Title: To John Adams from Thomas Digges, 6 October 1780
From: Digges, Thomas,Church, William Singleton
To: Adams, John

      Dr. Sir
      London Octr. 6. 1780

     I am thankful for your late favor and shall send you the Books desird by first opportunity.
     Mr. Henr. Laurens was brought to Town last night, rather in better health. He was lodgd that night in the Messengers House in Scotland Yard, and denyd all sort of communication with his friends—or those who wishd to speak to Him. He was Examined at noon at Lord G. Germains and committed by a Warrant of Justice Addington a close prisoner to the Tower—orders that no person whatever speaks to Him. These folks are so foolishly changable that most likely in a few days the severity of His confinement may be relaxd. At present two men are always in the same room with Him, and two soldiers without.You shall hear more from me by next post.
     No news from the Westward of any sort. The general beleif is that the privy Council yesterday have determind to prosecute the war further in Ama. with vigour—perhaps the fools have concluded that as they have catchd Mr. Laurens they can conquer America. I can see no other reason for their supposition of success in the further prosecution of that war.
     I am your mo ob ser

      WS.C


Title: From John Adams to William Lee, 7 October 1780
From: Adams, John
To: Lee, William

      Dear sir
      Amsterdam October 7. 1780

     The Bearer of this is a young Virginian, Mr. Bowdoin, who has been sometime here and has a good Character. I beg Leave to recommend him to your Attention.
     I am in hourly Expectation of hearing of Mr. Laurens, but not without Anxiety for his Safety, as he comes only in a Packet.
     The Accounts from our Country, by Way of Spain, France, England and directly to Amsterdam, are very flattering. But the one Thing needfull for a decisive Campaign, a Superiority at sea, is wanting, which takes away all Ground of sanguine Expectations. The English however will be in no very respectable Situation, and they must be much distressed. The Casualties of the Campain, and the severity of Duty will reduce their Numbers, very considerably by sickness, Desertion, and by the sword in occasional skirmishes.
     What shall We hear from the West Indies?
     The English threw off the Mask so unreservedly, after the reduction of Charlestown, and discovered their ill Will, their wicked Wishes and base designs, So clearly, that the Mortification to them must be double to make Peace now, to what it would have been before.
     But why do I talk of Peace? I am So well perswaded, that the K. of England will see all go, rather than make Peace, and see So clearly that the King is now omnipotent, in England, that it is Scarcely worth while ever to mention it.
     I have the honour to be with great regard, &c.


Title: To John Adams from Benjamin Franklin, 8 October 1780
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: Adams, John

      Sir
      Passy, Oct. 8. 1780

     I received the letter you did me the Honour of writing to me by Mr. Andrews, and shall render him every Service I can in his Application.
     Your Books and Trunks have been lodged here by Mr. Thaxter, and will be taken care of. They are of no Inconvenience to me.
     We begin to be in pain for Mr. Laurens who was to have sailed 3 Days after M. Searle. If that took place, he has been out 10. or 11. Weeks. I hope he did not sail so soon, otherwise it would be probable that he is either lost or taken.
     I do not just now recollect my having written, as from myself, any Letter to the Grand Pensionary. I drew indeed the Letter that was sent by the Commissioners acquainting him with the Treaty of Commerce, to which we had no Answer. But I will search, and If I can find such a one will send you a Copy, with a Copy of the other.
     I shall be glad to hear if you are like to make any Progress in the Affair of a Loan, which I understand M. Laurens was charged with. I send you enclosed a Copy of a Vote of Congress, respecting your Salaries. I hope you will be able to do without my Assistance. If not, I must furnish you. But I have been obliged to Accept Mr. Neufville’s Bills on Account of his Acceptances of those drawn on Mr. Laurens, and I shall with some Difficulty, be able to pay them; tho’ these extra Demands often embarras me excedingly.
     We hear that the Alliance is arriv’d at Boston.
     I beg leave to recommend to your Civilities M. Searle a Member of Congress for Pensilvania, with whose conversation you will be pleased, as he can give you good Information of the State of our Affairs when he left America.
     I ought to acquaint you, a governo, as the Merchants Say; that M. Le Comte de V. having taken much amiss some Passages in your Letters to him, sent the whole Correspondence to me, requesting that I would transmit it to Congress. I was myself sorry to see those Passages. If they were the Effects merely of Inadvertance, and you do not on Reflection approve of them, perhaps you may think it proper to write something for effacing the Impressions made by them. I do not presume to advise you; but mention it only for your Consideration.
     The Vessel is not yet gone, which carries the Papers.
     With great Regard, I have the honour to be Sir, Your most obedient and most humble Servant.

      B Franklin

      Perhaps the Letter you desire is one I wrote to M. Dumas, who might show it to the G.P.


Title: To John Adams from Francis Dana, 9 October 1780
From: Dana, Francis
To: Adams, John

      Dear Sir
      Antwerp Mondy: Octr. 9th. 1780

     I reached Leide in the Scout at 6. o Clock, and finding it impossible from thence to get to Roterdam that night in a Scout, I took a Carriage, and rode on to that place, where I arrived between 10 and 11 Clock at night. There I luckily found a French Gentleman who was bound for Antwerp; with him I took another Carriage at Rotterdam, and tho’ the road was exceedingly bad, we got on within one league of this place at 1/2 past 7. Clock last evening, the gates being then shut, we cou’d not enter till this morning. I immediately proceeded to this Hotel (Laboureur) and found Mr. Thaxter in bed, and all things safe—Nothing unfortunate has taken place. I have been so much fatigued in my rout, being unwell as you know when I set off, that I shall not think of leaving this place before to morrow morning, if then, and we shall proceed on leisurely without travelling at all in the night, if to be avoided.
     I am, dear Sir, with much respect and esteem, your most obedient and most humble Servant

      FRA Dana


Title: To John Adams from Thomas Digges, 10 October 1780
From: Digges, Thomas,Church, William Singleton
To: Adams, John

      Dr. Sir
      London 10. Octor. 1780

     Since my letter of the 6th there has been no material incident relative to Mr. H. L——s Commitment; nor is the rigour of his confinement abated. No person whatever can speak to Him but in hearing and sight of the two attending Messengers. It is said the Secy. of States order will produce admittance to his room, but nothing else. Some of his torey relations, and a Mr. Manning a Merchant of the City and a Correspondant of Mr. L——s, have made attempts to speak to him but did not succeed. He is wise enough to be cautious who he Speaks to. It is generally thought this rigour will be taken off in a few days, and that His freinds, who are now backward for fear that any stir may be disadvantageous to Him, will have admittance. Almost every person here is crying out shame upon this sort of treatment of Mr. L——s. These people seem determind to act always in extreem and never to take the middle road. Nothing veryfys it so strongly as the present exultations for a defeat given to Genl. Gates’s Army by Lord Cornwallis on the 16th Augt. An officer arrivd with the account yesterday and put the whole City in a ferment of joy. I inclose you the printed Gazette account. Last week, and indeed until yesterday every torey face wore an uncommon gloom and the cry was “We are all undone—We have lost America—our Army will be Burgoind—our fleets beaten &c.” and now it is directly the reverse “The defeat of Gates gives us No. and So. Carolina certain—Virginia will come in—Washington will be able to do nothing at N York—The french fleet will be blockd up—We shall conquer Ama. yet &c. &c.” This sort of nonsence makes me sick. It has been pretty confidantly talkd of lately that the Cabinet had determind to prosecute the War in America with vigour, and that 10 Ships of the line and 10,000 troops were to be sent out immediately. There seems to be as thick heads within as without the Cabinet. There is an appearance of 4 Ships of the line and some troops being intended for America immediately—most likely for the Southward; But this may be a politic measure in the ministers to give out even if they are determind to get rid of the American War.
     The people generally are in fears about Jamaica and for the other Islands. No news from thence lately.
     I am with great respect & Esteem your obligd & Obt Ser

      WS.C


Title: To John Adams from James Warren, 12 October 1780
From: Warren, James
To: Adams, John

