Title: From George Washington to John Sullivan, 17 December 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Sullivan, John

                            Dear Sir,
                            New Windsor 17th Decr 1780

                        Your letter of the 9th is safe at hand, & propounds a question respecting promotion which I candidly
                            acknowledge I am puzzled to answer—with satisfaction to myself.
                        If in all cases—ours was one Army—or thirteen Armies
                            allied for the common defence, there would be no difficulty in solving your question—but we are occasionally both—and I
                            should not be much out if I was to say that we are sometimes neither but a compound of both.
                        If we were considered in every point of view as one Army, lineal promotion, as well from, as to the grade of
                            Colonels, would, undoubtedly, be the most equitable & satisfactory mode of rising; and no possible objection could
                            be made to it by any State, or the Troops of a State Or, if Congress, having regard to the number of Troops which each
                            State is to furnish to the Confederated Army were to allow the number of General Officers which should be thought
                            competent thereto—there would be no difficulty here neither; because the promotion would be lineal in each State;
                            & though it might fall hard upon the Colonels of such States as only furnish one Regiment for Continental Service,
                            it would be incidental to their State quotas & must be submited to; as the annexation of their Regiments to other
                            State Troops, also must be, to form Brigades.
                        But it is our having no fixed principle that I know of,
                            and sometimes acting upon one, & then the other of the cases before mentioned (as it happens to suit an individual
                            State, or particular characters) that creates our difficulties & the discontents that prevail.
                        It is well known, that in the early stages of this War I used every means in my power to destroy all kind of
                            State distinctions, and laboured to have every part & parcel of the Army considered as Continental—the steps which
                            have led to a different sentiment & to our present system of politics, you are not to be informed of. We must take
                            things as they are.
                        And therefore, under the ideas that prevail & our general practice; I am,
                            though puzzled, more inclined to let all promotions be lineal, in each State, to the rank of Brigadr inclusive (where
                            there is more than one Regiment) than to any other made; because it is more consonant to the expectations of the Army than
                            other; & because under it, I believe a new appointed Brigdr from the Southern Troops would, at
                            this day be disagreeable to an Eastern Brigade, and vice versa, How far State promotions beyond the Rank of Brigadrs are
                            eligable or not, is a matter on which much may be said, on both sides—On the one hand it may be urged, that the State which
                            sends more than a Brigade into the Field has as good a right to accompany them with a Majr Genl as the midling State has
                            to furnish a Brigr, or the smallest a Colo., because neither has more than its due proportion of Officers—On the other
                            hand, it may be observed, that as Officers advance in rank and acquire that general knowledge which is necessary to
                            qualify them for extensive command, their feelings are more hurt, & the Service more injured by placing juniors
                            over them, than when it happens to inferiors—though the same principle which bars the rise of a Colo. where there is, but
                            one Regiment, will apply to a Brigadr where the State only furnishes a Brigade. At prest we want no new Majr Generals
                            (having rather a surplusage)—but may not the following expedient answer in future, at least in a degree, the views of all, namely to suffer the larger States to have Major Genls of their own line, proportioned to
                            the Number of their Troops; and the other Majr Genls to be promoted from Brigadiers according to Seniority. This, at the
                            same time that it yields compliance to the views of the large States, does not preclude the Brigadiers of the smaller from
                            promotion, as there must be Major Generals for seperate Comds—for the wings of the Army—&ca wch cannot be supplied
                            by the State quota’s of Troops where there is no more than a just proportion of officers to men.
                        Our present mode of promotion is Regimentally to Captns, inclusively; and in the Line of the State
                            afterwards—but I am convinced, as well from the reason & justice of the thing, as from several conversations I
                            have held with some of the most judicious of the Army Officers that it would be more agreeable to it, that all promotion
                            should be lineal, instead of regimental, in every State line; for which reasons I shall reccmd the measure to Congr; to
                            take place with the New Establishmt of the Army.
                        What I have here said with respect to promotion, is general; but there is a case before me in the Jersey
                            line—which makes me wish that Congress would fix their principle. This State has three Regiments which are to be reduced
                            to two. Dayton is the Senr Colonel, and among the oldest of that rank in the whole Army—A valuable Officer, & does
                            not want to leave the Service. Shreve is the next oldest Colo. in Jersey & will not go out–his character you are as well
                            acquainted with as I am—Ogden is the Youngest, & extremely desirous of staying, but cannot continue if Colo. Dayton
                            remains in Service in his present rank; the matter therefore (as it is related to me) is brought to this Issue, that
                            Dayton or Ogden is to go out, unless the former can be promoted; which would remove every difficulty, & be agreeable to
                            the prest system of State policy, as their is no Genl Officer in that line; but if the promotion is delayed till after the first of Jany—or in other words till
                            after Dayton or Ogden is deranged, the remedy will come too late. because we shall have sent out a valuable Officer upon
                            half pay—& will, if Dayton is the person that goes, have a person to promote who—but here I drop the curtain. It may
                            Suffice to say, that if the State of New Jersey is to be allowed a Brigr, it ought to be granted them before the first
                            of January, for more reasons than that of Œconomy.
                        That you may have some data to judge of the propriety of New appointments, I shall take the liberty of
                            observing, that the States from New Hampshire to Pensylvania Inclusively, with Hazens Regimt, make by the last
                            requisition 29 Battalions of Infantry—That three of these Battns, according to the present establishmt of the Army,
                            will make as large a Brigade as four of the old—and that, the numbers of Brigadiers in the States here mention’d, amount,
                            at this time, to no more than Eight—viz.—Stark of N. Hampshire—Glover & Patterson of Massachusetts—Huntington of
                            Connecticut—Clinton of New York—& Wayne Hand, & Irvine of Pensylva. & these may be reduced to Seven, if Hand
                            should be placed in the Staff.
                        I am most firmly of opinion, that after the States have brought their Troops into the Field, the less they
                            have to do with them, or their supplies of Cloathing &ca &ca the bettr it will be for the commn Interest,
                            for reasons which manifest themselves more and more every day—& for the clearest evidence of public œconomy. I am—Dr
                            Sir With much esteem & Regd Yr Affecte Hble Servt,

                            G: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Jonathan Trumbull, Sr., 17 December 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Trumbull, Jonathan, Sr.

                            Sir
                            Head Quarters New Windsor Decr 17th 1780

                        I submitted to the interference of the State of Connecticut last Year with respect to the Cantonment of the
                            Horse, without any animadversion or remark, because I was hopeful that the impropriety of it would appear to them, and
                            prevent the like in future. I shall, (as it is the request of the State, and because it is my wish to harmonize, as much
                            as possible, with the Civil Authority in the prosecution of a cause, in which we are all equally interested) send
                            Sheldon’s Regiment, this Winter to the State of Massachusetts—but I cannot help remonstrating very pointedly against a
                            repetition of the practice in future. for the following reasons.
                        Four things have always influenced me in the distribution of the Troops in their Winter Cantonments. Security
                            of our Capital Posts, which makes it necessary that they should have such a relative situation to each other as to afford
                            the necessary succour—Cover to the Country—Their own convenience—And the convenience of the Inhabitants; where the two
                            last, were not incompatable with the two first.
                        It is unnecessary, I am persuaded, for me to remark, that if any one State can, or will undertake to point
                            out a Cantonment for one part of the Army, another may with equal propriety, do it for another part—and that upon the same
                            principle, and by the same parity of reasoning, that Connecticut undertakes to advice or direct Sheldon’s Horse, to
                            Massachusetts—Massachusetts may Order them to New Hampshire—and New Hampshire to some other State. In a word, it is
                            striking at the most essential priviledge of the Commander in Cheif, and is pregnant with every mischeif that can be
                            conceived. I have the honor to be With great respect & esteem Your Excellencys Most Obedt Hble Servt

                            Go: Washington


Title: General Orders, 18 December 1780
From: Washington, George
To:

                            Head Quarters New Windsor Monday Decemr 18 1780
                            Parole
                            Countersigns

                        Duty Returns by Brigades to be transmitted to the Orderly Office, next Wednesday, by twelve ô clock—The
                            Inspectors of Divisions and Brigades will be very particular in digesting the places where and kind of duties their Troops
                            are upon also the number at each place—They will likewise at the same time transmit abstracts of the number fit for
                            action.


Title: To George Washington from Timothy Bigelow, 18 December 1780
From: Bigelow, Timothy
To: Washington, George

                            Garrison at West Point 18th Decembr 1780

                        Lieutenant Jonathan Porter of the 15th Massachusetts Regiment, having represented his domestic concerns, and
                            requested to Resign his Command, has my approbation.

