Title: From George Washington to Robert Morris, 27 August 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Morris, Robert

                            Dear Sir
                            Chatham 27th August 1781

                        Accounts brought by several Vessels to Philada and to the Eastward leave little doubt but that the Count de
                            Grasse must have already arrived in the Chesapeak, or that he must be very soon there—The Count de Rochambeau and myself
                            have therefore determined that no time ought to be lost in making preparations for our transportation from Trenton to
                            Christiana and from the Head of Elk down the Chesapeak—I have written by this opportunity to Colo. Miles and have directed
                            him immediately to engage all the proper kind of Craft for the navigation of the Delaware which can be found in Philada or
                                in the Creeks above and below it, and as your advice may be useful to him, more especially so far
                            as respects procuring the Vessels at a distance form Philada, I have desired him to wait upon you for that purpose.
                        I shall also be obliged to you for using your influence with the Gentlemen of Baltimore to permit any Vessels
                            which may be in that port to come up to Elk to assist us in transportation. I have little doubt, from the chearfulness
                            with which they furnished the Marquis last Winter, but they will comply with your requisition on the present occasion: But
                            lest there should be a necessity for the interference of the Executive of the State, I have written to Governor Lee upon
                            that and other matters.I inclose the letter under flying seal for your information, and you will be good enough to forward
                            it by a Chain of Expresses which is established.Any Vessels which may be procured in Chesapeak should rendezvous as soon
                            as possible in Elk River.
                        You will be pleased to make the deposit of Flour, Rum and Salt meat at the Head of Elk which I requested in a
                            former letter.
                        I am very fearful that about 1500 Bbls of salt provisions and 30 Hhds of Rum which I directed to be sent from
                            Connecticut and Rhode Island under Convoy of the Count de Barras would not have been ready when the Fleet sailed from
                            Newport—should that have been the case, the disappointment will be great—I would wish you to see whether a like quantity
                            of these Articles can be procured in Philada or in Maryland, if we should find that they have not gone round from the
                            Eastward.
                        I must entreat you if possible to procure one months pay in specie for the detachment which I have under my
                            command part of those troops have not been paid any thing for a very long time past, and have upon several occasions shewn
                            marks of great discontent—The service they are going upon is disagreeable to the Northern Regiments, but I make no doubt
                            that a douceur of a little hard money would put them in proper tempter. If the whole sum cannot be obtained, a part of it
                            will be better than none, as it may be distributed in proportion to the respective wants and claims of the men.
                        The American detachment will assemble in this neighbourhood to day—The French Army tomorrow. I have the honor
                            to be &a.


Title: From George Washington to Thomas Nelson, Jr., 27 August 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Nelson, Thomas, Jr.

                        Dear Sir

                            Head Quarters Chatham N. Jersey 27th August 1781

                        At the same time that I acknowledge the receipt of your first favour since you was appointed to the Seat of
                            Government, suffer me to congratulate your Excellency on that appointment, and to anticipate the pleasure and advantage of
                            your future official Correspondence and assistance.
                        A variety of Circumstances having concur’d to induce me to change the plan of operation, which had been
                            concerted for this Campaign; and to strike a blow at the Enemy in Virginia, I am now on my march for that purpose, with
                            the whole of the French and a considerable Detachment of the American Army; The arrival of the Count De Grasse with a
                            formidable Fleet and Corps of land forces in the Cheasapeak (which may every moment be expected) will I flatter myself
                            (with proper exertions on our part) give a moral Certainty of succeeding in the great object now in contemplation.
                        On so important and interesting an occasion I cannot entertain a doubt of receiving every possible aid and
                            assistance from the State of Virginia; The great Articles of Supplies which will be principally wanted are Salted
                            Provisions, Beef Cattle, Forage and the means of transportation, especially we shall be most in want of a supply of the
                            meat kind, as I fear we shall be disappointed of 1500 Barrels of Salted Provision which I had Order’d to be ship’d at
                            Rhode Island under convoy of the Count De Barras, but am apprehensive the order and Provision arrived too late; in case
                            this has failed, something of necessity must be substituted in the room of it; Let me entreat your Excellency that every
                            exertion may be made to feed and supply our Army, while we have occasion to continue in the State.
                        It is almost unnecessary to suggest that the greatest advantages will, in all human probability result, from
                            the Vigor of our present exertions, or an evil proportionably great from the want of it—Supplies, will be the principle
                            thing that is necessary; as I am in hopes, the Regular forces destined for the expedition in addition to the Troops with
                            the Marquis De Lafayette, will be competent to the Object in View without any considerable aid from the Militia.
                        I wish your Excellency to inform me by the earliest opportunity, what number of Teams and Waggons can be
                            furnishd with the army of the Marquis, for the use of the troops now on their March from the Northward; and also as it
                            will be necessary to take a Number of Teams on with the detachment of our Army, that Magazines of Forage may be laid in on
                            the route from George Town, above Alexandria to whatever place the junction is to be formed with the Army of the Marquis.
                            I am Dr Sir with great respect and esteem Your Excellency’s Most Obedt huml. Servt

                            Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau, 27 August 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de

                            sir
                            Chatham 27th Augst 1781

                        By Intelligence which I have received since my Arrival at this Place, I find that the Enemy have been
                            throwing Troops upon Staten Island—This Circumstance, & a Desire to bring up the Rear of the two armies, will
                            induce me to halt the Amercan Troops one Day at Springfield—as I pray your Excellency to do those of the French at
                            Whippany.
                        This Halt will occasion no Delay, as I could not, before this Period, take measures to assemble the Vessells
                            of Delaware, at Trenton, without anouncing the Object we have in View—but an Express being now gone for that Purpose, I
                            shall expect to have at least a Part of the Vessels at that Place by Friday next—when the Embarkation may comence.
                        I shall sett out the Day after Tomorrow for Philadelphia, & shall be glad to know your Excellency’s
                            Determination respecting your Journey thither—if it shall be to preceed your Army, we will appoint a Rendezvous. With the
                            greatest Respect and personal Attatchment—I have the Honor to be Your Excellency’s Most Obedient & most humble
                            Servant

                            Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau, 27 August 1781
From: Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de
To: Washington, George

                            M.
                            De Whippany le 27. aoust 1781.

                        Je reçois dans ce moment la lettre de V.E. Je ferai un sejour ici Selon Vos ordres avec la 1ère division qui sera jointe par le 2de demain dans l’après midi.
                            J’attendrai Vos ordres pour faire marcher le tout après demain. Quant à moi, je joindrai V.E. dans l’endroit que vous
                            jujerer à propos de fixer, pour preceder nos troupes à Philadelphie, et faire les preparatifs necessaires. Je Suis
                            &c.

                            signé le Cte de Rochambeau


Title: From George Washington to William Dobbs, 28 August 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Dobbs, William

                            sir
                            Chatham 28th Augst 1781

                        Some particular Circumstances having produced an Alteration in my Plan of Operations—there will be no
                            Occasion for the Services of the Pilots at present—they may therefore be desired to return to their several Homes as soon
                            as they please.
                        You will make a Return to me of the Expence incurred by your & the Other Pilots Attendance on this
                            Call—& I will endeavour to procure you Payment as soon as may be. I am &ca

                            G.W.


Title: From George Washington to David Forman, 28 August 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Forman, David

                            sir
                            Chatham 28th Augst 1781. 7 oClock

                        I am this Moment favored with yours of this Day.
                        Some particular Business calls me for a few Days to Phila.—whether I shall sett off To morrow Morng—I shall
                            be anxious to know further Particulars of the Fleet you mention—whatever Intelligence you can obtain, you will be pleased
                            to forward to me in Phila.—with all the Expedition in your Power—the more minute your Discoveries, the Better.
                        The Position of Admiral Graves Fleet I shall be glad to know, whether he still remains at the Hook—or whether
                            any movements have taken place—& what. I am &c.

                            G.W.

                            If it is possible to get a Letter to Trenton any Time Tomorrow Night—I shall be there—& glad to
                                hear from you—before I leave it.