      My Dear Sir
      Boston Octr. 12th: 1780

     My last two or three Letters were by Capt. Samson, who if he has not Shared the ill fate of some Others, must have been handed you long before this. Three Letters went by my Son. He had the Misfortune to be taken, and carried to Newfoundland, and I suppose the Letters went to the Bottom with a great Number of Others. In them I Endeavoured to give you as perticular an Account of our Affairs here at the time as I could. I have no Copies, and therefore cant recollect the Contents. You must therefore be Content with a short detail of matters as they now stand. The Papers we shall send you by this Opportunity will give you a general state of the Conduct of Military Matters from the loss of Charlestown to the defection and Treachery of Arnold, and the hanging of Major Andre. You will learn that the one has fled to New York, and the other been properly treated as a Spy, and that both of them deserved Infinitely more than they have or will suffer here. If Arnold’s Villany and Clintons meaness had succeeded it would have been a fatal Blow. As it is, it is hard to say which of the two has acted the most Infamous part, if one has betrayed his trust and his Country the Other has disgraced his Nation (if possible) and Mankind by stooping to a Measure that would mark a Savage with Eternal Infamy.
     Since the defeat of Genl. Gates in the South, in which the Enemy lost more than they got, our Affairs are Constantly Assumeing a Good Countenance there. Our Army is reEstablished there, have been Succesful in several Skirmishes, and I think the Militia there will soon be good Soldiers and learn to stand both the fire and the Bayonet of the Enemy. The Grand Army by drafts &c. are said to be in as good a Condition as to Numbers &c. as at any time. We have had great difficulties in supplying them with Provisions &c. They have sometimes suffered, but I hope the measures taken by the several States will prevent in future any difficulties from that quarter. They are Acting on the defensive, watching the Enemy, and they in their turn watching them. No Enterprize or great Strokes on either side, and every thing looks like an Inactive Campaign.
     The French Fleet and Army are shut up in Newport by a Superiour British Fleet. A reinforcement has been Expected all Summ. It is now time perhaps to dismiss all further Expectations of that kind, and to satisfy our selves with Speculations on some ill Management of matters somewhere. The Troops and Ships Arrived are said to be very fine, and I think if we are disappointed, they must be Mortifyed, to be reduced to a State of Inaction after Crossing the Atlantic with high Expectations must be Among the last Stages of Mortification to fine Officers of high Birth and distinction. With regard to ourselves, Penobscot is still in the hands of the Enemy who keep 4 or 500 Men there and some Armed Vessels. We keep on the Eastern Shore at different places about 600 Men to guard against their depredations. Some few Skirmishes have taken place but Nothing of Consequence.
     Our Coast has not been much Infested with British Ships, and Privateers this Season. The French Fleet keep the British Men of War pretty much Collected, and from that Circumstance only great Advantages have been derived to our Trade, and perhaps in a War which seems to be a Tryal whose Purse shall hold out longest the Advantage may be general. Britain has kept up a great Force to watch that Fleet and Army and Consequently have been at great Expence.
     Our Privateers have made many prizes and perticularly struck a great Stroke on the Quebec Fleet. Our Taxes are heavy, the People groan and pay them slowly, and complain of the Scarcity of Money, but Still it does not Appreciate. It stands at about 70 for one, and will be Uniformly Mysterious. A great deal of Silver is Circulateing. Bargains are almost as Common in hard as Paper Money. It is difficult to say where it all comes from, tho the French Fleet and Army Introduce a great deal.
     The New Government is the Principal Topic of Conversation. The General Court meets under the New Constitution the Week after next. Hancock is undoubtedly chosen Governor by A very great Majority. His Popularity is greater than ever. No Body was set in Competition with him but Mr. Bowdoin and he stood no Chance. Frequent and brilliant Entertainments strengthen his popularity, and whether it will End in Absolute Adoration, or in the Exhaustion of the Sources of profusion I cant say. He this Day feasts the French Minister (who came to Town last Evening) and the Council at the Castle. No Person has a Majority of Votes for a Liut. Governor. It is said Mr. Bowdoin has the greatest Number, and probably may be Chose by the two Houses. About 26 Senators are Chose by the several districts. Some whole Counties have made no Choice at all, Plymo. among the rest.
     The Continental Navy is reduced to four Ships and a Brigantine. The Trumbul and Dean with the Brigantine Saratoga are on a Cruize. The Confederacy is at Philadelphia, where she has lain 5 Months, and will not sail soon. The Alliance is here, and lays waiting for Money to fix her out, she came here in a distracted Situation. Landais behaves like a Madman, is Censured by a Court of Enquiry and suspended, to be tryed by a Court Martial. Barry is in Command of her. Officers and Men came here Cursing with bitterness the Managers of our Affairs in France. They have certainly been Abused by some Body or other. Your Trunk is not to be found on Board. If it came out it is lost. But as Docto. Winship in whose Care I understand it was left did not return in this Ship, perhaps he kept back the Trunk, and the sooner it is Enquired after the better. I have received but two short Letters from you, one by the Marquiss, the other by the Alliance. Do you treat all your Friends in this way, or am I the most neglected? As for the Affairs of Europe, we know but little more of them than of those in the Moon.
     I had the pleasure of some Acquaintance with Doct. Lee, and learnt some things from him, but few that are pleasing. He is gone to Philadelphia. The Delegates are new Chosen. Adams, Lovel, and Ward are at Congress. Gerry, Holton, and Partridge are at Home. One is yet wanted to Compleat the Number 7. Strong and Danielson have been Chosen and refused. Mrs. Adams shall be Informed of this Opportunity and will doubtless write you. It grows late, and as I dont recollect any thing further at present Conclude with Assurances of Friendship Yours Affectionately

      J Warren

      Octr. 16th. The Enemy have lately made some havock among our Privateers, and Mr. Knox is Arrived from England with a Load of Goods. I suppose under the Sanction of Doctr. Fs. Certificate.


Title: From John Adams to Samuel Adams, 13 October 1780
From: Adams, John
To: Adams, Samuel

      Dear Sir
      Amsterdam October 13. 1780

     This Letter is intended to go, by Monsieur Le Veillard, a Young Gentleman bound to America, with Design to travail with engage in the service of Mr. Holker or to lay the Foundations of a mercantile House either in France or America, as Circumstances may be.
     I have the Pleasure to know his Father and his Family and the young Gentleman very well: They are all worthy and amiable, and have on many Occasions been very civil to me.
     I wish him therefore, success, and to this End as good Acquaintance as may be in our Country. I take the Liberty to recommend him to you Attention, and Civilities.
     Mr. Laurens is in England—I wish he were here. I cannot yet learn with Certainty how he is treated, the Accounts are So contradictory, Some Saying he is in the Tower and others that he is not yet arrived in London. I am Sir, with much Affection and Respect, yours


Title: From John Adams to Thomas Digges, 14 October 1780
From: Adams, John
To: Digges, Thomas,Church, William Singleton

      Sir

       Amsterdam
       Octr. 14. 1780

     Yours of 6 and 10 are received. Upon what Principle is it, that they confine Mr. L. as a Prisoner of State? After So many Precedents as have been set. Sullivan, Sterling, Lee, Lovel, and many others have been exchanged as Prisoners of War.
     Mr. L. was in England when Hostilities commenced, I believe. He came into public, in America after the Declaration of Independence, after the Extinction of all civil Authority under the Crown, and after the Formation of compleat New Governments in every State. To treat a Citizen of a state thus compleatly in Possession of sovereignty de Facto, is very extraordinary. Do they mean to exasperate America and drive them to Retaliation? Are these People governed by Reason at all, or by any Principle, or do they conduct according to any system; or do they deliver themselves up entirely to the Government of their Passions, and their Caprice? I Saw so many Contradictions in the Papers, about Mr. L. that I hoped your first Account was a Mistake, but your Letter of the 10, makes me think the first Account, right.
     Pray inform me constantly, of every Thing relative to him, and let me know if any Thing can be done for him, by Way of France, or any other.
     Cornwallis’s and Tarletons Gasconade serves to Passions, and making them throw off the Mask. I dont believe that his Advantage is half so great, nor the Americans Loss half so much as they represent. Time you know is the Mother of Truth. Audi alteram Partem, and wait the Consequences. Fighting is the Thing—Fighting will do the Business. Defeats, will pave the Way to Victories. Patience! Patience! Il y en a beaucoup, en Amerique.


Title: From John Adams to Benjamin Franklin, 14 October 1780
From: Adams, John
To: Franklin, Benjamin

      Sir
      Amsterdam October 14th. 1780

     The Extracts of Letters You was so good as to send me, have been inserted in the Papers, and I should be obliged to You, for future Communications of the same kind.
     Notwithstanding the flow of Spirits, and the vigorous Exertions of our Countrymen this Year, I am sorry to say I cannot see a prospect of any thing decisive this Campaign. The fatal defect in the plan of the Campaign, in not sending a sufficient number of Ships with M. de Ternay, or soon after him, will render abortive all the great Exertions, and immense Expences of the Year.
     And at the same time Cornwallis will spread too much devastation at the Southward, where the want of numbers of Whites, the great numbers of Blacks, and above all the want of Discipline and Experience, will make the People long unhappy and unfortunate.
     The ill luck of Carolina pursues her Citizens even to Sea, and to Europe I think. Can nothing be done for the Relief of Mr. Laurens? Will You be so good as to apply to Court, and see if they will lend Us somebody of Mark to exchange for him? After exchanging so many military Men as prisoners of War, it is pitifully spightfull to use Mr. Laurens as they do: but they cannot conceal the Meanness of their Character.
     I have felt the mortification of soliciting for Money as well as You: but it has been because the solicitations have not succeeded. I see no reason at all, that We should be ashamed of asking to borrow Money, after maintaining a War against Great Britain and her Allies for almost six years, without borrowing any thing abroad, when England has been all the time borrowing of all the Nations of Europe, even of Individuals among our Allies, it cannot be unnatural, surprizing or culpable or dishonourable for Us to borrow Money.
     When England borrows annually a Sum equal to all her Exports, We ought not to be laughed at for wishing to borrow a Sum annually equal to a twelfth part of our annual Exports.
     We may, and We shall wade through, if We cannot obtain a Loan: but We could certainly go forward with more Ease, Convenience and Safety, by the help of one.
     I think We have not meanly solicited for Friendship any where. But to send Ministers to every great Court in Europe, especially the Maritime Courts, to propose an Acknowledgment of the Independence of America, and Treaties of Amity and of Commerce is no more than becomes Us, and in my Opinion is our Duty to do: it is perfectly consistent with the genuine System of American Policy, and a piece of Respect due from new Nations to old ones. The United Provinces did the same thing, and were never censured for it, but in the End they succeeded. It is necessary for America to have Agents in different parts of Europe, to give some Information concerning our affairs, and to refute the abominable Lies that the hired Emissaries of Great Britain circulate in every Corner of Europe, by which they keep up their own Credit and ruin ours. I have been more convinced of this, since my Peregrinations in this Country, than ever. The universal and profound Ignorance of America here, has astonished me. It will require Time, and a great deal of Prudence and Delicacy too to undecieve them. The Method You have obligingly begun, of transmitting me Intelligence from America, will assist me in doing, or at least attempting something of this kind, and I therefore request the Continuance of it, and have the Honour to be, with respectful Compliments to Mr. Franklin and all Friends, Sir, your most obedient Servant

      John Adams


Title: To John Adams from Joan Derk van der Capellen tot den Pol, 16 October 1780
From: Capellen tot den Pol, Joan Derk, Baron van der
To: Adams, John

       Monsieur
       Appeltern16 Octobre 1780

      Aiant appris que le Congress vous a muni des memes pouvoirs qu’Il avoit confié au Collonel Laurens, dont la facheuse catastrophe me desole, et qu’entre autres votre mission a pour but une negociation pour L’Amerique Unie, je prens la liberté de Vous prier de m’en envoier le plustot possible les Conditions; un Parent m’aiant temoigné de l’inclination d’y placer 20,000 florins de Hollande.
      Si Vous cherchez quelque Correspondant à Rotterdam je puis vous recommander mon Ami Adriaan Valck, Negociant, demeurant, Si je ne me trompe, Sur le Leuvenhaue. Il merite toute votre confiance, et est tres zelé pour la bonne cause. Le digne Tegelaar vous est connû, de meme que mon Intime Van der Kemp. Ce dernier peut a l avenir étre de grande Utilité pour le Congress. Il a beaucoup de connoissances; de la droiture et une intrepidité, que l’on ne chercheroit pas chez un Predicateur Mennonite.
      Du reste, Monsieur, Si je puis vous Servir dans ma petite Sphere, Soiez persuadé que c’est avec un devouement parfait a la cause Americaine et la plus haute consideration pour Votre Personne que j’ai lhonneur d’etre Monsieur Votre tres humble et tres obeïssant Serviteur,

       J D van der Capellen

       P:S: Le dernier paquet qui m’est venu de la part du Gouvern. Trumbull à du m’etre remis par Monsieur Son Fils le Collonel. Cependant je l’ai reçu par la Voie d’Ostende. Pourriez vous, Monsieur, me donner des Nouvelles du Collonel, car je commence a m’inquieter a son Sujet?