                            Timy Bigelow Col.


Title: To George Washington from Timothy Bigelow, 18 December 1780
From: Bigelow, Timothy
To: Washington, George

                            Garrison at West Point 18th December 1780

                        Captain John Peirce of the 15th Massachusetts Regiment having represented his domestic concerns, and
                            requested to retire from Service, has my approbation.

                            Timy Bigelow Col.


Title: To George Washington from William Heath, 18 December 1780
From: Heath, William
To: Washington, George

                            Dear General
                            Garrison West Point Decr 18th 1780

                        I have sent a Detachment under the Command of a capable diligent Field Officer to dismount, launch and bring
                            up the boats from Kings Ferry; which have lately been brought there on Carriages. I wish the Quarter Master General or one
                            of his assistants, may point out the most proper place at murderers Creek for laying them up; that the Officer on his
                            arrival, may meet his directions.It is not propable the Boats will be up at Murderers Creek before tomorrow.
                        Two of the Prisoners of war who lately made their escape from the Provost at Fish Kill have been taken up,
                            and brought back, by a party of Militia; one of the Militia who took them represents to me that his Son & a near
                            Friend of his are Prisoners with the Enemy—He requests that they may be exchanged for the Prisoners retaken—I have
                            answered him; that I would mention it to your Excellency. I have the honor to be with the greatest respect Your
                            Excellencys most Obedient Servant

                            W. Heath


Title: To George Washington from William Heath, 18 December 1780
From: Heath, William
To: Washington, George

                            Dear General
                            Garrison West Point Decr 18th 1780

                        I am this evening honored with yours of the 16th. I will direct that Major Reid be brought to tryal on
                            thursday, and if the necessary Evidence for compleating the tryal cannot then be produced, and the Court should think
                            proper to postpone the tryal; I will further direct that more rigid Confinement, than is common shall not be exercised.
                        I shall observe your directions respecting Joshua Ferris.
                        I hope if there are any boards to spare the Qr Master will order them down immediately, the slaughtering the
                            Cattle being suspended entirely on the compleating of the Store—It was intended to have made use of another Store, untill
                            the new one could be finished, but it is found to be so infested with rats, as will expose the beef to almost certain
                            damage & loss.
                        If any Deserters should come out from the Enemy, they shall be sent up to Head Quarters without delay—We are
                            again short of flour—The Troops received three Quarters of a pound only to day; tomorrow must be reduced to half a pound,
                            and next day none, unless some should arrive—A quantity is expected down the river & from Ringwood if we are not
                            disappointed. It is still reported, that a large embarkation is about to take place at New York; but their destination is
                            unknown. Colonel Delancey is also said to be collecting his Corps—I have cautioned the Officer on the Lines to great
                            vigilance, and ordered the New Hampshire & Rhode Island regiments, to be in readiness to advance to Crum Pond if
                            necessary.
                        Count Noialles & Count Damma from Philadelphia are just arrived, & lodge here this night they
                            are on their way to Albany—Count Chatleaux passes up on the West side of the river the former on the East side. I have the
                            honor to be with the greatest respect Your Excellencys Most Obedient Servant

                            W. Heath


Title: To George Washington from Charles Willson Peale, 18 December 1780
From: Peale, Charles Willson
To: Washington, George

                            Dr Sir
                            Decr 18. 1780

                        I expect that the Marquis will give me a setting tomorrow, I waited on him in the beginning of last Week and
                            found that he was engaged with the foreugn Officers in taking a View of the several Grounds of battles and Encamptments.
                            My intention is to give you the most compleat portrait I am Capable of painting.

                            It is Many months since I sent this picture of the King of Prussia to Genl Wilkinson—I intend to
                            wait on him to know whether he had sent it forward or not—please to make my most Respectful Compliments to Mrs Washington,
                            that I have not yet the good fortune to get any thing from France, but think it very probable I may yet before the close
                            of our River, as several Vessels are expected and I shall not fail to supply Mrs Washington with those Glasses desired. I
                            am with much respect and Esteem your very humble Servt

                            C. Peale

                            P.S. I have seen Genl Wilkinson, who informs that he sent Your picture by Capt.
                                Lansdale Who was going to camp at least Six months past.


Title: To George Washington from William Phillips, 18 December 1780
From: Phillips, William
To: Washington, George

                            Sir.
                            New York Decemr 18th 1780

                        I had the honour of receiving Your Excellency’s letter of the 9th Instant with the Passport for the Flag of
                            truce Vessel inclosed agreeable to the tenor of my request on that subject.
                        When I communicated my wishes to Your Excellency that the Flag might have permission to proceed to James
                            River, my reasons for soliciting of it were obvious, nor did I then know what I have since been informed of by recent
                            report that the Troops of Convention are removing from their Barracks in Virginia towards Maryland—You are, Sir, doubtless
                            apprised of this Circumstance, and I have now to request that you will please to extend Your Passports for this Flag of
                            truce to go up the Potowmack River, wherein Alexandria may perhaps be supposed a proper place from its Vicinity to
                            Frederick Town and the parts adjacent in which I understand the Troops are to be quartered, or to such Port in the
                            Chesepeak Bay as shall appear the best adapted to answer the purposes for which she is intended, and that will afford the
                            most ready Conveyance by land of the Stores and refreshments for the use of the Troops.
                        Should the German Troops not remove from their Barracks in Albemarle I am desirous that a liberty may be
                            granted for the Vessel to proceed to James River with the Cloathing designed for them whenever the Commissions to the
                            British may be executed. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your Excellency’s most obedient and most humble Servant

                            W. Phillips


Title: General Orders, 19 December 1780
From: Washington, George
To:

                            Head Quarters New Windsor Tuesday Decemr 19th 1780
                            Parole
                            Countersigns

                        A critical and accurate inspection of the arms ammunition and accoutrements to be made as soon as possible
                            and returns to be sent to the Assistant Inspector General agreeably to the Form herewith delivered by the 27th instant.
                            These Returns to be made out regimentally and signed by the commanding officers of regiments which are to be digested
                            regimentally into division returns and signed by the Division Inspectors—The Returns of the brigades in seperate stations
                            to be signed by their respective brigade inspectors.
                        It is to be distinctly specified where and how any arms &ca may have been lost at the bottom of the
                            returns.


Title: From George Washington to John Buchanan, 19 December 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Buchanan, John

                            Sir
                            Head Quarters New Windsor 19th Decemr 1780.

                        I have recd your Memorial of the 15th. As I think it reasonable that you should have a proper compensation
                            for your services, I shall give the Quarter Master General directions to make you a suitable compensation, if you made no
                            particular agreement with General Mcdougall, who first appointed you, or with the late Qr Mr General.
                        There is very little Cloathing at present in the Store, but if you will apply, I will give you an order to
                            procure such as there is. I am &c.


Title: From George Washington to George Clinton, 19 December 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Clinton, George

                            Dear Sir
                            Head Quarters New Windsor 19th Decemr 1780

                        We have an Armoury at Albany at which all the Arms in this quarter have been constantly repaired to a very
                            large amount. Several of the Workmen are Citizens, and as they are liable to be called out into the Militia service, they
                            are every now and then taken off, and the public Work thereby impeded. As they are so usefully
                            employed, I would request your Excellency, if it can be done consistently, to grant those who are with Mr Shephard; the
                            principal Armourer an exemption from Military duty while in his service. I have the honor to be &c.


Title: From George Washington to George Clinton, 19 December 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Clinton, George

                            Sir
                            Head Quarters New Windsor 19th Decemr 1780

                        I do myself the honor of introducing to your Excellency the Viscount de Noiailles and the Count de Damas, who
                            intend to make a tour to the Northward on their return to the Army at Newport—They are both Gentlemen of very particular
                            Merit and of the first Rank in their Nation—I therefore recommend them in the warmest manner to your Excellency’s
                            attention—They are accompanied by the Chevalier du Plessis, of the French Artillery with whom you are probably acquainted,
                            as he served a considerable time in this Country with great reputation. I recommend him likewise to Your Excellency’s
                            Civilities. I have the honor &c.