Title: From George Washington to Benjamin Lincoln, 28 August 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Lincoln, Benjamin

                            Sir
                             28 August 1781

                        The Troops composing the Detatchment under your Command may, till they are united with
                            the Force in Virginia, be formed into three Brigades—Vizt—The light Infantry, to be commanded by Colo. Scammel, on the
                            Right—The two York Regiments under Brigr Genl Clinton on the Left—& Hazens, Jersey & Rhode Island in the
                            Center.
                        You will march Tomorrow at four oClock in the morning—in two Columns—for Trenton—The Left Column is to
                            consist of the three Brigades above, (if Courtlandt’s Regt should join in Time)—the Baggage belonging to them—& 6
                            Field Peices (two to each Brigade)—The Right Column will consist of the remaing artillery, Boats—Baggage & Stores
                            of every kind—to be escorted by the Corps of Sappers & Miners.
                        The Left Column is to march thro’ Westfield & Samptown, to Rariton Landing (above Brunswick).
                        30th To Princeton
                        31st To Trenton
                        The Right Column is to proceed thro’ Scotch Plains and Quibbletown to Bound Brooke.
                        30th to Princeton
                        31st to Trenton
                        The Junction of these two Columns will be at Kingston (three Miles short of Princeton) from whence the
                            Right Column is to preceed, & be covered by the Left.
                        I have not as yet made precise Arrangements with the Q. Master Genl—respecting the Number of Waggons
                            & Teams, which are to go on from Trenton to the Head of Elk, & from thence to Virginia—and it is possible,
                            as he is yet behind, & I shall set out early in the morng for Philadelphia, that I shall not—for which Reason I
                            commit the Matter to you, giving it as my Opinion, that all the covered Waggons, if no more, will certainly be wanted in
                            Virginia.
                        I foresee a Difficulty which will arise from the Deficiency of Water Transportation from Trenton to
                            Christiana Bridge—and that is—how to apportion the Craft equally between the French Army & ours, without
                            occassioning Delay—as the Vessels will come up as they are engaged, and the American Troops ought to be the Advance—some
                            Delicacy must be used in effecting the latter, without the Appearance of Selfishness & giving Umbrage to our
                            allies, by taking more Care of ourselves than them.Perhaps one means of Doing it may be, to let the Contents of the
                            covered Waggons go on in them—and the Troops least suspected of Desertion, & least able, to march by land to the
                            Head of Elk—the Prospect of procuring Craft in Time and other Circumstances, must govern in this case.
                        The Columns should be provided with Guides—for Want of these, the artillery Yesterday came along a Road,
                            which was sufficient to have destroyed the Carriages that passed over it. Given at Chatham this 28th day of Augt 1781.

                            Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Robert Morris, 28 August 1781
From: Morris, Robert
To: Washington, George

                            Dear SirOffice of Finance Philadelphia august 28th 1781.

                        Your favour of the 27th from Chatham, has just been delivered me by Coll Miles, and in consequence, I have
                            advised him to secure the assistance of the President & Council of this State, in case it should be necessary;
                            but, as a preferable mode of procuring the Craft, I advise his engaging to pay them in a short time after the Service is
                            performed and, if needfull, I shall join in this assurance, and finally see it performed. I directed the Commissary
                            General, immediately on my return from Camp, to cause the deposite of three hundred Barrels of Flour, three hundred
                            Barrels Salt meat, and twelve Hogsheads of Rum to be made at the Head of Elk; and pointed out the means of obtaining them,
                            For this purpose, he sent down a Deputy some days since; and I expect all will be ready there. I am much more apprehensive
                            on the Score of Craft, both in Delaware & Chesapeak. I have written to the Quarter Master of Maryland &
                            Delaware, Mr Donaldson Yates, to exert himself in procuring the Craft. I have written to the Governor, and to several of
                            the most eminent merchants in Baltimore, to extend their assistance and influence in expediting this business. Foreseeing
                            the necessity of Supplies from Maryland & Delaware, I have written in the most pressing Terms, to the Governors
                            and Agents to have the Specific Supplies required of them by Congress in readiness for Delivery to my order, and now that
                            your movements must be unfolded to them, I shall still more strongly shew the necessity and stimulate their exertions, by
                            holding forth what is due to their own immediate Interest and Safety. But still I fear you will be disappointed, in some
                            degree, as to the Shipping; and that I shall be compelled to make purchases of provisions, which if it happens must divert
                            the money from those payments to the army that I wish to make. I have already advised your Excellency of the unhappy
                            situation of money matters, and very much doubt if it will be possible to pay the Detachment a months pay as you wish,
                            therefore it will be best not to raise in them any expectation of that kind. Should it come unexpectedly so much the
                            better. I do not think it practicable to provide the Salt Provisions here, even if a disappointment happens in New England
                            but have particularly recommended attention to the Article in Maryland, which is to furnish 10.500 barrels of Beef
                            & Pork.
                        No news here yet of the Count De Grasse; but I have had occasion to lament, that too many People have for
                            some days past seemed to know your Excellency’s intended movements.
                        This City is filled with Strangers, so that Coll Miles cannot procure private Lodgings, and my Family being
                            chiefly at Springetsbury, affords me the opportunity of appropriating my House in Town to your Use. I believe we can
                            accommodate your aids &c. with matrasses, but our Beds are chiefly in the Country, and as what I have cannot
                            possibly be appropriated to a better use, I beg your Excellency will Consider and use my House and what it affords as your
                            own. I have the honour to be Your devoted Servant

                            Robt Morris


Title: From George Washington to Timothy Pickering, 28 August 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Pickering, Timothy

                             28 August 1781

                        To the Quarter Master General, or Deputy Qr Mr with the Army.
                        In all cases on the present march, where the Draught Horses or Cattle of the Army shall fail, or where an
                                additional number shall be absolutely necessary, & cannot be procured by hire, or in any
                            other way except by Military Force; you are hereby authorised & directed to impress such numbers of Horses or Oxen
                            as shall be required to perform the public Service, taking care to have it done in such a manner, as to secure the
                            property of the owners as well, & with as little damage & inconveniency as the circumstances will admit.
                            Given under my hand at Chatham this 28th day of Augt 1781.


Title: From George Washington to Abraham Skinner, 28 August 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Skinner, Abraham

                            Sir
                            Chatham 28th August 1781

                        Having been authorized by Congress to proceed upon the exchange proposed by Mr Loring at your last
                            meeting—you will as soon as convenient inform that Gentleman that the Prisoners taken at the Cedars will be allowed
                            provided a proper allowance is made on his Part for the Canadian Officers taken at St Johns in 1775 and sent in 1776—you
                            will be pleased to observe that a dispute hath long subsisted respecting the actual ranks of those officers—The Enemy
                            alledging that they were not of so high Grades as they were called—Congress have now put the matter on the most generous
                            and unexceptionable footing "that their ranks shall be adjusted according to those specified in their Paroles except the
                            Enemy produce sufficient proof to the Contrary"—I know of no more valid proof than a certificate under the hand of the
                            british Commander in Chief—You will remark that the allowance of the Cedar prisoners is made to depend upon a proper
                            allowance of the Canadian Officers.
                        Genl Burgoyne as you will see by the resolve of Congress of which the inclosed is a Copy has been offered for
                            the Honble Henry Laurens Esqr. and the proposal may have been acceeded to—but an assurance is given in the same resolve
                            that should such exchange have taken place Credit shall be given for the officers which may be received
                            for him and payment made as soon as the matter is ascertained.
                        Should the Enemy reject the foregoing offer and chuse to wave the exchange of Genl Burgoyne untill the fate
                            of the proposal made by Congress shall be known you will nevertheless proceed upon the other Matters contained in Mr
                            Lorings last proposal—but you will endeavor as much as possible to include Genl Burgoyne now.
                        As we have not yet received any returns from the Dy Comy of Prisoners to the southward, you are not to agree
                            to the exchanges of any characters taken in that Quarter—When the returns are obtained preference will be given to those
                            who have been longest in Captivity except Congress should be pleased to order to the contrary in any particular Instances.
                            I am with regard Sir Yr most obedient Servant

                            Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Philip Van Cortlandt, 28 August 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Van Cortlandt, Philip

                            Sir
                            Head Quarters Chatham Augst 28th 1781

                        As the Army will march tomorrow Morning before you will probably have arrived, you will be pleased when you
                            reach Col. Cook’s to make yourself acquainted with the best Road leading above the Mountains towards Trenton, this you
                            will pursue at least to Bound Brook, & from thence will continue the most direct Route to Trenton, with your
                            Regiment & all the Stores & other articles which have been committed to your charge. You will keep your
                            destination a perfect secret for one or two days at least. I am Sir.


