Title: From George Washington to the Continental Navy Board, 27 October 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Continental Navy Board

Gentn
15th Mile Stone on the Skippack Road [Pa.] Oct. 27—77

The more I reflect upon the evil that may arise from the Enemy’s possessing themselves of our unfinished Frigates up the Delaware, the more convinced I am of the indispensable obligation we are under to prevent it, effectually. If no other method could be devised, I should be for absolutely burning them; but scuttling & sinking them with; or without Ballast, as those who are best acquainted with the difficulties of raising them in either State, at this Season may determine will, in my judgment answer the end.
we all know that the Enemy have made one vigorous (tho unsuccessful) effort to dispossess us of our Forts, and drive off our Vessels, which defend the Cheveaux de frieze in the River—we know also, that besides having the Delaware Frigate, they are busily employed in preparing two other large Armd Vessells at the City—If in addition to these, they should by Surprize, or force, obtain the Frigates above Bordentown, and bring the whole in aid of their Ships in a general attack upon our little Fleet (thus surrounded) we may, but too easily without the spirit of divination foretell the consequences. their destruction will be certain & inevitable.
At present, these Frigates are of no use to us, whilst the hands are greatly wanted. considered therefore in this point of view, simply, the measure proposed, in my opinion, is highly expedient; and under the prevailing Sentiment that the Enemy cannot hold Phila. unless their Shipping get up, it appears absolutely necessary.
The fatal consequences which may result from suffering the Frigates to fall into the Enemys hands, are too obvious to need more arguments to prove them, and when it is considered of how little importance they are to us in their present Situation prudence requires that they should be so disposed of as to be hereafter useful; and out of the way of being destroyed by the Enemy or being rendered serviceable to them.
Upon the whole, I take the liberty of delivering it to you as my clear opinion, that the Frigates ought to be immediately, and with the utmost secrecy, sunk, either with, or without Ballast (so as to make it next to impossible to raise them without Mens diving, either to unlade, or fix

their purchases) and that their Crews should be sent down to the Fleet below, where Sailors are exceedingly wanted.
If I have stepped out of the line of my duty to make this request, I am persuaded you will excuse it when I add, that the good of the Service not only in my judgment, but in that of others, absolutely requires it to be carried into execution. I have the honr to be Gentn Yr Most Obedt H. Sert

Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to the Continental Navy Board, 27 October 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Continental Navy Board

Gentlemen
Head Quarters [Whitpain Township, Pa.] 27th October 1777

I this morning recd your favr of the 26th. I refer you to a letter which I wrote you a few hours ago urging the necessity of scutling the Frigates immediately. I then imagined that there were a considerable number of seamen on Board of them, but since I have seen the Returns, I think the necessity more pressing. The people on board could not defend them against a couple of armed Boats. An intelligent lad from Philada says they have been bringing seamen and flat Boats from the Fleet below, and it is more than probable that they may have their Eye upon the Frigates above, I therefore would advise you to sink not only them immediately upon the Rect of this, but every other Vessel capable of being converted into an armed Vessel. The smaller craft and flat Boats that are not wanted to transport troops occasionally to be carried as high up the Creeks and River as possible. The soldiers that were on board the Frigates to be sent under the care of an officer to join their Regiments and the few seamen down to our Fleet. If those Watermen that you mention who are on board private Vessels could be prevailed upon by any means to serve in our fleet till the Frost, it would answer a very valuable purpose, and rather than miss of them I would offer handsome terms. but not so much as to occasion jealousy & uneasiness in these already in Service.


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General David Forman, 27 October 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Forman, David

Dear Sir
Head Quarters [Whitpain Township, Pa.] 27th October 1777

I am glad to find by yours of the 26th that you had arrived at Red Bank, and I hope from your exertions in that quarter that the Militia will be induced to come out. I take the Body of Men, that have been seen crossing schuylkill, to be a covering party to the Waggons going down for a Convoy of Stores and provisions provided they did not cross to Billingsport as they have a road leading over province and Tinicum Islands to the Mouth of Derby Creek, at which place they debark their provisions &ca. The possession of Red Bank is a thing of so much importance to the Enemy, that I am confident they will leave nothing untried to make themselves Masters of it. I have ordered a considerable reinforcement from hence, who are only waiting for the Weather to clear up. In the mean time, I beg you will assemble every Man you can, and after throwing as many into the fort as will be sufficient for the Works, post the others in some convenient place to fall upon the Enemy in the Rear should they set down to invest it. Be pleased to keep me constantly advised of any movements of the Enemy. I am Dr sir yrs &c.

⟨G. W——n⟩


Title: From George Washington to Commodore John Hazelwood, 27 October 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Hazelwood, John

Sir
Head Quarters [Whitpain Township, Pa.] 27th October 1777

I am very apprehensive that the Enemy are preparing armed Boats, floating Batteries and Fire Rafts at Philada with an intent to fall down upon your fleet when they are finished. The Delaware Frigate will be of the greatest Advantage to them in covering their smaller Vessels should they attack you. In my opinion there is much greater danger from an attack of this kind, than one directly in your front, because there you have the Chevaux de frize as a defence. I therefore would

suggest the expediency of making an attempt to destroy the Frigate and what other preparations they are making, by surprise. I will not pretend to point out the mode to you who must be much better acquainted with things of this kind than I can possibly be, but if you think it can be done no means should be left untried to effect it. I am &c.

P.S. Could not the Frigate be fired as she lays at Anchor in a dark Night.


Title: From George Washington to Samuel Washington, 27 October 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Washington, Samuel

Dear Brother,
Phila. County [Pa.] Octr 27th 77.

Your Letter by my Nephew Thornton, begun on the 20th of last Mo. and ended the 22d came safe to my hands. I am very glad Colo. Lewis purchased a Lott or two for me at the Warm Springs, as it was always my Intention to become a Proprietor there if a Town should be laid off at that place. Two Lotts is not more than I wish’d to possess, but if he is altogether disappointed, and cannot be otherwise supplied, I will, under those circumstances, part with one of mine—of this you will inform him; and I shall not only depend upon, but thank, & pay you chearfully, for the Improvements which are necessarily erected for the saving of the Lotts. As I do not know what Sort of Buildings the Act of Assembly requires to save the Lotts, I can give no directions about them; but, if I hold both Lotts which I had rather do I would reserve the best spott for a tolerable convenient dwelling House to be built hereafter. and, if a House which may (hereafter) serve for a Kitchen, together with a Stable, would be sufficient to save the Lotts, they might be so placed as to appear uniform & clever, when the whole are finished, and in that case, content myself with building for the present no more than the Kitchen and Stable.
I shall take an oppertunity of speaking to Genl Woodford (who is just returned to Camp) on that part of your Letter which relates to Thornton; and if any thing can be done for him here, without going out of the common line (which I know you would not wish me to do, and thereby incur censure) I shall chearfully do it.
To recite at this time, the circumstances of the Ingagement of Brandy wine, which have been bandied about in all the News papers would be totally unnecessary—almost equally so, would it be, to say any thing at this time, of the subsequent Ingagement on the 4th Instt wch had every appearance (after a contest of two hours and 40 Minutes) of deciding in our favour, till some thing, to this moment unaccounted for, determined it otherwise. The glorious, & fortunate surrender of

Genel Burgoynes whole Army you have doubtless heard of. as an additional piece of good News. I can inform you that on the 22d Instt a body of 1200 Hessians undertook to storm one of the Forts (called Mercer at red bank) erected for the defence of the Cheveaux de frieze in the Delaware, in which attempt they were repulsed, & retreated precipitately, after leaving upwards of 200 Men dead, & badly wounded on the spot, together with Count Donop their chief and several other valuable Officers. their total loss in killed & wounded, on this occasion, does, by the best accts we can get, amount to between four and five hundred Men. the next Morning, the Enemy’s Ships that had passed the lower Cheveaux de frieze, together with their Batteries on the Pensylvania side (Fort Mercer being on the Jersey shore) began a most furious Canonade on Fort Mifflin which is placed on a small Island in the River nearly opposite to Fort Mercer, and on our little Fleet wch was posted for the defence of the Cheveaux de frieze, and after an incessant and most tremendous fire of Six hours retreated with the loss of a 64 Gun Ship and a frigate both of which were burnt. Our loss on both these occasions was trifling; at Fort Mercer in killed and wounded between 30 and 40 Men; at Fort Mifflin & on board the Galleis much less. since then the Enemy have been pretty quiet; but using every means to make themselves Masters of the River.
The Situation of the two Armies is shortly this—The Enemy are in Phila.—& we hovering round them, to distress & retard their operations as much as possible—a Letter is too uncertain a conveyance for me to say any thing further of the governing principles of our own. Genl Sir Henry Clinton’s expedition up the North River will, if it has not already done so, end (if not in Smoke) in the burning and destroying of Mills, Gentlemens Seats, and the Villages adjacent to the River. strong evidence of their diabolical designs, and despair!
Remember me kindly to Mr Warner Washington and Family, and to other enquiring friends—& be assured that I am with every sentiment of Brotherly love Yr Affecte

Go: Washington

P.S. I Inclose you a list of the Prisoners, & Artillery, taken in the Northern Department this Campaign—where at least 12,000 Militia had Assembled in aid of the Continental Troops, and stopd the only Road by which Burgoyne could retreat whilst this Government which alone could afford that Number, with difficulty could get out any. and left me to struggle on as well as I could with Continental Troops—for before a Second set of Militia could be got, the first were always gone by which means we could never collect a respectable body at once. Yrs &ca

G. W——n


Title: General Orders, 28 October 1777
From: Washington, George
To:

Head-Quarters, Whitpain Township [Pa.] Octr 28th 1777.
Parole Middleton.C. Signs Newbury. Oxford.

