui donner une Séance Si votre tems vous Le Permet. Je Pars mardy Pour Chartres, et dans un moi ou Six semaines je vous apporterez Lépreuve en Lettre de votre Caracteres ainsi que Le traité des observations Sur L’origine de L’Imprimerie fait Par mon pére, et que vous trouverez Surement Bien Ecrit. En attendant Lhonneur de vous voir je vous Prie de me Croire avec des Sentiments d’estime, et de Recconnoissance Monsieur, Votre très humble et très obéissant Serviteur
FOURNIER
Mr francklin a Passy.

Addressed: A Monsieur / Monsieur francklin / A Passy
Notation: fournier Paris le 9 may 1780


Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Thomas White et al., 10 May 1780
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: White, Thomas

Gentlemen
Passy, May 10. 1780.
I received yours of the 5th. Instant and am glad to hear that you are safely arrived at Dunkirk. But the Letter you mention of the 4th. April, is not yet come to hand, Though I have one of the 11th. from the french Consul at Bergen. He gives me such an Account of your good and prudent Conduct while there, as affords me great pleasure. I had complain’d in strong Terms to the Danish Court, of the Barbarity of turning you ashore in a strange Place without any thing to subsist on; and I am glad to learn from the Consul, that you afterwards were treated with hospitality and kindness. I hope we shall also obtain Satisfaction for the Prizes so improperly given up to the English. In the mean time my Instructions to you are, that you proceed immediately to L’Orient, in Order to join the Alliance now there under the Command of Capt. Jones, and about to depart for america. If you should want a little Assistance towards the Expence of your Journey or Voyage thither, Mr. Coffin will be so good as to supply you: But as nothing has come in to my hands from her Cruises, and she has Occasioned me very heavy Charges which I am but ill provided to bear, you will require no more from him than is absolutely necessary. I am Gentlemen, Your most obedt.
  Messrs. Thos. White, Thomas fitzgerald, alexr. Moore, Nath. Marston, &c. James Hogan. [in WTF’s hand:] Officers of the Alliance


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Cabanis, 10 May 1780
From: Cabanis, Pierre-Jean-Georges
To: Franklin, Benjamin

a Brive bas Limousin Route de toulouze Le 10 may 1780
Mon pere qui me parle bien souvent de vous, Monsieur, ne Connait qu’une très petite partie de vos ouvrages, et voudrait avoir des Détails sur La Construction des Conducteurs pour garantir Les maisons de La foudre, et sur celle des para-tonnerre dont Les personnes se servent en Amérique. Je prends la Liberté de m’adresser à vous pour cela. Il m’est égal que Les details que vous m’envoyerez, soient écrits en français ou en Anglais: Ce que je desire C’est que vous ne perdiez pas beaucoup de tems à Les Ecrire, et que si vous avez des feuilles imprimées de La partie de vos ouvrages où ils se trouvent, vous me Les fassiez passer tout simplement. Si j’avais pensé que tous vos écrits traduits en français, ne fussent pas dans nos provinces, je Les aurais portés avec moi, et je ne vous importunerais pas aujourdhuy. Leur réputation et La votre surtout, y sont au moins bien répandues et bien établies: j’ose Croire que vous ne doutez pas du plaisir que j’ai à entendre tout Le bien qu’on y dit de vous, et à voir L’interet qu’on prend à La cause de La Liberté que vous défendez. Ayez la bonté de parler quelques fois de moi avec notre dame et avec nos amis D’Auteuil: je parle souvent de vous tous, et j’y pense encor plus. Je ferais ma Lettre bien plus Longue si je n’ecoutais que Le plaisir que j’ai à m’entretenir avec vous: mais vos momens sont précieux, et je dois Les respecter. Faites accepter à mr. votre petit fils et acceptez vous-même Les sentimens Distingués D’estime et d’attachement avec Lesquels je suis, Monsieur, Votre très humble & très obeissant serviteur
Cabanis fils
a Mr. franklin

Notation: Cabanis fils, Brive 10 May 1780.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from the First Medical Society in the Thirteen United States of America Since Their Independence, 10 May 1780
From: First Medical Society
To: Franklin, Benjamin

  Sir
  New Fairfield State of Connecticut May 10th. 1780
A number of Reputable Physicians belonging to the States of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New York, having in May 1779 formed a Society by the name of the first Medical Society in the thirteen United States of America Since their Independence, and having lately had information of a Royal Medical Society in France Constituted by letters Patent of his most Christian Majesty, of which Society we have the pleasure to find that Doctr Franklin is a member; Encouraged by that humanity, and love of Science, so Conspicuous in the French Nation, and relying on your assistance, and influence, we have presumed to Solicit of the Royal Medical Society the favor of a literary Correspondence; (with this) our letter to the Medical Society is inclosed, and Committed to your care; the letter is left open for your perusal, and if previous to its being laid before that Society, a French translation be necessary, we beg of you to perform that service (as there is not a Member of our Society so intimately acquainted with the French Language as to make a correct and elegant translation)— We conceive Sir that no Period in the Roll of Time ever opened so bright, and promising a prospect, of the Spread of Liberty, and Science, as this which now dawns in America, and that the all accomplishing hand of Time never erected so important, so Magnificent an Empire, as is now Rising in this new World. The known abilities, & integrity, of our Ministers of State, give us the greatest reason to expect from their foreign Negotiations, the most Important advantages (not only to the Political) but Scientific interest of America, and as you Sir are deservedly Seated at the head of all the American Patriots, we have no doubt of obtaining the favour we ask of the Royal Medical Society, Should our attempt, and design, merit your approbation, and assistance— The plan on which our Society is founded, and the Reason of our asking for a literary Correspondance, you will see in our letter to the Royall Medical Society. After wishing every Blessing to your Person, Compleat Success to all your Negotiations, and in due time a Safe return to this your Native Land we beg leave to Subscribe ourselves your most Obedient, and very humble Servants Signed by order and in behalf of the Society
James Potter PresidentAttest Oliver Fuller Secretary
To his Excellency Benjamin Franklin Esqr. LLD and American Plenipotentiary at the Court of France—

Addressed: To / His Excellency Benjamin Franklin Esqr. LLD / And Plenipotentiary at the Court of France


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Jonathan Williams, Jr., 10 May 1780
From: Williams, Jonathan Jr.
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Dear & hond Sir
Nantes May 10. 1780.
I have been applied to by Capt Thomas Molloney an english Prisoner whose Case seems a hard one and in consequence of his earnest Sollicitations and the Desire of Messrs Galleweys of this Place I have promised to lay it before you.
He was taken by Capt Jones off Ireland in a little Brig which he commanded, & he owned half of her himself; when Capt Jones sent the Cerf Cutter into Dingle Bay in search of his Boats this Man was put on Board as a Pilot, and the Cerf afterwards leaving Capt Jones brought him into this Port, where he was put in Prison. By some neglect in the Cartel or the peculiarity of the mans being a sole Prisoner, & brought in by the Cerf without its being properly declared whether he was taken under the french or the american Flagg, he has hitherto been left out of both Cartels, and has had the mortification of seeing his own People & many subsequent Prisoners exchanged & himself left behind. Messrs Galleweys have procured him his Parole & he is at large in the Town.
If you think proper I shall be glad if you will give an order to Mr Schweighauser to have this man released on his giving sufficient Security to return another man in his Place, and the Security to be discharged when the man so released appears with a proper Certificate in France. This I apprehend is the only way as he I understand is the only Prisoner remaining here taken under the american Flagg.
I hope there is no impropriety in giving you this Trouble & remain as ever with greatest Respect Your dutifull & affectionate kinsman
Jona Williams J
Honble Doctor Franklin