Title: To George Washington from Antoine-Charles du Houx, baron de Vioménil, 28 August 1781
From: Vioménil, Antoine-Charles du Houx, baron de
To: Washington, George

                        Sir

                            Whipany’s Camp the 28th of agust 1781 at 8 o Clok in the night

                        the general Count de Rochambeau Setting out to go follow the orders of your Excellency and
                            having assur’d me of your favourable disposition to protect our Bakers in Chatam till we could be done with them. the
                            Intendant told me today that it is a Strong necessitée to keep them till the Second of September on purpose for
                                to be able of giving bread to the army which would not be able to got any. I have the honour to beg
                            your Excellency to give the orders that She use necessary to protect our etablishament in Chatam till
                            the day mentioned. I am with greatest respect from your Excellency Sir Your most humble Servant.

                            vioménil


Title: From George Washington to Simeon DeWitt, 29 August 1781
From: Washington, George
To: DeWitt, Simeon

                            Sir,
                            Brunswick Augt 29th 1781

                        Immediately upon receipt of this you will begin to Survey the road (if it has not been done already) to
                            Princeton—thence (through Maiden head) to Trenton—thence to Philadelphia—thence to the head of Elk through Darby, Chester,
                            Wilmington Christiana bridge.
                        At the head of Elk you will receive further orders—I need not observe to you the necessity of noting Towns,
                            Villages & remarkable Houses & places but I much desire that you will give me the rough traces of your
                            Survey as you proceed on as I have reasons for desiring to know this as soon as possible. I am Sir Yr Very Hble Servt

                            Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from David Forman, 29 August 1781
From: Forman, David
To: Washington, George

                            Sir
                            Freehold 29th Augt 1781 One oClock P.M.

                        My Express Returned with your Exclys answer to my letter of Yesterday this Morning three oClock—in answer to
                            your Excly request I observe—that there does not Remain a doubt but that the Fleete that arrived Yesterday is
                            British—There force from the Best observation is 15 Ships of the line and four Frigates—wheather the Frigates are part of
                            the fleete that come from the Westindias with Rodney or the Frigates belonging to Adml Greavess Squadron I cannot
                            ascertain, I rather belive the Latter—The prest position of Greavess Fleete are Six line of Battle Ships & four
                            Frigates drawn up in line within Sandy Hook.
                        The Royal Oak of 74 Guns that I formerly mentioned to your Excly to have been dammaged off Gardners Bay and
                            Gone to Hallifax for repairs was returned and Gone up to New York a few days before Rodney Arrived—that Greaves particular
                            Squadron now consists of Sevin Line Ships—Adml Rodneys Fleete are formed in a line Nearly North and South without Sandy
                            Hook formed of 15 line of Battle Ships Two Frigates and a Sloop of War Extending by estimation Three miles in length.
                        I Call the Fleete that arrived Yesterday Adml Rodneys allthough I have no better authority for it then mear
                            presumption—the Poilots going out to bring them in and the frequent Intercourse betwene Adml Greaves and them leaves no
                            doubt of those being British and from Rodneys being Expected take it for Granted it is him.
                        I would have done my self the Honr to wait on your Excly at Trentown was it not for Fear that I migt possably
                            be out of the way when the Arrival of the other Fleete should be Anounced and by that means create a delay in intilegence.
                        When I attempt to offer any opinion I shall hope for your Exclys favourable constructions on them, that they
                            may be attributed to my antious wish to render my Country every servace in my power and at the same time my not being in
                            the secret plans of operation would have a much better Judgement then I possess greately in the dark—from the early Accts
                            of the Expected arrival of the French Fleete off Sandy Hook &c. I made no doubt but a serious Attack was meditated
                            against New York by land and Water—The arrival of so Considerable a British naval Force will I presume make the interprize
                            very hazardus if not impractacable—I would therefore beg leave to insinuate to your Excly The propriety of Imploying the
                            Expected French Fleete in Stricking at the Enemies Southern posts—or if your Exclys Better opinion
                            should be to Strike at New York, to Mention the Necessity of Occupying sandy Hook with Heavy Battering Cannon in
                                order to Command the Entrance into sandy Hook which is Narrow—that point being Gained—the Enemy
                            must retire Either up the Channill way betwen the Banks, or Amboy Bay—if up the Channill Betwene the
                            Banks they will have a good Harbour for the French Fleete and perfectly secure from any Attack unless with Certain Loss to
                            themselves occasioned by the Narrowness of the passage that would only admit there Coming down by single Ships—if they
                            Retire up Amboy Bay the French Adml will have it in his option to bring them to Action or Take possession of the Channill
                            leading to the Narrowes—Should the British after the loss of the passage into sandy Hook retire up the Channill way Betwen
                            the Banks (which I think there is little or no doubt of) the French Can I belive lay so Near the Edge
                            of the West Bank as to Exceedeingly damage the Enemy whilst they from the Narrowness of the Channill
                            must I belive fight at these moorings—Should your Excly think it a matter worthy of Enquiry to know the
                            distance from where the Ships of war Can Lay on the side of the West Bank to the Channill way betwen the Banks I Can I
                            belive have the Matter ascertained.
                        for Conveniency of forwarding Intilegence it will be Necessary that I am Informed of your
                            Excly Movements.
                        for the prest I will order Horsemen on the rout to Trentown directed to lodge my Letters with Colo:
                                Neilson to be forwarded by him to philada—My Horsemen will allways after this day perform the ride
                            from here to Trentown in three Hours should any Important Intilegence Occur while your Excly Continues
                            in Phila. I have the Honr to be your Exclys Most obdt Humble Servt

                            David Forman


Title: From George Washington to David Forman, 29 August 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Forman, David

                            sir
                            Trenton 29th Augst 1781

                        Your Favor of this Day reached me at 7 oClock.
                        I am much obliged by your attention—& have to thank you
                            particularly for the Advice contained in your Letter respecting a Position & attack .
                        I must beg you will continue to keep me advised of every material Circumstance that occurs—which you will be
                            pleased to do by the mode you propose unless some more expeditious Rout will bring me intelligence to Phila.—sooner than
                            by this Town.
                        You will please direct to me in Phila.—untill you shall hear further from me—I am  with much Regard & Esteem sir your most  servant

                            Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Joseph Reed, 29 August 1781
From: Reed, Joseph
To: Washington, George

                            Sir
                            In Council Philada Aug. 29. 1781

                        The Intelligence received by a Flag from Providence is so important that I consider not only a Matter of
                            Respect but of indispinsable Duty to forward it to your Excelly with all possible Dispatch.
                        The Prisoners (American Captains) say that in 24 Fathom Water they fell in with 14 British Men of War of the
                            Line under Admiral Drake, other Vessels made up the whole Squadron to 22 viz. Frigates & Bombketches. all bound to
                            New York. That fearing this Vessel would give Intelligence of their Arrival they kept her in Tow several Days but about 4
                            Days ago finding themselves so near their Port they let her go. It is generally supposed that they must be arrived by this
                            Time & it is probable your Excelly may have heard it more directly if so you will be so good as to excuse the
                            Trouble arising from my well meant Zeal.
                        We have given Col. Miles all the Assistance in our Power in the Execution of your Orders respecting
                            Transportation—& the like to the Officer sent by the Count de Rochambeau to establish a Hospital—We shall on all
                            Occasions exert ourselves to answer your Expectations & comply with your Desires. I have the Honor to be with the
                            greatest Respect Your Excellys most Obedt & very Hbble Servt

                            Jos: Reed President

                            P.S. The Captains are confident there are no Troops on board the Fleet except their usual Complement of
                                Marines—nor any Transports in Company.