Title: From George Washington to James Clinton, 19 December 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Clinton, James

                            Dear Sir
                            Head Quarters New Windsor Decr 19th 1780

                        I have received Yours of the 5th. I hope by this time matters of supply are in better train in your quarter,
                            and that they will continue with some regularity thro’ the Winter. A comfortable supply of Cloathing will be sent up to
                            the Line in a few days. Wiesenfeld’s Regt drew their full proportion before they marched.
                        Upon a representation made to me by Mr Shephard the Armourer at Albany, I have applyed to the Governor for an
                            exemption from Military duty, for those Citizens who are employed in the Works, and I do not doubt he will grant it, if it
                            can be done with propriety. Mr Shephard mentions that the Works want many repairs to render them convenient to carry on
                            the business during the Winter—You will be pleased to direct the Quarter Master to give him every assistance in his power;
                            and I shall be obliged to you, for paying your attention to a Matter of so much consequence as having the damaged Arms
                            repaired.
                        You will also enquire every now and then into the State of the Provision at Fort Schuyler, and take every
                            opportunity of keeping the supply two or three Months at least beforehand. I am Dear Sir With great regard Your Most Obedt
                            Servant

                            Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Count de Damas, 19 December 1780
From: Damas, Count de
To: Washington, George

                            My General
                            fish Kill 19th December 1780

                        Give me leave to trouble you with my respectful thanks for the new Kindness with Which your Excellency has
                            favoured me. The desire of Seeing West Point and the fear of being troublesome hindered me from paying my Dutys to you and
                            from taking your orders for Albany and for Rhode Island where I am obliged to return the Soonest possible—my only wish is
                            that the Circumstances make me able to give to the general of our united forces the greatest proofs of my attachment, and
                            of my devotion to the Cause of America. I have the honour to be With the most perfect respect your Excellency’s most obedient
                            and humble Servant

                            Count de Damas


Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 19 December 1780
From: Hamilton, Alexander
To: Washington, George

                            Dr Sir
                            Albany Decr 19th 80

                        Mr Renselaar who has the direction of the Armory here tells me that the Board of War, write him they are
                            unable to support it any longer, on the present establishment for want of supplies—and propose to him to endeavour to have
                            it carried on by contract. This he declares is impossible—The armory must either continue on the present footing or cease.
                            As far as I understand the matter, there is no objection to the terms in themselves—but a want of means to comply with
                            them—If there is a want of means the thing must be relinquished, but as it does not strike me that it can be more
                            difficult to maintain an armory here than elsewhere—and as I apprehend in the present state of our Arsenals, we shall
                            stand in need of all the repairing we can, I take the liberty, at Mr Ranselaars request to mention the matter to you—I have seen the Armory myself—It appears to be in excellent order and under a very ingenious industrious
                            man—I am told it has been conducted hitherto with great activity. Its situation is in my opinion advantageous—As there is
                            a considerable body of troops always at West Point and the army generally in its vicinity the River is very convenient for
                            transportation to and from the Armory, and, I should think, would be conducive to oeconomy—This consideration strikes me
                            as of importance—General Knox however will be the best judge of the usefulness of this armory.
                        Mr Renselaar also mentions a considerable number of hides in the hands of persons here who had had orders
                            from the Clothier General not to dispose of them but by his orders—He says he can no longer but with great difficulty
                            procure leather for the public works on credit—and has requested me to mention this also to Your Excellency.
                        Mrs Hamilton presents her respectful compliments to Mrs Washington and yourself—After the holidays we shall
                            be at Head Quarters.
                        I believe I imparted to you General Schuylers wish that you could make it convenient to pay a visit with Mrs
                            Washington this winter—He and Mrs Schuyler have several times repeated their inquiries and wishes—I have told them I was
                            afraid your business would not permit you—If it should, I shall be happy you will enable me to let them know about what
                            period will suit—When the slaying arrives, it will be an affair of two days up and two days down. With the most respectful
                            Attachment I have the honor to be Yr Excellys Obed. Ser.

                            A. Hamilton


Title: From George Washington to William Heath, 19 December 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Heath, William

                            Dear Sir
                            Head Quarters New Windsor Decr 19th 1780

                        I am favored with Yours of the 17th and 18th Inst.
                        I am not sufficiently informed of the mode of transferring to the Corps of Invalids to give a definitive
                            Answer; but as Mr Frye is represented as a good Officer, I have no objection to his having leave of absence for the
                            recovery of his health.
                        If the Levies who remain, are well cloathed, and capable of duty, it may be well to retain them while the
                            River continues open & their services useful—otherwise to discharge them in the same manner as heretofore.
                        When the Officer with the Boats arrives at Murderer’s Creek, he may report to the Quarter Master General, who
                            will give directions for their being laid up.
                        I think it reasonable that the two recovered Prisoners you mention, should be exchanged for those proposed,
                            which may accordingly be done.
                        The Quarter Master General will send some Boards immediately, to finish the place for the reception of the
                            Meat which is to be salted in bulk: and I have to request that very particular attention may be paid to the matter; lest
                            the Meat should be damaged or totally spoiled by the uncommon warmth of the season.
                        I should also be obliged to you, if you will procure from Major Darby, or some other person acquainted with
                            the construction of Boats, a written Description of such Flatbottomed Boats as are most
                            convenient to be transported on Carriages—it should be so intelligible as to be perfectly understood by Boat Builders, as
                            it is designed for a Model to construct a number upon, in Virginia—And will be forwarded to Governor Jefferson at his
                            particular request. In the construction two things are to govern—convenience of the Men—and the transportation of the
                            Boats on Wheels. Major Darby, (under whose care the Boats were at Passaic) had an opportunity to form his judgement on
                            both these points, and recommended a particular kind. I am Dear Sir With very great regard Your Most Obedt Humble Servant

                            Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette, 19 December 1780
From: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de
To: Washington, George

                            Mr Dear General
                            Philadelphia December the 19th 1780

                        None of Your Answers to my several letters has Come to hand. I am told that you have writen to Congress
                            Giving an Account of a Large embarkation Under Knypausen. How far it will influence your projects, and of course your
                            Advices for my private Conduct I hope to know By your Next letter. A vessel is, it is said, Arriv’d in Boston After a
                            short Passage from france. her dispatches have Not yet Been Receiv’d.
                        By letters from the Southern States it is said that Tarleton Met with a defeat. But these are mere Reports,
                            tho Accompagnied With Some degree of Probability.
                        A letter dated Edenton North Carolina Mentions that a Vessel was just Arriv’d from Spain having on Board an
                            American Gentleman Who says that Count de Guichen was Arriv’d in Cadiz. That The Combin’d fleet Amounted then to 74 ships
                            of the line, exclusive of Barcelo’s squadron, of five ships cruizing off the Capes, five other gone on a secret
                            expedition, and those which are in Brest. The combin’d fleet under Count d’Estaing was Going to sea. Other intelligences
                            Say that the Affrican princes have excluded the British from theyr ports, and that the English Channel fleet had been Much
                            shattered in a storm.
                        God Grant that in this last motion of the Combin’d fleet Common sense May have dictated the Necessity of
                            increasing the Naval force on our Coast. I have Again writen very Pressing letters to Governement in General, and some
                            Ministers in Particular urging the Necessity of furnishing us with Ships, Money, Stores, Cloathes, &c.
                        I think Clel Laurens will Go to France. But there will be Many debates, I Believe, Before he sets out.
                        The Assembly of Pensilvania will this day Pass the Bill for Recruiting theyr troops By Classing property.
                            Some Members of Congress have Mentionn’d to Me the Idea of sending the Pensilvanians By land to Carolina which I Made it a
                            point to discourage. Adieu, my dear General, Most affectionately and Respectfully yours

                            Lafayette

                            My Respects if you please to Mrs Washington and Compliments to the Family.


Title: To George Washington from Louis Marie, Vicomte [de] Noailles, 19 December 1780
From: Noailles, Louis Marie, Vicomte [de]
To: Washington, George

                            My General
                            fish-Kill 19 december 1780

                        the travellor that left Newport to go to the American Camp had certainly rode a great deal out of his way to
                            pass at new Windsor, if he had not be afraid to be indiscreet. there is no mark of kindness of which I am not due to your
                            Excellency, I will trouble er again to give my respectfull thanks for the letters colonel Duplessis
                            has delivered to me. I hope that during my Stay in America I Shall find opportunities to Shew my gratitude by giving
                            proofs of my zeal to the cause of liberty and of my highest Sentiments to the defender of it. I have the honour to be with
                            the greatest respect and the most affectionate attachement Your excellency’s the most obedient and very humble Servant

                            viscount de noailles


Title: To George Washington from Joseph Reed, 19 December 1780
From: Reed, Joseph
To: Washington, George

                            Sir
                            In Council Philada December 19th 1780

                        I am to acknowledge the Receipt of your Excellencys favour of the tenth—Instant appointing the places of
                            deposit for the specifick articles required by Congress. Some difficulties have arisen with respect to Wyoming which the
                            Inhabitants of this state do not consider as of Continental importance, but only as holding or possession for the state of
                            Connecticut: in consequence they think it hard to supply it from the state of Pennsylvania. Besides which, there are
                            Complaints of abuses in entering the settlers as soldiers, and drawing rations: every Officer and soldier under Colonel
                            Butler from Connecticut is a land holder under the Connecticut Claim; it was therefore proposed that Connecticut should
                            support it as a state post: or in Case that state declined it, Pennsylvania would take it up without any charge to the
                            United states. Representations were made to Congress, and the enclosed Resolve has passed, in consequence of which we wait
                            your Excellencys determination to make the arrangements for the ensuing season. I have the honour to be Your Excellencys
                            Obedient and very humble servant

                            Jos: Reed President


Title: From George Washington to Jonathan Trumbull, Sr., 19 December 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Trumbull, Jonathan, Sr.

