Title: Lambert Wickes to the American Commissioners, 13 March 1777
From: Wickes, Lambert
To: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur

Gentlemen
LOrient March 13th 1777
I Take this Opertunity to Inform you Of the proceadings of the Commissary of this port Which Seam very odd to me as I have Recd. no Instrucktions from you. He Sent for me to Day and told me I must Get my Ship Cleaned and put Every thing on bord As fast as possible and then Departe the port Immediately. He further Informd me he Should Send persons to See That We Did not Delay any time. These are very Extraordinary orders and Such as I Should Suppose you Are Allready Acquainted With. If So Am much Surprized I Am not Informd by you in What maner or How to procead So As not to Giv Umbrage to the King or Minnisters. I Can Get the Ship Ready in 8 or 10 Days At furthest But Shall Be very Glad to heare from You As Soon As possible or At Least before I Sail. If I Should be Drove out of this port by the Commissary Without your orders I Cannot tell Where to Go to Wait your Instrucktions or Whethere to procead Directly for America or not; As I Am ordered not to Enter any french port again. I have Recd. none your favrs, Since those By Mr. Defrancy Which I Cannot Account for but hope youl Soon Write me fully and Advise in What maner to procead. From Gentlemen your most Obligd Humble Servant
Lambt Wickes
PS Pleas answer this As Soon As possible and Exskuse it as I have Scarcely time to Write before the post Departs.
To the Honbls. Docktor Benjamin Franklin Silas Dean

Addressed: To / The Honbl. Docktor Benjain Franklin / Paris
Notation: Capt. Wickes 13 March 77.


Title: From Benjamin Franklin to ———, 15 March 1777
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: ——

Sir,
Passy, March 15. 1777
We are much oblig’d to M. De la Haye and his Friends for their Offer of Supplying the Americans with Merchandize, and we desire them to accept our Thanks; But it does not suit us to enter into any Engagements of the kind; We as Commissioners from the Congress have no Orders for purchasing other Goods than what are necessary for the Arming and Clothing of the Troops and fitting out the Ships of the United States: and that Commission will not be continued when private Merchants shall supply Quantities of Goods sufficient, as the Congress do not desire to interfere with Merchants in Commerce. The Trade and Ports of the States are open to the Merchants of France; and M. De la Haye and his Friends may send thither and sell what Goods they think proper, and purchase for Returns the Produce of the Country, in which they will receive all the Protection the Force of the States can give them, and probably may make considerable Profit. But it is not to be expected of us to engage them Payment in Money at Paris, nor to find Sureties there for such Payment. If those who are to have a Profit in furnishing the Goods will not for the sake of such Profit give us Credit, how can we being Strangers here desire others to be our Guarantees, and hazard themselves for nothing? In short We chuse to purchase as our Funds arrive and to avoid Debts. I am, very respectfully Sir, Your most obedient humble Servant
B F


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Paulze, 15 March 1777
From: Paulze, Jacques
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Paris le 15. mar de 1777.
M. Paulze fait mille complimens à M. francklin. Il lui envoye le projet du Traité entamé par M. Grand. Si M. francklin et son collegue approuvent les dispositions il voudra bien en instruire M. Paulze le plutot possible afin que cette affaire puisse etre entièrement terminée dans le courant de la semaine prochaine. Les conditions sont les memes que celles qui ont toujours eté d’usage en angleterre et en Ecosse.


Title: The American Commissioners and the Farmers General: Proposed Tobacco Contract, 15 March 1777
From: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur,Farmers General
To:

Du 15 Mars 1777
MM. Les plenipotentiaires du Congrès ont propose de livrer aux fermiers généraux dans le courant de cette année 4000 B. de Tabacs rendus dans les ports de france au prix de 8 s. la livre de Tabac net poids de Marc.
Ils ont demandé qu’il leur fut avancé par les fermiers generaux La Somme de Deux millions de Livres, dont moitié seroit remise dans trois mois et l’autre moitié trois mois après et dont le remboursement seroit fait en Tabac avant la fin de l’année au prix de 8 s. la livre comme il est expliqué.
Des considérations particuliéres ont suspendu l’exécution de cet arrangement qui peut être conclu dans ce moment.
Si MM. Les plenipotentiaires sont toujours dans les memes dispositions, ainsy qu’on vient de l’annoncer aux fermiers généraux, ils sont pries de repondre le plutot possible et pour prevenir toutes difficultés sur les clauses du Traité, on en joint icy les conditions.

  [Art. 1°]
MM. Les plenipotentiaires.. . . Tant en notre nom que comme fondés des pouvoirs du Congrès des Provinces unies de l’amérique septentrionale, auquel où besoin seroit ils nous promettront faire agréer et ratifier la convention, vendront et s’engageront de livrer dans le courant de la. présente année 1777 a MM. Les fermiers Generaux de france la quantité de quatre mille Boucauds de Tabacs des crus de York et James Rivers rendus dans Les ports de france.

  Art. 2°
Le prix des Tabacs ainsy livrés demeure fixé a 8 s. la livre poids de Marc Tabac net ou de 40 l.t. du cent pezant livré dans les magazins des fermiers généraux.

Art. 3
Tous les Tabacs avariés pourris ou gattés, seront couppés et rejettés du poids de payement suivant l’estimation qui en sera faite amiablement par experts, ou il sera convenu d’une refraction particuliere pour en tenir lieu.

Art. 4
Il serà encore deduit a titre d’allouance et bon poids 4 pourcent et 8 L. par boucaud pour echantillons et 2 pour-cent d’escompte pour prompt payement sur le prix des factures.

Art. 5
Pour acquitter le prix des 4000 B. de Tabacs MM. Les fermiers generaux s’obligeront de remettre à la disposition de MM. Les plenipotentiaires deux millions de Livres tournois payables moitié dans trois mois à compter du jour de la convention, l’autre moitié trois mois après, a compter du jour du premier payement.

Art. 6
Dans le cas où le congrès pourroit expedier en france une quantité de Tabacs plus considerables, tout ce qui excedera 4000 B. ou quatre millions pezant de Tabac Net, sera aux même prix et conditions remis aux fermiers generaux qui en payeront la valeur en argent ou en Lettres sur leur Receveur general a Trois usances suivant l’usage.

Notation: Contract with Farmers General


Title: Lambert Wickes to the American Commissioners, 15 March 1777
From: Wickes, Lambert
To: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur

Gentlemen.
L’Orient March 15th 1777.
I wrote you last post informing you of my disagreeable Situation, Also Mentioned the proceedings of Mr. Gonnett the Commissary of this Port. He Still continues to threaten driving me out imeadiately. If the threats and abuses of this Buissey person cannot be stop’d I should be much oblig’d for your Instructions and am in hopes you’ll either dispatch me imeadiately for America or procure me Admittance in some other Port where I shall be better received and kinder treated than I have been here. You may rest Satisfied that no proceedings of mine has meritted Mr. Gonnetts treatment as I have always behaved with all the Complisance in my power to that Gentleman which I am afraid will be out of my power to continue longer as it Vexes me very much to be treated in this Manner and I would not Submit to it elsewhere. Please let me know what News there is from America. From Gentlemen, Your Most obedient humble Servant
Lambt. Wickes
To the Honbles. Dr. Benja. Franklin & Silas Dean.

Addressed: To / The Honble. Dr. Benja: Franklin / at / Paris
Notation: Wickes 15 March 77.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Alexander Small, 15 March 1777
From: Small, Alexander
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Dear Friend
St Philips Minorca March 15th 1777
The most upright Intentions cannot command Success. The Shallow Ken of Man cannot penetrate into futurity; and cannot therefore ascertain what is, or is not most beneficial to Societies. What we have here to do, is to act the most consistently with our Judgment of Circumstances. I know you have done this.
Britain is most certainly hurting herself by an enormous Increase of her Debt; and is perhaps a just Scourge in your Country, for the excessive Luxury and Dissipation you were running into. This Scourge will restore you to your Senses; and will Send every Man to live Soberly and dilligently under his Vine. Had not this scourge been inflicted, your growing Luxury and Effeminacy would have rendered you an easy Prey to some future enterprising Genius. Your Children will not soon forget what has now happened, which may the longer preserve a Love of Liberty among them. On the whole I do not know whether I should condole with you, or congratulate. Friendship, at any rate demands my trying whether this can come to your hands. I have delayed writing for some time, in hopes I might have your Direction. As this has not happened, I have directed my Letter so as to carry it among your Philosophical friends. I dare say the Ami des Hommes, and his friends live in friendship with you. An Account of your and Family’s Health, will give great pleasure to Dear Sir Your Affectionate and faithful friend
Alexr Small

P:S: When I settled in this Island, I soon found the want of duely Ventilating our Hospitals. This set me on recollecting what I had learned from you and having drawn it up in the best Manner I could, I sent a Copy of it to our Friend Sr. J: Pringle. I have not heard from him since. If this reaches your hands, I will send you a Copy of it, that you may yourself put the finishing hand to it, if greater Concerns give you Leisure. What can be a greater Concern than to give Relief to the Sick? You remember Cicero’s expression; Homines nulla in re propius ad Deos accedunt, quam Salutem Hominibus dando. Vale! et Sit Sana Mens in Sano Corpore!
This will be now probably delivered to you by a worthy friend of Mine, and Fellow Labourer here, Mr. MacNeille.

Addressed: A Monsieur / Monsieur Benjamin Franklin / L:L:D: et de l’ A: R: S: Etranger / a Paris
Notation: Small Alexander March 15. 1777.


Title: The American Commissioners: Memorandum for the Farmers General, 17 March 1777
From: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur
To: Farmers General

March 17, 1777
Messrs. Franklin and Deane, having considered the Proposition of the F G dated the 15th Inst. and willing to serve and oblige them, will agree to the Articles proposed with this Addition, viz.
Article 7.
If the Tobacco in America can be purchased at such a Rate, as that with the Addition of all Charges and Losses in purchasing and transporting it to France and delivering it there, it shall appear to have cost less than 8 s. the pound, Messrs. F. and D (who do not desire to Gain by this Contract) agree that there shall be an equal Abatement of the Price, so as that the F.G. shall pay no more than the exact Cost. And on the other Hand if it shall be found to have cost more, the F.G. (who do not desire that Messrs. F. and D. should be Losers by their Contract,) agree to make an Addition of Price sufficient to equal the Difference.
In confiding in the Justice and Honour of the Company, that if on making up the Accounts it shall appear that the Tobacco with all the necessary Charges and the Losses, did bona fide amount to more than the 8 s. per lb. a reasonable Compensation will be made.
It is to be wish’d that the first Payment could be prompt, and the 2d at the Expiration of 3 Months.