The Honorable Congress have been pleased to promote Brigadiers General Robert Howe, and Alexander McDougall, to the rank of Majors General in the service of The United States.
The ranks of the Captains and Subalterns in Colonel Malcom’s regiment are to be established, as settled the 19th instant by Cols. Ogden & Spencer, and Lieut. Col. Brearly.
Capt. McGowen is appointed to do the duty of Brigade Major, in the brigade late De-Haas’s, and is to be respected as such.


Title: From George Washington to Lieutenant Colonel John Green, 28 October 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Green, John

Sir,
Head Quarters [Whitpain Township, Pa.] Octr 28th 1777

Colonel Arendt writes me, that the state of his health will make it absolutely necessary for him, to withdraw himself awhile from the Garrison. I am apprehensive, that during his absence, there may arise some difficulty about the command between you and Lt Col. Smith; as it is uncertain which of your Commissions is oldest, and cannot now be easily determined. The good of the service however requires, that disputes of such a nature should be waved, and as Lt Col. Smith had originally the command of the post, has been longer in it, and may be supposed to have more thoroughly considered every circumstance of its defence, than one who has been less time there; these are arguments, with me, in the present uncertainty, respecting rank, that it should be waved in his favour. I have no doubt that they will have their full weight with you when duly considered, and that you will readily avoid any difference about punctilios, when the advancement of the service, in the least degree, may seem to require it. Relying upon this, I flatter myself

you will chearfully acquiesce in Colonel Smiths command, in the absence of the Baron, and that there will be the most perfect harmony subsisting between you. I am Sir Your most Obedt servt.


Title: From George Washington to Commodore John Hazelwood, 28 October 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Hazelwood, John

Sir
Head Quarters [Whitpain Township, Pa.] 28th October 1777

In consequence of your representation of the Weakness of your Fleet, I have order’d a return of Sailors in the Army to be made to me, & find they amount to more than 100, which will March with a Detachment for the Forts, as soon as the weather will permit. This Reinforcment, I expect, will amply Supply your wants, & enable you to give every assistance to the Forts that can be reasonably expected from you, & as their Strength will be greatly augmented, it is my most earnest desire, that every mode may be adopted, by which your force may be brought to Co-opperate against the designs & approaches of the Enemy. & that a mutual Confidence & perfect understanding may chearfully take place.
the Ammunition which you have & will receive is to be considered sent for the use of the whole, & distributed Accordingly.
As there is a greater possibility that the reduction of the Forts might be effected by surprize than any other means you will see the necessity of giving them every Aid by your Gondolas & Guard Boats as may effectually prevent any mischance of this kind. I am &C.

G.W.


Title: From George Washington to Lieutenant Colonel Samuel Smith, 28 October 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Smith, Samuel

Sir
Head Quarters [Whitpain Township, Pa.] 28th October 1777

I am favd with yours of the 26th. As there seems to be a doubt of the priority of the date of your or Lt Colonel Greens Comms. I have, in a letter of this date, desired him to wave the matter in dispute for the present, and act under your command, as you have been in the Fort from the Beginning and must be better acquainted with the nature of the defences than a stranger.
I have ordered a very handsome detatchment for the reinforcement of Forts Mifflin and Mercer and the Gallies they have been ready since yesterday but the weather has been such, that they could not march. When they arrive, the duty will not be so severe, and if the men that you carried down at first can possibly be spared they shall be releived. I will send them down necessaries out of the first that arrive from Lancaster. You seem to have mistaken the Commodores meaning. From

his letter I understand that he will always assist you whenever it is in his power. He tells you that in rough Weather his Gallies and armed Boats cannot live and therefore guards you against expecting much assistance from them at such times. I beg you of all things, not to suffer any Jealousies between the land and sea service to take place. Consider that your mutual security depends upon acting perfectly in concert. I have wrote to Colo. Green to afford you every possible assistance from Red Bank till the reinforcement gets down. I have the greatest hopes that this storm of Rain and Wind at N.E. will overflow all the enemy’s lower works upon province Island and ruin the new Roads they have been making. I recommend every attention to you and I hope a glorious success will reward your exertions. I am &c.

P.S. Keep the Banks of province Island constantly cut and you will embarrass the Enemy excessively. Do not mention any thing of the expectation of a reinforcement lest the Enemy take means to intercept them.


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General James Mitchell Varnum, 28 October 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Varnum, James Mitchell

Sir,
Head Quarters [Whitpain Township, Pa.] October 28th 1777

You are, as soon as the weather will permit, to proceed to Woodberry with the Brigade under your command. Your most convenient route will be from this to Bristol, thence to Mount Holly, thence to

Haddonfield and thence to the place of your destination. You will be circumspect on your march, to prevent being surprised or intercepted. The design of your expedition is to aid and give greater security to the garrisons at Red-bank and Fort Mifflin for which purpose you will punctually cooperate with them. General Foreman will be in the neighbourhood of Red bank at the head of a body of Jersey Militia; as he will be there for the same end, that you are to be, a cooperation between you and him, will be also requisite.
I cannot delineate particularly the line of conduct you are to observe. I leave it to your own discretion to be adapted to circumstances. These general ideas, I would, however, throw out; That you are in conjunction with the Jersey Militia, to give the garrisons all the assistance and relief in your power. That as the men in them must be greatly harrassed by labor and watching, and in need of rest and refreshment, you are to send detachments, from time to time to releive and replace an equal number from the garrisons, who are during the interval to remain and act with you. That you are occasionally to reinforce them with additional numbers, as they may stand in need of it. That, in case of an attack upon or investiture of Red-bank, you are to act upon the rear or flanks of the enemy; not to throw your troops into the Fort, except such reinforcements from them, as may really be wanted, in defence of the works.
Woodberry I have pitched upon as a general station from its nearness to the forts, and the greater facility there will be, on that account, to answer in common, the ends proposed. On any approach of the enemy towards you, you are to take such a situation, as shall seem to you most eligible.
I hope it is unnecessary to caution you to be, in every circumstance, upon your guard against surprises. At Woodberry, you will be between two creeks—if you can draw any security from this, by breaking down bridges, or otherwise, so as to render the march of the enemy, in approaching you, more circuitous, it will be an advantage worth improving. I am Sir Your most humble servant

Go: Washington

P.S. In case you should find it necessary to send a reinforcemt of Artillery-men into Red-bank; you are not to send Capt. Lee with them, because Capt. Du Plessis services merit, and, it is my wish, he should not be superceded in the command of the Artillery there, which would happen, should Capt. Lee go into the Garrison being an older officer.


Title: From George Washington to Thomas Wharton, Jr., 28 October 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Wharton, Thomas Jr.

Sir,
Head Quarters [Whitpain Township, Pa.] 28th October 1777.

I have the honor of yours of the 24th and am obliged by the attention, which you have paid to my request for a further aid of militia. I hope there will be no difficulty in assembling the number demanded, at a time, when there is the most favorable appearance of being able to rid their country of their oppressors, by their assistance. I trust no exertions will be wanting on the part of yourself and the Gentlemen of the Council to hasten them into the field. I have the honor to be Sir Your most obt Servt

Go: Washington

P.S. Be pleased to have the enclosed proclamation printed and published.


Title: General Orders, 29 October 1777
From: Washington, George
To:

Head Quarters, Whitpain Township [Pa.] Octobr 29th 1777.
Parole Norfolk.C. Signs Norwich. Norton.

The seamen returned in General Muhlenberg’s, Weedon’s, Woodford’s, Scotts, 2nd Maryland and McDougall’s brigades, are to have by them, three day’s provisions ready cooked, and hold themselves ready to march at the shortest notice.
After Orders. The ammunition of each brigade is to be inspected without the least delay, and reports of the state of it made immediately.


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General David Forman, 29 October 1777
From: Forman, David
To: Washington, George

Sir
Mr Ladds Near Red Bank [N.J.] 29th October 1777

Your Excelys favr of the 27th was handed me This afternoon, previous to my rect of it I had given orders to several of The Militia officers of This part of The Country to Assemble Their men—and have used my endevours with Genl Newcomb to obtain a return of The men it is said he has Assembled That They might be put on some Duty either in The Garrisons or on some out guards—But the Genl Absolutely refuses to render me any Acct of him self or his men—that I am not able to Inform your Excely whether Genl Newcomb really has or has not any men Assembled.
The Excessive rainy weather has prevented The Troops from Monmouth and Burlington Comeing forward as fast as I could have wished—They are however some of Them This day Advanced as far as haddon field and will in The Morning be down When I will Immediately incorporate Them with The Two Garrisons—They will not be equal to These wants, yet They will be a feeling reinforcement—had it not been for The Excessive rains for some Days past I should have had more men Collected Then woold have been Necessary to man Red Bank and Fort Mifflin; and yet Think I Could be able to Collect a respectable body of Militia was I able to overcome The Obstinacy of or to Displace Genl Newcomb.
from The best information I can Collect he has at no time given any assistance either to The Garrisons or the fleet—particularly in The late Attack on red Bank he neither harrassed The Enemy in Their Advanc, During The Assault or in Their retreat.
he Thinks himself only Accountable to The Govr and Major Genl

Dickinson—I should be glad of your Excely directions respecting my treatment of him.
On Sunday Last a Number of Marines and High landers Landed at Billings Port—and have been Imployd in Throwing up a five gun Battery on The water side below the Bank as we suppose to prevent our Gally men geting The Guns and provisions out of The Two Ship of war that ware blown up the Day of the Attack on The Chevaux De frize—The Deserters and prisoners Differ in Their Accts of Their Numbers, some of Them say Three or four hundered others say not more Then 150.
The Late rain and Winds have Occasioned an Uncommon high Tide, all The Meadowes are under Water, and I am Sorry to inform your Excely that we have much reason to fear Fort Miflin will receive Very Considerable Dammage.
One of The Enemies Bridges of Boats over Scheuylkill has broak loose in the Deluge and Drifted off—A very Considerable part of it is allready brought under red Bank, and at sundown when I left The Fort The row Gally men were going after The remainder.
at Two OClock This day a Number of The British Troops (by Estimation 1000) ware seen Crossing The Mouth of Schoolkill to province Island & for a Considerable Time stood paradeed on The hill round the Pest House—(The only Dry ground in that Nebourhood,) a small mist prevented our observing where They afterward went to—The Troops that I mentioned to have Crossed on Sunday, we have heard nothing of since—but Think it highly probable They returned.
from The spirits of The Garrison at red Bank The reinforcements your Excely mentions sending and the Militia that I flatter my self I shall raise I hope we shall be able to give a good Acct of The Enemy should They make a Second Attempt on This post—allthough This post is of great Importance to Them—I Cannot belive They will Dare to send a Very Considerable body of Men to invest it—Least They Lay Thir grand Army too open to An Attac from your Excely.
We have The pleasure to hear that your Excely has recd The Articles of Caputilation of Genl Burgoins Army—I beg leave most Heartily to Congratulate your Excely on pleasing appearance of our affairs. I have The Honr to be Your Excelys Most obedt Hume Servt

David Forman


Title: To George Washington from Patrick Henry, 29 October 1777
From: Henry, Patrick
To: Washington, George

Sir,
Williamsburg, October 29th 1777.