                            Dear Sir
                            Head Quarters New Windsor 19th Decr 1780

                        I have this morning received Your Excellency’s favor of the 15th: I have likewise had information from New
                            York, that the enemy were preparing to make a move of some kind, but all my intelligences suppose that it will be a further
                            detachment to the southward—Indeed, the situation of their affairs in that quarter seem to require a reinforcement. Should
                            they however turn their views towards the Western parts of your State, I shall throw in as much Continental force as can
                            be spared, consistent with the safety of these posts, to aid the Militia.
                        The scarcity of provisions, (especially of Flour of which we were sometimes without and frequently upon half
                            and quarter allowance) and the miserable condition which most of the Levies were in for want of Cloathing, have obliged me
                            already to discharge the greater part of them, and your Excellency must know that the terms of service of the whole will
                            expire the last of this month. We shall then be reduced to the bare Garrison of West point and its dependencies, and the
                            number of Men requisite to cover our communication, from the Southward, thro’ Jersey. Thus Your Excellency must perceive,
                            that should the Enemy move out while this River continues open, it will be in my power to afford but very little
                            assistance, without putting these valuable posts to a most imminent Risque.
                        The principal inducement with me in wishing to have Sheldons Regiment cantonned in the neighbourhood of
                            Colchester was, that they might be at hand, should such an event, as you now apprehend, take place.
                        Should I hear that the enemy have embarked, I shall communicate the intelligence to Your Excellency, that you
                            may as soon as possible get rid of the inconvenience and expence of the Militia. I have the honor to be with very great
                            Respect Your Excellency’s Most obt Servt

                            Go: Washington


Title: General Orders, 20 December 1780
From: Washington, George
To:

                             Head Quarters New Windsor Wednesday Decr 20. 1780
                            Parole
                            Countersigns

                        The court of enquiry whereof Colonel Hazen is President will assemble next wednesday the 27th instant at West
                            Point at the request of Lieutenant Colonel Antill to examine into his conduct while with General Sullivan in his
                            expedition to Staten Island.
                        Application to be made immediately by those lines and regiments which have made their cloathing returns for
                            their first dividend of cloathing.
                        In Congress September 25th 1780
                        Plan for conducting the Inspector’s department
                        Whereas the institution of this department hath been found of great utility to the armies of these United
                            States and experience hath shewn that it may be rendered still more useful by an extension of its power and objects:
                            therefore
                        Resolved That the former establishment by a resolution of the 18th of February 1779 and all subsequent
                            resolutions relative thereto be repealed and the department hereafter have the following form powers and priveleges.
                        There shall be an Inspector General with the main army of the United States, to be appointed by Congress who
                            shall be allowed two secretaries in Addition to the Aids he is allowed in the line of the army to be taken from the line
                            of Captains and Subalterns who shall receive in addition to their pay six dollars per month.
                        There shall be one Assistant Inspector General with the Main Army, who shall be the Adjutant General for the
                            time being and shall receive in addition to his pay ten dollars per month; and one to every seperate army when consisting
                            of two or more divisions who shall be the Deputy Adjutant General and shall receive in addition to his pay eight dollars
                            per month.
                        There shall be one inspector to each division of the army of the United States one to the corps of cavalry
                            and one to the corps of artillery; to be taken when the service will admit from the line of Colonels and Lieutenant
                            Colonels, who shall be allowed in addition to their pay, seven and a half dollars per month and forage for three horses
                            including what they are entitled to in the line of the army and one extra ration of provision when the State of the
                            Magazines will admit.
                        There shall be one Subinspector to every brigade in the army of the United States, one to the corps of
                            cavalry and one to the corps of artillery if thought necessary by the Commander in Chief or commanding officer of a
                            seperate army to be taken from the line of Majors in the Brigade when the Service will admit who shall be allowed in
                            addition to their pay five dollars per month and one extra ration when the state of the magazines will admit.
                        The Commander in Chief and commanding officer of a Seperate army are hereby impowered to appoint Inspectors
                            and Subinspectors to the militia while in actual service agreeable to the foregoing plan who shall have the same Powers
                            Priveleges and Emoluments as those serving with the Continental Army.
                        It Shall be the duty of the Inspector General to frame a system of Regulations for the Exercise and
                            Discipline of the Troops in the manual evolutions and manoeuvres, for the service of Guards, and Detachments and for all
                            Camp and Garrison duty; and if approved of by the Commander in Chief and ratified by Congress, such regulations shall be
                            inforced by the orders of the Commander in Chief throughout the Army.
                        The Assistant Inspector General shall assist in the general duties of the department agreeable to the
                            directions they shall receive from the Inspector General through the order of the Commander in Chief and
                            when the Inspector is not present shall have the chief direction of the same agreeable to the orders
                            they may receive as aforesaid; they shall nevertheless continue to perform their duties of Adjutant and deputy Adjutant
                            General.
                        The Inspectors shall attend to the execution of the regulations established for the Army in their respective
                            divisions and in such Garrisons as they may be appointed to by the Inspector General or Assistant Inspector General at all
                            times performing the duty of Adjutant General to the same and when a detachment of more than one division is sent from the
                            army the eldest Inspector of the marching troops shall act as Adjutant General to the detachment.
                        The Sub. Inspectors shall do the duty of Majors of brigade to the Brigades to which they belong and attend to
                            the execution of the regulations, establishd for the army in their respective brigades and such Garrisons, Detachments and
                            independent corps as they shall be ordered by the Inspector General or Assistant Inspector General with a seperate army.
                        The Inspector General and the Assistant Inspector General shall review and Muster the Troops in service once
                            every month at which review he or they shall inspect the number and condition of the men, their discipline, the state of
                            their cloaths, arms, accoutrements, and camp equipage the number of rations they have drawn since the last review,
                            reporting such soldiers and recruits as are unfit for service to the Major General or Commander of the division, the
                            Brigadier, or commander of a regiment detached from the division or brigade to which such disabled soldier may belong; to
                            be by them or either of them, discharged, or transferred to the corps of invalids if on the examination of the surgeon of
                            the regiment they shall be found unfit for further service in the field. But no such soldier shall be deemed legally
                            discharged, or transferred, except his discharge or transference is signed by the Major General, Brigadier or commandant
                            as aforesaid and a certificate of the inability, specifying the nature of it signed by the surgeon is annexed thereto
                            noting at the same time, all alterations that have happened since the last review or muster and as far as possible in what
                            manner reporting them with the deficiencies neglects and abuses to the Commander in Chief or commanding officer present
                            and the board of war.
                        At every muster three rolls shall be made out by the commanding officer of each troop or company signed and
                            sworn to by him one of which rolls shall be returned to him certified by the mustering officer, one shall be retained by
                            the mustering officer, the other shall be certified and delivered to the regimental Paymaster to be affixed to the
                            Payrolls.
                        Each brigade shall be mustered by its Sub. inspector under the Superintendency of the inspector of the
                            division who shall be responsible with the Sub. inspector for the exactness and fidelity of the Musters; and in like
                            manner all Garrisons, independent corps and detachments shall be mustered by such Inspector or Sub. inspector as the
                            Inspector General or Assistant Inspector General with a seperate army shall order.
                        The Sub. Inspector shall deliver an abstract of all such musters regimentally digested to the Inspector of
                            the division who shall digest them into division Abstracts in the same Form and transmit them to the Assistant Inspectors
                            General to be by them transmitted to the Inspector General, and in a seperate army to the commanding officer.
                        The Inspector General shall transmit, once every month a copy of the Abstract of the musters of the whole
                            army to the Commander in Chief and another to the Board of War.
                        No commanding officer of a regiment shall muster the regiment he commands, but another Inspector shall be
                            ordered to do that duty by the Inspector General.
                        The Assistant Inspector in a seperate army shall do the same duties in that army as the Inspector General
                            doth in the Main army respecting the musters according to the directions he shall receive, and orders of the commanding
                            officer.
                        The Commissary of Issues shall be obliged to deliver to the Inspector General and Assistant Inspector with a
                            seperate army an Abstract by Brigades of the rations actually issued and of all issues to all seperate corps, garrisons
                            and detachments.
                        All muster rolls shall be sworn to before a General officer or commandant of a seperate Post or detachment,
                            who are hereby impowered to administer the Oath and certify it on each Muster roll in the words following (to wit)
                        "I A.B. do swear that this Muster roll is a true state
                        of the Company under my command without fraud to the
                        United States or to any individual according to the
                        best of my Knowledge."
                        Sworn before Me this  day of 17— "A. B.
                            Captain—Lieutenant—Ensign—or Cornet Commandant."
                        The Mustering officers are impowered and directed to require from all the officers, whose troops are mustered
                            all papers and Vouchers relative to their Inlistments and Musters.
                        The Inspector shall keep accounts with the officers commanding regiments of all the arms and accoutrements
                            delivered their regiments and returned in by them: no arms or accoutrements shall be delivered without an order from the
                            Inspector of the division to whom Returns for Arms and accoutrements wanted shall be made in the form directed in the
                            resolution for the order and discipline of the Troops of these United States.
                        All officers of the Inspectorships shall retain their rights of command and Promotion in the same manner as
                            if they had not assumed the office. They are to suspend the exercise of their respective commands except when they happen
                            to be superior in the division Brigade or regiment to which they belong or when they are appointed to execute any
                            particular service by the Commander in Chief, or commanding officer of a seperate army, and are exempt from all common
                            Camp and Garrison duty that they may attend to that of the Inspector’s as well in time of action as at all other times.
                        The Inspector General as often as the Commander in Chief shall think fit to order shall visit every part of
                            the army and review the same to see that uniformity prevails throughout the armies of these United States.
                        The Inspector General shall keep books in which the returns &ca passing through his office shall be
                            registered He shall be charged with collecting into one or more Volumes all the Resolves of Congress and Regulations of
                            the Board of War relative to the army.
                        The travelling and other incidental expences for the execution of the business of the office shall be settled
                            by the Auditors with the Army upon such Principles as shall be established by the Commander in Chief and paid out of the
                            Military Chest.
                        The Quarter Master General shall furnish all necessary books paper &ca for the department.
                        Each Inspector shall be allowed when the circumstances of the army will permit a Marquee and common tent each
                            Sub. inspector a Horseman’s and common tent; if not provided for as officers in the Line.
                        All the Regulations respecting the objects of the department shall be finally approved and established by
                            Congress; but the exigency of the service requiring it, temporary ones may from time to time be introduced by the
                            Inspector General with the approbation of the Commander in Chief and transmitted to the Board of War within one month
                            after their introduction that being examined and reported to Congress by them they may be rejected altered amended or
                            confirmed as Congress shall deem proper.
                        Resolved That Baron Steuben be and hereby is continued Inspector General of the Armies of these United States
                            and vested with Power to appoint all officers necessary to carry the aforegoing Plan into execution they being first
                            approved of by the Commander in Chief.
                        In Congress December 4th 1780
                        Resolved That instead of the additional pay allowed to officers of the Inspector’s department by the
                            resolution of Congress of the 25th of September last the following sums be allowed.
                        To the Adjutant General as Assistant Inspector thirty five dollars per month.
                        To an Assistant Inspector in a seperate army thirty dollars per month.
                        To a Lieutenant Colonel as Inspector of a division Twenty-five dollars per month.
                        To a Major as Inspector of a brigade Twenty five dollars per month.
                        It may happen in some instances that a captain may be Major of brigade he will be entitled to the additional
                            Pay as if a Major.