Title: The American Commissioners to Vergennes, 18 March 1777
From: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur
To: Vergennes, Charles Gravier, comte de

On March 14 the commissioners received their first dispatches from America. Among them was the letter above of December 30 from the committee of secret correspondence, enclosing the Congressional authorization to offer Versailles territorial inducements to enter the war. Deane promptly informed Vergennes that the commission had received new instructions, and requested an audience. No answer came for three days, during which Deane and Franklin must have composed this letter between them. Deane alone signed it and took it to Versailles on the 18th; Franklin was suffering from gout. On the 19th, having failed to see Vergennes, Deane forwarded the letter. The bait that it offered was declined, on the ground that the time for discussing such matters was not yet ripe.

Sir
Versailles, 18th. March 1777.
We have lately received an Express from The Congress of the United States of North America containing some new instructions to Us the purport of which it is proper your Excellency should be acquainted with. The Congress tho’ firmly determined to maintain as long as possible their independance, whether assisted or not by any other power, yet for the sake of humanity wishing universal Peace would not for the Advantage of America only desire to kindle a War in Europe, the Extent and duration of which cannot be Foreseen. They therefore, on this Account, as well as for Reasons of Respect to the King whose Character they venerate do not presume to propose that France should enter into a War merely on their Account. But if France to obtain satisfaction from Brittain for the injuries received in the last War, commenced by that Nation, or for any other just causes, should think it right to improve the present Occasion, in declaring War against Great Brittain, we are directed to induce if it may be the more early Declaration to offer the following Advantages, in Addition to those of Commerce already proposed.
1st: That the Object of the War be to obtain for France satisfaction for the Injuries aforesaid, and for the United States the Establishment of their Independance with a reduction of the British Power for the Security both of France and America, to which Ends it is proposed, that the Conquest of Canada, Novascotia, Newfoundland, St. Johns, the Floridas, Bermuda, Bahama and all the West India Islands now in Possession of Brittain be attempted by the joint Force of France and the United States and in case of Success, half the Fishery of Newfoundland together with all the Sugar Islands shall thereafter Appertain to France, the rest to the United States; and the Trade between the Kings Dominions and the United States shall thenceforth be carried on by the ships of said Dominions, and of the United States only.
2d. That in case it is agreed that the Conquest of the british Sugar Islands be Attempted, the United States shall on timely notice, furnish provisions for the Expedition To the Amount of Two Million of Dollars, with six Frigates mann’d of not less than 24 Guns each, with such other Assistance as may be in their power, and becoming good Allies.
3d. That as a close connection is understood to subsist between France and Spain, and that their Interests are the same it is also proposed by the Congress, that in case Spain shall enter with France into the said War, the United States will if thereto required, declare War against Portugal (which has already insulted their Commerce) and will continue the said War for the total Conquest of that Kingdom, to be added to the Dominions of Spain.
4. That a Peace shall not be made but by mutual consent. But if it be determined by his most Christian Majesty to remain in Peace with Great Brittain, the Congress do then pray that his Majesty would use his influence with Europe for preventing the further Transportation of foreign Troops into America to serve against the United States, and to obtain a recall of those already there. And having unbounded Confidence in the Kings Goodness and Wisdom they pray his Advice in their present Circumstances, whether to apply to any of the other Powers of Europe for Auxiliary Aids, or to make Offers of Peace to Brittain on Condition of their Independancy being Acknowledged. In neither of these points would the Congress take a Step without consulting his Majestys Ministers, and We hope for a favorable Answer. We have the honor to remain with the most profound Respect Your Excellencys most Obedient and most Humble Servants
Silas Deane in behalf of himself and B. FranklinCommissioners Plenipoten[tiary]for the United States N America
To his Excellency the Count de Vergennes

P.S. The Congress and the People of the United States continue unanimous in their Opposition to the claims of Brittain, and are fully determined to assert their own independancy to the last; there is no doubt but Brittain would on certain Commercial Terms, acknowledge their independance, if the United States can have no aid from France directly, and if no encouragement can be giv’n to receive support in a short space of Time; as the United States wish for nothing, so much as Peace and Liberty; They wish, and ask for advice, under those Circumstances, whether they should, through the Freindly interposition of His Most Christian Majesty, or otherways, make Offers of Peace, to Great Brittain on that Condition, of their independance, or pursue the War, and risque the Event.

Notation: 18. mars 1777. envoyé avec la lettre ci après No 77 la traduction suit 71.


Title: Debrissac de Saxey to the American Commissioners, 18 March 1777
From: Debrissac de Saxey, ——
To: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur

Gentleman,
St. Quentin 18th. Martz 1777.
I congratulate myself very much of the happiness of your acquaintance on my last Stay in Paris of your token of friendship of your trust and the preference you are willing to give us of the orders for you or friends when they wille call for concerning the linen of this fabrick. You ought to receive in this month your commissions from America. I take the liberty of remembring you your promise on that account and the inssurance we give you, to have for your Interest the best regard; we hope then you will not forget it on the first occasion.
I intend to pass the next easter days to Abbeville and to intertain Mr. Vanrobais and neveux of your good disposition for them; no doubt they will be very sensibles on it.
I perceivd with great satisfaction as well by the publicks papers, than the particulars letters your success and prosperity in America, accept of my compliment on it, remaining with a great esteem, Gentleman, Your most Obediant and humble Servant.
Debrissac DE Saxey

Addressed: A Messieurs / Messieurs francthlin Et Deane / a l hotel d’hambourg rue de / Luniversite faubourg St Germain / a Paris
Notation: De Saxy 18. March 77


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from William Wilkinson, [18 March 1777]
From: Wilkinson, William
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Tuesday Morn. 8 oClock [March 18, 1777]
M. Wilkinsons Compliments to D Franklin. He calld twice on Sunday at Hotel D Hambourg and as he leaves Paris Tomorrow for Nantes requests the Letters for that Place may be given the Bearer.

Addressed: Dr Franklin
In another hand: Hotel d’Autriche dans la Rue Traversière St. Honore


Title: Thomas Morris to the American Commissioners, 19 March 1777
From: Morris, Thomas
To: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur

Gentlemen
Nantes March 19th. 1777
I had the pleasure to address you last on the 11th. Instant by Captain Hammond, who I understand arrived safe at Paris on Thursday Evening last, and make no doubt duely delivered the sundry dispatches he brought with him from America for you. Any intelligence they contain, and that you may think proper to communicate, shall be greatly Obliged to you for. Yesterday the Ship Versailles Captain Chapman arrived here in 40 days from Boston and by him I received the inclosed letter, which is recommended in a particular manner to our care by the President of the War Office, as containing Papers of the greatest importance, and request the favour of you to cause it to be safely delivered as directed. Captain Chapman brings a paper with him dated the 27th. Jany. wherein it mentions Genl. Howe having sent a Flag of Truce to Genl. Washington requesting a Cessation of Arms ’till the 1st. of the ensuing month. Captain Bartlett in the Brigantine Penet will sail for Boston in about 10 days from this date for your government in writing by him and I beg leave to assure you that I am with much respect Gentlemen Your most Obedient Servant
Thos. Morris
The Honourable Benja. Franklyn, Silas Deane & Arthur Lee Esqrs. at Paris

Addressed: The Honourable / Benja. Franklin, Silas Deane & / Arthur Lee Esqrs. at / Paris
Notation: T. Morris Mar 19 77


Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Arthur Lee, 21 March 1777
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: Lee, Arthur

