Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 18 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Jefferson, Thomas

                            (Circular)SirHead Quarters near Passaic Octr 18th 1780

                        In obedience to the Orders of Congress I have the honor to transmit Your Excellency the present state of the Troops of your line, by which you will perceive how few men you will have left after the first of January next. When I inform you also that the Troops of the other Lines will be in general as much reduced as Yours, you will be able to judge how exceedingly weak the Army will be at that period; and how essential it is the States should make the most vigorous exertions to replace the discharged men as early as possible.Congress are now preparing a plan for the new establishment of their Army, which when finished they will transmit to the several States, with requisitions for their respective quotas. I have no doubt it will be a primary object with them to have the levies for the war; and this appears to me a point so interesting to our independence, that I cannot forbear entering into the motives which ought to determine the States without hesitation or alternative, to take their measures decisively for that object.I am religiously persuaded that the duration of the war, and the greatest part of the Misfortunes, & perplexities we have hitherto experienced, are cheifly to be attributed to temporary inlistments. Had we in the commencement raised an Army for the war, such as was within the reach of these States to raise & maintain; we should not have suffered those military checks which have so frequently shaken our cause; nor should we have incurred such enormous expenditures, as have destroyed our paper currency, and with it all public credit. A moderate, compact force, on a permanent establishment capable of acquiring the discipline essential to military operations, would have been able to make head against the Enemy, without comparison better than the throngs of Militia, which have been at certain periods not in the feild, but on their way to, & from the feild: for from that want of perseverance which characterises all Militia, and of that coercion which cannot be exercised upon them, it has always been found impracticable to detain the greatest part of them in service even for the term; for which they have been called out; and thus has been commonly so short, that we have had a great proportion of the time, two sets of men to feed & pay, one coming to the Army, and the other going from it—From this circumstance, and from the extraordinary waste & consumption of provision; stores, camp equipage Arms, cloaths, and every other article incident to irregular Troops, it is easy to conceive what an immense increase of public expence has been produced from the source of which I am speaking. I might add the diminution of our agriculture, by calling off at critical seasons, the labourers employed in it, as has happened in instances without number.In the enumeration of articles wasted—I mention cloaths—It may be objected that the terms of engagement of the levies do not include this article but if we want service from the men, particularly in the cold season, we are obliged to supply them notwithstanding—And they leave us before the cloaths are half worn out.But there are easily still more striking that have befallen us—the intervals between the dismission of one Army, and the collection of another have more than once threatened us with ruin, which humanly speaking nothing but the supineness & folly of the Enemy could have saved us from. How did our cause totter at the close of 1776 when with a little more than two thousand Men, we were driven before the Enemy through the Jerseys; and obliged to take post on the other side the Delaware, to make a shew of covering Philadelphia, while in reality nothing was more easy to them with a little enterprise and industry, than to make their passage good to that city, and dissipate the remaining force which still kept alive our expiring opposition? What hindered them from dispersing our little Army, and giving a fatal blow to our affairs during all the subsequent Winter, instead of remaining in a state of torpid inactivity, and permitting us to hover about their quarters, when we had scarcely troops sufficient to mount the ordinary guards? After having lost two battles, and Philadelphia in the following Campaign, for want of those numbers and that degree of discipline, which we might have acquired by a permanent force in the first instance—in what a cruel and perilous situation did we again find ourselves in the winter of 1777 at Valley Forge, within a days march of the Enemy with a little more than a third of their strength, unable to defend our position, or retreat from it; for want of the means of transportation? What but the fluctuation of our Army enabled the Enemy to detach so boldly to the Southward in 1778 & 1779 to take possession of two States, Georgia & South Carolina, while we were obliged here to be idle spectators of their weakness—set at defiance by a Garrison of six thousand regular Troops, accessible every where by a bridge which nature had formed; but of which we were unable to take advantage from still greater weakness, apprehensive even for our own safety? How did the same Garrison insult the Main Army of these States the ensuing spring & threatened the destruction of all our Baggage & Stores—saved by a good countenance more than by an ability to defend them? And what will be our situation this Winter, our Army by the first of January diminished to little more than a sufficient Garrison for West Point, the Enemy at full liberty to ravage the Country where ever they please, and leaving a handful of Men at New York, to undertake expeditions for the reduction of other States, which for want of adequate means of defence, will, it is much to be dreaded add to the number of their Conquests, and to the examples of our want of energy & wisdom?The loss of Canada to the Union, and the fate of the brave Montgomery, compelled to a rash attempt by the immediate prospect of being left without troops, might be enumerated in the catalogue of evils that have sprang from this fruitful source.We not only incur these dangers & suffer these losses, for want of a constant force equal to our exigencies; but while we labour under this impediment, it is impossible there can ever be any order, or œconomy or system in our finances; If we meet with any severe blow, the great exertions which the moment requires to stop the progress of the misfortune, oblige us to depart from general principles, to run into any expence, or to adopt any expedient however injurious on a large scale; to procure the force & means which the present emergency demands. Every thing is thrown into confusion, and the measures taken to remedy immediate evils perpetuate others. The same is the case, if particular conjunctures invite us to offensive operations—we find ourselves unprepared—without troops—without Magazines—and with little time to provide them. We are obliged to force our resources by the most burthensome methods to answer the ends, and after all, it is but half answered: The design is announced by the occasional effort, & the Enemy have it in their power to counteract and elude the blow. The prices of every thing, men, provisions & c. are raised to a height to which the revenues of no Government much less ours would suffice. It is impossible the people can endure the excessive burthen of bounties for annual Drafts and Substitutes—increasing at every new experiment: whatever it might cost them once for all to procure men for the War, would be a cheap bargain.I am convinced our system of temporary inlistments has prolonged the war, and encouraged the Enemy to persevere. Baffled while we had an Army in the field, they have been constantly looking forward to the period of its reduction, as the period to our opposition, and the season of their successes. They have flattered themselves with more than the event has justified; for they beleived when one Army expired, we should not be able to raise another: undeceived however in this expectation by experience, they still remain convinced—and to me evidently on good grounds, that we must ultimately sink under a system, which increases our expence beyond calculation, enfeebles all our measures, affords the most inviting opportunities to the Enemy, & wearies and disgusts the people. This has doubtless had great influence in preventing their coming to terms, and will continue to operate in the same way. The debates on the ministerial side have frequently manifested the operation of this motive, & it must in the nature of things have had great weight.The interposition of neutral Powers may lead to a negotiation this Winter. Nothing will tend so much to make the Court of London reasonable, as the prospect of a permanent Army in the Country, & a spirit of exertion to support it.It is time we should get rid of an error which the experience of all mankind has explored, & which our own experience has dearly taught us to reject—the carrying on a War with Militia or (which is nearly the same thing) temporary Levies, against a regular, permanent, & disciplined force. The idea is chimerical & that we have so long persisted in it, is a reflection on the judgment of a nation so enlightened as we are, as well as a strong proff of the empire of prejudice over reason. If we continue in this infatuation we shall deserve to lose the object we are contending for.America has been almost amused out of her liberties—we have frequently heard the behaviour of the Militia extolled upon one & another occassion by men who judge only from the surface—by men who had particular views in misrepresenting—by visionary men, whose credulity easily swallows every vague story, in support of a favorite hypothesis. I solemnly declare I never was witness to a single instance, that can countenance an opinion of Militia or raw Troops being fit for the real business of fighting. I have found them useful as light Parties to skirmish in the woods—but incapable of making or sustaining a serious attack. This firmness is only acquired by habits of discipline and service. I mean not to detract from the Merit of the Militia—their zeal & spirit upon a variety of occassions have entitled them to the highest applause, but it is of the greatest importance we should learn to estimate them rightly: we may expect every thing from ours, that Militia is capable of; but we must not expect from any, services for which Regulars alone are fit.The late battle of Camden is a melancholly comment upon this doctrine. The Militia fled at the first fire, & left the Continental Troops surrounded on every side, & overpowered by numbers to combat for safety instead of victory—the Enemy themselves have witnessed to their Valour.An ill effect of short inlistments which I have not yet taken notice of, is that the constant fluctuation of their men is one of the sources of disgust to the officers. Just when by great trouble, fatigue, and vexation (with which the training of recruits is attended) they have brought their men to some kind of Order—they have the mortification to see them go home, and know that the drudgery is to recommence the next Campaign. In Regiments so constituted an Officer has neither satisfaction nor credit in his command.Every motive which can arise from a consideration of our circumstances, either in a domestic or foreign point of view calls upon us to abandon temporary expedients, and substitute something durable, systematic, & substantial. This applies as well to our civil administration as to our military establishment. It is as necessary to give Congress the common head, sufficient power to direct the common forces, as it is to raise an Army for the War; but I should go out of my province to expatiate on civil affairs—I cannot forbear adding a few remarks.Our finances are in an alarming state of derangement—Public credit is almost arrived at its last stage—The people begin to be dissatisfied with the feeble mode of conducting the war, and with the ineffectual burthens imposed upon them—which though light in comparison with what other nations feel are from their novelty heavy to them—They lose the confidence in government apace—The Army, is not only dwindling into nothing, but the discontent of the officers as well as the men, have matured to a degree that threatens but too general a renunciation of the service—at the end of the Campaign. Since January last we have had registered at Head Quarters, more than one hundred & fifty resignations, besides a number of others that never were regularly reported—I speak of the Army in this quarter. We have frequently in the course of the Campaign experienced an extremity of want. Our Officers in general are indecently defective in cloathing—Our Men are almost naked, totally unprepared for the inclemency of the approaching season. We have no Magazines for the winter—the mode of procuring our supplies is precarious, And the reports of all the Officers employed in collecting them are gloomy.These circumstances conspire to shew the necessity of immediately adopting a plan that will give more energy to government—more vigor, & more satisfaction to the Army: Without it we have every thing to fear. I am persuaded of the sufficiency of our resources if properly directed.Should the requisitions of Congress, by any accident not arrive before the Legislature is about to rise—I beg to recommend, that a plan be devised, which is likely to be effectual for raising the men that will be required for the War; leaving it to the executive to apply it to the Quota which Congress will fix. I flatter myself however the requisitions will arrive in time.The present crisis of our affairs appears to me so serious as to call upon me as a good Citizen, to offer my sentiments freely for the safety of the Republic. I hope the motive will excuse the liberty I have taken. I have the honor to be With the highest esteem & respect Your Excellencys Most Obedient and Very Humble Servant