The Regiment of Artillery commanded by Colonel Charles Harrison, is yet in this State. They have been detained here under leave of Congress to do Duty at Portsmouth and York, near which Plaice the Enemy’s Ships of War have been long hovering. At present, seven Men of War & three large Transports or provision Vessels, are in and near Hampton Road. The Troops of the State are so few, that the Defence of our Maritime places will be precarious in the Absence of that Regiment. Militia must in that Case be chiefly depended on, and their Skill in Managing Cannon promises nothing effectual. But, reflecting on the necessity there may be of reinforcing the Army under your Excellency’s Command, I trouble you with this, entreating you will be pleased to tell me whether that Regiment will be a desirable Aid to you. If it is, perhaps Inoculation ought to be set about immediately. With the highest Regard I am Sir Your mo. Obedt Hble Servt

P. Henry


Title: Questions for Captain Allen McLane, 29 October 1777
From: Washington, George
To: McLane, Allen

[c.29 October 1777]

1st  What number of troops supposed to be in Genl Howe’s Army, and how disposed of?
2d  What works thrown up in and about the City, & what cannon in them?
3d  Have any detachments been made over to Jersey, & for what purpose?

4th  How many men have they sent over there, & how many pieces of Cannon?
5th  What kind of cannon, whether field pieces or larger Cannon?
6th  What preparations are they making on the water, are they fitting out Ships, Gallies, fire rafts, or floating batteries?
7th  Do they think they can stay in Philadelphia, if their shipping cannot pass the forts?
8th  Are they resolved to make any farther attempts on both the Forts or either of them, and in what way, whether by storm or siege?
9th  Can you discover whether they will attempt anything against the Forts and where? Observe carefully the preparations making on the river, and along the wharves, it is of great importance to know the time or near it.
10th  Is there any talk of leaving Philada and by what route, observe carefully what they are doing with their waggons, whether their baggage is packed up, and what directions their waggons receive?
11th  Are the Tories, and friends of the British Army, under much apprehensions of their leaving Town, and what preparations are they making to remove themselves, or their effects?
12th  For what purpose is it understood, the bridge is thrown over the middle ferry, and what force is kept on the West side of the Schuylkill?
13th  Has the bridge been injured by the late storm, or is it passable?
14th  Where are the Grenadiers, Light Infantry, and Rangers, and are they making any preparations to move?
15th  What number of men are sent over to Carpenters, and province Islands, and how often are they relieved?
16th  In what condition are those banks since the late rain—Can waggons and Carriages pass, so as to transport provisions and Stores from the Ships to the Town.
17th  In what condition are the Troops for provisions, and in what articles is there the greatest scarcity?
18th  How are the Inhabitants situated for provisions?
19th  What impression has the news of Genl Burgoyne’s surrender made on the British Army?
20th  Is there any conversation in the British Army, or among the Inhabitants, of Genl Howe’s coming out to meet Genl Washington?
21st  What is the British Army now employed about? Note carefully the prices of every thing.
22d  Does continental money rise or fall in value, in the Town?
23d  Can you learn whether there are any preparations making or any intentions to go up the Delaware, to burn the Frigates & Vessels there?

24th  Find out what duty the Soldiers do, and whether they are contented, How many nights in the week, are they in bed?
25th  Enquire particularly into the treatment of the prisoners, in the new Goal, so that if necessary you make oath of it!
26th  Do they compel any to enlist by starving or otherwise ill treating them?
27th  Find out how far the redoubts between Delaware and Schylkill are apart, and whether there are lines, or abattis between the redoubts.


Title: To George Washington from Major General Stirling, 29 October 1777
From: Stirling, Lord (né William Alexander)
To: Washington, George

Dear Sir
Reading [Pa.] October 29th 1777

After leaveing Potsgrove, I could not meet with any place where I could Conveniently put up ’till I came to this place, and I find myself so much better for the Rest I had here that I intend to set out for Camp again as soon I find the Roads are passable with a Carriage; On Saturday last I sent off to Camp an Officer with 64 Men fit for Duty, there remain in this place 244 Wounded, 63 Sick & 57 Convalessents in a very few days near 100 More of them may be sent to Camp. I am your Excellency’s Most Obedient Humble Servant

Stirling,

Poor Smith D.A.G. is dead of his Wound
Leiut. Baylor recovering fast
Major Clow very Ill
Leiut. Randolph better

P.S. I take the Liberty of encloseing a Memorandum of a few thoughts which have Occurred to me, for your Excellency’s peruseal.


Title: From George Washington to Major General Philemon Dickinson, 30 October 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Dickinson, Philemon

Dear sir
Head Quarters [Whitpain Township, Pa.] 30th Octr 1777

your favor of 26th Instant, covering Governor Livingstons Letter to you, I receiv’d last evening; by which I observe he does not think himself authoriz’d to give you the necessary orders respecting a Compliance with my requisition.
General Foreman has been at Red bank some days & has collected a small number of Men there, I have heard nothing of Genl Newcomb for some time past Genl Foreman writes me that he has issued Orders to him, to Join him without loss of time, with all the men he can possibly raise, which, it seems, he has hitherto neglected notwithstanding my most pressing admonitions to him on this Head.
If upon the Arrival of Genl Winds you find that the time for which his men were rais’d, is nearly expir’d, it will not answer any valuable purpose for him to proceed with them unless you think they might be replaced there.
The Terms of Genl Burgoynes surrender came to my hands a few days since. I am &c.

G.W.


Title: From George Washington to Major General Horatio Gates, 30 October 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Gates, Horatio

Sir
Camp near White Marsh 15 Miles from Philadelphia Octobr 30: 1777

By this Opportunity, I do myself the pleasure to congratulate you on the signal success of the Army under your command, in compelling Genl Burgoyne and his whole force, to surrender themselves, prisoners

of War. An Event that does the highest honor to the American Arms, and which, I hope will be attended with the most extensive and happy consequences. At the same time, I cannot but regret, that a matter of such magnitude and so interesting to our General Operations, should have reached me by report only, or through the channel of Letters not bearing that authenticity, which the importance of it required, and which it would have received by a line under your signature, stating the simple fact.
Our affairs having happily terminated at the Northward, I have, by the advice of my Genl Officers, sent Colo. Hamilton, One of my aids, to lay before you a full state of our situation, and that of the Enemy in this Quarter. He is well informed upon the subject, and will deliver my Sentiments upon the plan of Operations, that is now necessary to be pursued. I think it improper to enter into a particular detail, not knowing how matters are circumstanced on the North River, and fearing that by some accident, my Letter might miscarry. From Colo. Hamilton you will have a clear and comprehensive view of things, and I persuade myself, you will do every thing in your power to facilate the Objects, I have in contemplation. I am Sir Your Most Obed. Servt

Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Hamilton, 30 October 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Hamilton, Alexander (Lieutenant Colonel)

Dear Sir
Head Quarters Philada County [Pa.] 30th October 1777

It having been judged expedient by the Members of a Council of War held yesterday, that one of the Gentlemen of my family should be sent to Genl Gates in order to lay before him the State of this Army, and the Situation of the Enemy, and to point out to him the many happy Consequences that will accrue from an immediate reinforcement being sent from the Northern Army; I have thought it proper to appoint you to that duty, and desire that you will immediately set out for Albany, at which place or in the neighbourhood, I imagine you will find Genl Gates.
You are so fully acquainted with the two principal points on which you are sent, namely the State of our Army, and the Situation of the Enemy, that I Shall not enlarge on those Heads; What you are chiefly to attend to, is to point out in the Clearest and fullest manner, to Genl Gates, the absolute necessity that there is for his detaching a very considerable

part of the Army at present under his Command to the reinforcement of this; A measure that will in all probability reduce Genl Howe to the same situation in which Genl Burgoine now is, should he attempt to remain in Philadelphia without being able to remove the obstructions in Deleware, & opening a free communication with his Shipping.
The force which the Members of the Council of War judge it safe and expidient to draw down at present, are the three New Hampshire, and Fifteen Massachusetts Regiments, with Lee’s and Jacksons two of the 16 Aditionals. But it is more than probable that Genl Gates may have destined part of those Troops to the reduction of Ticonderoga, should the Enemy not have evacuated it, or to the garrisoning of it, if they Should, in that case, the reinforcement will vary according to Circumstances; but, if possible, let it be made up to the same Number out of other Corps.
If, upon your meeting with Genl Gates, you should find that he intends in Consequence of his Success to employ the Troops under his Command upon some expedition by the prosecution of which the common cause will be more benefitted than by their being sent down to reinforce this Army, it is not my wish to give any interruption to the plan. But if he should have nothing more in contemplation than those particular objects which I have mention’d to you, and which it is unnecessary to commit to paper, in that case you are to inform him that it is my desire that the reinforcements before mentioned or such part of them as can be safely spared, be immediately put in motion to join this Army.
I have understood that Genl Gates has already detached Nixons & Glovers Brigades to join Genl Putnam, and Genl Dickinson informs me, Sr Henry Clinton has come down the River with his whole force. If this be a fact, you are to desire Genl Putnam to send the two Brigades forward with the greatest expedition, as there can be no occasion for them there.
I expect you will meet Colo: Morgans Corps upon their way downe, if you do, let them know how essential their services are to us, and desire the Colo. or Commanding Officer to hasten their March as much as it is consistent with the health of the Men, after their late fatigues.
Let me hear from you when you reach the North River, and upon your arrival at Albany. I wish you a pleasent Journey And am Dr Sir your Most Obt Servant

Go: Washington

P.S. I ordered the detatchments belonging to Genl Mcdougalls Division to come forward. If you meet them direct those belonging to

Green’s, Angells, Chandlers and Durgees Regt not to cross Delaware but to proceed to Red Bank.