Title: To George Washington from James Clinton, 20 December 1780
From: Clinton, James
To: Washington, George

                            Sir,
                            Albany Decr 20th 1780

                        I have been honour’d with your Excellency’s Favor of the 10th inst. as also with one from the Governor.
                            Agreeable to Instructions contain’d in them, I have directed five Officers to proceed, without Loss of Time, to the three
                            upper Counties of this State, on the recruiting Service; and have sent four to Poughkeepsie to be disposed of as the
                            Governor may think proper. Major Davis also waits his particular Orders. Previous to their setting out, much Difficulty
                            arose from the want of Cash, which I could not supply them with; I fear the Service will suffer if that is not speedily
                            remedied.
                        I wish to know your Excellency’s Pleasure with respect to those Officers of the fourth Regiment, at Fort
                            Schuyler who are return’d Supernumeraries: after the first of January, the Command of the Garrison will devolve upon a
                            Captain—I presume Measures should be taken to prevent it.
                        The Arrangement of the York Line is nearly compleated. Col: V. Schaick commands the first and third, and Col.
                            Courtlandt the second, fourth and fifth Regiments, with a few trifling Alterations. The Determination of L. Col. Bruin and
                            Majr Logan of the fifth regt who are Prisoners, as also, of several Subalterns in the same Situation, is not known: the
                            Vacancies therefore are not filled untill the first of January, as we expect they will be exchanged by that Time. I have
                            the honor to be with great respect Your Excellency’s most huble Servt

                            James Clinton


Title: To George Washington from Charles-René-Dominique Sochet Destouches, 20 December 1780
From: Destouches, Charles-René-Dominique Sochet
To: Washington, George

                            Monsieur
                            A Bord du Neptune en rade de Newport le 20 xbre. December 1780

                        Jai L’honneur d’informer otre Excellênce qu’une partie des farines qui avoient eté achetées dans L’etat de
                            Newyorck pour L’approvisionnement de L’Escadre du Roi, ont eté arretees par ordre du Gouverneur de cet Etat pour etre
                            employées a pourvoir aux besoins de votre armée. Ce motif est trop respectable pour que je me permette aucune plainte a
                            cet egard; cependant j’observerai a votre Excêllence que cette saisie de farines destinées pour L’Escadre, et sur les quelles
                            on avoit compté, nous ont beaucoup gênés sur L’article des subsistances, et je vous prie de vouloir bien m’aider de vos
                            bons offices aupres de Son Excellence le Gouverneur Clinton, pour qu’il fasse remplacer incressament a M. John Carter
                            fournisseur de L’Escadre les mille quinataux de farine qui lui ont été retenus par ses ordres, et pour pour qu’il favorise ce negociant dans tous les achats quil fera, en
                            consequence des marches qu’il a passé avec Monsieur De Granchain Major de L’Escadre. Jai l’honneur d’etre avec la plus
                            haute consideration De Votre Excêllence Votre humble et tres obeissant Serviteur.

                            Destouches


Title: To George Washington from Lewis F. Dunham, 20 December 1780
From: Dunham, Lewis F.
To: Washington, George

                            May it please your Excellency
                            Pompton Decemr 20th 1780

                        As one of the Jersey Regts are about to be reduced of course it must make one Supernumery Surgeon.
                        Barnet the Eldest Dunham the next & Elmer the 3rd. Elmer wishes to continue Barnet & Dunham
                            agrees he should the contest between Barnet and Dunham which has the right of retireing Dunham claims it upon the
                            principles of being the next youngest.
                        If your multiplicity of more important matters will admitt of your leisure so far as to determine the dispute
                            it shall be decisive on my part.
                        I cannot request a dismission from the Army without acquainting your Excelly why—for which I would defer to
                            Doctor Cochran he knows my desire of rendering my Country service but my feminine Constitution will not admitt of it. I
                            have the Honor to be your Excellys most Obedient Humble servant

                            Lws Dunham
                            Surgeon 3rd Jersey Regt


Title: From George Washington to Benjamin Franklin, 20 December 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Franklin, Benjamin