                            Go: Washington

                    P.S. The foregoing is circular to the several States. The circumstances of Your Line put it out of my power to transmit a Return.Go: W——n


Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 18 October 1780
From: Knox, Henry
To: Washington, George

                     Sir,
                     Camp, Bergen County 18 Octo.
                     1780.

                  I have received a letter from Lt Colonel David Mason,
                     superintendent of the laboratory of Springfield, dated 30 ulto, enclosing a
                     copy of a resolution of Congress for dismissing him from any further service at
                     that post.
                  I take the liberty to inform Your Excellency that Col. Mason has
                     been employed, by my direction, at Springfield for the summer past in making
                     fuzes, a species of laboratory preparation that requires peculiar skill and
                     nicety. In case of a siege, the whole success of a bombardment must depend on
                     the accuracy with which they are executed. His practice and perfection in this
                     branch have produced fuzes whose exact operation cannot be surpassed by any
                     made in Europe, and induced me to place my whole reliance on him for this
                     essential article in the arduous operations expected this campaign. I have
                     given him orders for such a number as will require many months to execute with
                     his present assistance. The apparent prospect for their use may be less now
                     than at the time I gave him directions; but it is indispensibly necessary that
                     we should have a large number prepared against the next campaign.
                  I am entirely persuaded of the laudable motives which actuated
                     the honorable Congress in the dismission of Col. Mason; but I am very sorry
                     they did not know his present usefulness, therefore I pray Your Excellency to
                     write to that respectable body, requesting that he may be retained in service,
                     at least until he shall have finished the affair on which he is at work.
                  Under proper regulations I consider his talents and experience in
                     the preparation of all kinds of ordnance stores as highly beneficial to the
                     service. In the present instance he is necessary to the reputation of the corps
                     of artillery in particular, and of the American arms in general.
                  It is far from my intention to detract from the merit of any: We
                     have a great number of officers who are, and by experience will be, equal to
                     the service in all its parts; but at present they are on other duty, or are
                     deficient in the practice of this particular branch. I have the honor to be
                     with the highest respect Your Excellency’s most obedient servant

                     H. Knox.


Title: To George Washington from William Malcom, 18 October 1780
From: Malcom, William
To: Washington, George

                     Sir
                     Albany Oct. 18 1780

                  Since my last letter of the 13th—The Enemy from the Western
                     Frontiers have destroyd the Settlement of Scohair—and another Smaller party
                     have burnt some houses to the Northward & taken
                     prisoner some Gentlemen of consequence—The Militia were orderd out—Eight Days
                     ago—Three Regts to Scohair—but when the Enemy appeard only 60 men had joind the
                     Levys which I had posted there—It is past a doubt that unless some Troops shall
                     soon arrive at this place Albany & Schenectady will be our
                     Frontiers—There has but very little assisstance derived from the Grants on this
                     Occassion—what cannot at present be accounted for—Col. Vanschaacks Regt left
                        this Three days ago, The Col. did not think it adviseable
                     to carry them to the Frontiers on account of desertions.
                  I beg leave to reffer you to the Governors Letter for
                     particulars—only I must remind your Excellency of the Situation of Fort
                     scuyler—they have only about Forty days provision & it appears
                     impossible to get Cattle in this Quarter. I have the Honor to be with great
                     Respect Your Excellencys most obed. Hble Ser.

                     W. Malcom


Title: From George Washington to Joseph Reed, 18 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Reed, Joseph

                     Dear Sir;
                     Head Qrs Passaic Falls Oct. 18th
                     1780

                  By your favor of the third from Bethlehem, I perceive my letter
                     of the first had not got to your hands; but I have the pleasure to find that the
                     business you were upon anticipated the purpose of it, and was in a fair way to
                     answer the end.
                  Arnold’s conduct is so villainously perfidious, that there are no
                     terms that can describe the baseness of his heart—That over-ruling Providence
                     which has so often—and so remarkably interposed in our favor—never manifested
                     itself more conspicuously than in the timely discovery of his horrid intention
                     to surrender the Post & Garrison of West point into the hands of the
                     Enemy. I confine my remark to this single act of perfidy, for I am far from
                     thinking he intended to hazard a Defeat of this important object by combining
                     another with it, altho’ there were circumstances which led to a contrary
                     belief. The confidence & folly which has marked the subsequent conduct
                     of this Man, are of a piece with his villainy; and all three are perfect in
                     their kind.
                  The interest you take in my supposed escape, and the manner in
                     which you speak of it, claim my thanks as much as if he really had intended to
                     involve my fate with that of the Garrison—and I consider it as a fresh instance
                     of your affectionate regard for me.
                  As I do not recollect ever to have held any very particular
                     conversation with General Schuyler respecting Arnold, I should be glad to
                     obtain a copy of the Letter in which you say my "opinion and confidence in him
                     (Arnold) is conveyed in terms of affection and approbation." Sometime before,
                     or after Arnolds return from Connecticut (the conversation made so little
                     impression on me that I know not which) General Schuyler informed me he had
                     received a letter from Arnold intimating his intention of joining the Army
                     & rendering such services as his Leg would permit. adding, that he was
                     incapable of active Service—but could discharge the duties of a Stationary
                     command with out much inconvenience, or uneasiness to his Leg—I answered, that
                     as we had a prospect of an active & vigorous campaign I should be glad
                     of General Arnolds aid & assistance, but saw little prospect of his
                     obtaining such a command as appeared to be the object of his wishes, because it
                     was my intention to draw my whole force into the field when we were in
                     circumstances to commence our operations against New-York, leaving even West point to the care of Invalids and a small
                     Garrison of Militia; but if after this previous declaration, the command of
                     that Post—for the reasons he assigned—would be more convenient and agreeable to
                     him than a command in the field, I should readily endulge him—having had it
                     hinted to me by a very respectable character, a member of Congress (not Genl
                     Schuyler) that a measure of this kind would not be unacceptable to the State
                     most immediately interested in the welfare, & safety of the Post.
                  This, to the best of my knowledge and recollection, is every
                     syllable that ever passed between General Schuyler and me respecting Arnold, or
                     any of his concerns—the manner, & the matter, appeared perfectly
                     uninteresting to both of us at the time. He seemed to have no other view in
                     communicating the thing than because he was requested to do it—and my answer,
                     dictated by circumstances, you already have—but how it was communicated the
                     letter will shew.
                  That this Gentn (Genl Schuyler) possesses a share of my regard
                     & confidence I shall readily acknowledge—a pretty long acquaintance
                     with him—an opinion of his abilities—his intimate knowledge of our
                     circumstances —his candor as far as I have had oppertunities of forming a
                     judgment of it—added to personal civilities and proofs of a warm friendship,
                     which I never had a doubt of, would leave me without excuse were I to withhold
                     these from him.
                  What ascendancy he may have over the army is more than I can
                     tell—but I should not be surprized if he stands in a favourable point of view
                     with respect to their esteem. The means he took to acquire a true knowledge of
                     their distresses, while he was with it. the Representations he made to procure
                     relief—and his evident endeavours to promote the objects for which he was
                     appointed—seems to have made this a natural consequence.
                  That part of your Letter which respects the exchange of Prisoners
                     will be made the subject of a particular Letter—& shall accompany this.
                     With great esteem & regard. I am—Dr Sir Yr Most Obedt & Affe
                     Hble Servt