Notation: Jona Williams May 10. 1780


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Madame Brillon, 11 [May?] 1780
From: Brillon de Jouy, Anne-Louise Boivin d’Hardancourt
To: Franklin, Benjamin

ce jeudi [May?] 11 [1780?] a passy
Je voulois vous écrire avant hiér mon bon papa; mr votre fils vint me voir et je le chargai de vous dire que je vous attendois hiér; hiér vos affaires vous ont empêchés de venir; aujourd’hui mon coeur Souffriroit trop s’il se refusoit au besoin de vous dire qu’il vous aime: aimér, le dire, avoir besoin d’éstre aimé, est d’une aussi grande nécéssité a l’éstre bien sensible, que l’air pour réspirér est nécéssaire a un astmatique: me voici contente de vous avoir répétté, ce que je vous ai dit mille fois, ce dont vous ne pouvés douttér—je radotte donc? óh non; l’amitié ne radotte jamais; elle a ainsi que son malin de frére, la faculté de répétter sans césse une chose qui paroist toujours nouvélle; élle a de plus que lui, une confiance plus entiére plus désintéréssée; tous nos secréts sont un bien acquis a l’ami (peut estre pas a l’amant): vous Sçavés mon bon papa a qu’él point vous pouvés lire au fond de mon coeur; vous sçavés par l’importance de la dérniére confidence que je vous ai faitte; que vous devés, que vous estes mon meilleur ami; puisse cétte certitude vous faire autant de plaisir, que j’en aurai toujours a vous l’assurér:/:
Comme je ne sors point de ma chambre; ne me rendrés vous pas la soirée que j’ai pérduë hiér?

Addressed: A Monsieur / Monsieur Franklin / a Passy


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Charles Millon, 11 May 1780
From: Millon, Charles-Blaise-Léon
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Tres respectable Docteur,
Ce 11. may 1780.
Je m’apercois dans le moment que ma memoire me servit bien mal avant hier mardy 9. lorsque, dans la rüe de la Pelleterie ou vous vous trouviez, pour lEssay ratté d’une Pompe, je vous citay un passage de Diodore de sicille que j’estime appartenir a lElectricité. Je vous indiquois le XIIe. Livre de Cet historien, et Je me trompois. Cest le XIe. Livre, paragraphe XXXVI. ou a l’ocasion de la ville de Nées que Deucetius transporta dans la plaine et auprès du temple des Dieux Palicès. L’historien Diodore decrit quelqu’uns des phenomenes qui avoient procuré a ce temple et aux pretendus Dieux auxquels il Etoit Consacré, la veneration et le respect dont il fait mention. Or vous etes savant et surement honnête homme, sans quoy la phisionomie seroit traitreusement trompeuse; et a ce titre Je pense que si, Comme moy, vous soupçonnez les Pretres de ces Dieux avoir Connu Notre Electricité et en avoir tiré le party que les anciens Pretres tiroient de leurs Connaissances phisiques, pour rendre leurs semblables plus vertueux et plus Justes, vous direz avec Moy, Nihil sub Sole novum. Et peut etre leur idée vüe et saisie par vous, pourra nous Enrichir de quelque nouvelle decouverte. Je suppose que vous avez ou que vous pouvez vous procurer aisement un Diodore de sicile, soit en Grec soit En latin, soit meme en françois ne sachant pas s’il a Eté traduit En anglois.
Je vous suis bien obligé du Cadeau que vous avez Eu la bonté de me faire du programe de la société Royalle des arts de Londres sur les poids et Mesures. Jauroy l’honneur d’aller vous en reïterer le remerciment de bouche si mes affaires me permettent d’aller a Passy l’un de ces jours. En attendant agreez Je vous en prie Lassurance vraye et Loyale du Respect avec lequel Je suis Tres Respectable Docteur Votre tres humble et tres obeissant Serviteur
Millon
Coner. [conseiller] au chatelet rüe st andré des arts vis à vis la rue Gilles-coeur

Addressed: A Monsieur / Monsieur Le Docteur franklin / A Passy
Notation: Millon Commissaire au Chatelet May 11. 1780


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Vergennes, 11 May 1780
From: Vergennes, Charles Gravier, comte de
To: Franklin, Benjamin

A Versailles le 11. Mai 1780.
Mr. le Brn. de golz a fortement desiré, M, que je vous recommandasse M. darendt, officier prussien attaché au Service des Etats-unis, et je me porte d’autant plus volontiers à Satisfaire à La demande de ce Ministre, que vous vous ferez certainement un plaisir de l’obliger autant que cela Sera en votre pouvoir. M. d’Arend vous expliquera lui-même les differents objets pour lesquels il croit avoir besoin de votre appuy auprès du Congrès.
M franklin


Title: From Benjamin Franklin to the Judges of the Admiralty of Dunkirk, 12 May 1780
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: Judges of the Admiralty of Dunkirk

Gentlemen
Passy, may 12. 1780.
By the Declaration and report to me made by the honble. Captain Cottineau de Kerloguen who commanded the Pallas frigatte in the late Cruise of the American Squadron under the Orders of the honble. Commodore John Paul Jones Esqre, Commissioned by the Congress of the United States of America, a Copy of which Declaration, verified by the said commodore, I here with send you. It appears to me that the English Ship of War, called the Countess of Scarborough therein mentioned to be met with when convoying a fleet of the same Nation from the Baltick, and taken by the Pallas is undoubtedly a good  prize being taken from the Enemies of the United States of America. And I do accordingly hereby desire of you that you would proceed to the sale of the aforesaid Prize, in conformity to his Majestys Regulation of Septr. 27th. 1778.
I have the honour to be &c.
To the Judges of the Admiralty at Dunkerque.


Title: Franklin and Le Roy: Report on Lightning Rods at Strasbourg, 12 May 1780: résumé
From: Franklin, Benjamin,Le Roy, Jean-Baptiste
To:

Started between 1015 and 1028 in Romanesque style, the magnificent cathedral of Strasbourg underwent many transformations over the centuries. Around 1320, the intersection of nave and transept was marked by a Gothic construction resembling a bishop’s miter, hence called the Mitre. By 1365 the twin towers of the façade had been erected, and were joined to each other some thirty years later by a platform meant to support a belfry. The belfry, however, was never constructed. Twin spires were then planned, only one of which was built by 1439. A little guardhouse replaced what would have been the other one.
In 1759, the cathedral’s lead-covered roof caught fire during a storm and the Mitre, destroyed, was rebuilt in the shape of a truncated pyramid. Twenty years after that catastrophe, on May 12, 1779, Barbier de Tinan, commissaire des guerres and member of the Academy of Dijon, presented to the Académie royale des sciences in Paris his translation of the abbé Toaldo’s work on lightning rods as well as his own memoir on the best way to preserve the cathedral from damage by lightning. Franklin and Le Roy were appointed commissioners to study Barbier’s memoir.
Their twenty-page joint report, in Le Roy’s hand but signed by both men, was read at the Académie exactly one year later, May 12, 1780. The draft contains many corrections and several references to a gravure (now missing) which apparently was intended to accompany the report.

