Title: From George Washington to Major General Lafayette, 17 May 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de

                        Dr Sir
                        Camp [Valley Forge] May 17: 1778.

                    I received yesterday your favor of the 15th Instant, inclosing a paper, subscribed by Sundry Officers of General Woodford’s brigade, setting  forth their reasons for not taking the Oath of Abjuration—Allegiance & Office, and thank you much for the cautious delicacy, used in communicating the matter to me.
                    As every Oath should be a free act of the mind, founded on the conviction of the party of it’s propriety, I would not wish in any instance, that there should be the least degree of compulsion exercised; or to interpose my opinion in order to induce any to make it, of whom it is required. The Gentlemen therefore, who signed the paper will use their own discretion in the matter, and swear or not swear, as their conscience and feelings dictate.
                    At the same time I cannot but consider it, as a circumstance of some singularity, that the Scruples against the Oath should be peculiar to the Officers of One Brigade & so very extensive.
                    The Oath in itself is not new—It is substantially the same, with that required in all Governments, and therefore does not imply any indignity; And it is perfectly consistent with the professions—Actions and implied engagements of every Officer.
                    The Objection founded on the supposed unsettled rank of the Officers is of no validity (rank being only mentioned as a further designation of the party swearing); nor can it be seriously thought, that the Oath is either intended, or can prevent their being promoted, or their Resignations.
                    The fourth Objection stated by the Gentlemen, serves as a Key to their Scruples, and I would willingly persuade myself, that their own reflections will point out to them, the impropriety of the whole proceeding and not suffer ’em to be betrayed in future into a similar conduct. I regard them all, & cannot but regret that they were ever engaged in the measure. I am certain they will regret it themselves—sure I am they ought. I am My Dr Marquiss Yr Affect frd & servt.


Title: To George Washington from William Livingston, 17 May 1778
From: Livingston, William
To: Washington, George

                        Dear Sir
                        Princeton [N.J.] 17 May 1778

                    I am told that houses are preparing in New York for the reception of Refugees from Philadelphia.
                    The inclosed, Lord Sterling will be able to explain to your Excellency—If not I know his Lady can—your Excellency will be pleased to acknowledge the receipt of it as soon as possible—I am with the highest Esteem your Excellencys most humble St

                        Wil: Livingston


Title: From George Washington to Major General Alexander McDougall, 17 May 1778
From: Washington, George
To: McDougall, Alexander

                        Dear sir.
                        Head Quarters Valley Forge 17 May 1778

                    From a variety of concurring circumstances and the general information of persons coming from Philadelphia, it would appear that the enemy mean to evacuate the City, and accordingly are preparing to embark. Some accounts are, that part of their heavy cannon & baggage are already on board, and all agree that the whole of the transports are wooding and watering. What objects they have in view I cannot yet determine. However as things are circumstanced, I would wish you to remain where you are till you learn further from me. If they intend to leave the Continent on account of the complexion of affairs in Europe I should suppose they will also abandon New York, and that the same preparations will be making there, as are in Philadelphia. If on the other hand they only mean to concentre their force, New York for many reasons is most likely to be fixed on for the purpose. I have written to Genl Gates on the subject, and have advised him if possible to obtain certain intelligence of the state of things there. I have also requested him to detain for the present the Eastern recruits designed for the regiments here. I am Dr Sir, with great regard and esteem your most obt servt

                        Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General William Smallwood, 17 May 1778
From: Smallwood, William
To: Washington, George

                        Dear sir,
                        Wilmington [Del.] May 17th 1778

                    I have inclosed you the Proceedings and sentence of a Court Martial against one Jetson a person who for some time past has been not less dreaded, than fam’d for his Infamous Practices of Piloting the Enemy in the Night and Aiding them in kid-napping the more virtuous Inhabitants, particularly those who have Manifested an Attachment to, & have been active in Support of the Common Cause, and depriving them by force of their Property, he lately headed a party in the Neighbourhood of Port Penn and carried off Lieut. Hyatt of the Deleware Regiment, who was at his fathers recovering of a wound which he had recieved, Striping the Family of a good deal of Property at the same time, his depredations and range have principally been in the Neighbourhood of Duck Creek & Bomba Hook so remote from this, that there has not been an Opertunity of Adducing Several Evidences which might otherwise have appear’d against him, he was taken in the  Thorough-fair of Duck Creek on the 12th Inst. after a Smart Engagement by Capt. Jaquet who I had detachd down to Cantwells Bridge with 50 Men to guard & Escort the removal of the Stores; Jetson was in a barge Carrying a two pounder in her Bow two Swivels & two Howitzers with one Capt: Cook who had Sixteen Men Arm’d with Musquets, & his Barge loaded with goods & wheat which he had traded for and was just proceeding on board of his Schooner which mounts 10 Carriage Guns and in which he has traded all this Winter loading her twice a week in that Creek without Interruption when Jaquet attacked him with 30 Men, took the barge kill’d wounded & took 14 Among the wounded & Prisoners was Captn Cook & his Mate—I have since detached Upward of 100 Men under Colo. Pope to Secure and destroy all the Craft upon the⟨se⟩ Creeks and the Enemies Store houses and Granaries upon Bomba Hook to break up their Trade with the Inhabitants and to take off all the Stock on that Island and the Shores Adjacent which might lay in their reach, and if Possible to Apprehend China Clo⟨w⟩ and a party of 100 of his Adherents who I had understood had rendevouz’d on the Island with an Intention to Fortify it and keep up a Constant Communication with the Enemy or have it in their power to secure a retreat to their Shipping, I have not yet reciev’d any Accounts from Colo. Pope but on Friday Night a heavy firing was heard and a great light in that Quarter from which Conclude he was destroying their holds on the Island.
                    Doctr McKinley, Capt. Moor of the Deleware Regt Mr Littler prisoners of war in Philada and Mr Patterson father of Genl Patterson whose daughter now lies in Philada in great distress are desirous to send in some flour agreeable to the list below to Support them and defray their past expences, this Indulgence their Sufferings and the past good Conduct of most of them, might justly Claim, but I did not think proper to grant it without your Approbation, I believe their present distress is great and perhaps your determination cannot be Signified too Speedily for their Circumstances—I have also inclosed you an Application from Mrs Flowr on behalf of herself and Isaac Nichols who is represented to me as a Man of Honor to obtain leave to go into Philada the former thro’ her own & Mr Nichols’s Solicitation to obtain her husbands Parole and the latter in part to effect this purpose and to obtain a sum of Money lodg’d there for him by his son in England who I understand for some years past has Annually made remittances for his Support, you will therefore please Signify whether I may grant them a permit for these purposes or perhaps if not too troublesome one from yourself might have a better effect. I have the Honor to be with the greatest regard Your very Obdt Hble Servt

                        W. Smallwood


Title: From George Washington to Philip Van Rensselaer, 17 May 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Van Rensselaer, Philip

                        Sir.
                        Head Quarters [Valley Forge] 17th May 1778.

                    General Knox informs me that he gave you directions to send from albany two thousand Arms with bayonets for the use of this army—as we are in the most pressing want of these articles, I am to desire that you will exert yourself to have them forwarded with all possible expedition and to commit them to the care of an attentive, active person in your department, who may provide as well for security as dispatch in their transportation. I am Sir &c.


Title: To George Washington from George Bryan, 18 May 1778
From: Bryan, George
To: Washington, George

                        Sir
                        In Council Lancaster [Pa.] May 18th 1778

                    Your Excellencys letter of the fourteenth instant has been read in Council. The “mistake” respecting the arms which you mention, has probably been made by Lieutenant Colonel Bayard in supposing the bayonets to have been continental property when they really belong to this state; and as to Colonel Bayards having procured them to be made we can only say that we are not informed of any thing of this kind—It is said, that he has exerted himself in pressing the workmen to forward the belts scabbards &ca, which does him credit; and, far from wishing to lessen him, we are glad of every opportunity to commend industry and attention to publick business, as in the present case.
                    The expectation of a call for a large number of militia induced a hesitation in sending these arms to camp. This was the more reasonable, as no application was made for them by order of your Excellency: and it will undoubtedly be attended with inconveniency and probably great loss to this state to receive arms marked with the continental brand, in lieu of those marked with the state brand, beside the improbability of our receiving in exchange arms equally good with those now requested of us. The confidence we have in the propriety of your orders has induced this Council on all occasions to exert every power we possess, to comply with your demands and this confidence induces us now to give instructions, for sending the arms forward agreeable to your request. The attack made by the indians on our western frontier has occasioned a demand for more rifles than we have at present fit for service, and we have received from William Henry Esqr. one hundred and eight rifles belonging to the continent, to put into the hands of the militia. I have the honor to be with the greatest respect Your Excellencys very humble servant

                        Geo. Bryan, Vice-president


Title: From George Washington to Major General Horatio Gates, 18 May 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Gates, Horatio

                        sir,
                        Head Quarters Valley Forge 18 May 1778.

                    Inclosed you have a duplicate of a letter which I forwarded yesterday by an express. The accounts from Philadelphia since, still continue to increase, and confirm a design of the enemies evacuating the City.
                    I beg you may transmit to Coll Ethan Allen the inclosed letter by some safe and certain conveyance. I am Sir your most obt and very humble servt

                        Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Colonel Josias Carvil Hall, 18 May 1778
From: Hall, Josias Carvil
To: Washington, George

                        Sir
                        Annapolis May 18th [1778]

                    Agreeable to my Instructions I shall send off for Wilmington this Week about 300 Recruits. I have not yet been to Frederick Town or the Eastern Shore of Maryld where they have more collected. In most of the Counties I believe they will nearly raise their Quotas without the necessity of a Draught. But in a few Days the Term for recruiting expires when I shall be able to form a Judgement with more clearness by the Returns from the Different Counties. The others will then be classed for draughting to make up the Deficiencies when I expect many will produce their Substitu[t]es. So that upon the whole there will be so few Draughts necessary that I flatter myself the Law will take Effect with[out] opposition. I am with the greatest Respect Your Obedient Hble Serv.