Dear Sir,
Passy, March 21. 1777.
We have received your favours from Victoria and from Burgos.
The Congress sitting at Baltimore, dispatch’d a Packet to us the 9th. of January, containing Accounts of the Success at Trentown, and subsequent events to that Date, as far as had come to knowledge. The Vessel was obliged to run up a little River in Virginia to avoid some Men of War, and was detained there 17 Days, or we should have had these advices sooner. We learn however thro’ England, where they have News from N.York to the 4th of Feby. that in Lord Cornwallis’s Retreat to Brunswick two Regiments of his Rear Guard were cut to pieces; that General Washington having got round him to Newark and Eliz. Town, he had retired to Amboy, in his Way to N.York; that Gen. Howe had called in the Garrisons of Fort Lee and Fort Constitution, which were now possess’d by our People: that on the New-York side, Forts Washington and Independance were retaken by our Troops; and that the British Forces at Rhode island were recall’d for the defense of New York.
The Committee in their Letters mention the intention of Congress to send Ministers to the Courts of Vienna, Tuscany, Holland and Prussia. They also send us a fresh Commission containing your name instead of Mr. Jefferson’s; with this additional Clause; “and also to enter into and agree upon a Treaty with his most Christian Majesty or such Person or Persons as shall be by him authorized for that purpose for assistance in carrying on the present War between Gr. Br. and these united States.” The same Clause is in a particular Commission they have sent me to treat with the Court of Spain, similar to our common Commission for the Court of France; and I am accordingly directed to go to Spain; But as I know that choice was made merely on the supposition of my being a little known there to the great Personage for whom you have my Letter, (a circumstance of little importance) and I am really unable thro’ Age, to bear the Fatigue and Incommodities of such a Journey, I must excuse myself to Congress; and join with Mr. Dean in requesting you to proceed in the business, on the former footing, till you can receive a particular Commission from Congress, which will no doubt be sent as soon as the Circumstances are known.
We know of no Plans or Instructions transmitted to Mr. Dean, but those you have with you. By this Packet indeed we have some fresh Instructions, which relate to your Mission, viz. that in case France and Spain will enter into the War the United States will assist the former in the Conquest of the British Sugar Islands, and the latter in the Conquest of Portugal, promising the assistance of 6 Frigates manned, of not less than 24 Guns each, and Provisions equal to 2,000,000 Dollars; America desiring only for her Share what Britain holds on the Continent; But you shall by the first safe opportunity have the Instructions at length. I believe we must send a Courier.
We are ordered to borrow if we can £2,000,000 Sterling, on Interest. Judge then what a piece of Service you will do, if you can obtain a considerable Subsidy, or even a Loan without Interest.
We are also ordered to build 6 Ships of War. It is a pleasure to find the things ordered which we were doing without orders.
We are also to acquaint the several Courts with the determination of America to maintain at all Events her Independance. You will see by the Date of the Resolution relating to Portugal, as well as by the above that the Congress were Stout in the midst of their Difficulties.
It will be well to sound the Court of Spain on the Subject of permitting our arm’d Ships to bring Prizes into their Ports, and there dispose of them. If it cannot be done openly, in what manner we can be accommodated with the use of their Ports, or under what Restrictions. This Government has of late been a little nice on that Head; and the orders sent to L’orient have occasioned Capt. Wickes some Trouble.
We have good advice from our Friend of Amsterdam that in the height of British Pride on their Summer success, and just before they heard of any Check, the Ambassador Sir Joseph York had been ordered to present a haughty Memorial to the States, importing that notwithstanding their promises to restrain their Subjects from supplying the Rebels, it was notorious that those Supplies were openly furnished by Hollanders at St. Eustatia; and that the Governor of that Island had returned from his Fort the Salute of a Rebel Ship of War, with an equal number of Guns. That the King justly and highly resented these Proceedings, and demanded that the States should by more severe Prohibitions restrain that Commerce; that they should declare their disaprobation of that insolent behaviour of their Governor, and punish him by an immediate Recall. Otherwise his Majesty, who knew what appertained to the Dignity of his Crown, would take proper Measures to vindicate it. And he required an immediate answer. The States coolly returned the Memorial with only this Observation, that when the Respect due to Sovereigns was not preserved in a Memorial, an answer to it ought not to be expected. But the City of Amsterdam took fire at the Insolence of it, and have instructed their Deputies in the States to demand Satisfaction, by the British Courts’ disavowal of the Memorial and a Reprimand of the Ambassador. The States immediately ordered a number of Men of War to be put in Commission. Perhaps since the bad News is come, England may be civil enough to make up this little Difference.
Mr. D. is still here. You desire our advice about your stopping at Burgos. We agree in opinion that you should comply with the Request. While we are asking aids it is necessary to gratify the desires, and in some Sort comply with the Humours of those we apply to. Our Business now is to carry our point. But I have never yet changed the Opinion I gave in Congress, that a Virgin State should preserve the Virgin Character, and not go about suitering for Alliances, but wait with decent Dignity for the applications of others. I was over-ruld; perhaps for the best. With the greatest Esteem, I am ever Dear Sir Your most obedient humble Servant
B Franklin
Honorable Arthur Lee Esqr.

Notation: March 21st 1777


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from William Gordon, 21 March 1777
From: Gordon, William
To: Franklin, Benjamin

My Dear Sir
J[amaica] P[lain] March 21. 1777
I trouble you afresh with a packet designed for our friend Dr. Price. Be pleased to peruse the letter and papers ere you forward them to him. I wished to put both parties out of conceit with Mr. Hutchinson, which I think will be effected by what is in Edes’s papers, and will be confirmed in two or three subsequent ones. Such a man ought to have no supporters but two upright posts with one across it. Hope you will find time, and honour me so far as, to write me a few lines, agreeable to what is mentioned in Dr. Price’s; communicating some important information proper for the history of these times. May you enjoy your health and live to be more serviceable to America than ever! Present my respectful compliments to Mr. Dean and Mr. Lee, the latter I am not known to except it may be by name. Expect that Dr. Cooper writes by the present opportunity. I remain with sincere respect your very humble servant and friend
William Gordon

The Continental lottery will succeed according to appearances. No tickets are yet come to Boston, which I suppose is owing to their rapid sale in and about Philadelphia. Ten thousand would probably go off in the Massachusetts very soon.

Addressed: The Honle Dr Benjamin Franklin
Notation: W. Gordon March 21. 77.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from the Baron de Würmser, 22 March 1777
From: Würmser, Christian-Louis, baron de
To: Franklin, Benjamin

A Paris ce 22 mars 1777
Mr. Le Baron De Wurmser Lieutenant général des armées du roy prie Monsieur Le Docteur Frankelin de vouloir bien lui donner demain dimanche 23 mars une audience de cinq minutes. Il se rendra ches lui a Passy entre 10 et 11 heures du matin.
Il auroit eu L’honneur de lui demander son jour s’il n’etoit pas obligé de passer la Semaine prochaine a Versailles.


Title: The American Commissioners and the Farmers General: Contract for Tobacco, [24 March 1777]
From: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur,Farmers General
To:

In the light of the previous negotiations, this is a remarkable document for the commissioners to have signed. It passed over in silence two main points on which they had been seeking concessions: insurance and transportation; by agreeing to deliver the tobacco in France they tacitly assumed the risks of the sea and responsibility for shipment in American bottoms. Last but not least, they agreed to a fixed price, although they had known for a month that commitment to that price might be ruinous. As late as March 17 they had insisted on an escape clause, yet a week later they signed the contract with no such clause.
If the Americans carried out the terms, Arthur Lee said later, they would lose two million livres; if they did not carry them out, and “there was not the remotest possibility that they would,” the breach of faith would jeopardize any future loans from the farmers general. All the commissioners achieved was to get their hands on the first instalment, a million livres. “If it was rash at first, it was infinitely more so after information they had received” of rising prices in Virginia. The point was well taken, assuming that the contract was what it seemed. But was it?
The advance was made on conditions that both parties must have known were unlikely to be fulfilled; hence fulfilment could not have been the prime consideration. The commissioners suggested as much a few weeks later, though in guarded fashion, when they sent news of the contract to the committee of secret correspondence: they hoped, presumably for the record, that the terms would be carried out even though disadvantageous; but the central point was that Vergennes was using the contract as a further means to finance the American cause. He had assured them, they implied, that if the tobacco could not be delivered at the stipulated price “Government will not suffer us to be losers.” The Minister presumably gave a similar assurance to the farmers general, for he seems to have been behind the whole affair. It was not a business deal to procure tobacco, but a political move, like the formation of Hortalez & Cie.; the purpose was to conceal a government subsidy of a million livres.
That purpose was secret, and the commissioners only hinted at it in writing to the committee. On the surface they negotiated a bona fide contract, thereby opening themselves to Lee’s later criticism. Whether or not he learned their real reasons for what they had agreed to in his absence, the apparent rashness of the agreement was a weapon against them; and by the time he made his observations in 1779 he was looking for any weapon. His attack was apparently justified but essentially irrelevant, for it was directed against what had happened on the stage. What mattered was behind the scenes.

  [March 24, 1777]
  Contract betwixt the Farmer’s General of France and Messrs. Franklin and Deane.

Article 1st. The undersigned, as well in our names, as in virtue of the powers vested in us by the Congress of the United Colonies of North America, do promise and obligate ourselves to deliver in the course of the present Year 1777 to the Farmers General of France, at the ports of that Kingdom, five thousand Hogsheads; equal to five Million pounds of Tobacco, of the Growth of York and James River.
Article 2d. The price of the Tobacco so delivered shall be eight livres for every pound Mark of Nett Tobacco, or forty livres for every hundred pounds, weighed and delivered into the Stores of the Farmers General.
Article 3d. All the Tobacco, which is damaged, rotten or spoiled, shall be cut off and deducted from the payment according to an amicable estimation made by proper judges; or in lieu of this mode it shall be subject to a general Refraction.
Article 4th. There shall be also allowed, and deducted for full weight four per Cent; two per Cent on the Amount of the Invoice for prompt payment, and eight livres on every Hogshead for samples.
Article 5th. In payment of the above five thousand hogsheads of Tobacco, the Farmers General shall, on account of Congress either pay into the hands of a Banker to be named by Messrs. Franklin and Deane, One Million of Livres; or accept Bills drawn by those Gentlemen, through their receiver General at Paris during the course of the ensueing month, to the above amount; and another Million of Livres shall be paid on the arrival of the first Vessels, laden with Tobacco, and delivered on Account of this Contract: which two Million of Livres, shall be the full and complete of the five thousand hogsheads, or Fifty Million pounds marc of Tobacco, to be deliver’d on Account of Congress, at the price of eight Sols per pound, as above stipulated.
Article 6th. Should Congress send to France, a further quantity of Tobacco, whatever exceeds the amount of the two millions advanced by the Farmers General, shall be delivered to them by Messrs. Franklin and Deane, at the same price, and conditions, and the Cost thereof shall be paid by the Farmers General, either in money or in bills, at three usances drawn on their receiver General.
Article 7th. And the undersigned Farmer General in Virtue of the powers given to me by my Company do obligate myself in their name to the full and entire completion of these presents.
Done by duplicate at Paris on the 24th. March 1777.

