Title: To George Washington from Major General Alexander McDougall, 21 October 1778
From: McDougall, Alexander
To: Washington, George

            Sir
            Fredericksburgh October 21st 1778.

          It is extremely difficult, to give your Excellency a satisfactory or conclusive Opinion on the Questions proposed to the Council of war.

          As to the Enemy’s Design to operate against Boston, I think it very improbable. The only Object that remains there, considering the Experience he has had, of the general Attachment of the people of the Country to America; and his relinquishing the Possession of Philadelphia, is the Destruction of the French Fleet. It is impossible to effect this, without the co-operation of a superior British Fleet. The season of the year is now so far advanced, that no Fleet can without the utmost Peril, anchor in the open bays from Cape-Cod to Newbury inclusive.
          If the Enemy have that Object in Contemplation, the only eligible Place of Debarkation, is near New-port. The Carriages and Horses necessary to transport the Apparatus and provisions across the Country, for such an Enterprise, will be difficult, if not impossible for him to procure. So much Time would be lost, before the Enemy would begin his march, that the Country would collect, which with General Sullivan’s Army, would be able to prevent a Coup De Main on the Count De Estang. And he has nothing else to fear. But even this is impossible to accomplish; but by the m<ost> perfect co-operation of the Enemy’s Fleet and Ar<my,> after they leave Newport: For if the former me<et> with but a few Days contrary winds, the Expe<dition> proves abortive; as in that time, this Army w<ill> be near the Rear of the latter. If this is imp<eded> on it’s march, and the Fleet arrives in the Ne<igh>bourhood of Boston Bay, in that Time, a Storm may disable or destroy it, which will defeat the Expedition. In short Sir, a precise co-operation between a Fleet and Army, this Season of the year, once seperated from a safe port, is next to impossible. I might adduce many proofs in Support of the Truth of this Position; but I think them unnecessary. And it is impossible for the Enemy at this Season, to get a safe port, in the first period of his Operations against the French Fleet; whatever rout he takes for debarking the Troops.
          If the Enemy had such an Enterprize in contemplation, he would have detained the Reinforcement sent for the Relief of Newport quietly there; till the rest of his Army was ready to follow; the advancing Season of the year demanded it, instead of making burning Excursions, alarming the Country, and finally returning those Corps to New-York. If notwithstanding these apparent Difficulties, the Enemy should attempt the Destruction of the Toulon Fleet, he will operate with his whole Force. The risque of a Detachment of his Army in the New England States, is too manifest, to suppose him capable of such egregious Folly.
          No Demonstrations made in New York indicate a total Evacuation; on the contrary the Merchants are easy, not packing up their goods, which will take them at least ten Days to compleat. The Officer of the Maryland Troops, who left that on Tuesday last, informs me they are

            not preparing their goods for shipping: and he says, many Houses, three Story high, are full of Merchandize. The Value of this Article in that City is so great, and of so much Importance to the British Nation; that General Clinton would not dare to withdraw all the Troops from thence, without giving Notice to the Trade. However if a total Evacuation takes place, it will not now be effected, with Safety to their Trade, before the first of November, when the Objections I have enumerated of the improbability of an Attempt against the French Fleet, will receive additional Force, from the still more advanced Season. For these Reasons I am against making any other Detachment of the main Army to Boston, than one Brigade. And to this I am induced only from the bare possibility of the Enemy operating that way. This Brigade with the Aid of the Eastern Militia of Connecticut, will give Aid (if they are previously prepared) sufficient to embarrass the Enemy’s Rear or flank; that with the other difficulties I have mentioned, will prevent him from carrying on any capital Operation, till this Army can march to the Scene of Action.
          As to the Destination of those Troops of the Enemy said to be going to the Southward, if South Carolina is their Object, this Army cannot prevent any Operation they are intended for.
          The Cantoning the whole Army in a collected State would be productive of salutary and important Consequences; Order and Discipline, Uniformity in Garrison Duty and Manœuvres; But as it’s Subsistance of Provision and Forage from this State, is very questionable, I cannot advise it. If this State could furnish those Articles, they m<ust> come principally from above the Highlands. Ordinarily, the Navigation of Hudson’s River is closed as far as West Point, early in January, at least so far impeded by Ice, as to render the Navigation dangerous and precarious.
          Whatever Advantage can be derived from Transportation on that River, with any Degree of Certainty will cease at that Time; until about the first of March, at which Time the River opens, so as to make it navigable. A severe Winter makes the Carriage on the River safe, and pretty constant, and the Land Carriage easy by Sleighs above the Highlands; on the contrary a moderate one renders the Navigation impassable with Boats, or Carriages, and deprives you of the advantage of easy Carriage by Sleighing. Should the latter take place this Winter, the quantity of grain and Forage will be greatly consumed in supporting the Cattle, which cart those Supplies to your Cantonment. In Addition to these Difficulties and Contingenc[i]es, attending the supposed Advantages to be reaped from the River, the approaching winter, it is proper to remark, that very little of the Summer wheat is threshed

            out before January. These Observations suggest the Expediency of the Commissary’s sending down in Time, all the Grain and Forage that can be spared above Albany, for if it’s delayed till the River closes, the Cartage will be at least one Hundred miles. Hence it appears, that if this State could supply the Army with Flour and Forage, the supposed facility of transporting them on Hudson’s River, is but for a short period, which will render the Subsistance very precarious; but the Importance of Transportation on the River, is greatly diminished, when the Ability of the State to furnish those Necessaries, is very uncertain.
          Subsistance for the French Fleet and the Army under General Sullivan, is now brought from Maryland thro’ Jersey; and some Supplies of the like Nature for this Army: And General Green informs, difficulties now attend the Transportation thro’ that State, for want of Forage bei<ng> collected, which must greatly increase, if this Arm<y> should call for much Supply from that Quar<ter;> as the short days and bad Roads will detai<n> the Horses in performing the Distance. La<st> year, the Consumption of Forage in that St<ate,> on the Rout from Kings Ferry to Coriel’s Fer<ry,> was principally occasioned by the march of y<our> Army, the Corps from the Northern Army, and the Teams which carried a few Stores and Cloathing to the Valley Forge; and yet that Article was so exhausted, that a few Hundred <mutilated> barrels of salt provisions, was stopt on the Road in March and April, for want of Forage, and the Teams obliged to return.
          The Consumption in this State was chiefly made by four thousand Horse, which brought in the Connecticut Militia, when the Enemy attacked the Posts in the Highlands, for about fifteen Days, the Teams of the Corps of the Northern Army passing throˆ, to the Southward, and those employed in transporting a few Cloaths and Stores sent to the Army, and a small Number that was necessary for the ordinary Duty of the Posts in the Highlands. These Supplies so exhausted the Forage, altho Grain in the Sheaf and Hay was brought thirty miles to Fish Kill, that the few public Horses and Cattle there, were many days without any Hay, and the Country was so gleaned of its Forage in March, that the Troops were often without three Days salt meat in Store, on which they chiefly depended; and the Teams which carted it, before grass came in, were obliged to bring the Forage with them from New-Millford.
          The Consumption in and near the Rout thro’ Jersey, by which the Supplies are to come this year, is far greater than the last at this Season, by our own Army, and that of the Enemy[.] In this State there is no Comparison. The whole Army has been in it, more than two Months, with six thousand Horses, and have been consuming Forage

            of all Kinds, in Crumpond, North Castle, Bedford, Ridgefield, Danbury, Fredericksburgh and the Vicinity of Fish Kill, places sufficiently distant to draw Hay to a proper Cantonment on the East Side of Hudson’s River, and from which the chief Supplies were to be expected, except to the North of Fish Kill. And altho Pasture has been mostly used, yet the Inhabitants will be obliged on Account of it’s Consumption, to put their Cattle earlier to Hay. As to the other Articles of Forage, I am of Opinion, the Consumption has been as much, if not more than if the Horses had been fed on Hay. The like Consumption has been made on the Roads leading from Peek’s and Fish Kills to the Eastward, by the Teams transporting Provision to the Toulon Fleet and our Army at Providence, and bringing Cloathing and Stores from Boston &c. to this Army. From a Combination of these facts, and as it is uncertain, whether this State can subsist the whole Army on the East Side of the River, and the Deficiency must be brought from Jersey and Pensylvania, as well as the Supply for our Army at Providence and the Count De Estang’s Fleet, I am clearly of Opinion that the Subsistance of those Armies during the Winter will at least be exceedingly precarious, if not impracticable: And therefore it is my Advice now, that one third of the Army which were at the Plains, including General Maxwell’s Brigade, be quartered in Jersey; cantoned in a good strong position for wood and water near middle-brook, from which the necessary Guards for Elizabeth Town &c. should be sent. This will greatly diminish the Carriage of provision, and secure Subsistance for the Army in the Winter, which I think will not be attended with any Risque to either of the Armies, for the following Reasons. The Enemy in New York the two last Winters were six times our Force at the Posts in the Highlands; and then entertained the vain Idea of conquering America. The first Winter the principal Force at these Posts was two Regiments of Militia, but not a single excursion was made by Land or water beyond Mile Square. The second a party or two, of thirty men each, came as far as the Plains; but both were drove back and mostly taken. Now the Idea of Conquest is given up, in Brittain and America by the Enemy. In this Despondency, it is unquestionable, Ten Regiments at least are embarked; or soon will be. Those Corps being filled up, may at the least Estimate be placed at 5,000, which taken from their total leaves in New-York and it’s Dependancies 10,000.
          The Object of the Enemy in remaining in New York, must be either to hold it, in order to draw us from our offensive alliance against him, with France; should Britain be drove from Necessity, to acknowlege our Independance, or to put America to the Expence of another Campaign, in hopes by the Depreciation of our Currency to oblige us to give up our Independance.