                        Jo: Carvil Hall


Title: From George Washington to Major General Lafayette, 18 May 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de

                        Sir,
                        [Valley Forge, 18 May 1778]

                    The detachment under your command with which you will immediately march towards the enemy’s lines is designed to answer the following purposes—to be a security to this camp and a cover to the country between the Delaware and Schuylkil—to interrupt the communication  with Philadelphia—obstruct the incursions of the enemies parties, and obtain intelligence of their motions and designs. This last is a matter of very interesting moment, and ought to claim your particular attention. You will endeavour to procure trusty and intelligent spies, who will advise you faithfully of whatever may be passing in the city; and you will without delay communicate to me every piece of material information you obtain.
                    A variety of concurring accounts make it probable the enemy are preparing to evacuate Philadelphia. This is a point, which it is of the utmost importance to ascertain; and if possible the place of their future destination. Should you be able to gain certain intelligence of the time of intended embarkation; so that you may be able to take advantage of it, and fall upon the rear of the enemy in the act of withdrawing, it will be a very desireable event. But this will be a matter of no small difficulty, and will require the greatest caution and prudence in the execution. Any deception or precipitation may be attended with the most disastrous consequences.
                    You will remember that your detachment is a very valuable one, and that any accident happening to it would be a severe blow to this army. You will therefore use every possible precaution for its security, and to guard against a surprise. No attempt should be made nor any thing risked without the greatest prospect of success, and with every reasonable advantage on your side. I shall not point out any precise position to you; but shall leave it to your discretion to take such posts occasionally as shall appear to you best adapted to the purposes of your detachment. In general I would observe that a stationary post is unadviseable, as it gives the enemy an opportunity of knowing your situation and concerting successfully against you. In case of any offensive ⟨move⟩ment against this army, you will keep yourself in s⟨uch⟩ a state as to have an easy communication with it and at the same ⟨time⟩ harra⟨ss the⟩ enemy’s advance.
                    Our parties of horse and ⟨foot⟩ bet⟨ween⟩ the rivers are to be under your command and to form par⟨t⟩ of your detachment.
                    As great complaints have been made of the disorderly conduct of the parties wh⟨ich⟩ have been sent towards the enemy’s lines, it is expecte⟨d⟩ that you will be very attentive in preventing abuses of the like nature and will inquire how far complaints alrea⟨dy⟩ made are founded injustice. Given under my hand at Head Quarters this 18th day of May 17⟨78⟩.


Title: From George Washington to Henry Laurens, 18 May 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Laurens, Henry

                        Sir
                        Valley forge May 18th 1778

                    I have been honored with your two favors of the 11 & 15 Instant, with the several papers alluded to; the former by Monsr Jemat—the latter by Express yesterday.
                    Colo. Johnson set out on saturday afternoon to wait on Congress upon the subject of his appointment, and I presume will be at York to day.
                    I shall announce the Resolution of the 15th to the Army, and would flatter myself, it will quiet in a great measure the uneasinesses which have been so extremely distressing, and prevent resignations which had proceeded & were likely to be at such a height, as to destroy our whole military system. It has experienced no inconsiderable shock, particularly in the line of some States, from the loss of several very valuable Officers.

                    The Letter & Brevet for Colo. Allen I will transmit, by the first opportunity. He left Camp Eight days ago.
                    From a variety of concurring circumstances and the uniform report of persons, who have left philadelphia within four days past, it would appear, that the Enemy mean to evacuate the City. It is said, they have already embarked a part of their Heavy cannon and baggage; That transports are fitted and fitting for their Horse, and taking in Hay. The accounts further add, that there has been a press for some nights in the City, and several men obtained in this way, and carried aboard Ship; also that there has been an increased number of vendues. These circumstances all indicate an evacuation, but I have not been able to learn the objects of their future operations. I wrote to General Gates yesterday upon the subject, that he may be prepared in the best manner the situation of things will admit, in case they should be destined for the North River, and desired him to retain for the present all the Eastern recruits intended for this Army. The Quarter Master General and Commissary of provisions are directed to use every possible exertion for putting the affairs of their departments in a train to facilitate a movement in case it should be necessary; but such have been the derangements and disorders in them, that we must be greatly embarrassed for a considerable time yet. A valuable detachment under the command of the Marquiss Fayette marched this morning, which is intended to move between the Delaware & Schuylkil for restraining the Enemy’s parties—procuring intelligence and to act as circumstances may require.
                    I cannot help feeling for the prisoners in possession of the Enemy. If they evacuate philadelphia, these unhappy men will be dragged away with them, and perhaps to a more miserable confinement; but supposing that their future treatment should not be worse, or even that it should be more comfortable than their past, the idea of being removed farther from their friends, and farther from relief, must distress them to the last degree. I have the Honor to be with great respect & esteem Sir Your Most Obedt servant

                        Go: Washington

                        P.S. I would take the liberty to mention, that I think the Arms & Cloathing expected from France, should be brought forward without a moments’ delay after they arrive. The impolicy of suffering them ever to remain in places accessible to Shipping [is] out of the question, Our distress for both is amazingly great. We have many men now without Firelocks & many coming in, in the same predicament; and Half the Army are without Shirts. Our condition for want of the latter & Blankets is quite painful—of the former very distressing. The Doctors attribute  in a great degree the loss of Hundred’s of lives to the scarcity of cloathing—and I am certain Hundreds have deserted from the same cause.
                        Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Richard Peters, 18 May 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Peters, Richard

                        Sir
                        Head Quarters Valley Forge 18 May 1778

                    I am favd with yours of the 13th on the subject of the Militia which have been stationed at Easton, Bethlehem and Reading. The matter is new to me as I do not recollect ever to have ordered a Man of them to either of the above places. Colo. Nicholas Invalids have been at Easton and Bethlehem where they were kept as a Guard to the Hospitals and Stores, and therefore Militia were not necessary there. As Reading was the principal depository of our Qr Mr Stores, a Guard was necessary, but I should have supposed far short of 200 would have been sufficient. When I drew Lt Colo. Smiths detatchment of Continental Troops from Lancaster, I desired Governor Wharton to furnish a Guard of Militia in their place, as I was informed there were considerable Stores there, but they were to be considered as part of the Number of 1000 Men which General Armstrong stipulated should be kept up during the Winter, to cover the Country between Schuylkill and Delaware. This Stipulation was never complied with, there being, sometimes, not more than 50 Men with General Lacey, and never more than two or three hundred at a time. In my opinion, the Militia at Easton and Bethlehem, if they yet remain there, are totally useless. A small Guard will be necessary at Reading over the Qr Mr Stores. If I had given orders to mount these Guards, I would have countermanded them, but as I did not, the Board had better take proper measures—As you say the manner  of procuring this Body of Militia was a little extraordinary, I conclude it must have been somewhat irregular, and therefore should be glad to have your meaning more fully explained. The Rations consumed at the out posts are, as you observe, monstrous and extravagant and therefore every method should be pursued to find out the useless mouths and dismiss them. I am Sir Yr most obt and hble Servt.


Title: To George Washington from Colonel Israel Shreve, 18 May 1778
From: Shreve, Israel
To: Washington, George

                        Sir
                        Evesham [N.J.] May 18th 1778

                    Since Last thirsday ten foot, three Sailors, one Light Dragoon with horse and Accutriments, Deserters from the British Army and Navy Come in to this post, they All agree the heavy Baggage and Cannon is Loaded on Board the fleet, about 800 Remain at Coopers point, Cuting and Carrying Wood on board their fleet, I am Sorry I have to inform your Excy that a Guard of one Serjt and Six men, was Sent by Major Harrison from Woods town, for this post, with twelve prisoners Refugees, no way Confined, on their way Seized the Guard Carried of[f] five, the Serjt and one man Escaped.
                    We have taken Several prisoners Since my Last, Exclusive of those that made their Escape among them, Wm Hamett, that Intriped young man that took two Continental officers at Docter Varlears (As mentioned in their papers) Mr Lowring you find offers a Lt for him, one of those he took. thought Best to Send it to your Excy to Shew their Lowlife threats, which we Value not.
                    the Enemy has been once as far as Haddonfield, they Do not Care to Stir out much, at night Draw in their piquets near their Redouts.
                    Assoon as our Regts are full, I hope we Shall have a Sufficient number for this post.
                    by a Law of this State a Muster master is to attend at the Quarters of the Brigade, there muster and Receive the Drafts and Deliver them to Such Regt they Chuse, I understand Mr Dun the Mustermaster Is Going to Camp for that purpose, most of the men is nearly Ready to Join; to march Round to head Quarters, there be mustered, and then have to Return will take up Some time, and fateague those that Chuse to Serve in the two Regts here, I Wish they might be Mustered here, I have ordered Major Howell of the Second, and Capt. Piatt of the first  to head Quarters to Receive those that Chuse our Regts If they ⟨must⟩ march there first.
                    Ensign Jonathan Rhea of my Regt Sent in his Resignation Some time Last February, on account of the Sudden Death of his father, mother and Grandmother who were Carried off in a fortunet. he has Setled his Business and Joined us again, is very Desirous to Continue his Rank, he being the youngest officer in the Regt but one, Can make but Little uneasiness he is a Good officer a young man of a Good Edecation and famaly, Should be Glad his old Commission Could be Sent him in the Next Letter to me. this is Submitted by your Excys very Hume Servt

                        I. Shreve Colo.

                        N.B. I Omitted puting in Mr Lorings paper Cut open the Seal for that purpose.
                        I.S.