Title: To George Washington from Philip Van Cortlandt, 29 August 1781
From: Van Cortlandt, Philip
To: Washington, George

                            Dear General
                            Dodds Tavern Augt 29. 1781

                        I am favoured with yours of this morning and shall proceed on Immediately, The Boats and stores are all come
                            up so that I Expect to reach Troy this Evening. I am with great respect your Excellencys Obt Hume Sert

                            P. Cortlandt


Title: From George Washington to Antoine-Charles du Houx, baron de Vioménil, 29 August 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Vioménil, Antoine-Charles du Houx, baron de

                            sir
                            Chatham 29th Augst 1781. 4 oClock

                        I am just now honored with your Favr of last Evening—A Detatchment of Militia, consistg of a Subn &
                            25 men, are already ordered for the Protection of your Bakery—about 400 more men will lye near this Place which I think
                            will be full Security so long as you mention. With &a I am

                            G.W.


Title: To George Washington from Edmund Affleck, 30 August 1781
From: Affleck, Edmund
To: Washington, George

                            Sir
                            New York Augt 30th 1781

                        I intend not either to deny or to assert for it will neither facilitate business nor alleviate Distress.
                        The Subject of your Letter seems to turn upon two Points, viz: the Inconveniencies & distresses which
                            the American Prisoners suffer from the Inadequacy of Room in the Prison Ships which occasion the Death of many of them as
                            you are told. The other is that a Commissary General of Prisoners from you shall have liberty to visit the Ships, inspect
                            the Situation of the Prisoners, and make a report from an Actual Survey.
                        I take leave to assure you that I feel for the distresses of mankind as much as any Man, and since my coming
                            to the Naval Command in this department, one of my principal endeavors has been to regulate the Prison & Hospital
                            Ships.
                        The Government having made no other Provision for Naval Prisoners but Shipping it is impossible that the
                            greater inconvenience (which people confin’d on board Ships experience beyond those confin’d on shore) can be avoided, and
                            a Sudden accumulation of people often aggravates the evil. But I assure you that every attention is shewn that is
                            possible, and that the Prison Ships are under the very same regulations here as have been constantly observed towards the
                            Prisoners of all Nations in Europe. Tables of diet are publicly affix’d, Officers visit every week, Redress &
                            Report greivances, and the Numbers are thinn’d as they can provide Shipping, and No attention has been wanting.
                        The latter point cannot be admitted in it’s full extent, but if you think fit to send an Officer of Character
                            to the Lines for that purpose he will be conducted to me and he shall be accompanied by an Officer and become a witness of
                            the manner in which we treat the Prisoners.
                        And I shall expect to have my Officer visit the Prisoners detain’d in your Jails & Dungeons in like
                            manner as well as the mines where I am inform’d many an unhappy victim languishes out his days.
                        I must remark had Congress ever been Inclin’d they might have contributed to releive the distresses of those
                            we are under a necessity of holding as Prisoners by sending in all in their possession towards the Payment of the large
                            debt they owe us on that head, which might have been an inducement towards Liberating many now in Captivity. I have the
                            Honor to be Sir with due respect Your most Obedient Humble Servant

                            Edm: Affleck


Title: To George Washington from William Gordon, 30 August 1781
From: Gordon, William
To: Washington, George

                            My dear Sir
                            Jamaica Plain Aut 30. 1781

                        You have been so obliging as to promise me your assistance in my designed history of the present glorious
                            contest for liberty; & I have no doubt of your affording it. Truth & impartiality are what I aim at;
                            & therefore am for getting the best information possible, which must be by having a recourse to original papers in
                            the possession of those who have borne a distinguished & active part in the transactions of the day. I flatter
                            myself from appearances in Europe, that the war is hastening to a close, & that if the present campaign proves
                            somewhat more successful answerable to the wishes of your Excellency it will be the last. This & some other
                            favourable circumstances have induced me to conclude upon a journey to the southward the approaching fall. I propose setting off by
                            divine permission next monday six weeks, & of visiting Genl Gates before my return. Should be glad to call at Head
                            Quarters, that I might have the pleasure of an interview with your Excellency; but expect to be in company, &
                            apprehend should be put to much inconvenience should I take the route needful for it, & pass thro’ the camp;
                            however as the campaign will be closed before I am upon my return, shall contrive to enjoy that pleasure. Cannot suppose,
                            my dear Sir, that you have the papers of former campaigns with you, but that they are deposited in some secure place at a
                            distance from the camp. Could You indulge me with the perusal of them upon my repairing to such place, you would confer an
                            unspeakable obligation upon me, & enable me to make the more dispatch in the history, by bringing it down to where
                            your papers end. I shall conscienciously conceal whatever it may be imprudent & unsafe to divulge; & make
                            it a rule with me, as a minister of peace, to promote peace & prevent or destroy dissensions.
                        Our affairs to the southward once wore a threatening aspect; but the same kind Providence hath wrought
                            effectually in that quarter, as it had before done in others; & I congratulate you upon the
                                disappointments, losses & defeats that our enemies have met with. It would give me the
                            highest pleasure had the several States furnished  with the necessary force; & were our
                            allies with their fleet ready to begin their operation tely, so as to leave no fear but
                            what with the common smiles of Heaven your Exc be able before winter to reduce New York.
                            Indolence & Selfishness are preventive of  which ought to distinguish the Massachusetts
                            as the first mover in the present war. It is to no little purpose to complain, that I am almost tired
                            of it, & am ready to conclude at times to let things go as they will without endeavouring to serve the public. Had
                            not You possessed an uncommon share of Patriotism, You would have quitted your post long ago upon observing how little
                            attention was paid to your repeated complaints & applications. Your friends have put your virtue to the trial full
                            as much as your enemies. I can write you nothing new, excepting that Col. Sears is going on board a frigate this evening
                            to cruise in the Bay in company with other vessels, in order to drive off or take a number of the enemy that infest it
                            & make many captures. I wish him a successful voyage, but am not captivated with the notion of his going, for I am
                            not clear that it is his present duty to put himself in the way of being killed or wounded. I shall be glad to know where
                            your Lady is, that I may pay my respects to her. Mrs Gordon joins in kindest remembrance to her, & to your
                            Excellency, with my dear Sir Your affectionate Friend & most obedient Servant

                            William Gordon


Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Lincoln, 30 August 1781
From: Lincoln, Benjamin
To: Washington, George

                            My dear General
                            Brunswic Landing 30 Augt 1781

                        The troops arrived here about 2 oClock in the afternoon yesterday—I went towards evening to bound brook where
                            I met Col. Lamb & every thing in order. As there are so many circumstances to be taken into consideration prior to
                            a determination what number of waggons ought to proced Southward and as we cannot avail ourselves of all of those
                            circumstances here, such as the probability of a full supply of vessells at the Head of Ellk—Horses in Pennsylvania
                            & else where, independent of those with us, Colo. Pickering has just taken a resolution to wait on your Excellency
                            this evening in Philadelphia to receive your Excelly further orders.
                        I expect we shall be on our ground about three this evening. I have the honor to be my Dr
                            Genl with sincere regard your obt servant

                            B. Lincoln

                            P.S. I was honored with your Excelly favor of yesterdays date—the letter to Baskenridge goes off this
                                morning by express the other which was inclosed I will deliver to day if I can see Mr De witt—I have heard nothing
                                more from Sandy hook.