Title: Joan Derk van der Capellen tot den Pol to John Adams: A Translation, 16 October 1780
From: Capellen tot den Pol, Joan Derk, Baron van der
To: Adams, John

       Sir
       Appeltern,16 October 1780

      Having learned that Congress has given you the same powers it had given Colonel Laurens, whose sad fate grieves me, and that one of your mission’s objectives is to raise a loan for the United States, I take the liberty of asking you to please send me its terms as soon as possible; a relative of mine having voiced interest in investing 20,000 Dutch florins in the project.
      If you seek a correspondent in Rotterdam, I can recommend my friend Adriaan Valck, a merchant who lives, if I am not mistaken, on the Leuvenhaue. He merits your entire confidence and is very zealous for the good cause. The honorable Tegelaar is known by you, as is my intimate friend Van der Kemp. The latter could be of great use to Congress in the future. He has many connections and a rectitude and boldness one would not expect in a Mennonite preacher.
      In addition, sir, if I can be of any use in my own little sphere, rest assured that it is with a perfect devotion to the American cause, and with the highest esteem for you, that I have the honor to be, sir, your very humble and obedient servant.

       J D van der Capellen

       P.S. The last packet I received from Governor Trumbull must have been sent to me by his son the Colonel. However, I received it via Ostend. Could you, sir, send me news of the Colonel, for I am beginning to worry about him.


Title: François Barbé-Marbois to John Adams: A Translation, 18 October 1780
From: Barbé-Marbois, François de
To: Adams, John

       Triplicate
       Sir
       Philadelphia, 18 October 1780

      I have received the letter that you did me the honor of writing on 1 March. Since then, I have learned with the greatest pleasure of your decision to take your sons with you. By following the example of their father they cannot fail to develop a sincere friendship with our nation. Please remind your little travelling companion of me, and assure him of the pleasure I will have in seeing him again, whether in my country or his.
      I have had many occasions to talk about you to your friends here. They are many, and the news they occasionally receive from you seems to please them greatly.
      The Chevalier de la Luzerne is presently in Rhode Island or perhaps on the road, returning to Philadelphia. The whole family sends its greetings. We fortunately have withstood an epidemic which has afflicted Philadelphia this fall. I was not completely spared, but I hope to escape without further damage.
      We are informed that Mr. Laurens was made prisoner and sent to England. If this news is accurate you will probably know of it before we do.
      I have the honor to be, with respectful devotion, sir, your very humble and very obedient servant,

       De Marbois


Title: To John Adams from William Gordon, 19 October 1780
From: Gordon, William
To: Adams, John

      Jamaica Plain Oct. 19. 1780

     O! human nature, what are thou! When one of the most noted Republicans cannot be consistent; nor be placed on an eminence without having his head affected. My former letter was designed for Messrs. Adams and Dana, whom I humourously considered as in partnership: but I now find that they are not partners—that they carry on business separately and that I must be at the expence of corresponding with each, tho I have not plenty, either of pen, ink, paper or time.
     My Friend John Adams
     Being first mentioned made the joint letter his own property; therefore I have heard nothing from his honour Francis Dana Esqr. I am obliged to his Excellency however for ordering it to be answered by his Amanuensis, and for authenticating the whole answer by his own hand writing; but by no operation could I find in it the name of Dana; till I had recourse to a mode of working similar to that of the trifling anagrammatist, and then from John Adams I extracted Dana, by a proper arrangement of the last letter in the christian; and the three first of the sur name. Having thus remarked by way of preface, I shall proceed to consider your favour of May 26th. orderly and paragraphically. Paris I know and London I know to be cities; but pray what is Hotel de Valois Ruë de Richelieu? I suppose it to be some great house, in some certain street, where his Excellency resides.
     I would wish my scrawl to travel in little or no company, whenever it comes to Hotel de Valois, that so it may be the most acceptable: in much, it might meet with as little notice as a court attendant at full levee.
     The alterations were no amendments, but assisted in getting the plan through; and I am very glad that we have a new Constitution so near at hand, which though not so good as I could have wished, is much better than I feared, considering the tempers of people &c.; and vastly superiour to that paltry performance, which I contributed my hearty endeavours towards demolishing.
     Accidental circumstances have procured the Massachusetts a compliment, that their real merit does not entitle them to. As you once said at Braintree concerning him who has been long seeking the uppermost seat, that the world was a stranger to his true character, so may it be said concerning your present countrymen. Many persons in power have been more desirous of securing to themselves the continuance of that power, than of establishing all the rights of the community. The person that seconded the motion for a convention in 1795, Genl. Danielson, clogged it with those terms that effectually destroyed its intention, and it was carried in the morning, that there should be a convention in 1795 in case it was desired by a majority of all the inhabitants—I am sorry that Judge Sullivan supported him in it; but some of our cloth were uneasy, the matter was debated afresh in the evening, and by the united exertions of Treat Pain, Parsons and Lowell, it was altered to the majority of voters at the town meetings. To please the public it was agreed, that there might be a convention, if the people desired it; but it was not fixed that there should be; and I am convinced that leading men in the convention were against having a convention in 1795, and that when the time comes practices will be given into to prevent there being a majority in the towns for a convention, however I hope that herein they will be disappointed. What passed between me and our friend Samuel upon the occasion convinced me that he was not for it, and several others have spoken their minds unreservedly to the same purpose: however plausible their reasons are they are not weighty in my opinion; and should you be over in that period, and the independency of the State be continued your abilities I trust will be employed in procuring a vote of the people for the revision of the Plan of government, that so it may proceed on towards perfection, and measures be established for perpetuating the civil and sacred liberties of the Massachusetts people, and for rendering theirs the best government in the world.
     You with a pritty slight of hand slip over sending me news: but should the same plea be used by all others I should be as ignorant as the rest of my neighbours, had I ever such correspondences with every part of the world. Pray don’t trick me in the same way a second time: but be honest in the way of barter, and give me a quid pro quo. What you ought not to divulge, I would not wish you to write. What you may communicate with propriety in confidence, I humbly apprehend you may do with safety, as I have accustomed myself to keeping secrets, having studied Telemachas: but when I am to be silent as to what is wrote, or am only to conceal the writer, you must give me due notice of it.
     The Irish must be purblind, if they do not perceive that the ministerial sugar plumbs will be taken from them, unless American Independency is established, and that after having been feasted with fine promises they will have sour sauce served up to them, for having forced ministry into such concessions. Nothing made a great figure in English politics a long while back: and continued to do so, does England flatter herself that America will make a separate peace and join her to revenge herself against France and Spain. Was America to do it she would vie with England in blundering politics—yea, should she be only a silent spectator. Great Britain will never have honest thoughts of peace, till she can no longer prosecute the war without subjecting herself to immediate ruin. I want some able American, on your side the water, in a concise animated way to exhibit to Holland, Sweeden, Denmark, Portugal and Russia the insolence and haughtiness of G Britain in present circumstances, and to what an intolerable height it will proceed should Britain prevail against the fleets of France and Spain, and by force or treachery prevail over the Americans. Your pen employed in this service, and urging upon the above powers the state prudence and necessity of their dictating to G Britain to make peace and acknowledge American Independency, might do essential service to your country, and bring on that particular business for which you was dispatched across the herring pond.
     The manoeuvres of the combined fleets in the West Indies are at present out of my comprehension. Had they pushed their advantages, they might have taken St. Kitts or some other Island. France and Spain must make a point of falling with a superior naval force upon the ships of G B, if they mean to finish the war gloriously. Secresy in their councils might certainly enable them to do it. The nature of their governments gives them an opportunity of keeping their schemes private beyond what the British possesses. Business must pass thro’ so many hands in G B, who must be acquainted with the destination of a fleet, that it is extremely difficult to conceal it: but in France and Spain, none but the Sovereign and his right hand should be able to tell or even to conjecture, whether the armament is designed for the East Indies, the West Indies or Boston; and in fitting it out, the appearances for each should be equally strong, so as that no certain intelligence could be gained from workmen, from pilots, from commanders, or from stores. Secresy—Secresy—Secresy, is the great secret in carrying on war with advantage. By means of it the enemy is thrown upon a false scent, arising from their own misgivings and are put upon a wild goose chase. Sat sapienti verbum.If you have no powers from Congress to make a direct application to ministers, you can improve your acquaintance with ministers.
     And now Mr. Republican, what! afraid of Prince Posterity! You a Commonwealthsman, and be concerned lest a future Prince should mistake your character! Ah! what! is Character so dear, that serving your Country will not give you a quietus, unless some Historiographer tells a long tale of your leaving your wife &c., &c., &c: and blazons your patriotism: and do you threaten, that if it is not done to your satisfaction, you yourself will turn Historiographer? Methinks I have caught you, and should you attempt to rival me, have you at my mercy. Risum
        veneatis Amici. You tell me that you love your Wife and that in the countries you see you don’t find anybody you like so well; prudently done; you knew that I lived in the neighbourhood of your wife and would be likely to tell her the fine thing you said of her. That impartial heathen Historians, whether malignant or not, would not allow any higher motive to govern men than ambition, is not strange—they had not the means of ascending or being wrought up to a higher. They well knew that tho’ it was a maxim—dulce et
        decorum est pro patria mori—yet the deaths occasioned by it were not owing to the pro patria, or the dulce but to the decorum—the character, the character that men gained by dying pro patria. The name of a Patriot fed the spirit of ambition, and wrought wonders: but who of those great Patriots that are upon record would have died in private to have saved his country, had he despaired of its ever being known and made public. They expected to be honoured by men. Christianity however lays the foundation for better principles, and the christian historian will allow that men may act from a sense of duty, though as he will want penetration to discover the motives of any one heart but his own, he may write dubiously upon the point. What say you to that? I shall not set up for a perfect while I shall endeavour to shew myself an impartial historian: but should you turn Historiographer to tell the world what a huge Patriot you are, let me tell you, that the more you write in your own praise the less they will believe you, and that the louder you sound your trumpet the deafer they will grow. A Patriot has great charms in the esteem of many; but the friend of mankind or the christian has much greater—The first to serve his country will trample upon the rights of the rest of mankind—thus did the Roman patriotism operate—The last, tho’ concerned for his country in particular wishes liberty and happiness to the world, and gives up his own little spot when the benefit of the world requires it. Let me then ever prefer the Christian, who does not, as Soame Jennings falsely teaches, sacrifice to his religious principles the love of this country, but regulates it so as not to admit of its setting aside his love to the whole human race; and who considers the world as his country, and his own nation as bearing that relation to the world that his own town does to his nation.
     By writing as above, so lengthy a letter, you will not think I am in haste; but if you are tired you may pause here; and try your patience, by delaying to go on and read all the news that is to be communicated in the other part.
     Mr. Hancock will be governour, unless Death should prevent it. I was employed by a Boston representative under the rose, to plead with Mr. Bowdoin that pro bono publico he would condescend to serve as Lt. Govr.: I urged that plea, and encourage the expectation from his not declaring off, that, if the Genl. Ct. are pritty well agreed, he will not decline. He will be a good poize, and prevent undue influence and eccentric motions.
     Some time back several persons dined together with the above mentioned, the conversation turned upon old matters, a country booby of a representative said, “ay I remember we used to say that you found the money and Sam Adams the brains.” A pause commenced for some minutes before the conversation was renewed. The poor mortal, upon being afterwards spoken to upon the impropriety of his remark, apologized by pleading, it was the truth and he thought there could be no hurt in speaking it.