                     Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau, 18 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de

                     Sir,
                     Head Quarters Praknes Octr 18th
                     80

                  On the 16th the fleet containing the embarkation, mentioned in
                     my last, sailed—It consisted, according to the general tenor of my advices, of
                     the grenadiers and light infantry, two levy corps detachments from several
                     regiments and a small one of horse amounting in the whole to about three
                     thousand. The destination most commonly supposed is a Southern one, which
                     appears to me the more probable, as Cornwallis by the last advices had advanced
                     to Charlotte in North Carolina—Rhode Island however is spoken of.
                  My advices mention the arrival of a fleet from England; a part of
                     it transports with troops, two British regiments, some german and scotch
                     recruits, in the whole about 2600 men. The Cork fleet not yet arrived. I have
                     the honour be with the greatt regard. Yr Excellency’s Most huml. ser.

                     G: W—n


Title: To George Washington from Marinus Willett, 18 October 1780
From: Willett, Marinus
To: Washington, George

                     Sir,
                     West Point 18th October 1780

                  The armey I understand is to be new modelled and undergo a very
                     considerable change, Many Officers will have to retire; Proper provision will no
                     doubt be made for such; This will be deemed a compensation for their services
                     and with propriety. I am far from entertaining the most distant thought of
                     Injustice or impropriety in measures which may be conceived necessary for
                     prossecuting the grand design of esstablishing the Liberty and tranquility of my Country on a
                     permanet basis. It was to effect this valuable end that I laid aside a
                     peacfull easy employment for the rough and arduous occupation of a Soldier. If
                     to support this great design it becomes necessary for me to leave the Field,
                     and again put on the habiliments of a private Citisen I will most chearfully do
                     it. But as Long as there is an Enemy to fight against in America and Soldiers
                     to be employed in the contest, I think it may not be amiss for me to inform
                     your Excellency, That if I can consistantly be employed in the field I Shall
                     prefer it to any other situation—No Gratuities or emoluments which may be
                     confered on those Officers who retire can (by me,) be put in competition with
                     the life of a Soldier, while there are British Soldiers to be found in America
                     to war against.
                  I have taken the liberty to mention thus much to you Sir, And
                     flatter myself that you will not count me troublesome in requesting (If with
                     propriety I can be continued in Service) your interest for that purpose, I have
                     thaught that if I cannot be continued in the line of the State, Perhaps I may
                     be arranged in the Legion, which I have been told is to be formed without
                     affecting my rank. I have the honor to be Your Excellencies, most Obedient and
                     very humble servant

                     M. Willett


Title: General Orders, 19 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To:

                     Head Quarters Totowa Thursday October 19th 1780
                     Parole Persia,
                     Countersigns J: T.
                     Watchword Peep

                  For the Day TomorrowBrigadier General
                     Glover,Colonel Tupper,Lieutenant Colonel Sill,Major Tudor,Brigade Major AshleyTwelve waggoners to be drafted from the line and sent to the
                     orderly office this afternoon, four ô clock.
                  The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to make the
                     following promotions and Appointments
                   Brigadier General Smallwood to the rank of Major  GeneralColonel Daniel Morganto the rank of  Brigadier GeneralMr Abraham Skinner Commissary General of PrisonersDoctor William Shippenjunr Director General   "    John CochranChief Physician and Surgeon of the army Chief Hospital PhysiciansDoctorJames Craik "Malachi Treat "Charles McKnightThomas Bondjunr PurveyorIsaac LedyardAssistant PurveyorDoctorAndrew CraigApothecary "William JohannotAssistant Apothecary Hospital Physicans and SurgeonsDoctorsJames TiltonSamuel AdamsDavid TownsendHenry LatimerFrancis HaganPhilip TurnerWilliam BurnetJohn WarrenMoses ScottDavid JacksonBodo OttoMoses BloomfieldWilliam EustisGeorge DraperBarnabas BinneyThe Honorable the Congress have been pleased in just Abhorrence
                     of the perfidy of his conduct to pass the following Act
                  In Congress October 4th 1780
                  Resolved, That the Board of War be and hereby are directed to
                     erase from the Register of the Names of the Officers of the army of the United
                     States the name of Benedict Arnold.


Title: To George Washington from Nathanael Greene, 19 October 1780
From: Greene, Nathanael
To: Washington, George

                     Sir
                     West Point octo. 19th 1780

                  Your Excellencys favor of the 18th came to hand this afternoon.
                  I had given over the thoughts of going home even if I obtained
                     your permission before I received your pleasure upon the subject. My affairs
                     require it; but I am fully convinced that the time it will take and the state
                     of the Southern department will not admit of the indulgence.
                  When I marched from Tappan I wrote to Mrs Greene to come to Camp;
                     and expect her here every hour. Should I set out before her arrival the
                     disappointment of not seeing me added to the shock of my going to the Southard,
                     I am very apprehensive will have some disagreeable effect upon her health;
                     especially as her apprehensions here have been all alive respecting my going to
                     the southard before there was the least probability of it.
                  My baggage sets out in the morning, if Col. Hughes dont
                     disappoint me about the horses. And my stay shall not be more than a day longer
                     whether Mrs Greene arrives or not. Your Excellency cannot be more anxious to
                     have me come on, than I am of complying with your orders; especially since the
                     two last articles of intelligence, the Sailing of the Troops at New York and
                     the advance of Lord Cornwallis into the State of North Carolina. I am with
                     great esteem & regard your Excellencys Most Obedient humble Ser.

                     Nath. Greene M. G.


Title: To George Washington from William Heath, 19 October 1780
From: Heath, William
To: Washington, George

                     Dear General
                     West point Octr 19 1780

                  The inclosed request from the Gentlemen of the Hospital, and the
                     paper respecting Colo. Campbell who is now here, (and I am told was in Canada
                     with General Montgomery) were put into my hand by Major General Greene. I
                     request your Excellency’s opinion and direction respecting them.
                  Two Dragoons of Sheldon’s Regiment were lately sentenced to be
                     executed—the Sentence has been put in execution in one of them, the officers of
                     the Regiment solicit a pardon for the other. Shall I grant it?
                  Since I began writing I was honored with yours of the 18th. I
                     have been looking round the works and find much out of order. I shall endeavor
                     to put things in order as fast as possible, but find difficulties and
                     embarrassments in every department—hope we Shall be able to surmount them. I
                     request your Excellency’s answer as soon as may be agreable. I have the honor
                     to be, with the greatest respect, Your Excellency’s Most obedt Servt

                     W. Heath

                     P.S. The Deputy Judge advocate informs me that the Sentence
                        of a General Court Martial on two Culprits were before General Arnold and
                        not published. he apprehends the procedings are among Genl Arnolds papers.
                        One of the prisoners has since escaped—the other is in the provost. the
                        Sentences were capital.

                     W.H.