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General William Smallwood, 18 May 1778
From: Smallwood, William
To: Washington, George

                        Dear sir,
                        Wilmington [Del.] 18th May 78.

                    I have dispatch’d two Officers one to Governor Johnson at Annapolis & the other to the head of Elk for the purposes you required the result of which upon their return shall take the earliest opportunity of Communicating and in the Interim the troops shall Constantly be held in readiness to move at a Minutes warning.
                    Just before I recd your favour I had wrote you yesterday, The party detach’d under Colo. Pope I have heard nothing from yet, it wou’d seem Necessary from your letter that this party should be Immediately call’d in, to be held in readiness to March with the other part of the Division, but would Submit to your Judgment there Continuance three or four days longer, ’till we could ascertain the State & Quantity of the Stores below which wou’d lye much expos’d was this party drawn off abstracted of which there Securing and destroying all the Craft driving off the Stock & Intercepting the trade must have a good Tendency and should not the Militia turn out to our wishes, they might be divided and remain as Covering parties at the head of Elk and Appoquimina, should Circumstances render a sudden movement of the Troops from this post Necessary we are greatly in want of arms I expect in to day 200 recruits more, we are now Strong could we be Arm’d. I remain with Sincere regard Your Excellencys most Obdt Hble Servt

                        W. Smallwood


Title: General Orders, 19 May 1778
From: Washington, George
To:

                        Head-Quarters V. Forge Tuesday May 19th 1778.
                        Parole Trenton—C. Signs Tadmor Tufton.

                    Commanding Officers of Regiments are to make return to the Quarter-Master General of the number of Tents absolutely wanting in each for such men as cannot be accommodated consistent with their health and comfort in hutts—It will be relied upon in these returns that none will make a larger demand than the real situation of their respective Regiments requires—The Quarter Master General will make his issues upon these Returns.
                    The Sub and Brigade Inspectors Majors of Brigade and Adjutants of the Army will assemble at the Baron Steuben’s quarters at ten ôClock tomorrow morning precisely where they will receive particular orders.
                    At a General Court Martial Coll Bowman President May 13th 1778. John Reynolds an Artificer in Major Pollard’s Corps tried for striking Lieutt Hammet found guilty of the charge & sentenced to receive one hundred lashes.
                    The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to be put in Execution tomorrow morning at guard mounting on the Grand Parade.
                    Samuel Raymond at the same Court tried for presenting a loaded Musquet at Lieutt Hammet.
                    Upon due consideration the Court are of opinion that Samuel Raymond is guilty of the charge exhibited against him, but the extreme and unpardonable warmth with which the Officers conducted themselves renders the actions of the Prisoner in some measure excusable & operates with the Court so much in his favor that they only sentence him to be reprimanded by his commanding officer in presence of the Troop to which he belongs.
                    Also John Coffin tried for abusing Captain Gowerly when attempting to suppress a riot on the other side Schuylkill found not guilty & acquitted.
                    The General approves the two last mentioned sentences and orders them to take place immediately.


Title: To George Washington from Major General Philemon Dickinson, 19 May 1778
From: Dickinson, Philemon
To: Washington, George

                        Dear Sir
                        Trenton [N.J.] 19th May 1778

                    An Intelligent Person, who left New York last Wednesday, say’s, that he saw many hundred Houses in that City, cleaning out, for the reception, of the Troops from Philadelphia, which were expected there, in a very short time—and that the general talk of the Town, was their evacuating Philadelphia.
                    A Militia Officer, who this moment returned from Gloucester County, informs me, that the Experiment of fifty Guns, in going down the River a few days ago, run on the cheveaux-de-Frize, & instantly sunk—I wish this report may be true. I have the honor to be, Your Excellency’s most Obdt

                        Philemon Dickinson


Title: From George Washington to Colonel David Mason, 19 May 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Mason, David

                        Sir
                        Head Quarters Valley Forge 19th May 1778

                    I recd yours of the 21st April by Colo. Syme. I cannot with any degree of propreity consent to your Return from Alexandria to Williamsburg, there to remain till Mrs Masons health shall admit of your joining the Army. This is a matter of so much uncertainty that it would undoubtedly give umbrage to every Officer whose family requires his attention; and there must be many under the same circumstances with yourself. You have already had an uncommon share of indulgence, having been constantly at home or very near home. For the above Reasons, I am under the necessity of calling upon you to join your Regiment immediately, and if the situation of your family will not admit of it, I expect to hear from you, that the vacancy, which your Resignation will occasion, may be filled up. I am &ca.


Title: To George Washington from Timothy Pickering, 19 May 1778
From: Pickering, Timothy
To: Washington, George

                        Sir,
                        War Office [York, Pa.] May 19. 1778.

                    The inclosed copy of a letter from Thomas Smith Esqr. will inform you of the distressed condition of the frontiers of this state. The counties of Westmoreland & Northumberland are equally exposed with  Bedford. Other accounts correspond with that of Mr Smith, & shew that a general stroke is greatly to be apprehended; and that in addition to the barbarous savages, the disaffected inhabitants are a terror to their neighbours, and that some of them mingle with the Indians in committing these horrid cruelties.
                    To repel the incursions, of the Indians, & reduce the disaffected to obedience, nothing, in our opinion, will be effectual but a regular force, under the direction of good officers. The inhabitants appear, many of them, to be a wild ungovernable race, little less savage than their tawny neighbours; and by similar barbarities have in fact provoked them to revenge. But the innocent are now involved in one common calamity with the guilty, and all greatly disheartened. Yet, by the countenance of a few regular troops, they would recover spirit and resolution, & be instructed in & led to pursue, the necessary measures for the defence of their settlements.
                    It is with regret we ask for aid in this case from the main army. But we are convinced none other will be equal to the duty. An officer of established reputation for bravery and capacity, commanding a regular corps, who punctually obey his orders, will alone be able to inspire the people with confidence, and reduce them to such a degree of order & regularity as shall be necessary for their defence. Mr Smith has named the Butlers for this service. Either of them would save the frontier: But if we are not misinformed, Lieut. Colo. William Butler has been most conversant with the Indians, & their mode of fighting. We submit it therefore to your Excellency whether it will not be expedient to appoint him to this command. We conceive it will be absolutely necessary that his corps should amount to two hundred & fifty men, at least, & be composed of expert rifle-men; the officers to be such as Colo. Butler shall select, with your Excellency’s approbation, as best qualified for that kind of service.
                    Such a deduction from the army we hope will at this time be attended with no material inconvenience; especially as it has been considerably reinforced, and draughts are daily coming in. Six hundred from the state of New-York will probably be at camp by the time this letter arrives there.
                    Congress have in contemplation an expedition against Detroit, or at least into the Indian country, that they may strike at the root of the mischief. But should it be resolved on immediately, the necessary preparations cannot be completed till September; and until then, such a regular force as we have mentioned, on the frontiers, appears to us indispensible.
                    Should these measures for the present relief of the frontiers meet with your Excellency’s concurrence, they may be put in execution immediately,  agreeably to the power given by the inclosed resolve. But should you judge other means more proper, & equally expeditious for the relief of the frontiers, we beg your Excellency to determine upon them at once, without waiting for the opinion of the Board; as we fear a day’s delay may prove of very ill consequence. We have the honor to be, with great respect, your Excellency’s obedt servants

                        Tim. Pickering junrBy order of the Board


Title: From George Washington to Jeremiah Dummer Powell, 19 May 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Powell, Jeremiah Dummer

                        Sir
                        Head Qrs Valley forge May 19th 1778

                    Two days ago I had the honor to receive your favor of the 25th Ulto with the Resolutions alluded to.
                    I sincerely wish the drafts determined to be furnished by the several States were with the Army. It has ever been our misfortune not to be in a condition to avail ourselves of circumstances, which otherwise might have been most favourable—However, I trust in the end, that all will be well. There is yet a call for our most strenuous & prudent exertions.
                    I am happy to see the precautions the Court have taken, to prevent the inlisting of Deserters or prisoners of War. No practice has been more impolitic nor more injurious in proportion to it’s extent. But few of the former have proved faithful, and I believe there is not a single instance, where the latter have not deserted, when they had an opportunity. The inlisting of prisoners or Soldiers in the circumstances of those of Mr Burgoyne’s Army is far less justifiable than inlisting Deserters; in as much, as they are not under the smallest anxiety or fear of any consequences, that will attend their return; but on the contrary, have every reason to conclude, that their desertion will be considered, as a meritorious act—worthy of applause and a strong manifestation of their attachment to the service of their prince. Measures more effectual, tho far less expensive, could not be easily adopted by us, to reinforce the  Enemy with the whole of the Convention Army, than permitting the Troops to inlist among us. Of a detachment of Sixty in this predicament, which marched to join Colo. Henley’s regiment, only Twelve or thirteen reached Camp. part of the remainder made their escape, the residue formed a plan for the purpose—mutinied, & are now in prison. I am determined, where any are recruited, to call the Officers to an account, and to make them answer for the consequences resulting from their desertion, as far as possible.
                    From a variety of concurring circumstances it would appear that the Enemy mean to evacuate philadelphia, and are preparing to embark. I can not learn with certainty the cause, however it is probable, if the event happens, it will be in consequence of the changes which have, and which are likely to take place in Europe. The objects of their future operations are also unknown; but from the intelligence received, New York is supposed the place of their first destination. It is said, that Houses are preparing there for their reception, and particularly for many families in philadelphia, who have been their fast Adherents. Indeed if there is a War between France & Britain and which seems inevitable, Philadelphia is an ineligible situation for the Army under Sir Wm Howe or perhaps Sr Henry Clinton.
                    Before I conclude, I beg leave to return you my warmest thanks for your kind wishes, and request that you will present my best respects to the Honble Council. I have the Honor to be with great esteem Sir Your Most Obedt servant

                        Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Colonel William Russell, Sr., 19 May 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Russell, William Sr.