Title: To George Washington from Patrick Henry, 30 October 1777
From: Henry, Patrick
To: Washington, George

Dear Sir
Wmsburgh Octr 30th 1777

My great Anxiety for the Success of the american Arms under your Command, induces me to trouble you with this. Accounts from the Camp are so various & contradictory, that I know not what to rely on. If the Weight of public Affairs, under which you hav so long labor’d will permit, a few Lines will be most welcome to me.
Altho’ it seems impossible to inlist continental Recruits here, yet the Zeal of our Country men is great & general in the public Cause. I wish some proper Exertions of that Spirit were wisely directed to the general Good. A Hint from you may lead to something important at a Time like this when most People seem at a Loss to fix on the most effectual Means of prosecuting the War vigorously. The Assembly is now sitting, & I shall take pleasure in communicating to them any Matters you judge proper for their Attention. I beg Leave to assure your Excellency that with the most unfeign’d Respect & the highest Regard I am Dear Sir your most obedient Servant

P. Henry


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General James Potter, 30 October 1777
From: Potter, James
To: Washington, George

Sir
Darbey [Pa.] Octr 30th 1777 3 oClock

I have been Round all the ferreys, and taking a vew of Carpanters Island the enemy sent over to the Island a large Reinforcement yesterday, all the meddows are under watter and the breches we maid are all opned there Bridge is Carreyed off by the flud, a part of it is on this side of the River which I have just H[e]ard of at this place, and I will go Immedatly and destroy it. I will do everey thing in my power to prevent there Gating a Bridge across again, and live in hopes that your excelancey will send over some Cannan and men to command the ferreys I am of opinion that if the communication between the enemy and there shiping was cut off the wold be so[o]n oblidged to move there Quarters, this night I will cut places in the Banks that has not been opened yet, and I am In hops it will be Imposable for them to get any provision by Rodalphe ferrey in Hast. I am your excelanceys Humble Servant

Ja’s Potter


Title: To George Washington from Lieutenant Colonel Samuel Smith, 30 October 1777
From: Smith, Samuel
To: Washington, George

Sir.
Fort Mifflin [Pa.] 30th Oct. 1777.

I received your Excellency’s favor of the 28th. I am happy to hear of a sufficient reinforcement. If they arrive in time I have no doubt we shall keep the fort. The enemy have been afloat for three days. The weather must have done them much harm. Their bridge on Schuylkill broke, and we secured 12 of their boats with the planks on them which composed part of the bridge. This must stop, whatever were their intentions, for some time. Their howitz. are now up to their hobs in water, altho’ they have themselves cut two large places near their works to let it run out; they are obliged to wade knee deep to mount their guards; however, they still seem determined to keep their works. ’Tis very difficult to keep open the banks of the Island. From their fires I am inclined to believe they have Sentries all along the banks. At low water it is very difficult to land, and at high water we cannot cut deep enough. However, we shall attempt it, and perhaps we may discover some method of raising the Seige. This night we intend cutting down the causeway which leads from the ferry wharf to our barracks, which will effectually hinder them from making a lodgement there, and impede them if they attempt a landing. I shall do everything in my power to keep in amity with the navy. Last night was quite calm. We had no guard. However, when the gallies are manned by soldiers, then we may expect every assistance, and then the Fort will be impregnible. They may destroy the barracks, but never can take the Fort.
The Baron stays near Red Bank, and will return whenever his indisposition

will permit him, ’till then I shall take the command. I have the honor to be, Your Excellency’s M. O. S.


Title: From George Washington to Thomas Wharton, Jr., 30 October 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Wharton, Thomas Jr.

Sir
Head Quarters [Whitpain Township, Pa.] Octr 30th 1777

I am this day honor’d with your Letter of 26th Instant previous to which I had given some orders respecting the subject of it, upon a Complaint made to me by one of the Commissaries, of the Enormous price to which Liquors had been rais’d in the Country occasion’d principally by the Suttlers who resort our Camp. I shall now have this matter more fully enquir’d into, & adopt such measures as I shall judge most expedient for the immediate Suppression of this Evil, which, when determin’d on shall be communicated to you. I have the Honor to be &c.


Title: General Orders, 31 October 1777
From: Washington, George
To:

Head Quarters, Whitpain Township [Pa.] October 31st 1777.
Parole Brookfield.C. Signs Blandford. Blenheim.

Richard Platt and Ranald Stephen McDougall Esqrs. are appointed Aids-de-Camp to Major General McDougall, and are to be respected as such.
The Deputy Quarter Masters General are to make a return to the Qr Mr General’s office, of all equipage, and stores, waggons &c.—in their respective divisions—the returns to be made to morrow morning at 9 o’clock.
The Commander in Chief approves the following sentences of a General Court Martial, of the Brigade of horse, held the 24th instant, of which Col. Bland was president—vizt.
Col. Moylan charged with “Disobedience of the orders of Genl Pulaski—a cowardly and ungentlemanlike action in striking Mr Zielinski, a Gentleman, and officer in the polish service when disarmed; and putting him under guard; and giving irritating language to Genl Pulaski

”—The Court were of opinion that Col. Moylan was not guilty, and therefore acquitted him of the charges exhibited against him.
Col. Moylan is discharged from arrest.
Some doubts having arisen with regard to the order of promotions, The Commander in Chief thinks it expedient again to declare, that promotions shall be regimental, as high as the rank of Captains inclusively—All from that rank in the line of the state: But subject nevertheless to such exceptions, as merit or unworthiness shall render just and proper, agreeably to the General Orders, formerly issued at Middlebrook, on this head.


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General David Forman, 31 October 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Forman, David

Sir
Head Quarters [Whitpain Township, Pa.] 31 October 1777.

Your Complaints respecting the Conduct of Brigadr Genl Newcomb, give me the more concern at this time, as such backwardness and unwillingness to fulfil the Duties of his Station as have been laid to his Charge, might at this juncture have been attended with the most pernicious Consequences—as you have been a witness of his Misconduct you will be a very proper person to make a pointed Representation of it to those in Authority who have a right to take cognisance of it—I

shall do the same—The appearance of such a reinforcement as has lately been sent from this Army will perhaps induce the Militia to assemble with greater Readiness than they have discover’d hitherto—I have no doubt of the continuance of your Zeal and Efforts to collect a respectable body, and your Success will be the more probable as some of the obstacle to it are now removd.
If the Battery which you say is raising be intended to annoy the Galleys that are fishing up the Spoils of the Augusta—it wd be proper to restrain the Crews from exposing themselves in dragging for Cannon which they may get up hereafter without risk—much more so, if their object be only the plunder of Seamens Chests &ca.
If the work abovementioned be a Simple Battery, it may be practicable to surprise and attack it in Reverse, at little or no Expence—this you will duly consider and act accordingly—for we are not to exceed the limits of defensive war, unless some very favorable opportunity be offerd.


Title: From George Washington to Capt. Henry Lee, 31 October 1777 [letter not found]
From: Washington, George
To: Lee, Henry Jr.

Letter not found: to Capt. Henry Lee, Jr., c.31 Oct. 1777. Lee’s letter to GW of 31 Oct. is docketed in part “Ansd.”


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General James Potter, 31 October 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Potter, James

Sir
Head Quarters [Whitpain Township, Pa.] 31st October 1777

As soon as the Schuylkill is fordable, I shall send over a large body of Militia to you, for the purpose of executing some particular matters. The principal are, to endeavour to break up the Road by which the enemy have a communication with their shipping over the Islands if it is practicable and to remove the running Stones from the Mills in the neighbourhood of Chester and Wilmington. This last, I would have you undertake immediately with your present force, as I have information that the Enemy are about making a detachment to Wilmington, probably with an intent to take post there, and secure the use of the Mills. To execute this matter at once, you should impress a sufficient number of Waggons for the purpose, without letting any person know what they are for, and send them under good Officers with sufficient parties to the following Mills. Lloyd’s about two Miles on this side of Chester. Shaws about one Mile back of Chester. Robinson’s on Naamans Creek and the Brandywine Mills. If there are any others that I have not mentioned, contiguous to the River, they are also to be dismounted. Many of the Mills have spare runners, they must also be removed. The stones should be marked with Tar and grease or in some other manner, that it may [be] known to what Mills they belong, that they may be returned and made use of in future, And they should be moved to such distance that the Enemy cannot easily recover them. If there is any Flour in the Mills, it should be removed, if possible, after the Stones are secured. I am informed that there is considerable quantity in Shaw’s particularly, which there is reason to beleive is intended

for the Enemy. It is very convenient to the Navigation of Chester Creek and should therefore be first taken care of. I beg you may instantly set about this Work for the reason before mentioned. That no previous alarm may be given, let a certain day and a certain hour be fixed upon for the execution of the whole, at one time and even the Officers who are to do the Business should not know their destination till just before they set out, lest it should take wind.
I have yours of Yesterday afternoon and am glad to hear that the flood had done so much damage to the Meadows, endeavour by all means to keep the breaches open. When the party that I mentioned in the former part of my letter gets down, I hope you will be able to break up the dykes effectually. I am &c.