<May 12, 1780, in French: The Académie has asked us to report on a memoir by M. Barbier on the means of arming the Strasbourg cathedral with lightning rods.
Strasbourg is located in the middle of rather flat countryside dominated by the cathedral’s very high spire—so high indeed that no attempt at devising a protective system for so tall a building has ever been made. Its exterior, furthermore, is studded with a large number of iron bars and clamps which add to the danger posed by the frequent storms. Those storms originate southwest of the city, in the Vosges, and proceed in a northeasterly direction.
The two crucial issues we shall discuss are the shape given to the lightning rods’ ends and the means by which the lightning’s fire is brought down to earth.

On the first question, M. Barbier wisely prefers the rods with pointed ends and suggests that they be gilded so as to preserve them from the weather, and also to create an effect pleasant to the eye. As to the second problem, about which one cannot be too cautious, it should be noted that the spire is divided into three parts. Starting from the top, they are a tier made up of cross, lantern, and crown; then a pyramid in the shape of an octagon consisting of eight small winding stairs and turrets; and finally, resting on the platform, a square construction flanked by an openwork turret containing a staircase.
M. Barbier proposes, for the top part, a scaffolding of vertical iron rods off the northeast and southwest sides—those most often hit by storms—to join a “necklace” of horizontal rods just below the crown. From this necklace there would jut four rods descending between the little staircases of the pyramid and corresponding to the four turrets. They would finally follow at a distance the outer walls of the turrets belonging to the lowest part, which rests on the platform.
Protruding from the long drop between the cross and the turrets, a number of secondary conductors, five or six feet long and ending in copper-covered joints, would have to be installed for extra security. More of the same should be placed at each angle of the platform.
One third of the way down between the platform and the ground there runs a circular gallery, and more rods could be placed there, as well as a protective system extending to the copper roof of the nave. For better safety still, lead washers should be inserted between the various screws.
The final step is to connect this protective framework to the ground.
M. Barbier’s solution is to establish a tight metallic connection between the copper roof of the Mitre and the three adjacent copper roofs, two of which are well suited to attract lightning since they are garnished with very pointed pyramids.
Such a system would provide excellent protection against storms coming from the east. Since that part of the cathedral is so far removed from the tower, M. Barbier plans to give it extra safety by adding still sharper points to those of the pyramids. The next step is to take advantage of the two gutters situated right there, which can be made to communicate, through a leaden pipe, with an already established well. As usual, there will be a duplicate fallback system in case of accident, in the shape of metal rods constructed in the same way as those in the front of the cathedral. Both systems will be joined at the bottom by a thick iron bar pushed at least one foot into the ground at the bottom of the well.
Let us add, to complete this description, that M. Barbier proposes to secure the rods by flattening their extremities as well as those of the “necklace,” then drilling a hole through these flattened parts and attaching them to each other by means of a square-headed screw tightly shut by two keys.
It is our opinion that M. Barbier’s system would present still greater security if the Mitre were provided with more points and if the descending rods were made thicker. We agree with his observation that the work should proceed from bottom to top. We conclude by praising his plan and expressing the hope that, given the disastrous history of Strasbourg’s tower, it will become a reality. Thus protected, the tower will be a model for the rest of the kingdom and a symbol of the progress accomplished by physics in France when it is considered that only fifteen years ago lightning rods were still viewed as dangerous. >


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Gourlade & Moylan, 12 May 1780
From: Gourlade & Moylan
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Honord Sir
L’Orient 12th. May 1780
The inclosed letter for Captain Jones contains a certify’d Copy of a delaration made by the Officers of the late ship of war Bonhomme Richard, at the Admiralty, regarding the Capture of the English ship Serapis, wch. he desird shou’d be immediately forwarded him.
As we think it possible said letter might not overtake him at passÿ, we take the liberty of forwarding it under this cover that you may do with it’s inclosure what may be necessary, and for this purpose, we have left it unseal’d.
We have the honor to be respectfully Honord sir Your most hle sts
Gourlade & Moylan
The Honble. Doctor B. Franklin

Addressed: The Honorable / Doctor Benj: Franklin / Plenepotentiary Minister / from the united States of / America / Passÿ./.
Notation: Gourlade & Moylan L’Orient May. 12. 80


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from William Hodgson, 12 May 1780
From: Hodgson, William
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Dear sir
London 12 May 1780
I reced in course your favor of the 11th Ultimo, the Substance of which I communicated immediately to the Board of Sick & Hurt, but as what may hereafter be determined upon depends in a great measure upon the French Minister, the Board were of Opinion it wou’d be better to wait those further explanations (which you promised to send to Mr Hartley per first post after receiving them from Monsieur de sartine) & lay the whole before the Admiralty at one View, I have seen mr Hartley many Times & he is at this hour without a Line from you or any Intelligence on the Subject—here therefore it rests & must rest, untill you enable us by Monsr de sartines Letter to take some further Steps. I hope it will not be long e’er you can give us some Satisfactory explanations— I will just observe that there seems in the board a very great reluctance to accept French captured prisoners in leiu of American captured ones. I urged to them that to me it appeared as if they had first adopted the Idea in regard to the prisoners in Holland & that they cou’d not with propriety disclaim it elswhere, but you know much better than I that it avails little to urge any Arguments if there is not a previous disposition to hearken to them— As you express a desire to hear some further particulars about Williams I will as briefly as possible state to you the Affair— During Mr. Horne’s confinement for the supposed Libel, the Circumstances of which you are well acquainted with, I used frequently to spend the Evening with him—in Conversation he asked me If I coud convey to you a small parcell from a Literary Man— I said I believed I coud, he said there woud be nothing political nor any thing improper for the most Timorous person to take charge of & that the Letters were mere matters of Books & woud be left open—he never mentioned to me that it was for Mr David Williams that he made the request, however upon his sending me the parcell I found it was from Mr Williams with some of his proposals for printing his Lectures accompanied with two Letters one for you & another for Dr Bancroft both left open on purpose by Mr Horne, order that I might see there was nothing improper to be conveyed—all this Time Mr Williams was wholly ignorant that it was to me Mr Horne had applyed for the Conveyance— Upon reading the Letter to you, he stated the meeting at your Lodgings respecting the Liturgy & then added all those who so met him had Slunk off—conveying the Idea that he had been ill treated & decieved— Now as this was a gross falshood allmost every man (except Mr Whitehurst) having subscribed to & supported him— I wrote him a Letter complaining of the misrepresentation & added that I coud not possibly forward that Letter without forwarding at the Same Time such an explanation of the Affair to you as woud not tend to his Credit or reputation, this was a thunder Clap to him he was unable even to make an Apology, he withdrew however the first Letter & wrote another in general Terms, which I forwarded by Mr Ridley— This lay brooding upon his mind & his spleen had Vent in an Abusive paragraph or Letter in the Morning post which I inclose you as a Curiosity you will see that in order to blacken me you are introduced & others to whose Principles at least he professed attachment, but Revenge knocks down all these Barriers— You will naturally ask how it came to be known that he was the Author—for Answer I can only say, there were traced home to him such concurring Circumstances as left not a doubt in the Mind of any one of the Club that he was the Author alltho it woud not amount to legal proof before a Jury. The consequence was he was given to understand his presence wou’d be no longer agreable at Slaughters, we are without any News for a long Time from America. I am with great Respect Dr sir Yours sincerely
William Hodgson

P.S. Mr Whitehurst desired me to ask you if his book was got to your hands he sent it by some Compte or other whose Name I forget
Dr Franklin

Notation: W Hodn.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Benjamin Vaughan, 12 May 1780
From: Vaughan, Benjamin
To: Franklin, Benjamin

My dearest sir,
May 12, 1780.
Dr. Hamilton had a letter for you some weeks ago; but I find him still in Holland. The bearer of this is of his party, & as Dr. Crawford gives him a character, I inclose the Drs. letter in case you should meet with him.
By the present opportunity you have two packets from Dr. Jebb. The MS. he had prepared for another conveyance which he missed; and as I thought you might wish for an opportunity of saying something of a political nature, I not only did not discourge but rather encouraged his sending it.
I send a pamphlet Dr. Price has just sent to us; If Dr. Crawford forwards another, you know you have a duplicate to send abroad.