                Enclosure

                        Dear Genl
                         Octob. 16 1780

                     I am happy to make Application to you in behalf of the Hospl
                        Officers at this Post, being conscious, that as far as lies in your power,
                        you are disposed to favor them.
                     Exclusive of the Want of Pay they are in the greatest Want
                        imaginable, (as Gentlemen) of Cloathing, what renders their Situation in
                        particular more uneasy is, that they cannot enjoy any Advantage from the
                        Resolve of Congress preceeded by a Recommendation to the
                        different States to supply the officers annexed to them with Cloathing, to
                        be deducted from their Quota &c. They are all from Virginia
                        Pennsylva New England &c. & cannot from the Want of Cash to
                        discharge their Expences claim of the States to which
                        they belong the Indulgence in Cloathing granted.
                     We should consequently, esteem it a particular Indulgence if
                        you could grant a Warrant, or an Order on the Clothier at Newburgh for such
                        a Proportion of a years Allowance, or it may be in his Power to grant; my
                        present situation prevents my having paid my Respects to you as yet but as
                        soon as I can it will be esteemed the gratest Pleasure that can be enjoyd by
                        my Dr Genl Sir who is with perfect Respect Your Most Obt.

                        Chas McKnight


Title: To George Washington from Samuel Huntington, 19 October 1780
From: Huntington, Samuel
To: Washington, George

                     Sir,
                     Philadelphia October 19. 1780

                  I have been honored with your several Letters viz, the 11. 13.
                     & three of the 15. Instant, with the Papers to which they refer.
                  Enclosed your Excellency will herewith receive the Copy of an Act
                     of Congress of this Day, authorizing you to carry into Execution the Proposals
                     enclosed in your Letter of the 15. Instant or any other you may judge proper to
                     make respecting the Commissaries of Prisoners to reside with the American
                     & British Armies respectively.
                  I have also enclosed a Number of the printed Acts of Congress
                     containing a Plan for conducting the Hospital Department, also an Act of
                     Congress of the 14. Instant directing a Monument to be erected to the Memory of
                     the late Major Genl the Baron de Kalb, and giving the Thanks of Congress to
                     Generals Smallwood & Gist &c, & the Troops who
                     distinguished themselves by their Valour in the Action near Cambden on the 16.
                     of August last. With the highest Respect I have the Honor to be your
                     Excellency’s most obedient humble servant

                     Sam. Huntington President


Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 19 October 1780
From: Knox, Henry
To: Washington, George

                     Sir,
                     Camp, Bergen County 19th Octo. 1780

                  Monsieur Garranger has sollicited me to write to Your Excellency
                     in his behalf. This gentleman was directed by the honorable Congress, nearly
                     two years ago, to repair to camp, and to serve in such capacity as Your
                     Excellency might judge proper. Accordingly he has been with the Army for the
                     greater part of the last and present campaigns, desirous of an opportunity to
                     signalize himself, but unfortunately no such instance has presented.
                  His abilities in the theory of the respective branches of
                     artillery appear to be good, and might be of service in assisting to diffuse a
                     knowledge of the proper principles amongst the young officers; which, together
                     with the misfortunes he has experienced in his zeal for the cause of America,
                     of being taken prisoner by the enemy, and repeatedly losing his effects,
                     entitle him to a favorable attention. His wishes appear to be bounded by
                     certificates of his conduct after he shall have evinced his talents and ardor
                     in the service, and such brevet rank upon his return to France as he may be
                     thought to have merited.
                  As he declares he is not anxious for rank at present, and there
                     is a prospect of active operations to the southward, I think it probable that
                     his knowledge of artillery, particularly of throwing shells, may be of utility
                     to the services in that quarter. I have the honor to be with the highest
                     respect, Your Excellency’s most obedt servt

                            H. Knox


Title: From George Washington to Joseph Reed, 19 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Reed, Joseph

                     Sir,
                     Hd Qrs Passaic Falls Octr 19th 1780.

                  With respect to prisoners of War mentioned in yr Excellency’s
                     Letter of the 3d Instt—I beg leave to observe that it has been my wish from the
                     beginning of the contest to the present day, that no distinction should exist
                     with respect to them—that the whole should be considered on one general
                     & liberal scale as belonging to the States, and not to this or that
                     State—be exchanged according to their rank & the order of their
                     captivity—and that all military prisoners taken from the Enemy, no matter whose
                     or by whom, should be deemed as belonging to the public at large and be applied
                     generally for the release of those in the Enemy’s hands. This has been my wish
                     because it appeared to be just & the only principle which could give
                     general satisfaction. In conformity to it, all exchanges in the course of the
                     War resting safely with me & made by my direction, have been
                     conducted—and it has been my constant direction where the point depended wholly
                     on me, that the prisoners with the Enemy were to be exchanged agreable to
                        it. particular cases however may arise when it may be
                     proper to depart from the principle; but these can be but rare—and the
                     principle where the business was entirely with me, has never been deviated from
                     in a single instance.
                  As to the case of Lt Colo. Simcoe & Lt Colo. Conolly—the
                     former was captured by the Jersey Militia before the Resolution passed which
                     you inclose—was confined by the State who also made his exchange; the exchange
                     of the latter was directed in consequence of a requisition by the State of
                     Maryland who claimed him, to the Honble the Board of War, who thought their
                     claim was first. This State claimed it on the examples & practise of
                     some other states in like cases, who had made exchanges without the
                     interference or consulting any but their own authority. When I received the
                     Board’s Letter upon the subject—I informed them (tho I directed the exchange
                     for the reasons I have mentioned and the considerations subjoined) "that
                     previous to their Letter I had supposed that Citizens or
                        Inhabitants captured by the Enemy were the Objects to whom the Act
                     meant a preference should be given, and that all
                     Officers in captivity were to stand upon a common footing to be released
                     on the principle of priority of capture." But as the terms of the act were not
                     entirely explicit & the opinion of the Board was in favor of the Claim, the sentiments I entertained of Lt Colo. Ramsay’s merit and indeed the
                     recollection of the day of his capture his conduct upon the occasion and the
                     whole circumstances by which he was placed in a situation that exposed him to
                     more than a common risk of falling or being taken determined me not to oppose
                     the measure. I have upon the present occasion attended minutely to the Act—and
                     I am fully persuaded from a recurrence to some of my correspondences on the
                     subject of it—long previous to its being passed, that my ideas of it were right
                     and that the construction and operation I supposed it should have, was the true
                     one. The Draft of it I find was in my possession for consideration, so far back
                     as the summer 79, as a Regulation intended for placing the business of
                     prisoners & their exchanges upon a different footing from what it then
                     was—and I returned it with this observation, that the Regulations appeared
                     judicious and proper—such as I had a long time wished to see take place—adding
                     that it appeared to be the intention to make a distinction between prisoners & prisoners
                        of War, which was no doubt a proper & necessary one. Under the
                     first I meant to comprehend Citizens & Civil characters not usually
                     considered or made prisoners of exchange, but whom nevertheless the Enemy were
                     seizing & taking whenever they could in order to release their Officers
                     in our hands. Under the last—Officers & Soldiers of the army or militia
                     actually taken in arms. It was the practice of the States to exchange the
                     former for military prisoners—and particular Officers out of the order of their
                     captivity for Officers they had taken, that excited the clamour &
                     dissatisfaction among the Officers in general who were prisoners. I think there
                     should be no preference under the idea of state Captures with respect to the
                     exchanges of military prisoners the terms of the act
                     seem to require it—I think it was the intention—and if it should have a
                     different operation it does not remove, at least but in a very remote &
                     partial degree the causes which were complained of & which appear
                     evidently on examination from the introduction to have been the mischiefs
                     intended to be remedied; but on the contrary it would sanction partial or State
                     exchanges of Officers and only change the mode of carrying the business into
                     execution, by placing it in the hands of the Continental Commissary instead of
                     the Commissaries of the Individual States.
                  And I am to observe further that the Resolution of Congress by
                     which I am authorized to go into exchanges now in contemplation to be carried
                     into effect, points out and directs priority of capture as a governing
                     principle. I have been thus particular for your satisfaction. I will now
                     proceed to the case of Major Murray. I recollect the Board of War informed me
                     last fall, that his brother had applied to them for his exchange for Major
                     Stein who had been captured by a Vessel belonging to him and in consequence of
                     his having turned over a very considerable number of prisoners taken by her for
                     public benefit and the exchange of prisoners in general. The Board thought it
                     reasonable & so did I & from the peculiar
                     circumstances of the case—That our prisoners would readily agree to the measure
                     & even promote it as an act required by generosity & policy and
                     gave my consent to it. The Enemy however would not go into
                     the exchange. The Commissary shall be directed to attend to the case. I think
                     the other prisoners contained in the list should not be exchanged but for those
                     on Long Island in course, as the order of their captivity and rank apply; but I
                     should suppose the whole will actually, or by far the greater part of them, be
                     sunk in exchanges for Pennsylva Officers on that very principle, which will be
                     far more eligible, as many of them I imagine (I have not a list of the
                     prionsers by me) must stand as early in point of capture as any in the hands of
                        the Enemy.