                            Sir,
                            New Windsor 20th Decr 1780

                        A few days since—by the Chevr De Chatteleaux I had the honor to receive your favor of the 19th of March
                            introductory of him, and thank you for bringing me acquainted with a Gentleman of his merit, knowledge, and agreeable
                            manners. I spent several days very happily with him at our Camp near the Great Falls of Passaic in New Jersey before the
                            Army removed to its places of Cantonment the principle of which is at West point in the vicinity of this Village where I
                            make my Quarters.
                        Disappointed of the second division of the French Troops—but more especially in the expected Naval
                            Superiority which was the pivet upon which every thing turned, we have been compelled to make an inactive campaign after a
                            flattering prospect at the opening of it, and vigorous struggles to make it a decisive one on our part. Latterly, we have
                            been obliged to become spectators of a succession of detachments from the Army at New York in aid of Lord Cornwallis,
                            while our Naval weakness and the political dissolution of a large part of our Army puts it out of our power to counteract
                            them to the Southward, or take advantage of them here.
                        The Movements of Lord Cornwallis during the last month or two, have been retrograde—what turn the late
                            reinforcements which have been sent to him may give to his affairs—remains to be known—I have reinforced also, principally
                            with Horse, but the length of the March is so much opposed to the measure that every Corps, in a greater or lesser degree
                            is ruined that encounters it.
                        I am happy however in assuring you that a better disposition never prevailed in the Legislatures of the
                            several States than does at this time. The folly of temporary expedients are seen into & exploded—and vigorous
                            efforts will be used to obtain a permanent Army & carry on the War systematically if the obstinacy of Great
                            Britain should compel us to continue it. We want nothing but the aid of a Loan to enable us to put our Finance into a
                            tolerable train. The Country does not want Resources—but we the means of drawing them forth.
                        It is unnecessary for me to go into a more detail acct of our Affairs as you are doubtless officially advised
                            of every material occurrence. I shall therefore only add my compliments to Mr Adams—and the strongest assurances of being
                            With the greatest Esteem & respect—Dr Sir Yr most Obt & H: Ser.

                            Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from William Heath, 20 December 1780
From: Heath, William
To: Washington, George

                            Dear General
                            Garrison West Point Decr 20th 1780

                        The last evening I was honored with yours of yesterday shall attend to its injunctions.
                        Enclosed is Major Darbys opinion of the model of a flat bottom’d boat of the best construction for the
                            convenience of men and transportation of the boats on Carriages.
                        Capn Welles who has the charge of the Guards Boats informs me that the number of boats is insufficient and
                            that additional ones of a proper size are not to be obtained that some of those, that were on the Carriages, are much
                            lighter & more suitable than the common Flat boats, or any other he can obtain at present. Capn Welles has but two
                            Light Guard boats—If your Excellency should think proper to permit him to have two of the lightest of those sent up to
                            Murderer’s Creek, I will give him notice when your pleasure is known. I have the honor to be with the greatest respect
                            Your Excellencys Most Obedient Servant

                            W. Heath

                     Enclosure

                                West Point Decr 20th 1780

                            I am of oppinion that the following dimentions are best for the construction of a flat bottomed Boat,
                                boath for the conveniency of men, and transportation of the Boats on Carriages.

                                    feet

                                    Plank

                                    Length upon the flore

                                    25

                                    width amidship upon the flore

                                    5

                                    6

                                    Width from Gunwaile to gunwaile

                                    6

                                    4

                                    depth of Sides in board

                                    1

                                    10

                                    read and Stearn Sharpe boath alike

                            I am Sir with respect your very Huml. Sert

                                Saml Darby Major

                                N.B. The bottom plank being in one length adds much to the strength of the Boat, & makes
                                    them less liable to injury by land, transportation—Flooring (or cieling) the bottom, contributes also to the
                                    strength & qualifies them for the transportation of Horses.

                                G: Washington

                                    diagram


Title: From George Washington to Samuel Huntington, 20 December 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Huntington, Samuel

                            Sir,
                            New Windsor 20th-26 Decr 1780

                        At a time when the Army is about to undergo a material change—When Congress and the States individually are
                            disposed to establish it upon the best principles for the equal Administration of justice, and the preservation of the
                            rights of the Officers, I am persuaded it will not be deemed presumptuous in me to offer any opinion, which in my
                            judgment, may serve to promote either of these ends and render our Military system as unexceptionable as possible—Upon
                            this ground therefore, I take the liberty of observing.
                        That promotion in our Army, according to the custom which prevails at present, is regimental to the rank of
                            Captain—thence in each State line to the grade of Colonel—both Inclusive—I do not at this time recollect the inducements
                            which led to regimental promotion, but as it has been found productive of many hard cases injurious to the feelings of
                            Officers, I would propose that all promotion in the respective State lines to the rank of
                            Colonels inclusive should be lineal—This may disappoint the hopes of a few Subalterns, who, perchance, stand high in the
                            regiments they are newly arranged to, but can do no injustice to any of them, & will remedy the evils complained
                            of; as every vacancy will then be filled by the senior Officer of the next grade where there is no interposition in favour
                            of extra merit, or exclusion for want of it.
                        A regulation like this, is so consonant to the principles of justice, & so agreeable to the wishes of
                            the Army in general (as far as I have been able to collect the sentiments of it) that I think there can be no possible
                            objection to the alteration proposed—By resignations (chiefly) deaths, & other casualties, we have instances,
                            & not a few of them; of Sergeants even, in one regiment coming to the command of Companies before Lieutenants in
                            another—this, though submitted to, has been the cause of much discontent, as it always hurts the feelings of an Officer to
                            obey those whom he has commanded.
                        The Artillery & Cavalry have heretofore been considered in the same light as the line of a State, and
                            rose accordingly; that is regimentally to the rank of Captn and in their respective lines afterwards—and this mode I
                            presume must still be continued, or their rise made wholly regimental (as the regiments are from different States)
                            otherwise the Officers of different States would very soon get blended together wch does not seem to be the intention of
                            Congress by their apportioning of them to particular States, nor do I believe it to be the wish of the Officers—but to
                            avoid discontent, and the disputes which will arise from clashing interests—it is indispensably necessary to lay down some
                            principle of promotion, declaring it to be lineal or regimental wholly, or partly, as is mentioned before.
                        It is more difficult, and may be more delicate for me to express a sentiment respecting the promotion of
                            Colonels, and General Officers; but as the good of the Service and the peace of the Army require that some principle
                            should be established, by which these promotions should be governed, I have no doubt of its being done—The custom of
                            appointing the Senior Colonels in each State line to be Brigadiers (where the number of Regiments are sufficient to form a
                            Brigade, or more) has obtained consistency, and gives general satisfaction—but the appointment of Major Generals seems to
                            be under no fixed government, for it sometimes happens by seniority—at other times by State—and has been a source of much
                            discontent; threatning the loss of very good Officers—I see but two ways by which the promotion of Major Generals can take
                            place upon any fixed or satisfactory ground, & if there is not a known rule for it, and irregular promotions
                            happen, the Service I am certain will be injured by it; because Officers of their rank will not—nor cannot submit to a
                            junior, unless there is some established principle to reconcile it to their feelings—The one is by seniority wholly—the
                            other by seniority & States jointly—As thus—If Congress shall judge it consistent with justice & policy to
                            allow Major Generals to the States which have more Brigades than one in the field, let them rise in their own State line
                            by seniority, as other Officers do—and as this will not furnish a sufficient number for the Service (as their will be
                            wanting for seperate commands—for the Wings of the Army—light Infantry &ca) let the deficiency be taken from the
                            Senior Brigadiers of the whole line, to be succeeded by the oldest Colonels of the State lines
                            from whence they are taken—The first mode gives, in all cases, the Senior Brigadier for Major Generals—The Second, allows
                            each state a compleat Corps of Officers to its quota of Men—and entitles every Brigadier in the
                            line besides, to promotion, according to the date of his Commission.
                        Which of these modes, or whether either of them will be adopted by Congress is submitted to their better
                            judgment, all I aim at, is to have some system established by wch we may harmonize, for there is
                            nothing more certain than that the promotion of junior Officers over the heads of Seniors, unless it is agreeable to some
                            known and established principle, never fails to produce a great deal of discontent—ill blood—and party, which are
                            always injurious.
                        As I have gone so far into this subject of promotion, there is one point more I would beg leave to touch
                            upon—and that is with respect to the Colonels of the smallest States, whose quota of Troops does not entitle them to a
                            Brigadier, and who without some relief are not only cut of from all hope of promotion—the object of a Soldiers desire—but
                            after years of faithful Service, experience the frequent mortification of seeing themselves passed by—this must be
                            exceedingly grating to a deserving Officer, and is a personal injury, because the State having but one Regiment can have
                            no claim to a Brigadier—for remedy however of the evil—& the sake of justice, I would, with all due deference,
                            suggest the propriety of promoting them, and others in like circumstances, to the Rank of Brigadiers whenever they shall
                            become the Senior Colonels of the whole line & Brigadiers are wanting, which may often
                            be the case for extra Service—command of the light Infantry &ca.
                        Congress will readily perceive that all these are expedients to accomodate matters (in the best manner the
                            nature of the case will admit of)  to the system of the State Troops—for if we were one Army instead of a
                            confederated army, lineal promotion by the common course of succession—where merit or demerit did not interfere—would be
                            the easiest, simplest & most equitable of any, but as this is not the case, and we are considered as a federal
                            body we have three interests to attend to—Viz.—the common interest—State interest—and individual interest—Whether any of
                            the expedients I have proposed are likely to answer the ends in view, is submitted with all possible deference, and
                            without further apology by Your Excellency’s Most Obedt & Most Hble Servt

                            Go: Washington

                            P.S. 26th This letter has been unavoidably delayed for want of a conveyance.