Dr. Priestley is very ill on the bed just now, with a violent pain in his stomach, which in one light is encouraging as it tends to make us think his disease is in the gall-bladder & its ducts, & not in the liver which is hardly capable of such serious pain. Dr. Fothergill & Dr. J. Jebb have prescribed to day: Dr. Heberden & Sr. J. Pringle some days ago prescribed medicines which nature did not allow a favorable opportunity for taking, & they will not it seems come into the city to our house where the Dr. now is, finding himself more at home than in Berkley Square now he is ill.
As to politics, the Rockinghams & other aristocratic people hang off a great deal since the asociations have gone such lengths (owing much to Dr. J Jebb) but perhaps occasions may offer to work on the people without them. Much will depend on events. Ministry are very confident as to possession of their places, and not out of hopes as to the empire: So much do mens ruin depend on the opinion that they are ruined. Other people in their situation would have been ruined by fears; but providence has kindly given them insensible hearts & insensible heads to make them more fit for working its purpose. I am, my dearest sir, yours ever most devotedly,


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from George Scott, 13 May 1780
From: Scott, George
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Honourable Sir
Naples the 13th. May 1780
I did myself the pleasure to write you a few lines from hence on the 20th. Ultimo under cover to a friend of mine in Paris, in which I enclosed you, copy of a letter I had received from our mutual & very worthy friend Dr. Priestley to whom I wrote lately. The Same I hope has come regularly to your hands.
I am in a very hopefull way of succeeding in my business here, but I find I shall be detained much longer than I expected; & I cannot say now with any degree of certainty when I shall be able to leave this place, as proceedings here are so very dillatory.— As this is the case, I find it will be impossible that I can accompany my Goods as I proposed, so I have given directions to Messrs. Crommelins to send the whole, or such part of them as they think proper, immediately to Statia, to their friends there, to sell for my account.— Now as I am disappointed in this respect, I fear a prejudice will arrise to me, from the want of my personal attendance; & as my future welfare & that of my family much depends upon a prudent & advantageous disposal of these effects, because if the sales be managed with that proper care & attention wch. is requisite, my circumstances will be so restored, that I shall be as well, not to say better, in this respect than I have been; & will put me in such a sittuation that, I shall be able to assist friends that I am very desirous of assisting if need should require it.— In this sittuation I am of opinion a very little of your kind assistance would be of essential service to me, if you will be so obliging as to do it for me. What I require is only this, that you will please write messrs. Crommelins a few lines in my favour, to desire they will exert themselves in causing my Goods under their direction to be sold to the very best advantages. I know that such a reccommendation from you will have great weight & influence them much in my favour. Your ready compliance in this will infinitely oblige me.
I have the honour to be with great respect & esteem Honourable Sir Your mo: Obedt. & very humble Servant
Geo: Scott
Honble. Benj: Franklin Esqr.

    I beg the favour of my [torn: best sen]timents to Mr. Franklin Junr.

Addressed: The Honourable / Benjamin Franklin Esqr. / Passy
Notation: George Scott Naples May 13. 1780.


Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Paul Bentalou, 15 May 1780
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: Bentalou, Paul

Sir,
Passy, May 15. 1780.
The Buckskin not belonging to the United States, but to private Persons, I have no authority to order a Passage for you in that Ship, as you desire. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your most obedient & most humble Servant
Captain Bentalon, chez Mr. Changeur Negt. rue Rousselle à Bordeaux


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Samuel Wharton, 15 May 1780
From: Wharton, Samuel
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Dear Sir
L’Orient May 15 1780
As a News paper of the 8th of April was received by Captain Montgomery, after He left Philadelphia, in which is published a curious, confidential Letter, dated the 30th of January, from General Clinton to Lord George Germaine, and as it gives a very agreable State of Facts, and Arguments, I send your Excellency a Copy of it, taken in a hurry by Captain Hutchins, my Son, and myself. The News paper (one of Dunlap’s) containing the above Letter, will be forwarded to Night by Mr. Nesbit to Mr. Jay, with some Bills drawn by Congress at six Months sight upon Him. There are also Bills in this Town drawn by the same honorable Body on Mr. Lawrence at the same Sight, at the Hague. Captain Montgomery says, That the Markets at philadelphia were abundant, and reasonable, and as many Vessels in the Harbor, loading for different ports, as He remembers ever to have seen in Time of peace. He speaks of the last Winter, as uncommonly severe, But the price of Wood much cheaper than it had been, and adds, That the People in Power, and all Ranks of persons at Philadelphia, were under no apprehensions of Charles Town being taken. The post is just setting out, so that I cannot add any more,— But We are extremely impatient for Captain Jones’s Return, and our Departure; For we are most heartily fatigued with our Residence in this unhealthy, dull place. May I ask the Favor of your Excellency to present my best Respects to Mr. & Mrs. Chaumont, & Family—Mr. Grand & Family and to your Grandson? With the sincerest Respect and Attachment I am dear Sir Your most Obedient & most humble Servant
Saml. Wharton
His Excellency Dr. Franklin.

Notation: Warton Mr. Saml. May 15 1780.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from John Wheeler, 17 May 1780
From: Wheeler, John
To: Franklin, Benjamin

May it Please your Excelence
Denan Prison the 17th May 1780
I was Born in Ireland, and brought up to the Sea. My Parents went to America & Setteled there, at the Commencement of this present War, I was then Up the Streights And Never Could get an Opertunety to go to America Sience the War, being Mostley Employed in the Norway Trade from Newry in Ireland. I was lately Taken in a Vessell belongeing to Dublin by a French Priveteer & am Now in Denan Prison. I would be glad to go to America, to go in the Congress or Mercht. Service if your Excelency is pleas’d to get me out of Prison. I am Capeble of Any Station on board a Ship That the Congress, or My Friends Interest will please to Bestow on me. There is Some Clever young Men from Ireland in the Same prison who would be glad to go in the American Service with me. Your Excelence will please to Dispach your Orders as Soon as posseble as there is a Carteel Expected and I am Afraid I would be ordered on board her, as my Parents And Most of my Friends live in Pensilvenia and Near Philadelphia I shall from this Declare myself an American and with Gods Assistance I am in hope of being of Service to the Cuntrey.
Relyeing on your Excelency’s Generosity I Remain your True Obedient And Humble Servt.
John Wheeler

Notation: Wheeler John, Denan Prison the 17th. May 1780.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Arendt, [before 18 May 1780]: résumé
From: Arendt, Henry Leonard Philip, baron d’
To: Franklin, Benjamin