Title: To George Washington from David Forman, 31 August 1781
From: Forman, David
To: Washington, George

                        Sir

                            Freehold One OClock Morning Friday Night 31st Augt 1781

                        I have this Minute an Express from the Highlands of Middle Town informing me that Adml Greaves Come to Sail
                            this Evening about Sun Set and run from there Station inside of Sandy Hook with Six Sale of the Line, 2
                            Frigates and three Sloops of War—the Winds at West—as Soone as Greases Squadron began to pass the Hook a
                            Signal was given and Adml Hoods Squadron Immediately got under way—the leadeing Ships Stood to the
                            Eastward but night Come on too Soone to determin absolutely the Course they steared should I be able in the Course of
                            Tommorow to get information of there distination your Excly shall be informed of it—I have it from a Branch Poilot Who was
                            on Board and poiloted the fleete lately arrived to there station—He says the Fleete is
                            Commanded by Adml Hood and Consists of but thirteen Ships of the line—that they fell in with two of Greavess line Ships on
                            the Coast.
                        The Poilot further adds that Rodney is in the West Indias with Eight Ships of the Line—if his acct be good
                            the Enemies whole force on this Station is Twenty Line of Battle Ships—as your Excly semed to think a delay might be
                            Created by sending through Colo. Nielson—I this day sent forward Some Horsemen to Allins Town & Burlington there
                            to Cross Deleware to Bristol—if they have been able to get Quarters at these several Posts agreeable to my directions this
                            will pass Very rappidly to yr Exclys hands—But there is so Greate a languor in Every of the State officers that I am
                            fearfull some delay will Happin yet I Hope not considerable I have the Honr to be your Exclys Most Obdt Hle Servt

                            David Forman


Title: From George Washington to Benjamin Lincoln, 31 August 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Lincoln, Benjamin

                            Dear Sir
                            Philadelphia 31st Augst 1781

                        Upon Enquiry I have too much Reason to fear we shall not be able to secure Craft eno’ to embark all our
                            Troops, Stores, Baggage, Cannon &ca upon the Water—in which Case some must go by Land—You will be pleased to
                            consult Colo. Lamb, respecting the heavy Cannon, Carriages, Military Stores & Baggage, & find what will be
                            most cumbersome & heavy to transport by land, & let that have the first Chance by Water—the Quantity of
                            these you will best judge by the Number & kind of Craft which will be sent to you—many, if not all the covered
                            Waggons, with some others, will possibly be found necessary to go by Land—with the light Field peices & perhaps
                            some Cannon Carriages—the heavy Cannons, mortars, Hoitz’s—with Cloathg & Entrenchg Tools, will
                            be most convenient to go by Water—the Cannon &ca to be divested of their Carriages.
                        Colo. Nelson at Trenton, informed me, that he tho’t a Ford might be found, by which the Waggons &
                            Carriages might be safely passed across the Delaware, at that Place—and promised me to make the Experiment—you will
                            consult him on that Subject.
                        When you are on the Rout from Trenton, I fancy there is a Road, leading direct to a Ford across the
                            Neshammeny Creek above the Ferry a mile as you pass from Bristol—if so, it will be most expeditious to pass the waggons
                            & artillery by that Rout, without going to Bristol, & avoiding the Ferry, which will be troublesome
                            & occasion much Delay—I passed myself by this Ford, & think you will find such a Road as I mention. The
                            Troops are to cross at the ferry.
                        The Troops which are the lightest & best able to march—and such as are least suspected of Desertion,
                            from Disaffection, Want of Pay, or any other Circumstance, will, if Craft should fail, be best to march by Land.
                        You will send down, as soon as the first Opportunity presents, 100 picked Men, who are acquainted with the
                            Water, & who are the most suitable on other Accounts, to assist in Embarkg & forwarding the Stores at this
                            Place under active officrs.
                        Genl Knoxs Letter, which accompanies this, will help you to determine respecting the Conveyance of the Cannon
                            & Military Stores.
                        The Waggons & whatever else go by Land, will proceed by the shortest Rout, immediately to the Head of
                            Elk—There is no better rout than by this City—the march will be so ordered as not to encamp by or near this City—the
                            Troops who march by Land, will move on by slow & easy marches—that they may not be fatigued.
                        You will appoint an active officer to superintend, the Embarkation at Trenton—whose Arrangements must be
                            callculated for Dispatch, & to save Confusion—another Officer of like Character must go on with the first
                            Embarkation to Christiana, to Superintend the Debarkation—with this officer, some Troops must go down to the Place of
                            Debarkation—to assist in unloadg & forwardg the Stores &ca.
                        You will please to use every Exertion for Dispatch in your movement—as not a moments Time is to be lost. With
                            much Regard & Esteem I am D. Sir Your most Obedt Servant

                            Go: Washington

                            P.S. inclosed is a List of Craft sent up—the Topsail Vessels will not be sent—& the Wood Craft
                                will be wanted for other Purposes here—Send down Colo. Guvion to me as soon as possible—prepared to go on directly to
                                Virginia.


Title: From George Washington to Benjamin Lincoln, 31 August 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Lincoln, Benjamin

                            D. Sir
                            Philadelphia 31st Augst 1781

                        Since my Letter of this Morng—upon Consultation with Count Rochambeau, I find him inclined to march the
                            French Troops by Land from Trenton to Head of Elk—which will give a larger proportion of Craft for the American Stores
                            & Troops.
                        You will therefore, notwithstandg my preceedg Letter, after allotg a sufficient Number for the French Baggage
                            &ca (their Request is Six)—first put on Board the Water Craft such Heavy Stores, Baggage, Cloathg—Tools—Garrison
                            Carriages & such other Things as Colo. Lamb & you shall think proper, & then embark the Troops on
                            Board the Craft—& let them fall down the River to Christina Bridge as soon as possible—reserving only such Number
                            of Men as will be necessary to cross the Land with the Waggons & Baggage that will go on in that Way—&
                            sendg on to this Place the 200 Men requested this Morng.
                        Genl Knox has just mentioned to me that some Part at least of the Artillery Stores, with some of the
                            Artillery, had best pass by Land without any Change—as they are lightly loaded for the Purpose of easey Carriage—&
                            the shifting on Board Craft may occasion much Trouble & Delay—you will think on this Circumstance.
                        In Fordg the Waggons & Carriages particular Care must be taken that no Accident takes Place by miscrossing.
                        The Q.M.G. will direct what Number of Spare Waggons, covered & open, will be necessary to take along
                            to Christiana Bridge, for the Purpose of Transportation from thence to Head of Elk—these will also go on by Land. With
                            much Regard & Esteem I am D. Sir Your most Obedt Servant

                            Go: Washington

                            the Q.M.G. will see the Boats comg on with Cortlandts Regt put into Repair, imediately on their Comg
                                up—these will take down the Regt that accompanies them—& perhaps some other matters.
                            Desire our A.Q.M.—to give all the Assistance in his Power to the French Troops—in
                                their Crossing the River—& in any other Circumstance in which they may Need his Aid.


Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Lincoln, 31 August 1781
From: Lincoln, Benjamin
To: Washington, George

                            My dear General
                            Trentown Augt 31 1781 Noon

                        Our van has passed the rear will be at the ferry in about one hour.
                        No moment will be lost in loading the artillery Stores &c.
                        We have an account this morning from New York that the enemy are embarking troops and have put on board
                            twenty peices of feild artillery—the Arrival of Hood is mentioned in the New York paper which I conclude your
                                Excellency will receive before this.
                        As soon as I can asertain the time I can leave the ferry I will inform your Excellency
                            of it.
                        We shall encamp to night on the banks of the river by this I hope to prevent all desertions—few only have yet
                            happened five or six only have been reported. I have the honor to be my Dr sir with the greatest respect
                            your ob. ser.

                            B. Lincoln


Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Lincoln, 31 August 1781
From: Lincoln, Benjamin
To: Washington, George

                            My Dear GeneralTrentown 31 Augt 1781 1/2 past 5 p.m.

