Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 24 October 1793
From: Randolph, Edmund
To: Washington, George

              Sir
              Spencer’s [Germantown, Pa.] October 24. 1793.

            My messenger, who carried into Philadelphia yesterday the letter, which I had the
              honor of addressing to you at Baltimore, brought from
              the post-office your favor of the 14th instant. It is but lately, that I could procure
              an intercourse with it: but he will go in again tomorrow, in order to convey this
              letter, and receive any others, which you may have thought proper to write to me.
            I have travelled over the subject of your interposition as to the place for the next
              session of congress: but have not been able to complete my remarks on paper. They will
              be ready at your arrival at German-Town. In the mean time, I beg leave to suggest the
              result of my reflections, as being adverse to a call of congress from the executive.
              It seems to be unconstitutional. It is also unnecessary at this moment; for if the two
              houses should happen to meet within the limits of Philadelphia on
              the first monday in december, they may adjourn to some other place: if they do not
              meet, then the President will stand justified to convene them; inasmuch as a failure
              to meet in the present posture of public affairs on the appointed day will, by
              producing a well-grounded apprehension, that they may not assemble for a long time, of
              itself create an “extraordinary occasion”. Some days may be
              lost, if the members may not have come into the neighbourhood; but not many more, than
              by an adjournment of their own to a new place. By my mode the object will be
              accomplished in an easy and natural course: by a summons from the President serious
              discontents may be excited.
            I ought however to inform you, sir, that the governor of Pennsylvania, (whose
              authority is, so far as the constitution of this state goes, nearly the same with
              yours,) will probably call his legislature a few days before the regular meeting to
              German Town, instead of Philadelphia. Mr Dallas thinks, that he may do so with safety;
              but the question is to be submitted to the attorney-general. He tells me, that Mr Rawle is of opinion, that altho’ you
              should convene congress, they must assemble in the first instance at Philadelphia. I
              intended to have consulted with him and Mr Lewis; but having heard from Major Lenox,
              that Colo. Hamilton came home last night, I shall postpone going over to them until I
              can converse with him. But in pursuance of your instruction, I inclose, what appears
              to be a proper proclamation, if my sentiments should unfortunately not accord with
              your decision.
            Concerning the place; I can with certainty give you the characters of such of the
              towns in this state, as you have named. German Town cannot accommodate congress with
              tolerable satisfaction; it will be surcharged with the assembly and congress together;
              it is not willing to enter upon the task; and a great part of the very furniture,
              which would be used, would be drawn from Philadelphia itself—I called at Reading on
              saturday last; and Judge Rush, who lives there asserted, and I believe from my
              examination, with truth, that it could not accommodate congress. The public building might answer well enough, but if the
              President should carry them to a place, where houserooom and supplies would be scanty,
              because the demand is unexpected, multitudes would feel sore—Lancaster is able and
              willing to provide for congress in every shape; and I hope to
              receive in a day or two a statement of the arrangements, which can be made for their
              reception. In this place the Pennsylvania members will concur, and probably in no
              other out of Philadelphia. It is an universal persuasion, that, unless Lancaster be
              chosen, New-York will be revisited by congress—Your observation on Annapolis is too
              striking not to command an instantaneous assent. Wilmington and Trenton, besides being
              thoroughfares, are beyond the limits of Pennsylvania, who thinks herself intitled by a
              kind of compact to retain the temporary seat of government within its own bosom.
            There can be no doubt of several persons dying in, and about German Town, with the
              yellow fever.
            Dr Rush has written to Dr Shippen, that he may advertize for the commencement of the
              medical lectures about the first day of december; as the disorder has abated. This may be the case; but many discerning men think
              differently. I have the honor, sir, to be, with the highest respect, and true
              attachment yr mo. ob. serv.

              Edm: Randolph


Title: Enclosure: Draft for “A Proclamation By the President of the United States”, 24 October 1793
From: Randolph, Edmund
To: Washington, George

              [c.24 October 1793]

            Whereas the situation of public affairs requires, that the ensuing session of
              congress should not be postponed beyond the first monday in december next, being the
              day appointed by the constitution of the United States for the assembling thereof; and
              there is reason to doubt, whether the city of Philadelphia, the temporary seat of
              government, which for some time past hath laboured under a contagious fever, may on that day be fit for their
              reception: I do therefore, by virtue of the power, in me vested by the said
              constitution, to convene congress on extraordinary occasions, by these presents
              convene the senate and house of representatives of the United States, at  in
              the state of  on the  day of  next: And I do accordingly
              hereby notify to the members of the said senate and house of representatives
              respectively, then and there to attend for the dispatch of legislative business.
            Given under my hand, and the seal of the United States this  day of
              in the year of our lord 1793 and of Independance the seventeenth.

              Qu: Altho’ the above is in the best form, which occurs to me, does it not exhibit
                many objections to the thing itself, if it be really the best form?


Title: To George Washington from Thomas Sandwich, 25 October 1793
From: Sandwich, Thomas
To: Washington, George

            Sir
            Fruit Hill Columbia County Georgia 25th Oct. 1793

          I had the honor of addressing you the 18th instant from Wrightsboro’ being then on a
            journey but least any accident shod happen to that Letter—I beg to repeat my observes
            that fumigating with Tobacco will stay the effects of the present
            dreadful disorder—This was done during the plague of London & the Tobacconists shops
            were all exempt.
          The steam from Vinegar with rue steeped in it is used whereever the Goal distemper is
            suspected to raje. I have the honor to subscribe sr. Your very Obdt Servt

                T
              . Sandwich


Title: To George Washington from Edward Stevens, 25 October 1793
From: Stevens, Edward
To: Washington, George

              Sir
              Culpeper [Va.] October 25th: 1793

            Inclosed are some Resolutions which the Yeomanry of the County of Culpeper have
              lately entered into, and which they have enjoined on me to Transmit to you. I am with
              the highest Respect Sir Your very Obedt hum: Servt

              Edward Stevens. Chairman


Title: Enclosure: Resolutions from Culpeper County, Virginia, Citizens, 21 October 1793
From: Culpeper County, Virginia, Citizens
To: Washington, George

              Culpeper County [Va.] 21st day of October 1793

            At a meeting of the Yeomanry of Culpeper County, at the Courthouse on Monday the 21st
              day of October 1793. the following resolutions were
              adopted.
            Resolved 1st That all attempts to Subvert the federal Government or violate its
              principals ought to be firmly and vigorously resisted.
            2. That a continuation of the union between France and America is necessary to the
              existance of the liberties of both: all measures therefore which may be or have been
              adopted for the purpose of exciting a prejudice against the French nation or the
              Citizens of France are dangerous to the welfare of America, and are injurious to the
              cause of liberty.
            3. That it is the interest of the united States to promote peace and harmony with all
              nations by just and honourable means and that the executive authority ought to be
              supported in the excercise of its constitutional powers for enforcing the laws.

            4. That the patriotic wisdom and tried virtue of the president of the united states
              Entitle him to the highest confidence as well as lasting gratitude of his country to
              whose present peace liberty and happiness he has so largely contributed.
            5. That we are attached to the federal Government, that we are attached to peace so
              long as it can be maintained on honourable grounds, that we are attached to the French
              nation and feel a disposition to render them every service consistant with existing
              treaties, that we hate monarchies and more intimate connexions with them as productive
              of the worst of evils. Attest,

              Robt W. Peacock
                  Secy
              Edward Stevens Chairman


Title: From George Washington to Francis Willis, Jr., 25 October 1793
From: Washington, George
To: Willis, Francis Jr.

            Sir,
            Mount Vernon 25th Octr 1793

          Your letter of the 4th of Augt had to go to Phila. & come back, before I received
            it.

          The mistakes which have happened respecting the Negros of the late Mrs Saml Washington
            are somewhat singular; and it is not a little surprizing after the first mistake had
            happened, and so much pains had been taken to account for, & set it right, that now after a lapse of five or Six years the whole matter should
            assume quite a different face. it should be Discovered at this late hour that that lady
              herself had no right to the Negros. which, by the bye, I
            believe possession alone wd have given her.
          If I had ever intended to avail my self of the Law for my own
            benefit (which made me heir to those Negros) I would not have relinquished my claim
            without a thorough investigation of the subject of defective title. For presuming tha⟨t⟩
            all Law is founded in equity and being under a conviction tha⟨t if⟩ Mrs Washington had
            survived her husb⟨and⟩ she would have released nothing to which she would have been
            entitled by law, I saw no injustice or impropriety upon the ground of reciprocity of
            receiving for my Brother’s Children that which in the other case would have been taken
            from them—But not having finally resolved in my own Mind (as you may readily infer from
            my long silence) whether to take from Mrs Washington’s family for the benefit of my
            Brothers only daughter (who from the involved State of his Affairs had left her by his
            Will a very small pittance; and the obtainment of that, even doubtful) the whole, or
            only part of what the law entitled me to, I let the matter rest til your second letter
            had revived the Subject.
          I now, in order to close the business finally, have come to the following conclusion.
            Pay me one hundd pounds which I shall give to my Niece for her immediate support, and I
            will quit claim to all the Negro’s which belonged to Mrs Saml
            Washington, & will releas⟨e⟩ them accordingly—I am
            Sir &ca &c.