      (Signed)
      B. Franklin

    S. Deane
    Pauleye [Paulze]


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from the Comte de Clermont-Tonnerre, 24 March [?] 1777
From: Clermont-Tonnerre, Charles-Henri-Jules, comte de
To: Franklin, Benjamin

De paris ce 24 [29?] mars 1777
Mr. dorset, Monsieur, qui vous remettra cette Lettre est un officier qui s’est fait une reputation dans le service. Il est homme de condition sans fortune et plein de Zele pour son metier. N’etant point dans la position de faire un chemin aussi prompt qu’il le desireroit dans les circonstances actuelle du service de france, il voudrait que ses services pussent vous etre agreables. Le suffrage des chefs sous les ordres desquels il a servi depuis dix huit ans est un titre avec lequel il peut les offrir partout. Mon pere le Marechal duc de Tonnerre et toutte ma famille y prennent le plus grand interest. En un mot il desire vous entretenir et quoique je n’aye pas l’avantage d’etre connu de vous il a desire ce petit mot de Lettre pour vous faire connaitre qu’il ne se presente pas a vous sans etre connu, et sans avoir autant de droit qu’aucun autre a ce que vous croirés pouvoir faire pour lui. Je suis avec le plus parfait devouement Monsieur Votre tres humble et tres obeissant serviteur
Le Cte. DE Clermont Tonnerre


Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Michael Hillegas, 25 March 1777
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: Hillegas, Michael

Dear Sir,
Paris, March 25. 1777.
The Bearer M. de Bert de Majan, has been bred in the Military Line, and is esteemed here to be skilful in his Profession. As such he is recommended to me by the Count de Rochechouart, Lieutenant General in the King’s Armies. He is desirous of entring into our Service in America, the Grenadier Regiment of Colmar, in which he was a 2d. Lieutenant, being disbanded. I do all I can to dissuade foreign Officers from going over, knowing the Difficulty of placing them there; but the Desire in some is too strong to be overcome by Reason. You can have no Conception of the Numbers that are continually applying, to be sent thither, and whom I am oblig’d to refuse, as they generally want Advance-money, and a Promise of Commissions, which I am not empower’d to give. This Gentleman goes at his own Expence; and as he speaks German, I thought it more likely that he might on that Account find Employment. I have therefore consented to give him a Letter of Introduction, acquainting him at the same time that I could promise him nothing. You are acquainted with that Language, and I therefore beg leave to introduce him to you, and to recommend him to those Civilities which his Zeal for our Cause, and his Character as a Gentleman of Family and personal Merit, besides his being a Stranger, undoubtedly entitle him to. You will also be so good as to present him to the Board of War. With great and sincere Esteem, I have the Honour to be Sir, Your most obedient and most humble Servant
B F.
Michael Hillegas Esqr Treasurer to the United States of America


Title: From Benjamin Franklin to [Penet], 25 March 1777
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: Penet, Pierre

Dear Sir,
Passy, near Paris, Mar. 25. 1777.
The Bearer, M. de Bert, is desirous of going to America. He goes at his own Expence, but will want Advice about his Passage. As he is your Countryman, I cannot do better for him, than to introduce him to you and to recommend him to your Civilities, as a Gentleman of Character and Merit.
I receiv’d your Favour by Mr. Rumsey, and am glad to hear of your Welfare, and that your Operations for the Congress go on well. There is no doubt, but that finding themselves faithfully serv’d, their Confidence in you must increase proportionably. I am, Sir, Your most humble Servant
B Franklin
Recommendations


Title: The Committee of Secret Correspondence to the American Commissioners, 25 March 1777
From: Committee of Secret Correspondence,Franklin, Benjamin,Dickinson, John,Harrison, Benjamin,Jay, John,Johnson, Thomas
To: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur

Sir:
Philadelphia March. 25. 1777
We are commanded by Congress to transmit Copies of their Resolve of the 13 instant to all the Gentlemen abroad that hold correspondance with any of their Committees. The Necessity of Such a resolution and due attention to it, is fully evinced by the heavy expence america has been put to by many Gentlemen received into their Service, who have found it impossible to render themselves usefull for want of the Language and we think this the most likely means to save others the charge and trouble of a long voyage, as well as the mortification, of being disapointed in their expectations. You will therefore serve all such and oblige us by discouraging their coming to America for Military employment. We are sir Your Obedient Servants. By order of the Committee of Secret Correspondance
Robt Morris

Addressed: To / The Honorable Doctr Benjn Franklin / Silas Deane & Arthur Lee Esqrs / Paris
Notation: Secret Committe March 25 1777


Title: Jonathan Williams, Jr., to the American Commissioners, 25 March 1777
From: Williams, Jonathan Jr.
To: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur

Gentlemen
Nantes March 25. 1777.
I am still without any of your Favours which I confess gives me great uneasiness as I am apprehensive that my Letters have miscarried. The last I received from Mr. Deane which was 23 days in coming encreases this Suspicion: if you have not received one by every post this must be the Case as I have written by every one.
I have the pleasure to inform you that the anchors are arrived from Spain and those we wanted are procured. I have also received the Charts Capt. Wickes mentioned to have sent; but those Mr. Deane sent are not to be found.
I long since thought that the officers of Mr. DuCoudrays party were either gone or had given up all thoughts of going, but there are now 7 of them with 2 Servants who apply for passage, and say they have received advice that they were to pass on board the Count de Vergennes. The answer given them is that no person is to go in that Ship without particular orders. I therefore beg to be informed whether you will consent to this or not and if you do, whether their passages are to be gratis or not.
Please to send a Copy of the orders properly signed. I have a Copy but it will not be of any effect without your signature, please to have the word Jack (for the Signal,) translated petit pavilion and not flamme which signifies pendant: I took this liberty with those given to the Capt. of the Mercury.
I send this Letter under cover to Mr. Montieu to be sure that you have it. I request to have a particular Direction for my future Letters. I have the honour to be with great Respect Gentlemen Your most obedient and most humble Servant
Jona Williams Junr
The Honorable The Deputies of the United States.

Notation: From Mr. Williams March 25. 77.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from La Rochefoucauld, [25 March 1777]
From: La Rochefoucauld, Louis-Alexandre, duc de La Roche-Guyon et de
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Ce Mardi matin [March 25, 1777]
Le Duc de la Rochefoucauld fait bien des complimens à Monsieur le Docteur franklin; il le prie du lui donner des nouvelles de sa goutte; il a l’honneur de lui envoier la Nouvelle Constitution de Delaware, et si Monsieur franklyn le trouve bon, il ira la rechercher Jeudi matin à Passy, si Monsieur le Docteur y est encore, ou à Paris.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Jonathan Williams, Jr., 25 March 1777
From: Williams, Jonathan Jr.
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Dear and honored Sir
Nantes March 25. 1777.
I am extreemly uneasy at not hearing from you particularly in answer to mine relative to Mr. Shweighaussers proposals which seems to surprise him, and I am fearfull it will make some impressions unfavourable to the notice and Friendship you have hitherto honoured me with. I who know how many things you have to attend to and being conscious of not having intentionaly deserved your displeasure cannot allow myself to interpret it in this way. I am also beset with politicians who are forever asking for news and it is with the utmost difficulty that I can make them believe that I have none, as they think I keep it secret: I was yesterday spoken to in this manner by the mayor of the City.
I shall be much obliged to my good Friend Temple if he will write to me when you are too busy to do it.
I have received a Letter from Major Lutlock in which he says that an order had arived from the English Embassador, but that he was luckily on board the Ship, else he would have been obliged to return to his Regiment. I hope the Ship is by this time gone. I am with the greatest Respect Your dutifull and affectionate Kinsman
J Williams Junr

Addressed: Doctor Franklin


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Jean-Jacques Caffiéri, 26 March 1777
From: Caffiéri, Jean-Jacques
To: Franklin, Benjamin

De Paris ce 26 mars 1777
M. Caffieri a l’honneur de soiter [souhaiter] le bonjoure a Monsieur franklin et Le pris de lui faire dire quel jour il voudra bien lui donné, pour La derniere séance.

Addressed: A Monsieur / Monsieur franklin / A Passy


Title: Jonathan Williams, Jr., to the American Commissioners, 27 March 1777
From: Williams, Jonathan Jr.
To: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur

Gentlemen
Nantes March 27. 1777.
When the Count de Vergennes was bought it was thought that she would be much too large for her Cargo, and you in consequence ordered purchases sufficient to fill her. In determining what would be sufficient, we had only for our guide the goods that were left here, and those advised from orleans, and we made our arrangements accordingly; we were soon after advised of upwards of 100 Bales more than we expected 70 of which are arrived, and 50 were to be dispatched the 15th Inst. These we found we could make room for by reducing their size and taking away the useless straw. By advice from orleans yesterday we find that instead of 50 there are 80 Bales now on their way, and that 80 more are soon to follow. Now it will be impossible to put these on board, and we cannot alter what we have done; the Cordage is made to order and the greater part is already on board, the sail Cloth is all in Bales ready to be shipped, and the greater part of the anchors are gone to the Ship: there is therefore no otherway to do than to put as much as we can on board this Ship, and to buy another for the rem[ainder] which (if you make the Bargain) may convey the Fuzils &c. &c.
I am particular in this detail that you may see how our operations have been conducted, and I hope you will not blame me though I own it would have been better [as] matters have turned out if we had not thus increased the Cargo. But not forseeing this, I flatter myself you will allow that we could not have done otherwise. I have the honor to be with great Respect Gentlemen Your most obedient Servant
J Williams Junr
The Honorable The Deputies of the United States.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Jonathan Williams, Jr., 27 March 1777
From: Williams, Jonathan Jr.
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Dear and honored Sir
Nantes March 27. 1777.
I received a Letter from Mr. Dubourg desiring me to be concerned in his plan. I have given such an answer as any one who knows not what the particulars of the plan are would naturaly give. I refer him to you, and if any rational Scheme can be made out I will under take as far as you advise, but must first request your opinion relative to Mr. Shweighausser proposals which perhaps may not interfere with the other plan. I am with the greatest Respect Your dutifull and affectionate Kinsman
J Williams Junr.

Addressed: Doctor Franklin. / a l’Hotel de Hambourg / Rue Jacob / a / Paris


Title: [The American Commissioners]: Memorandum [for Vergennes], 28 March 1777
From: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur
To: Vergennes, Charles Gravier, comte de

March 28. 1777.
On the 19th of November, the Congress resolved, That

100
brass Cannon
3
pounders

  50

6
pounders

  50

12
pounders

  13

18
pounders

  13

24
pounders

In all 226 Pieces, be provided as Field Artillery; and this Order is sent to us.
It is probable that when this Resolution was taken, the Congress had not heard of the Number of Field Pieces then about to be sent from France, which being all 4 pounders will probably supply the Demand for the 100 three pounders, and 50 six pounders: but the others, viz.

  50

  12
pounders

  13

  18
pounders

  13

  24
pounders

In all 76 Pieces, will be wanted. And we desire to know whether they may be borrowed from the King’s Magazines, on Condition of being replac’d as fast as the Founders can make them? For otherwise we cannot have them in time for this Campaign.
On the 29th of November the Congress ordered the Secret Committee to provide as soon as may be Arms and Equipage for 3000 Horse.
The Committee have written to us to make this Provision in France, and transport the same to America.
We have provided the Pistols. We request to know whether the other Arms, viz. Carbines, and Swords, with Belts, and every thing but Saddles can be borrowed from the King’s Magazines, on the same Condition as above-mentioned for the Cannon?
And whether two or three Ships of War can be borrowed to convoy the Merchant Ships that shall carry them?
On the 23d of December, the Congress resolved, that their Commissioners in France be instructed and authorized to borrow on the Faith of the United States a Sum not exceeding Two Millions Sterling, for a Term not less than Ten Years, upon Interest.
Advice is requested upon this Head.