          If the Expiration of the Time of Service of the Draughts in the Course of the Winter reduce our Army to 12,000 men, there will be 8,000 for the Defence of the Highlands, and to secure the communication of Hudson’s River. This Force well posted, and fortified, with what Assistance can be drawn from the Militia of this State and Connecticut, will bid Defiance to any Force, the Enemy will risque out of New York. And it is impracticable for him to move out by Land, or Water, without giving us many days notice, and the Forage may be so collected in our Front, that it will be impossible for him to bring out Cannon or Provision, without which he will not attempt to set down before, or attack our works: And the embarking Troops, or Stores on the River, in the Winter Season, when the winds prevail northerly, and the Ice runs, must be extremely precarious for Operation. Besides in the present Condition of the City and Island of New-York, 10,000 men cannot be quartered there, unless many of the Inhabitants are turned out of Doors. A considerable Number of them must therefore be quartered on Long or Staten Island; these must change their Cantonment, and be put in motion, before a movement is made against the Army in this Department, and will give considerable Notice, and Security.
          If our Army in Jersey fortifies their Cantonment, the Enemy must make Demonstrations sufficient to alarm them, to call the Militia, if any Enterprise should be intended against them, and the Enemy will have nearly the same Difficulties, to encounter in pursuit of this Object, as he will have in attacking this Army. He has by sad Experience been convinced of the Bravery and Alertness of the Jersey Militia, which will deter him from sending there, a force sufficient to promise him any tolerable Success, against them and the Continental Troops: Especially when New-York, on such a movement, will be exposed to a Coup de Main from this Army. There is therefore little Danger of the Enemy disturbing the Repose of the Troops in their quarters.
          For the Reasons above mentioned, if we should have good Intelligence of the Enemy’s detaching fifteen Regiments from New York, I would advise the quartering half the Army in Jersey. In the mean time I think one thousand men, should be destined to garrison West Point, and two months flour laid in for them from the first of January; the Residue of the two thirds of the Army cantoned, on the East Side of the North River, north of Croton River, and not more than fifteen miles distance from the former; which will put them in a position to receive the Supplies from this and the Southern States, with the least Difficulties of cartage from them. All which is humbly submitted to your Excellency, by your humble Servant

            Alexr McDougall


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General William Maxwell, 21 October 1778
From: Maxwell, William
To: Washington, George

            Sir
            Elizth Town [N.J.] 21st Octr 1778

          I am now to acknowledg Your Excellencys Favours of the 14th & 15th Inst., concerning the disposition of the armey for the ensuing winter, and requireing my opinion thereon. It is verry probable I would have answered them sooner had not Lord Stirling advised to defer it to see if the appearant motions of the Enemys Troops, and Fleet, (part of which must shortly move) would throw any more light on the matter. A part of both are gone, but we are as much in the dark as ever with respect to their destination.
          Though, I think it bids as fair to be the first division of their whole Armey going off, as any other thing; but we should be prepared for the worst.
          I look upon our armey to be verry secure in any part of the Country where it can be well subsisted & accommodated, and I believe that can be done only in the middle department. We may well suppose the Enemy will make some large Detachments to the West Indias and some other places, (they have made one already) in that case, they will never be able to take the Field again in force, at any place, and should they atempt to continue the War in America, it must be in the small plundering way, and by moving in their Vessels to surprize; The roughness of our coast will nearly secure us from such expeditions in the winter.
          I would not keep the Armey in a collected body partly for the within reasons, and partly for the health of the Troops, as they are more likely to obtain better quarters, Vegetables, and all other necessarys in small cantonments than in large bodies; which necessarys our Troops is in much want of. I think General Sullivan with the Troops under his command, with the asistance of the Militia will be security enough to the French Fleet. The rest of the Armey I would advise to be cantoned, from the North River to the Susquehanna, both on account of being handy to provisions and Forrage, and part of them will be tolerable handy to support towards the Southward, where I think it is most likely the Enemy would make a deversion in the winter.
          Albany and that District will require a toler<a>ble good party to cover the country from the Inroa<ds> of the Enemy, the Troops will find good quarter<s there,> and I believe provisions enough for a party sufficient for that duty or more. The part of the Army that was to go

            into quarters farthest towards the South, might move by the 1st of November; the others that was to come not verry far to the South of the North River might stay where it would be thought most proper for the security of that River till the near aproach of Winter would secure it; their quarters might be apointed at the time the others are, and be put in order for their reception and Provisions, Forrage & Fuel provided for them. The Armey being stationed in this manner will effectually cover the Provisions, and forrage, as they will be amongst it—With respect to making a Detachment to Boston, I think that part of the Armey left on the North side of the North River, till towards the end of November will be in the way to Joyn General Sullivan for the security of Boston should circumstances make it necessary, before the inclemancy of the season does secure it.
          This is all I have to offer Your Excellency on the present subject. and am Sir Your Most Obedient Humble Servant

            Wm Maxwell


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General Charles Scott, 21 October 1778
From: Scott, Charles
To: Washington, George

            Sir.
            Near Bedford [N.Y.] October 21st 1778

          this will be handed to Your Excellency by the Serjt Genl Sullavens Spy who Waits on You to give what Farther Intillagence he may be able. I have Since I wrote, ast him Respecting the Disease Your Excy mentiond Some time ago. he informs me there was such A report and that they wear Near Burning a Frigit that Brought it in, and that the Yallow Fever and flux Is in the armey and Carry’s of[f] a good many of them. I have had Some of my observers with me Since my letter of Yesterday. who give me nothing more than what I wrote in my last, I expect the fleet Saild this morning as the wind is tolerable fare. the Cannon Began to Fier about Seven oClock this morning at York and I think we have heard upwards of a hundred in the Space of two Hours which I suppose wear Signals & Salutes. Capt. Walls is over the north river on hobucks Point if they have Saild I shall hear from him this Afternoon. which Account I will immedeatly forward to You. I have no accounts from the party’s below.
          my long indisposition and other Obvious reasons, I am afraid will make it indispensably Necessary for me to Retier from this Honor and

            most Desirable Command. however I’ll hold out as long as I possable Can and when Necessaty Compells the Measure I hope for Your Excellencys Indulgance. I am Your Excellencys Obt Servant

            Chs Scott


Title: To George Washington from Major General Stirling, 21 October 1778
From: Stirling, Lord (né William Alexander)
To: Washington, George

            Dr Sir
            Elizabeth Town [N.J.] October 21: 1778

          I wrote your Excellency yesterday that the whole of Second fleet of about 30 Sail as well the first of near 130 Sail were Sailed, the Wind has been at West, a lively breese, ever Since, and they must have made a great Offing by this time. it is Said that the preparations for another embarkation are going on at N. York, but I have not been able to get any particulars from thence the last two or three day’s. I yesterday detected a letter wrote very small on a Scrap of paper from J. Galloway to his Sister Mrs Hylliard dated Octobr 10th—In which are these Words, “I did not leave philadelphia without writeing to you a Short Letter, Nor Can I leave this ungratefull Country without takeing my leave of a Sister for whom I feel &c.[”] which Clearly shew that he is on the point of going, which I do not belive he would do; unless he Supposed the evacuation was to become General; and I think it not unlikely it will be done gradually as they can get ready, for while Admiral Biron is able to keep the Sea & Watch the Count de Estainge with 16 Sail of the line, they may go in different Squadrons under small Convoys. Major Monro haveing an inclination to go to Virginia, Calls first at head Quarters to Settle some busyness there, and affords me an Oppertunity of Sending this. I am your Excellency’s Most Humble Servant

            Stirling,


Title: From George Washington to Major General John Sullivan, 21 October 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Sullivan, John

            Dear sir
            Head Qrs Fredericksburg Octo. 21st 1778

          I this morning received your favor of the 18th Inst.
          On the 20th I transmitted You, all the intelligence I then had, respecting the movements of the Enemy in New York. I now send you by this conveyance, extracts of two Letters from My Lord Stirling and General Scot, which contain my latest information upon the subject.
          I have the pleasure to inform you that the taking of Dominica by the french is confirmed. The Articles of capitulation upon the occasion were agreed to—on the 7th of September—and have just reached Camp. I am Dr sir with great regard your Most Obedt sert

            G. Washington


Title: General Orders, 22 October 1778
From: Washington, George
To:

            Head-Quarters Frederick’sburgh Thursday Octr 22d 1778.
            Parole Rhode-Island—C. Signs Rupert Rehoboth.

          Nixons, Huntington’s and Parsons’s Brigades are to march at seven ôClock tomorrow morning from the Left under the Command of Major Genl MacDougall—The Quarter Master General will give the Route.
          The first Connecticutt Regiment to be stationed at Danbury to guard the Stores now there ’till further orders.


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General James Clinton, 22 October 1778
From: Clinton, James
To: Washington, George

            Sir
            Continental Village [N.Y.] Octobr 22d 1778.