Title: From George Washington to John Cowper, 26 October 1793
From: Washington, George
To: Cowper, John

            Sir,
            Mount Vernon 26. Octo. 93.

          I have in my possession a bond of yours, assigned to me by Mr Jno. Lewis, for
            £146.13.4d—payable with interest the 18. day of may last. I should be glad if you would
            cause it to be discharged as soon as convenient, as I am in want of the money.
          Tomorrow I shall leave this for the vicinity of Philada. the money may be sent by any
            of the Delegates of this State; or in any other manner more convenient to yourself. I am
            &c.

            Go. Washington.


Title: From George Washington to John Francis Mercer, 26 October 1793
From: Washington, George
To: Mercer, John Francis

            Sir,
            Mount Vernon 26. October 1793.

          Since my arrival at this place from Philada the attachmt of which the enclosed is a
            copy has been served upon me. I wish to be informed by you how I am to proceed in this
            business, & what steps, if any, are necessary to be taken by me in consequence
              thereof. Notwithstanding the directions you have
            given to the contrary, there rarely comes a Collector who does not
            present (mingled with my own) Clerk’s notes on accot of your brother’s Estate, &
            these, in my absence, are paid by my Manager. I hope your orders will be so pointed in
            future as to prevent any more coming against me, or my being subject to the paymt of
            monies for which I receive no benefit.
          I brought the bond of your deceased Father, & the Mortgage of your brother with me
            from Philada for the purpose of surrendering them to you when the conveyance of the Land
            to me is made complete; & I beg to know from you whether my signature to that
            instrument (as it is so drawn) is, in the opinion of professional men, necessary. I shall not appear too pressing I hope to get this
            business finally closed when, besides the desire natural to me to leave nothing open
            that can be settled, it has become necessary, that I may take some measures with respect
            to the Land. I am &c.

            Go. W.


Title: From George Washington to William Pearce, 27 October 1793
From: Washington, George
To: Pearce, William

            Mr Pearce
            Mount Vernon 27th Oct. 1793.

          Your letter of the 19th came duly to hand. Tomorrow I leave this for Philadelpa or the
            vicinity of it; where, when you have occasion to write to me, direct your letters.
          As you seemed to be in doubt whether a proper character could be engaged in the part of
            the Country you live in, to look after my Negro Carpenters; and (having much work to do
            in their way, & not being willing to leave matters at an uncertainty, I have engaged
            the person who superintends them at present to look after them another year. He is a
            good workmen himself, and can be active; but has little authority (I ought to have said
            command, for I have given him full authority) over those who are entrusted to him—and as
            he is fond of drink, tho’ somewhat reformed in this respect, I place no great confidence
            in him. He has, however, promised so to conduct himself, as that there shall be no cause
            for complaint—I thought it was better, therefore, to engage him than to run any
              hazard. I have engaged no person to look after the
            house People, Ditchers &ca in place of the one now occupied in that business; and
            unless a very active & spirited man could be had, it will scarcely be essential
            while you reside at the mansion house yourself. The old Man that is employed in this
            business is, I believe, honest, sober, well meaning, and in somethings knowing; but he
            wants activity & spirit; and from not being accustomed to Negros, in addition
            thereto; they are under no sort of awe of him—of course do as they please. His wages are
              low, Twenty pounds pr Ann. only—Under this statement of the case
            you may do as shall seem best to yourself. If he is to go, he ought to know it
            seasonably: his time is up at Christmas; & nothing betwn us has past either as to
            his going, or staying.
          I shall, before you remove, or by the time you may arrive at Mount Vernon; give you
            full directions, & my ideas upon the several points which may, between this &
            then, occur to me. In all things else you must pursue your own judgment, having the
            great outlines of my business laid before you.
          After having lived the ensuing winter at the Mansion house you will be better able to
            decide than at the present moment, how far your convenience, my interest, and indeed
            circumstances, may render your removal to the other place more eligable. I shall readily
            agree to either. Materials are now providing for building a house for Mr Crow; whose
            house it was first proposed you should live in for him to remove to. There are a great
            number of Negro children at the Quarters belonging to the house people; but they have
            Always been forbid (except two or 3 young ones belonging to the Cook, & the Mulatto
            fellow Frank in the house, her husband; both of whom live in the Kitchen) from coming
            within the Gates of the Inclosures of the Yards, Gardens &ca, that they may not be
            breaking the Shrubs, and doing other mischief; but I believe they are often in there
            notwithstanding: but if they could be broke of the practice it would be very agreeable
            to me, as they have no business within; having their wood, Water, &ca at their own
            doors without.
          The season has been remarkably sickly, generally, but my family, except a few slight
            touches of the intermittant fever—chiefly among the blacks—have shared less of it, than
            I find from report, has been felt in most other places. I am Your friend &ca

            Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from “A Citizen of Virginia”, 28 October 1793
From: Citizen of Virginia
To: Washington, George

            Sir.
            Virginia 28 Octr 1793.

          The question, no doubt, has often occurred to you; “where will the Congress meet”? “by
            their adjournment,” which is law to them, at Philadelphia; but, by a physical necessity,
            more injurious, than law itself, at Philadelphia, they cannot meet. you, Sir, as
            President of the United States, by the impolitic and narrow jealousy of the
            Constitution, have a right to convene Congress; but, not to appoint the place. but, in
            this instance, the Salus populi, which is literally at Stake, is the suprema lex, &
            must prevail. the crying necessity not only suspends the law, but, quoad hoc, rides over
            the constitution & tramples it underfoot. clear as this is, still you may feel
            yourself under a dilemma, because illiberal cant & prompt opposition never suffer an
            occasion to escape, that affords an opportunity of exercising petulance, &
            vociferating abuse—to offer to you advice, who, no doubt, will adopt the fittest
            expedient, may seem presuming; I have therefore suppressed my name, which, at your
            desire, shall nevertheless be communicated. The expedient, I would with all deference to
            your better judgement recommend, is, “to write a circular letter to each member of
            Congress, setting forth the difficulty of the case, (if there be in truth any in it)
            & proposing different places for their choice, Alexandria, George Town Baltimore,
            Annapolis, New york, or any other that you may please to enumerate, in order to extract
            from each of them an opinion of the properest place; & whichever place the majority
            fixed on, at that place let them be convened”—this may be done by Proclamation, and
            shelter the executive from any charge of infracting the Constitution, by the assumption
            of powers, not warranted by the Constitution—should this proposal meet with your
            approbation, there will be just time enough, to carry it into execution, for, from this
            day there are five weeks, before the meeting of Congress.
          Your goodness and condescension will excuse this obtrusion of my sentiments on you,
            even if they be erroneous, from my supposing a constitutional embarrassment where there
            is none, & impute it to my zeal, “to suggest any expedient in this crisis,” which my
            weak Judgement leads me to suppose, may in any the smallest degree, tend to the
            facilitation of government—with every Consideration of respect &
            esteem for your private & public Character I remain your fellow Citizen—&
            faithful Servant—

            “A Citizen of Virginia”


Title: To George Washington from Timothy Pickering, 28 October 1793
From: Pickering, Timothy
To: Washington, George

            Sir,
            Philadelphia Oct. 28: 1793.

          I have the pleasure to inform you that the mortal fever which has raged in this city,
            is prodigiously reduced. A fortnight ago, from 10 to 14 were daily buried in Friends’ burying ground: but in the last Five days only three in the whole have been buried there.
            Among the German Lutherans, the reduction appears by the following list—

              Oct.
              22d
              buried
              19

              23
              ——
              10

              24
              ——
              8

              25
              ——
              8

              26
              ——
              5

              27
              ——
              1

          Of the burials among Friends, half were not of their society: but
            permission was obtained to bury in their ground.
          Last night we had a frost: I found ice in my yard the 5th of an inch thick. We may
            expect a continuance or frequent repetition of Frost, which must destroy the contagion.
            The rapid decrease of the sickness within a few days, well warrants that conclusion.
            Nevertheless, I am of my first opinion, that it will not be expedient for you to come to
            the city yet: tho’ divers of the inhabitants are returning.
          Not having been informed whether a house has been provided for you in the
            neighbourhood, I shall ride to-day or to-morrow to see Mr Peters about it. I hope by the
            next post to inform you that the provision is made.
          Shops are opening, business increasing, and the countenances of the citizens look
            cheerful.
          I am happy to communicate such pleasing news; and remain most respectfully sir, your
            most h’ble servant

            Timothy Pickering


Title: Enclosure I: Philip and Anthony Filicchi to the Governor of Leghorn, 21 October 1793
From: Filicchi, Philip,Filicchi, Anthony
To: Governor of Leghorn

              Leghorn [Italy] 21 Octr 1793.