Title: Robert Morris to the American Commissioners, 28 March 1777
From: Morris, Robert
To: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur

Honorable Gentlemen
Philada. March 28. 1777.
I wrote you a few lines the 7th Inst. by Monsr. Coleaux and sent you the News papers to that time; by this Conveyance I send another packet of them under Cover to Mr. Delap at Bordeaux. There are only two Members of the Committee of Correspondance here at present, the rest being absent on leave.
Genl. Howe’s army in the Jerseys still remains inactive, and greatly distressed for want of Forage and Fresh provisions which they cannot obtain in any tollerable plenty as our Army are posted all round them, have removed most of the Hay, Corn and Provisions that was near Brunswick and never suffer a Foraging party of the Enemy to stir out but they attack them and altho’ they come out strong enough to drive our People from their Posts very frequently, yet it has always happened the reverse, for they are constantly driven back into Brunswick with considerable loss of Men Horses, Waggons &c. Their Situation is disagreable and for that and other reasons I cannot think they will be Content with it much longer, especially as desertion is become frequent amongst their best British Troops, the Grenadiers, more or less of them, come over to us every Week. You being at so great a distance may probably think we ought to have destroyed Mr. Howe’s Army by this time, and we undoubtedly shou’d had we an Army to do it. But when it is considered that Genl. Washington has drove them from their Cantonements on Delaware to Brunswick and confined them there the whole winter, during which he has killed and taken between 3 and 4000 of their Men, 4 to 500 Horses, a Number of Waggons and considerable quantities of Stores, Cloathing &c., kept them pent up in a place where they are Ill supplyed with provisions and other Necessarys which has produced desertion, discontent and sickness, it will astonish all mankind to learn that he had not during that whole time one half their Numbers in the Field, and the greatest part of the Troops he had, consisted of raw Militia that never saw a Gun fired in anger untill opposed to this very formidable army. It is now evident to all America that if in the beginning of this Contest we had enlisted our army for a Number of Years or during the War, Genl. Howe cou’d not have wintered here unless as a Prisoner, but alas our Army were disbanded by the nature of their enlistments when they cou’d have been most usefull and the militia are too much their own masters to expect from them a steady adherence to the extream Fatigues of a long and hard Winters Campaign. They turn out for a month or six weeks shew great Bravery whilst they stay, but curiosity once being gratifyed and some feat performed to make a good story at home, they become impatient to return to their Familys and neither perswasion nor principle can detain them. For this reason Gen. Washingtons army since Novr. last has consisted every month of fresh raw hands, a constant shifting Scene of comers and goers, you might suppose him 10 to 15 or 20 thousand strong by the Commisarys and Quarter Masters returns but never 5000 by the Adjutant Generals for he never had so many at any one time with him. These constant movements of Militia and the large Bountys and high wages given them has hurt the recruiting service exceedingly for those that would have enlisted, by turning out as militia for a short time have got more money than their pay and Bounty as soldiers wou’d amount to and they are more their own Masters. In short the Systems adopted by Congress respecting the Army were formed without experience and have not been equal to what was expected from them. They are now and for sometime have been Correcting their errors, so that I hope to see a formidable army under wise and wholesome regulations in a very short time as the General is now drawing all the new recruits together and as his hands are strengthened with sufficient powers I have no doubt he will do business with them this summer if the Numbers raised are sufficient to Face the Enemy and this I am inclined to believe will be the case. The Garrison at Ticonderago will be strong enough to dispute the passage there with Mr. Carleton and if you do but effect an European War to employ the British Navy, this Country will become Free and independant in a shorter time than cou’d have been expected. I fancy Genl. and Ld. Howe have it in View to attack this City. They may possibly get possession and if they do it will probably bring on their ruin, for they will there raise a Nest of Hornets that they dont expect and are taught to believe very differently. I am most truely Gentlemen Your Obedient humble servant.
Robt Morris


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from François-Léonard-Pierre-Auguste Tissot, 28 March 1777: résumé
From: Tissot, François-Léonard-Pierre-Auguste
To: Franklin, Benjamin

<Geneva, March 28, 1777, in French: I send you my thanks for seeing me. If your grandsons (“vos fils”), before returning home, wish to visit the districts to which I have come to wait for better times, I will show them how much I appreciate a person with your greatness of soul.>


Title: From Benjamin Franklin to George Washington, 29 March 1777
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: Washington, George

Sir
Paris, March 29. 1777.
The Bearer, Monsr. Dorcet, is extreamly desirous of entring into the American Service, and goes over at his own Expence, contrary to my Advice (as I apprehend you have already more foreign Officers than you can possibly employ) and without the smallest Expectation given him by me of his obtaining a Place in our Army. This at least shows a Zeal for our Cause that merits some Regard. He is recommended to me by the Count de Clermont-Tonnerre, Lieut. General, and Son of the premier Marechal de France; whose Letter I enclose. I therefore take the Liberty of introducing him to your Excellency; and that is all I presume to do, knowing myself to be no Judge of military Merit, if I were otherwise acquainted with the Gentleman. With the greatest Esteem and Respect, I have the Honour to be, Your Excellency’s most obedient and most humble Servant
B Franklin
His Excy. Gen. Washington

Notation: Genl. Washington, Paris March 29, 1777 respecting Monsr. Dorset. (omitted)


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Jonathan Williams, Jr., 29 March 1777
From: Williams, Jonathan Jr.
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Dear and honored Sir.
Nantes March 29 1777.
I have not anything worth troubling the Deputies with by this post; the intention of this is only to inform you that Capt. Paddock has applied to me to know if he could get a passage in a French Ship to america and to be her pilot on the Coast. I have said nothing of the Count de Vergennes, but if the Deputies think proper it may be of Service to engage him as her pilot.
I hear to day that you have had the Gout very bad which I suppose is the Reason that I have not heard from you. I hope it is now over and that I shall soon of [have] the pleasure of a Line. I am with the greatest Respect Your dutifull and affectionate Kinsman
J Williams Junr

Addressed: A Monsieur / Monsieur Franklin LLD / a l’Hotel d’Hambourg / Rue Jacob. / a Paris. / ou chez Monsieur / de Chaumont a / Passy.
Notation: From Mr: Williams Nantes March 27 1777 and Do. March 29


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from [Samuel Cooper], 30 March 1777
From: Cooper, Samuel
To: Franklin, Benjamin

My dear Sir,
Boston N.E. March 30th. 1777.
I have wrote you within a few Weeks a Number of Letters, and long to receive one from you. I know you will give me that Pleasure as soon as an Opportunity and your many and weighty Employments will allow. I had some Expectation of receiving one by a Ship from France, arriv’d a few days ago at Portsmouth, with a French Gentleman, Who appears to be a General in the American Army, and an Officer of Artillery. This Vessel brought twelve thousand Muskets, a thousand Barrels of Powder, Woollens &c., a most seasonable Supply, as we began to find it difficult to supply the Levies for the new Army with good Arms, without leaving the Militia more bare than we could wish. The Continent would be glad an hundred Thousand Muskets were imported: As great Numbers have been ruin’d, lost, or taken by the Enemy. Last Evening we had the agreable News that two more Ships from France with military Stores were arriv’d at Falmouth: of what kind or Quantity we are not yet inform’d: and a Letter receiv’d this Day here from Philadelphia mentions a Vessel from the same Quarter, and same Kind of Lading, as taken near some southern Port, after landing her Papers and Passengers, by a British Man of War. We have also this Day an Account that the Enemy have proceeded from N. York up N. River, and burnt some Stores left at Peek’s Kill under a small Guard. The Armies on both Sides have remain’d quiet in their Winter Quarters for more than two Months except Skirmishing amongst forageing Parties &c. which have in almost ev’ry Instance turn’d out to our Advantage. The last that happen’d, was not far from Amboy, and more important than common. It was something similar [to] the Lexington Fight, the Enemy retiring before our Militia, with some new rais’d Forces, for many Miles, and with the Loss of five hundred kill’d, wounded, and taken.
By a Letter lately received from Genl. Washington He thinks it probable that the British Forces, under Howe will proceed as soon as the Season will allow for Philadelphia, and endeavor the Reduction of that City; and that a considerable Part of the Army in Canada, will come down St. Lawrence River, to join him. But by the Remaining of the British Forces under Lord Piercy, at N. Port, where they have winter’d, and there being as yet no Appearance among them of any Design to quit that Place, should any Body of Troops come by St. Lawrence, perhaps they may make a Junction at N. Port, or near it; and the Design may be to act upon the Defensive in Canada, and to have an Army in N. England at the Time that Howe is acting to the Southward. A little Time, however, will open their Design. I hinted to you in a former Letter, that our Levies met with some Obstructions, and went on more slowly than we could wish, from Reasons that you will easily apprehend; I hope however we shall soon surmount all Difficulties. We are told here that the Quotas of several southern States are already compleated; and tho our Army is not fully rais’d, it is, and will be daily increasing: and is now at last a permanent one: so that we expect Washington will soon be able to take the Field with such a Force as immediately to impede, and before long effectually to stop the Progress of the Enemy. The Price of ev’ry Thing in the States, as might naturally be expected in our Circumstances is greatly advanc’d. Congress seems not inattentive to the Support of it’s Currency. The Loan Office in this Town receives large Sums at 6 per Cent and the Lottery Tickets have a surprizingly rapid Sale. I have good Information that the southern States, instead of being depress’d, are only more firm and decisive by the late Irruption into the Jerseys. The indiscriminate Devastation and Plunder of the British and Hessian Troops there, and the unexampled Cruelties perpetrated by both, have induced many, who were dispos’d to favor them, or were at best lukewarm, to enter now into the most resolute and zealous Opposition.
France cannot expect long to avoid a War with Britain but upon Concessions that must finally ruin her. She never had a fairer Opportunity for taking a decisive Part. Should the British Forces prevail here, the opportunity is gone. When our Army is compleated, a French Fleet of the Line, as there are but few large British Ships here at present, might strike a Blow at N. York, and upon our Coasts that might go near to determine the Dispute at once. Her Influence at the same Time, might perhaps be employ’d with no small Efficacy upon the Canadians, the Indians, and even the forreign Troops in British Pay. Her secret and her open Operations united, might produce great Things. This is the Language of many here: With what Propriety you can best judge. I send this, by Mr. Cushing, a young Gentleman much esteem’d here; a Son of our Friend, the Honorable Mr. Cushing, late Member of Congress, who goes to France on Business. I am my dear Sir, with the greatest Esteem and Attachment Your’s