Title: General Orders, 20 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To:

                     Head Quarters Totowa Friday October 20th 1780
                     Parole Tasso
                     Countersigns Tom Trip
                     Watchword Troop Troop

                  For the Day TomorrowBrigadier General
                     PatersonColonel CraigeLieutenant Colonel JohnstonMajor BallardBrigade Major DarbyThe Grand Parade is changed to a field between General St Clairs
                     and General Huntington’s quarters.
                  The officer commanding the Provost guard is upon the requisition
                     of the President of a Court martial to send the Prisoners demanded under a
                     proper guard to the Court should circumstances at anytime render the making a
                     detachment from the Provost guard unsafe the officer is to acquaint the
                     President that an escort may be obtained from the troops nearest at hand.
                  At a Division General Court martial the 5th instt Colonel Ogden
                     President: Samuel Jones of Colonel Gimat’s regiment of Light Infantry was tried
                     for "Desertion and attempting to go to the enemy" found Guilty and sentenced
                     (more than two thirds of the court agreeing) to suffer Death.
                  The Commander in Chief approves the Sentence but is pleased to
                     Pardon samuel Jones upon the particular recommendation of Colonel Tupper and
                     Lieutenant Colonel Littlefield of the Regiment to which he belongs in the
                  Line.


Title: To George Washington from William Heath, 20 October 1780
From: Heath, William
To: Washington, George

                     Dear General,
                     West point October 20th 1780

                  As the season is growing cold and the men beginning to build
                     chimneys in their Tents, I have thought it best, as it respects the comfort of
                     the Troops, œconomy in Fuel and preservation of the tents, to put the troops
                     in quarters—I have cantoned them as follows—the artillery where they were the
                     last year. The New jersey Brigade in the great Barrack—this Brigade assigned to
                     the defence of Fort Putnam, Wyllys, and Webb The New York brigade to hutt near
                     Redoubt No. 3—this Brigade assigned to the defence of Redoubts No. 1. 2
                     & 3. & 4 General Starks’s Brigade in the Barracks within the
                     old lines of Fort Clinton, and assigned to the defence of that Fort. I purpose
                     erecting a Barrack on Constitution island capable of containing about one
                     hundred men, encamp a few Troops of the late General Poor’s Brigade near the
                     North and middle Redoubts for the present, and order the Remainder of that
                     brigade to hut either near Soldiers Fortune or the place where General Glover
                     hutted the last year. I find that there are two small Regiments at Verplanks
                     and Stony points, with a much greater proportion of officers than men. I have
                     thought that two Captains one to be on each side, with about fifty or Sixty men
                     exclusive of the artillery men, and a major to command the whole, Regulate the
                     post &c. might be sufficient, and the Corps now at the posts be
                     removed. I observe by the instructions that in case of the appearance of a
                     serious attack on the posts at Kings ferry, the Stores and troops are to be
                     drawn off—but is there not some danger that this may be done too soon, or too
                     late? and I beg leave to submit to your Excellency whether such a Garrison as I
                     have mentioned, or such other as your Excellency may think proper, with proper
                     Stores &c., should be instructed to hold the post and defend it to the
                     last extremity? this, even if the Garrison was finally to be taken might answer
                     valuable purposes to the posts above. I have the honor to be With the greatest
                     respect Your Excellency’s Most obedient Servant

                     W. Heath


Title: From George Washington to Henry Lee, 20 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Lee, Henry

                     Dear Sir
                     Hd Qrs Octr 20th 1780

                  The plan proposed for taking A——d (the outlines of which are
                     communicated in your letter whh was this moment put into my hands without a
                     date—has every mark of a good one—I therefore agree to the promised rewards,
                     and have such entire confidence in your management of the business as to give
                     it my fullest approbation; and leave the whole to the guidance of your own
                     judgment, with this express stipulation & pointed injuction, that he
                     A——d is brought to me alive.
                  No circumstance whatever shall obtain my consent to his being put
                     to death—The idea which would accompany such an event would be that Ruffians
                     had been hired to assasinate him. My aim is to make a public example of him—and
                     this should be strongly impressed upon those who are employed to bring him off.
                  The Sergeant must be very circumspect—too much zeal may create
                     suspicion—and too much precipitancy may defeat the project. the most inviolable
                     secrecy must be observed on all hands. I send you five guineas; but I am not
                     satisfied of the propriety of the Sergeants appearing with much specie—This
                     circumstance may also lead to suspicion as it is but too well known to the
                     enemy that we do not abound in this article.
                  The interviews between the party in, and out of the City, should
                     be managed with much caution and seeming indifference, or else the frequency of
                     their meetings &ca may betray the design & involve bad
                     consequences—but I am perswaded you will place every matter in a proper point
                     of view to the conductors of this interesting business—& therefore I
                     shall only add that I am Dr Sir Yr obt & affect Servt

                     Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Francisco Rendón, 20 October 1780
From: Rendón, Francisco
To: Washington, George

                     Sir
                     Philadelphia Octr 20th 1780

                  On the 16th Inst. I had the great and distinguish’d honor, to
                     receive the Letter which your Excellency’s Generous goodness was so kind as to
                     write me, in answer to both my Letters of the 19th June and 30th Septr Last; by
                     which I observe, your Excellency had not given punctual answer, on Account of
                     the motions and occupations of the Army under your Excellency’s Command; I also
                     observe your Excellency had received those which I inclos’d from the Governor
                     of Havana, as also your Excellency desire me to express by first opportunity to
                     the said Governor, your Excellency’s most gratefull thanks for the
                     distinguishd favors with which that Gentn treats your Excellency, and at the
                     same time, to send the Letter for the Lady of our most esteem’d Deceas’d friend
                     Mr Miralles.
                  I perceive that the Intelligencys I gave your Excellency are the
                     most Interesting, and received with the greatest pleasure, the more so because
                     your Excellency wish Success to attend the Glorious Arms of the King my Master,
                     by the great benefits, which are so proper to the good Issue of the Common
                     Cause, and those which may result in favor of the United States, of all which
                     your Excellency offer me your Powerfull Protection, which favor will enable me
                     to fulfill the View I aim at, and to Show the goodness, your Exellency commence
                     by acquainting me of the knowledge acquired of the movements of the Enemys in
                     New York, notwithstanding the particulars of their design had not come to hand,
                     which your Excellency is so good as to promise me as soon as received.
                  The particular Business of my Commission being to give Advises
                     and Intelligences to the Governor of Havana, of the motions of the
                        Enemy, to direct his operations according, against the
                     Possetions which they have in the Southern parts of this Continent: I think
                     that those your Excellency has been so kind as to impart to me are of such
                     Nature, that it appears to me unavoidable to Impart them with the greatest
                     Speed to the Governor of Havana, for which reason, I have a Vessell ready to go
                     directly to that Port, with the only View of Carrying my Letters to the said
                     Governor and Captain General, which Vessell, will still remain here three or
                     four days Longer, with the object of hearing of the Sailing of said Embarkation
                     and all its particulars.
                  The Expressions Your Excellency is so kind as to order me to
                     present with to the above Gentln and the Sending of the Letter to Mrs Miralles,
                     I have punctually obeyd by the present Opportunity; And wishing to receive Your
                     Excellency’s most agreable Commands and to reward so many distinguish’d
                     kindness which Your Excellency’s goodness, has dispenced me with; I remain with
                     the greatest respect: Your Excellency’s most Obedient and Most humble Servant

                     Francisco Rendon


Title: From George Washington to Benjamin Tallmadge, 20 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Tallmadge, Benjamin

                     Dear Sir
                     Head Quarters near Passaic Falls 20th Octobr 1780

                  I have recd your favr of the 17th. If you will return the five
                     pieces of Gold which are too light I will replace them. I have not the means of
                     weighing them, and therefore may be again mistaken.
                  Be pleased to find an opportunity as soon as possible of
                     obtaining the following information—with accuracy. Of what number of Men and of
                     what Corps the late embarkation consisted? Whether Sir Henry Clinton went with
                     them? Whether a reinforcement arrived lately from Europe—the number, and
                     whether of whole Corps or Recruits? In what manner the British army is at
                     present disposed—designating as nearly as possible the Corps which lay at the
                     different places?
                  I am anxious to receive intelligence of the foregoing
                     particulars, and you will oblige me by obtaining it speedily. I am Dear Sir Your
                     most obt Servt

                     Go: Washington


Title: General Orders, 21 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To:

                     Head Quarters Totowa Saturday October 21st
                        1780
                     Parole Corsica
                     Countersigns R. U.
                     Watchword Caution

                  For the day TomorrowBrigadier General
                     WayneLieutenant Colonel Commandant ButlerLieutenant Colonel HoldridgeMajor PriorBrigade Major PettingalBrigade returns of Shoes actually wanting by the Artillery and
                     Infantry regimentally digested to be made tomorrow at orderly time. The
                     Draughts are not to be included.