Title: From Timothy Pickering to Tench Tilghman, 20 December 1780
From: Pickering, Timothy
To: Tilghman, Tench

                            Sir,
                            Newburgh December 20th 1780

                        By the resolve of Congress of Novemr 10th 1780, the Commander in Chief is to determine what horses are
                            "absolutely necessary" to be retained for public use with the troops. I have therefore made out the following list on
                            which you will be pleased to obtain his Excellency’s decision.
                        At the posts in the highlandsNo. of horses allowedGeneral Heath & familyGeneral Howe & familyGeneral Parsons & familyBrigadiers & familiesColonelsLieut. ColonelsMajorsBrigade Staff{ChaplainQuarter MasterCommissaryRegimental Staff{Pay MasterQuarter MasterAdjutantSub. InspectorsBrigade InspectorsIn the Brigade ArtilleryBrigadier Gl Knox & familyColonelsLieut. ColonelsMajorsBrigade Majorditto Chaplainditto Quarter Masterditto CommissaryRegimental Staff{Pay MasterQuarter MasterAdjutantDeputy field Commdt of Military Stores & ConductorsEngineers{Brigr GeneralColonelLieut. ColonelMajorCaptainsAt Fishkill{Hazens Regt}No. of horsesBaldwins regtAllowedColonelLieut. ColonelMajorPay MasterQuarter MasterAdjutantGeneral StaffN.B. Most of the officers in the forage & waggon departments are gone with the
                                    horses to their Winter qu’arters or on other Command{Quarter Master GeneralDeputy Quarter MasterCommissy of forageWaggon MasterAdjutant Genl & familyJudge Advocate & DeputiesCommissary of prisonersProvost MarshallCommissy Genl of purchasesAssistant to dittoSuperintendant of live stockCommissy General of IssuesDeputy to dittoKeeper of the magazineCommissy to the StaffDirector General of the HospitalsChief Physician & Surgeons to the Hospitals at Fishkill}Surgeon General to the ArmySurgeons to the Flying HospitalDeputy Pay master GenlAn Auditor of AccountsClothier GeneralDeputy ClothierAsst doCommissy of HidesAsst to ditto

                        I hand you a return of the horses for which forage was drawn on the 14th inst. Since which divers of the
                            Artillery officers have gone home with their horses, & most of the residue have sent theirs into the country.
                        The remaining Waggon Conductors & forage masters, the quarter master at this post & persons
                            employed under him, will have frequent occasion for horses to enable them to do their duty. The four express horses of the
                            Quarter Master here mentioned in the return must have been wrongly returned as he has had only one express, & at
                            this time none. Yr most obedt servt

                            T. Pickering Q. M. G.

                            P.S. The Assistant Qr Master at Morristown informs me that Genl Waynes says 200 horses & 30
                                country teams are necessary for the service of the Pensylvania division.


Title: From George Washington to Jonathan Trumbull, Sr., 20 December 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Trumbull, Jonathan, Sr.

                            Dear Sir
                            Head Quarters New Windsor 20th December 1780.

                        Inclosed are the Returns called for in your Excellency’s letter of the 27th ulto. Colo. Sheldon is directed
                            to make that of his Regiment immediately to you—That, with those now transmitted, will, I believe, include all the Men
                            belonging to the State of Connecticut, who are serving in any department of the Continental Army. I have the honor to be
                            with very great Respect Your Excellency’s Most obt Servt

                            Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to George Clinton, 21 December 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Clinton, George

                            Sir,
                            New Windsor 21st Decr 1780

                        This letter will be handed to you by the Chevr de Chatteleaux Major Genl in the French Army and an Officer of
                            great merit. whom I recommend to your particular attention—and request that he may be furnished with Guards for any tour
                            he may incline to make towards Lake George or &ca. I am Sir Yr Most Obedt Ser.

                            Go: Washington


Title: From David Humphreys to William Heath, 21 December 1780
From: Humphreys, David
To: Heath, William

                            Sir
                            Head Quarters Decr 21st 1780.

                        In the absence of His Excellency, who is gone to Fish Kill Landing in company with Genl Chattelux, I have
                            recd your Letter to him of Yesterday.
                        I know it to be perfectly agreeable to the General that Capt. Welles should be furnished with the Boats
                            proposed, as he had previously directed me to write to the Quarter Mastr Genl to that purpose. I have the honor to be Your
                            Most Obedt Servt

                            D. Humphrys A.D.C.


Title: To George Washington from William Heath, 21 December 1780
From: Heath, William
To: Washington, George

                            Dear General
                            Garrison West Point Decr 21st 80

                        I am just honored with yours of the 20th. A small supply of flour arrived yesterday.
                        I will endeavour to enquire into the issues of provisions; but as the weekly returns are now sent to the
                            Adjutant General, and the scarcity of paper forbidding duplicate Returns, I shall not have so good an opportunity of
                            compareing the regimental & provision Returns, as probably the Adjutant General will have—but as far as is in my
                            power I will endeavour to do it.
                        The Troops on the East side of the river shall be held under orders to march on the shortest notice.
                        Colonel Livingston & Colonel Spencers regiments shall have directions to apply for their proportion of
                            Cloathing—The matter of Strouds shall also be mentioned to the respective Lines.
                        A number of our Prisoners are come & comeing out of New York; some engaged for the war others for
                            three years, & for nine months: they are almost naked: can any thing be done for them, whose times of service are
                                expired?  without some small assistance of Cloathing it will be almost impossible for them to get
                            home without suffering.
                        Several Officers who have arrived here this evening from New York, can give some intelligence of the present
                            situation of the Enemy, & late embarkation. As they will call at Head Quarters, it is unnecessary for me to
                            particularise. I have the honor to be with the greatest respect Your Excellencys most Obedient Servant.
                        W. Heath

                            P.S. A circumstance occurs to my mind, which may account in a principal manner for the Issues of
                                provisions not decreaseing at first view so much as your Excellency expected. The discharged men
                                being totally destitute of every means of support on their way home, as they are discharged draw three days provision
                                at these Posts to subsist them—this of course prevents for a few days the dimunition of the Issues being visible on
                                the weekly provision Returns.

                            W.H.


Title: To George Washington from Samuel Huntington, 21 December 1780
From: Huntington, Samuel
To: Washington, George

                            Sir,
                            Philadelphia December 21 1780

                        Your Excellency will receive herewith enclosed a Letter from Brigadier General Starke of the 10th Instant,
                            requesting from Congress Leave of Absence on Account of his ill State of Health, with a Resolve of Congress of the 18th
                            Instant referring the Letter to the Commander in Chief to take Order. I have the Honor to be with the most perfect Respect
                            your Excellency’s most obedt & most hbble Servant

                            Sam. Huntington Presidt

                            P.S. I have been honored with your Letter of the 15 Inst. by Majr Franks.

                     Enclosure

                                Sir
                                Pecks kill Hollow 10th December 1780

                            At the Conclusion of six Campeigns, faithfully spent in the service of my Country; I find my health in a
                                very shattered state, insomuch, that my tarry in Camp can be of little or no service, untill it is repaired. I shall
                                therefore take it a particular favour, if you will represent the matter to Congress
                                & obtain their permission for me to retire, until my health permits me, at which time, I shall readily,
                                & with the greatest Cheerfullness return to my duty.
                            If Congress will be pleased to signify their approbation to my request, I shall be Infinitily oblidged if
                                you will let me know by Letter. I have the Honor to be sir, your Excellency’s most Obet & very Humble servant

                                John Stark


Title: To George Washington from Anne-César, chevalier de La Luzerne, 21 December 1780
From: La Luzerne, Anne-César, chevalier de
To: Washington, George

                            Monsieur
                            A Philadelphie le 21. xbre. December 1780

                        J’ai l’honneur de vous envoyer une lettre a M. le cher Henry Clinton que je vous prie de vouloir bien lui
                            faire parvenir. J’ai l’honneur d’ître avec le plus sincere et le plus respectueux attachement Monsieur De Votre Excellence
                            Le très humble et très obeissant Serviteur.