Endorsed: Dr. Cooper, March 30, 1777


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Silas Deane, 30 March 1777
From: Deane, Silas
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Sir
Sunday, March 30th. 1777
Inclos’d is a Letter from Mr. Williams which Appears to have shared the Fate of my last To have been opened. I have wrote him a long Letter this Morning, on the Magazine. Rumsay sets out Tomorrow, and Hood, and others on Tuesday. The Letter and Dipositions for Lord Stormont, and the Memorial for the Portugal ambassador I take leave to remind you of. I sent you Lettrs from Mr. Boux which I wish may be answered by Tomorrows post. I have many Letters to answer, or I would come out. I have wrote to Alderman Lee by last Nights Courier. I am your most Obedient Very Humble Servant
S Deane

Addressed: To / The Honble Dr Franklin


Title: The Massachusetts Council to the American Commissioners, 31 March 1777
From: Massachusetts Council
To: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur

Gentlemen
Council Chamber Boston March 31th. 1777
Above you have a Copy of our last, since which we have received from the Secrett Committee of Congress Three Letters addressed to you, and they request that we would forward them by any Vessel going to France, but under the Care of a discreet Person to be employed by us at Continental Expence to go Passenger. We have employed Mr. Thomas Cushing junr. for this purpose, and have committed these dispatches to his Care, and have directed him immediately upon his Arrival at Nantz to repair by Post to Paris, and to deliver you the Letters himself, and there receive your Answer, and be Governed by your directions, touching his return, and the Port he is to come to. If you should committ any dispatches to him, We doubt not they will be taken due Care of, and if you should direct him to return with them to any Port within this State, we shall forward them with all possible Expedition to Congress. Such Intelligences or Information as you can Communicate consistant with the public Safety, we should be glad at all times to be favourd with: We have at present nothing new to Communicate. We have sent you some of the latest Newspapers by Mr. Cushing. In the Name and behalf of the Council I am with great respect Gentlemen your Most Obedient Humble Servant
James Bowdoin Presidt.
Honble. Benjn. Franklin, Silas Deane and Arthur Lee Esqrs.

Addressed: The Honle. Benjn. Franklin, Silas Deane & Arthur Lee Esqrs. / Commissioners from the united States of America to / the Court of France / at / Paris
Notation: Commit of the State of Massachusetts March 31. 1777


Title: The American Commissioners and Chaumont: Draft of a Contract for Packets, [March 1777]
From: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur,Chaumont
To:

[March, 1777]
Les amis du Congrès proposent a ses deputés en france d’expedier touttes les semaines un paquebot de 60 tonneaux au moins pour Boston pour porter leurs depesches et la personne a qui ils les confieront.
Les deputés seront libres de charger dans chasque Paquebot vingt tonneaux de Marchandises qui seront estimés 80000 l.t. et pour lesquels ils payront 10% de fret comptant.
Si le Congrès s’en rapporte a la personne qui sera indiquée pour l’achapt de ces Marchandises le choix les Bons d’aunages et le credit feront un benefice de plus de 10% de difference que si elles etoient acheptées de la seconde main.
Les amis du Congrès s’obligeront a ne charger que dix tonneaux de Marchandises en plus des vivres dans chasque Paquebot pour leur compte afin de conserver tout l’avantage de la Marche.
Il en sera de mesme pour le Retour de Boston en france et le Congrès poura charger vingt tonneaux de Marchandise en payant un fret de 10% et il poura faire suivre ses depesches par la personne a qui elle jugera apropos de les confier.
Le premier paquebot partira dans quinze jours. Les autres suiveront de semaine en semaine a l’exception de la seconde Expedition qui ne partira qu’au commencement de may.

Endorsed by Franklin: Mr Chaumont’s Proposal for Paquets


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Louis-Guillaume Le Veillard, Enclosing [Madame Brillon] to Him: Two Notes, [March? 1777]
From: Le Veillard, Louis-Guillaume,Brillon de Jouy, Anne-Louise Boivin d’Hardancourt
To: Franklin, Benjamin

These notes are the earliest surviving record of Franklin’s relations with neighbors in Passy who came to be close friends. Both lived near his new quarters in the Hôtel de Valentinois and were well acquainted with his host, Le Ray de Chaumont. Le Veillard (1733–94), often referred to as “le grand voisin,” had married a wealthy wife and administered her dowry, the famous and fashionable mineral waters of Passy and their elegantly landscaped grounds, which sloped down to the Seine. Anne-Louise Boivin d’Hardancourt, who had become on her marriage in 1763 Madame Brillon de Jouy (1744–1824), was a celebrated performer on the clavichord, as appears between the lines of her note, and on other instruments. Franklin had already been to call on her and her husband, but she was still shy with him. She must have been writing, therefore, soon after he moved to Passy, and we are assigning the two notes to his first month there.

I.
Monsieur
Passy ce Lundy [March? 1777]
Je viens de recevoir une lettre de madame Brillon a laquelle je ne puis repondre qu’avéc vostre secours. J’ay l’honeur de vous l’envoyer; je n’appuyerai point une requête que celle qui la presente rend aussi séduisante qu’il est possible; si seulement vous pouviez luy donner le samedy vous me feriez grand plaisir parceque j’aurais aussi l’avantage de passer une partie de cette journée avéc vous. Je suis avéc respect Monsieur Vostre tres humble et tres obeissant serviteur
Le Veillard
Madame Brillon compte certainement que monsieur vostre fils voudra bien vous accompagner.

Notation: le Veillard

II.
Ce lundi matin [March ? 1777]
Vous me rendriés un vrai service mon voisin, si vous pouviés me faire avoir les airs ecossois que mr. franklin a bien voulu promettre de me donnér; j’essayerois de les jouér, et d’en composér dans le mesme genre! Je désire que mon talent pour la musique plaise a mr. franklin, ce n’est point affaire de vanité; je n’en ai jamais mis a jouér mieux du clavecin que quélques autres, c’est uniquement l’envie de delassér un moment un grand homme de ses occupations, et de me procurér le plaisir de le voir: si mr. brillon n’étoit point incommodé, il auroit été lui rendre sa visite, et l’invitér si cela pouvoit lui convenir, a venir disnér avéc vous a la maison le jour qu’il sera curieux de me dire si je jouë bien ou mal, les airs écossois! Il faut que vous nous rendiés le sérvice de lui faire cétte proposition, il seroit important pour moi de sçavoir son jour, pour avoir pagin qui surement lui fera plaisir a entendre! Adieu mon aimable voisin: s’il étoit possible que ce fut vérs la fin de cétte semaine, cela arrangeroit pagin.
Je compte bien aussi vous priér de me menér faire visitte un jour a mr. franklin; je veux y allér avéc vous, parceque si je suis timide comme le jour qu’il m’a fait l’honneur de venir chés moi, vous qui sçavés ce que je pense, vous le lui dirés, et je n’y perdrai pas!

Addressed: A Monsieur / Monsieur Le veillard / A Passy


Title: Contract between Chaumont and the American Commissioners, 1 April 1777
From: Chaumont,American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur
To:

Paris ce 1er. avril 1777.
Conventions de Messieurs Frankelin et Dean et Lee deputés du Congrès des etats unis d’amerique avec le Sr. Leray de Chaumont.
Le Dit Sieur de Chaumont equipera tous les mois a compter du mois de may prochain pendant un an, un pacquebot ou vaisseau propre a porter les Depesches des Dits Srs. Deputes de france en amerique et de l’amerique en france, lequel pacquebot pourra porter plus de trente tonneaux d’effets sans que cela puisse Nuire a sa Marche la plus avantageuse.
Le Dit Sieur de Chaumont fera la depence de chasque voyage pour l’equipement vivres avances et gages de l’equipage et touttes autres depences quelconques.
Les Dits Sieurs Frankelin Dean et Lee decideront du port de destination en amerique pour la plus grande seureté de livraison des depesches et des Marchandises qu’ils envoyront.
Les Dits Sieurs auront le droit de charger chasque pacquebot en allant et en revenant de vingt tonneaux d’effets consignés a qui ils jugeront apropos et aussi d’y faire passer sans fraix un homme qui sera chargé du soin des depesches et des effets.
Les Dits Sieurs payront au Dit Sieur de Chaumont pour chasque voyage qui commencera en france et finira en y revenant d’amerique huit mil livres; lesquels payments seront faits trois mois après chasque depart de france et soit que le Pacquebot arrive ou non, la ditte somme sera acquise au dit Sr. de Chaumont sans retour.
Les Dits Pacquebots ne pouront estre retardés etant prest a recevoir les effets par les Dits Sieurs deputés ou leurs proposés [préposés] soit en france ou en amerique et la ditte somme de huit mils livres sera Neammoins payé a mon dit Sr. de Chaumont quand mesme les Dits Pacquebots partiroient a vuide.
Les Dits Pacquebots avec tous leurs Equipages seront aux risques de mon dit Sr. de Chaumont, et les effets chargés en chasque Pacquebot par les Dits Sieurs Frankelin Dean et Lee seront a leurs risques.