<[before May 18, 1780], in French: While in the service of the Americans with the rank of Colonel, baron Arendt gave full satisfaction. He received one year’s leave to recover from an accident and spent a good part of it nurturing the Prussian government’s goodwill toward the American cause. Because [William] Lee detained him in Berlin on various errands, he worries about the bad impression his delay in returning might make on Congress and begs Dr. Franklin to justify it and ensure his welcome in America. His many travels have entailed great expense and he would appreciate the small sum of 25 louis promised by M. Lee as can be seen in the enclosed letter. He also asks free return passage in the safety of a convoy.>


Title: From Benjamin Franklin to the Judges of the Admiralty of Vannes, 18 May 1780
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: Judges of the Admiralty of Vannes

gentlemen
Passy 18th May 1780
By the declaration and report to me Made By the honourable Commodore Jones, a Copy of Which Declaration I here With Send you. It appears to me that the British Ship of War the Serapis therein mentioned to be met With, When Convoying a fleet of the Same Nation from the Baltick & taken By the Bonhomme Richard Which Was Commissioned By the Congress and Commanded By the aforesaid Commodore, is undoubtedly a good Prize, Being taken from the Ennemies of the United States of America, and I Do accordingly hereby Desire of you, that you Would Proceed to the sale of the above Said Prize, In Conformity to his Majesty’s Regulation of September 27th. 1778.
I have the honour to be &c.
Ainsy signé B. Franklinministre PlenipotentiaireDes etats unis De Lamerique a La Cour de France

Copie De La Lettre de M. B Franklin aux officiers De L’amiraute de Vannes
Certifie Conforme a loriginal
Chanu De Limur


Title: Certificate for Arendt, [18 May 1780]
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To:

[May 18, 1780]
Colonel D’Arendt in the service of the United States of America, having had leave to come to Europe for the recovery of his health, and being about to return to his Duty, I do hereby certify at his request, such Captains or Owners of Ships as he may apply to for a Passage, that from his Character for Probity, and the Pay he must have due to him in America, I make no doubt of his Readiness and Ability to discharge punctually on his arrival there, any obligation he may enter into on Account of Such passage. Given at Passy this 18th. Day of May 1780.
B.F.M. Plenipoten. &c.
Certificate Given to M. Le Baron d’Arendt.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Dumas, 19 May 1780
From: Dumas, Charles-Guillaume-Frédéric
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Monsieur,
La Haie 19e. may 1780
Quoique les Etats d’Hollande soient assemblés ici depuis 10 jours, il ne peut encore s’y passer rien d’interessant, jusqu’au retour de l’Exprès qui a porté à Petersbourg l’acceptation, faite par les Etats-Génx., des propositions de la Cour de Russie. En attendant l’on sait ici, par les Dépêches du Résident de la Rep. à Petersbourg, Mr. Swart, que la nouvelle de la Résolution de la Province d’Hollde., qui, comme on sait, donne toujours le ton aux autres, y a causé des sensations fort agréables, non seulement à la Cour de Russie, mais aussi parmi les Ministres étrangers qui y résident, & que le Ministre de Prusse, surtout, s’y est expliqué d’une maniere très-forte sur l’insolence des Angl., & sur l’indignité de leur procédé contre la rep.; enfin, que le systême de la neutralité armée pour humilier l’Angl. prend force de plus en plus à la Cour & parmi les Puissances: ce qui est très-visible par les discours que tiennent leurs Ministres.
Ce qui suit ne doit pas encore être divulgué. J’écrivis il y a quelques jours à Amst. pour leur conseiller d’offrir le 5e Matelot de leurs navires Marchds. afin de pulvériser le prétexte de la rareté des Matelots pour la Flotte de la rep. & d’empêcher que les mal intentionnés ne presentent une contre-adresse. Voici ce qu’on m’a repondu ce matin. “La Requête est dressée, sur laquelle on demandera aux Etats la prompte protection du Commerce, en offrant tout ce que les Etats jugeront à propos d’imposer au Commerce; que ce soit le cinquieme, & même le troisieme Matelôt, personne de bien intentionné ne s’y opposeroit. On a dressé la Liste de ceux à qui elle sera présentée pour signer, & nous ne croyons point, que, quand même ils ne la signeroient pas tous, personne ose s’y opposer.” Ainsi je puis vous annoncer d’avance, Monsieur, que la semaine prochaine une telle Requête sera présentée. Ce qui n’est rien moins qu’indifférent dans ces circonstances.
Je prépare une nouvelle Lettre, très soumise, pour me remettre bien avec le G—— Facteur, & je lui redemande pour la troisieme fois formellement pardon des jugemens téméraires que j’ai pu porter sur ce qui le concerne. Je vous ai dejà dit, Monsieur, ce qu’il exige de moi, qui m’est impossible. Mais, de grace, si vous croyez que je puisse faire quelque chose de plus que ce que j’ai fait, expliquez-vous positivement, ordonnez-moi explicitement & nommément ce que vous desirez que je fasse pour le contenter; je vous obéirai, s’il m’est possible, avec la même promptitude, que je vous ai obéi en déposant sur le champ tout desir de Vengeance & de poursuite contre Sir G——. Je vous préviens seulement de ceci: c’est que je suis dans la plus forte persuasion que je dirois des faussetés, si je faisois la déclaration qu’on me demande par rapport au fur litterarius. Il faut considérer aussi que ce que j’ai fait n’est qu’une imprudence, que le besoin de faire adresser mes Lettres sous un couvert non suspect m’avoit arrachée; & ce que l’autre a fait est un crime. On veut qu’en justification & récompense de ce crime je sois le délateur de moimême: ce qui est bien plus dûr encore que d’etre le délateur de son frere.
Je suis toujours, & pour toujours, avec le plus respectueux attachement, Monsieur, Votre très-humble & très obéissant serviteur
Dumas
Je suis aussi bien que jamais avec notre Ami.Passy à Son E. M. Franklin &c.

Addressed: à Son Excellence / Monsieur B. Franklin, Esqr. / Min. Plenipe. des Etats-unis / etc. / Passy./.
Notation: Dumas la haie May 19. 1780


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from James Milne, 19 May 1780
From: Milne, James
To: Franklin, Benjamin

  Sir,
  Paris 19. May 1780. Chez Mr: Gregson Rue Dauphine
I shall be much obliged to you if you will allow me a moment for an audience, and to fix the day when I may present myself to you at Passy.

I have to solicit your attention upon objects which concern America.
I have the honor to be with the most profound respect Sir, Your very humble & very obedient Servant
James Milne
Mr: Franklin à Passy

Addressed: A Monsieur / Monsieur Franklin / en son hotel / à Passy.
Notation: Milne Paris 19. May 1780.