                            Le che. de la luzerne


Title: To George Washington from Armand-Louis de Gontaut Biron, duc de Lauzun, 21 December 1780
From: Lauzun, Armand-Louis de Gontaut Biron, duc de
To: Washington, George

                            Sir
                            Lebanon 21 December 1780

                        Ambitious, and happy to obey to your Excellency’s orders, I Send Immediately the packet directed to the Count
                            de Rochambeau. I have the honor to be with the greatest Respect, and admiration Sir, of your Excellency, the most obedient
                            and hble Servant

                            D. Lauzun


Title: To George Washington from James Madison, 21 December 1780
From: Madison, James,Bland, Theodorick
To: Washington, George

                            Sir
                            Philada Decr 21st 1780

                        We received this morning a letter subscribed by Peter Thornton informing us that he is the son of a gentleman
                            in Virginia, that he lately made his escape from N. York and is now detained by your Excellency till some testimony shall
                            be given by the Delegates from Virga in his favor. Although we are total strangers to the youth, and are very imperfectly
                            informed of his case yet as we have us reason to doubt his being the son of the gentleman he calls his Father, whom we
                            know to be of respectable character & family and firmly attached to the independance of his Country, we venture to
                            request your Excellency to permit him to proceed on his journey to Virginia Upon his arrival here we shall have reason to
                            Inspect the reality of his professions, we shall take the necessary steps to frustratethe views of
                            Imposters. We have the honor to be with the highest respect & esteem Yr Excelly’s Most obt & humbe Servts

                            James Madison Junr
                            Theok Bland


Title: From George Washington to William Bradford, 22 December 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Bradford, William

                            Sir
                            Head Quarters New Windsor Decr 22d 1780

                        I have received the Proceedings of the Convention at Hartford, which you did me the honor to enclose. It is
                            but just to acknowledge, that I was much pleased with the salutary measures recommended, and cannot but flatter myself, if
                            carried into execution, they will be attended with very happy consequences. I have the honor to be With great regard Your
                            Most obedt Servt


Title: From George Washington to George Clinton, 22 December 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Clinton, George

                            Dear Sir
                            Head Quarters New Windsor 22d Decr 1780

                        Your Excellency’s favor of the 15th did not reach me till this Morning. I immediately dispatched an extract
                            from it to Congress and very warmly recommended to them the necessity of supporting Colo. Hay in the performance of his
                            Contracts—I most sincerely hope we may find him successful in the impress, for I see no dependance upon any other quarter.
                        I had two days ago directed a very liberal allowance of all kind of Cloathing, (except Coats of which they got
                            about 200 very good) to be delivered to your State Cloathier for the four Regs near Albany. Weissenfelds had a compleat
                            supply previous to going to Fort schuyler—We shall fall very short of the necessary quantity of Coats—few of the troops
                            have had any delivered to them this season. We expect about two thousand from Boston, and unless we should have an arrival
                            from France, that will be our whole stock. I have the honor to be &c.


Title: From George Washington to Count de Damas, 22 December 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Damas, Count de

                            Friday—Morning 22 December 1780

                        General Washington presents his compliments—to Monsr Demat—wishes him a pleasant journey to Rhode
                            Island—& prays him to offer his best compliments to Count De Rochambeau—and all the Gentlemen with whom he has the
                            honor to be acquainted at that place.


Title: From George Washington to Dominique-Louis Ethis de Corny, 22 December 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Corny, Dominique-Louis Ethis de

                            Sir
                            Head Quarters New Windsor 22d Decemr 1780

                        I had, a few days ago, the pleasure of receiving your favor of the 4h Inst. I am sorry that your
                            indisposition obliges you to seek the benefit of your native Air, which I hope will soon reestablish your health.
                        I very sensibly feel your warm expressions of esteem, which let me assure you is mutual on my part—I avail
                            myself of the permission you have given to trouble you with a letter to Doctr Franklin and wishing you a safe and pleasant
                            passage, and a happy sight of your family and friends in France, I am with great Esteem Sir yr most obt Servt


Title: To George Washington from John Hancock, 22 December 1780
From: Hancock, John
To: Washington, George

                            Sir,
                            Boston December 22d 1780

                        The Assembly of this Commonwealth have taken every measure they could devise for Expediting the supplies of
                            Provisions so necessary for the support of the Army, the Conduct of this Business they placed in the hands of three
                            Gentlemen of acknowledg’d Abilities whose constant Residence, for the sake of Dispatch, is at Spring field, & by
                            whose Information it appears that they are forwarding the supplies with the utmost Expedition the Circumstances of the
                            Commonwealth will admit of.
                        By the Resolution of the Assembly which Your Excellency will find inclos’d, you will be inform’d of the
                            Directions given to the agents, for your Government & from the Knowledge I have of those Gentlemen I am very
                            confident they will pay a strict Obedience to the Requirements of the Assembly. I have written to them on the Subject,
                            & shall by this Conveyance write to the Commissary General—I shall write Your Excellency in a few days upon the
                            Subject of Your late Letters, and am With very great Respect, your Excellency’s, Most Obedt hble Servt

                            John Hancock

                     Enclosure

                                Commonwealth of Massachusetts In Senate November 21st 1780

                            The Committee of both Houses to whom was Committed the Letter from Congress of October 26th 1780
                                respecting Supplies for the Army have attended that service and are informed by the Agents that the Supplies referred
                                to in said Letter are forwarding with the utmost Expedition the Circumstances of the Commonwealth will admit of.
                            Resolved that his Excellency the Governor be desired to inform the Agents of this Commonwealth that it is
                                expected and required that they make monthly returns agreeable to a resolve of Congress of all the provisions which
                                shall come into their Hands Specifying the Articles and the magazines or Places where they shall be deposited to the
                                Commander in Chief of the Continental Army Commissary General and the secretary of this Commonwealth that it is
                                expected a punctual Obedience will be observed respecting said returns—and it is further Resolved that His Excellency
                                be further desired to inform the Commander in Chief & the Commissary General of the above Resolve as soon as
                                maybe. Sent down for Concurrence

                                Jeremih Powell Presidt


Title: From George Washington to Samuel Huntington, 22 December 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Huntington, Samuel

                            Sir
                            Head Quarters New Windsor Decr 22nd 1780

                        I do myself the honor to enclose to Your Excellency the Extract of a Letter which I have just received from
                            Governor Clinton, and which I beg leave to recommend strongly to the attention of Congress, as by this inergetic Exertion
                            of the State of New York the Army will probably be kept from dissolution. We have not for some time received a Barrel of
                            Flour from the Southward, except a few hundred from the Bank, and I cannot learn that there is any upon the
                            communication. Thus we are of necessity thrown upon the State of New York for this Winter’s supply of Bread, and for that
                            reason, every aid and assistance should be given to the Agent to enable him to comply with his contracts.
                        Should Col. Hay be even successful in his impress, I dread the consequences of not having established
                            Magazines in time. The Garrison of West Point, have not a day’s Flour beforehand, and the Weather threatens a stoppage of
                            Navigation. While the Ice is insufficient to bear Carriages, it will be difficult to throw in supplies, even were they
                            collected, as the Roads leading to the Point are, in a manner, impassable in the Winter.
                        By Letters from Rhode Island, I am informed of the death of the Chevalier de Ternay, he is succeeded by the
                            Chevalier Destouche. I have the honor to be With the most perfect respect Your Excellency’s Most Obedient Hble Servant

                            Go: Washington


Title: From Tench Tilghman to Timothy Pickering, 22 December 1780
From: Tilghman, Tench
To: Pickering, Timothy

                            Dear Sir
                            Head Quarters 22d Decemr 1780

                        His Excellency wishes you to obtain an exact account of the Horses kept at West point—on the East side of the
                            River—New Windsor—Newberg—Fishkill Landing and Fishkill specifying by whom—If any should be found keeping them
                            unnecessarily or having more than are reasonable they can then be struck off—This he thinks a better mode than determining
                            by an order who shall be allowed Horses and who not, because you will probably be obliged to take some into the account
                            who have now devested themselves and who would bring them back.
                        An Express is wanted to go to Philada with some important dispatches—Be pleased to say whether it be in your
                            power to send one, and when he can go off—Our letters will be ready by three oClock. I am yr most obt Servt

                            Tench Tilghman A.D.C.

                            do you know of any Body going to Harford.