          Enclosed I send your Excellency the Proceedings of a Brigade Court martial, held by Order of Coll V. Scoick, by which the Prisoner is condemned to die—and wait your Confirmation of the Sentence to have it put in Execution.
          It may not be improper also to inform your Excellency, that as Col. V. Scoick’s Regiment is now under marching Orders to the Northward, he wou’d wish to proceed as soon as possible, the advanced Season of the Year rendering Dispatch absolutely necessary.
          I have sent on to Head Quarters an Officer from each Regiment with the Returns, for the purpose of receiving & furthering the Cloaths to Camp, as soon as they may arive.
          If Col. V. Scoick’s regiment shou’d be necessarily detained, the Colonel wou’d wish to proceed to Albany to settle his private Business, if there is no impropriety in it. I am your Excellency’s humbe servt

            James Clinton B. Genl


Title: From George Washington to Vice Admiral d’Estaing, 22 October 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Estaing, Charles-Hector Théodat, comte d’

            Sir,
            Head Quarters Fredericksburgh October 22d 1778

          Since I had the honor of writing to Your Excellency yesterday—I have received some further accounts, which you will be pleased to find inclosed. They confirm the sailing of the British fleet, which lay at the Hook. I confide most in the account from Lord Stirling, with respect to their number. You will observe it is said they sailed Eastward; but Your Excellency will be sensible, that nothing particular can be inferred from this circumstance, as the wind with which they went out, naturally gave them that course, ’till they had cleared the land, whatever might be their ultimate destination. Though, I am still of opinion, it is most probable this detachment is designed for the West-Indies; yet my unwillingness to leave any thing to chance, that depends upon me,

            in which the interest of the common cause is essentially concerned, has determined me to order three additional brigades, to begin their march tomorrow morning towards Connecticut River.
          I take pleasure in every occasion of assuring Your Excellency of the respect and attachment, with which, I have the honor to be Your Excellency’s Most Obedient servant

            Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Royal Flint, 22 October 1778
From: Flint, Royal
To: Washington, George

            Sir.
            Fredericksburgh Octo. 22: 1778

          Your Excellency’s favor of the 20th instant was brought to my quarters, when I was absent, on a journey to Poughkepsie, to accomplish the very purposes required in the letter. While I was there, the legislature of this state were compleating a bill, that is to invest the comisaries with full power to secure all the flour & wheat in the state, exclusive of this year’s crop. The purchasers in the different districts will speedily avail themselves of the advantages of such a law.
          I am sensible, your Excellency may justly expect to be informed, with precision, of the certain dependance of provisions, for the troops on the several stations. Expecting to be called upon for an estimate of this kind; I have, for a long time, been applying to the assistants to acquaint me, with the quantities they could re[s]pectively furnish. They have not been able to give any satisfactory accounts. I am however fully assured that meat, can be supplied, adequate to all the possible exigencies of the army. My assurance with respect to bread is less fair & decisive. There have happened a train of disasters in this state which were naturally calculated to bring on a scarcity of grain—These unavoidable misfortunes, added to the pernicious influence of

            a mercinary gang of traders, whose limits are unconfined, have cast a disagreable prospect over this part of the country.
          Under appearances that were so embarrassing, the purchasers could not, with prudence, hazard an estimate, or even an opinion that had any official force. The act of legislature that is just passed, gives such decisive powers as will enable them to determine very soon, what quantities of wheat can be obtained. All the old crops are at once to be secured. From the best information I can collect, and my inquiries have been extensive, I should suppose that in spite of all difficulties, flour enough will be procured on this side Hudson’s river for the probable demands of the army. Such magazines as can be formed from the old grain shall be speedily established. And I can promise myself considerable supplies from the new wheat in the course of the winter.
          Proper steps are taken to provide for all the Garrisons & other special services, of which I have had any notice or suspicion. No magazines of flour can be fixed near Albany before winter, except such as are barely sufficient for the particular troops to be stationed in that neighborhood. The first supplies that are purchased in the northern district after satisfying occasional demands, are to be sent eastward. I have the honor to be very respectfully your Excellency’s most obedt & hb. Srvt

            Royal Flint A.C.G.P.


Title: From George Washington to Major General William Heath, 22 October 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Heath, William

            Dear Sir,
            Head Quarters Fredericksburg 22d Octobr 1778

          I wrote to you yesterday inclosing the resolve of Congress for the removal of the Troops of the Convention to Virginia. I find, upon

            perusing the resolve more attentively, that Sir Henry Clinton by the resolve of the 11th of Septemr—recited in that of the 15th Inst.—had the choice of either granting passports to transport Flour by Water, or to supply the Troops himself by the 1st Inst. If neither has been complied with, then the removal is to take place. The first request we know has never been granted, and I imagine no steps have been taken to supply the Troops from New York or else where. If there have, agreeable to the letter and spirit of the resolution; they are to remain where they now are. If not they are to be sent forward in the manner pointed out in mine of Yesterday.
          I have certain advices the Fleet left Sandy Hook the 19th & 20th: The first division consisted of upward of 120 sail of which 15 were of the line, and 10 or 12 Frigates. The second division about 30 sail, of which, two were of 50 Guns and two Frigates. They stood Eastward. Whether the remaining Ships and Troops are to remain at New York, I have not yet been able to ascertain. I am Dr Sir Your Most Obet Servant

            Go: Washington

          p.s. I think it would be prudent under the present appearances for you to call for 5000 militia including those already in service: altho’ I am myself persuaded that the late embarkation is not intended against Boston, I would not for the sake of opinion, put any thing to the risque. That force with the Counts own strength and General Sullivans will prevent the Enemy, should they be bound thither, from doing any thing decisive before the Troops upon their march can get up. It is more than probable that the British Fleet of men of War will appear off Boston, to keep the Count in check, altho’ the destination of the transports may be to any other Port. I do not think it will be needful to call for this addition to the militia in their regular course of service or for any certain time. those from the vicinity of Boston had better come out for a few days, as in that time the views of the Enemy will be known.


Title: From George Washington to Henry Laurens, 22–23 October 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Laurens, Henry

            sir
            Camp near Frederick’sburg Octobr 22d[–23] 1778

          I have been Honoured, in due order, with your favors of the 13 & 16 Instant; the former came to hand on Sunday Evening—the latter to day. The several matters, which are the Objects of them, shall have my attention, as far as it shall be practicable.

          With respect to the practices complained of by Governor Livingstone, the Extract from his Letter, transmitted by Congress, conveyed the first intimation I had of them. I have written to Lord Stirling upon the occasion, and requested him to inquire into the matter & to report the result. The party stationed in the Neighbour hood of Shrewsbury, was placed there chiefly for the purpose of gaining intelligence—and under an Active & sensible, Officer. I shall be sorry if his conduct is reprehensible, for having carried on or sanctioned an illicit traffic with the Enemy; however I would observe, without the most distant intention of decideing in this case, that persons employed to obtain information—are frequently obliged to allow a certain sort of commerce—as the most probable—and indeed the only means, by which they can get access to the Enemy & satisfaction in the points they wish.
          Previous to the receipt of your Letter, inclosing a Copy of Colo. Hartley’s, I had determined and ordered another Regiment to march and cooperate with those under Colo. Alden and Lieutt Colo. Butler, which have been employed on the frontiers of this state for some time. It was intended that the whole should go against the settlement of Anaguaga, with such Militia as might join; but from the accounts received this morning, I have reason to hope—that Lt Colo. Butler has already destroyed the Town. I am now consulting Governor Clinton & General Schuyler, who are much better acquainted with the frontiers in this Quarter than I am, upon the practicability of an expedition upon a larger scale, against Chemung. I dont know what will be the result; but I am apprehensive from the advanced season of the year and the daily encrease of the Rivers and Creeks—it will be found impracticable or at least extremely difficult in the execution.
          I have written to General Heath to take immediate measures for carrying into effect, the intention of Congress, respecting the removal of the Convention Troops, in case Sr Henry Clinton has not furnished Supplies of provision and fuel, according to their Resolution of the 11th Ulto. The matter now rests upon this footing, as passports have not been granted for our Vessels—or any answer given to the application upon the subject. It will not be possible for me to send proper Guards from the Army to escort the Troops on their march—and therefore—I have requested General Heath to employ a sufficient number of the Massachusets’ Militia to conduct them to Connecticut. I shall make a like requisition to Governor Trumbull—and it will be necessary, that the several States in succession, through which they are to pass, be called upon in the same manner.
          With respect to seditious papers—calculated to excite dissentions & mislead the people—Congress may be assured—that whenever they are sent from the Enemy by a flag and they come to my hands, I shall

            not fail to suppress them. I fear however, the avenues and channels in which they may be conveyed, are so various and so numerous—that no exertions will be found sufficient entirely to prevent the evil.
          Having mentioned the subject of seditious papers—I beg leave to observe—that the Commissioners in their late proclamation and Manifesto have touched upon every thing to awaken the fears of the people. They have thrown out an implied threat, to change the manner of  the War to one of a more predatory and destructive kind. They may have done this only in terrorem; but it is possible, that it may be intended, as a serious principle of practice. It perhaps may not be imprudent to guard against it, by fortifying our most valuable and most accessible Sea ports. Immediately after the Action of Monmouth I sent General portail to form a plan of fortification for the Delaware. While he was in the execution of this—he was called away at General Lee’s instance as a Witness in his trial. After this was over I thought it necessary, that he should turn his attention to the Highland posts; and lately, the possibility of an Enterprize against the french fleet and the Town of Boston determined me to send him to that place, to take measures for their common security. previous to this however he had sent Colo. Laumoy to prepare the way, by taking plans of the River and the Adjacent Country, near philadelphia. These points I deemed it material to mention—and submit to Congress the propriety, as Colo. Laumoy is not yet returned, of their directing a number of Men, to prosecute the defences.
          October 23d. Congress, I make no doubt, will have heard from Lord Stirling, or through some Other Channel—before this reaches them—that a considerable fleet sailed from York on the 19th & 20th and put to sea. According to advices, it consisted of about 150 sail—including transports & Ships of War. The amount of the Troops on board is not known; but from the current of intelligence—they are those mentioned in my Letter of the 18th with some additional corps; and it is the general opinion—that they are destined for the West Indies. There are many reasons in favor of this and among them—the taking of Dominica by the French is a very weighty one. However, as Boston & Count D’Estaing’s Squadron are capital Objects, and those only on the Continent to which we can hope to afford succour; I thought it prudent and the part of caution—to put three Brigades Viz.—Poor’s—patterson’s & the late Learned’s in motion on the 18—19 & 21st Instant which are ordered to proceed for the present, as far as Connecticut River. Nixon’s Parson’s & Huntington’s follow to day and are now on the march. Those movements will be attended with many great inconveniences, arising more particularly from the difficulty of supplying flour; but as I have already observed, tho all

            reasoning is against an Eastern expedition at this time, especially with a Detachment, they are such as could not be avoided. Besides advancing these troops—I wrote to General Heath yesterday morning, to request as many of the Neighbouring Militia as would make the whole number, comprehending those already assembled, Five Thousand—which I trust with the other forces in the Eastern Quarter, will be sufficient to delay the operations of the Enemy, if they are going against Boston, till we can give further—and I hope effectual relief.
          I beg leave to inclose an Extract from a Letter of the 20th Instant from Genl Hand, who is going to take the command at Albany, respecting the distressed Inhabitants of the German Flats. In consideration of their sufferings—and of the great importance of the settlement to us, I have consented to his furnishing them with provision, agreable to the propositions between him & Governor Clinton, till Congress shall be pleased to de[c]ide whether they are to be supplied at the expence of the States—or upon what other terms & for how long.
          I have the Honor to transmit a Copy of Lieutenant Colo. Butler’s Journal, which I just now received in a Letter from General Stark. Congress will perceive by this—that he has effectually destroyed the Settlements of Anaguaga & Unindillo—and returned with the Troops under his command to Schoharie. I hope their destruction will give some relief to the Frontier Inhabitants of this & the States of Jersey & Pensylvania—at least for this year—as they were places of Rendezvous for the Savages & Tories who infested them—and where they deposited a part of their plunder.
          We are again distressed for want of Money. The Military Chest is quite exhausted—and near three Months full pay due the Army. I wish A Supply to be sent to the pay master as soon as possible. I have the Honor &c.