            We have the Honor to lay before Your Eccelency a Copy of the Certificate of the Oath
              taken in New York by every Individual of the Crew of the American Brig the Minerva (as
              well as the Extract of the Articles of Navigation, by which every Seaman who without
              leave of the Captain is absent from the Vessel for the space of 48 Hours loses every
              right to claim his Wages). Alexander Haterton Mariner
              having incurred this penalty has enter’d into His Britannic Majesty’s service on board
              of the Frigate the Meleager. Several days after an Officer of the said Frigate came to
              demand the Man’s Wages, declaring moreover that he would in this Port take away by
              force from the said Brig Minerva that navigates under the Colours of the United States
              of America, the Mate, & one, or two more Men whom he asserts to be born in
              England, not valuing that these People having been since naturalized Americans have
              volontarily given up the Privelege of being consider’d as Englishmen.
            Lest a violence of this kind should take place in spite of the Laws, We, to whom the
              Vessel is consign’d, have thought it our Duty to have recourse to the Protection of
              Your Eccelency, & the more so, as the Vessel would be
              disabl⟨ed⟩ to proceed in her intended Voyage, if the Threats of the English Officer
              were to be realiz’d, as there being no American Sailors to be found in Leghorn, the
              Captain would be oblig’d to take Foreigners, who would be liable to be taken away from
              him when at Sea, & lose thus both Vessel & Cargo. General Washington will be
              pleas’d to find that even without the assistance of an American Consul, notice has
              been taken of his Circular in which he requests protection for the American
                Colours. We remain with the greatest respect Your
              Eccellency’s Most humble & obt Servts

              Philip & Anty Filicchi


Title: To George Washington from Gouverneur Morris, 29 October 1793
From: Morris, Gouverneur
To: Washington, George

            Paris 29. October 1793

          I take the liberty of introducing to the acquaintance of General Washington a person
            highly deserving of his Notice: Monsieur de Volney who will have the Honor to deliver
            this letter goes out to acquire in America an Addition to his Stock of knowledge. His Conversation equally pleasing and instructive will I
            trust agreably relax some of your careful Hours. I am happy in the opportunity he gives
            me of presenting him and of assuring you of my Esteem and respect.


Title: To George Washington from J. Des Moulins, 1 November 1793
From: Moulins, J. Des
To: Washington, George

          Letter not found: from J. Des Moulins, 1 Nov. 1793. On 6 Jan. 1794, Moulins wrote to GW: “I
            humbly presume to remind your Excellency, of . . . a long Letter from Wilmington on the
            1st of last Novr.”


Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 2 November 1793
From: Randolph, Edmund
To: Washington, George

            Novr 2. 1793.

          The attorney general of the United States has the honor of submitting to the President
            of the United States the following considerations on the power and
            propriety of convening congress to a place, different from the city of Philadelphia.
          The constitution declares, that “neither house, during the session of congress, shall,
            without the consent of the other, adjourn for more, than three days, nor to any other
            place, than that, in which the two houses shall be sitting.”
          The residence-act directs, that the session “of congress next ensuing the present (that
            is the session in July 1790) shall be held” in the city of Philadelphia; and the adjourning order of both houses, at the close of every
            session, since they began to sit in Philadelphia, has made no mention whatsoever of place.
          Hence it is correct to infer, not only that Philadelphia was the place, intended by
            congress for their next session; but also, that the constitution and residence-act have
            rendered that city, at least until the year 1800, the constant place of session; unless
            it be changed in some constitutional way.
          How can such a change be effected?
          By a new law, a concurrent vote of both houses, even without the intervention of the
            President, or by a summons from the President.
          The past conduct of the legislature shews their opinion of their own power, to fix a
            temporary place for the session of congress. If it were now a question, whether by a new
            law the permanent seat of government might be altered, much could
            be urged in opposition upon constitutional grounds. But the temporary seat stands upon a
            less solemn basis.
          Had the constitution been silent as to the place for the sessions of congress, they
            would have possessed inherently a right to assemble, wheresoever they pleased. But it is
            more than silent: it recognizes that right; and restricts it in no respect, until the
            permanent seat shall be established. For the temporary is not contemplated by the
            constitution—it makes no part of the ten miles square—it requires no cession from
            particular states—it is liable to no exclusive legislation. It is true indeed, that the
            temporary seat was said out of doors, at the time of the passing of the residence-act,
            to be a condition of the permanent: that is, Pennsylvania was to enjoy the benefit of
            congress until the year 1800, as preliminary to the final position on Potomack. Be this
            as it may, the judgment must turn upon the rules of construction. These inform us no
            where of this supposed condition: in 1800, the government is to be
            transferred to the fœderal city, without regard to any place, from which it is to go; and after 1800, the public offices attached to the seat
            of government, will absolutely cease to be exercised elsewhere.
          It may therefore be concluded, that by a new law, congress may
            choose a new spot for the temporary seat of government.
          Nor does the residence-act abridge the power of the two houses to adjourn to a
            different place, even without the consent of the President; or in other words, they may
            so adjourn by a mere vote, instead of a formal law. For, altho’ it is thereby
            established, that the offices, attached to the seat of government, among which is
            comprehended that of President, are to remain at Philadelphia; it is practicable for
            congress, notwithstanding the inconvenience, to carry on their business, without the
            presence of those offices, with all their papers, or more than
            are necessary for the matters immediately in hand.
          In like manner may the place be varied, whensoever an extraordinary occasion shall
            arise, which justifies the President to convene congress. It must be admitted, that he
            will generally find the last place of session most proper for their meeting on his call:
            Yet if the last place must be adhered to at all events, the power of convening may be
            often annihilated in substance. For example: the extraordinary occasion may consist in a
            foreign invasion; and the last place of session may be in the hands of the enemy. In
            such a case, the President may surely mark out both time and place. If therefore an
            extraordinary occasion may sometimes signify place, as well as time; the President,
            being the judge of the nature of that occasion, may name the place, according to his
            discretion, as soon as he has decided the time.
          Between the act of the two houses, and his own interposition, the President will be
            compelled to elect; should the misfortune of Philadelphia continue to oppress it; and
            indeed it ought rather to be said, that this is the moment for determining, whether he
            will leave the place for the next session to the will of congress in the first instance,
            or will now convene them to a place of his own choice.
          The objections appear so strong against the latter expedient, as to give a clear
            preference to the former. What are extraordinary occasions, are left to the decision of
            the President; who may pronounce definitively and without controul upon them. No individual, nor either body of legislation can refuse to comply with
            the summons. This power therefore, like all others of a supreme nature, ought to be
            exercised with caution.
          It would be impossible to enumerate every species of extraordinary occasion. The most
            obvious definition would be such a situation of public affairs, as requires the meeting
            of congress at an earlier day, than that, on which they would meet of course. For if
            they were bound by their own adjournment, or by the operation of the constitution, or of
            some law, to meet sooner than, or as soon as, they could assemble under a call from the
            President, it would be in general inexpedient to superadd a call.
          With this criterion of an extraordinary occasion, it may be asked, whether any exists
            independent of the contagion? It cannot but be answered, that some such does exist. The
            contagion then may be viewed under two aspects; either as a cause for calling congress,
            or as a cause for changing the place of session. It might perhaps amount to a cause for
            calling congress, if we were to advert, only to the expence of double public offices—the
            danger of keeping the public archives in so exposed a city, and a well grounded
            reluctance in the President to be responsible for ordering them to another place, not
            designated by, but contrary to law—the difficulty to public creditors in procuring
            payments from the treasury—the propriety of legalizing many acts, concerning the revenue
            performed at the custom-houses, removed, as they are, from the port of Philadelphia—the
            interruption to the sessions of the district courts, confined as they are by law to
            Philadelphia; and to other topics, like these. But the
            entire energy of them is taken away, when it is notorious, that congress will come
            together, in pursuance of their own adjournment sooner than the President could collect
            them.
          Undoubtedly the contagion may be a cause for changing the place of session. But how
            wide is this idea from a cause for calling congress? It would approach to an absurdity
            to contend, that the malignant fever in Philadelphia, by being a reason for congress,
            (if they are to meet) meeting at some other place, is of itself a reason, why they
            should meet. In fact, the extraordinary occasion must arise, before the place can be
            thought of; for the power of fixing the place is not given to the President expressly, but merely as an incident to the great necessity, which
            induces the President to convene congress. And this distinction deserves the more attention; as the constitution, while it suffers him to
            interpose on a disagreement of the two houses as to time, has not submitted to his
            umpirage their disagreement as to place.
          And what harm can be done, by leaving things in their usual channel? Perhaps by the
            first monday in december next, Philadelphia may be restored to health, and freed from
            infection. It is possible, that on the appointed day a quorum of both houses may enter
            its limits, and adjourn to some other spot, or be content to remain. If none of these
            events should happen during the first day, then an extraordinary occasion will be
            created. For the legislative concerns of the U.S. will not admit delay; and it will be
            fairly presumable, that there will be no certainty of a session before a distant day. A
            proclamation for convening congress may therefore issue immediately afterwards.
          Upon the whole, It seems adviseable for the President not to convene congress now. This opinion may be fortified by other subordinate
            considerations: the exercise of a doubtful power excites clamor—some members nay a
            majority may prefer Philadelphia under all its embarrassments—it may be conceived to be
            an unnecessary cruelty to that depressed city, as yet, to
            transfer congress elsewhere.
          If at length, however, a place must be selected by the President, he will probably ask
            himself, whether he means it for a previous consultation of the members, or for the
            absolute sitting of congress. For the former purpose, German Town is sufficiently
            convenient. But it will not escape the President’s observation, that this exercise of
            authority will be so feeble, as to betray a suspicion, that he himself distrusts his
            right to fix the place, and therefore consigns it to congress. Besides it may be easily
            conceived, that the representations from the different states will be very
            disproportionate at the commencement of the session; and it will be fortunate, if any
            accidental majority should be deprived of the opportunity of rivetting an improper place
            of session. Nay farther: if one place if countenanced for a moment by the President, it
            will prevent every other place from making preparations; and then congress must go to
            some large town, New-York or Baltimore, where they can be received at the shortest
            notice.
          But if instead of a place for previous consultation, the President should seek one
            adapted to the full session, and Philadelphia be excluded, New-York, Trenton,
            Wilmington, Baltimore, Annapolis, German-Town, Reading, and Lancaster
            come into competition.
          A general objection applies to the first five. They are out of Pennsylvania, which is
            intitled by law, as the law now stands, and by equity too, to the temporary residence.
            If this once passes into another state, its return will be very difficult; or if it
            should return, a precedent will be established, which will press at a future day, with
            great force, on the removal to the fœderal city. It will be argued, that the
            residence-act had no other sanction, than an ordinary law, since it could be so easily
            dispensed with for the sake of a seeming public utility.
          But against those five towns, individually taken, these things may be excepted.
            New-York will awaken old jealousies, and may not be without her hauteur—Trenton is a
            thoroughfare; considerably exposed to infection, if it exists in Philadelphia; and from
            its past pretentions to the seat of government in its neighbourhood may also agitate the
            minds of some. If Wilmington is equal to congress, it is also a thoroughfare. Baltimore
            and Annapolis would be to the Pennsylvanians, as odious, as New-York would be to the
            friends of Potomack.
          As to the towns in Pennsylvania, Lancaster is first in rank. It is able and willing to
            accommodate. Reading, as Judge Rush asserts, cannot undertake such a task—German Town,
            in spite of all, that may be said, cannot accommodate congress satisfactorily. The timid
            will shrink from the neighbourhood of Philadelphia, they may with reason apprehend the
            return of the fever in the spring; and with certainty they may expect old beds and
            furniture from Philadelphia, which remained in many infected houses. The fare and rooms
            will be wretched; the distance, which the members will have to travel thro’ unpaved
            streets in a muddy season, will be dreadful; the high prices, which will be demanded by
            the people for putting themselves out of the way, will disgust, when the entertainment
            is so indifferent; the foreign ministers will be crouded into dirty hovels; and a place
            of worship in the English language is scarcely to be found. These disadvantages cannot
            be counterbalanced by access to the public offices; as the papers, wanting for congress
            from them, may be put in a compass, not very bulky.
          Altho’ the foregoing sentiments are designed to dissuade the President, if he
            interferes at all, from interfering in an indecisive manner; yet as
            the sense of Several members as to the place will be known, it will no doubt be treated
            with due respect.
          However it will be a very questionable policy for the President to recommend to them,
            even informally, any thing preliminary; because in his intercourse with public men on
            public subjects, he ought to be seen only as a public man himself; and because the
            steps, which the exigency of the moment may dictate, will be so obvious to the members,
            that an intimation from him will be deemed useless, if not intrusive.
          If any thing is permitted to be said, as from the President, by individuals to their
            friends, ought it to go farther than this: that if from the appearance of things on the
            second day it shall be proper to convene congress by a special act, he will do so, and
            at a different place. This communication may serve to bring the members into the
            neighbourhood.