                        Sir
                        Head Quarters Valley Forge 19 May 1778

                    I recd yours of the 28th ulto inclosing a Return of that part of your Regiment that is at Fort Pitt, and giving me an account of the situation of matters to the Westward. The Commissioners had made a representation to Congress a good deal similar to that of yours and therefore in consequence of their direction to nominate a proper Officer to succeed Genl Hand, I have appointed Brig. Genl McIntosh. I have great expectations from his prudence, good sense and knowledge of negociation in Indian Affairs, in which I imagine he has been conversant during his long residence in Carolina and Georgia.
                    Congress have ordered two Battalions to be raised expressly for the  purpose of defending the Frontier or carrying on an expedition against the Enemy should it be found practicable. It is my wish to have Regiments united, and I would for that reason send the remainder of yours to Fort Pitt could I spare them at this time. When the intentions of the Enemy are more fully known and our arrangements for the Campaign are made I will endeavour to send them up. I shall as soon as possible fill up the Vacancies of Feild officers in the Virginia line when a Leut Colo. and Major will be appointed to the 13th. I ⟨am &c.⟩


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General William Smallwood, 19 May 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Smallwood, William

                        Sir
                        Head Quarters Valley Forge May 19th 1778

                    I have received your favour of the 17th instant, inclosing the proceedings of a General Court Martial held by your order. The character you give of Jetson, makes him so atrocious, that I regret his trial and sentence are not more clear and regular. There could be no more proper object for an example; if it could be made with propriety, than the circumstances you mention designate this man to be. But the proceeding in this affair has not all that precision, authority and evidence; which are essential to affect life. The charge is laid in too general terms to be admitted either at a civil or military tribunal: The only part in which it is specific and definite is the firing on the continental troops, which, in itself, is no crime; but Depends upon the manner and circumstances of the fact, to make it so; of which there ought to be something descriptive in the charge. In those cases, where it is a crime, if the criminal is an inhabitant, we have no law, subjecting him to the jurisdiction of a court Martial; but he must be referred to the civil power, to be tried for treason. There is a resolve of Congress, empowering courts Martial to take cognizance of inhabitants who have any communication of Trade or intelligence with the enemy, or who serve them in the capacity of guides or pilots; but the operation of this law is limited to persons taken within thirty miles of Head Quarters; which prevents its application to the present case. There is another resolve copy of which I inclose, for the trial and punishment of Kidnappers. You mention the practice of Ki[d]napping as one of Jetson’s offences; if proper evidence can be adduced in support of it—and the commission has been since the date of the law, you may have him tried on that charge, which will effectually procure him his deserts; otherwise he  must of necessity be turned over to the civil power of the state, to which he belongs, which it is to be hoped will at least take proper precautions to prevent his doing further mischief.
                    It gives me real pain to dissent from any request the object of which is the relief of our suffering friends particularly those in captivity. But I donot think I can, consistent with the good of the service, allow the permission desired for sending flour into Philadelphia. An objection arises not only to the quantity, which is considerable, but to the precedent. If the indulgence should be granted in one instance, it could not without the imputation of partiality be refused in another; and to grant it in all would lead to a very extensive consequence, which I do not think myself at liberty to involve. At the present juncture also, while there is in all appearance an important change impending in the affairs and situation of the enemy, I think it would be less proper, than at another time.
                    I send you a permit for Mrs Flower and Mr Nichols.
                    Your’s of the 18th is also before me. I would not have you recall the detachment under Col: Pope; It is very usefully employed and it may perhaps be necessary for you to leave a party behind, for the purposes, that detachment is now answering. The scarcity of arms with us is so great, that I can at present afford no relief to your wants in this respect—I am employing every mean we have, to collect supplies—and shall furnish you as soon and as amply as possible. I am with great regard and esteem ⟨mutilated⟩.


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General William Smallwood, 19–20 May 1778
From: Smallwood, William
To: Washington, George

                        Dr sir,
                        Wilmington [Del.] May 19th[–20] 1778.

                    Agreeable to your orders I sent Capt. Norwood to obtain a List of the Stores at the head of Elk, who returned this Evening with the Inclosed Lists from Hollingsworth, Rodolph & Huggins who could give no Acct of the Stores in the Peninsula below and at Charles Town, but Colo. Hollingsworth informs Capt. Norwood there were near as much more at those Stages & that he daily expected Several Vessell Loads at Elk, Charles Town &c. I recommended in the Strongest Terms their forwarding the Removal with all possible dispatch, and have had Mr Wade Somedays out in procuring and forwarding Waggons to expedite their Removal to effect which and to cover and Escort the Stores whilst they are at these Stages, be assured no Exertions of mine shall be wanting.

                    I shall be glad of your direction on the Inclosed Application of Colo. Chalmers’s and have the Honor to be with sincere regard Your Excellency’s most Obdt Hble Servt

                        W. Smallwood

                        20th May. 78. Mr Hammilton forgot to inclose the permit for Flour & Nichols as you mention’d in your Letter which I recd late last Night.


Title: General Orders, 20 May 1778
From: Washington, George
To:

                        Head-Quarters V. Forge Wednesday May 20th 1778.
                        Parole Warcham—C. Signs Warwick Wyoming—


Title: From George Washington to Major General William Heath, 20 May 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Heath, William

                        Dear sir,
                        Head Quarters Valley Forge 20th May 1778.

                    Your very agreeable favor of the 4th Instant, with your acceptable present, came to hand last night. I shall direct a guard to releive Captn Hutchens at Reading, and give every necessary instruction for the safe conduct of his charge.
                    I do not wonder at Gen. Masseys answer to your letter, it is in a stile of ignorant insult that has often, of late, characterised the writings of British officers.
                    The inclosed letters to Major Curtis, Ensign Jones, and Adjutant Dunckerley, are confirming their resignations which they sent me; You will therefore be pleased to call upon the gentlemen for their commissions and transmit them by first opportunity. You will also see that they are not indebted to their regts.
                    All our accounts from Philadelphia concur in confirming the opinion that the enemy mean to embark from Philadelphia. But there is no divining their destination, or where they design to operate next.
                    I hope the remainder of the fleet from France will be equally fortunate with the two you have mentioned. I am dear sir, your most obt & very hble servt

                        Go: Washington

                        N.B. Mr Heister is liberated and has returned to his home.


Title: From George Washington to Robert Lettis Hooper, Jr., 20 May 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Hooper, Robert Lettis Jr.

                        Sir
                        Head Quarters Valley Forge 20th May 1778

                    I expect Capt. Hutchins of New Hampshire with three Waggons load of Stores from Boston will be at Easton in a few days. Inclosed you have a letter for him, which directs him to proceed to Reading where he will be releived by another party.
                    Be pleased to inform me, by Express, of Capt. Hutchins’s arrival at Easton, that the Releif may be ready to meet him at Reading. I am Sir Your most obt Servt

                        Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Lord Howe, 20 May 1778
From: Howe, Richard (Lord)
To: Washington, George

                        Sir.
                        Philada May the 20th 1778

                    Being on the point of sailing from Rhode Island when I received the application referred to in your letter of the 10th Inst I could not then obtain an answer to the inquiries it was necessary to make into the particulars of Mr John Chace’s case; Both with regard to the allegations, and the propriety of concurring in the discharge of a person not a prisoner, but retained in an office of trust accepted in the kings naval service. By some accident the expected answer has been delayed.
                    I cannot discover that Col. Walcote ever reported any negotiation he had been engaged in, of this nature. But esteeming the unconditional  release of an individual, under most circumstances, a very inconsiderable matter, I am concerned to be, for any cause, obliged to postpone the discharge of Mr Chase from his present engagements, so early as you have desired. Being with due consideration Sir. your most obt humble servt

                        Howe


Title: To George Washington from Henry Laurens, 20 May 1778
From: Laurens, Henry
To: Washington, George

                        Sir,
                        York Town [Pa.] 20th May 1778.

                    I had this Morning the honour of receiving & presenting to Congress Your Excellency’s favour of the 18th which is Committed to the Committee on the Army.

                    Inclosed Your Excellency will receive extract of a Letter from General Sullivan of the 3d Instant & an Order of Congress thereon—Also one branch of the Army arrangement, which Congress Resolved this Morning, for establishing a Provost—the transmission of this detached article arises from an opinion in Congress that the measure ought to be immediately carried into Execution.
                    A proposition having been intimated for allowing subsistence Money to Officers in lieu of part of the customary Rations this article & that of pay are reserved as the last points for consideration—the present prospect induces me to beleive the whole intended arrangement will be finished in the course of this Week, possibly to morrow. I have the honor to be With the highest Esteem & Respect Sir—Your Excellency’s Obedient & most humble servant.

                        Henry Laurens.President of Congress.

                        Congress have adopted the Stile of the Treaties of Paris, “the United States of North America.”