            Go: Washington

          p.s. I have written to Lord Stirling & requested him as he is much nearer Congress than I am—to transmit them information of any material occurrences that may come to his knowledge respecting the movements of the Enemy.


Title: To George Washington from Henry Laurens, 22 October 1778
From: Laurens, Henry
To: Washington, George

            Sir
            [Philadelphia] 22nd October [1778]

          Since my last Letter of the 16th by Brown, I have had the honor of presenting to Congress Your Excellency’s favor of the 14th Instant. Within the present Cover Your Excellency will receive three Acts of Congress of the 21st Instant.
          1. for granting Monsr de Vrigny such testimonial of his zeal and services as he is entitled to.
          2. for obtaining a Return of re-inlistments in the Army in pursuance of an Act of the 31st August last.
          3. for obtaining from Sir Henry Clinton a nomination of a proper Person for the Office of Commissary to the British Prisoners in the place of David Franks Esquire confined for a misdemeanor.
          To these I add a Paper containing information received from Abraham Whiltbanks lately from New York. I think he said he left that City this day fortnight—his intilligence if true may not now be further important than to throw light upon other discoveries from that quarter which Your Excellency may have made. I have the honor to be &c.


Title: From George Washington to William Livingston, 22 October 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Livingston, William

            Dear Sir,
            Head Quarters Fredericksburgh Octr 22 1778

          I have been favor’d with your letter of the 13th inst. I must refer you for the particular circumstances attending the surprize of Colo. Baylor’s Regiment to those Officers and men who made their escape, and who are now in the Jersey’s. Those persons also in whose houses the Dragoons were quartered, may be able to assist in your report to Congress. And should any deserters have come from the party concerned in the attack, their evidence may have its consideration. Lord Sterling can inform you on this subject to whom I have written for that purpose. I am dear Sir Your most humble servant.

            Go: Washington.


Title: To George Washington from Colonel William Malcom, 22 October 1778
From: Malcom, Colonel William
To: Washington, George

            Sir
            Fort Clinton [West Point, N.Y.] Octr 22 1778

          Inclosed herewith are the Weekly returns of this Garrison—No person has yet Appeared on the Subject of provision as was intimated in the last letter I had the Honor to receive from your Excellency—I Have nevertheless sent for our Commisy & put him in a way to furnish the Quantity of Salt provisions which you thought proper to order—and Shall Continue to Isue fresh beeff as usual.
          We are not furnishd with board to build the barracks which your Excellency order’d—the frames to contain about One thousand men will be ready in a few days.
          If there is no impropriety—I Should be glad to know about what Number of troops you propose to Winter here—because we coud regulate our Stores—barracks—forage &c. Accordingly—it may be that for the Space of Two or three Months, that nothing can be brought here by Water—& but with great difficulty by Land. I have the Honor to be with Great Respect Your Excellencys most obedt Servant

            W. Malcom


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General Peter Muhlenberg, 22 October 1778
From: Muhlenberg, Peter
To: Washington, George

            Sir
            Westpoint Octobr 22d 1778.

          As the present Campaign seems nearly at an end, I must request your Excellencys permission to go to Virginia, as soon as the Troops go into Winter Quarters, in order to Settle my Affairs there—I went to Virginia last Winter for that purpose but having receivd some intimation on my Way at Yorktown, how the dispute between Genl Woodford & myself was like to be settled, I had no intention to continue in the Service on those terms, but thought to return to Virginia imediately, & should have done so, if Your Excellency had not Thought it necessary for me to stay at that time, as no other Genl Officer of the Virginia Line was present—I left my Household Furniture, Stock &c. in the Glebe in Dunmore, which I rented for one Year from the 10th of January last under the care of an Overseer, who I am informd is gone on the Indian Expedition & The Vestry likewise inform me, They wish my Effects removd, to make room for a Minister. As the Enemy have

            nearly broke me up in Philadelphia I wish to Save the little I have left in Virginia, as I could not in Justice to my Family continue in the Service unless I knew them in some sort provided for. I do not mean to ask Permission to go, so long as Your Excellency shall Think my Services are wanted. I have the Honor to be Your Excellencys Most Obedt hble Servt

            P: Muhlenberg


Title: To George Washington from Major General Philip Schuyler, 22 October 1778
From: Schuyler, Philip
To: Washington, George

          Letter not found: from Maj. Gen. Philip Schuyler, 22 Oct. 1778. In his letter to Schuyler of 24 Oct., GW refers to: “your letter of the 22d In[s]t.”


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General Charles Scott, 22 October 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Scott, Charles

            Dear Sir
            Head Quarters Fredericksbg 22d Octobr 1778

          I have been favd with yours of the 20th and 21st. The Serjeant is intelligent and proves beyond a doubt that a large Body of troops have been embarked. The Fleet left the Hook the 19th and 20th. It now remains to find out whether they mean a total evacuation this fall or to garrison New York. let the attention of all your intelligencers and Spies be turned to these points. If they intend to keep a garrison, let them be very particular in discovering the number of Troops, the Corps of which they consist, and where posted especially how many are upon long Island. I think you may as well pass by Knyphausens letter in silence. If you do answer him, I would have you defend the conduct of the Serjeant, who could not be supposed to infringe a flag, by hindering one of our own subjects from carrying supplies to the Enemy. I am &c.


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General Charles Scott, 22 October 1778
From: Scott, Charles
To: Washington, George

            Sir
            Near Bedford [N.Y.] October 22d 1778

          I have Recd Several Pieces of Intellegence Since I Wrote Your Excellency. But as it was only respecting the Imbarcation of the troops without any farther Particulars than that we have already heard, I thaught it onnecessary to Mention it—the inclosd intelligence is from a Gentleman that I mentiond in a letter to You Some time ago who was Recommended to me by Majr Talmadg. I think it may Be Depended on. the Nusepaper that Mr Bruster mentions is from London as he writes the majr in his letter of the same date with the inclosd, I will if possable Procure it. the party that I have down is in the Neighbourhood of Volentines hill this morning, they have Made no Discovery of Consequence, I had a letter From Capt. Walls last Night who was then about two miles below Fort Lee. nothing Material. I am Your Excellencys Obt Servant

            Chs Scott


Title: From George Washington to Major General John Sullivan, 22 October 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Sullivan, John

            Dear sir.
            Head Quarters Fredericksburgh 22d Otbr 1778.

          In my letter of yesterday I gave you my latest information. I have now to advise you that the fleet left Sandy Hook the 19th and 20th Inst. The first division consisted of above 120 vessels, of which 15 were of the line, and 10 or 12 frigates. The second division about 30 sail of which two were of 50 guns and two frigates. They all stood Eastward—Whether the remaining ships and troops are to continue at new-york I have not been able to ascertain.

          Three additional Brigades will march Eastward to-morrow morning.
          I am p[r]etty well persuaded from the consideration of such of the enimies circumstances in Europe & their Islands as have come to my knowlege that the present armament from New-York—is not destined against Boston. Nevertheless it is our duty to have every thing in that quarter in a state of actual preparation for such an event. Measures have been provided for this purpose—And should the force of the enemy take this direction I have no doubt of your exertions agreeable to your former instructions on this head—I would just observe that altho’ the enemy should not act against boston—yet their fleet may demonstrate before the harbour the better to cover the transports which have sailed or may have still to sail. I am D. Sir. your most hble servt

            G. Washington


Title: To George Washington from Major General John Sullivan, 22 October 1778
From: Sullivan, John
To: Washington, George

            My Dear General
            Providence October 22d 1778

          I This morning before Day Break had the Honor of Receg your Excellenceys favor of the 20th Instant & Shall in Consequence Take Every measure to Discover the Enemys Intentions in this Quarter. I have Lately had a number of Inhabitants Sent from the Island; a number of Deserters have Lately come off & persons which I Sent on for Intelligence have returned: from all these I can Collect nothing that Indicates an Evacuation. They Seem to be Laying up wood; This may be for the purpose of Supplying the Fleet; They are Laying up Forage this may be Accounted for in the Same way; They are Repairing Barracks & Compleating their Fortifications; This Seems to Indicate an Intention of keeping the Island Especially when Joined with the unanimous Account that They are Embarking nothing which can Cause Even a Suspicion of a Design to Evacuate I Shall use Every method to make Discoveries & Communicate to your Excellencey without Loss of time. I am Exceeding happy with your Excellenceys having ordered Genl Stark to this Department: & have the Honor to be with the most Lively Sentiments of Esteem your Exceys most obedt Servant

            Jno. Sullivan


Title: From George Washington to Colonel Charles Mynn Thruston, 22 October 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Thruston, Charles Mynn

            Sir,
            Head Quarters Fredericksburgh, October 22 1778

          I am sorry to find by your favour of the 20th, that we have not perfectly understood each other, with respect to your continuance in the army. I cannot now recur to your letter written in the fall of 77 which has been by some accident mislaid—but I well recollect it was conceived in such terms as led me to believe you had lost all prospect of raising your regiment, and would be obliged, however reluctantly, to relinquish your station in the army—I took up an idea at that time, that it nearly amounted to a resignation; and I was confirmed in this idea by your subsequent ill-success. When the Committee of Arrangement arrived in camp, about the close of last Winter, in the state I laid before them, of the additional batalions, I omitted yours—considering it as having intirely failed; and I had no doubt that you looked upon yourself as out of the service, though you had not made a formal resignation.
          I am happy to learn from Col. Harrison that notwithstanding you viewed the matter in a different li<ght, yet> in consideration of the difficulties occurring in your case—you expressed to him a willingness to limit your claims to this period; and it is intirely agreeable to me, that you should make up your accounts to the last of January, about which time my reports were made to the Committee.
          I assure you Sir, I sincerely regret, the failure of your regiment, both on your own and on a public account—On the most favourable opinion of your merit, my appointment to your late command was founded—and the same opinion makes me lament you could not have had an opportunity of serving your country at the <head of your Regi>ment. With great <personal regard, I am Sir Your most Obedt Servt

            G. Washington.>


Title: From George Washington to Samuel Washington, 22 October 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Washington, Samuel

            Dear Brother
            Fredericksburg in the State of New York—Octr 22, 1778.