Title: From Benjamin Franklin to the Royal Academy of Brussels, [after 19 May 1780]
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: Royal Academy of Brussels

The Académie impériale et royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Bruxelles did not, according to its own historians, produce a body of work of enduring value during its founding decade. It was formed in 1772 in an attempt to raise what had been a small literary society from a level of “frivolity.” By incorporating the sciences, the academy hoped to become a serious institution. One of its chief activities in its early years was to organize and judge intellectual contests, for which it devised questions and awarded medals. At a meeting of October 13 and 14, 1779 (the report of which was not published until the following May), the society announced four questions for the upcoming year. The first three were literary and historical. The final one, in mathematics, was proposed “au lieu d’une question physique”: given a certain geometric figure, how could one determine the greatest number of smaller figures that could be contained inside the first? Franklin found the question so ridiculous, especially in light of its being advertised as having a practical value, that he penned this sarcastic response.
He was pleased enough with the essay to print it as one of the bagatelles, but uneasy enough at its “grossiereté” to explicitly request William Carmichael not to publish it in Spain. In September, 1783, writing to Richard Price after the peace treaty had been signed, Franklin was reminded of the topic of “inflammable air” while describing the French balloon craze. He enclosed a copy of this bagatelle, calling it “a jocular Paper I wrote some Years since in ridicule of a Prize Question given out by a certain Academy on this side the Water.” But, realizing that Price was a mathematician and might see merit where he had seen none, Franklin then suggested that his friend simply forward it to Priestley, “who is apt to give himself Airs (i.e. fix’d, deflogisticated, &c. &c.) and has a kind of Right to every thing his Friends produce upon that Subject.” If Franklin read the volume of the Academy’s memoirs published that year (1783), he would have learned that the prize question was withdrawn because it had not been satisfactorily resolved.

  [after May 19, 1780]
  To the Royal Academy of *****

GENTLEMEN,
I Have perused your late mathematical Prize Question, proposed in lieu of one in Natural Philosophy, for the ensuing year, viz. “Une figure quelconque donnée, on demande d’y inscrire le plus grand nombre de fois possible une autre figure plus petite quelconque, qui est aussi donnée.” I was glad to find by these following Words, “l’Académie a jugé que cette découverte, en étendant les bornes de nos connoissances, ne seroit pas sans UTILITÉ”, that you esteem Utility an essential Point in your Enquiries, which has not always been the case with all Academies; and I conclude therefore that you have given this Question instead of a philosophical, or as the Learned express it, a physical one, because you could not at the time think of a physical one that promis’d greater Utility.
Permit me then humbly to propose one of that sort for your consideration, and through you, if you approve it, for the serious Enquiry of learned Physicians, Chemists, &c. of this enlightened Age.
It is universally well known, That in digesting our common Food, there is created or produced in the Bowels of human Créatures, a great Quantity of Wind.
That the permitting this Air to escape and mix with the Atmosphere, is usually offensive to the Company, from the fetid Smell that accompanies it.
That all well-bred People therefore, to avoid giving such Offence, forcibly restrain the Efforts of Nature to discharge that Wind.
That so retain’d contrary to Nature, it not only gives frequently great present Pain, but occasions future Diseases, such as habitual Cholics, Ruptures, Tympanies, &c. often destructive of the Constitution, & sometimes of Life itself.

Were it not for the odiously offensive Smell accompanying such Escapes, polite People would probably be under no more Restraint in discharging such Wind in Company, than they are in spitting, or in blowing their Noses.
My Prize Question therefore should be, To discover some Drug wholesome & not disagreable, to be mix’d with our common Food, or Sauces, that shall render the natural Discharges of Wind from our Bodies, not only inoffensive, but agreable as Perfumes.
That this is not a chimerical Project, and altogether impossible, may appear from these Considerations. That we already have some Knowledge of Means capable of Varying that Smell. He that dines on stale Flesh, especially with much Addition of Onions, shall be able to afford a Stink that no Company can tolerate; while he that has lived for some Time on Vegetables only, shall have that Breath so pure as to be insensible to the most delicate Noses; and if he can manage so as to avoid the Report, he may any where give Vent to his Griefs, unnoticed. But as there are many to whom an entire Vegetable Diet would be inconvenient, and as a little Quick-Lime thrown into a Jakes will correct the amazing Quantity of fetid Air arising from the vast Mass of putrid Matter contain’d in such Places, and render it rather pleasing to the Smell, who knows but that a little Powder of Lime (or some other thing equivalent) taken in our Food, or perhaps a Glass of Limewater drank at Dinner, may have the same Effect on the Air produc’d in and issuing from our Bowels? This is worth the Experiment. Certain it is also that we have the Power of changing by slight Means the Smell of another Discharge, that of our Water. A few Stems of Asparagus eaten, shall give our Urine a disagreable Odour; and a Pill of Turpentine no bigger than a Pea, shall bestow on it the pleasing Smell of Violets. And why should it be thought more impossible in Nature, to find Means of making a Perfume of our Wind than of our Water?
For the Encouragement of this Enquiry, (from the immortal Honour to be reasonably expected by the Inventor) let it be considered of how small Importance to Mankind, or to how small a Part of Mankind have been useful those Discoveries in Science that have heretofore made Philosophers famous. Are there twenty Men in Europe at this Day, the happier, or even the easier, for any Knowledge they have pick’d out of Aristotle? What Comfort can the Vortices of Descartes give to a Man who has Whirlwinds in his Bowels! The Knowledge of Newton’s mutual Attraction of the Particles of Matter, can it afford Ease to him who is rack’d by their mutual Repulsion, and the cruel Distensions it occasions? The Pleasure arising to a few Philosophers, from seeing, a few Times in their Life, the Threads of Light untwisted, and separated by the Newtonian Prism into seven Colours, can it be compared with the Ease and Comfort every Man living might feel seven times a Day, by discharging freely the Wind from his Bowels? Especially if it be converted into a Perfume: For the Pleasures of one Sense being little inferior to those of another, instead of pleasing the Sight he might delight the Smell of those about him, & make Numbers happy, which to a benevolent Mind must afford infinite Satisfaction. The generous Soul, who now endeavours to find out whether the Friends he entertains like best Claret or Burgundy, Champagne or Madeira, would then enquire also whether they chose Musk or Lilly, Rose or Bergamot, and provide accordingly. And surely such a Liberty of Ex-pressing one’s Scent-iments, and pleasing one another, is of infinitely more Importance to human Happiness than that Liberty of the Press, or abusing one another, which the English are so ready to fight & die for. —In short, this Invention, if compleated, would be, as Bacon expresses it, bringing Philosophy home to Mens Business and Bosoms. And I cannot but conclude, that in Comparison therewith, for universal and continual UTILITY, the Science of the Philosophers abovementioned, even with the Addition, Gentlemen, of your “Figure quelconque” and the Figures inscrib’d in it, are, all together, scarcely worth a
F A R T-H I N G.


Title: From Benjamin Franklin to James Russell, Silvanus Grove and Osgood Hanbury, 20 May 1780
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: Russell, James,Grove, Silvanus,Hanbury, Osgood

Gentlemen
Passy May 20. 1780.
I have just received from his Excellency Thomas Sim Lee Governor of Maryland a Letter dated at Annapolis in Council the 4th. of January, requesting me to transmit to you the Copy of an Act (which I inclose accordingly) and to desire your immediate answer, whether you will transact the Business, sell out the Stock, & accept and pay the Bills drawn in pursuance of the Act? If you aggree to execute this Trust, they direct that the stock be immediately sold, and that the Money be plac’d by you in the hands of Some Capital Banker in Amsterdam or Paris, Subject to your Drafts in Case Bills should be drawn on you. If you decline the service, you will see by the Act that I am impowered to take certain Steps, which makes it necessary for me to know previously your determination. I therefore request to have it as soon as possible. With great Respect I have the honour to be. Gentlemen &c.