            Edm: Randolph


Title: To George Washington from the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 3 November 1793
From: Commissioners for the District of Columbia
To: Washington, George

            sir
            George Town 3d Novm. 1793

          Colo. Hooe and Majr Ross’s report, which they have inclosed you will inform you of the
            result of their examination of our accounts; that with the Treasurer stands in the place
            of a cash account, is accurate and authorized by our warrants, which are justified by
            Vouchers—these were all compared and did not take up two days—The Gentlemen went farther
            and have given a general state of Funds, this part is not so precise, it gives a general
            Idea, and was added under an impression; that you might perhaps think proper to publish
            it—not that they urge it, and we have no desire at all that it should be done—We have much more pleasure in being able to inform you, that we
            have a prospect by negociations with the Banks, to keep in Credit till May, even if
            Virginia should disappoint us; and then Mr Greenleaf’s payment and Loan; if not
            extended, coming on, things may be pushed with vigour a year longer.
          We have concerned in an application for a chartered Bank on such a system that we hope
            the City may be bennefitted by its Gaurrantee for the payment of Interest instead of the
            deposit of productive Funds required by Dutch Capitalists. to give the out lines of the
            whole would be too lengthy, but it appears to us a sober plan.
          Permit us to request your order on Virginia for her last payment—We are advised the
            Taxe’s are now coming in, and we wish to make the demand early in the Session. We are
            &ca

            Th. Johnson
            Danl CarrollComrs

            P.S. Colo. Deakins has just now receivd a Letter from Mr Hopkins informing him that
              the executive of Virginia has granted an order on the Secretary of War for 10.000
              Dollars.


Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 3 November 1793
From: Hamilton, Alexander
To: Washington, George

            Sir,
            Fair Hill [Pa.] Novembr 3d 1793.

          Not having been in condition to attend you yesterday, and (though free from fever) yet
            not being well enough to go abroad immediately, I have concluded to submit to you by a
            line the result of my further reflections on the subject of my last letter.
          I believe it will be altogether safe for the ensuing session of Congress to be held at
            Philadelphia, and that the good of the public service requires it, if possible. Under
            the existing prospect, I do not think it would be adviseable for the President to give
            the business a different direction by any preliminary step. But as the apprehensions of
            distant members will probably be too much alive it is desirable they should if possible
            be brought into the vicinity of Philada some days before hand to
            examine and judge for themselves. It is likely they will then be satisfied that they can
            safely sit in the City. If otherwise, their sentiments concerning another place can be
            collected as a guide to the President.
          To effect this end I would advise that circular letters be written (say by the Atty
            General, the Secy of State not being here) to the respective members informally
            recommending to them as on the part of the President to repair to Germantown and it’s
            vicinity some days not more than a week prior to the day for the meeting of Congress,
            giving the reasons for this recommendation.
          I prefer this to any public act, because there is an inconvenience in giving any sort
            of formality to an unauthoritative proceeding.
          An objection to the proceeding is that the remote southern members
            cannot be reached in time but the answer to this is that they will probably come forward
            of course to some neighbouring State, New York Delaware or Maryland, & letters for
            them may be lodged in each. With true respect & attachment I have the honor to be
            sr

            Alexr Hamilton


Title: Enclosure: Observations on the Potomac River, 3 November 1793
From: Lear, Tobias
To: Washington, George

              Observations on the River Potomack—the Country about it—and the City of
                Washington.
              [c.3 November 1793]