     Dr. Cooper understands steering between Scylla and Charybdis as well as most persons, but of late touched and was in danger of losing a first rate hand. Mr. Hancock being disgusted applied for a pew at Mr. Wight’s, late Dr. Byles’s South-end. By some means the application got wind, several of the heads of Dr. C’s waited upon the Dr. and told him that he must make it up, which was done, in what way have not been told. The disgust was owing as I was informed to the Dr.’s advising in what order the gentlemen mentioned in the first bill brought in for an academy of arts and sciences should be ranged, and Mr. Saml. Adams being set before Mr. John Hancock. The first bill was rejected. In the second, which was passed, the house ordered that the names should be ranged in alphabetical order. The story now related concerning the Dr. is in confidence; but may be communicated to Mr. Dana in confidence. The President Dr. Langdon has resigned. The students urged on by others presented a vote testifying their dislike and desiring him to resign, the Dr. hastily complied without consulting or considering the impropriety of a resignation occasioned by such a request. I am for calling the students to an account for their disorderly proceeding, and causing them to know their proper place, but do not expect that I shall carry the point. An enquiry might occasion discoveries that some gentlemen are perhaps willing to prevent more for their own sakes or the sake of their friends, than for sake of the President. I had the pleasure of being in Dr. Lee’s company once and again. Reforms are needful. Mr. Izzard, I have been told by those with whom he has conversed, talks with much less reserve than the Dr. The truth I trust will out, and the ruin of the country be prevented by speedy reformations both at home and abroad.
     Mr. Thomas Cushing is chosen one of the Counsellors and Senators for Suffolk. He had many votes thro’ a design of getting him out of the Probate Office. Deacons Nyles and Fisher, Mr. Pitts and Mr. Sumner of Roxbury, are the rest elected by the majority for Suffolk. Mr. White of Brookline has got himself returned representative, and means I apprehend to try for the vacant senatorial seat, but it is most probable that the general court will fill it with a Bostonian.
     The people at large appear to acquiesce in the late political manoeuvre of Congress for exchanging the old continental at forty for one new bill. Through the peculiar circumstances attending our youth, we can venture upon those extraordinary expedients, which would in an old country have produced a fit of the palsy or apoplexy: but these violences must not be repeated; or we shall ruin our constitution and begin to decay before we have arrived at maturity. I wonder what the European Politicians say to this manoeuvre. I believe, when it is found that it goes down thro’ the Continent without occasioning any convulsion, Lord North will be greatly shocked, and be more dubious of vanquishing America thro’ the failure of what he has stiled our only instrument for carrying on the war. I intend urging upon our new managers the keeping of public faith as the sine qua non of good and prosperous government. If under a new Constitution individuals will forsake their old bad practices and in their political capacity do justly and honestly and study the good of their country, the Massachusetts may and will flourish—and may after a while establish a good national character: but if old pranks are repeated under the new Constitution, we shall make but a miserable figure in the writings of a faithful intelligent historian.
     The letter dated Tappan Oct. 2. 1780, was wrote by Genl. Knox—Sentinel and the People of the Massachusett’s Bay by your correspondent. Major Andre was taken by three of the York militia, out with others as a scouting party. When one of them sprung out from his couvert and seized Andres horse. The Major asked where he belongd. He answered to below. the Major suspecting no deceit said, so do I. When the other two joined, and he found his mistake, the confusion that followed was apparent, and they proceeded to search till they discovered the papers. Large offers were made, but did not avail. Whoever lives to read a good history of these times, should it be wrote by an impartial and intelligent hand, will be under the necessity of admitting the doctrines of general and particular providences—or the extensive efficacious and universal government of Heaven over all wordly matters. General Green in the orders of the day after the plot was discovered, inserted as follows, “The providential train of circumstances which led to it affords a most convincing proof that the liberties of America are the object of divine protection.”
     Arnold’s behaviour had excited suspicions in the breasts of the officers who had the command of the scouting parties, to the amount of 800; and before this discovery, they had determined, that had Arnold came down to have ordered them nearer to the enemy, to have seized him upon their suspicions and to have had his conduct examined into.
     I shall not write to our friend Mr. Dana by this opportunity, but by another from Newport in a few days. We have heard of a large capture of British ships to the amount of sixty by the French and Spaniards, so many different ways, that we promise ourselves that the good news will be confirmed. Nothing but dire necessity will make the British ministry think seriously of Peace. Heaven grant that that necessity may exist soon!
     Saw Mr. Cranch this morning, spoke of Mrs. Adams, no intimation but what all were well. Design myself the pleasure of seeing her soon at Braintree. My respects to Mr. Dana, Your Son or Sons, Mr. Thaxter and Mr. Gillam. The letter he received from Mr. Tabor was received safe by Mr. Browns care. Your sincere friend and very humble servant.

      William Gordon


Title: To John Adams from Edmund Jenings, 19 October 1780
From: Jenings, Edmund
To: Adams, John

      Sir
      Brussels Octo. 19. 1780

     Returning the day before yesterday from Boulogne, I had the Honor of receiving your Excellencys Letter by the Hands of Mr. Bowdoin, to whom I shall pay every attention due to your Excellencys Recommendation and his own Merit.
     Before this comes to Hand your Excellency will have heard of the Disaster in Carolina; the Consequences of which may be sensibly felt by us. However there are Matters, which appear upon the very face of the English Account, which affords some Comfort and which the Minority, if they have any Sense, ought to point out to the people of England, to check their mad Career. America will I doubt not see the Necessity of changing her Moderation; the Cause of Humanity requires, that a Stop should be put to the English Barbarity. She will retaliate on the bloody Murderers in Cold Blood. I am Shocked at the Event, there can never be a reconcilement with England. All Prospect of Peace is Vanished, and War in its Extreme will now be carried on to the disgrace of Virtue and Religion. The Detention and Treatment of Mr. Laurens is the Extreme of folly—He has a right to the Law of Nations. France ought to claim that Right, and so ought the American Minister at Paris. The Congress however will I am sure Support its Dignity, and vindicate its Rights by every Possible Measure. I will write to a friend in London, an Acquaintance of Mr. Laurens, to see Him if Possible.
     I cannot but be Surprized at the Inactivity of the great Armament in the West Indias—perhaps Sickness Checks its Operations. But it is certain, the English are Equally afflicted and are proportionally weakned. At this Distance however we are not Judges; but can only deplore the State of Things. But surely if Monsieur Guichen can do Nothing in the Islands, He will send a Reinforcement to Rhode Island and a Strong Armament to S Carolina, or why should not Monsieur Ternay accompanied by American Vessels and Troops, sail for Carolina, when the Winds drive Arburthnot from the Coasts? Let us Hope for the best and trust in God.
     Mr. J Johnson writes me, that it was expected He should quit his business at L’Orient and go to Paris to examine the public Accounts, that He considers the proposal made to defeat the Enquiry; for it could not be expected by Congress, that He should do so, without any recompense. That He has laid before Congress all the Letters that have passed, and declind the business. Since which, it has been proposed to Him to Examine the disputed Accounts about the Ship Alliance and He has been offerd the Maryland Trust, about which your Excellency has had some trouble, but He declares He will not Accept it. If He had, He would have been caught in a Trap, and must perhaps have gone to London instead of Paris.
     I Congratulate your Excellency on the Arrival of the Alliance in America. Information may now be given to Congress, that may serve the general Interest, if it is given Cooly and Manfully, it must be attended to. I expect however to hear of some Villainous Work.
     I have had several Letters from England but containing Nothing Material. All talk of the Continuance of the War, the Inactivity of the great Armaments giving Spirited Presumption. Ministry are trying the Rockingham Party, and I think will gain Burke underhand. He is poor and said by some to be an Ennemy to Liberty. He will enable the Minister to Triump in all his Schemes.
     After the Affair of St. Martins I expect to hear the English have sailed to the Texel and siezd on what Vessels they Please, at least I should not be Surprizd to hear that Caracao and St. Eustatia were taken.
     Does your Excellency Know where Mr. Austin is? If you do pray inform Him that Mr. J Johnson writes to me that He is much wanted at Nantes. A 20 Gun Ship belonging to his State and his Address lying waiting his Determination about some Matters entrusted to Him by the State.
     I Hope your Excellency is pleased both personally and Politically with your Situation in Holland—I Hear my young Friends are in a way of Attaining all Necessary and useful Improvements. May God bless them in their Studies!
     I am told there is a publication in Holland, entitled the Tryal of three Kings. Is it, Sir, worth any thing. Your Excellency has I Hope receivd the Testament Politique de l’Angleterre.
     I take the Liberty of begging your Excellency to make my Complts. to Mr. Dana and Mr. Thaxter, the last of whom, I was so Unfortunate as not see, as He passed through Brussels, being then at Boulogne.
     I am with the greatest Respect Sir Your Excellencys Most Obedient & faithful Humble Servt.

      Edm: Jenings

      PS. Give me leave to Inform your Excellency, that I have Changed my Lodgings, and Am now—Chéz Monsr. Capelle au grand Sablons.