Title: To George Washington from William Livingston, 20 May 1778
From: Livingston, William
To: Washington, George

                        Dear Sir
                        Princeton [N.J.] 20th May 1778

                    My writing to you in dutch on the 17th Instant by Bankson was to prevent his being the wiser for the Contents had he broke open the Letter as I find that his Brother is under some apprehensions that he is suspected, & officiously told me that he could produce a Pass from your Excellency if I desired to see it—I answered that I knew nothing of his Brother, nor had any reason to question his right of passing especially as he was employed by your Excellency. I have since learnt that he has plenty of Gold & Silver—If he had no Business with General Green in his last Jaunt, as he told his Brother he had, it will increase the suspicion against him.

                    I have the Pleasure to inform your Excellency that the recruiting Business here goes on briskly & I doubt not we shall exceed in Men if not in Subscriptions the poor Devils on the other side of the Atlantic I am With the greatest Esteem your Excellency’s Most Obedt Servt

                        Wil: Livingston


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General John Stark, 20 May 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Stark, John

                        sir.
                        Head Quarters Valley Forge 20th May 1778

                    In a letter from Major General Sullivan of the 1st Instant he complains of wanting assistance in his command and begs that you may be desired to take post with him this campaign: You will therefore be pleased to join him as soon as possible. I am Sir your most obt and very humble servt

                        Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Major General John Sullivan, 20 May 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Sullivan, John

                        Dear sir.
                        Head Quarters Valley Forge 20th May 1778

                    I received your two favors both of the 1st Instant with a general return of the troops under your command. I am sorry to find the States so backward in reinforcing you, and considering your weakness in forces, and the enemies strength on Rhode Island, their indolence is somewhat remarkable.
                    If Gen. Stark has accepted of the appointment of Congress I can have no objection to the complying with your request. Should you know this to be the case, I have inclosed a letter desiring him to join you immediately which you will be pleased to forward.
                    All our late information from Philadelphia concur in producing a belief that the enemy mean to evacuate the City. We hear also from New-York that a number of houses are taken up for the refugees and officers from Philadelphia. This would seem to point to New-York, at least, as a place of general rendezvous. But from the information yet acquired it is difficult to conjecture rightly where they mean to open the campaign, whether in America or the West Indies. With respect I am Dear Sir your most obedient & very hble servt

                        Go: Washington


Title: General Orders, 21 May 1778
From: Washington, George
To:

                        Head-Quarters V. Forge Thursday May 21st 1778.
                        Parole Asia—C. Signs Amboy—Aleppo.

                    Inspectors &c. will attend at the Baron Steuben’s quarters at the hour appointed in the orders of the 19th instant tomorrow.
                    If there are any persons in the Army who understand making thin Paper such as Bank Notes are struck upon they are directed to apply immediately to the Orderly-Office where they will be shewn a sample of the Paper—Officers commanding Regiments are to publish this in Regimental Orders.
                    Mr Vowles Adjutant of the 7th Virginia Regiment is appointed to do the duty of Brigade Major in General Woodford’s Brigade ’till further orders.
                    At a General Court-Martial May 15th 1778—Coll Bowman President Captain Cleveland of Coll Michael Jackson’s Regiment tried for behaving in an unofficerlike manner in refusing to do a tour of duty when duly notified, found not guilty of the charge exhibited against him and acquitted with honour; Though Captn Cleveland ought not to have been warned for duty when return’d sick yet the General cannot applaud the spirit which actuated him in refusing obedience to a positive order and declining a tour of duty of such a kind as might in all appearance been easily performed by Captn Cleveland in his circumstances—Captn Cleveland is releas’d from Arrest.
                    At a Brigade Court Martial May 18th 78—Lieutt Coll Cropper President, Captain Edward Hull of the 15th Virginia Regiment tried for gaming when he ought to have been on the Parade the 12th instant unanimously found guilty of that part of the Charge relative to gaming but acquitted of non-attendance on the Parade and sentenced to be reprimanded by the Commanding Officer of the Brigade in presence of all the Officers thereof.
                    At the same Court Lieutt Thomas Lewis of the said Regiment tried upon a similar charge, found guilty and sentenced the same as Captain Hull.
                    The Commander in Chief however unwilling to dissent from the judgment of a Court Martial is obliged utterly to disapprove the sentences, the punishment being in his opinion totally inadequate to the offence—A practice so pernicious in itself as that of gaming, so prejudicial to good order and military discipline; So contrary to positive and  repeated General Orders, carried to so Enormous a height as it appears, & aggravated certainly in Case of Lieutt Lewis by an additional offence of no trifling military consequence, Absence from Parade, demanded a much severer Penalty than simply a reprimand—Captn Hull and Lieutt Lewis are to be released from their Arrest.


Title: To George Washington from Major General Horatio Gates, 21 May 1778
From: Gates, Horatio
To: Washington, George

                        Sir,
                        Fish Kill [N.Y.] 21st May 1778.

                    Last Night I had the Honor to receive Your Excellency’s Letter of the 17th Instant. The Enemy in this Quarter are also appearing to evacuate the Forts Washington, & Independence; having been observed from Fort Lee, to be moving some of their Heavy Cannon from the Hill, and  to all appearance embarking them on board a Transport at the Wharf. previous to Your Excellency’s giving me the hint, I had dispatched a trusty person to obtain intelligence of the Enemy’s intended movements; and hourly expect the best information that can be procured; upon it’s arrival, it shall be immediately transmitted to Your Excellency—A Copy of Your Letter shall this morning be forwarded to Governour Trumbull; with my request, to have the Six Regiments of Militia, voted by the Legislature of Connecticut, in readiness to March at the Shortest Notice, for the scantiness of my provission Magazine, makes me dread the instant calling any more Troops to this post. The day before yesterday a large bag, sealed up, and directed to Governour Trumbull, from Govr Tryon, was sent by a Flag to my Advanced post; upon it’s being brought to Head Quarters, it was in a few Minutes sent off by a Special Express to the Governour at Hartford, where he is now meeting his Assembly. Horses, Carriages, & Forage, are so much in request here, that there is no moving the Artillery, Camp Equipage, or Stores, until proper supplies of each can be obtained—At General Greene’s desire, I have Advanced Colonel Hay, his deputy, fifty thousand Dollars; but that is but a trifle in comparison of the Sum necessarily required to purchase the Articles here mentioned. I must therefore entreat Your Excellency will press General Greene, to furnish Colonel Hay with a proper Supply of Cash. Colo: Wadsworth, & Colo: Cuyler, are very fully informed of the State of my provission Magazine; so there is nothing left for me to do upon that Head. Your Excellency may be sastisfied, that the most attentive regard shall be paid to the Motions of the Enemy; but I cannot but lament the wretched plight this post is in, either for Enterprize, or Retreat; by the want of the proper means to move the Camp Equipage, Artillery, and Stores.
                    The Board of War desire I would request your Excellency, to send them the Returns of military Stores, &c., which I brought to the Valley Forge for your inspection; as they have not yet been entered in the Books of the Office.
                    Inclosed is a Letter I have just received from Mr Hayes, Surgeon of the British Hospital at Albany. If your Excellency has no Objection to granting the prayer of his petition, I will, upon knowing your Answer, Order the Prisoners down from Albany: At present, I could wish them to be removed from thence; and there is no mode of doing that, but by water; as they are, most of them, disabled from Marching. I am Sir Your Excellencys most Obedient Humble Servant

                        Horatio Gates


Title: From George Washington to Henry Laurens, 21 May 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Laurens, Henry

                        Sir
                        Head Qrs Valley Forge May 21st 1778

                    General McIntosh will have the honor to deliver you this. He is now on his way to take the command at Pitsburg and in the western frontiers, and waites on Congress for their instructions.
                    I would also take the liberty of submitting to Congress the inclosed account of Expences incurred by the General in his Journey from Georgia to join this Army, and which he presented to me and to the Auditors for payment. I did not know how far I might be authorized to comply with his request, and therefore lay the matter before Congress. At the same time I would observe, that nothing appears to me more equitable, than that claims of this sort, where they are not immoderate, should be satisfied by the public. If this were not the case, the expences of an Officer, when ordered from one post to another, especially where they are distant, would sink the whole or a very large part of his pay. The charges attending the General’s journey from hence to Pitsburg will require equal attention, and the whole I am persuaded will meet with a just and suitable provision. I have the Honor to be with great respect Sir Your Most Obedt Servant

                        Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Henry Laurens, 21 May 1778
From: Laurens, Henry
To: Washington, George

                        Sir,
                        York Town [Pa.] 21st May 1778

                    I dispatched Barry this Morning with a Letter which I had the honour of writing to Your Excellency last Night.
                    The present is for the sole purpose of transmitting the Inclosed Act of Congress of this date to enable Your Excellency to answer General Sir William Howe’s late proposition for Exchange of prisoners. I have the honor to be With the greatest Esteem & Regard Sir Your Excellency’s Most obedient & most humble servant

                        Henry Laurens,President of Congress.