            The River Potomack forms a junction with the Bay of Chesapeak 150 miles from the Sea.
              From thence to the head of tide-Water is about 160 miles.
            “This River is 7½ miles wide at its mouth; 4½ at Nomony Bay; 3 at Aquia; 1½ at
              Hollowing-Point; 1¼ at Alexandria—and the same from thence to the City of Washington,
              which is within 3 miles of the head of tide Water. It’s soundings are 7 fathoms at the
              mouth; 5 at St Georges Island; 4½ at Lower Matchodic; 3 at Swan’s Point—and the same
              from thence to the City.” (Mr Jeffersons Notes on Virginia)
            From the Capes of the Chesapeak to the City of Washington is upwards of 300 miles;
              but the navigation is easy and perfectly safe. [“]A vessel of 1200 Hogsheads of
              Tobacco has loaded at and sailed from Alexandria, and one of 700 at George Town—which
              is above the City.[“] [(]Report of Committee[)]
            At the City the water rises four feet in a common tide.
            From the City of Washington to Cumberland, a flourishing town at the head of the
              River, is about 230 miles as the River runs.
            Early in life General Washington contemplated the opening of this River from tide
              water to its source, so as to render it navigable for such vessels as were suitable
              for carrying the produce of the Country to the shipping ports below. His public
              employments in the part of the Country through which the Potomack and its branches
              run, had given him a more complete knowledge of this River than almost any other man
              possessed at that time and his mind was strongly impressed with its future importance.
              But the period for undertaking a work of such magnitude had not yet arrived. The
              Country was then but sparsely inhabited; Canals & Locks but little understood,
              especially in America and but few men of property were willing to embark in an
              undertaking, the cost of which they could not clearly calculate, and the profits of
              which were to many doubtful. General Washington however kept the
              object steadily in view, waiting until time & circumstances should enable him to
              bring it forward with a prospect of success. The war with Great Britain took place
              about the time when the importance of this object began to be understood and a
              willingness to embark in it began to appear among men of property. Until the close of
              that war nothing, however, could be attempted in the business. But no sooner had a
              happy termination of it enabled General Washington to retire from his high public
              station, than he resumed this object which had so long before occupied his mind. He
              found Gentlemen of the first property and respectability in the neighbourhood of the
              Potomack, both in Virginia & Maryland, ready to engage in the enterprize. In the
              year 1784 a Company was formed for the purpose of removing the obstructions and
              opening the navigation of the River from its source down to Tide-Water—and an act of
              incorporation passed by the Assemblies of Virginia & Maryland, authorizing the
              Company to take the necessary measures for carrying into effect the objects for which
              they were corporated—and granting to them forever the tolls
              which may arise therefrom; which tolls are fixed by the same law that empowers the
              Company to undertake the business. The sum agreed upon to complete the navigation was
              fifty thousand pounds sterling, divided into five hundred shares of one hundred pounds
              each, to be paid by such instalments and at such times as the Directors of the Company
              Shd find necessary for the prosecution of the work. Ten years were allowed to the
              Company to finish the business.
            The Company have prosecuted their work with great success; And, what is not common in
              undertakings of this nature, they will complete it for something less than the sum
              subscribed. The rate of toll being fixed, and knowing with some accuracy the quantity
              of produce that is now brought by land from those parts of the Country which will of
              course throw the same upon the River, they have a certainty of receiving a handsome
              per Centage on their Capital in the first opening of the River (even without
              calculating upon the articles which will be sent up the River)—and the increase will
              be almost incredible—Those who know the Circumstances of the Country best, and some
              who are not among the most sanguine with respect to the profits of this undertaking, have no doubt of the Capital’s producing fifty per Cent
              annually in less than ten years from the time of the Tolls commencing.
            The principal work in completing the above mentioned navigation is at the Great
              Falls, 14 miles above the City of Washington—at the Little Falls 4 miles above said
              City, and in clearing the River between these two falls. At the Great Falls the water
              falls 72 feet in one mile and an half—and at the Little Falls 36 feet 8 inches in
              about two miles. At the former there will be 6 and at the latter 3 locks. The Locks at
              the Little Falls will be finished this season and fit for use; those at the Great
              Falls are in forwardness—and with the clearing the bed of the River between the two
              Falls, will be completed next year. This will finish the navigation of the main River
              from Cumberland down to tide water, and enable the Company to receive the reward of
              their expense & labour. Bateaux carrying from 150 to 200 barrels of flour already
              pass from Cumberland to the Great Falls—and many thousand barrels of flour have
              actually been brought in boats to the latter place during the present year.
            Besides the main River of the Potomack, its numerous & extensive branches offer
              the prospect of transporting to the main River, and from thence to the Shipping ports,
              an immense quantity of produce.
            The following are the principal Streams which empty into the Potomack, above tide
              water, and the distances to which they are navigable in their natural state, from
              their conflux with the Potomack—Patterson’s Creek, which falls
              into the River ten miles below Cumberland, is navigable twenty miles above its mouth;
                The South Branch, seventeen miles below Cumberland, navigable
              one hundred miles; Cape Capeon, sixty miles below, is navigable twenty miles; Connocochegue, ninety miles below, is navigable twenty four
              miles; Opecan, one hundred & twenty five miles below, is
              navigable twenty five miles from its mouth, and within a few miles of Winchester,
              which, after Lancaster, is the largest inland town in the United States; The Shannandoah, one hundred & thirty miles below, runs into the
              Country at right angles from the Potomack near two hundred miles—and the navigation of
              it for one hundred & fifty miles of that distance is but little interrupted: The
              chief obstru[c]tion is where it enters the Potomack, and so trifling is that compared
              with the great advantages of this noble branch, that its removal,
              and clearing other parts, will not cost more than twenty five thousand dollars. The
              Potomack Company have already made a beginning on this work. The Monocosy one hundred & fifty miles below Cumberland, is navigable thirty
              miles above its mouth. This branch is within two miles of Frederick Town in Maryland,
              one of the largest inland towns in the United States.
            These several Streams as well as the main River, pass through a Country not exceded
              in fertility of soil and salubrity of air by any in America, if by any in the World.
              And no part of America can boast of being more healthy than the Potomack in
                general.
            The number of inhabitants living in the several counties of Virginia & Maryland
              which touch upon the Potomack or its Branches, amount to upwards of three hundred
              thousand, according to the Census taken by order of the General Government in 1791.
              They are all, or so nearly so that not one fiftieth part can be excepted, Cultivators
              of the Soil. It is therefore easy to conceive that they must send an immense quantity
              of Produce to the Shipping ports on the River. But still so extensive is the Country
              through which the Potomack and its branches pass, that it is yet but thinly settled.
              Its inhabitants are however very rapidly increasing as well by imigration as by the
              natural course of population.
            The Productions of the Country consist of Wheat—Indian Corn or maize,
              Rye—Oats—Tobacco—Potatoes, Beans—Peas—and in short of every article that the best
              farming lands are capable of producing. Hemp & Flax are cultivated here and yield
              large quantities. The Land is rich in pasturage—most parts of it admirably adapted to
              sheep—and a heavy growth of Timber fit for ship building, as well as for every other
              purpose, is found here. There is near Cumberland, and within 10 or 12 miles of the
              River, a tract of country that abounds with very large white pine trees suitable for
              masts of Ships: some of these trees are from 5 to 6 feet diameter and run up one
              hundred feet without a limb.
            Slate, Marble, Freestone of the red & gray portland kind and Iron Ore are found
              in abundance on the Banks of the River. Several large Iron works are already
              established which furnish Bar Iron & Castings of an excellent quality. Limestone
              abounds everywhere. Of coal too there is an inexhaustible quantity near Cumberland laying on the Banks of the River—and in other parts at no
              great distance from it; from whence in future not only all the towns and manufactories
              on the River may be supplied; but it will become a capital article of exportation.
            There is in the River a great plenty of very fine fish. Large quantities of shad and
              Herrings are annually taken here and exported to the West Indies.
            From the preceding observations it is easy to conceive that the Commerce of this
              River cannot be inconsiderable: And a single view of the Situation upon which the City
              of Washington is laid out, points out that spot as the most eligible on the River for
              a large commercial town.
            The City of Washington lays in Latitude 38_ 53’ it is situate on the East side of the
              Potomack about 4 miles from the head of tide water, and extends down the River nearly
              four miles, to an angle which is formed by the junction of the Eastern Branch with the
              Potomack; it then runs along the Eastern Branch for more than two miles. Its general
              width is about one mile and three qua⟨rters.⟩
            The Eastern Branch affords one of the finest harbours for Ships imaginable. It is
              more than a mile wide at its mouth, and holds nearly the same width for almost the
              whole distance to which the City extends upon it; it then narrows gradually to its
              head, which is about ten miles from its conflux with the Potomack. The Channel of this
              Branch lays on the side next the City; it has in all parts of it, as far as the City
              extends, from 20 to 35 feet of Water. Above the City it is only navigable for small
              craft. The Channel is generally so near the City that a wharf extended 40 or 50 feet
              from the Bank will have water enough for the largest Ships to come & discharge or
              receive their Cargoes. The land on each side of the Branch is sufficiently high to
              secure shipping from any wind that blows. And one very important advantage which this
              Branch has, as a harbour, over all extensive Rivers which freeze and are liable to be
              broken up suddenly by freshes or land floods, is, that, on account of the short
              distance to which it extends into the land, no rapidity of current is ever occasioned
              by freshes; and while Vessels in the main River, if they should happen to be caught
              there by the ice, are liable to receive great injury, and are sometimes totally lost
              by it, those in the Branch lay in perfect security: it has also the advantage of being open some days earlier in the spring and later in the winter
              than the main River at George Town and the upper parts of the City. The River
              generally shuts up about Christmas and is open again the latter part of february or
              very early in March. Sometimes there are only short interruptions by ice through the
              winter—and sometimes it happens that it is not closed so as to prevent the navigation
              during the winter. This was the case last winter.
            The main Channel of the Potomack opposite the City, running near the Virginia Shore,
              that part of the City which lays on the Potomack has only a small Channel carrying
              from 8 to 12 feet of water, until you come within about _ of a mile of George Town,
              when the Channel turning between Mason’s Island and the City, gives a depth of water
              from 20 to 30 feet close in with the shore of the City. This renders the water lots
              within that small space very valuable; for any ships that come up the River may here
              lay within twenty yards of the City; and the Bateaux which bring the produce of the
              Country down the River may at all times come here deep loaded as the⟨y⟩ come down,
              whereas they could not go thus loaded down to the Eastern Branch, unless in very
              smooth weather.
            Before a particular description of the Spot &ca on which the City of Washington
              is laid out, be given, it may not be improper to note the constitutional and legal
              ground upon which the location of the City is made.
            The Constitution of the United States grants to Congress the power “to exercise
              exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten
              miles square) as may by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress,
              become the seat of the Government of the United States.”
            In conformity with this Constitutional power the following Act was passed on the 16th
              of July 1790—
            “An Act for establishing the temporary and permanent Seat of the Government of the
              United States.
            Section 1st Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
              States of America in Congress assembled, That a district of Territory, not exceeding
              ten miles square, to be located as hereafter directed in the River Potomack, at some
              place between the mouths of the Eastern Branch and Connogochegue, be, and the same is
              hereby accepted for the permanent Seat of the Government of the
              United States: Provided nevertheless, that the operation of the laws of the State
              within such district shall not be affected by this acceptance, until the time fixed
              for the removal of the government thereto, and until Congress shall otherwise by law
              provide.
            Sect. 2d And be it further enacted, that the President of the United States be
              authorized to appoint, and by supplying vacancies happening from refusal to act or
              other causes, to keep in appointment as long as may be necessary, three Commissioners,
              who, or any two of whom, shall, under the direction of the President, survey, and by
              proper metes and bounds define and limit a district of Territory, under the
              limitations abovementioned; and the district so defined, limited & located, shall
              be deemed the district accepted by this Act for the permanent Seat of the Government
              of the United States.
            Sect. 3d And be it enacted, That the said Commissioners or any two of them, shall
              have power to purchase or accept such quantity of land on the eastern side of the said
              River, within the said District, as the President shall deem proper for the use of the
              United States; and according to such plans as the President shall approve, the said
              Commissioners or any two of them, shall prior to the first monday in December, in the
              year one thousand eight hundred, provide suitable buildings for the accommodation of
              Congress, and of the President, and for the public Offices of the Government of the
              United States.
            Sect. 4. And be it enacted, That for defraying the expense of such purchases and
              buildings, the President of the United States be authorized and requested to accept
              grants of money.
            Sect. 5. And be it enacted, That prior to the first Monday in December next, all
              offices attached to the seat of the Government of the United States, shall be removed
              to, and until the said first monday in December one thousand eight hundred, shall
              remain at the City of Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, at which place the
              session of Congress next ensuing the present shall be held.
            Sect. 6. And be it enacted, That on the said first Monday in December in the year one
              thousand eight hundred, the seat of the Government of the United States, shall, by
              virtue of this Act, be transferred to the District and place aforesaid. And all
              Offices attached to the seat of Government, shall accordingly be removed thereto by their respective holders, and shall, after the said day, cease to
              be exercised elsewhere; and that the necessary expense of such removal shall be
              defrayed out of the duties on imposts & tonnage, of which a sufficient sum is
              hereby appropriated.”
            Upon examining the ground within the above described limits, and taking into
              consideration all circumstances, the President fixed upon the spot upon which the City
              has been since laid out, as the most proper for erecting the public buildings which
              are authorized to be prepared by the foregoing Act.
            But the Eastern Branch being made one of the boundaries within which the District of
              ten miles square was to be laid out, an amendment of the preceding act was thought
              necessary, so as to include a convenient part of the said Branch and the land of the
              South Eastern side of it within the said District of ten miles square. A formal Act
              for that purpose was accordingly passed on the third day of March 1791. By this means
              the Commissioners were enabled so to lay off the District of ten miles square, that
              the Centre thereof is made the centre of the spot on which the City is laid out as
              nearly as the nature & form of the ground of the City will permit. The District of
              ten Miles square thereby includes the River Potomack for 5 miles above & the like
              distance below the middle of the City—and extends into the State of Virginia about
              three miles over the River.
            The whole Area of the City consists of upwards of four thousand Acres. The ground is
              on an average about forty feet above the water of the River. Altho’ the whole taken
              together appears to be nearly a level spot, yet it is found to consist of what may be
              called wavy land—and is sufficiently uneven to give many very extensive and beautiful
              views from various parts of it, as well as to effectually answer every purpose of
              cleansing and draining the City.
            Two Creeks enter the City, one from the Main River, the other from the Eastern
              Branch, and take such directions as to be made to communicate with each other by a
              short Canal. By this means a water transportation for heavy Articles is opened into
              the heart of the City.
            No place has greater advantage of water either for the supply of the City or for
              cleansing the streets than this ground. The most obvious source is from the head
              waters of a Creek which seperates the City from George Town. This
              Creek takes its rise in ground higher than the City, and can readily be conveyed to
              every part of it. But the grand object for this purpose which has been contemplated by
              those best acquainted with the Country hereabouts and the circumstances attending it,
              and which has been examined with an eye to this purpose by good Judges, is the
              Potomack. The water of this River above the Great Falls, 14 miles from the City, is
              108 feet higher than the tide water. A small Branch, called Watt’s Branch, just above
              the falls, goes in a direction towards the City. From this Branch to the City a Canal
              may be made (and the ground admits of it very well) into which the River, or any part
              of it, may be turned and carried through the City. By this means the Water may not
              only be carried over the highest ground in the City; but if necessary over the tops of
              the Houses. This operation appears so far from being chimerical, that it is pronounced
              by good judges, who have examined the ground through & over which it must pass,
              that it might be effected for perhaps less money than it has and will cost the
              Potomack Company to make the River Navigable at the Great & Little Falls—and to
              clear the bed of the River between them.
            Should this be effected the produce of the Country will naturally be brought through
              it, and the situation afforded thereby for Mills and Manufactories of every kind that
              require the aid of Water, will be most excellent, and commensurate with any
              object.
            The public buildings for the accommodation of the Congress and the President of the
              United States are begun—and progress with much spirit. They are on a scale equal to
              the magnitude of the objects for which they are preparing—and will, agreeably to the
              plans which have been adopted, be executed in a style of architecture
              chaste—magnificent & beautiful. They will be built with beautiful white Stone
              which is pronounced certainly equal if not superior to the best portland Stone, by
              persons who have been long experienced in working the first quality of the Portland
              Stone. The quantity of this Stone is fully equal to any demand that can arise for it.
              That used for the public buildings is from an Island about 20 miles  below the City, which has been purchased by the
              Commissioners, and from which, and a tract of land laying on the River in the
              neighbourhood of it (the right of getting stone from which for 20 years has also been
              purchased by the commissioners) it is supposed that enough of this
              Stone may be obtained to answer every demand, however great.
            Besides the buildings for the accomodation of the Government of the United States, a
              very superb Hotel is erecting, the expense of which is defrayed by a lottery the Hotel
              being the highest prize. This building, with all its accommodations and dependencies,
              will perhaps be equal to any one of the kind in Europe.
            The Original proprietors of the land on which the City is laid out, in consideration
              of the great benefits which they expected to derive from the location of the City,
              conveyed, in trust, to the Commissioners, for the use of the public & for the
              purposes of establishing the City, the whole of their respective lands which are
              included within the lines of the City, upon condition, that, after retaining for the
              Public any number of Squares that the President may think proper for public
              improvements or other public uses, the lots shall be fairly and equally divided
              between the public and the respective proprietors.
            By this means the public had possession of upwards of ten thousand lots from which
              funds are to be raised to defray the expense of the public buildings (in addition to
                 dollars given by the States of Virginia
              and Maryland for that purpose)—and to effect such other things as it may be incumbent
              on the public to do in the City—Between three & four thousand lots have been
              already disposed of by the Commissioners, and the average price at their public sales
              has exceded two hundred & forty dollars per lot. The price of lots has lately
              risen very much—and a great increase is still expected as the object comes to be more
              investigated & better known.
            After furnishing very ample funds for the accomplishment of every object in the City
              on the part of the public, a large surplus of lots will remain the property of the
              City, which hereafter may, and undoubtedly will be so applied as to defray the annual
              expenses incident to the City—and the Citizens and their property thereby be free from
              a heavy tax which is unavoidable in other large Cities.
            Among the many advantages which will be derived to this City, over almost all other
              large Cities, from the Circumstance of its being originally designed for the Capital
              of a great Nation—may be ranked as the foremost, the width of the Streets—(none of which are less than ninety feet, & from that to one hundred &
              sixty) and the attention which will be paid to leveling or regulating the Streets,
              upon a general principle, in the first instance, in such a manner as to avoid any
              future inconvenience to such buildings as may be erected in the early establishment of
              the City—and to give that declivity to them in the several parts of the City as will
              readily and effectually carry all filth into the common Sewers—These circumstances are
              of the highest importance as they affect the health and the lives of the
              inhabitants.
            Besides the advantages which the City of Washington will have from its being the Seat
              of the Government of the United States—from its being within a few miles of the Centre
              of the Territory of the United States from North to South, and nearly the Centre of
              population—and from the immediate commerce of the Potomack—it will receive an immense
              benefit from its intercourse with the Country west of the Allegany Mountains through
              the River Potomack, which offers itself as the most natural and the nearest Channel of
              Commercial intercourse with that very extensive and rich Country.
            At present the land carriage between the navigable Waters of the Monongahelia (a fork
              of the Ohio) and the navigable Waters of the Potomack is less than forty miles, and a
              good waggon Road is open between the two waters. Men of judgement on the subject of
              inland navigation have examined the ground between the highest branches of the
              Potomack and those of the Ohio, and have been decidedly of opinion that the land
              carriage between the two places, where boats may come to each, can be reduced to
              fifteen miles, and they have found nothing to convince them but that these waters may
              hereafter be made to communicate with each other.
            The Settlers on the Ohio & Mississippi will of course carry their heavy produce
              to a market down those Rivers; but their returns will be most natural through the
              Potomack; for they cannot ascend the Western Waters without great expense and much
              loss of time, the current there being so rapid that a sharp boat with six oars can
              scarcely ascend fifteen miles per day.
            The fur and peltry trade of the great Lakes may be brought to the City of Washington,
              through the Channel of the Potomack, four hundred miles nearer than to any other
              shipping port to which it has hitherto been carried.