Title: To John Adams from Jean Luzac, 19 October 1780
From: Luzac, Jean
To: Adams, John

       Monsieur
       Leide le 19. Octobre 1780

      De retour d’une absence de chez moi j’ai trouvé la Lettre, dont vous m’avez honoré en date de Lundi dernier. Je dois vous demander pardon, que je n’aie pu accélérer jusqu’ici davantage la publication du Pamphlet. Des affaires de Famille imprévuës, qui me sont survenuës depuis ce tems, particulièrement la mort d’une Parente, qui m’a causé de fréquents voyages hors de Ville, m’ont ôté une grande partie du loisir nécessaire pour la soigner avec la promtitude, que je m’étois proposé. J’espère d’en avoir davantage à présent, et vous pouvez compter, Monsieur, sur tout mon zèle pour achever la publication en peu de jours. Dès que l’impression sera finie, j’aurai l’honneur de vous envoyer le nombre d’Exemplaires desiré. Agréez en attendant mes excuses et les assurances du respect, avec lequel je suis, Monsieur, de Votre Excellence, Le très humble & très obéissant serviteur,

       J: Luzac

       J’avois dessein de vous écrire hier au soir, lorsque la venuë de Mr. Searle m’a procuré l’occasion de vous faire parvenir la présente par ses mains.


Title: Jean Luzac to John Adams: A Translation, 19 October 1780
From: Luzac, Jean
To: Adams, John

       Sir
       Leyden, 19 October 1780

      Upon returning home, I found the letter that you honored me with of last Monday. Please accept my apologies for thus far being unable to speed up the publication of the pamphlet. Unexpected family matters, particularly the death of a relative, have caused me to make frequent trips out of town and have deprived me of the leisure necessary to address myself to the task as promptly as I had intended. I hope to have more time now, and you can count on my full efforts to finish the publication in a few days. As soon as it is printed, I will have the honor to send you the desired number of copies. In the meantime, please accept my apologies and the assurances of respect, sir, with which I am your Excellency’s most humble and most obedient servant,

       J: Luzac

       I planned to write last night, when Mr. Searle’s visit provided the opportunity to deliver this by his hand.


Title: To John Adams from Philip Mazzei, 19 October 1780
From: Mazzei, Philip
To: Adams, John

      Dear Sir
      Florence, October 19th. 1780

     I shall make no apology for troubling you, Sir, as you have been so Kind as to grant me that liberty. I hope you received by Mr. Celesia my preceeding letter of 19th. August, inclosed in which there was one for the Govr. of Virginia numbered 21. You will find here the following, numbered 22, which I beg you to peruse, and forward to its destination. You will see by it that after Mr. Celesia left Genoa I remained there some time, and had good success with the People towards disposing them in our favour. But what can I do, my dear Sir, without powers to act, and even any thing to show? I find however that in money-matter they incline more to deal with Congress, than with a separate State.
     Pray, Sir, take the trouble to write to Mr. Jefferson and other Friends, and procure that I may not be Kept here inactive at the time of our greatest wants. I shall ever be obliged to you for the favour of an answer to both my letters, and would be glad to Know by which vessels those for Virginia are sent, inclusive my private for Mr. Jefferson, which I left with you. With my best compliments to Mr. Dana and Mr. Thaxtarr I have the honour to be most respectfully, Sir Your Excellcy: most Obedient & most humble Servant

      Philip Mazzei


Title: To John Adams from Thomas Digges, 20 October 1780
From: Digges, Thomas,Church, William Singleton
To: Adams, John

      Dr Sir
      London 20 Octor. 1780

     The close confinement of our friend and the denyal of all visits, the use of pen, ink and Paper, as well as all newspapers, still continues with unabated rigour. No person but His Son accompanyd by Mr. Manning has yet found way to Him, and these have been peremptorily refusd a second visit. It now appears that Government find him nothing but His furnishd appartments, Mr. L ordering his own dinner every day from the Coal Exchange Tavern in Thames Street. Government allow 5/ pr day for sustenance to all State Prisoners, and He may claim this pittance or not just as He pleases at the end of His Confinement. It is a pity that His severe ill treatment is not known in America.
     No news yet from America since the late Carolina accounts. There are two Ships arrivd in Scotland which left St. Kitts the 6th. and 10th. Septemr. No news transpires by them. If they brought any that was palatable to Scotsmen it would certainly have got out before this, so that from the silence I suppose there is none which can be reckond bonny.
     I am your Ob ser

      WSC

      We have just heard of 8 or nine arrivals from Ama. at Amsterdam. These vessels must bring some late American Accounts. When you get the Amn. Account of the affair of Camden please to favor me with it.


Title: To John Adams from Bartholomé Wild, 20 October 1780
From: Wild, Bartholomé
To: Adams, John

       Monsieur
       Utrecht le 20e: 8bre. 1780

      Vôtre ami Mr: Cerisier m’a dit de vous envoyer quelque brochure pollitiques Sur les affaires du tems, c’est ce que je fait.

      3 Destin de l’Amerique 8° à 16 Stvrs:
      F
      2.
      8

      1 Tableau historique des Provinces Unies 12°. 6 vol.

      9.
      16

      1 Advocaat pour et Contre 8°

      .
      11

      1 Lettres Hollandoise 4 T et T 5 No. 1 à 9.

      24.
      6

      1 observation et Suitte 2 parties 8°

      1.
      5

      1 Reponce aux memoires de York

      .
      4

      1 Pierre de Touche

      .
      4

      1 reponce au Meme. de York

      .
      4

      1 Mémoire de York fevrier 1777.

      .
      4

      1 ditto   mars 1780.

      .
      4

      1 Reponce de Milord Suffolk

      .
      4

      1 Histoire d’un poux francois

      1.
      16

      1 Resolution de L.L. H.H. P.P. Les Etats Genereaux

      .
      16

      1 Histoire des Collonies Anciénne

      1.
      5

      1 Etat present des Indes Hollandoise

      .
      16

      1 Leopard Brittanique

      .
      11

   Tous ce que vous ne Souhaites garder vous pouvez Librement le remettre a Mr. Mandrillon.
      Je Compte dans 15 Jours venir à Amsterdam et d’avoir l’honneur de vous voir et de vous assurer de mes respects, étant né Suisse par concequent élévé dans une Liberté parfaitte, et depuis environs 40. Ans habitant de ce Paÿs Libre (mais pas Si entierement que La Suisse) je dois natturellement etre porté pour Les Gens qui cherche aussi Glorieusement Leur independence que vous autres Messieurs Americains. Puisse Le Seigneur qui nous a tout Crée Libre, vous estre propice et vous donner Courage, force et Benediction dans vôtre Juste Guerre avec vos Tiran en les Terrassant avec leur Gloire et ambition, je l’aprendroit tousjour avec le plus Sensible plaisir, vous priant de me Croire avec toute La Sinceréte d’un homme Libre et aprés offre de mes Services, Monsieur, Vôtre très humble et obt. Serviteur,

       B. Wild


Title: Bartholomé Wild to John Adams: A Translation, 20 October 1780
From: Wild, Bartholomé
To: Adams, John

       Monsieur
       Utrecht, 20 October 1780

      Your friend, Mr. Ceresier, asked me to send you some political pamphlets on current affairs, and here they are:

      3 Destin de l’Amerique 8° à 16 Stvrs:
      F
      2.
      8

      1 Tableau historique des Provinces Unies 12°. 6 vol.

      9.
      16

      1 Advocaat pour et Contre 8°

      .
      11

      1 Lettres Hollandoise 4 T et T 5 No. 1 à 9.

      24.
      6

      1 observation et Suitte 2 parties 8°

      1.
      5

      1 Reponce aux memoires de York

      .
      4

      1 Pierre de Touche

      .
      4

      1 reponce au Meme. de York

      .
      4

      1 Mémoire de York fevrier 1777.

      .
      4

      1 ditto   mars 1780.

      .
      4

      1 Reponce de Milord Suffolk

      .
      4

      1 Histoire d’un poux francois

      1.
      16

      1 Resolution de L.L. H.H. P.P. Les Etats Genereaux

      .
      16

      1 Histoire des Collonies Anciénne

      1.
      5

      1 Etat present des Indes Hollandoise

      .
      16

      1 Leopard Brittanique

      .
      11

   Any that you do not wish to keep may be freely returned to Mr. Mandrillon.
      In two weeks I plan to come to Amsterdam and have the honor of meeting you and presenting my respects. Having been born Swiss, and therefore raised in perfect freedom, and lived for the last forty years or so in this free country (although not quite so free as Switzerland), I am naturally drawn to people so gloriously engaged in seeking their independence as are you Americans. May the Lord who created us all free be kind and bestow on you courage, strength, and his benediction in your just war against tyrants enabling you to vanquish them with their glory and ambition. I shall always hear such news with the greatest of pleasure and please believe in the complete sincerity of a free man offering you his services, sir, your very humble and obedient servant,

       B. Wild


Title: From John Adams to Edmund Jenings, 23 October 1780
From: Adams, John
To: Jenings, Edmund

      My dear Sir
      Amsterdam Octr. 23d 1780

     Your excellent Letter of the nineteenth I have recieved.
     Your feelings I find are in Unison with mine, upon the behaviour of Cornwallis, and the Treatment of Mr. Laurens. It is not however at all surprising to me. I have ever expected, whenever I have crossed the Atlantic, to be treated with the same and with greater Indignities, if I should have been so unfortunate as to fall into the hands of the English. To Tyrants, Tyranny is always very dear: they take no delight but in exercising it; and this is now and has been long the predominant Character of the People of England, as well as the Government.
     Reconciliation and Peace are but dreams of Philanthropy. Let Us think of them no more, but prepare to grow up in the midst of war. Let Us not be decieved with the Idea that next Campaign will be the last: it will be no such thing.
     The Treatment of Mr. Laurens will have a deep Effect upon the American Mind. He is very dear to all honest Americans. His ill Treatment will be considered as a studied Insult, to all America: it will be considered as it is intended, as a glaring proof in the Sight of all the World, of their Contempt and Hatred of all America, and of their determination to pursue Hostilities to the Last Extremity.
     I rejoice with You in the Arrival of the Alliance. Mr. Austin is gone to Nantes. The Affair of St. Martins makes a deep Impression.
     I have not my health here so well as in Paris: but otherwise I like my Situation here very well—here I shall stay some time. My Boys are very thankful for your Benediction, and beg me to present You their dutiful Respects.