P.S. You will please to return me the Act if you do not under take to execute it.
Messrs. Russel, Grove and Hanbury Merchants, London.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from John Torris, 20 May 1780
From: Torris, John
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Honnd. Sir
Dunkerque the 20th. May 1780.
I have had the Honnor to write your Excellency on the 13th. Inst. relative to the Prise Flora Capt. Roodenberg, & on the Titles in your Hands which Prove that the Brig Friendship Capt. Pretty John, & Schooner Peter Capt. Thos. Byrne, were maned by British Subjects, therefore were English Bottoms & subject to Condamnation favour of the Captor; & I hope your Excellency has allready drawn & forwarded these Condamnations.
I am advised that the Celebrated mr. Groult has sent to your Excellency his memorial Proving on authentic Testimonies & Authorities, that, the Cargoe of the Prise the Flora, Roodenberg, was Legally acquiered by the unfortunate Black Prince. I have a Copy of this memorial, & endeed, it Leaves me nothing to wish on the Legitimity of the Prise, & I am now convinced, that, all motives of Interest & Justice will prompt your Excellency to Pass forthwith Judgement of Condamnation on it. & as I find that, Mr. De Maussallée mon avocat aux Conseils, Can add but few arguments on the matter, & your Excellency wants none further, we might not Trouble him in the affair. However, He will Call to Take the Commands of your Excellency.—
Subjoined the Report on oath from Capt. Dowlin, which has been veriffied & attested by Two of his officers, which Prove the knowledge of the Parjured Capt. Roodenberg in the English Tongue, & the Fidelity of his first & Genuine Report In Berck, which mention his Cargoe being for account & risk of the Merchants in Dublin it is Consigned to.—
If your Excellency desires an other declaration on these Subjects from Mr. Boulanger the English Brocker who Served in this report at Berck, I shall then requiere it, But I think your Excellency is now well Satisfied on the Head.
I am with greatest respect Honnd. Sir your Excellency’s most obedient & most Humble servant
J. Torris
His Excellency Dor. Franklin Minister of the united States

Endorsed: May 20
Notation: Mr. Torris May 20. 1780—


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Jonathan Williams, Jr., 20 May 1780
From: Williams, Jonathan Jr.
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Dear & honoured Sir.
Nantes May 20 1780.
I have duely received your Favour of 10th Instant & have kept it by me some time in hopes of being able to give some satisfactory answer to it, but I have not yet found any way of getting the Goods out unless I were to buy a Ship and fit her for the Purpose, this would undoubtedly be the most eligible Plan if Funds were plenty, because the amount of the Freight will be more than half as much as the Cost & outfit of a Ship, and in the one Case it is all expence in the other the Ship remains worth her Cost; But in the State of our Finances I do not suppose you would relish a Plan which would require a great Disburse.
Mr de Montieu who has more Ships, and has let more to Government than any Man I know, was two days here in his Passage from Brest to Paris, I spoke to him and he said he would immediately on his arrival confer with you and Mr de Chaumont on the Subject; you may perhaps decide something together. I find by my Letters from Brest that it will not do to send anything thither, for what is there already cannot go out in the second Division, as there are more Stores to carry for Government than there are Ships to take them: Mr Bersole has I suppose written the same thing to M. de Chaumont.
If you think proper to execute that Part of Congress Order which relates to Frigates a large Ship might be purchased & fitted according to the Direction of the Committee, they would then have the materials they want & the Ship too; but in such a Case I would reccommend not to arm her compleatly, for a 36 Gun Frigatte compleatly manned & armed has little or no room for a Cargo, 10 Guns & about 40 Men would be enough for a Transport Ship & the remainder of her Guns shott &c would be a good part of Ballast which she must necessarily have & the Room which would be necessary for 6 months Water & Provision for 200 men would remain for the Cargo, and a large Ship so fitted to go under the Convoy of the Alliance would answer all your Purposes. If this is thought an eligible Plan the Serapis might be bought for the Purpose, or if you think that will not do I can purchase a very fine Ship here & I could find Americans enough to man her. There happens to be a very fine Ship now on Sale, she has been launched but about two months and may be bought for less than she Cost, she is an excellent Frigate.—
Your Letter gives me, I imagine, full authority to act in this matter, and I would willingly save you all the Trouble I can, but I dare not take so much on myself without a provision of Funds, if you will therefore supply me with the Funds at the End of 4 & 6 months, I will give you no further Trouble in the Business and all shall be done with the utmost Expedition.
Mr. Ross is at L’orient. I could not therefore have a personal Consultation with him but I have written to him and offered to meet him half way on the Road for the Purpose: When I hear from or see him, I will write the result of our Consultation.
I have not been able to have many Shoes made for such as are usualy made here are wretched indeed. I have therefore agreable to your Opinion prepared Leather of which I have a considerable Quantity ready to Ship; I have bought only sole Leather because I think our own upper Leather is much superior to what I can buy here.
I have Letters from Phila of the 16 April by a Brig arrived at L’orient. Mr Bache & all your Family were then well; the Last news they had then from Clinton was of the 18 March when he had done nothing, our army is 7000 Strong against him. Mr Gruel of this Place has failed for a considerable Sum.— I am ever your dutifull & affectionate Kinsman
Jona Williams J
The Hon. Doctor Franklin

Notation: J Williams May 20. 80


Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Poellnitz, 21 May 1780
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: Poellnitz, Friedrich Karl Hans Bruno, baron von

Sir,
Passy, May 21. 1780.
I received the Letter you did me the honour of writing to me the 13th. Inst. I think your determination is prudent, to wait for a Peace, in order to make your Voyage to america. The Inconvenience of being taken by the Enemy, is too great to hazard with your Lady and Family. Be pleased to make my Respects acceptable to her, and believe me to be, with great Regard, and best Wishes for your Prosperity, Sir, Your m. o. & m. h. s.
Mr. Le Baron de Poellnitz près de la Porte D’albret, Maison de l’architecte Bayle à Bordeaux.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Achille-Guillaume Lebègue de Presle, 21 May 1780
From: Lebègue de Presle, Achille-Guillaume
To: Franklin, Benjamin

a chatillon sous Bagneux ce 21 mai 80
Je prie votre Excellence de recevoir mes remercimens du renvoy que m’a fait mr Grand des Livres de Londres venus sous votre nom; et mes excuses d’avoir differé jusqu’a ce jour a m’acquitter de ce devoir. Le retard a ete causé par mon deplacement qui m’a donné des occupations pressantes et des distractions de toute espece.
Les soins de mon depart, au moment ou les livres m’ont ete apportés, m’avoient fait oublier de vous envoyer par mr grand, avec les deux livres qui vous etoient destinés, L’ouvrage du Lord mahon dont je vous avois offert de vous procurer la lecture. Jai cru que le moyen le plus court pour vous faire parvenir ce dernier livre, etoit de le faire porter au bureau de mr Brillon, persuadé qu’il se feroit un plaisir de vous l’envoyer promptement. Ainsi Monsieur, vous devez avoir recu
1° un Exemplaire in 4° relié de votre dernier ouvrage;
2° un Exemplaire in 8° destiné a feu mr Dubourg;
3° un petit paquet que votre lettre m’a servi a retirer de la messagerie en y cherchant le balot de livres;
4° le livre du Lord Mahon que vous pouvez monsieur ne lire qu’a loisir, parceque je reste encore a la campagne 10 a 12 jours; et que la lecture de votre dernier ouvrage m’instruit plus utilement en differens genres.
Je ne manquerai pas a mon retour a Paris d’aller chez mr Grand le rembourser de la portion des frais dont mon paquet a augmenté votre envoi; ce que je lui ai demandé par un billet remis au porteur des livres et auquel il n’a pas repondu.
Jai recu la semaine derniere une lettre de mr Ingen-houzs qui m’envoye quelques notes pour l’Edition francoise de son ouvrage; mais il ne me dit pas s’il reviendra passer quelques jours a Paris comme il l’esperoit en partant. L’impression de son ouvrage doit etre commencée, mais je n’ai point encore recu d’epreuve.
Jay lhonneur d’etre de votre Excellence le tres humble tres obeist serviteur
Lebegue De Presle

Permettez moi je vous prie de presenter ici mes tres humbles civilités a Monsieur votre fils et de le remercier des peines qu’il a prises pour mon Paquet.