                        I was honored with your favor of this date at 1/2 past one at the landing—we have put & are putting
                            on board the vessels the ordnance stores &c.—I shall send in the same vessels the Corps of artillery—Corps of
                            Sappers & miners and also Colo. Hazens Regt by sending Gen. Hazens Regiment suppose it will be unnecessary to send
                            the hundred men you mention I thought it was best to send whole Corps & not a detachment as the former mode would
                            fully comply with the spirit of your Orders The vessels I expect will leave this at about 7 oClock so as to be down early
                            in the morning—I have order them to wait on your Excellency for further orders.
                        The light troops the Jersey Brigade & Col. Vanschaick’s Regt will leave this in the
                            morning—As there are so many empty waggons I think the troops, with their aid, will march with ease and dispatch this idea
                            & the necessity the French will have for the Vessels has induced me to send none by water, saving the invalid
                            & those before mentioned-- I shall detain one vessel to receive such of the stores as are in our rear with Colo. Coartland & may
                            not be exposed to rain—The other stores & the troops can go in the same boats they have with them their waggons
                            will be made light & sent round.
                        The moment I have made the necessary arrangements I will follow the troops & wait on your Excelley at
                            Philadelphia. I am my Dear sir with the greatest respect your most ob. ser.

                             B. Lincoln


Title: To George Washington from Bernard Xavier Philippe de Marigny de Mandeville, 31 August 1781
From: Mandeville, Bernard Xavier Philippe de Marigny de
To: Washington, George

                        Monsieur Le Général

                                31 August 1781

                        Monsieur Le Major hunter que votre Excellence Envoya à Monsieur le Comte De Grasse ayant Eu Dans le trajet
                            qu’il avoit à faire pour Se rendre à L’armée navale, Connoissance De la Division De nos vaisseaux que j’ai l’honneur De
                            commander pour bloquer la Riviere D’york S’est Donné la peine de venir à mon Bord pour que Je pusse lui Donner Les
                            connoissances que votre Excellence Desireroit avoir relativement aux operations faites ou à faire; Comme j’ai toujours Eté
                            chargé Du Blocus de La Riviere, mission qui me tient Eloigné Du gros de notre armée Je Suis on ne peut pas moins instruit
                            et je ne pourrois que très imparfaitement Satisfaire aux Desirs De votre Excellence mais J’ai Engagé Monsieur hunter à
                            Defendre au cap harvey ou notre armée Est mouillée Et ou il trouvera Monsieur Le Comte De Grasse qui repondra Surement à
                            La Lettre que votre Excellence Lui Ecrit De façon à vous instruire De tout.
                        Monsieur Le Major hunter m’assure, Monsieur Le Général, que votre Excellence Desireroit procurer aux
                            vaisseaux De Sa Majesté trés chrestienne quelques uns Des adoucissements qu’une Longue navigation rend Si necessaires Et
                            Si bienfaisants aux marins. Dans cette confiance J’oserois Demander à votre Excellence quelques Beufs avec Du fourage pour
                            La nouriture De ces Beufs En quantité Suffisante pour me mettre à même De procurer quelques jours De viande fraiche aux
                            Equipages De trois vaisseaux, montant à cinq cents hommes chaque, Et D’une grosse fregate que Jai icy Sous mes ordres; ce
                            Sera une Douceur pour la quelle Je prie votre Excellence D’agréer ma bien Sincere reonnoissance. Je Suis avec Le respect Le plus Sincére Monsieur Le Général De votre Excellence Le trés humble et trés
                            obéissant Serviteur

                            Bernard De Marigny


Title: To George Washington from Lt. Col. Roger Enos, 26 August 1781
From: Enos, Lt. Col. Roger
To: Washington, George

                            Sir,
                            State of Vermont Castletown Augt 26 1781

                        I have the Honour to inform your Excellency, of my Appointment to the Command of the Troops raised and to be
                            raised for the Defence of this State—As the Political Situation of this State, has heretofore, much injured it’s military
                            operations, by being deprived of the Aid and Influence of Congress and the Commander in Chief—I take this method of
                            acquainting your Excellency, that I shall esteem it my Duty, and shall chearfully comply with any Orders or directions you
                            shall give relative to the Deparment which I command; and shall early communicate any Intelligence that may be deemed of
                            Service to the common Cause.
                        I have Information that the Enemy will shortly make an attack upon the Frontiers of this State—this I recd
                            from a party of the Enemy that were taken at Bennington on the 6 Instt. Their Orders from Colo. St Ledger, were to make
                            Prisoners of some Intelligent Persons and convey them to Canada—And on the 23d a British Officer was
                            discovered near Charlestown, but, made his escape—He informs that a reinforcement had arrived at Canada commanded by a
                            Young Officer of Spirit & that on the 25h Int. the Indians were to rendezvous at St Johns—Their Intentions were to
                            lay waste the Country upon Connecticut River I am induced to beleive the above Account—am unfortunate in finding that the
                            Frontiers of this State are so extensive that the Garrisons for it’s Defence, cannot act in Conjunction but must be
                            supported from the Interior part of the Country.I am with great Respect your Excellencys most Obt & Humle Servt

                            Roger Enos


Title: To George Washington from Jabez Bowen, 28 August 1781
From: Bowen, Jabez
To: Washington, George

                            Sir
                            Providence August 28 1781

                        Yours of the 16th arived the Evening before the General Assembly was to meet. I laid the same before them and
                            they gave immediate Orders for the Quarter Master to take up Transport and ship all the Salted Provisions (A few Barrels
                            excepted) and the Thirty Hhds of Rum. The Fleet weir all ready to Saile on the Evening of the 20 but weir detained by
                            contrary Winds ’till the 25th when they had a fine Wind at N.E. which carred them out of Sight at 3 oClock P.M. by Returns
                            I find that their was only 9 or 10 Hhds of Rum put on Board no more could be got ready from the short notice we had.
                        I shewed your Letter to Adml de Barras who chearfully offerd every assistance in his power to the Vessell we
                            should put under his Convoy. we wish them success in their Expedition.
                        before this comes to your Hands you will have seen Colo. Laurens who will give you all the
                            News we have and I dare say a pleasing account of his owne mission. we now expect the arrival of the Count de Grass with
                            much impatience as the Season for Campaigning is far advanced.
                        I am much pleased that our Friend General Greene has been able to restore our broken affairs in the
                            Carolinas. I must confess his success has been far beyond my most Sanguine expectations. I wish ardently that the great
                            New England States would exert them selves once more to give you an army to Chastize those Boasters that speake such bigg
                            swelling Words in New Yorke. Pray my Dear Sir intrest your self in the Delivery of our poor Country men who are confined
                            in New Yorke; such a great Mortality prevails on board the Prison Ships that Death will make a
                            goale delivery soon. they are made to Believe that their not being a General Exchange made; arises purely from
                            difficulties started on our side. I am Dear Sir Your Excellencys Most Obedient & Humb. Servant

                            Jabez Bowen


Title: To George Washington from Samuel Miles, 29 August 1781
From: Miles, Samuel
To: Washington, George

                            Sir
                            Philada Augt 29th 1781

                        I had the Honor of receiving your Excellencys favor of the 27th and you may be assured
                            that nothing shall be left undone, that is within my power to accomplish, in the business you have committed to me. but I
                            am sorry to acquaint your Excellency that all the River Craft and top Sail Vessals in this Harbour that can possibly be
                            got ready for sailing within the time limited or for many days after, I much fear will fall short of
                            your expectation. however I hope to have between twenty and thirty sail of River Craft, Which will carry on an Average One
                            hundred men, or prehaps some more, at trenton by the 31st and others shall follow as fast as possible.
                            I have the Honor to be—your Excencies most obedt servt

                            Saml Miles D.Q.M.


Title: From George Washington to David Forman, 1 September 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Forman, David

                     Sir
                     Head Quarters Philadelphia Septr 1st 1781

                  Your favor of the 31st was handed to me by the Express at 8 o clock this Morning.  I thank you again for your unwearied attention in communicating with so much rapidity the advices you receive of the Enemy’s Movements.
                  A report is circulated that some Land forces arrived in the fleet from the West Indies; I could wish that matter to be ascertained, as also whether any Troops sailed with the fleet from the Hook—Indeed Sir, you cannot more essentially oblige me, or serve the Public than by continuing to transmit every Intelligence you are able to obtain, with the same dispatch & accuracy you have hitherto done.  With great regard &c.