Le Dit Sr. de Chaumont sera libre de charger sur chasque Pacquebot ce qu’il voudera pour son propre compte sauf toujours la meilleur Marche des Dits Pacquebots.
Si Mon dit Sr. de Chaumont etoit empesché par ses superieurs d’expedier les Dits pacquebots, il en sera dechargé par les Dits Srs. Dean Lee, et Frankelin sur les preuves qu’il leur en produira et si le Congrès revoquoit les pouvoirs des [Dits] Sieurs Frankelin Dean et Lee la resiliation auroit egalement lieu.
B FranklinSilas DeaneArthur LeeLeray DE Chaumont


Title: Jonathan Williams, Jr., to the American Commissioners, 1 April 1777
From: Williams, Jonathan Jr.
To: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur

Gentlemen
Nantes April 1, 1777.
I received your favour of the 27 ultimo advising of the purchase of the arms &c. in Mr. Montieu’s magazine, which as soon as possible shall be all counted and the real quantity of each kind with the Tools &c. &c. exactly asscertained. In looking over your Letters I observe you have made a mistake of the pen in adding the Number of Fusils in my list where you say you find 81,764 of different kinds; if you will please to recur to that list you will find that all the Fusils and musquets, (exclusive of those that are too bad,) amount to only 75,644, the remainder are pistols and side arms. I hope however this mistake will not affect your Bargain, and that, whatever number you supposed them to be of, there will be a proportionable allowance for all that fall short, for as you made the Bargain agreeable to the List there can be no doubt but the number should be made good. Least I should have made this error myself I send you another Copy of my list; there may be more than it contains, and there may be less. Mr. Peltier thinks the Gun Barrells will turn out more but it is the Inventory only that must determine it. I shall inclose it as soon as it is taken, in the mean time I have desired that the workmen may continue their reparations till I have your orders relative to the whole. I have been over the Store to day with Mr. P. to examine what things there are that do not belong to this concern. There are 297 new Fusils (the same as those sent in the Mercury) which have been sold and paid for some months since, but remain here at the desire of the purchaser, and a few trifling articles that have no relation to arms which Mr. Peltier thinks cannot be understood as being in the bargain. It does not appear to me your intention that they should be included, so I do not contradict him; but there are about 100 doz. of Knives, 240 common iron hilted Swords, and about 400 slight Fuzils, all new, made at Mr. Montieus manufacture and sent hither for the negro Trade, which Mr. Peltier likewise thinks should not be included; but these I claim, particularly the Fuzils and swords as I think they come within the letter at least of the order: it remains with you and Mr. Montieu to determine to whom these belong. In the other points we are agreed, and except as above the Store and all its contents are on your account; the Time it is taken for will expire at the end of this year, if you mean to keep it longer for this or any other purpose, it should be known now as this is the Season when all Leases &c. are renewed. I shall observe your directions about the Cutter when she arrives.
I have not the honour of anything from you by this post, but Mr. Peltier has received advice that the destination of the Ship is changed, and that instead of going to Boston she is to go to St. Domingo and there to be unloaded. Mr. Montieu likewise mentions that the 7 officers and 2 Servants are to have their Passages in her. To all this I can say nothing as I have not your orders, and it is by them only that I shall be governed.
While I have the honour of your commands I will do my utmost to give you satisfaction, and I flatter myself you will allow that wherever the operations I have directed have turned out wrong there has been no intentional Fault, for had I known that the ship would be sent to the West Indies I should not have put the salt on board; but should have ballasted her with Bricks, which in that Country are valuable while the other is of little worth. In the States you know it is exactly the reverse and I supposed the Ship would go directly thither. I have the honour to be with the greatest Respect Gentlemen Your most obedient and most humble Servant
Jona Williams Junr
An american Ship is arrived at Quiberon but it is not yet known what news she brings.

Notation: From Mr. Williams Nantes April 1st. 1777. to Hon: Deputies U. S. Fusils in the Magaz.


Title: “Model of a Letter of Recommendation of a Person You Are Unacquainted with,” 2 April 1777
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To:

Sir
Paris April 2, 1777
The Bearer of this who is going to America, presses me to give him a Letter of Recommendation, tho’ I know nothing of him, not even his Name. This may seem extraordinary, but I assure you it is not uncommon here. Sometimes indeed one unknown Person brings me another equally unknown, to recommend him; and sometimes they recommend one another! As to this Gentleman, I must refer you to himself for his Character and Merits, with which he is certainly better acquainted than I can possibly be; I recommend him however to those Civilities which every Stranger, of whom one knows no Harm, has a Right to, and I request you will do him all the good Offices and show him all the Favour that on further Acquaintance you shall find him to deserve. I have the honour to be, &c.

Notation by William Temple Franklin: Model of a Letter of Recommendation of a Person you are unacquainted with.


Title: From Benjamin Franklin to George Washington, 2 April 1777
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: Washington, George

Sir,
Paris, April 2. 1777.
As I see that the Congress has resolved upon raising 3000 Horse for the ensuing Campaign I hope M. de Cenis the bearer of this Letter, may be of great Use in forming some of the Troops, as he is acquainted with that Service, having been a Captain of Dragoons. He goes over at his own Expence, without the least Encouragement or Promise from me, which indeed I have no Authority to give. This shews a Zeal for our Cause, which has considerable Merit. I cannot speak of the Gentleman from my own knowledge but I send you inclosed the Recommendation I have received of him from Monsr. Turgot, late Comptroller of the Finances, and one of the most respectable Characters of this Nation: I refuse every day Numbers of Applications for Letters in favour of Officers who would go to America, as I know you must have more upon your Hands already than you can well employ; but M. Turgot’s Judgement of Men has great Weight with all that have the honour of knowing him, and I am confident that an Officer of his recommending will be a valuable Acquisition to our Army. With the most sincere Wishes for your Prosperity and Happiness, I have the Honour to be Your Excellency’s most obedient and most humble Servant
B Franklin
His Excelly. Genl. Washington

Notation: from Doctor Franklin


Title: Jonathan Williams, Jr., to the American Commissioners, 2 April 1777
From: Williams, Jonathan Jr.
To: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur

Gentlemen
Nantes April 2. 1777.
I had the pleasure of writing to you yesterday since which Capt. Adams is arrived express for [from] Boston and now setts off with his packets for Paris.
If I did not think myself absolutely obliged to stay here untill I have orders to return I should be tempted to set off with him, as a few hours Conversation might be of Service as to matters of Business, and far less troublesome to you than writing.
I have began to take the Inventory, which I apprehend will require some days to compleat. I have the honor to be with great Respect Gentlemen Your most obedient and most humble Servant
J Williams Junr
Please to turn over

PS I open this Letter to acknowledge the Receipt of yours of the 25 which I will answer particularly by tomorrows post. I have at present only time to say, That the Tin Case with the Charts and Letters never came to hand. What I mean by proper order is orders signed by you, which I suppose necessary to give validity, if not I have a Copy here, but as the Destination is changed I suppose the orders will be Entirely altered. I will observe all your directions and am with great Respect tho’ much in haste Yours as before
J Williams Junr
The Honble The Deputies of the United States.

Addressed: The Honble Silas Deane Esqr / Hotel de Hambourg / Rue Jacob / Paris.
Notation: Mr. Williams April 2. 77.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Jan Ingenhousz, 2 April 1777
From: Ingenhousz, Jan
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Dear Sir
Vienna April 2th. 1777
I recieved a note from the post office of Paris, that a lettre directed to me has been put in the bureau without the postage being payed, and is therefore not forwarded. I have immediately given ordres to my banker to pay the postage. As I have reason to suspect, that this lettre is yours, the more so, as the last lettre I recieved from you, has had the same fate, I think it my duty to acquaint you with it. I set out for Ratisbon the 12th of this month and will remain there with the Prince of Taxis during may and a part of juin. From thence I have a good mind to set forwards for Holland, England and France if I can manage it with my Royal Mistriss. My only desires to go to France are for to have once more the satisfaction to see you, and to be an eyewitness of you being in good health and happy.
Tho I am absent, lettres directed to me at Vienna will allways come to right.
The Emperour did set out yesterday morning for Paris, and will not return before july, which I take for a convincing proof of a peacefull disposition among the European Powers. I hope, this Happiness will soon befall your natif country, and I languish to hear Soon, that your advice and counsel, not enough attended to before, will at last bring upon both nations a lasting peace and happiness. I am with the Greatest respect Dear Sir Your most obedient humble servant
J. Ingen Housz

Addressed: à / Monsieur / Monsieur Benj. Franklin / Membre de l’Academie Royale / des Sciences de Paris &c. &c. / à Paris
Notation: Dr Ingenhause Vienna 2d April 77.


Title: The American Commissioners to Lord Stormont, 3 April 1777
From: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur
To: Murray, David, Viscount Stormont

My Lord,
Paris, April 3. [1777]
In answer to a letter which concerns some of the most material interests of humanity, and of the two nations, Great Britain, and the United States of America, now at war, we received the enclosed indecent paper, as coming from your Lordship, which we return, for your Lordship’s more mature consideration.
B. Franklin, S. Deane.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Silas Deane, [3 April? 1777]
From: Deane, Silas
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Sir
Thursday Morning [April 3?, 1777]
I think it will be Necessary To have a Copy of the Contract with Mr. Chaumont sent to Mr. Williams and also to the Secret Committee. As you have [torn] Original I wish they may be made out to go by the Express. I am Sir Your most Obedient and very humble Servant
S Deane

Addressed: To / The Honl / Benja Franklin Esqr / [illegible] Passy


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Peter P. Burdett, 5 April 1777
From: Burdett, Peter P.
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Dear Sir
Rastadt in Germany 5 April 1777
Upon the News of your arrival in France I did myself the honor of writing to you at the particular request of their Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Baaden, as well as from the pleasure I felt upon your return to Europe.
This letter in all probability never reached your hands, or if it did, the multiplicity and importance of your present engagements, it is natural to suppose leaves you no time for less important correspondence.
The American cause findes in me a very weak friend indeed, but yet, a strong well wisher in their favor; whether my partiality arises from other motives than that I have the pleasure to be acquainted personaly with some of the Principal and most active men in their cause or, from the cause it self, is of no consequence. It has however given me frequent occation to speak before the Margrave warmly in their favor, and contrary to my intentions has at the same time inspired a certain officier in the service of his serene Highness with a strong desire of Embarking on the American side of the Present war. He is a Gentleman of the Rank of first Lieutenant speaks French and is a German, is well acquainted with the Use of the Theodilite and other Instruments of Engineering.
Under an opinion that I can serve the Cause of America without injuring the service of my Gracious Prince and Patron, I presume to recommend this Gentleman to your Friendly Notice. Should such service be wanted in America and my friend actualy embark for that Continant I shall reinforce his expedition and Recommendations with Letters to Mr. John Adams and several other of my old friends in America firmly perswaded that his prudence valour and Merit will not disgrace those who have promoted his Honor and Interest. I am Dear Sir with the utmost affection your Sencere and Most Humble Servant
P P Burdett

PS I believe it needless to say that I should be unwilling to have all the subject of this letter known to my Prince.
I must not trust the direct-post carriage. The Bearer Monsieur Kornmann who brings you this will also receive and forward to me the Honor of your answer, addressed to Rastadt per Strasbourg.