            Mr Jefferson, in his notes on the State of Virginia, mentions this subject in the
              following words,
            “The Potomack offers itself under the following circumstances for the trade of the
              Lakes and the Waters Westward of Lake Erie. When it shall have entered that Lake it
              must coast along its southern shore on account of the number and excellence of its
              harbours; the Northern tho’ shortest having few harbours and those unsafe. Having
              reached Cayahoga, to proceed on to New York it will have eight hundred and twenty five
              miles and five portages; whereas it is but four hundred and twenty five miles to
              Alexandria its emporium on the Potomack, if it turns into the Cayahoga and passes
              through that, Big Beaver, Ohio, Yahogany (or Monongahelia & Cheat) and the
              Potomack, and there are but two portages; the first of which from Cayahoga to Big
              Beaver may be removed by uniting the sources of these waters which are Lakes in the
              nighbourhood of each other and in a Champain Country: The others, from the waters of
              the Ohio to the Potomack, will be from fifteen to forty miles, according to the
              trouble which shall be taken to approach the two navigations. For the trade ⟨of⟩ the
              Ohio, or that which shall come into it from its own waters or from the Mississippi, it
              is nearer through the Potomack to Alexandria than to New York by five hundred &
              eighty miles, and is interrupted by one portage only. There is another circumstance of
              difference. The lakes themselves never freeze; but the communications between them
              freeze; and the Hudson’s River itself is shut up by ice three months in the year;
              whereas the Channel to the Chesapeak leads directly to a warm climate, the southern
              parts of it very rarely freeze at all, and whenever the Northern do, it is so near the
              sources of the Rivers, that the frequent floods to which they are liable, break the
              ice up immediately, so that vessels may pass through the winter subject only to
              accidental and short delays.”
            In addition to the foregoing remarks it may be only necessary to say, that there is
              not a River in America capable of being rendered more secure from an attack by water
              than the Potomack. Its banks are every where high and bold, with the Channel often not
              more than two hundred yards from the Shore. Diggs’ point, about ten miles below the
              City of Washington, is remarkably well calculated for a Battery; as all vessels coming
              up the River must present their bows to that point for the distance of three quarters of a mile; and after
              passing, their sterns are equally exposed for about the same distance; the middle of
              the Channel there is not more than two hundred yards from the point.
            It may not be amiss to subjoin the following extracts from the Laws of Maryland, and
              the terms and conditions for regulating the materials and manner of the buildings and
              inprovements on the Lots in the City of Washington.
            Extract from the Act of the Assembly of Maryland, entitled “An Act for opening and
              extending the navigation of the River Potomack,” in which the Shares are made real
              Estate.
            “Be it enacted, That foreigners shall be and are hereby enabled to subscribe for and
              hold Shares in the Potomack Company.”
            Extract from an Act of the General Assembly of Maryland, entitled “An Act concerning
              the Territory of Columbia, and the City of Washington.
            Be it enacted, That any foreigner may, by deed or will, hereafter to be made, take
              and hold lands within that part of the said Territory which lies within this State, in
              the same manner as if he was a Citizen of this State, and the same lands may be
              conveyed by him and transmitted to, and be inherited by his heirs or relations, as if
              he and they were Citizens of this State Provided, That no foreigner shall, in virtue
              hereof, be entitled to any further or other privilege of a Citizen.”
            “Terms and Conditions declared by the President of the United States, for regulating
              the materials and manner of the Buildings and Improvements on the lots in the City of
              Washington.
            1st That the outer and party walls of all houses within the said City shall be built
              of Brick or Stone.
            2d That all buildings on the streets shall be parallel thereto, and may be advanced
              to the line of the Street, or withdrawn therefrom, at the pleasure of the improver:
              But where any such Building is about to be erected, neither the foundation or
              party-wall shall be begun without first applying to the person or persons appointed by
              the Commissioners to superintend the buildings within the City, who will ascertain the
              lines of the walls to correspond with these regulations.
            3d The wall of no house to be higher than forty feet to the Roof in any part of the
              city; nor shall any be lower than thirty five feet on any of the Avenues.
            4th That the person or persons appointed by the Commissioners to superintend the
              Buildings may enter on the land of any person to set out the
              foundation and regulate the Walls to be built between party and party, as to the
              breadth and thickness thereof: Which foundation shall be laid equally on the lands of
              the persons between whom such party-walls are to be built, and shall be of the breadth
              and thickness determined by such person proper: and the first builder shall be
              reimbursed one moity of the charge of such party-wall, or so much thereof as the next
              builder shall have occasion to make use of, before such next Builder shall anyways use
              or break into the Wall—The charge or value thereof to be set by the person or persons
              so appointed by the Commissioners.
            5th As temporary conveniences will be proper for lodging workmen and securing
              materials for building, it is understood that such may be erected with the approbation
              of the Commissioners: But they may be removed or discontinued by the special order of
              the Commissioners.
            6th The way into the Squares being designed in a special manner for the common use
              & convenience of the occupiers of the respective squares. The property in the same
              is reserved to the public, so that there may be an immediate interference on any abuse
              of the use thereof by any individual, to the nuisance or obstruction of others. The
              proprietors of the lots adjoining the entrance into the Squares, on arching over the
              entrance and fixing gates in the manner the Commissioners shall approve, shall be
              intitled to divide the space over the arching and build it up with the range of that
              line of the square.
            7th No vaults shall be permitted under the streets, nor any encroachment on the
              footway above by steps, stoops, porches, cellar doors, Windows, ditches or leaning
              Walls; nor shall there be any projection over the Street, other than the eves of the
              Houses, without the consent of the Commissioners.
            8th These regulations are the terms & conditions under and upon which conveyances
              are to be made, According to the deeds in trust of the lands within the City.”


Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 5 November 1793
From: Jefferson, Thomas
To: Washington, George

            [Germantown, Pa.] Tuesday Nov. 5. 1793.

          Th: Jefferson with his respects to the President sends for his perusal some of the
            letters which had been accumulating at his office, & which he received
              yesterday. he will wait on the President to-day to
            translate the Spanish papers sent by mister Short, as also with some other letters in
            foreign languages.
          Th: J. sends to the President a supply he received yesterday of paper, of which the
            President will be pleased to take any proportion he may have occasion for. he sends him
            wafers also & wax, & could furnish him copying ink, but he believes the
            President has no press here. Th: J. did not understand yesterday whether any meeting was
            desired to-day or at any other particular time.


Title: To George Washington from Richard O’Bryen, 5 November 1793
From: O’Bryen, Richard
To: Washington, George

            Most Excellent Sir
            Algiers November the 5th 1793.

          In consequence of the Portugeese obtaining a cessation of hostilities with this
            regency, the Algerine corsairs has captured ten american vessels the masters and crews,
            amounting to one hundred and five subjects of the United States—are employed as captive
            slaves on the most laborious work. the[y] are in a distressed and naked situation.
          Mathias Skjoldebrand Esqr: the Swede Consul has befriended them by advancing them money
            to relieve theire present necessities. We hope you will order him to be reimbursed, and
            also paid for his generous advance in the ransoming of George Smith, one of the subjects
            of the United States.
          The british Nation, the natural and inviterate enemies of the United States, has
            brought about this truce or ½ peace for Portugal in order to alarm our commerce and
            prevent the United States from supplying the French in theire present glorious contest
            for liberty.
          A Portugee frigate is at present at Algiers relative to theire peace. I have reason to
            believe the[y] will obtain their peace for one million of dollars not including presents
            or the redemption of sixty five Portugee captives—The Algerine corsairs consists of ten
            sail mounting from 40 guns to 16. Those of Tunis consists of twenty corsairs mounting
            from 24 guns to—8.
          The corsairs of Algiers and Tunis in consequence of the Portugee truce has became
            masters of the western ocean, and will of course prove very detrimental to the commerce
            of the United States to Europe the fatal consequences of those american vessels being
            captured I presume is fully evident to Your Excellency’s known wisdom &
            penetration.