P.S. I have desired Capt. Lee of the light Horse to give you any assistance that you may want.


Title: From George Washington to Major General Israel Putnam, 31 October 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Putnam, Israel

Dear Sir
Head Quarters [Whitpain Township, Pa.] 31st October 1777

I am favd with yours of the 25th from Fishkill. Although you say that the Enemy have passed down by that place, you do not say whether they have gone entirely down and evacuated the Forts upon the River, but from the tenor of your letter I imagine they have. I shall be glad to be particularly informed of this in your next, and also whether you have heard with certainty of the reinforcement’s having gone from N. York to Genl Howe. We have a report that the Enemy have evacuated Rhode Island and returned to New York, but as it comes from no Authority, I shall be glad to be ascertained of the fact. If the Enemy have left the Forts be pleased to let me know whether they have carried off or damaged the Cannon.
I am glad to hear that Genl Gates was sending down a reinforcement to you, as they will not now be wanted by you, they will be so far upon

their way towards this Army, and I beg they may be sent forward with as much expedition as possible for the reasons given you in mine of Yesterday. I am &c.


Title: To George Washington from Major General Israel Putnam, 31 October 1777
From: Putnam, Israel
To: Washington, George

Dear Genl:
Fishkill [N.Y.] Octr 31st 1777

I congratulate your Excellency on the Success of your arms against the Enemy, in the attack made on Red Bank which Comes by letter from Col. Bidle—I have already informed you, by former letters, of the return of the Enemys fleet down the river—their having evacuated Peeks kill Fort mountgomery & their adjacent posts, after destroying the Cannon & demolishing the Forts, with an Evident design, as I conceive, to Send as Strong a reinforcement to Genl How as they possibly Can.
Genls Poors Warner Learnards Pattersons Brigades, Col. Van Schaiks Regt & Col. Morgans Riflemen, amounting in the whole to five thousand & Seven hundred men, inclusive of Col: Morgans Riflemen who are directed to march immediatly to join you are on their way here from the northward—which with the Troops, I before had amount to about nine thousand men exclusive of Col. Morgans, the artillerymen, & the militia from Connecticut & this State the greater part of which are dismissed. I understand likewise that a Considerable quantity of artillery is coming down—Inclosed is a Copy of the proceedings & advice of a Council of war held this day with respect to the disposition of the Troops here & that are expected Soon to arrive; which is Submitted to your future direction—to Crush Genl How I Consider a most Capital object—think it my duty to give you a particular account of the Strength & numbers of the Troops here & Expected, that you may be enabled to make Such regulations & orders as you Shall Judge necessary, in the best manner to Subserve our Important Cause—& annoy the Enemy. Genl Wind with Seven hundred Jersey militia are included in the above Computation. with the highest esteem & respect I have the Honor to be, your Excellencys, most obedt humble Servant

Israel Putnam


Title: To George Washington from Lt. Col. Samuel Smith, 31 October 1777 [letter not found]
From: Smith, Samuel
To: Washington, George

Letter not found: from Lt. Col. Samuel Smith, 31 Oct. 1777. GW wrote Smith on 1 Nov. that “I have this moment receiv’d your favor of Yesterday.”


Title: To George Washington from Charles Thomson, 31 October 1777
From: Thomson, Charles
To: Washington, George

Sir
York town [Pa.] Octr 31. 1777

As Mr Hancock took leave of Congress on Wednesday and yesterday set out on his way home to Boston, I have the honour to forward to you Copies of two letters this day received from general Gates and most heartily to congratulate you on the signal success with which providence has been pleased to bless our Arms.
Col. Wilkinson who brought the dispatches has not had time to sort and arrange his papers so as to lay before Congress an accurate account of the number of the enemy & the stores surrendred nor of the present state of our army in the northern department. He expects to be ready to lay them before Congress, tomorrow, after which you will, doubtless, have a more perfect account transmitted to you. I have the honour to be sr your obedient humble servt

Chas Thomson


Title: To George Washington from John Parke Custis, October 1777
From: Custis, John Parke
To: Washington, George

Hond Sir
[October 1777]

I have intended for several Letters past, but as often forgot It, to ask whether It would be agreabl⟨e⟩ to you, to admit Colo. Baylor a Partner in the Sha⟨re⟩ We have of the Privateer. He was very desirous to become an Adventurer, and I promised to acquaint you of It, but forgot It untill Now. The Share I own is divided into four Parts. Mr Lund Washington has one Fourth, the remaining three Fourths are divided between you & Myself. If you have no objections, I am willing to oblidge Colo. Baylor with a Fourth Part of the Share. I would not be understood by This, that I think I have a bad Bargain. on the contrary I think we have every reason to expect great Success. I propose It altogether to oblidge Colo. Baylor, as he was very disirous of being concernd in the Ship. if It is agreable to you, you will please to acquaint Colo. Baylor, that We shall look upon Him as a Partner, and that I should be glad to know on Whom I shall draw for his Proportion of the Expence: you will I hope Sir excuse this Liberty, and believe me Hond your ever Affecte

J. P. Custis


Title: General Orders, 1 November 1777
From: Washington, George
To:

Head-Quarters, Whitpain Township [Pa.] Nov: 1st 1777.
Parole NewtownC. Signs Reading. Stamford.

The Commissaries are directed to take all the liquors in the hands of the sutlers, at a reasonable price if they can agree, and if they cannot, the sutlers are to carry them away: And no sutler shall be allowed to continue in the camp after the 5th instant.
A General Court Martial of which General Sullivan was president, was held the 25th, 26th, 27th & 30th of October last, for the trial of Brigadier General Wayne on the following charge—viz.—“That he had timely notice of the enemy’s intention, to attack the troops under his command, and on the night of the 20th of Septr last, and notwithstanding that intelligence, neglected making a disposition, until it was too late either to annoy the enemy, or make retreat, without the utmost danger and confusion”—Upon which the Court pronounced their sentence as follows.
“The Court having fully considered the charge against Brigadier Genl Wayne, and the evidence produced to them, are unanimously of opinion that Genl Wayne is not guilty of the charge exhibited against him, but that he, on the night of the 20th Ultimo (that is of Septr last) did every thing that could be expected from an active, brave, and vigilant officer, under the orders he then had—The Court do acquit him with the highest honor.”
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence.
Henceforward, whenever any Non-commissioned officers, or soldiers, shall be confined, for crimes not triable by regimental Courts Martial; the Brigadiers or officers commanding brigades, are, without delay, to order Brigade Courts Martial to try them; and the sentences of such courts they are to approve or disapprove, and cause to be executed, as to them shall appear just; except only where the prisoners are sentenced to suffer death.
As an encouragement to all persons to take up and bring to Head-Quarters, any deserters from the Continental Army, the Commander in Chief hereby promises a reward of Ten Dollars, for each deserter so taken and brought in, besides One Shilling a mile for every mile they travel; to be computed from the place where he is taken, to camp; This bounty, and mileage, to be paid to all non-commissioned officers and

soldiers, who shall bring in deserters, as well as to the inhabitants of the states.
Many reasons have concurred, to induce the Commander in Chief, to extend mercy to Thomas Roach, now under sentence of death, for desertion; and to grant him his pardon; which is hereby declared. He is to return to his corps immediately, The Commander in Chief expecting, that by his future good behaviour, he will attone for his past crimes, and shew himself worthy of this act of clemency.
After Orders. The army is to march to morrow morning at ten o’clock, with all the baggage—the right wing down the Skippack road, in this order from the left—Genl Wayne’s division, Genl Sullivan’s, Lord Stirlings, followed by the park of Artillery, and waggons of that wing, in the order of the divisions. The left wing down the road on which General Greene is encamped, in this order—General McDougall’s division—General Greene’s—General Stephen’s, followed by the waggons in the order of the divisions—the left wing to march by the right. The North Carolina brigade to march with General McDougall’s division, and to be considered as a part of it, during the absence of General Varnum’s brigade. The horse are to be divided, half marching at the head of each column—The leading divisions will beat a march when they move, to be followed by the other divisions in their order—General Irwine’s brigade to follow the right wing, and Genl Smallwood’s division the left wing.


Title: Authority to Collect Clothing, 1 November 1777
From: Washington, George
To:

Head Quarters [Whitemarsh, Pa., c.1] Novr 1777.

By Virtue of the powers Vested in me by the Honorable Congress I hereby Authorize  to Collect all such blankets Shoes, Stockings and other Cloathing Suitable to the Use of the Army, within the Counties of  in the State of Pensilvania, As the Inhabitants Can spare without greatly distressing their families. In doing this you are to take Care, that, the unfreindly Quakers and others Notoriously disaffected to the Cause of American Liberty do not escape your Vigilance: You are to give Certificates to the Inhabitants of the Quantity & Value of each Species you receive from them, directed to James Mease Esqr. Clothier General at Lancaster of which you are to keep an Exact Entry: And at the End of this Service you are to Make an Exact Return of Each Certificate to the Clothier General and another to me. Whatever Blankets & Clothing you may Collect, is to be sent with an account of it, to the Commanding Officer of the Brigade you belong to.