Title: From George Washington to Board of War, 21 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Board of War

                     Gentlemen,
                     Head Quarters Prackness Octr 21st 1780

                  Did the resolution of Congress of the 10th of April appear to me
                     intirely without ambiguity or doubt, I should not hesitate to comply with the
                     request of your letter of the 12th—But as in my opinion it admits different
                     constructions, motives of delicacy refrain me from adopting one rather than
                     another. What is meant by the  line of the army has
                     never been precisely defined or understood—the phrase has been used in
                     different senses—sometimes it has been applied to the aggregate of the
                     state-lines, sometimes to the whole army as composed of corps—the cavalry
                     artillery and independent corps included, and sometimes it has been applied as
                     comprehending not only all the corps, but every officer having military rank.
                     If the Board will be pleased to specify their own construction of it, the
                     returns shall be immediately forwarded.
                  I inclose a commission to Capt. Gillman of the New Hampshire
                     line, which by the certificate from Colonel Scammel accompanying it appears to
                     have been misdated; being the 12th of September 78 instead of the first of June
                     preceding. The rectifying this mistake will affect no other officer in that
                     line. I have the honor to be with perfect respect and esteem Gentlemen Your
                     most Obedient & humble servant

                     G: W——n


Title: From George Washington to William Duer, 21 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Duer, William

                     Sir
                     Head Quarters Prekaness 21st October 1780

                  I have transmitted a Copy of your letter of the 11th, which only
                     reached me last evening, to Governor Clinton, as I did not think it contained
                     evidence sufficient to support a military trial. It may however, added to other
                     circumstances of a very suspicious nature, furnish the legislature with good
                     reason for removing the Gentleman in question from Haverstraw, which, from its
                     vicinity to our posts, affords him an opportunity of gaining and giving
                     intelligence very material to the enemy and injurious to us—of his disposition
                     to do this there is little doubt. I am &a


Title: From George Washington to David Salisbury Franks, 21 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Franks, David Salisbury

                     Sir
                     Head Quarters Preckness October 21st
                     1780.

                  I have received your letter of the 16th with the request of which
                     I should be happy to comply fully, did it not appear to me that the
                     transactions at Philadelphia cannot well be investigated but on the spot; and
                     the particular one to which you allude, is so much of a civil nature, that I
                     think you had best procure some sort of civil examination.
                  I shall direct General Heath to have an inquiry into your conduct in your
                     connection with General Arnold during his command at West Point. I am with
                     regard, &c. Yr most Obedt servt

                     G. W---n


Title: From George Washington to Moses Hazen, 21 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Hazen, Moses

                     Sir
                     Head Quarters Prekaness 21st October
                     1780

                  Inclosed is a petition which was presented to me when I was
                     lately at Harford. Be pleased to inform me what you know of the circumstances
                     and whether the persons had been exchanged as prisoner’s of War, or whether they
                     were returning upon the same terms as those granted to the Canadians taken at
                     Saratoga, which were parole not to serve during the War. You will let me have
                     the petition again. I am &c.


Title: From George Washington to William Heath, 21 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Heath, William

                     Dr Sir
                     Head Quarters Prackness Octr 21st
                     1780

                  Lt Colo. Varick and Major Franks late of General Arnolds family
                     having requested of me a Court of inquiry to ascertain the part they acted
                     relative to the transactions of General Arnold; you will be pleased to appoint
                     a Court of Inquiry, to examine into the conduct of the Gentlemen in their
                     connection with the late Major General Arnold, during his command at
                     West-point, and relative to the circumstances of his desertion to the enemy.
                  I have directed General Knox to apply to you for permission for
                     Mr Garanger to make some experiments in Artillery, which you will please to
                     grant. I am With very great esteem & Regard Dear Sir Your most Obedt
                     humble Servt

                     Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from William Heath, 21 October 1780
From: Heath, William
To: Washington, George

                     Dear General
                     West point October 21. 1780

                  I have just received intelligence from Major Delavan and Colonel
                     Drake that they have received information from below that the Enemy intend to
                     make an excursion on this night or tomorrow, and sweep off the Stock between Pines
                     bridge and the new bridge—that they (the Enemy) have procured a number of
                     Horses—that about five or six hundred Horse and Infantry mounted are to Cross
                     Pines bridge, take a circuit and return by the new bridge where a body of
                     Infantry are to Receive and cover them if necessary. I have written to
                     Lieutenant Colonel Jameson to move towards Pines Bridge and have ordered
                     Colonel Hazen with about five hundred men to move towards the same place, but
                     not to pass Croton River. Should they come up so high I hope they will pay for
                     their temerity. I have cautioned the several advanced Posts to keep a sharp
                     look out. I have the honor to be With the greatest Respect Your Excellencys
                     Most obedient Servt

                     WHeath


Title: From George Washington to Henry Knox, 21 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Knox, Henry

                     Dr Sir—
                      Octr 21st 1780

                  I have received your letter respecting Mr Garanger. From the
                     School in which he has been taught, it is probable he possesses a knowledge of
                     Artillery which may render him very useful. Experiment will best decide his
                     knowledge of the practice and it will be the best ground upon which to
                     recommend him to Congress— I request you therefore to send him to West Point to
                     make the experiment by throwing a sufficient number of shells to make it
                     complete, under your own eye, or under the eye of officers on whom you can
                     depend— The sooner this is done, the better; and we shall then know whether we
                     ought to recommend Mr Garanger or not. I am Dr Sir Yr Obed. Serv.

                     P.S. I will write to General Heath to give his permission
                        when you apply to him.


Title: To George Washington from Henry Lee, 21 October 1780
From: Lee, Henry
To: Washington, George

                     21st Oct. 80

                  I have just returned from Newark, where I Completed the business
                     your Exccelly committed to me. The virtuous serjeant deserted last night, I saw
                     the two in newark this day. This night they go to york.
                  Desertion among us is a  a stranger; my
                     officers are very attentive, & some of them men of nice discernment,
                     this leads me to apprehend they will discover that the Serjeant is on some
                     secret command. Least the example may operate on the soldiers, the Captains
                     will probably inform their troops of their conclusion. From the soldiers, the
                     same sentiments may reach the people.
                  To prevent this I wish your Excellency will order me to move to a
                     forage country—this is very Scarce of hay—I can send two troops, including the
                     one to which the deserter belongs to an abundant neighborhood back of the
                     Mountain meeting-house where they will be safe, & ready for any
                     operation. One troop can remain with me here, which number is adequate to the
                     common dutys.
                  Sir Henry Clinton is still in New-York. Report says Arnold sailed
                     with the fleet, tho’ this is not credible. I have the honor to be Sir with the
                     most perfect respect your Excelys ob. h. sert

                     Henry Lee secnd.

                     The sooner the cavalry move the better.


Title: General Orders, 22 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To:

                     Head Quarters Totowa Sunday October 22d
                        1780
                     Parole India
                     Countersigns Ill; Inn.
                     Watchword Industry

                  For the day tomorrowBrigadier General
                     HuntingtonLieutenant Colonel Commandant HubleyLieutenant Colonel WhitingMajor WallbridgeBrigade Major Moore.


Title: From George Washington to Benjamin Stoddert, 22 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Stoddert, Benjamin

                     Gentlemen
                     Head Quarters Prekaness 22d October
                     1780

                  I have concluded to send Majr Lees Corps to the southward as
                     soon as the accoutrements and Cloathing necessary for their equipment can be
                     procured. To assist in expediting this business Capt. Rudulph goes forward to
                     Philada with a return of the Articles wanting. I am very apprehensive of the
                     difficulties which will intervene for want of money, but when the consequence
                     which this Corps will be of in our southern operations is taken into
                     consideration, I am convinced every exertion will be made to forward them as
                     expeditiously as possible. I have the honor &c.