Title: To George Washington from David Forman, 1 September 1781
From: Forman, David
To: Washington, George

                  Sir

                      Saturday Night 9 oClock 1st Sepr 1781

                  I am accidently this minute Informed by a person from the Sea shoar about 25 Miles to the Southward of Shrewsberry that he saw the British Fleet Saturday Morning Standing to the Southward—But so far off to Sea as only to observe what he supposed the war—Had they Stood to the Eastward with the Winds at North as we suppose it was all Night they would have been out of sight from every part of our shoar long before day—that I presume from there Hawling to the Southward they are bound to Chesepeak—perhaps I am more led to take up that Idea by a report from Sandy Hook that Count de Grasse is arrived in the Chesepeak & that Adml Graves is gone to Block him up.
                  I this day saw Mr Rivingtons paper announcing Adml Hoods Arrivals with thirteen Ships of the Line and four Frigates and I think three Regts of British—he allso Mentions that Adml Rodney and Genl Vaughn had sailed for England—the Former to take Command of the Grand British Fleet.  I have the Honr to be Your Exclys Most Obdt Humble Servt

                     David Forman


Title: From George Washington to Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette, 1 September 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de

                     My Dear Marquis
                     Phila. 1st September 1781

                  I have this Moment received the inclosed Information of the Movement of the British Fleet—And as I view it a Matter of the greatest Moment that the French Admirals should have the earliest Intelligence I have made no delay to comunicate it to you.
                  Our Troops are proceeding with as much Dispatch as possible In our Circumstances—the Van is beginning to arrive at this Place & the whole will follow as fast as they can.
                  If you can obtain any Vessels from any of the Rivers about you, independant of those already wrote for to the French Admiral, you will be so good as to assemble them at the Head of Elk to aid our Embarkation on the Chesepeak.  I am Sir

                     G. Washington

                     P.S.  At the Moment of writing this Colo. Morris arrivd with yours of 24th ulto—At a Minute of more Leisure I shall make you a Reply.


Title: To George Washington from Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette, 1 September 1781
From: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de
To: Washington, George

                     My dear General
                     Holt’s Forge 1st September 1781

                  From the Bottom of My Heart I Congratulate you upon the Arrival of the French Fleet—Some Rumors Had Been spread, and spy accounts sent out—But no Certainty untill the Admiral’s dispatches Came to Hand—Inclosed I send you His letter and that of Mis. de St Simon Both of whom I Request you will Have translated By Tilmangh or Gouvion alone as there are parts of them personal which I do not choose to show to others—Thanks to you, My dear General, I am in a very charming situation and find myself at the Head of a Beautiful Body of troops—But am not so Hasty as Count de Grasse and think that Having so sure a game to play, it would be Madness By the Risk of an Attack to give any thing to Chance.
                  it Appears Count de Grasse is in a great Hurry to Return—He makes it a point to put upon my expressions such constructions as may favor his plan—They Have Been pleased to adopt my ideas as to the sending of vessels into James River and forming a jonction at james town—I wish they may also force the passage at York Because then His Lordship has no possibility to escape.
                  The delay of Count de Grasse’s arrival, the Movement of the Grand Army, and the alarm there was at York have forced me for greater security to send a part of the troops to the South Side of james River—to morrow and the day after will be employed in Making dispositions for the  covering a landing—which will be done with Continentals discombered of Baggage; and the 5th agreable to the Count’s desire a jonction will Be made of our troops—I shall then propose to the french General the taking of a safe position within ten or twelve Miles of York—such a one as Cannot be forced without a much greater loss than we could suffer—and unless Matters are very different from what I think they are, my opinion is that we ought to be contented with preventing the ennemy’s forages, and fatiguing them by alarming their piquets with Militia without commiting our Regulars—Whatever readiness Marquis de St Simon Has Been pleased to express to Clel Gimat respecting his Being under me, I shall do Nothing without paying that deference which is due to age, talents, and experience—but would rather incline to the cautious line of conduct I Have of late Adopted—Gal Portail must be now with Count de Grasse—he knows your intentions and of course will be consulted in our movements.
                  Lord Cornwallis Has still one way to escape—He may land at west point and cross the james River some miles below Point of Fork—but I thought this post was the most important as the other Rout is Big with obstacles—However to prevent even a possibility I would wish some ships were above York.
                  The Governor was with me when the letters came—He jumped upon a Horse and posted of to his Council—I gave Him a Memorandum demanding provisions of every kind for the Fleet and for the Combined Army—We may depend upon a quantity of cattle—But flour ought to be sent from Maryland and Pennsylvania—Cher d’annemours the French Consul is Here and will take a method to Have his Countrymen supplied without starving us—Before he left me the Governor sent people to Collect Horses for the officers and Vegetables for the men—both articles to be got immediately—Clel White Has impressed two Hundred Horses—but Cannot equip 50—I have ordered Him to send 100 Here that the French Huzzards may Be mounted.
                  Gal Portail is of opinion 6000 militia are wanting—I have asked for them, But do not depend on more than 4000 rank and file—Maryland may furnish 1000 and that I would think to Be sufficient—I fear the Croud on Account of provisions.
                  From Clel Gimat’s private letter I find that the Army and Navy are in High Spirits and panting for action—they Have been particularly kind to me—my little influence will be employed in preaching patience as our affairs cannot Be spoiled unless we do spoil them ourselves.
                  Your letter of the 22d is just come to Hand—it is impossible immediately to answer the part of it that Respects Horses and Waggons—But I can give very little Hopes—since I am in Virginia it has Been impossible to Have the Army provided—most of our waggons are extorted from inhabitants—the demand of Count de St Simon will Be very large—your Best, I was going to say your only chance will Be in Maryland—However I will immediately urge the matter with the Governor—I wish the Quarter Master General would come—Major Clayburne is sick and when He was well did very little—we are also in absolute want of the Heads in the Commissary departement—the State Commissary cannot answer the purpose—whatever craft may be found I will send but there is very few and the few boats there is are employed in transporting provisions—the State of Maryland have been collecting Horses—Some may also be impressed in Virginia—Should we succeed against Mylord our Cavalry will be perfectly mounted and equipped for a campaign in Carolina.
                  Aprehending that Your Excellency might wish to have an official letter on the arrival of the Fleet I have inclosed one.
                  Upon a particular inquiry of the country and our circumstances I hope you will find we have taken the best precautions to lessen His Lordship’s chances to escape—He has a few left but so very precarious that I Hardly Believe He will make the attempt—If He does he must give up Ships, Artillery, Baggage part of the Horses all the Negroes—He must be certain to loose the third of his Army and run the greatest risk to loose the whole without gaining that glory which he may derive from a Brillant defence.
                  Adieu, my dear General, the agreable situation I am in is owing to your friendship and is for that reason the dearer to Your respectful servant and friend

                     Lafayette


Title: To George Washington from Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette, 1 September 1781
From: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de
To: Washington, George

                     My dear General
                     Holt’s Forge September the 1st 1781

                  I am Happy to inform Your Excellency that Count de Grasse’s Fleet is lastly arrived in this Bay—it Consists of 28 ships of the Line with Several frigats, and convoys a Considerable Body of troops Under Marquis de st Simon—Previous to their Arrival Such positions Had Been taken By our Army as to prevent the Ennemy’s Retreating towards Carolina.
                  In Consequence of Your Excellency’s orders I Had the Honour to oppun a Correspondance with the French Generals, and Measures Have Been taken for a jonction of our troops.
                  Lord Cornwallis is still on York River and is fortifying Himself in a Strong position. With the Highest Respect I Have the Honor to Be My dear General Your Excellency’s Most obedient humble Servant

                     Lafayette


Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Lincoln, 1 September 1781
From: Lincoln, Benjamin
To: Washington, George

                  My dear General,

                     Trenton Septr 1 1781 7 o’Clock Morng

                  I was the last Evening honored with your Excellency’s Favor of Yesterday Afternoon—On the Receipt of it I applied to Colo. Dearborn Dy Qr Mr Gnl, to know what Number of Vessels were left, and what Number it would probably take to transport the French Artillery, Baggage, Sick, &c.  On his Report I found it impossible to take Vessels enough for another Corps, and leave a Sufficiency for the French—I therefore attended to the Regulation which had been made prior to my receiving your Letter.  The Troops are all over, & the Rear of our Waggons are just now passing—We shall halt to Night thirteen Miles from Philadelphia.  I will wait on your Excellency at 7 o’Clock to Morrow Morning.
                  I will leave Orders for Colo. Courtland to send his Waggons round light, and take his Regiment in the Boats he has with him—One Vessel will be detained to take in such Stores as he may have with him and which must not be exposed to the Rain.
                  The Legion has just now arrived.  I have the Honor to be, My dear General, with the greatest Respect, Your obedient Servant

                     B. Lincoln

                     P.S. I have the happiness to inform your Excellency that the troops are in good spirits and that there has not been any desertion since we arrived here & very few before.