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General David Forman, 1 November 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Forman, David

Dear sir
[near Whitemarsh, Pa.] Novr 1st 1777

When I last had the pleasure of seeing you, I advised you to Collect all the shoes stockings shirts Breechers &Ca which could be spared by the Country, in order to supply such of the soldiery as might stand most in need of them, & gave you every authority in my power for this purpose Now, as the Detachment which first March’d down to Fort Mifflin under command of Lieut. Colo. Smith must be much destress’d for Cloathing—I have desird him to call upon you, & request you may furnish him with such of these Articles as you have got, & he may stand in need of The Situation of these Men I am satisfied, will induce you to do every thing in your power upon this Occasion. I am Dear Sir &C.

G.W.


Title: From George Washington to Henry Laurens, 1–3 November 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Laurens, Henry

Sir.
Head Qrs near White Marsh [Pa.] Novr 1st[–3] 1777.

I was duly honored with Mr Hancocks Letter of the 25th with its several Inclosures.
I shall take the case of John More under consideration, and will transmit Colo. Mason my determination upon the same.
At this time, I cannot inform the Commissary whether any alterations have, or have not been made by Genl Orders in the Original ration establishment. I have been under the necessity from time to time to send away my orderly Books, and they are necessary to be examined upon the subject. However, I think it probable that a departure from the first allowance may have been found expedient, and directed by some authority, or the Commissary would not have adopted it. In respect to the alteration referred to my consideration, it is a matter of consequence, and I have desired the Genl Officers to inform themselves whether it will be agreable to the Army at large or what other

regulations may be necessary in this Instance—as soon as I have their sentiments, I will write Congress upon the subject.
The Enemy still consider the possession of our Posts upon the river of great importance, and from their preparation of Fascines &c. and the best information I have been able to obtain, they will make further efforts to carry them. Viewing them in this light myself, and imagining, that they would persevere in their plans to occupy them, I wrote some days ago in the most pressing terms to Genls Dickinson—Foreman & Newcomb, to afford every aid in their power from the Militia of Jersey. As yet we have received but little, and I have no encouragement to expect, that it will be much augmented in a short time. This does not proceed from a want of activity and exertion on the part of two first mentioned Gentlemen, whose conduct and Zeal upon every occasion, give them a claim to the Public esteem, but in a considerable degree from the peculiar circumstances of their State at this time. The apprehensions of an Invasion from Staten Island, keep a large proportion of the Militia from the Eastern and upper part of the state almost constantly employed at & in the neighbourhood of Eliz. Town and Mr Livingstons Powers, as Governor, being expired, and no provision made, it seems, for such a contingency, there are none of sufficient authority to order them out till a new appointment can be had; At least, there is ground to suspect, that the orders and exertions of these two Gentlemen, unassisted by Civil authority, will not be attended with the advantages we wish, and which our affairs require. As to Genl Newcomb, who is in the Neighbourhood of Red Bank, notwithstanding my most urgent and repeated solicitations, I have little to expect from him, if I may form an estimate of his future services from those he has already rendered. Under these circumstances, I have been obliged to detach a further reinforcement of Continental Troops under Genl Varnum to maintain the two Garrisons if possible—besides Sailors drawn from the line to man the Gallies. This detachment, when it arrives, added to the force now in the Forts will make the whole amount to 1600 effective rank and file sent from this Army.
After the Action of the 4th Ulto at German Town, I hoped, we should have been in a situation to attack the Enemy again on those Grounds, and with more success than in the former instance; But this I was not able to effect. The severe rain on the 16th of Septr—the action on the 4th—the removal of our stores and having to form a new Elaboratory, added to the small number of hands engaged in the business of it, laid us under difficulty’s in the capital and essential Article of Amunition, that could not be surmounted. Every exertion was directed to obtain supplies but notwithstanding, they were inadequate—too scanty—and insufficient, to attempt any thing on a large and general scale before

the Enemy withdraw themselves. With what we had, in case an experiment had been made, fortune might have decided in our favor for the present, but we should not have been afterwards in a situation to maintain the advantage we might have gained, and if a repulse had taken place and the Enemy pursued, for want of a reserve, we should have been exposed to the most imminent danger of being ruined. The distress of the Soldiers for want of Shoes was also a powerful obstacle to the measure. I could wish, that our circumstances were now such, as to authorize a general attack for dislodging them from the City—but I think, that they are not. This also is the opinion of my Genl Officers upon a full and comprehensive view of matters, as Congress will perceive by the inclosed Copy of the minutes of Council on the 29th Ulto which I have taken the liberty to transmit and lay before them. The superiority of numbers on the part of the Enemy in respect to regular Troops—their superior discipline, and the Redoubts & lines which they have thrown up between the two Rivers and about the City—The happy state of our affairs at the Northward, and the practicability of drawing succours from thence—the consequences of a defeat—these were all motives which led to a decision against an attack at this time. I have sent Colo. Hamilton one of my aids to Genl Gates, to give him a just representation of things, and to explain to him the expediency of our receiving the reinforcements, which have been determined necessary, if they will not interfere and frustrate any important plans he may have formed. Indeed, I cannot conceive that there is any object now remaining, that demands our attention and most vigorous efforts so much as the destruction of the Army in this Quarter. Should we be able to effect this—we shall have little to fear in future. Genl Howe’s force, according to the state now made, is more considerable than it was generally supposed to be. I did not think it quite so great myself, but always imagined the common estimate much too low—nor can I positively say what it really is—However, there are strong reasons to believe, that it is not over rated. After the evacuation of German Town, an almost infinite number of scraps & bits of Paper were found, which being seperated and arranged with great industry & care, bear the marks of genuine & authentic Returns at different Periods. The manner in which they were destroyed & disposed of gives no room to suspect, that it was the effect of design. In addition to this, I am informed by Genl Putnam that he had heard a reinforcement of 4 Regts were coming round to Delaware from New York.
The inclosed return will give Congress a general view of the strength of this Army, when it was made and a particular one of the Forces of each state which compose it. By this, they will perceive how greatly deficient the whole are in furnishing their just Quotas. The Militia

from Maryland and Virginia are no longer to be counted on. all the former except about 200 are already gone—and a few days, I expect, will produce the departure of the whole or chief part of the latter, from the importunate applications which some of them have made. Besides this diminution, I am apprehensive, we shall have several men added to the sick list by reason of the late excessive Rain & want of cloaths.
We have not yet come to any determination respecting the disposition of our Troops for the Winter, supposing it a matter of great importance, & that for the present we should be silent upon it. The reasons will readily occur. By continuing the Campaign, perhaps many salutary if not decisive advantages may be derived. But it appears to me, that this must depend upon the supplies of Cloathing which the men receive. If they cannot be accomodated in this instance, it will be difficult, if not impossible to do it without effecting their destruction.
I would take the liberty to mention, that I feel myself in a delicate situation with respect to the Marquis Le Fayette. He is extremely solicitous of having a Command equal to his rank, & professes very different Ideas as to the purposes of his appointment from those Congress have mentioned to me. He certainly did not understand them. I do not know in what light they will view the matter, but it appears to me, from a consideration of his illustrious and important connections—the attachment which he has manifested to our cause, and the consequences, which his return in disgust might produce, that it will be adviseable to gratify him in his wishes—and the more so, as several Gentlemen from France, who came over under some assurances, have gone back disappointed in their expectations. His conduct with respect to them stands in a favorable point of view, having interested himself to remove their uneasiness and urged the impropriety of their making any unfavorable representations upon their arrival at home, and in all his letters has placed our affairs in the best situation he could. Besides, he is sensible—discreet in his manners—has made great proficiency in our Language, and from the disposition he discovered at the Battle of Brandy Wine, possesses a large share of bravery and Military ardor.
There is a French Gentn here, Monsr Vrigney, in whose favor the Marquis seems much interested—He assures me he is an Officer of great merit, and from that motive & a regard to the service wishes to see him promoted—The rank he holds in France and his present expectation are contained in the inclosed Copy of a paper given me by the Marquis. Monsr Vrigney also has Honorable certificates of his services nearly corresponding with the Marquis’s account of them. If Congress are pleased to honor him with a Commission in the Army of the States, I must try to imploy him.
I took the liberty some short time ago to mention to Congress the

situation of the first nine raised Virginia regiments and the term for which they stand engaged; & considering that we should suffer greatly by the loss of so large a part of our force, which have been long enured to service, I thought it adviseable to consult the Officers commanding them upon the mode which should appear to them best calculated to reinlist them. They accordingly met, and reported their sentiments in writing, a Copy of which I have inclosed. I do not know, that expedients more promising of success, than those they have pointed out, can be adopted—Congress will be pleased to give the matter their earliest attention, and to favor me with their opinion by the first opportunity, whether the indulgence and allowance they have proposed may be granted, and if any additional Bounty may be given, what it shall be. The high sums paid for Substitutes and drafts of late even in the Militia service, will make this necessary—For the Soldiers being well apprized of that Fact, will not be induced to engage again during the War or for three years for the usual Premium.
I would also lay before Congress a Remonstrance by the Subaltern Officers of the Virginia line, founded on a reform I thought necessary to take place in the Regts from that state. These in their establishment were made to consist of Ten Companies—Two more, than were assigned to those of the States in general. This and the great disproportion between the Officers and men induced me to reduce them to a level with the rest belonging to the Continent—in order to prevent a considerable, unnecessary expence. To effect this, no new promotions are to be made in the Two extra Companies viz. the 9th & 10th either to vacancies existing at the time of the regulation—or to any future ones that may happen therein; and the Subalterns are to remain in their rank and Command, till they can be promoted in the other eight companies and their men incorporated. This is what they complain of. I have made a short state of facts, and wish Congress to determine upon them and the remonstrance, as they shall think proper.
At the request of Govr Clinton, I have transmitted a Copy of his letter to me, giving an account of Genl Vaughan’s expedition up the North River, after the Capture of Fort Montgomery, & of the destruction committed by his Troops in burning Kingston and the houses and Mills on the river. According to the latest advices, they have returned again, & It is reported, that they have destroyed the Barracks and Forts & gone to New York, But this is not confirmed.
A few days ago, Mr Franks of Philadelphia, Agent for the British Prisoners, sent out 6000 Continental Dollars to Mr Richard Graham of Virginia for the subsistence of the Hessians and other Prisoners in that state. The Policy of suffering the Enemy to support their Prisoners with