Title: To George Washington from Major General Alexander McDougall, 21 May 1778
From: McDougall, Alexander
To: Washington, George

                        Sir
                        Fish Kill [N.Y.] May 21st 1778

                    I am honored with your favor of the 17th by Express; and shall wait your future Commands at this Place. I am entirely agreed with your Excellency in Opinion, that New-York will be the last place of the United States the Enemy will quit. The Inclosed from Colonel Graham is the last Advice I have had from that City to be relyed on. He commands a Corps of New Levies of near 200 men; now at Tarry-Town; and intends to draw nearer the Enemy.
                    Governor Clinton who knows his Character says of him, that he is very artful in gaining Intelligence.
                    On the 16th a young woman of good reputation had Leave to come out of New York by Powles-Hook; to her Brother in this Neighbourhood. I examined her Yesterday; but she could not inform me of any thing of moment; except the Enemy’s refusing her to come out by Kings-Bridge, altho’ she importuned much for it, which corresponds with Colonel Graham’s Account. I think it probable I shall have some Advice to Day from the Enemy; and shall communicate it.
                    General Gates arrived here the 18th and takes the Command to Day.
                    The Arms from Albany are in a Train for East-Town.
                    Wooding and watering Transports and putting the heavy Baggage on Board are no Evidence to me of the Enemy’s Intentions to leave you. These must be done before he can move finally; but will be no Derangment of his Affairs; if he should incline to risque an attack upon you. May not all this be done to lull us into Security; or to tempt us to make Detachments?
                    The Proceedings of the Court of Enquiry have been delayed, occasioned by the Difficulties I mentioned to you in a former Letter which I have not been able to remove. But I shall now be in a Condition to attend to it, without Delay.
                    I have taken the Liberty to inclose a Copy of our Strength and that of the Enemy. I am with great Truth and Regard your Excellency’s very humble Servant

                        Alexr McDougall


Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 21 May 1778
From: Randolph, Edmund
To: Washington, George

                        Dear Sir
                        Williamsburg [Va.] May 21. 1778.

                    It may perhaps be some entertainment to you, to be informed of the proceedings of the present Assembly.
                    After choosing Colo. Harrison Speaker by a great majority, they seemed to be determined against every act of legislation, which did not in some measure tend to the security of Independence. The sense of the house was taken, as to their inclination to proceed upon the report of the revisers of the laws: but it was decided, that the general business of the commonwealth should be postponed, until the military arrangements were absolutely settled. But I wish, the prospect of Success was equal to the ardour of the law-makers. They have indeed a bill now committed to the whole house, for raising two thousand ⟨volun⟩teers, to reinforce your Excellency. They have annexed numberless seducing advantages, in order to obtain recruits. But the dæmon of avarice, and spirit of extortion seem to have expelled pure patriotism, from the breasts of those, who usually compose armies. A Regiment of horse is  voted also, to consist of 350. This, I conceive, will be soon compleated, as many men of family and fortune propose to enter as privates. An act has passed the house of delegates, agreeably to the recommendation from your Excellency and congress, for the oblivion of past treasons. The persons in this country, who will be the objects of this law, are few in number, and I am afraid the time allowed for their coming in is too short for our act to have any effect in the army. A Battalion of infantry is to be raised for garrison duty at the ports & harbours of this State. General Nelson leaves Wmsburg to day on his Way to camp; but it cannot be ascertained before his arrival at Fredericksburg, what Number of troopers he will carry with him. I am Dear Sir yr Excellency’s much obliged affte humble Servt

                        Edm: Randolph.


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General James Mitchell Varnum, 21 May 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Varnum, James Mitchell

                        Dear Sir
                        Head Quarters 21st May 1778

                    Upon perusing the Petition hand’d by you this Morning in favor of Lieutenant Peck—I have given orders that he may be released from his Arrest.
                    The Nature of the Charge exhibited against this Gentleman is very weighty, & which, the excellent Character he has hitherto borne, could only induce me to overlook—I hope this Instance will sufficiently warn him, & prevent his doing any thing in future which may draw on him the Censure of his Brother Officers. I am Dear Sir your mo. Obedt Servt

                        Go: Washington


Title: General Orders, 22 May 1778
From: Washington, George
To:

                        Head-Quarters V. Forge Friday May 22nd 1778.
                        Parole Armstrong—C. Signs Arnold. Atlas.

                    The Auditors Office is removed to James Cloyd’s within a mile and an half of the Pay-Master Generals.
                    At a General Court Martial May 16th 1778, Coll Bowman President, Lieutt Eddison of the German Battalon tried for behaving in a manner unbecoming a Gentleman and an Officer in abusing Coll Nixon’s family, found guilty of a breach of the 21st Article of the 14th section of the Articles of War & sentenced to be discharged the service.
                    The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to take place immediately.
                    At a Brigade Court Martial 18th May 1778—Major Wallace President, Lieutt Marks of the 11th Virginia Regiment tried for not attending the parade the 13th instant and acquitted of the charge with honor—Likewise Lieutt William Powell tried upon the same Charge and acquitted in like manner.
                    The General observes that sickness or Indisposition is certainly a sufficient Excuse for not attending the Parade, but it ought to be an established rule to signify it either personally or in writing thro’ the Adjutant to the Commanding Officer of the Regimt to which the officer concerned shall belong; these Gentleman in not doing this were deficient in the line of regularity and propriety; hereafter the Excuse shall not be admitted unless this shall be observed, except where any very particular Circumstances under the observance impracticable which can rarely happen.
                    After Orders May 22nd 1778.
                    General Paterson’s Late Larned’s and Weedon’s Brigades will each furnish a Captain, Sub two Serjeants and forty rank and file daily for fatigue ’till they have compleated the work in front of Late Conway’s Brigade—Coll Bradford to superintend the work—they are to be supplied with three Waggons to hall turf.
                    At a General Court Martial Foster town New-Jersey May 18th 1778—Lieutt Coll De Hart Prest—Lieutt Joseph Jay of the 2nd New-Jersey Regiment tried for a scandalous neglect of duty in absenting himself from his Regiment near one year without leave; Also for gambling and gaming contrary to general orders, unanimously found guilty of both charges & sentenced to be cashiered—His Excellency the Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to take place immediately.


Title: To George Washington from Thomas Johnson, 22 May 1778
From: Johnson, Thomas
To: Washington, George

                        Sir.
                        In Council Annapolis [Md.] 22d May 1778.

                    We have had many Applications from People of this State for Leave to go into Phila. some of them want to return again: we have not given Leave to any Body to go in, without permission from the Officer commanding the Continental Troops at some post on the way nor have we recommended any except Mrs Stewart Mrs Caldcleugh and Mrs McCall—We were not satisfied of the propriety of frequently suffering People to go in especially those who wanted to return again and are unwilling to put the rejection of their Importunities on you; but the Earnestness with which some sollicit and it’s being said that such Favers are frequently granted at Head Quarters makes us desirous of knowing whether you think proper that such Applications, where we have no particular Suspicions, should be promoted by us and to whom we shall refer them ultimately—It is with Reluctance we request the faver of a Line on this Subject and are with every Sentiment of Respect Your Exellencys most obedt Servants

                        Th. Johnson


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General Samuel Holden Parsons, 22 May 1778
From: Parsons, Samuel Holden
To: Washington, George

                        Dear General.
                        West Point [N.Y.] 22d May 1778.

                    I have inclos’d an extract of a Letter to me from a prisoner on Long Island, the purport of which you will see.
                    The account there given is correspondant to a variety of transactions which have fallen within the observation of several Gentlemen now with us—who were made prisoners with Major Hammell.
                    I know of nothing antecedent to his being a Prisoner which gave any suspicion of him, but the morning after the Fort was taken, he was treated very differently from the other Officers; and met no loss or insult.
                    Col: Beverly Robinson on a certain occasion since has said Major Hammell had made himself agreeable to the Officers in the Kings Service:  how far he intended to extend his meaning—I cannot presume to say.
                    Hammell was Major of Brigade to Genl James Clinton, and the General (I believe) still entertains a good opinion of him.
                    Hammell says he made his escape from New York, but gives such an account of it as gains little credit—especially with those who have been his fellow prisoners. as ’tis in his power to injure us very essentially if he is dispos’d to it, I feel myself very unwilling he should be suffer’d to continue at large with us: And altho’ a confinement may exceedingly injure his reputation and interest, if innocent, yet since fatal experience has so often taught us the unhappy effects of too great credulity: I cannot believe the present information ought to be so far disregarded as to leave it in the Power of Hammell to execute the nefarious purpose he is accused of having undertaken, even tho’ his former character had been without impeachment of suspicion, and have therefore represented the matter to General Gates, who has given order to seize Hammell and send him to your Excellency, that such measures may be taken with him as shall be thought proper.
                    This I know to be a case which ’tis not improb[ab]le will frequently happen—should the War long continue: In this instance the Evidence of his conduct can in no measure be adduc’d, as the informant is still a Prisoner with the Enemy, and it leads to a discovery which would be fatal to him. Your Excellencies personal acquaintance with the Letter writer—will satisfy you the facts he relates are true. In many cases if the Offender is not to be confin’d untill we can with propriety adduce such Evidence of his guilt as wou’d condemn him—we shou’d be compell’d to harbour in our bosoms the most dangerous Enemies without a possibility of defeating their nefarious Intentions. I am your Excellencies Obt humle Servt

                        Saml H. Parsons


Title: To George Washington from Major General Philip Schuyler, 22 May 1778
From: Schuyler, Philip
To: Washington, George

                        Dear Sir,
                        Saratoga [N.Y.] May 22d 1778

                    I have the Honor to acknowledge the receipt of your Excellencys favour of the 15th instant which I had the pleasure to receive this morning.
                    Since my last to your Excellency, I have received advice from the Indian Country that the Sentiments of those nations who had Evinced the most unfriendly intentions were greatly changed, that they had resolved to attend the conference at Onondaga where they are now assembled, and that we have reason to believe they mean to Enter into a real friendly alliance with us, previous to this the Onidas & Tuscarara’s had excused themselves to me for not sending a greater number of their Warriors to you alledging that if the Seneca’s should continue in their Hostile disposition it would not be prudent to suffer all their young men to go so far from their Country: Immediately after I received the account of the treaty between France and us I dispatched a message to the Indians with an account thereof—It will doubtless greatly influence the Councels of those convened at Onondaga and also every Tribe in alliance with them; the Ideas your Excellency has  furnished me with to prevent their coming down I will convey to them without delay in a message they will have the Effect you have in view and be otherwise of Singular Service to us. I have to thank your Excellency for the Intelligence you have been so Good to communicate, and to Congratulate you on the Happy aspect of our Affairs may Indulgent Heaven continue to Smile on this Country, & may the present inhabitants & their posterity be Impressed with a gratitude equal to the many Important Services you have rendered them, I am, Dear Sir, with the Sincerest Regard & Esteem your Excellencies Most Obedient Humble Servant.