Addressed: To / Doctor Francklin / Paris
Notation: Burdett P.P. 5 April 1777.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Aimé (or Amé)-Ambroise-Joseph Feutry, 5 April 1777
From: Feutry, Aimé-Ambroise-Joseph
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Ce 5 avril 1777.
Feutry aura L’honneur de se trouver demain dimanche chez Monsieur de Francklin &c. à Passi; il a celui D’envoyer encore un mémoire en attendant plusieurs autres qu’il va copier incessament. Il assure ici Mr. de Francklin de ses sentimens d’estime, de Respect, et de l’envie extrême qu’il a de Jouir un moment du bonheur de voir un homme aussi vertueux que Célebre.


Title: William Bingham to the American Commissioners, 6 April 1777
From: Bingham, William
To: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur

Gentlemen
St Pierre Martinique April 6th 1777
Herewith you will please to find Triplicate and Copy of my two last Letters to Mr. Deane; but as they are addressed to him in an official Capacity, I have thought proper to place them under your Notice, and shall in future do myself the honor of directing my Letters in the like manner, as I am informed by my last Dispatches from Congress, that you are jointly appointed Commissioners for the United States of America, at the Court of Versailles.
The Armed Sloop Independance arrived here yesterday in which came Passenger Mr. Reed. My Orders from Congress are to facilitate his Passage to you, with the greatest Expedition; Accordingly he embarks this Day in a Vessel bound to Bordeaux. This Gentleman will deliver you the present, and also some Dispatches from Congress, which I was desired to forward to you.
The Situation of Affairs in America you will be sufficiently instructed in, by these Enclosures, so that I think it needless to dwell upon the Subject. I herewith have the honor to inclose you an Extract of a Letter from the Honorable Committee of Secret Correspondence as well as Copy of one from the Honorable Robt. Morris Esqr. The Dispatches which are referred to in the Beginning of the last Letter from Capt. Biddle, I have not as yet received, but wait for them with the utmost Impatience, as I imagine they must be of a very serious and important Nature, by reason of their chusing so respectable a Conveyance.
It gives me Pain to acquaint you of the unfortunate Capture of the Ship Seine Capt. Morin. She was taken the Evening of her Departure and carried into Dominica, and this Morning, I heard of the melancholy News. I am extremely happy that I have taken out of her so considerable and valuable a Part of her Cargo. What will be the Result of this affair, I cannot as yet determine.
I shall take every Step that Prudence can point out to recover her. If Capt. Morin has been sufficiently cautious in destroying the Letters and Orders which had a Reference to his Voyage to Boston, and has carefully preserved those that respect his Destination for Miquelon, I hope upon a spirited Application from the General, She will be given up. I have just sent off an Express to his Excellency, giving him a circumstantial Account of this Affair. I shall do myself the honor of writing you more fully upon the subject in a few Days.
I have been under the Necessity of advancing a considerable Sum of Money to Mr. Davis, who came Passenger in this Vessel. He had an unlucky Run of Play and enter’d into other Expences unknown to me. The following Extract of a Letter wrote by Mr. Carmichael and addressed to the Committee of any District, where the Ship might arrive, was the principal Cause of my making him so great an Advance; “The Gentleman who comes out Passenger Mr. Davis, is recommended to Congress by the Commissioners here, which Sanction will no doubt obtain for him all Civility and Assistance on your Part.”
After which I could not think of refusing his Demand and consequently subject him to a Detention, after the Vessel he had came Passenger in, had sailed. He informs me that he has, or will have, a considerable Sum of Money in Mr. Deanes Hands, which he means to apply to the Purpose of liquidating this Account.
His Receipt for the Money I have herewith the honor to inclose you, as well as that of Capt. Morin for the Amount of what I advanced him for his Vessels Use.
Mr. Davis is now a Prisoner at Dominica, and I imagine his situation will again demand[?] a helping hand.
By the last Letters that I have received from the honorable the secret Committee of Congress, they mention that I may expect very large Quantities of Arms, Ammunition, Soldiers Cloathing &c. will be Sent out to my Address, in Order to be forwarded to the Continent, and that they shall constantly keep sending out Armed Vessels to receive them. I seriously recommend to you this Mode of Conveyance, as the most proper to facilitate a Supply of these necessary Articles, and to insure their safe Arrival. Very few French Masters of Vessels are acquainted with the Coast of America, and admitting they were, large Ships cannot take the Advantage of running into small Inlets and Harbors as lesser Vessels may. Besides all the Continental Vessels sail with skillfull Pilots, which greatly lessens the Risk.
I have the pleasure to inform you, that the Congress has returned to Philadelphia. I have the honor to be with great Respect Gentlemen Your obedient humble servant
Wm Bingham

Notation: Mr. Bingham March 6th. 1777


Title: From Benjamin Franklin to the Conde d’Aranda, 7 April 1777
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: Aranda, Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea, Conde de

Sir,
Passy, April 7. 1777.
I left in your Excellency’s Hands, to be communicated, if you please, to your Court, a Duplicate of the Commission from the Congress, appointing me to go to Spain as their Minister Plenipotentiary. But as I understand that the Receiving such a Minister is not at present thought convenient, and I am sure the Congress would have nothing done that might incommode in the least a Court they so much respect, I shall therefore postpone that Journey, till Circumstances may make it more suitable. And in the mean time, I beg leave to lay before his Catholic Majesty, through the Hands of your Excellency, the Propositions contain’d in a Resolution of Congress, dated Dec. 30. 1776, viz.
“That if his Catholic Majesty will join with the United States in a War against Great Britain, they will assist in reducing to the Possession of Spain the Town and Harbour of Pensacola, provided the Inhabitants of the United States shall have the free Navigation of the Missisipi, and the Use of the Harbour of Pensacola; and they will (provided it shall be true that the King of Portugal has insultingly expelled the Vessels of these States from his Ports, or has confiscated any such Vessels) declare War against the said King, if that Measure shall be agreable to and supported by the Courts of Spain and France.”
It is understood that the strictest Union subsists between those two Courts; and in case they should think fit to attempt the Conquest of the English Sugar Islands, the Congress have farther propos’d to furnish Provisions to the amount of Two Millions of Dollars, and to join their Fleet with 6 Fregates of not less than 24 Guns each, manned and fitted for Service; and to render any other Assistance which may be in their Power, as becomes good Allies, without desiring for themselves the Possession of any of the said Islands.
These Propositions are subject to Discussion, and to receive such Modifications as may be found proper. With great Respect, I have the Honour to be Your Excellency’s most obedient and most humble Servant
B Franklin
His Excelly the Comte d’Aranda


Title: Boux to the American Commissioners, 7 April 1777
From: Boux, ——
To: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur

Le 7. avril 1777.
Je vous est rendu conte Messieurs Du premier marché aresté pour la construction D’un Vaisseau, et c’et avec un plus grand plaisir que je vous ennonce la parole donnee pour un segond, qui ne coutera que 200 milles florins, c’est a Dire plus de 35 milles franc de france de moins que le 1er.

J’espere que cette semaine les deux contrats seront passé pour l’execution de ces deux Bastiments; ce segond marché Double mon travail, que je vouderois pour Beaucoup estre finy car jean est [j’en ai] pardesus les ôreilles, de plus d’une semaine je n’aurois encore finy; alors j’irois a Lahaie y voir notre Embassadeur, pour le disposé a lever les petites Diffigultes au cas qu’il en surviennent, sen [sans] cependant le metre Dans mon secret. Cela finy je croy n’avoir rien de mieux a faire que de Vous rejouaindre ma presence n’etant plus utille ysi, elle Vous causeroit des Dépenses sans fruit et nuiroit d’aillieur au secret necessaire De la reusite que nous désiron.
Par des Informations que j’ay prise vous ne pouvé rien entreprendre Dans le nord, mais si le Besouin est ausy pressent que je le croy vous pourriée vous procurer quelques Bastiments a Livourne, a Genne, ou dans les autres républiques de la mediterranee, quelques constructions y seroient infiniment facilles. Des negosients de marseilles pourroient vous donner sur cela les Instructions nécessaires. Il seroit Desirable que vous puissiée vous procurer la connoissence de Mr. Guis negotient a marseille, personne ne feroit mieux que luy ce que Vous pourriée désirer. La construction de deux Vaisseaux en france est la chosses la plus aizee. Le port de Lorient vous ôffre De plus grandes facillites que tout autres. En ce qu’il y à un negotient qui fait ce genre de commerce, on ne sera point etonné de la grandeur de ces Bastiments puisqu’il en vient de faire d’eux a deux batries. Mr. De Chaumon par ces connoissences a Lorian, peut faire reusir cette affaire. Il faut seulement qu’il paroissent etre fait pour son conte ou celuy de tout autre personne sans que le ministaire soit prévenu que c’es pour vous car dans ce cas tout seroit manqué. Si les chosses prenoient cette tournure nous pourrion avoir 4 Vaisseau en etat de partir de Lorian Du 1. au 15 Jenvier prochain. Je jure que cette marechaussee feroit une rude police, sur toutes vos côtes, ne perdé pas un moment à entamer cette affaire; c’es une des plus importantes que vous puissiée faire; si a cela ce jouint l’execution en amerique Des plans que je vous est adressé, je ne doute pas que l’annee prochaine vous ne soyee maitre de toutes vos mers. C’es de la que depent l’independance de l’amerique. Vous connoissé la seincerité des sentiments tres disteingue avec lesques je suis Messieurs Votre Tres humble et tres obeisant serviteur
Boux

Notation: Boux, 7 avril 77