Title: From George Washington to Thomas Sim Lee, 23 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Lee, Thomas Sim

                     Sir
                     Head Quarters Preakness 23d October 1780

                  Major General Greene, who goes to take command of the Southern
                     Army, will have the honor of presenting this to your Excellency—I have
                     advised him to take the several States in his way, which are immediately
                     concerned in furnishing Men and supplies for the department committed to his
                     direction, that he may gain a more accurate knowledge of the forwardness they
                     are in—a tolerable idea of what may be his future expectations, and endeavour
                     to settle some plans for the regular support and subsistence of the Army in
                     provisions—Forage and transportation.
                  I am well aware of the embarrassments under which the Southern
                     States labor, and of the many difficulties which are to be surmounted. But I
                     have a very full dependance that the most vigorous exertions will be made by
                     them upon the present occasion, and the intire confidence I have in the
                     abilities, fortitude and integrity of General Greene, founded on a long and
                     intimate experience of them, assures me that he will do every thing his means will
                     enable him to do; and I doubt not, candid allowances will be made for the
                     peculiar difficulties he has to encounter.
                  I recommend him to your State as worthy of its utmost confidence
                     and support, and to your Excellency, personally, as one whom I rank among the
                     number of my Friends. With the greatest Respect and Esteem I have the honor to
                     be Your Excellency’s Most obt and humble Servt

                     Go: Washington.


Title: From George Washington to George Mason, 22 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Mason, George

                     Dear Sir,
                     Hd Qrs Passaic Falls Oct. 22d
                     1780.

                  In consequence of a resolve of Congress directing an enquiry into
                     the conduct of Majr Genl Gates, & authorising me to appoint some other Officer
                     in his place, during this enquiry, I have made choice of Majr Genl Greene
                     who will, I expect, have the honor of presenting you with this letter.
                  I shall without scruple introduce this Gentn to you as a Man of
                     abilities, bravery & coolness—He has a comprehensive knowledge of our
                     affairs, and is a man of fortitude and Resources—I have not the smallest
                     doubt therefore, of his employing all the means which may be put into his
                     hands to the best advantage—nor of his assisting in pointing out the most
                     likely ones to answer the purposes of his command—With this character I take
                     the liberty of recommending him to your civilities & support; for I have no
                     doubt, from the embarrassed situation of Southern affairs, of his standing much
                     in need of the latter from every Gentln of influence in the Assemblies of
                     those States.
                  As Genl Greene can give you the most perfect information, in
                     detail, of our present distresses, and future prospects, I shall content myself
                     with giving the aggregate acct of them, and with respect to the first, they
                     are so great & complicated, that it is scarcely within the powers of
                     description to give an adequate idea of them—with regard to the second, unless
                     there is a material change both in our Civil & Military policy, it will be in
                     vain to contend much longer.
                  We are without money, & have been so for a  long
                     time, without Provision & forage, except what is taken by Impress—without
                     Cloathing—and shortly shall be (in a manner) without men—In a word, we have
                     lived upon expedients ’till we can live no longer, and it may truly be said
                     that the history of this war is a history of false hopes, & temporary
                     devices, instead of System— & œconomy which results from it.
                  If we mean to continue our struggles (& it is to be hoped we
                     shall not relinquish our claims) we must do it upon an entire new plan—we must
                     have a permanent force—not a force that is constantly fluctuating, & sliding
                     from under us as a pedestal of Ice would leave a Statue in a summers day,
                     Involving us in expence that baffles all calculation—an expence which no funds
                     are equal to—We must at the same time contrive ways & means to aid our taxes
                     by loans, & put our finance upon a more certain & stable footing than they
                     are at present—Our Civil government must likewise undergo a reform, ample
                     powers must be lodged in Congress as the head of the federal union, adequate
                     to all the purposes of War. Unless these things are done, our efforts will be
                     in vain & only serve to accumulate expence—add to our perlexities—&
                     dissatisfy the people without a prospect of obtaining the prize in view—But
                     these sentiments do not appear well in a hasty letter, without digestion or
                     order. I have not time to give them otherwise, & shall only assure you that
                     they are well meant however crude they may appear—With sincere Affection I am, Dr Sir Yr most Obedt Servt

                             Go: Washington.


Title: From George Washington to Horatio Gates, 22 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Gates, Horatio

                     Sir
                     Head Quarters, Prackness Octr 22d
                     1780

                  I inclose you a Resolution of Congress of the 5th instant
                     directing me to order a Court of inquiry to be held on your conduct as
                     Commander of the Southern Army, and to appoint an Officer to command that Army
                     in your room untill such inquiry be made—In obedience to this order I have
                     appointed Major General Greene to the command; and I have instructed him
                     respecting the inquiry in the manner which the inclosed extract from his
                     instructions will show. It appeard to me that the business could be no where so
                     properly conducted as with the Army where the transactions which will enter
                     into the inquiry took place, and where every kind of light can with most
                     facility be obtained. I could not however order it immediately to commence;
                     because it is possible the situation of the affairs might render it
                     impracticable; but I have endeavoured to take every precaution to prevent
                     delay, if it is not unavoidable. Should you have any objection to the mode
                     proposed, I shall be obliged to you to communicate it to me, with your reasons,
                     in the fullest assurance that it is my aim to execute the orders of Congress in
                     the manner most consistent with justice to the public and to you. In this case
                     General Greene will suspend proceeding ’till I receive your objections and send
                     him further instructions. I am Sir Your most Obedt servt

                     Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Jean-Baptiste de Gouvion, 22 October 1780
From: Gouvion, Jean-Baptiste de
To: Washington, George

                     Sir

                        22 October 1780

                  I Received last night the letter your Excellency has honoured me
                     with, your orders concerning the Safety of this post Shall be exactly comply’d
                     with.
                  I found very extraordinary that in a place where there is So many
                     publick buildings as in this, there is not the least
                     preparation made in case of an accident by fire, which can be attended with bad
                     consequences; I represented to day that matter to General heath, desiring him
                     to order the engine to be immediately repaired, I will have Some long ladders
                     made for the Same purpose, and Some for the use of the works, as they are of
                     the utmost necessity he gave me leave to Set the carpenters immediately at
                     work.
                  I would not give you any account of Such trifles, if I did not
                     Know how much your Excellency is anxious to have all the best precautions
                     taken. I am with great Respect your Excellency’s the most humble and obedient
                     Servant

                     J. Gouvion


Title: From George Washington to Nathanael Greene, 22 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Greene, Nathanael

                     Sir
                      22 October 1780

                  Congress having been pleased by their Resolution of the 5th
                     instant, to authorise me to appoint an Officer to the command of the southern
                     Army in the room of Major Genl Gates ’till an enquiry can be had into his
                     conduct as therein directed, I have thought proper to choose you for this
                     purpose. You will therefore proceed without delay to the southern Army, now in
                     North Carolina, and take the command accordingly. Uninformed as I am of the
                     enemy’s force in that quarter, of our own, or of the resources which it will be
                     in our power to command for carrying on the War, I can give you no particular
                     instructions but must leave you to govern yourself intirely according to your
                     own prudence and judgment and the circumstances in which you find yourself. I
                     am aware, that the nature of the command, will offer you embarrassments of a
                     singular and complicated nature; but I rely upon your abilities and exertions
                     for every thing your means will enable you to effect. I give you a letter to
                     the Honorable the Congress informing them of your appointment and requesting
                     them to give you such powers and such support as your situation and the good of
                     the service demand. You will take their orders in your way to the Southward.
                  I also propose to them to send the Baron de Steuben to the
                     Southward with you; his talents knowledge of service, zeal and activity will
                     make him very useful to you in all respects and particularly in the formation
                     and regulation of the raw troops, which will principally compose the southern
                     Army. You will give him a command suited to his Rank, besides employing him as
                     Inspector General. If the Congress approve—he will take your orders from
                     Philadelphia.
                  I have put Major Lee’s Corps under marching orders, and as soon as
                     he is ready, shall detach him to join you.
                  As it is necessary the enquiry into the conduct of Major General
                     Gates should be conducted in the Quarter in which he has acted, where all the
                     Witnesses are, and where alone the requisite information can be obtained; I am
                     to desire as soon as the situation of affairs will possibly permit, you will
                     nominate a Court of Enquiry to examine into his case agreeably to the
                     prementioned Resolve of Congress. Major General the Baron de Steuben will
                     preside at this Court, and the Members will consist of such General and Feild
                     Officers of the Continental troops as were not present at the Battle of Camden,
                     or being present, are not wanted as Witnesses, or are persons to whom Major
                     Genl Gates has no objection. I wish this affair to be conducted with the
                     greatest impartiality and with as much dispatch as circumstances will permit.
                     You will on your arrival at the Army take the sense in writing of the General
                     Officers and other principal Officers concerning the practicability of an
                     immediate enquiry—If they judge it practicable on the principles of these
                     instructions, you will have it carried into execution—If they do not think it can take place immediately you will inform
                     Major General Gates of it and transmit me their determination; and you will,
                     from time to time, pursue the same mode, that any delay which may happen may
                     appear, as I am persuaded it will really be, unavoidable. The Court need not
                     consist of more than five, nor must it consist of less than three Members, in
                     all cases there must be three General Officers.
                  You will keep me constantly advised of the state of your Affairs
                     and of every material occurrence. My warmest wishes for your success reputation
                     health and happiness accompany you. Given at Head Quarters Prekaness the 22d
                     October 1780.