          This Letter will be delivered to you, I expect, by Colo. Thruston; from whom you will be able to receive a more circumstantial Acct of the situation of Affairs in this Quarter than can be conveyed well, in a Letter.
          We have been kept in an anxious state of Suspence respecting the designs of the Enemy; nor are we able, at this time, to form any precise Ideas and judgment of their ultimate determinations. A Considerable detachment of their Land Forces, and all their heavy Ships Sailed from New York on the 20th Instt—whither bound, is not certain; but I believe to the West Indies as their Affairs in that Quarter begin to put on a gloomy aspect. The taking of Dominica by the French opens quite a new field; and if the Spaniards take a part, I think G. B. will have abundant cause to repent her undertaking to subjugate this great Continent to a State of Vassalage.

          Not less, I think, than Six or Seven thousand Men have been detached from the City; but what they mean to do with the rest, is uncertain—Many circumstances lead to a belief that they are about to evacuate it, whilst others tend more to prove that they intend to leave a Garrison there & at New Port. A short time must, I Should think, unfold their Plans.
          The Commissioners have made their dying Speech in the shape & form of a manifesto & Proclamation—In this is an implied threat, which I have no doubt they will, if they can, & not restrained by motives of policy, execute. Sure I am that motives of humanity will have no influence on their conduct. I inclose you one of their Proclamation’s, tho it is probable you will have seen it before.
          General Woodford left this Yesterday for Virginia, for the purpose of having Colonel Thornton’s Estate divided. I shall only add my Compliments to our Friends at Fairfield, & others who may enquire after Dr Sir, Yr most Affecte Brother

            Go: Washington


Title: General Orders, 23 October 1778
From: Washington, George
To:

            Head-Quarters Frederick’sburgh Friday Octr 23rd 1778.
            Parole ElizabethtownC. Signs Essex. Egypt.

          At a General Court Martial of the Line Octr 15th 1778—Coll Patten President, Henry Despert, Daniel Thompson, John Kidder, John Cole, Asa Adams, Samuel Wortman, Jonathan More, Davis Brown & Edward Wiley of the Commander in Chief’s guard were tried for going out secretly with their side Arms in the night of the seventh instant with a design of being revenged on Captain Van Heer’s men for confining some of the Guard and acquitted of the charge exhibited against them;

            Also Thomas Piper of His Excellencys guard was tried for destroying and moving Mr Kean’s House; It appearing to the Court that said Piper carried away some of the boards after the house was pulled down; but from circumstances they are of opinion he is undeserving of any more punishment than what he has already received by confinement.
          The Commander in Chief confirms the opinion of the Court and orders the aforementioned Prisoners to be released & return to their duty.
          At the same Court Hate-evil Colston of Coll Nixons Regiment was tried for entering the house of Reuben Crosby an Inhabitant of Frederick’sburgh, by force of Arms in company with one more, and taking from thence about three hundred dollars in Continental Money, one Musquet, one pair of plated Shoebuckles and sundry other Articles, found guilty of the charge exhibited against him being a breach of Article 21st—Section 13th of the Articles of War and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back well laid on.
          At the same Court by Adjournment Octr 16th 1778. Joseph Timberlake a Soldier of His Excellency’s guard was tried for knocking down Lieutt David Zeigler when he was in the way of his duty. The Court are of opinion that altho’ it appears that the Prisoner did not knock Lieutt Zeigler down—yet as it appears he struck him his Conduct was highly blameable and unjustifiable being a brea[c]h of Article 5th—section 18th of the Articles of War and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back.
          The Commander in Chief approves the two last mentioned sentences and orders them to be put in Execution tomorrow morning 9 ôClock near the Village of Frederick’sburgh.
          Likewise Serjeant Roach, Corporal Forbs, John Smith[,] Solomon Townsend, William Palmer, Lewis Flemister, Henry Perry and William Jones were tried for striking Corporal Wingler of Captain Van Heer’s Troop and calling him a Hessian Bougre, likewise for swearing and unsoldierly behaviour when taken up by Captain Van Heer.
          The Court acquit Serjeant Roach, Corporal Forbs[,] William Palmer, Lewis Flemister, Henry Perry and William Jones of the charge against them; They are of opinion that John Smith did call Corporal Wingler a Hessian Bougre and that Townsend struck him, also that John Smith and Solomon Townsend were guilty of swearing and unsoldierly behaviour after being in Custody of Captn Van Heer, but are of opinion that Smith and Townsend should not receive any more punishment than they have already receiv’d by confinement.
          The Commander in Chief confirms the Opinion of the Court—The last mentioned Prisoners to be released from confinement and return to their duty.

          At the same Court-Martial Lieutt Coll Smith vice, Coll Patten appointed President Jesse Goldsmith[,] Gibbs Lamb, and Thomas Glover soldiers of the 1st North-Carolina Regiment were tried for plundering the house of Daniel Burch of some Cash, sundry Articles of wearing Apparel and Household Furniture—Thomas Glover also charged with stealing sundry Articles from the Inhabitants whilst encamped at White Plains—Also with stealing a piece of Linen from an Inhabitant on the march from White-Plains to Danbury.
          The Court are of opinion that Jesse Goldsmith[,] Gibbs Lamb and Thomas Glover are severally guilty of plundering the house of Daniel Burch of the Articles mentioned in the Crime being a breach of Article 21st—section 13th of the Articles of War; They are also of opinion that said Thomas Glover is guilty of stealing several Articles from the Inhabitants whilst encamped at White-Plains, and they are also of opinion that said Thomas Glover is guilty of stealing a piece of Linnen aforementioned being breaches of the aforesaid Articles of War. The Court do sentence Jesse Goldsmith and Gibbs Lamb to receive one hundred lashes each on his bare back well laid on, and they do unanimously sentence Thomas Glover to suffer Death—Likewise William York and John Eldridge soldiers of the first North-Carolina Regiment at the same Court were tried for being concerned with Thomas Glover in stealing several Articles when encamped at WhitePlains—Also John Ferguson for being concerned with said Glover in stealing the aforesaid Linen, found guilty & sentenced to receive one hundred lashes each on his bare back.
          At the same Court by Adjournment October 22nd—Moses Walton and John Herring soldiers and Elias Brown Fifer of His Excellency the Commander in Chief’s guard were tried for breaking into the house of Mr Prince Howland on or about the 3rd instant and robbing him of several silver spoons, several silver dollars, some Continental dollars and sundry kinds of wearing Apparel to a considerable amount; Also in company with John Herrick for plundering of Mr John Hoag on the fifth instant late at night of a number of silver Spoons a quantity of hard Money, four hundred and fifty pounds in Continental Bills and sundry kinds of wearing Apparel with several other Articles to a large Amount.
          The Court are of opinion that John Herring, Moses Walton and Elias Brown are severally guilty of all the Charges exhibited against them being breaches of Article 21st section 13th of the Articles of War. They are also of opinion that John Herrick is guilty of plundering Mr John Hoag on the 5th instant late at night of sundry Articles being a breach of the Article aforesaid.

          The Court (upwards of two thirds agreeing) do sentence John Herring to suffer Death.
          The Court (two thirds agreeing) do sentence Moses Walton to suffer death.
          The Court (upwards of two thirds agreeing[)] do sentence Elias Brown to suffer Death and John Herrick to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back well laid on.
          His Excellency the Commander in Chief approves these sentences—Shocked at the frequent horrible Villainies of this nature committed by the troops of late, He is determined to make Examples which will deter the boldest and most harden’d offenders—Men who are called out by their Country to defend the Rights and Property of their fellow Citizens who are abandoned enough to violate those Rights and plunder that Property deserve and shall receive no Mercy.
          Thomas Glover will be hanged tomorrow morning at Guard mounting at the Camp in presence of all the troops on the Ground who will be assembled for the purpose near Frederick’sburgh. Herring will be sent to the Division under Baron De Kalb to suffer the same Punishment. Brown to the Division under Major Genl MacDougall and Walton to that under Major Genl Gates to be executed in like manner; Their Execution to take place as soon as they arrive.
          The sentences of corporal punishment to be put in execution tomorrow morning near the Village at the time aforesaid.
          At a Division General Court-Martial held at Danbury October 8th 1778—by order of Major General Gates, Brigadier General Paterson President, a certain David Farnsworth and John Blair were tried for being found about the Encampment of the Armies of The United-States as Spies and having a large sum of counterfeit Money about them which they brought from New-York, found guilty of the charges exhibited against them and sentenced (two thirds of the Court agreeing) to suffer death.
          The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders them to be executed as soon as they arrive at General Gates’s Division.


Title: From George Washington to Major General Benedict Arnold, 23–27 October 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Arnold, Benedict

            Dear sir.
            Head Quarters Fredericksburgh 23d[–27] Otbr 1778.