Notation: Le Begue de Presle Chatillon 21 may 1780.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Edme-Jacques Genet, 21 May 1780
From: Genet, Edme-Jacques
To: Franklin, Benjamin

A Versailles ce 21. mai 1780
J’ai remis, Monsieur, à Mgr. le Cte. de Vergennes une traduction de la piece en langue angloise ci jointe. Le ministre m’a ordonné de vous en envoyer une copie que je joins pareillement ici, avec quelques gazettes Américaines, en attendant les autres que je vous ferai passer Successivement. J’ai l’honeur d’etre avec un sincere attachement Monsieur Votre très humble et très obéissant Serviteur
Genet

Notation: M. Genet Versailles 21. may 1780.


Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Samuel Huntington, 22 May 1780
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: Huntington, Samuel

Sir,
Passy May 22. 1780
The Baron d’Arendt, Colonel in the Armies of the United States, having express’d to me his Desire of returning to the Service in America, tho’ not entirely cur’d of the Wound which occasioned his Voyage to Europe, I endeavour’d to dissuade him from the Undertaking. But he having procured a Letter to me from M. De Vergennes, of which I send your Excellency a Copy herewith, I have been induced to advance him twenty five Louis, towards enabling him to proceed.— To justify his long Absence, he intends laying before Congress, some Letters from the honble Mr. Wm. Lee, which he thinks will be sufficient for that purpose.— With great Respect, I have the honour to be, Your Excellency’s most obedt. & most humble Servant
B Franklin
His Exy. Sl. Huntington Esq.

Notation: Letter from honble. B Franklin May 22. 1780— Read Decr. 4. Referred to the board of War


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from William Carmichael, 22 May 1780
From: Carmichael, William
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Dear Sir,
Aranjuez 22d. may 1780.
I have defered writing to you since my last of the 27th. Ultio. in Hopes of profiting by the Ct. De Montmorin’s Courier, but as it is not certain when one will be dispatched I venture to inform you by the ordinary post that Sir J.D. presented a memorial to the Ct. De FloridaBlanca, containing certain propositions tending to an Accomodation of the present differences between the Belligerent nations. On Application to the Ct. De Vergennes, you will undoubtedly be furnished with a Copy of his memorial and from the perusal of it will be able to judge whether it doth not merit the Derision with which it appears to have been received. The author is probably at Paris. I take the Liberty of advising you that M. Jay means to transmit Copies of it to Congress, which perhaps you may think proper to do, as the Writer seems to found his hopes of Success on your interference and Wisdom I leave him with pleasure in your Hands. Considering all things, the Operations for this Campaign have been pushed with much Vigor in this Country. I shall not mention American News because I am informed that you have received much later advices than have reached us. You will oblige me very much by permitting my friend and namesake to Copy a letter which you wrote to a Lady of the moulin Jolie, several people of Distinction here are desirous of seing it and I own candidly that it will give me much pleasure to have this proof of your Confidence. M. Jay and family are at madrid and therefore I cannot present to you those compliments on their part, which I intreat you to make to these for me who do me the Honor of remembring me.
I am with much respect, Your Excellency’s most obliged & humble servant.
(signed) W. Carmichael.
His Excellency B. Franklin Esqe.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from the Duchesse d’Enville, 22 May 1780
From: Enville, Marie-Louise-Nicole-Elisabeth de La Rochefoucauld, duchesse d’
To: Franklin, Benjamin

La Rocheguyon ce 22. mai 1780.
Le Séjour de M. votre petit fils à Genève, Monsieur, me fait espérer que les Citoyens de cette ville ont quelques droits à vos bontés; c’est dans cette Confiance que je vous les demande pour deux Jeunes gens que l’amour de la gloire et de la liberté font voler en Amérique: l’un se nomme Gallatin, il est âgé de 19. ans, fort instruit pour son âge, très sage jusques ici, et né avec des talens. Le second s’appelle Ser; ils ont fait un mystère à leurs parens du projet qu’ils vouloient éxécuter, on ignore par conséquent le lieu où ils débarqueront; on suppose qu’ils vont à Philadelphie ou à l’armée Continentale; c’est un de mes amis qui m’instruit de tout ce détail en me priant de vous engager a les recommander; je partagerai sa reconnoissance et vous prie, Monsieur, de ne point douter des sentimens avec lesquels J’ai l’honneur dêtre Votre très humble et très obéissante servante
Larochefoucauld D’ENVILLE

Addressed: A Monsieur / Monsieur franklin / A Pacy / près Paris.
Notation: La Rochefoucauld d’enville la Rocheguyon le 22 may 1780


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Balthazar-Georges Sage, 22 May 1780
From: Sage, Balthazar-Georges
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Monsieur
Ce 22 mai [1780?]
J’ai appris par Mr. Leschevin que vous aviez eté voir à versailles Le Cabinet de Minéraux de Mr Son frere; Les objets qu’il renferme sont tous beaux, bien choisis, le Catalogue en a été fait par Mr Delisle, et je me suis chargé avec plaisir de le Completer de sorte que Les Morceaux qui n’y Sont point indiqués sont etiquetés par moi. Cette Collection fera partout une superbe base de Cabinet.
J’aurais eû Lhonneur d’aller vous Rendre mes devoirs si je n’etois pas aussi occupé.
Je suis avec Respect Monsieur Votre très humble et très obeissant serviteur
SAGEDe lacademie a la monnoie
Mr francklin.


Title: From Benjamin Franklin to John Diot and Co., 23 May 1780
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: Diot, John, & Cie.

Gentlemen,
Passy, May 23. 1780.
I received the honour of yours (without date) but enclosing three Papers from the Admiralty, relating to a Prize called the Betsey. As none of her Papers have been produced, and the only Person of her Crew that was brought in, was missing when he should have been examined, I find no Grounds to go upon in condemning her. This Vessel is the Third brought in, without papers or Persons to be examined, The Peter of London and the friendship being the other Two. I can condemn none under such Circumstances; and if this Practice is continued, I Shall suspect that they are neutral Vessels, and must with draw the Commission. If the Cargoes are perishable you can apply to the admiralty to Sell them, and to keep the money in their hands as a deposite for the Use of those who shall appear to be the Owners, after Proofs brought, either that the Prizes were English in which case they will be condemned, or that they were neutrals, in wich Case they must be restored with damages. I have the honour to be, Gentlemen, Your, &c.
Mesrs. John Diot and Co. Merchants at Morlaix.