     The Trial of three Kings I have read. Mr. Guild had the only one, I have been able to see, and that he carried to America. It is flattering to Us—it is droll and very saucy: it makes so free with many Sovereigns, that I believe it will not be very easy to procure it. The Testament Politique I have recieved, and thank You for it. There is a Flood of Pamphlets upon the times, all of which are favourable to our Side. Have You read the Letters Hollandoises, Le Destin de l’Amerique &c.
     It seems as if the armed Neutrality would come to something in time, if my Information is not false.
     I am not without hope that De la Motte Picket, or somebody is gone to De Ternay, but dare not hope too much. However if You were to converse two Hours with Mr. Searle, You would not be distressed very much. He is the only Man I ever met in Europe, who tells, what I know about the State of our Affairs. It is a Comfort to have one Witness.
     Most affectionately Your’s

      John Adams


Title: To John Adams from Jonathan Loring Austin, 23 October 1780
From: Austin, Jonathan Loring
To: Adams, John

      Sir
      Nantes 23 October 1780

     I was duly honored with your Favor of the 2d Instant. Mr. Thaxter having left Paris, I applied to Mr. Grand for the twenty Louis d’ors which I received, and shall invest them in Calicoes and ship on Board the Mars as directed. In this Vessel I think to take passage myself, mortified and disappointed in all my Attempts to execute the Commission I am entrusted with, I cannot flatter myself a longer Residence here will prove more favorable to my Wishes, the Enquiries I have made and the constant Attention I have paid to the Business, convince me that future Applications will only serve to renew my Chagrin, increase my Anxiety, and terminate ineffectually; besides, my Situation since I left America has been very disagreable, more so perhaps than any who have left it on the same Errand—without Money, without a Line of Credit, or a single Remittance.

     The Impracticability of obtaining the Loan, has led me for some time to turn my Attention to procure, if possible the Cloathing, many of the Obstacles which occur’d in the first I experienc’d in the last Attempt, and tho’ I have represented the Ability of our State in every advantageous light, yet my Rhetorick has not been sufficiently powerfull to impress the least Confidence, or procure a warm Garment for a poor Soldier. Had I been furnished with anything to work with, had I brought out with me sufficient to pay for one third of the Goods wanted, or had the Mars been loaded with some sort of Cargo its probable a small Advance would have procur’d a part, if not all the Cloathing.
     On my leaving America, I was determined to prosecute the Business with the utmost Attention, in hopes of accomplishing it, tho’ I have failed in my Attempts, yet I rest satisfied my Exertions have not been wanting. I have not taken it for granted, (agreeable to my Friends predictions) it could not be effected, ’till I had made every Trial. As your Excellency is well acquainted with the Steps I have taken in the Business, permit me to request a Letter from you to our General Assembly upon the Subject, with your Sentiments relative to my proceedings and whether you would advise me to return by this Ship or wait here in hopes of a more favorable Moment.
     I am with the greatest Respect Your Excellencys Most Obedient & very humble Servant

      Jon: Loring Austin

      PS. Please to direct to me to the Care of Mr. Williams.


Title: To John Adams from Benjamin Rush, 23 October 1780
From: Rush, Benjamin
To: Adams, John

      Dear Sir
      Philada. Octobr. 23. 1780

     The discovery of Arnold’s treachery, and the new Bennington Affair in the South, have given fresh hopes and Spirits to the Whigs. We had forgotten former deliverances under our late losses and mortifications. But we now find that providence is on our Side, and that our independance is as secure as the everlasting mountains. We have discovered at last that God means that we should live only from hand to mouth, to keep us more dependant upon his power and goodness.
     Our Citizens are not wholly corrupted—our Officers are experienced, and our soldiers are brave. We want nothing but wisdom in our Congress to collect and direct properly the Strength of our country. The representation of Pensylvania in Assembly which had degenerated to a very low degree, has improved considerably at the last election. Our men of education and ancient influence begin to take part in our governments so that we hope soon to see the Spirit, Union and dignity of 1775 revived among us.
     Our friends in Europe have nothing to fear from any thing that can now happen to us. If our Stock of Virtue should ever fail us—there are certain passions in human Nature which will form as effectual barriers against British power as our Virtue did in the beginning of the controversy. There is pride and ambition eno’ in certain individuals of your Acquaintance to rescue this country from the dominion of King George, if the people Should ever incline to submit to it. But the latter is impossible. Our Streets ring with nothing but the execrations of Arnold whose treachery had for its Object the Subjugation and conquest of America.
     Your Old friend Gates is now suffering not for his defeat at Camden, but for taking General Burgoyne, a persecution from a faction in Congress. His Officers acquit him. They say he did his duty and deserved praise. He is to be tried for his misfortune, at a time when he is deploring the loss of his only Son (a most promising youth) who died a few weeks ago.
     With respectful Compts to Mr Dana I am my Dear Sir yours most Affectionately

      Benjn. Rush


Title: From John Adams to Benjamin Franklin, 24 October 1780
From: Adams, John
To: Franklin, Benjamin

      Sir
      Amsterdam October 24. 1780

     I have this moment the Honour of your Letter of the twentyeth of this Month and it is, as cold Water to a thirsty Soul.
     I have been busily employed in making Enquiries, in forming Acquaintances and in taking Advice. In hopes of Mr. Laurens’s Arrival, and wishing him to judge for himself, I have not decided, upon some Questions that necessarily arise. I am not able to promise any Thing but I am led to hope, for Something. The Contents of Mr. Jays Letter, will certainly be of great Weight and Use. I am assured of the good Will of a Number of very worthy and considerable People and that they will endeavour to assist a Loan.
     Let me intreat your Excellency, to communicate to me every Thing you may further Learn respecting the benevolent Intentions of the Court of Madrid, respecting this Matter. I will do myself the Honour, to acquaint you with the Progress I make. I was before in hopes of assisting you Somewhat, and your Letter has raised those hopes a great deal, for the English Credit certainly Staggers here, a little.
     The Treatment of Mr. Laurens is truly affecting. It will make a deep and lasting Impression on the Minds of the Americans, but this will not be a present Relief to him. You are no doubt minutely informed, of his ill Usage. Can any Thing be done in Europe for his Comfort or Relief?
     I have the Honour to be, with respectfull Compliments to all Friends, sir, your most obedient humble servant

      John Adams


Title: From John Adams to Samuel Cooper Johonnot, 24 October 1780
From: Adams, John
To: Johonnot, Samuel Cooper

      My dear Sir
      Amsterdam Octr. 24. 1780

     I have just recieved your letter of the Seventeenth of October, and am obliged to you for writing to me, upon the subject of it.

     I ought to have written to His Excellency Dr. Franklin upon the subject before, but knowing His Excellencys Friendship for your Grand Papa, and that of Madame the Marquise de la Fayette, made me neglect it till now.
     You will present my respectfull Compliments to Dr. Franklin, and request his Excellency to be your Guardian, in my Absence, as it is difficult to remove you here, and you would not be pleased I think with the Change.
     I have not received, any Remittance from your Papa Since We left America. It must have miscarried. As soon as I recieve any I will, write you about it. You speak French, I fancy, by this time, like a Native of Paris, and I hope you are making good Progress in all branches of Usefull Accomplishments.
     With my Respects to Mr. & Mde. Pechini I remain yours &c.

      John Adams


Title: From John Adams to the President of Congress, No. 17, 24 October 1780
From: Adams, John
To: Huntington, Samuel,President of Congress

      Sir
      Amsterdam October 24th. 1780

     I have recieved several Letters from London, concerning Mr. Laurens. It is certain that he has been treated with great Insolence by the Populace in his Journey from Dartmouth to London, and that he is confined to a mean Appartment in the Tower, denied the Use of Pen and Ink, and none of his Friends have been able to obtain Leave to visit him, excepting his Son and Mr. Manning, and those positively limited to half an Hour. He is ill of a Lax, much emaciated, and very invective against the Authors of his ill Usage. I saw last night a Letter from Mr. Manning himself, so that there is no doubt of the Truth of this Account. This deliberate, this studied manifestation to all the World of their Contempt and Hatred of all America, and of their final determination to pursue this War to the last Extremity, cannot be misunderstood. The Honour, the Dignity, the essential Interests and the absolute Safety of America, require that Congress should take some Notice of this Event. I presume not to propose the Measures that might be taken because Congress are in a much better Situation to judge.
     I have waited, in hopes of Mr. Laurens’s Arrival, but now all hopes of it are extinguished, I must fix upon a House and settle the Conditions, in Pursuance of my Commission. No Time has been lost: it has all been industriously spent in forming Acquaintances, making Enquiries and taking Advice of such Characters as it is proper to consult. The present State of things affords me Hopes, but from a particular Order of Men. These I have endeavoured to gain, without giving Offence to any others, and I am not without hopes of obtaining something, though I much fear it will be short of the Expectations of Congress.
     I am not at Liberty as yet to mention Names: hereafter they will be known.
     I cannot with too much Earnestness recommend it to Congress, to take Measures if possible, to send some Cargoes of Produce to Amsterdam or St. Eustatia, for the purpose of paying Interest—a little of this would have a great Effect.
     I ought not to conclude without repeating my Opinion, that a Commission to some Gentleman of Minister Plenipotentiary is absolutely necessary.
     I have the Honour to be, with the greatest Respect, Sir, your most obedient and most humble Servant

      John Adams


Title: To John Adams from Thomas Digges, 27 October 1780
From: Digges, Thomas,Fitzpatrick, William
To: Adams, John

      Dr. Sir

       27 Octo 80

     Your last is of the 25 Sepr. Mr. W.S.C. lately got the annexd note—it is Sent for your government. No news but what you will read in the papers as soon as this Letter—A great portion of the people here are hurt and as much astonishd as You can be at the treatment Mr. L—— has met with—the rigour is no ways abated. This, with Lord Cornwallis’s military Executions and cool butchery of defenceless people in South Carolina, irrevocably seals the perpetual disunion between Great Britain and America. Tis to be lamented that present appearances speak peace to be far distant—come when it will, we may safely pronounce that it will be accompanyd with anguish and humiliation to the savage heart, that seems insatiate of human of Gore and the principal actor for carrying on the war.

        “Tho not personally known yet I am well acquainted with your (WS.C——’s) Character and attatchments as well as with his connexions and correspondence yonder and I had letters for Him from——and——. Happy to be informd the Bills are taken up—there will no more appear—had reprobated the premature and dangerous step of drawing—shall be glad when possible to see you and L. De N——e. The present confinement is cruel—the mode and terms aggravate, but there is no abatement on this or any other consideration, of Spirits. These are calm and composd—had these faild, the flesh under the late malady would have sunk totally. Continue to keep these friends F——and A—— informd, and communicate intelligence from them as speedily as possible. Should not Friends interpose for obtaining some enlargement on parole, by bail, or Exchange?—Have no hint to communicate at this moment, except that those papers said to be taken, which were intended to be Sunk, are of no importance or very little. A million of thanks to WS.C, But a snatchd moment to write all this.”