          I was favoured with your letter of the 11th Instant.
          I am sorry at the destruction of property at Egg harbour—but in attending to the general objects of war, we must at times submit to such losses, or depend on the exertions of the militia for their prevention.
          No doubt you have been informed of the progress of the enemy’s embarkation at New-York—The 19 & 20th Inst. about 150 sail of vessels, including transports and ships of war, put to sea with a considerable part of the garrison—They stood Eastward. Their destination still continues a matter of inquiry; and whether they are to be followed by the garrison. However this latter must be ascertained in a very little time. I am Dr Sir your most hble servt

            Go: Washington

            27 [October] By some accident this letter has been delayed since the 23 which gives me an opportunity to correct an error which was induced by the fleets sailing at the moment our intelligence had announced for

              the departure of the embarkation—However we have the most authentic advices that the troops which had embarked are still in the harbour. A little time must thro’ some light on their intentions and serve to unravel their designs.


Title: To George Washington from Vice Admiral d’Estaing, 23 October 1778
From: Estaing, Charles-Hector Théodat, comte d’
To: Washington, George

            Sir,
            In Boston Rhode October 23d 1778

          I have received almost at the same time, the two letters that Your Excellency had the goodness to write me the 18th and 20th of this month. The important advices they contain were confirmed to me at the same moment by Mr De Boubie an officer of marine, who has just completed the exchange of our prisoners. I have the honor to send you a copy of what he tells me concerning an embarkation. Retained on board the English Admiral it was easy to deceive him as to the number of the troops, but as he is intelligent, a seaman, a man of veracity, and knows the language, I believe he may be credited, with regard to the number and names of the vessels. I am more and more of the opinion of Your Excellency, on the destination of this embarkation. As there are many things which cannot be hazarded, without cyphers, upon paper; I intended to have the honor of sending you a confidential person to day; the unforeseen return of General Du Portail, who arrived yesterday from Providence hinders me and obliges me to retard this envoy. It will probably not take place sooner, than in three, or four days, and after I shall have spoken to him. If the Marquis Delafayette had been able to return here in the time he hoped—I should be more certified than I am of certain objects infinitely interesting to our common interests, and independent of the ideas, that he may entertain on his own account: I am convinced that it will not have depended on Your Excellency, nor on my zealous and most amiable countryman, that he has not made all possible diligence. Business apart, in which he is as wise, as he has shown himself brave in the field, I find, that among all those, who celebrate to me without cease your virtues and great actions—’tis he who speaks of them in a manner most in unison with my heart. The esteem, I have for him, augments from that source, as well as my desire of seeing him. I have the honor to be with sincere attachment and with respect Sir Your Excellency’s Most humble and Most Obedt servant

            Estaing


Title: To George Washington from Major General William Heath, 23 October 1778
From: Heath, William
To: Washington, George

            Dear General
            Head Quarters Boston Octr 23rd 1778

          yesterday noon I received the Honor of yours of the 18th Instant and about an hour after that, of the 20th. The Letters addressed to his Excellency Count D. Estaing I immediately forwarded to him as I alwaies keep an Express Boat ready for that purpose—The

            General Opinion here Seems to be that the Enemy are going to the West Indies—but the Possibility and Some degree of Probability that their Destination may be this way induces us to be makeing the best Possible preparation for their reception.
          Should the Enemy Come this way unless Soon releived our greatest embarrassment will be the want of Bread, Our Magazines of Flour being almost totally exhausted I have for a Considerable Time been representing our want of Flour both to Colo. Colt and to Mr Cuyler from the Latter I have been informed Our Supply was to Come, but the Demand and wants of the French Squadron has been So great, that not only nearly the whole of the Flour that has Come on has been delivered to them but a large Quantity is Still wanted. and Mr Holker is loudly Complaining to the Commissary that it does not Come on according to this expectation, and that the Fleet waits for nothing else, Mr Holker I am informed has wrote the Marine Committee on the Subject, a Considerable quantity of the Hard Bread Sent from Philadelphia is Spoiled, through the breaking of the Bread, the Cask and geting wet. this I think Could not but be expected Considering the Length and Badness of the Rout. It is Said that the late movements of the Enemy in the Jersies have interrupted the Convoys of Flour & Bread which were Coming to this place, If your Excellency can by any Means facilitate the forwarding a Quantity of Flour to this Place nothing Can more essentially promote the Service expecially if the Enemy should Come this way. I have the Honor to be with the greatest respect your Excellen[c]y.


Title: To George Washington from Patrick Henry, 23 October 1778
From: Henry, Patrick
To: Washington, George

          Letter not found: from Patrick Henry, 23 Oct. 1778. GW wrote Henry on 23 Nov.: “I have been hond with yours of the 23d October inclosing an extract of an Act of the State of Virginia for recruiting the Continental Army.”


Title: To George Washington from Henry Laurens, 23 October 1778
From: Laurens, Henry
To: Washington, George

            Sir
            [Philadelphia] 23d October [1778]

          I had the honor of addressing Your Excellency Yesterday by Jones, and also of receiving and presenting to Congress Your Excellency’s favor of the 18th with the Refugee Petition to the British Commissioners. This, I understand will appear in print tomorrow, and be prefaced by a private hand. Congress heard it read and paid no other attention to it.
          Inclosed in this Your Excellency will receive an Act of Congress of the 22nd ordering Major General Gates to the Command of the forces in the Eastern District. I have the honor to be &c.


Title: From George Washington to Major General Alexander McDougall, 23 October 1778
From: Washington, George
To: McDougall, Alexander

            [Fredericksburg 23 October 1778]

          You are immediately to proceed with the brigades of Nixon, Parsons and Huntington—by the route which will be delivered to you by the Quarter Master General—as far as Hartford—where you will wait for farther orders.

          I am persuaded that no attention on your part will be wanting for the maintenance of discipline, and preservation of the Health of your troops—and that no precaution will be neglected for preventing every species of irregularity which might tend to injure the persons or property of the inhabitants on the march. Given at Head Quarters this 23d day of October 1778.

            Go: Washington


Title: General Orders, 24 October 1778
From: Washington, George
To:

            Head-Quarters Frederick’sburgh saturday Octr 24th 1778.
            Parole Pownalborough—C. Signs Plutarch Pindar.


Title: From George Washington to George Clinton, 24 October 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Clinton, George

            Dear Sir
            Head Quarters Fredericksbg 24th October 1778

          Inclosed you have Colo. Butlers Journal of his expedition against Unadilla and Anaquaga You will perceive from that the Route he pursued and the difficulties he met from the Waters, even at this Season. Perhaps this may be of some service to you in forming a decisive opinion upon the Chemung expedition.
          Be pleased to return this Journal and Colonel Hartleys when you have done with them. I am with the greatest Esteem Yr Excellency’s most obt Servant

            Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Vice Admiral d’Estaing, 24 October 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Estaing, Charles-Hector Théodat, comte d’

            Sir.
            Head Quarters [Fredericksburg] 24th October 1778.

          The coincidence between Your Excellencys sentiments respecting the Marquis de la fayettes cartel, communicated in the letter with which you honored me the 20th and those which I expressed to him on the same subject;  is peculiarly flattering to me—I am happy to find that my disapprobation of this measure, was founded on the same arguments which in Your Excellencys hands acquire new force and persuasion.
          I omitted neither serious reasoning nor pleasantry to divert him from a scheme in which he could be so easily foiled, without having any credit given him by his antagonists for his generosity and sensibility—

            he intimated that Your Excellency did not discountenance it, and that he had pledged himself to the principal officers of the french Squadron—to carry it into execution—the charms of vindicating the honor of his country were irresistible; but besides he had in a manner committed himself and could not decently retract.
          I however continued to lay my friendly commands upon him, to renounce his project, but I was well assured that if he determined to persevere in it, neither authority nor vigilance would be of any avail to prevent his message to Lord Carlisle. And tho his ardour was an overmatch for my advice and influence, I console myself with the reflexion that his Lordship will not accept the challenge and that while our friend gains all the applause which is due to him for wishing to become the champion of his country; he will be secure from the possibility of such danger as my fears might otherwise have raised for  him—by those powerful barriers which shelter his lordship, and which I am persuaded he will not in the present instance violate.
          The Report of Lord Carlisles having proposed a substitute reached me for the first time, in Your Excellencys letter; if this is really the case—his lordship has availed himself of one of the ways in which he was at liberty to wave the Marquis[’]s defiance, and has probably answer’d it in a strain of pleasantry. for the affair being wholly personal his lordship could not have made such a proposition seriously. indeed I have every reason to think that the matter has terminated as I expected—for the Marquis was still at Philadelphia by my last accounts from thence. we wait with impatience for his arrival which he promised sooner than his affairs probably have permitted. I have the honor to be with every sentiment of attachment and respect Your Excellencys most obedient and most humble sert

            Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from William Fitzhugh, 24 October 1778
From: Fitzhugh, William
To: Washington, George

            Dear General,
            Annapolis Oct. 24. 1778.

          Having the honor to meet with your relation, Capt. Lewis at this place, I am happy in the opportunity of addressing you.
          I find my son was taken prisoner with a party of our friend Baylor’s dragoons and is now on Long Island. I have not a letter from him; but advice that he is well; and I have sent him by this week’s post letters of

            credit for whatever he may want. I am afraid, as we have advice that the enemy are moving from New York, that they will also remove their prisoners, & that my son will be gone before his credit gets to hand. However being truly sensible of your friendship, I am perfectly easy, Knowing I have no occasion to solicit he may be released as soon as possible.
          Our General Assembly were called to meet here on the 19. inst. ever since which I have been in waiting; but we have not a sufficient number of members to make a house. Expect we shall meet tomorrow. I am told there is a letter from You[r] Excellency addressed to both Houses. I have not yet seen it. But whatever may be you[r] requisition, I am confidint it will meet with Great respect from our Legislature whom I hope to meet heartily disposed to promote the Good of the Common Cause. The new elections have removed more than half the old members which I do not think will hurt us. I have the honor to be Yr sincere friend,

            Wm Fitzhugh.