                        Ph: Schuyler


Title: General Orders, 23 May 1778
From: Washington, George
To:

                        Head-Quarters V. Forge saturday May 23rd 1778.
                        Parole Bunker hill—C. Signs Brandewine. Bennington—

                    ’Till some further Arrangement of the Army is made—Major General Lee is to take charge of the division lately commanded by Major General Greene, and in Case of Action or any general Move of the Army the three eldest Major Generals present fit for duty are to command the two Wings and second line according to their seniority.
                    The Commanding Officers of Regiments & Corps will immediately apply for orders on the Commissary of Military Stores for all the Arms & Accoutrements wanting to compleat their men.
                    The Quarter Masters of Brigades will also make out returns and apply for orders for ammunition to complete each man to forty rounds and two flints.
                    All Officers are called upon to see that their Mens Arms and Accoutrements are put in the best order possible—They will likewise take particular Care that their men have wooden drivers fixed in their pieces at the hours of Exercise to prevent an unnecessary waste of Flints—They are not to be absent from Camp on any pretence but be in actual readiness to march at a moments warning.


Title: From George Washington to Elias Boudinot, 23 May 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Boudinot, Elias

                        Dear Sir,
                        Head Quarters [Valley Forge] May 23d 1778

                    I was duly favoured with yours of the 13th—I am happy to learn, that the appearances with respect to the future treatment of our prisoners are now so favourable—It is much to be wished the disposition, which, at present appears, may be persevered in, though unluckily for the credit of their humanity, it is too evident the change which has taken place, is to be ascribed more to the series of successful events which have lately happened in our affairs, than to any desire to relieve the sufferings of the captivity.
                    By a resolve of Congress of the 21st, in consequence of a late proposal from General Howe—a general exchange of prisoners is to be  carried into execution; This renders your immediate presence at Camp necessary; which I therefore request.
                    Col: Francis Johnson has been nominated to succeed you in your department; but he has not yet accepted the appointment. In any case, your presence and assistance are indispensable, as your successor could not be at once sufficiently acquainted with the state of the department to execute with propriety a matter of such extent and importance, as that which now calls for your attention; and indeed you ought to be somet⟨ime⟩ with him to communicate the necessary information concerning it, and put him in a train. You will bring all your papers with you, for this purpose. I am with great regard Dr Sir Your most Obed. serv.


Title: To George Washington from George Bryan, 23 May 1778
From: Bryan, George
To: Washington, George

                        Sir
                        In Council Lancaster [Pa.] May 23d 1778

                    As it is apprehended here, that the Marquis-de-la Fayette has been nominated by the Most Christian King Ambassador to the United states of America, and that he may be expected shortly to pass through this borough in his way to Congress, it would highly oblige the Executive Council of this state, if some previous intimation of the time of his Lordships Journey could be given by one of the Gentlemen of your Excellencys family, in order that due honour might be done to so respectable a personage by this state, as far as present circumstances may admit.
                    This morning early his Excellency Thomas Wharton junr Esquire, died here very unexpectedly. The state suffers by the loss of the worthy President. But tho’ Council sensibly feel the want of his presence in their deliberations your Excellency may be assured of their most spirited exertions and that they will steadily co-operate with you in every measure, for the publick good. I am, May it please your Excellency your Excellencys most obedient and very humble servant

                        Geo: Bryan, Vice-president.


Title: To George Washington from Major Alexander Clough, 23 May 1778
From: Clough, Alexander
To: Washington, George

                        Sir
                        Hickory Town [Pa.]May 23d 11 Oclock A.M. May 23d [1778]

                    I received Your Excellencys instructions Yesterday in the afternoon, the Horse being much fatigued I thought it necessary to give them a short time for refreshment in the main sent down two partys of a Sergt and six men each, the one to be under the directions of Captn McLean the other to the officer Commanding at Plymouth meeting House—Captn McLean sent me the Inclos’d in consequence of which I purpose down to white marsh Church with the whole party this afternoon—I have the Honor to remain your Excellencys most Obedient Hume Servant

                        A. Clough


Title: To George Washington from Major General Horatio Gates, 23 May 1778
From: Gates, Horatio
To: Washington, George

                        Sir,
                        Fish Kill [N.Y.] May 23rd 1778.

                    As very few Drafts, or Recruits, arrive from the Eastward, nor do I find, from the information of General Huntingdon, that any Numbers are upon the road, I must beg your Excellency will please to Order one  Regiment of Cavalry, and Two Brigades of Infantry, to reinforce this post. There is near Sixty Miles of Territory between the Highlands & New York, left exposed to be Foraged, & Ravaged, by the Enemy’s parties, merely from our want of Cavalry to protect it; And the Fort at West point remains half finished, and a Redoubt, & Block House, at Kings Ferry, entirely unattempted, for want of a proper Number of hands to employ in the Works. The Militia are all employed upon their Farms, & tho’ immediately called for, would not be here in time to defend, or to finish the intended Fortifications. Your Excellency knows the Strength of this Army; And you cannot expect any Officer can be Answerable for the defence of this pass, with the few Troops now here. I have earnestly pressed Govr Trumbull, to comply with Your Excellency’s request for a reinforcement of Militia; but from what I know, they will not come in time to save this pass, should the Enemy make a Sudden & determined push to carry it. I believe your Excellency will think Colonel Sheldon’s Regiment the properest Of the Cavalry to be posted here, as they are best acquainted with this Country. I am, Sir, Your Excellency’s Most Obedient Humble Servant

                        Horatio Gates


Title: To George Washington from Colonel Thomas Hartley, 23 May 1778
From: Hartley, Thomas
To: Washington, George

                        May it please your Excellency—
                        York Town [Pa.]May the 23d 1778.

                    I inclose you the Proceedings of a General Court Martial—The Criminals were Part of a number of Money makers—Deserters Theaves in who had inhabited the South mountain; between the States of Maryland & Pennsylvania & who had put the Civil Laws at Defiance.
                    You will please to send your Directions concerning the proceedings of the Court to York as soon as you think convenient.
                    Since I had the Honour of seeing you, I have had a very Severe Fit of Sickness; but Thanks to God I am now considerably recovered, tho’ I find myself still weak.
                    During my Stay here I have endeavoured to forward the Publick Service, as much as my Situation would admit.
                    The Regiment has done hard Duty during the winter and spring—The men were naked—a Guard of 27 or 30 men was mounted daily—wood was to be cut and hawled as well for the Troops as Congress and  other publick Bodies—The Soldiery were called upon in all Emergancies—these were frequently sent on Commands—in short tho’ the men had some Conveniencies—they had their Disadvantages also this I mention, lest it should be thought the Troops had been indulged & had done no Duty here.
                    By some Address, I have prevailed on the State of Pennsylvania to grant me their Bounty; this has enabled me within four or five weeks to enlist between sixty and eighty Men—not many of these have deserted—besides we obtain a few every Day.
                    Cloaths are making and other Things providing to equip the Regiment for the Field, where I wish they may be able to serve their Country to advantage. I am with the greatest Respect & Attachment for your Excellency your most obedt & most humble Servt

                        Thos Hartley


Title: From George Washington to Patrick Henry, 23 May 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Henry, Patrick

                        Sir
                        Head Quarters Valley forge May 23d 1778

                    I take the liberty to transmit you a return of the Drafts and Substitutes from the State of Virginia, which have joined the Army. By this you will perceive how far short we are at this time in the reinforcements expected; and what is still more unfortunate, I can not learn from any information, I have been able to obtain upon the subject, from Gentlemen who have travelled on most of the Routes leading from the State, that there are any more, or at best, that the number following is exceedingly small. The return is not so correct and particular as I could wish it, and therefore I have directed another to be made, which will specify the Counties from whence these Drafts and Substitutes came and shew their respective deficiences. This I will transmit by the next Opportunity. None of the drafts made under the first Law are comprehended in the present return, nor can I ascertain what number of them ever reached Camp; I believe it was very inconsiderable and trifling—However it shall be fixed and forwarded. It pains me much to trouble you upon so disagreeable a subject, and nothing but duty and the necessity of the case, could have induced me to do it. There is certainly something wrong if the drafts do not come on, and our condition is but very little better from any new aids we have received, than it was before.
                    Besides the deficiency in the reinforcements expected from Virginia, there is another circumstance, which has chagrined me much; I mean the resignations of her Officers. I can not account for it, but so it is, that they have taken the lead far before all others in this instance, and have severely shocked their line. It is difficult to conceive the confusion and the injury, which have flowed from this unhappy practice, and from the long, extraordinary absence of many Others. The inclosed List will show you, that I have but too much reason for being chagrined, and I know, Sir, that your concern will not be less than mine. I have the Honor to be with the greatest respect & esteem Sir Yr Most Obedt servant

                        Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from James Mease, 23 May 1778
From: Mease, James
To: Washington, George

                        sir
                        Saturday May 23 1778

                    I was honored with your Excellency’s favor of the 16 Instant on Tuesday covering a copy of one sent some time ago which I find hath some how miscaried—Agreeable to the commands of your Excellency of the 16th I immediatly prepared to set out for Head Quarters & should have been there before now but that I have been necessarily detained by the arrival of an Express from Boston on Thursday sent to me by the Agents there for a sum of money which they have long suffered for the want of. This business I was obliged to refer to Congress & to forward Accounts which the treasury board have since thought it necessary to have before they could report to Congress—The business I fully expect will be Concluded on Monday & I shall then be able to dispatch the Express after wh. I will not loose a moment in waiting on your Excellency As I could not with any propriety nor in my opinion without injury to the public leave this business unfinish’d I flatter my self I shall stand excused to your Excellency for the delay I have the honor to be with infinite respect Your Excellency’s most obdt & most Humble servant

                        James Mease Clr Gen.