     I wish you all good & am with the highest respect Yr obedt servant

      Wm Fitzpatrick


Title: From John Adams to Thomas Digges, 28 October 1780
From: Adams, John,San, Fernando Raymond
To: Digges, Thomas,Church, William Singleton

      Sir

       28 October 1780

     Give me Leave to trouble you, to Send me two Newspapers, the General Advertiser and the Morning Post, Let them be sent constantly by the Post, to the Address of Mynheer Henry Schorn, Amsterdam. I have an opportunity already of Seeing Some other Papers.
     Let me beg the favour of your sending me also, General Burgoines and General Hows Narrative. When your Funds are near exhausted let me know.
     It would be but Affectation in me to offer Money to Mr. Laurens, who cannot be at a Loss, if he could be, he, or you for him may command me. Where are Manly and Cunningham? If you can assist them command me.

      F.R.S.


Title: To John Adams from John Bondfield, 28 October 1780
From: Bondfield, John
To: Adams, John

      Sir
      Bordeaux 28 8bre 1780

     A fever that confind me to my Bed from the 15th Augt. to 20 Sept. and and absence in the Country to a few days past for my recovery deprived me the pleasure of communicating to you as subjects offerd the occurences which by many arrivals at this and the neighbouring Ports have been frequent. You will undoubtedly have recived from Ferol the Letters and papers brought by the arrivd at that Port. They left Boston the 10 September. Mr. Brush who went out in the Alliance is returnd Passenger and I learn this morning he is arrivd at this City. I have not yet Seen him, his inteligence of the possission of Mr. De Ternay and the Land Forces must be very Interesting. We suspect little can be undertaken until Mr. De Ternay obtains a reinforcement. So long as the English remain masters in them Seas, the Towns on the Sea Coast as Charles Town &c. will ever be a prey to their excurssions. We are without advise of Genl. Provost. It is time them troops should appear if sent to join Lord Cornwallis will make him too strong for the Carolina Militia particularly since their retreat.
     The British Ministry will be at a loss how to treat Mr. Laurens in all probability he will be detaind during the War unless some Member of one of the two Houses . . . becomes a Captive which its not improble may happen. Capt. Jones here went out in the Arial is returnd to Lorient dismasted. Landais we are informd was put under arrest at his arrival at Boston. The number of prizes of Value sent into that Port have given a surabundance of most Nessessaries—and will probably make up for the non arrival of the Cloathing provided last Spring which I am told is yet in France. By the dismission of Mons. De Sartin, Monsr. Le Ray de Chaumont will find himself crampt in the operations he is engaged in. A report to his prejudice prevaild here some days past.
     I do not find the two Cases of Wine you wrote me to forward have been sent. I shall order them by the next deligence to be prepard and forwarded.
     I have the Honor to be respectfully Sr your very hbl Serv

      John Bondfield


Title: To John Adams from the Committee for Foreign Affairs, 28 October 1780
From: Lovell, James,Continental Congress, Foreign Affairs Committee
To: Adams, John

      Dear Sir

       Oct. 28th. 1780

     I shall endeavor to write largely to you, en Ami, but I will not risque the Sailing of the Vessel for that Purpose, at this moment. It is reported Mr. Searle is taken; our Affairs in Holland must in such Case be very bad as you will not have received any Powers for acting instead of Mr. Laurens who is too probably taken and carried to England from New foundland. And I also know of other Fatalities to my Letters.
     Your Friend & humb Servt.

      James Lovell
      C of f Affs.


Title: John Adams’ Authorization to Accept Bills of Exchange Drawn on Henry Laurens, 28 October 1780
From: Continental Congress,Thomson, Charles
To: Adams, John

      In Congress 28th Octor. 1780

     Resolved, That the Honble. John Adams be and hereby is authorised and instructed to accept the bills of Exchange drawn on the Honble. Henry Lawrens in pursuance of the resolution of Congress of the 6th. instant in the same manner as he is authorised and instructed to accept those heretofore drawn on Mr. Lawrens according to the resolution of November 23d. 1779, and in case of the absence of Mr. Adams the authority hereby granted be and is hereby extended to the Honble. Francis Dana.

      Extract from the Minutes
      Chas Thomson Secy.


Title: From John Adams to the President of Congress, No. 19, 31 October 1780
From: Adams, John
To: President of Congress,Huntington, Samuel

      Sir
      Amsterdam Octr. 31. 1780

     The British Ministry, by the terrible Examples of the Rioters, have So intimidated the Nation, and by their Success in the late Elections have So great a Majority in Parliament, that they think themselves secure for Seven Years, and Seem determined to go on, with more Vigour than ever.
     The Letters from their Generals Clinton, Cornwallis &c. shew that they are now adopting a new system. These Letters are full of Panygyricks upon the Tories and Refugees. Gage and the two Howes and Burgoine, made light of these Auxiliaries, which made Mr. Galloway their Ennemy, who has been very industrious, in exposing their Characters. Indeed the Ministry Seem to be wholly governed now, by Mr. Galloway, and their Generals, Seem to have adopted the Same Sentiments. The Consequence is that in America, at least where the British Army Rules the Refugees are cherished. Cornwallis in his last Letter, in which he gives an Account of his Battle with General Gates, assures the Ministry that he is determined to make some Examples among his Prisoners, and private Letters Say, that he hanged seventeen upon the Field of Battle in the Face of his Army. But none of these are more decisive Proofs of their present System than their Treatment of Mr. Laurens, whom they are holding up to that nation in the frightfull Character of a Rebel, knowing that this Word and this Idea is enough to inflame them, beyond all degrees of Reason.
     It is not only in England and America, that they mean to Spread a Terror. They think they can terrify all Nations: This in particular. They have Sent over to his most serene highness the Prince of orange, Some Copies of Letters taken with Mr. Laurens. I cannot learn that there are any but from Mr. De Neufville and Mr. Gillon, who are here. But it is propagated that there are many more—and Mr. Van berkel and the Baron Vander Capellan are named. But I have very good Reason to believe, that they have not a Line of either. The English are giving out as is their practice every fall, that they are determined to send, great Forces to America. Fourteen Regiments are talked of—ten thousand Men are talked of. But these Threats will be executed as usual. Fourteen Regiments if they send them will not produce, five? four thousand Men in America, to repair all their Losses in North America and the West Indies.
     We have one Ennemy more pernicious to Us than all their Army and that is an opinion, which Still prevails in too many American Minds that there is still Some Justice, Some Honour, Some Humanity and Some Reason in Great Britain, and that they will open their Eyes and make Peace. That there are Individuals who have these Virtues cannot be doubted. Rome had many Such, even after the Ultimi Romanorum. But they were So few in Comparison to the whole, and had so little share in Government, that they only served, by their Endeavours to bring things back, to Make the Nation more miserable.
     I am So fully convinced that Peace is a great Way off, and that We have more Cruelty, to encounter than ever, that I ought be explicit to Congress. We shall be forced to wean ourselves, from the little Remainders of Affection and Respect, for that nation—nay even from our Curiosity. I cannot think it decent, that any American should voluntarily set his Foot on British Ground, while We are treated as We are. The Practice is too common to Step over, upon Motives of Curiosity, Pleasure or Business, and I cannot but think it ought to be discountenanced.
     I have the Honour to be &c.


Title: To John Adams from Thomas Digges, 31 October 1780
From: Digges, Thomas,Church, William Singleton
To: Adams, John

      Dr. Sir

       Tuesday Octor. 31. 1780

     We have not the least news from the Westward more than the publick papers will announce, but in hourly expectations of some from N York. Our grand fleet passd Plymo. the 27th. and these winds have probly put them on their intendd station for Cruizing. A small fleet has saild to N York—a frigate or so with 10 or a doz store Ships and Merchantmen, but no troops or any thing like any. Four Ships of the line are going soon to the Wt. Inds. They carry troops 3 to 5,000—and I guess these will be the last Expeditions or fleets in this year of our Lord 1780.
     We are all anxiety for the Speech, which some say is not to deliverd to day, but tomorrow. I Shall keep this letter open to a late hour to inclose it or give you any cue of the tendency of it that may be in my power to gather.
     Yours of the 14th. got to hand after my letter of the 27th. was forwarded. I have in my possession one from Mr. Searle to Mr. Laurens which I understand the substance of from the bearer of it Mr. Jones, this shall find its way to Mr. L tho the letter may not. Please to mention this to Mr. S——le with my best wishes &c. &c. Any thing flat and smally folded will duly find its way. I only observe a caution of not doing Him any hurt by what is written. The day will come when relaxation from present severity will take place, therefore any discoverys may make confinement longer. Any hints can be securely communicated. He is made easier, and better in health by them. No one I beleive can tell upon what principle Mr. L was committed upon. Principle here, is not so much regarded as you immagine; It is generally the sudden impulse of the hour that lead our rulers in Error. I beleive they think themselves in an Error already about the Committment and ill treatment of that man, and probably they will act with more lenity soon, and sink into the other extreem. Appearances however speak that His Confinement will be a long one. The Law for suspending the Habeas Corpus to those who have embarkd and been beyond Sea, which was passd in 1777 and is I believe in force to Jany. 1. 1780, prevents Mr. L getting releasd by Bail, and authorises his Enemys to keep him in confinement as long as they think fit. I will get you the Law, as well as the Arguments in Ebenezer Smith Platts case and send them You.
     It is impossible to describe why or wherefore these people act as they do; every thing seems to indicate they mean to play away the last stake with America, to exasperate Your Countrymen all in their power, and drive them to acts of retaliation. They seem to deliver themselves up intirely to the Government of their passions and their Caprice, and conduct themselves according to no system whatever. This harsh treatment of Mr. Laurens, together with Lord Cornwallis’s military Executions and cool butchery of defenseless people in So Carolina, irrevocably seals the perpetual disunion between Great Britain and America. I cannot but lament that appearances speak Peace at a very great distance—Come when it will we may safely pronounce that it will be accompanyd with anguish and humiliation to the Savage Heart of “White Eyes,” that seems insatiable of human gore.
     I am with the Highest Esteem Yr Obedient Servant

      WSC

      There was no Speech to day. But the jst of it is supposd for a Continuance of the War—that Cornwallis success shews what may be done by vigorous exertions—very Complimentary to that Genl.—assuring that the money which may be granted will be properly applyd &c. &c. &c.—