Title: From George Washington to Major General William Heath, 24 October 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Heath, William

            Dear Sir
            Head Quarters Fredericksbg 24th October 1778

          If the fleet of Men of War and Transports, which have lately sailed, should appear off Boston, be pleased instantly to send an Express

            to meet Genl Gates with information of it, that he may hasten the march of the six Brigades under the command of himself and General Mcdougall. Be pleased also to advise me of it with the greatest dispatch, as I mean, should such an event take place, to set out immediately and take the command of the Army at Boston. I am Dear Sir Your most obt Servt

            Go: Washington

          p.s. Endeavour to be certain that the Enemy have Troops off the Harbour as well as ships of War, before you advise Genl Gates. I think it very probable that the Men of War may blockade the Harbour while the transports continue their Course, should they have another destination. It is not my intention that the Brigades should move further than Harford without the Enemy actually attempt Boston.


Title: To George Washington from Major General Lafayette, 24 October 1778
From: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de
To: Washington, George

            My dear General
            philadelphia the 24th october 1778

          You will be surpris’d to hear that I am yet in this city, and that I Could never get out till this time—My own business were immediately done, and I Receiv’d from Congress all possible Marks of kindness and affection—but public affairs do’nt go quite so fast, and I am detain’d for the expedition of projects, instructions, and Many papers which I am to Carry with me—the zeal for the Common Cause prevents my leaving this place before I am dismiss’d—however I will certainly Set out to Morrow after Noon at farthest.
          Congress have been pleas’d to grant me an undetermin’d furlough by the Most polite and honorable Resolves, to which they have added a letter for the king in my behalf—I will show the whole to your excellency as soon as I’ll have the pleasure to See you, and as I hope to arrive two days after this letter I think it is useless to trouble you with Copies.
          I have Receiv’d an answer from lord Carlisle where he Conceals himself behind his dignity, and by a prudent foresight he objects to entering into any account in any change of Situation.

          There is a plan going on which I think you will approuve off—the idea was not suggested by me, and I acted in the affair a passive part—I will speack to your excellency in longer terms, and with more freedom at the first interview—may I hope, My dear general, that you will order the inclos’d letters to be Sent immediately to Boston, as some of them Bring orders for a frigatte to put herself in Readiness. With the highest respect and most tender affection I have the honor to be Your excellency’s Most obedient humble servant

            lafayette


Title: From George Washington to Henry Laurens, 24 October 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Laurens, Henry

            Sir
            Head Quarters Fredericksbg 24th Octobr 1778

          The letter, which I had the honor of addressing to you the day before yesterday, would inform Congress of the embarkation and sailing of a considerable detachment of the enemy from New York; and of the measures I had taken, in expectation of—and upon the happening of the event. Whether this will be succeeded by a further embarkation, or by a total evacuation of the posts, which they hold within the States, in the course of this year or the ensuing one, I cannot pretend to determine. But as it will be right and prudent in us to prepare for every contingency, I would, with the greatest deference, submit it to Congress, whether it may not be proper for them to call upon the States to provide Men in time for filling their respective Battalions before, or at any rate against, the opening of the spring, and in the same manner, as if there was a moral certainty that the War would be

            prosecuted with all possible vigor on the part of Britain. Should this not be the case, or should any events cast up in the mean time to render Troops unnecessary—it will be easy to disband the levies, and to keep them from the field—which on the other hand, our relaxations in not providing them, may subject us, at least, to many disagreeable consequences.
          The general Return of the Infantry in the Month of September, transmitted to the Board of War by the Adjutant General, and to which I beg leave to refer, will shew Congress the whole amount of our reputed force at that time; but I am to observe, that large, very large deductions are to be made from it, on account of the Columns of sick and the men said to be on command. Many under the former description, particularly that of sick absent, are actually dead—others unfit for service, and several, who have recovered, have deserted: nor will the latter afford more than one half of its number in time of Action, as various duties such as waggoning, distant Guards, Escorts &ca employ a great proportion of those under this denomination.
          Besides the above deductions, Congress will perceive from the Return which I now take the liberty of transmitting—that there are 4380 Drafts and others whose terms of service will expire during and by the close of Winter. For I am sorry to add that our exertions to reengage the Drafts and old Soldiers, in this predicament, for the usual Bounty have proved so far ineffectual and without success. I have not tried what effect the additional Grant of ten dollars might have; but I fear, and it seems to be the opinion of all I have consulted upon the occasion—that it would have but little if any influence. I know in the case of the Drafts and troops of one State, that the offer of twenty dollars on the part of the Continent, with a like allowance and an actual deposit of it by the State has been no temptation. This general reluctance and refusal is founded in the unhappy depreciated light in which the Soldiery view the money, and their expectation of receiving immense State—District and subs[t]itute Bounties—Whether grants or bounties by Congress, bearing some proportion to these, to such as should inlist for the War would be attended with better success, I cannot undertake to decide. The experiment may be made, if they judge it proper, and if it proves an inducement to any extent, it will be an infinite saving in the end. I beleive however, our surest and only certain aids will be derived from drafting—which I trust may and will be done by the States on the recommendation of Congress, agreeable to the mode mentioned in my letter to their Committee, when they first honored me with a visit at Valley Forge. The exertions to recruit by voluntary inlistments may still go on, as both modes in all probability will not produce near as many men as may be found necessary.

          In the Case of the Carolina Troops, whose service is ending every day, the Officers say—that nothing will induce them to inlist, unless they can be permitted to go home on furlough till the Spring. On this indulgence they seem to think, several might be engaged. The distance is great, and there will be some uncertainty as to their returning; besides it will be fixing a precedent for others. If Congress approve the plan, they will be pleased to inform me by the earliest opportunity.
          I am under some difficulty about cloathing the drafts and the old Soldiers whose service is expiring and will determine every day. As Congress have never expressed their sense upon the subject, and this is increased by a letter which I received some time ago from the Board of War, which respects particularly the drafts; I must earnestly request that Congress will favr me with the speediest directions in the Case—whether they are to be furnished out of the supplies coming on, equally with the other troops. At the same time I will take the liberty to offer it as my opinion, that however inconvenient or expensive it may appear at the first view to cloath them, the measure will be necessary, and founded not only in humanity but sound policy. We have no prospect now of levying men in any other way, and if they are not cloathed, they will be exhausted by sickness and by death, and not doing it may prove an insurmountable Bar—or at least a great obstacle to our obtaining future Aids—tho’ the Exigencies of our Affairs should be never so pressing. Yet, the Cloaths may be withheld as long as circumstances will permit, as an inducement for them to inlist. In the instance of the old Soldiers, who have not received the annual allowance of Congress, the point seems clearly in their favor. The Board suggested, that the drafts might be supplied out of the best of the old Cloaths, which might be given in by the troops on receiving new ones; but unfortunately there will be few of any worth. I have the honor to be with highest Respect & Esteem Your Excellency’s most obedt Servant

            Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Major General Benjamin Lincoln, 24 October 1778
From: Lincoln, Benjamin
To: Washington, George

            My dear General
            Philadelphia Octr 24th 1778

          I was on the 15th instant honored with your favor of the 9th with several letters one to Mrs Washington I shall do my self the honor of waiting on her if I pass through Alexandria—I am greatly obliged to you for your introductory letters to Gentlemen in Carolina and for your many unmerited marks of friendship, for them, I can only thank you over and over again—As early as I can know a state of matters southward I will communicate them. I set off this morning for carolina I wish the Congress had fixed their minds on some other officers for the southern department as well from a consciousness that many others would render there more important services to the public as from an apprehension that I may suffer in the journey from my wound which is not yet healed but I have not objected because to make excuses is painful. I have the honor to be my dear General

            with the greatest regard and esteem your Excellency most obliged & obedient servant

            B. Lincoln


Title: To George Washington from Colonel William Malcom, 24 October 1778
From: Malcom, William
To: Washington, George

          Letter not found: from Col. William Malcom, 24 Oct. 1778. GW wrote Malcom on 31 Oct.: “I have been favd with yours of the 22d 24th and 29th with the several weekly Returns inclosed.”


Title: To George Washington from Major General Israel Putnam, 24 October 1778
From: Putnam, Israel
To: Washington, George

          Letter not found: from Maj. Gen. Israel Putnam, 24 Oct. 1778. GW wrote Putnam on 25 Oct.: “I was favoured with your two letters of yesterdays date about noon.”


Title: From George Washington to Major General Philip Schuyler, 24 October 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Schuyler, Philip

            Dr sir
            Head Qrs [Fredericksburg] 24 Otbr 1778

          I inclose you the opinion of Mr Pettit A.Q.M.G. and the Commissaries Mesrs Flint and Stuart, on that paragraph in your letter of the 22d In[s]t. which respects the purchasing the flour and wheat in those districts of Pennsylvania and Jersey, above Trenton, with their several sentiments how far a water conveyance can be conveniently adopted—Mr Stuart is particularly conversant in the navigation of Delaware both above & below the mountains.

          Things you will observe by Mr Flints letter are already in a train and proper measures shall be taken to have the purchases stored at Coles-fort as you propose, from whence they may be moved as the exigencies of the army require. To obtain an estimate of the quantity which may be drawn from those places I have given orders to the Commissary to send a person properly qualified for this purpose who will transmit his report as soon as <complete.>
          I am much obliged to you for offering yourself in this affair—but as it seems so well contrived, and the business in some degree entered on—I would not wish to give you unnecessary fatigue on this occasion. I am D. S. &[ca.]

            G. W——n


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General Charles Scott, 24 October 1778
From: Scott, Charles
To: Washington, George

          Letter not found: from Brig. Gen. Charles Scott, 24 Oct. 1778. GW wrote Scott on 25 Oct.: “I recd yours of Yesterday inclosing Capt. Walls Report.”