Title: To George Washington from Colonel Stephen Moylan, 23 May 1778
From: Moylan, Stephen
To: Washington, George

                        Dear Sir
                        Trenton [N.J.] 23d May 1778

                    I deliverd to Major Clough the Warrant for 510 Dollars with your Excellencys thanks to him and his party for their bravery, agreeable to your orders in your Letter of the 13th and complied with the orders containd in Col. Laurens Letter of the 17th as Soon as it was possible after the receipt, it reachd me at Brunswick the 19th in the afternoon, and as the first and third Regts were most Contiguous to the Delaware, I orderd the detachment from them, I mean to relieve them to morrow by Sending an equal number of the Second and fourth—I must Continue Major Clough there for Some time longer not only because I have an high opinion of his Conduct but allso, that he can be better Spared than either of the other two field officers that are with the Brigade. I did expect we shoud have had more of them, joind to their Regts before this time, I have the pleasure to tell you Sir that the horses in General are in good order, there are Some in each Regiment, that never would be, and I am certain it woud be Saveing a good deal of publick money to have them disposd of, the Sooner it is done the be⟨tter.⟩ your Excellencys orders on this Subject will be acceptable.
                    I have orderd the whole of the horses brought up by Mr Grey to be deliverd over to the third Regiment as they have many men dismounted. there are Spare horses sufficient in the 4th to mount the men he brought with him, which I hope will meet your approbation—I wish to have your Excellencys orders for filling up the vacancies in my Regiment—Captains Craig & Bird have (as I am informd) Resignd, Captain Howard is deceasd, I Shall be glad to Know whether those that will be promoted in Consequence, are to take rank from the date of the  others leaving the Regiment or not, can the date of Commissions be dispensd with in favor of Superior merit? I have the honor to be Dear Sir your most ob. H. St

                        Stephen Moylan

                        P.S. My information respecting the Rank of the officers in the Cavalry was hinted to me by General Reed, and the reason for mentioning it to your Excellency, in my Letter of the 23d april, was, that Shoud an alteration be made therein to my prejudice, at a time when we may be calld forth to action, tho I certainly Shoud act as a volunteer, I woud not, as commanding officer of a Regiment.
                        it will be necessary for me to Know, whether the party of Horse under the Command of Major Clough, is to be Kept up, for any lenght of time, that I may make the proper dispositions for a regular, relief. I am most respectfully your obliged H. St
                        S.M.


Title: From George Washington to Timothy Pickering, 23 May 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Pickering, Timothy

                        Dear Sir,
                        Head Quarters Valley Forge 23rd May 1778.

                    I have been favored with yours of the 19th inst. with its enclosures on the subject of the Indian voyages upon the Western frontier. Previous to the Receipt of it, I had put that part of the 13th Virginia Regt, which remained here under marching orders, with an intent of sending them to Fort Pitt, as they were raised in that county. Immediately upon receiving the account of the alarming situation of the ⟨Frontier⟩ inhabitants from you, I ordered the 8th Penna Regt to march. They were also raised to the westward & are a choice body of men, about 100 of them have been constantly in Morgans Rifle Corps. These two Regts will march full the number of 250 men from hence. There are upward of 100 of the 13 Virginia now at & near Fort Pitt, & many deserters belonging to both, will come in, when they find their Regiments are to do duty in that county. As Col. Russel of the 13th Virginia Regt is already at Fort Pitt and Col. Brodhead commands & goes up with the 8th Pennsylvania; it was impossible to give the command of the detachment to Lieut. Col. Butler. Indeed he does not seem to wish to go upon the expedition, as he says his influence is not so great among the inhabitants of the back Country, as the Board imagine. From his Knowledge of the  Indian country, there language & manners he certainly would be very useful & I shall therefore either send him, or Col. Jno. Gibson up, who I am informed can render equal service. I can very illy spare the troops which I have sent, especially the 8th Penna Reg’t, which composed the greater part of Morgan Corps, as the draughts & recruits from the different states, not only fall short of the stipulated numbers, but come in extremely slow. If Col. Jno. Gibson goes up he will take the command of the 13th Virginia Regt pro tempore, & Col. Russel will come down to Gibsons. There is a dispute subsisting between Col. Russel & Col. Wm Crawford for the 13th Virginia Regt, & I do not mean, that this temporary appointment of Col. Gibson’s to the command of it, should prejudice Col. Crawfords claim, should he incline to prosecute it hereafter. If the two Regt’s to be raised upon the ⟨Frontier⟩ are not disposed of I would recommend Col. Crawford to the command of one of them. I have Known him to be a brave & active officer & of considerable influence upon the Western ⟨Frontier⟩ of Virginia. I am &c.

                        Go. Washington


Title: From George Washington to Colonel Israel Shreve, 23 May 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Shreve, Israel

                        Sir,
                        Head Quarters Valley Forge 23 May 1778

                    I have received your favour of the 18th—With respect to Hamet the State will do whatever they choose to consider and treat him as a Traitor, I have no objection to it; if they choose to turn him over to me as a prisoner of war, I shall receive him accordingly. As that part of the drafts which come from West Jersey, will pass near your post—it will be inconvenient for them to march to this Army and return to the Jerseys. It is therefore my wish that such of them as would prefer Entering into the two regiments under your command—may remain with them and be mustered there—The Brigade being now divided this cannot be deemed inconsistent with the intention of the law directing the Muster Master to attend at the Quarters of the Brigade to receive and muster the drafts. You will accordingly signify to Mr Dun, that I think the mode here pointed out would be most Eligible—All the drafts from East Jersey, I would have come on to camp, for several reasons, I am sorry I cannot comply with your request in favour of Mr Rhea. Resignations have been, for Some time past So frequent in the Army that it has become necessary to throw Every discouragement in the way of So injurious a practice. One of them is not to admit any person to reenter the  Service who has once resigned. Mr Rhea’s case I confess is somewhat particular; but it is difficult to discriminate and if the indulgence should be granted in Some instances, it would be hard not to grant it in all. I am Sir your most obedt Servant

                        Go: Washington

                        P.S. The Enemy seem to be preparing for Some General movement among others it is possible they make a push across the Jerseys—towards Amboy—You will keep the troops under your Command in the most compact order, to act according to circumstances—In case they should make a general Embarkation you will not Enter the City, but hold yourself in readiness to march on receiving orders from me for that purpose.


Title: From George Washington to Major Richard Campbell, 24 May 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Campbell, Richard

                        Sir
                        [Valley Forge, 24 May 1778]

                    You are to march immediately with the thirteenth Virginia Regiment to York Town in pensylvania, going through Lancaster and collecting from the Hospitals there and at other places all the convalescents belonging to the said Regiment who are able to proceed. You will also remain with the Regiment after it arrives at Yorktown till it receives further orders respecting it’s destination; When that is done, and the Regiment begins it’s march from thence, you are to return immediately and join this Army. Given at Head Qrs Valley forge 24th May 1778.

                        Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Philemon Dickinson, 24 May 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Dickinson, Philemon

                    Letter not found: to Philemon Dickinson, 24 May 1778. Later the same day GW wrote another letter to Dickinson revealing “some intelligence received ⟨si⟩nce I wrote you to day.”


Title: From George Washington to Major General Philemon Dickinson, 24 May 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Dickinson, Philemon

                        Dr Sir
                        Valley forge May 24th 1778 11 O’Clock P.M.

                    From some intelligence received ⟨si⟩nce I wrote you to day, it would seem that the Enemy have a Land movement in view, but where or what their object is, is entirely a matter of incertainty. Some reports say  they mean to make a push against us here and that this is the most common opinion—Others that their intention is to pass through Jersey. Lest the Latter should be their object, I think it will be highly expedient to prepare the Militia for assembling themselves on the shortest notice, and for this purpose that it will be adviseable to fix on certain Signals by which they may be the more expeditiously summoned. The Tree near prince Town, which is well known to you & to most people appear very proper to hoist Beacons on. I shall send you in the morning Two pieces of Artillery under the direction of proper Officers and some Matrosses, with which I am in hopes you will be able to give the Enemy some annoyance if Jersey is their Rout; It is said, that by cutting away the Bridges over Ancocus and  Creeks & obstructing the Roads their march may be considerably retarded and rendered much more circuitous—But of this you will be a much better judge than I can possibly be. You know that there are Two Continental Regiments now in Jersey, which I trust will cooperate with you and give you every aid; and if I obtain no information between this & morning to alter my present Opinion, I shall detach General Maxwell with Two more, so that if the whole can unite and are joined by a tolerable number of Militia, I should hope that the Enemy will not be able to effect their retreat without some loss—At any rate it will be the means of restraining their parties and preventing them committing Such depredations as they otherwise might and perhaps of occasioning desertions. I will consult General Knox again upon the subject of Lead and if it is possible, I will forward you some. It is an Article with which we are illy provided here, and I am to request in case any can be spared, that you will have it used with the greatest discretion and œconomy. I am Dr Sir with great regard Yr Most Obedt servt

                        G.W.