                     Go: Washington

                     P.S. Should Genl Gates have any objection to the mode of
                        enquiry which he wishes to make to Congress or to me, you will suspend
                        proceeding in the Affair, ’till he transmits his objection, and you receive
                        further orders.

                     Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Charles Harrison, 22 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Harrison, Charles

                     Dr Sir
                     Head Quarters Prackness Octr 22d
                     1780

                  I dare say before this reaches you, you will have heard that
                     Major General Greene is appointed to the command of the Southern army, and from
                     the knowlege, you have of him, I am persuaded, you will be happy to find
                     yourself under his command. The affairs of the Southern army in general must
                     necessarily be greatly deranged, and the corps of artillery in particular—from
                     the losses it has sustained and the circumstances of the service, cannot well
                     be upon the best-regulated footing; but I have no doubt, sensible how much
                     depends upon it, and conscious of the honorable importance of the command you
                     possess, you will exert yourself to the utmost to have every thing in your
                     department in the best order it will be in your power to place it—General
                     Greene will give you all the aid he can; and will be happy to show you every
                     mark of his confidence, which I am sure on your part, you will not fail to
                     cultivate. Wishing you success and honor—I am with great regard D. Sir Yr
                     Obedient servt

                     G: W——n


Title: From George Washington to William Heath, 22 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Heath, William

                     Dear Sir
                     Head Quarters Prekaness 22d October
                     1780

                  I have received your favor of yesterday. Should the enemy put
                     their design into execution, I hope the troops under Colo. Hazen will be in
                     readiness to give them a proper reception.
                  Yours of the 19th is come to hand—I will consider the Contents
                     and give an answer in my next. I am much hurried just now in dispatching Genl
                     Greene. I am Dear Sir Yr most obt Servt

                     Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Samuel Huntington, 22 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Huntington, Samuel

                     Sir
                     Head Quarters Prekaness 22d Octobr
                     1780

                  I have the honor to inform Congress, that in consequence of their
                     resolution of the 5th instant, I have appointed Major General Greene to the
                     command of the Southern Army, ’till the enquiry into the conduct of Major Genl
                     Gates is completed. I inclose a Copy of my instructions to General Greene, by
                     which and a Copy of my letter to Genl Gates, Congress will perceive the mode I
                     have adopted for the enquiry: I did not perceive any other which could be
                     substituted with equal propriety, but if Congress are of a different opinion, I
                     submit it to them for their further directions.
                  I beg leave to mention General Greene, upon this occasion, to
                     Congress as an Officer, in whose abilities, fortitude and integrity, from a
                     long and intimate experience of them, I have the most intire confidence—In the
                     command he is going into he will have every disadvantage to struggle with. The
                     confidence and support of Congress, which it will be his ambition to merit,
                     will be essential to his success. The defect of military resources in the
                     southern department—the confusion in which the affairs of it must for sometime
                     be, require that the Commanding Officer should be vested with extensive powers.
                     I dare say Congress will take their measures in a manner suited to the
                     exigency. General Greene waits upon them for their orders.
                  As, in a great measure, a new Army is to be formed to the
                     southward, the presence of the Baron de Steuben will in my opinion be of more
                     essential utility in that quarter than here, where though the ensuing Campaign,
                     we shall have the greatest part of our force raw Recruits, yet as we are
                     organized and in some order, the sub-inspectors will suffice for the purposes
                     of the department. I therefore submit to Congress the propriety of sending the
                     Baron de Steuben to the southern Army. The sooner they are pleased to announce
                     their pleasure on this head the better. I have the honor to be with perfect
                     Respect Your Excellency’s most obedt and humble Servt

                     Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 22 October 1780
From: Jefferson, Thomas
To: Washington, George

                     Sir
                     Richmond October 22d 1780.

                  I have this morning received certain information of the Arrival
                     of a hostile fleet of about Sixty Sail in our bay. the debarkation of some
                     light Horse in the Neighbourhood of Portsmouth, seems to indicate that, as the
                     first scene of their action. we are endeavouring to collect as large a body to
                     oppose them as we can arm: this will be lamentably inadequate if the Enemy be
                     in any force; it is Mortifying to suppose it possible that a people able
                     & Zealous to contend with their Enemy should be reduced to fold their
                     Arms for want of the means of defence; yet no resources that we know of, ensure
                     us against this event. It has become necessary to divert to this new object a
                     considerable part of the Aids we had destined for General Gates: we are still
                     however sensible of the necessity of supporting him, and have left that part of
                     our Country most Convenient to him uncalled on at present, that they may
                     reinforce him as soon as Arms can be received. We have called to the Command of
                     our forces, Generals Weedon, & Mulenburg of the line, Nelson, &
                     Stevens of the militia. You will be pleased to make to these such addition as
                     you think necessary. as to aids of men I ask for none, knowing that if the late
                     detachments of the Enemy, should have left it safe for you to spare aids of
                     that kind you will not await my application. Of the troops we shall be able to
                     collect there is not a single man who ever saw the face of an Enemy. Whether
                     the Convention Troops will be removed is not yet determined; this must depend
                     on the force of the Enemy, and the aspect of their Movements. I have the honor
                     to be, with the most perfect esteem & respect your Excellencies mo: Obt
                     & mo: hble Servt

                     Th: Jefferson


Title: From George Washington to Henry Lee, 22 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Lee, Henry

                     Dear Sir
                     Head Quarters Prekaness 22d October
                     1780

                  I think it more than probable that your Corps will be ordered to
                     the southward. I would therefore have you, agreeable to your late request, send
                     an Officer to Philada to provide accoutrements and Cloathing. If the Officer
                     will call upon me, I will give him a letter to the Board of War upon the
                     subject. I am &c.

                     P.S. Say nothing about the cause of sending down the
                        Officer—I mean as to the probable destination.


Title: General Orders, 23 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To:

                     Head Quarters Totowa Monday October 23d.
                        1780
                     Parole Holland
                     Countersigns Hay; Hall,
                     Watchword Hope.

                  For the day TomorrowBrigadier General
                     IrvineLieutenant Colonel Commandant SmithLieutenant Colonel MentgezMajor MaxwellBrigade Major Van LaerThe Corps of Light Infantry will remove from its present
                     encampment and take Post on the most convenient ground to the Cranetown gap and
                     the notch for the more effectual security of our right.
                  General StClair will take care of the approaches on the Left:
                  Colonel Moylan’s regiment will furnish the necessary patrols and
                     will take a new position for that purpose.
                  The officers of the Army are to be furnish’d with two rations
                        per day ’till further orders.
                  At a Brigade general court martial held the 17th instant whereof
                     Lieutenant Colonel Mentgeswas president.
                  Lieutenant Edward Butler Quarter master of the 9th Pennsylvania
                     regiment tried for "neglect of duty as Quarter master in not providing a waggon
                     for the use of the regiment on the 10th instant agreeable to Brigadier General
                     Irvine’s orders." The court are of opinion that the charge exhibited
                     against Lieutenant Butler is groundless and do therefore Acquit him.
                  Lieutenant Butler is released from Arrest.