Title: From George Washington to Major General Stirling, 24 October 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Stirling, Lord (né William Alexander)

            My Lord
            Head Quarters Fredericksbg 24th October 1778

          I am favd with yours of the 21st and 22d and have still to thank you for the particular and satisfactory intelligence which you communicate. If the embarkation now in preparation should be considerable, I think they must inevitably abandon New York, as their remaining force must be too small to risque the defence of the City upon.
          The Roads from Morris town to King’s ferry have become so exceedingly bad that the Qr Master Genl and Commissary inform me it is with the greatest difficulty the Waggons pass even at this dry season. I therefore desire your Lordship to detach one hundred Men from Maxwells and one hundred from Woodfords, (with a party of Carpenters with each to repair the Bridges) to mend the Roads. A Waggon load of tools with each—They may divide the distance. Maxwells take from Morris town downwards to some fixed place and Woodfords from thence down to the ferry. Be pleased to appoint active Officers somewhat acquainted with the Business. If the parties from each Brigade were to divide themselves they would in my opinion accomplish more work than by proceeding in a Body.

          Be pleased to endeavour to find out who commanded the late embarkation and what number of General Officers went with it. We can from thence compute the numbers with some precision. I am &ca.

          p.s. The parties should go furnished with provisions.


Title: From George Washington to Major General Stirling, 24 October 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Stirling, Lord (né William Alexander)

            My Lord,
            Fredericksburg Octr 24th 1778

          I desired the Quarter Master Genl when he left this the other day for the purpose of discovering a proper spot East of the No. River to Hutt the Troops at, to write to, & request your Lordship to send some judicious Officer to explore the Country about Aquakinack, the Great Falls &ca for the same purpose. A position still more South, for instance New Ark Mountain, Springfield, or middle Brook would be better on some Accts but would be too far removed from the North River & the Clove at Suffrans, to give, or receive support. I beg to have your report on this head transmitted to me as soon as possible. & if you could hit upon any clue by which we could know whether the Enemy means to evacuate New York or not, it would relieve us from a world of perplexity, & entitle you to my warmest thanks.
          Genl Scott says, the currt of Intelligence received by him, is that, a Garrison will be left at New York; that the Inhabitants of the City now all expect it—but if they are preparing for another considerable imbarkation it will be impossible to hold that Post. What is become of, or done in the Petition from the Refugees to the Commissioners? Why, & wherefore do they embody the Militia on Long Island as minute men if they are going off? this is a fact I am told—No preparation is making for abandoning Rhode Island—on the Contrary, Hay & Wood are laying in—Barracks preparing—& Works erecting. I shall only add that with sincere esteem & regard I am Yr Lordships most Obedt & affecte Hble Servt

            Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Major General Stirling, 24 October 1778
From: Stirling, Lord (né William Alexander)
To: Washington, George

          Letter not found: from Major General Stirling, 24 Oct. 1778. In his letter to Stirling of 25 Oct., GW refers to “The intelligence communicated in yours of yesterday.”


Title: General Orders, 25 October 1778
From: Washington, George
To:

            Head-Quarters Fredericksburgh sunday Octr 25th [1778]
            Parole Ferdinand—C. Signs France Fairfax.


Title: To George Washington from George Clinton, 25 October 1778
From: Clinton, George
To: Washington, George

            Dear Sir
            Poukeepsie [N.Y.] 25th October 1778

          I am favoured with your Excellencys Letters of the 21st & 24th Instant—The Legislature have now under their Consideration Measures for enabling the Commissarys to procure a Supply Of Flour for the Army In Consequence of a Letter which I received two Days since from Genl Green I recommended to them the appointing of suitable Persons in each District to ascertain the Quantities of Flour & Wheat &c. remaining in the State I am uncertain whether they will agree to the Measure but your Excellencys Letter on this Subject will add weight to my Recommendation I will take an early opportunity of communcating to them its Contents & request their Attention to that Part of it which more immediately relates to the Quarter Master Genls Department.
          Genl Scheuyler with whom as well as Genl Hand I have conversed fully on the Chemung Expedition will deliver your Excellency Colls Hartly & Butlers Letters <to> you himself with our Sentiments in Writing on that Subject. Coll Butlers Journal confirms Me that it is too late in the Season to attempt it. I am Sir with the highest Respect & Esteem your Excys.


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General James Clinton, 25 October 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Clinton, James

            sir.
            Head Quarters [Fredericksburg] 25th October 1778.

          This Letter is intended to countermand the orders which have been given you for marching—if therefore upon receipt of it, your troops should still be at the Continental Village—you will remain there with them and revert to the instructions which you received relative to that post—if it should find you on the march you will halt your troops at the first convenient position—and wait farther orders—in either case you will give me immediate notice. I am Sir Your most obedt servt

            Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Vice Admiral d’Estaing, 25 October 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Estaing, Charles-Hector Théodat, comte d’

            Sir,
            Head Quarters Fredericksburgh October 25th 1778

          The certain intelligence of a large number of troops having embarked at New York—the sailing of a considerable fleet, at the moment their departure was expected—and the general purport of the accounts received at the same time—left me no room to doubt, that the fleet, which went out of the Hook the 19th and 20th instant, contained the detachment, of the embarkation of which, I had been advised. In the full persuation of this fact, my letter of the 22d to your Excellency was written; but from more recent information, through various channels, bearing every mark of authenticity—I am to conclude, the supposition has been ill-founded. The abovementioned fleet appears in reality to have carried away, no other troops, than invalids, and the officers of the corps lately reduced. The troops which had embarked still remained in the harbour, the day before yesterday. They are said to consist of ten or twelve British regiments and six of the new-levies.

          This fleet was probably composed principally of homeward-bound victuallers—with some merchantment and other vessels, which chose to take the protection of a convoy. The accounts still agree, that they were accompanied by fourteen, or fifteen sail of the line and some frigates. I have the honor to be With the warmest esteem and most perfect consideration Yr Excellys Most Obedt servant

            Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Major General Horatio Gates, 25 October 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Gates, Horatio

            Sir.
            Head Quarters Fredericksburgh 25th Otbr 1778.

          In my last of the 24th, I advised you of the sailing of a fleet from the hook on the 19th and early the 20th supposed to contain those troops which we had repeatedly heard were embarked. I have just received advices thro’ different channels, and which cannot but be certain and authentic, that there were none but invalids and officers of reduced corps on board—and that the troops which had embarked, were still on the 23d instant in New-york harbour. They are fixed at 10 or 12 Regiments of British and 5 or 6 of the New levies. I am Sir your most hble servt

            Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Major General Horatio Gates, 25 October 1778
From: Gates, Horatio
To: Washington, George

            Sir
            Hartford 25th October 1778:

          Yesterday poors, & the Late Learneds Brigades, arrived, & incamped in the Neighbourhood of this Town; & tomorrow, Pattersons will Join them; I have received no intelligence of any kind, from any Quarter, since that contain’d in Your Excellencys Lre: of the 21st Instant; Colonel pickering came here last Night, & this morning wrote the inclosed Letter to Your Excellency. Your Commands thereupon shall be immediately Comply’d with—I am Sir Your most Obedt Servant

            Horatio Gates


Title: From George Washington to Major General William Heath, 25 October 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Heath, William

            Dear Sir
            Head Quarters Fredericksbg 25th October 1778

          I have just recd intelligence from two different quarters that the Fleet, which sailed on the 19th and 20th instants from the Hook, contained only the Invalids of the Army bound for Europe—the Officers of the reduced Regiments, and the families of several public and private Gentlemen. perhaps all outward bound Vessels might have taken the benefit of Convoy, which may have swelled the fleet to an uncommon size. My accounts still confirm a very considerable Body of Troops being embarked, but that they yet remain in the Bay of New York. Hence arose the mistake. My intelligencers were not before sufficiently accurate, and I was naturally led to beleive that the fleet which left the Hook on the 19th and 20th had the troops on board.
          You shall be advised of the sailing of this second Fleet. I am Dear Sir Yr most obt Servt

            Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Major General William Heath, 25 October 1778
From: Heath, William
To: Washington, George

            Dear General
            Head Quarters Boston Octr 25th 1778

          This morning at Nine oClock I was honored with the receipt of your Two favors of the 21st the one enclosing Intelligence of the movements of the Enemy the other the resolutions of Congress for removing the Troops of the Convention, and at Twelve oClock that of the 22nd.
          no Provissions (except a Triffleing quantity in one Small vessell which was Sent here Some two or Three months Since) have been Sent for the Troops of the Convention Either from New york or Rhode Island, I have Consequently Just wrote to Genl Phillips Informing him of the resolve of Congress and your Excellencys orders Cons[e]quent thereon and that the Troops must prepare to move without delay, I have not as yet received an answer, Imagine they will plead their poverty, and that they have not a Shilling to pay of[f] the arrearage of Quarters &c., or Support themselves on the road (I mean the Offi cers) which is in fact the Case the Pay master now gone to Newport for Money and every Day expected to return.
          It being Lords Day the Council are not Sitting this fore noon I have desired the President to Call them to gether at Three oClock when I shall request the number of Militia mentioned by your Excellency—But the want of Flour my Dear General will be truely distressing, The Quantity in the Magazines is Short of 500 lb., for all the Troops and Prisoners which is not Sufficient for more than a fortnight, we have been informed that large Quantitys are Coming on, but it has not yet arrived and whether it be on the road I cannot say I see no remedy Unless part of that which is Coming in for the Fleet Can be borrowed, and perhaps that Can not be effected with out difficulty—I have Just Sent to the navy Board & Board of war to know if they can Spare any Quantity on this emergency, no Exertions of mine in any respect shall be wanting. I have the Honor to be with the greatest respect your Excellency most obt Servt.


Title: To George Washington from Henry Laurens, 25 October 1778
From: Laurens, Henry
To: Washington, George

            Sir
            [Philadelphia] 25th October [1778]

          Referring to my last Letter under the 23d Instant by Crawford, I proceed to forward to your Excellency within the present Cover an Act of Congress of the 23d for allowing Pay and subsistence to Monsr Dominique Le Eglise, and for holding him subject to the directions of the Commander in Chief, or the Commander of the Northern Department.
          This, I apprehend is intended as a support for an unfortunate, aged Gentleman, who has lost his effects, and suffered some hardships

            in the service of the United States, as represented to Congress by Major General Schuyler. I have the honor to be &c.