Money which they refuse themselves & which they attempt to depreciate in every instance they possibly can, appears to me very questionable—and the more so, as It may be Counterfeited. Besides, they have laid us under every difficulty they can devise, as to our Prisoners in their hands. Nothing will do for their support but hard money. If the Enemy were obliged to furnish the same, the quantity with us would be greater, and of course, the means of relieving ours easier. I do not know what consequences a Prohibition against receiving Continental Money or the Currency of any state from them might involve. I think the subject is worthy of the consideration of Congress, and for that reason I have mentioned it.
Novr 3d The report of the Enemys having destroyed the Forts and Barracks on the North River, & of their having returned to New York is confirmed. I this morning received a letter from Genl Putnam upon the subject, a Copy of which is transmitted. The information, that they mean to reinforce Genl Howe, I doubt not is true. It has come through several channels, and nothing is more probable. As to their having a further expedition in view, it seems to be questionable. Genl Burgoyne’s defeat and the Eastern Troops being ready to be employed in another way, are circumstances against the measure.
Agreable to my expectation the Virginia Militia are gone—so that we have none now in aid of the Continental Troops, but those of this state mentioned in the return, and a few from Maryland. I do not know what can or will be done to obtain further reinforcements of them—But it appears to me, taking matters in any point of light, that further aids should come from Virginia & Maryland. For should we be able to accommodate the Continental forces with Cloath⟨s⟩ so as to carry on a Winters Campaign, their assistance will be material, either to maintain a Blockade, or in any decisive stroke we may attempt. And if they cannot be so provided, and we should be obliged to retire into Quarters, their service will be still more necessary to assist in covering the country against incursions for forage & Provisions. The Militia of this State, themselves, supposing they should be tolerably vigorous in their exertions will not be equal to the task—At least it will be difficult, if not impracticable for ’em to do it—It is to be wished, that such as can be drawn out, may be engaged to serve three months or two at least (if it can be effected) after their arrival in Camp, and that a mode could be adopted to supply their places with others at the expiration of their term, should the exigency of our affairs require it. A time for their continuance should be fixed, or they will always be uneasy & pushing off; and the longer circumstances will admit it to be, the better—For after the period incurs, for which they come, it will be impossible to

retain ’em a moment. As to the number that should be required, it is difficult to determine. However it is likely, it will fall short of the requisition, as it ever has upon such occasions.
There is a report prevailing in Camp, which has come thro’ several Channels, that a successful expedition has been made upon Rhode Island and 800 Prisoners taken with several pieces of Artillery and a large quantity of Salt. I heartily wish it may be true—but at present it wants confirmation.
Mr Thompson’s letter of the 21st Ulto with its inclosures came to hand yesterday. I join Congress most sincerely in congratulations on our important success in the surrender of Genl Burgoyne at the Head of his Forces, and am happy they have received a confirmation of the event from Genl Gates. I have the Honor to be Sir Your most Obet hum. Servt

Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General Ebenezer Learned, 1 November 1777
From: Learned, Ebenezer
To: Washington, George

Hond Sr
Albany Novr 1st 1777

As Col: Fisher has Some how (notwithstanding he is Commisionated) ben Neglected as to a Command in the Continental Army.
Yet has acted as a Volunteer in my Brigd. through the Struggel to Subdue the Enemy to the Northward—and his Conduct has ben So Steady and Couragous—I must Heartily Recommend him to your Honours Favour for a Command Eaquel to his Diserving and in thus doing I must think your Honour will not only do Justice to the Service But oblige your very Humbl. Servt

Ebenezer Learned B.G.


Title: To George Washington from Major General Benjamin Lincoln, 1 November 1777
From: Lincoln, Benjamin
To: Washington, George

Dear Genl
Albany Novr 1st 1777

Mr Claiborne, who has acted as my Aid de Camp, and whom I have permitted to return to Virginia, will have the honor of delivering this to your Excellency.
The great distance from Virginia to New-England, and the uncertainty of my state of health, and in what part of the Continent I may serve, should I ever be able to take the field, may render it uncertain whether he can again join my family—Your Excellency will give me leave to mention him as a faithful, good officer, and to wish he might be noticed.
I am happy to inform you that my wound is in a good way, and my Surgeons doubt not but will do well—I have been very ill for a few days past, but I hope soon to be relieved. Wishing you success and safety, I am, Dear Genl, with the greatest regard & esteem Your most Obedient Hble Sert

B. Lincoln


Title: From George Washington to William Livingston, 1 November 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Livingston, William

Sir
Head Quarters [near Whitemarsh, Pa.] 1st November 1777

I think it not only incumbent upon me, but a duty which I owe the public, to represent to you the unaccountable Conduct of Brig: Genl. Newcomb at this critical time. As soon as the Enemy shewed a disposition

to possess themselves of Billingsport and Red Bank I wrote to him in the most urgent manner to collect and keep up as many Militia as he possibly could to assist in the defence of Red Bank in particular, till I could afford a proper garrison of continental Troops, and altho’ I recd no very favorable accounts of his activity, or exertions, I imagined he had been doing something towards it. On the 26th ulto Genl Forman arrived at Red Bank with a few of his own continental Regt and some of the Monmouth Militia, and wrote me as follows “The lower Militia under Genl Newcomb have not as yet produced a single man. As being elder in command than Newcomb I have taken the liberty this day to issue orders for their immediate assembling, and will from time to time do every thing in my power to assemble them.” On the 29th he writes me again “previous to the rect of yours of the 27th I had given orders to several of the Militia Officers of this part of the Country to assemble their men, and have used my endeavours with Genl Newcomb to obtain a return of the Men it is said he has assembled, that they might be put on some duty either in the garrisons or on some out guards. But the General absolutely refuses to render me any account of himself or his Men, that I am not able to inform your Excelly whether he really has, or has not any men assembled.” In another paragraph of the same letter he says “Yet I think I could be able to collect a respectable Body of Militia was I able to overcome the obstinacy of, or to displace Genl Newcomb. From the best information I can collect, he has at no time given any assistance either to the garrison or the fleet particularly in the late attack upon Red Bank he neither harrassed the enemy in their advance, during the Assault, or in their Retreat. He thinks himself only accountable to the Governor or Major Genl Dickinson. I should be glad of your Excellency’s directions respecting my treatment of him.”
I shall make no comments, but leave it to the opinion of yourself and the Gentlemen of the Legislature whether such a Man is fit to command in a part of the State immediately the object of the enemy’s attention, and in which the most vigorous measures ought to be pursued. If you would only direct him to obey Genl Forman as a senior Officer, much good to the Service would result from it.
I had been more than commonly pressing with General Newcomb to assemble men at Red Bank, because I found by letters from Genl Forman that scarce any part of the 2000 Men ordered under his command to the reinforcement of this army, were, from a variety of circumstances, to be expected, and therefore I should be able to afford less Assistance of continental Troops to that valuable post.
Colo. Dayton will inform you of the reduction of the Regiments of your State in point of Numbers, and of the distress they will labour

under for want of necessaries, unless some measures can be fallen upon for supplying them. These are matters which deserve your most serious consideration, and which I recommend to your attention. It is in vain to think of filling up your Regiments by the common mode of inlistment, while the pernicious practice of hiring substitutes for the Militia prevails for what Man will engage to serve during the war, for a Bounty of twenty dollars, when he can get twice as much for serving one month in the Militia—Some of the Eastern States and Virginia have adopted the mode of drafting, and I am told it succeeds, and was the practice universal, the people would not think it a hardship. I do not mention this by way of dictating to, or directing you. I do it to shew, what has been found to answer the end in other States. I am confident that could we once be happy enough to fill the continental Regiments, we should never have occasion to trouble the Militia again.
Circumscribed as we are in our importations from abroad, the Cloathier General finds it impossible to comply with the full demands of the whole Army. It therefore becomes imcumbent upon the different States to endeavour to procure the most material Articles of Blankets Shoes and Stockings at this inclement Season. And I am convinced if assessments of those things were laid upon those only who do not perform military duty, enough might be found to make the troops comfortable. I have repeatedly sent out Officers to make collections, but they either do it partially, or neglect it wholly. I must therefore intreat you to lay this matter before your legislature as early as possible, and press them to make provision in such way as seems to them most likely to answer the end. I have the honor to be with great Regard Yr Excellency’s most obt Servt

Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Major General Israel Putnam, 1 November 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Putnam, Israel

Dear sir
Head Quarters [near Whitemarsh, Pa.] 1st Novr 1777

As representation has been made to me that the Purchase of Cattle has entirely ceased for some time past in the State of Connecticut, by means of those Gentlemen not chusing to Act who were appointed by Congress for that purpose, by which Our Army may possibly suffer for the want of Meat in a short time—I have therefore to reques⟨t tha⟩t you will without Loss of time appoint One or more G⟨ent⟩lemen in that State who will immediately Set about this desireable Business, & forward what they can procure to the Comissary of Purchases at this Army after supplying the Troops which may be beyond the North River Mr Buchanan (Comissary General) will go to Connecticut in a short time & ratify any C⟨on⟩tracts as well as pay the Gentleman you think proper to nominate for his trouble &Ca or pay any Drafts here which may be necessarily drawn by him. I am &C.

G.W.