          Your Excellency will perceive that the United States has at present no alternative then
            to fit out with the greatest expedition thirty frigates and corsairs in order to stop
            those sea-robbers in capturing american vessels. Fifteen of these vessels would be
            sufficient for a defensive war in order to guard the streights of Gibralter and prevent
            the algerine and tuniseien corsairs even if combined from visiting the westen ocean—but
            in order to convince the Barbary states of the force and vigilence of American corsairs
            it would be requisite the other fifteen american corsairs should be employed in the
            Meditteranian in order to destroy many of the corsairs of the Barbary states and oblige
            them to make a peace on somewhat honourable terms with the United States.
          We should have accepted of the terms offered the United States by the Dey of Algiers
            which be assured Most Excellent Sir was raisonable considering what other Nations
              pays. But I am affraid that that favorable
            opportunity is irrevocably lost. But depend Sir that the Dey would wish to be at peace
            with the United States provided we paid equal to what the Dutch Swedes or Deans pays. We
            should be at peace with all the Barbary states. Our colours free and respected and no
            subjects of the United States slaves[.] You must needs think Sir that in case of the
            United States fiting out this proposed fleete that those subjects of the U.S. which has
            been nearly nine years in captivity that the[y] would when redeemed be a very valuable
            acquisition to the American corsairs, for by theire known experience of the wayes and
            manuvres of those crafty people, would in a great measure depend, the desired effect in
            captureing the corsairs of this Regency.
          Humanity towards the unfortunate american captives I presume will induce Youre
            Excellency to coopperate with Congress to adopt some speedy and effectual plan in order
            to restore to liberty and finally extricate the American captives from their present
            distresses. I am with the most profound respect Your Excellencys Most obedient and
            faithfull servt.

            Rd OBrienLate Master of the ship Dauphinof Philadelphia, captured in
              July 1785.

            American captives in Algrs 10 captured in July 1785—105 captured in October 1793 115 total. Cruisers going out in quest of more.


Title: To George Washington from the Germantown, Pennsylvania, School Trustees, 6 November 1793
From: Germantown, Pennsylvania, School Trustees
To: Washington, George

            Sir
            [Germantown, Pa.] Novr 6th 1793

          The trustees of the public School of German-town have the honor to wait upon the
            President with a respectful tender of the school buildings for the accommodation of
            Congress, should they convene at this place.
          To judge of the other inhabitants of German-town from our own motives, it cannot be
            questioned they would on this occasion strive to make it as convenient a residence as
            possible.
          On the permanence of our general Government and the safety of it’s supporters and
            defenders, rests, under God in our view, whatever we hold most valuable.
          It has been our fortune, Sir, to see you in many Seasons of difficulty & danger,
            always surmounting them, & even now fortifying with your presence, the good spirit
            of the Union, lately humbled by the calamity in Philadelphia; an aleveviation of which
            we participate, doubtless in common with the Survivors of the City, in consequence of
            your propitious return to this State.

              Henry Hill
              }
              Trustees

              Saml Ashmead

              Joseph Ferree

              Christian Schneider

              Samuel Mechlin


Title: From George Washington to the Germantown, Pennsylvania, School Trustees, 6 November 1793
From: Washington, George
To: Germantown, Pennsylvania, School Trustees

            Gentlemen,
            [c.6 November 1793]

          The readiness with which the Trustees of the public School of Germantown tender the
            buildings under their charge, for the use of Congress, is a proof of their zeal for
            furthering the public good; and doubtless the Inhabitants of Germantown generally,
            actuated by the same motives, will feel the same dispositions to accommodate, if
            necessary, those who assemble but for their service & that of their fellow
            citizens.
          Where it will be best for Congress to remain will depend on circumstances which are
            daily unfolding themselves, & for the issue of which, we can but offer up our
            prayers to the Sovereign Dispenser of life & health. His favor too on our
            endeavours—the good sense and firmness of our fellow citizens, & fidelity in those
            they employ, will secure to us a permanence of good government.
          If I have been fortunate enough, during the vicissitudes of my life, so to have
            conducted myself, as to have merited your approbation, it is a source of much pleasure;
            & shoud my future conduct merit a continuance of your good opinion, especially at a
            time when our Country, & the City of Philada in particular, is visited by so severe
            a calamity, it will add more than a little to my happiness.

            Go. Washington


Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 6 November 1793
From: Jefferson, Thomas
To: Washington, George

            [Germantown, Pa.] Nov. 6. 1793.

          Th: Jefferson has the honor to inclose several letters for the perusal of the
              President. when he wrote to the Governor of
            Kentuckey, on a former intimation from the Spanish representatives, there was no
            probability that the intervention of military force would be requisite, and as far as
            illegal enterprizes could be prevented by the peaceable process of law, his writing was
              proper. it is proper now, so far as the same means
            may suffice. but should military coercion become necessary, he submits to the President
            whether a letter from the Secretary at war should not go, Th: J. having avoided any
            order of that kind in his letter.


Title: To George Washington from Howell Lewis, 6 November 1793
From: Lewis, Howell
To: Washington, George

          Letter not found: from Howell Lewis, 6 Nov. 1793. On 10 Nov. GW wrote Lewis: “Your letter
            of the 6th instt came duly to hand.”


Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 7 November 1793
From: Jefferson, Thomas
To: Washington, George

            [7 November 1793]

          Mr Smith supposes the bill he incloses must be laid before Congress. on a former suggestion of the same kind Th: J. being able to
            find nothing which rendered it necessary, consulted the Attorney General, who was of
            opinion it was not necessary, but promised make more diligent enquiry. the result will now be asked of him by Th: J.


Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 7 November 1793
From: Jefferson, Thomas
To: Washington, George

            Nov. 7. 1793.

          The Secretary of State having received from the Secretary of the territory South of the
            Ohio a report of the Proceedings of the Governor of that territory from Mar. 1. to Sep.
            1. 1793. has examined the same and Reports to the President That he finds nothing
            therein which will require his immediate agency.

            Th: Jefferson


Title: From George Washington to Tobias Lear, 8 November 1793
From: Washington, George
To: Lear, Tobias

            My dear Sir
            German Town [Pa.] 8th Novr 1793

          I arrived at this place at the time appointed—to wit—the 1st inst. but did not receive
            your letter of the 3d until yesterday for want of a regulr Comn with the P. Office and
            this too at a time when as you have well suppos’d I was immerced in the consideration of
            Papers from the different Departments after a seperation from the heads of them almost
            two Mo.
          I have, however, run over your observations on the Potomac Navigation &ca
            &ca—and in a hasty manner, as I went along at the first reading made the notes &
            remarks which are returned with one of the copies. The statement made by you in all other respects accord with my
            ideas of facts as far as a recolln of them will enable me to pronounce; nor can I
            controvert by evidence even those which it would seem that I had queried by my remarks.
            Had I more leizure and especially if I could have had recourse to my papers, I might
            have been more correct in some things but as the 10th is the day appointed for your
            Sailing & that happening to be on a Sunday a chosen day by Sailors for commencing
            thier Nautical movements I did not incline to miss the Post of this day to return your
            observations and to furnish the letters you have asked for.
          It gives me sincere pleasure to hear that Lincoln continues well as I am sure it will
            do the family at Mount Vernon who must remain there until it is known what Congress will
            do; for ’till then I move like a snail with every thing on my back.
          I do not yet know whether I shall get a substitute for William:
            nothing short of excellent qualities & a man of good appearance, would induce me to
            do it. and under my present view of the matter too, who would employ himself otherwise
            than William did—that is as a Butler as well as a Valette for my wa⟨nts⟩ of the latter
            are so trifling that any man (as Willm was) would soon be ruined by idleness who had
            only them to attend to—Having given these ideas—if your time will permit I should be
            glad if you would touch the man upon the strings I have mentioned—probe his character
            deeper—say what his age appearance & Country is—what are his expectations & how
            he should be communicated with, if, upon a thorough investigation of matters you should
            be of opinion he would answer my purposes well for Kennedy is too little acquainted with
            the arrangement of a Table, & too stupid for a Butler, to be continued if I could
            get a better.
          I once more, & I suppose for the last time before you sail, bid you adieu; my best
            wishes wherever you go will accompany you, for with much truth I am Your sincere friend
            & Affecte Servant

            Go: Washington