      C. W. Cornwall chosen Speaker by a Majority of 31 votes

      for Cornwall
      234

      for Sr. Fletcher Norton
      203

      31


Title: To John Adams from C. W. F. Dumas, 1 November 1780
From: Dumas, Charles William Frederic
To: Adams, John

       Monsieur
       La Haie 1er. Nov. 1780

      Quoique j’aie eu l’honneur de vous écrire depuis la faveur de votre Lettre du 4e., je dois néanmoins me souvenir que je n’y ai proprement pas répondu. Je n’ai pu me procurer une Copie de la Dépêche de Petersbourg, parce que les Plenipotentiaires ont exigé qu’elle ne fût point communiquée. Mais elle porte en Substance 1º. une Convention proposée par l’Impératrice de Russie, où, aux 5 articles connus, entre les Cours du Nord, cette Princesse, dans 2 ou 3 articles de plus, sans vouloir proprement rien garantir à la République, lui assure néanmoins son secours au cas qu’elle soit attaquée en haine de la dite convention: 2º. que l’Envoyé d’Angleterre à Petersbourg a déclaré à l’Impératrice, que la Grande Bretagne respectera la navigation de la neutralité armée, pourvu que cette république ici en soit exclue: 3º. que l’Envoyé de Prusse les a assurés que le Roi son Maître accedera à la Neutralité armée: 4º. Un article séparé de la Convention, que lorsque la Neutralité armée aura pris toute sa consistence, elle pourra procurer la paix en offrant sa Médiation aux Puissances belligérantes.
      Au reste, il n’y a pas encore de Congrès formé à Petersbourg; mais il n’est pas impossible qu’il s’y en forme un, lorsque les choses seront parvenues à une certaine maturité: et dans ce cas il seroit certainement nécessaire qu’il y eût, comme vous dites, un Ministre Américain, dès qu’il s’y agiroit d’une Pacification générale, c’est-à-dire, de l’ancien et du Nouveau monde. Mais, encore une fois, il n’y a pas encore de Congrès à Petersbourg, et jusqu’ici il n’en a pas même été question. Je vous ai seulement marqué, dans celle de mes Lettres qui a occasionné la vôtre, qu’il regne un concert (ou une intelligence) manifeste entre les Ministres étrangers (excepté celui d’Angleterre) et le Cabinet de Petersbourg, pour parvenir au grand but de l’Impératrice, qui est d’affranchir toutes les mers de la prétention de toute Puissance qui voudroit y dominer seule, et inquiéter la navigation des Neutres toutes les fois qu’elle seroit en guerre.

      J’apprendrai avec bien du plaisir, Monsieur, que vous jouissez d’une parfaite santé; et j’espere d’en être témoin oculaire, dès que l’Assemblée d’Hollande ici se sera séparée: ce qui vraisemblablement aura lieu dans peu de jours.
      Au reste, vous aurez déjà appris la résolution prise par la Province d’Hollande d’accéder à cette Neutralité. Il s’agit que les 6 autres prennent la même résolution. Deux ou trois l’ont déjà fait. Mais il faut que les autres le fassent aussi, sans quoi rien ne pourra se conclure.
      Je suis, Monsieur, avec un grand respect, Votre très-humble & très-obéissant serviteur,

       Dumas

       Si vous savez quelque chose de l’état de Mr. Lawrens, depuis qu’il est enfermé à la Tour; je vous supplie de m’en faire part. Americanus sum, nec quidquam Americani a me alienum puto. Patior cum illis ita ut olim gavisurus cum iisdem.


Title: C. W. F. Dumas to John Adams: A Translation, 1 November 1780
From: Dumas, Charles William Frederic
To: Adams, John

      The Hague, 1 November 1780
      Although I have had the honor to write to you since the favor of your letter of the 4th, I now realize that I did not adequately answer it. I have been unable to procure a copy of the dispatch from St. Petersburg because the plenipotentiaries insisted that it not be distributed. But, in substance, it contains
      1. A convention proposed by the Empress of Russia whereby, with the five known articles between the Northern Courts, this princess in two or three additional articles, without formally guaranteeing anything to this Republic, nevertheless assures it assistance in case it is attacked as a consequence of the said convention.
      2. The British envoy to St. Petersburg has declared to the Empress that Great Britain will respect the navigation of the armed neutrality as long as this Republic is excluded.
      3. The Prussian envoy has assured them that his Master, the King, will accede to the armed neutrality.
      4. An article, separate from the convention, states that once the armed neutrality is in full operation, it will be able to pursue peace by offering to mediate between the belligerent powers.
      Nevertheless, a congress has not yet been formed at St. Petersburg, but it is possible that one will be established once things have settled down; and in that case it will certainly be necessary that there be, as you stated, an American minister present during deliberations for a general peace, that is to say, between the old and the new world. But I repeat, there still is no congress in Petersburg and so far the possibility has not even been mentioned. I had only suggested, in the letter to which you replied, that there exists a definite consensus (or an understanding) between the foreign ministers (except that of England) and the cabinet at St. Petersburg, to achieve the Empress’s great objective, which is to free all the seas from the pretensions of any power that would unilaterally dominate them and thereby disrupt the navigation of neutral nations in time of war.
      I will learn with great pleasure, sir, that you enjoy perfect health, and hope to see it myself when the Assembly of Holland adjourns, which it is likely to do in a few days.
      Besides, you will have already heard of the resolution taken by the Province of Holland to accede to this neutrality. The problem now is to have the other six adopt the same resolution. Two or three have already done so. But it is necessary that the others also agree, otherwise, nothing can be done.
      I am, sir, with great respect, your very humble and very obedient servant,

       Dumas

       If you have any information concerning the state of Mr. Laurens since his imprisonment in the Tower, please let me know. Americanus sum, nec
         quidquam Americani a me alienum puto. Patior cum illis ita ut olim gavisurus cum iisdem.


Title: To John Adams from Edmund Jenings, 1 November 1780
From: Jenings, Edmund
To: Adams, John

      Sir
      Brussels Novr. 1st. 1780

     I have the Honor of receiving your Excellencys Letter of the 23d Ultimo, acknowledging the Receipt of mine of the 19th. I am happy to find my Sentiments of things confirmed by your Excellency. What your Excellency has said with respect to the Improbability of Peace, and Treatment of Mr. Lawrens affects me much. I have taken the liberty of writing it to England for the public Perusal and attention. The Higher, that inconsiderate People Talk and the more inhumanly, they Act, the more Inflexible ought we to be. They ought to know our Temper, and cease their Insolence and Cruelty, least worse fall on them.
     I sent about ten days Ago the following Queries to a Gentleman of some weight and great integrity to be shown by Him to his Friends, that Use might be made thereof in Parliament, and afterwards to be publishd for the Inspiration of the People.
     “Was Sir John Dalrymple Commissiond by them, (the Ministers) when on Account of his Ladys Illness, he Embarked for Lisbon and obtaind Permission to go from thence to Madrid, which Permission was procured from the Court under the Pretext of Consulting a celebrated Irish Physiscian in that city? Was He Authorizd to make Overtures for an accomodation, which if published, would be an Anecdote of more Curiosity, than all those, transcribed by the great Hunter of Anecdotes?
     Was He instructed by the Ministers to Assure all the Confessors, Chaplains, Priests and Zealots of the Roman Catholic Religion, that his Letters from Ld. Germain or his Friends Messrs. S—— could introduce Him to, that it was the Intention of our Gracious Sovereign and his Ministers insensibly to place his Catholic on a footing with his Protestant Subjects with respect to Civil and religious Liberty? Did they instruct Him to Endeavour to Tamper with the American Agents at that Court, and to Inspire them with a distrust and Jealousy of the Intention of the Court of Spain and even of one Another at present employed in Europe? Did they, notwithstanding this Gentlemans fruitless Negociation, afterwards send a certain Mr. Cumberland the Secretary, Confident, and Friend of one of them, on the same Arrand, under pretext of establishing a Cartel for the Exchange of Prisoners? Did they Authorize this Gentleman to make offers of Ceding Rights and Possessions, acquired in former Wars by the Blood and Treasures of this Nation on Condition, that the Court of Spain should not Support the revolted Colonies, and should Use its Influence with France to relinquish them on certain Terms Advantageous to that Nation and humiliating to England? Did they further Authorize Him by a Secret Article of the proposed Treaty, that the King would place his Catholic Subjects in both Kingdoms on a footing with respect to Civil and Religious Rights, as his protestant ones? To give weight to these Representations, did not a certain Personage Closet an Irish Priest of that Religion, whose Name this Negociation hath preservd from Oblivion, and solemnly Assure Him of his Intention to protect and employ the Members of a Religion, whom He regarded as His most faithful Subjects? and was not this same Abbé by more solid reasons induced to pave the way by his intrigues with the pious and interested for the admission of Mr. C——d on the pretext before mentiond? Have not the Overtures of these Emissaries been treated as the Visions of Madmen by the wise Councils of his Catholic Majesty? and would not the Persons employed have been long ago directed to continue their Travels, notwithstanding the pious Artifices of Mr. C——ds Coadjutor, and the Beauty and Harmony of his fair Daughters, if this Emissary had not given the Court reason to Expect still more humiliating Concessions and by those Means discovering the Abject Situation of the present Governors of this once florishing Country?”
     I Hope your Excellency will not disapprove of this Step.
     I am Happy to hear the Armd Neutrallity is likely to form soon a consistent and regular Plan of Operation. I wish at least that it would try that Measure, which I had the Honor of suggesting to your Excellency. I have been seldom bigotted to my Opinions and fancies, but I must Confess I am very much so to this, which Step woud be very much improvd by the Acknowledgement of our Independancy. I am very much pleasd to hear reports of a Treaty between Us and Holland—the Dutch will be certainly satisfied in making Treaties, with whom they can, when England has with so much Insolence and Outrage reduced them to a State of Nature with respect to Her.
     I find by the Morning Post, which your Excellency Knows is a Ministerial Paper the following Paragraph under the Article of N York. Augst. 25th.
     “It is said our Old Acquaintance Mr. Lee? Izard lately returnd to America, has deliverd to the Congress his Sentiments freely on some other Cessions (respecting the American Fisheries), which have been made to his most Catholic Christian Majesty by Doctr. B.F.——Whose Conduct He reprobates as eminently injurious to the Rights and Dignity of the American States.”
     I am with greatest Respect Sir your Excellencys most Faithful & Obedient Humble Sert

      Edm: Jenings