Title: From George Washington to Lieutenant Colonel Samuel Smith, 1 November 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Smith, Samuel

Sir.
Head Quarters [near Whitemarsh, Pa.] Novembr 1st 1777

I have this moment receiv’d your favor of Yesterday, & hope General Varnum with the Detachment from this Army, have by this time arriv’d to your support, & that your little Garrison will, with the greatest confidence & Vigor, exert itself to baffle every attempt of the Enemy to reduce it—When I last saw General Foreman I authorized him to collect all the Cloathing such as shoes, stockings, shirts Breeches &Ca which he possibly could; & by this Opportunity I have requested him to let you have as many of them as he can spare for your men, who, I

make no doubt must be greatly in want of them, you will therefore apply to him.
From the Idea I at present bear of the Island on which your fort stands, I am of opinion, that, if the upper End of it was laid under water it would very much retard any operations of the Enemy against you—but whether this is practible, or whether opening the Banks to effect it would not be productive of Inconvenience to the Fort I leave to you & the Officers with you to determine & only mean to propose it for your consideration. I am &C.

G.W.


Title: From George Washington to Major General Stirling, 1 November 1777 [letter not found]
From: Washington, George
To: Stirling, Lord (né William Alexander)

Letter not found: to Major General Stirling, 1 Nov. 1777. Stirling wrote to GW on 3 Nov. that “Your Excellency’s letter of the first Instant, I received yesterday.”


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General James Mitchell Varnum, 1 November 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Varnum, James Mitchell

Sir
Head Quarters [near Whitemarsh, Pa.] 1st Novemr 1777

I hope this will find you arrived safe at Red Bank with your detatchment. By letters from the Baron Arendt, who has retired for a few days to the Jersey Side for the benefit of his health, I understand that what they principally fear at Fort Mifflin is a surprise by Night, or a lodgment upon the upper end of the Island, by which they may cover themselves before morning, and open a Battery upon the Rear of the Fort which is only secured by Pallisadoes. The only method of guarding effectually against this, is by keeping Boats stationed at Night between Fort and province Island to give an immediate Alarm, and when the Weather is calm, if the Galleys were to lay near the Island to be ready to begin a fire upon the first landing of the Enemy, it would harrass and retard them much in their operations. I am afraid that matters do not go on smoothly between the Commandant at Fort Mifflin and the Commodore, as there are every now and then complaints of inattention in the Commodore, but I do not know whether with just grounds. I beg you will do all in your power to reconcile any differences that may have arisen, not by taking notice of them in a direct manner, but by recommending unanimity and demonstrating the manifest advantages of it. As the Commodore will have a considerable reinforcement after you arrive, I hope he will be able to afford more assistance than he has hitherto done.

You will have an oppertunity of seeing and conversing with the Baron Arendt, and I must beg you will lay such plans as will most effectually contribute to the mutual support and defence of your posts; for you are to consider if one falls the other goes of course. As soon as you have looked about you and taken a survey of the Ground I shall be glad to hear your opinion of matters. I am Sir Yr most obt Servt

Go: Washington


Title: General Orders, 2 November 1777
From: Washington, George
To:

Head-Quarters, White-Marsh [Pa.] Novemr 2nd 1777.
Parole Morristown.C. Signs Brunswick. Amboy.

Each division is to open a road into the best and nearest main road, leading into the country, by which the waggons and troops may move with the greatest ease and dispatch—The Commander in Chief relies upon the officers commanding divisions to see this necessary work performed as soon as possible—The waggons are to be regularly drawn up, in the best order, for moving, and every night the horses are to be had to the waggons, and gear’d every morning at day light.
The Division and Brigade Quarter Masters are to provide straw for the troops, taking none that is not threshed, But the men will collect what they can find for the same use.
The General Court Martial of which General Sullivan is president, is to sit to morrow morning, at nine o’clock, at the presidents quarters, for the trial of Major General Stephen, upon the charges exhibited against him, the delay that may arise from the appointment of new members, and the impracticability of changing the General Officers, without introducing those who have already been on the court of enquiry, relative to the same charges, renders it necessary that this trial should be before the same court.


Title: To George Washington from Major General Philemon Dickinson, 2 November 1777
From: Dickinson, Philemon
To: Washington, George

Dear Sir
Elizabeth Town [N.J.] 2d November 1777

The Ships that came from N. York with the Troops, came to the Watering Place Yesterday, where they were busily engaged taking in Water all Day—they have on board the following Regiments, the 52d, 36th, 7th & the Light Dragoons—from this account, they intend round by Water—they have landed on Staten Island, two small Regiments one Hessians, the other Anspachers, their whole force there, amounts to 1200, Men—The Merchants in N. York, are removg their Goods on board the Shiping, being apprehensive of a Visit from our Troops.
Mr Clinton sent Eight different Persons, to Mr Burgoyne, neither of which reached him—the latter much blamed in N. York for surrendering so soon, as the former would have joined him in a few Days—A Person arrived at Staten Island from Mr Howe, on Friday last—whose errand t’was said, was to hurry on the Reinforcement—scarcely any Troops left in N. York—this Person says, they have lost most of the Grenadiers, & Light Infantry, to the Southward—they seemed a little dejected—& think Mr Howes Army in much Danger.
The disaffected People at this Post, expected their Friends on this Side the Sound last Night, but they have not yet made their appearance.
I am informed, Govr Clinton has detaind Genl Winds’s Brigade, for some Reasons unknown to me. I have the honor to be, Your Excellency’s most Obt Sert

Philemon Dickinson

P.S. The Fleet was expected to sail this Day.


Title: To George Washington from Major General Horatio Gates, 2 November 1777
From: Gates, Horatio
To: Washington, George

Sir,
Albany 2nd November 1777.

Inclosed I have the Honor to send Your Excellency a Letter I received last Night from General George Clinton, with my Answer thereto; The Regiment of Rifle Men, under Colonel Morgan, Marched from Saratoga the day After the Convention was signed; they will very soon be in the Neighbourhood of Your Excellency’s Camp. Congress having been requested, immediately to transmit Copies of all my Dispatches to them, I am Confident Your Excellency has long ago received all the Good News from this Quarter. That Conquest, and Triumphs, may be the final Results of Your Excellencys Campaign, is the Ardent Wish of, Sir, Your Excellencys most Obedient Humble Servant

Horatio Gates


Title: From George Washington to John Hancock, 2 November 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Hancock, John

Dr sir
Head Qrs [Whitemarsh, Pa.] Novr 2nd 1777

Your Favor of the 25th I received on Monday Afternoon. You have my warmest wishes for your recovery, and I shall be happy, if your recess should be attended with benefits superior to your most sanguine expectations. Your exertions to promote the Genl Interest I am well convinced will be unceasing and that every measure, the situation of your health will permit you to pursue will be employed to that end, Whether you are in Congress or obliged to remain in the State of Massachusetts.
I have ordered Cornet Buckmer with 12 Dragoons to attend you as an Escort & to receive your Commands. For this purpose you will be pleased to retain them, as long as you may consider their Attendance necessary. I would willingly have directed a larger number, but the severe duty, the Horse have been obliged to perform for a long time past, has rendered many of them unfit for service, to which I must add, that we are under a necessity of keeping several—considerable patroles of them constantly along the Enemy’s lines. These reasons, I trust, will apologize for the Escorts being so small.
I have taken the liberty to trouble you with the Inclosed Letters containing a proclamation respecting Deserters, which I must request the favor of you to put into some safe Channel of Conveyance to the Printers. That for Mr Loudon, I imagine will get to hand by delivering it to Govr Clinton or Genl putnam. Those for Rhode Island & New Hampshire will go safe from the post Office at New Haven or Hartford.

I have nothing further to add, than to wish you an agreable Journey and a happy meeting with your Lady & friends, and to assure you, that I am Dr sir with great regard & esteem Yr Most Obedt servt

G.W.


Title: From George Washington to Commodore John Hazelwood, 2 November 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Hazelwood, John

Sir
Whitpin—Morris’s [Pa.] 2 OClock on 2d November 1777.

Upon maturely considering the nature of the Fortress on Mud Island incomplete in such works as would secure it against Storm, and investigating what mode of defence is best adapted to its deficiency in this respect—it appears absolutely necessary to keep the Enemy at bay as much as possible and confine them to distant Combat—this can only be effected by the cooperation of the Fleet under your command or such part of it as may appear to you proper to be detached for the purpose—Nothing but the Fire of your Vessels and Galleys can prevent the Enemys making a descent upon the Island, if they are determined to effect it by such a Sacrifice as the importance of the object to them certainly deserves. I would advise therefore in case of the Enemys attempting to throw a number of men over in boats, not to suffer the attention of the Fleet to be intirely call’d off by any concerted attempt which may be made on the Chevaux de frize at the same time—but to order a sufficient number of Galleys to meet their boats and keep up a well directed fire, or board them as Circumstances may require—in a word every measure should be taken which your Skill in naval manœuvres can dictate to prevent them from getting footing on the Island. a fire of Red-hot balls thrown with judgement from a few Vessels, and the Solidity of the work itself will be a sufficient Security in the mean time to the Chevaux de frise—if the Enemy can be foiled in their Stratagem of causing a diversion to your fleet, by cannonading from their Ships, and making preparations to clear the Chevaux de frise—there will be but one way left them which is to attempt a landing by night, how necessary

the Guardianship of the Galleys will be in such Case, must be obvious—if a sudden Assault from superior numbers, taking the advantage of weak parts, would be dreadful by day, when somethg of the Enemys designs is to be discover’d—how fatal might it be in the confusion of darkness when the Guns of the Fort could not be brought to bear. Galleys stationed between the Fort and province Island at night are the only Security which the Garrison could have in such case against a sudden Descent from the Enemy, cover’d perhaps by false Attacks and Demonstration from the Shipping.
You are the best Judge of the most proper Situation for the Galleys—however if there is no cogent Reason for keeping the whole of them on the Jersey Side, it appears to me that stationg them or part of them where they will be within distance for giving immediate Support to the Garrison on Mud Island would be turning their Service to the best account. I am Sir &c.