Title: From George Washington to Thomas McKean, 1 September 1781
From: Washington, George
To: McKean, Thomas

                     Sir
                     Philadelphia Septr 1st 1781

                  Brigadier General Duportail has very earnestly solicited the exchange of Colos Laumois and Cambray of the Corps of Engineers who were taken prisoners at Charles Town upon the principal of the utility which they would be of to the southward should we carry on any operations in that Quarter—Altho I am impressed with the truth of Genl Duportails observation upon this matter I cannot without deviating from an order of Congress and an established rule of Exchange give those Gentlemen a preference to others of the same Rank who have been longer in Captivity.  I would therefore wish to be favored with the determination of Congress upon the subject.  I have the honor to be with the greatest respect Your Excellency’s most obedient & humble Servant

                     Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from William Smallwood, 1 September 1781
From: Smallwood, William
To: Washington, George

                     Dear Sir,
                     Annapolis September 1st 1781.

                  I am sorry to inform you that the third Regiment was detained beyond my Expectations, for want of Equipments, they marched to join the Marquis on the 28h of August, but are yet deficient one hundred stand of Arms, and upwards of two hundred Blankets, The arms I have procured, and shall forward with all possible dispatch—some Cloth has been received which is now making up into Blankets to be forwarded.
                  I am honoured with yours of the 24th Ultimo, and it would give me great pleasure to comply with your Orders respecting the March of all the Levies and Recruits, but to what purpose without proper Equipments?  Recruits, Draughts and Substitutes, sufficient to fill up the Fourth Regiment have been rendezvoused here only eight Days, at which time I acquainted the Executive and called on them for Supplies of Arms, Accoutrements, Cloathing &ca which I had previously made repeated requisitions of, at the same time being destitute of any species of Equipments,  I earnestly pressed the Expediency of supplying Arms, Accoutrements, Blankets and Shoes, as essentially necessary to enable them to march, I have received but five hundred stand of Arms since, including the hundred stand about to be forwarded to the third Regiment, and no Cloathing, which was promised to the Levies under the recruiting Act.
                  About one Hundred Men have rendezvoused to form the other Regiment required by Congress, in like situation with those of the fourth, and I really cannot tell you what forwardness the two Troops of Horse are in as I have no direction or order in this Business ‘till the Troops are assembled and delivered here.
                  I find a perfect disposition in the State to use every Exertion to promote the Service, but indeed her Finances are so low, and her Resources so limited by the stagnation of Commerce, the Consequence of the Bay being blocked up, that little can be effected—Her late Emission not being current, the Equipments She furnishes are principally obtained by Seizures.
                  Your Orders with respect to Captain Hughes’s joining his Regiment I have communicated.  I am with the highest Regard and Esteem Your very Obedt & most Hble Servt

                     W. Smallwood

                     I shou’d be glad of your further direction if you incline the Levies shou’d be moved in the State they are in it shall be done without waiting longer, for Supplies from the State altho’ she is making every Effort to furnish them.


Title: From George Washington to David Forman, 2 September 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Forman, David

                     sir
                     Phila. Sunday Morng 7 oClock 2d Sepr 1781

                  Your Favor of last Evening is this Moment received—your Conjecture of the Destination of the British Fleet is probably right—I had scarcely a Doubt in my Mind at the first Intelligence I received from you of their sailg.  their Course now makes a full Declaration.
                  I have no Certainty of the Arrival of Admiral de Grasse in Chesapeak—what Intelligence the British may have I cannot say—I wish if it were possible, to have it ascertained, whether any or what Number of Troops have come with the British Fleet lately arrived.With much Consideration I am sir Your most Obedt Servant,

                     Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to William Goodrich, 2 September 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Goodrich, William

                     sir
                     Phila. 2d Sepr 1781

                  I have received your Letter in Behalf of yourself & sundry other Gentlemen of Berkshire, makg Tender of your Services with me as Volunteers for a Month—I most sincerely Thank you for the kind offer—& inform you that the Circumstance of the Campaign at present are such as will not probably require your Services—Unless Genl Heath, who comands the Troops in the Vicinity of N. York, should find himself under Necessity of your Assistance—In which Case — upon his Application I could wish you will be pleased to render him the Same Services; which you have kindly offered to me.I am with much Respect sir your &c.

                     G.W.


Title: From George Washington to Jean-Baptiste de Gouvion, 2 September 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Gouvion, Jean-Baptiste de

                     Sir,
                       2 September 1781

                  You will proceed with all convenient dispatch to the Camp of the Marqs de la Fayette in Virginia, and receive further orders from Genl Duportail or the Marquis.
                  You will let your rout be by Christiana bridge—the head of Elk—the lower ferry on Susquehanna—Baltimore—Elk ridge landing—Bladensburg—& George Town—From George Town you will go by the best waggon Road to Fredericksburg by Falmouth avoiding the Ferries of Occoquon & Rappahannock Rivers.  And from thence you will take the Road which leads most directly to the above Camp.  From Baltimore—George Town—Fredericksburg—and the Virginia Camp you will report the State & condition of the intermediate Roads.  and the measures proper to repair them—& if you could excite the Inhabitants as you passed along to set about this necessary business it would facilitate the movement of our waggons &ca which must go by land greatly—I am perswaded, that it is unnecessary to add any thing, by way of prompting you to the preparation of fascines and other matters which can accelerate our operations & prevent the waste of a single moment.  Given under my hand at Philadelphia this 2d Day of Sepr 1781.

                     Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from François-Joseph-Paul, comte de Grasse-Tilly, 2 September 1781
From: Grasse-Tilly, François-Joseph-Paul, comte de
To: Washington, George

                     Monsieur
                     au Cap henry le 2.7bre 1781.

                  J’ai recû au moment ou je m’y attendois le moins, la lettre que Votre Excellence a eû la bonté de m’adresser par M. du Portail, dont la réputation m’etoit connuë depuis plusieurs années, aussi n’aÿe pas tardé á lui ouvrir mon coeur et à lui faire connoitre tous mes moyens et mes ordres.  je suis on ne peut pas plus touché de ne pas avoir avec moy, d’autres Bâtiments que mes Vaisseaux de Guerre, trop grands pour les employer au transport des troupes Americaines et françoises, de la riviere D’Elke, à la bayë de Chesapeack, et que 4. fregates seules que j’ai pour tout petit Bâtiment et qui sont employés dans le moment à garder la riviere de james, pour oter la retraitte au lord Cornwallis, du côté de la Caroline.  j’ai aussi des Vaisseaux qui blocquent le bas de la riviere D’york et je suis avec le reste de mon armée au Cap henry, pour combattre les forces maritimes ennemiës, si elles venoient au secours du Lord Cornwallis, que je regarde comme bloqué jusqu’á l’arrivée de Votre Excellence et de vos armées.  La jonction de mes 3000. hommes devant se faire a james Town, avec les troupes de M. le Marquis de la fayette, le 5. de ce mois, les miennes sont en rivieres dans les Chalouppes et canots de L’armée, et je les compte arrivées demain dans la journée.
                  Le lord Cornwallis est actuellement à York ou il se fortifie par terre et par mer.  il conserve aussi le poste de Glocester de l’autre côté de la Riviere, et il a fortifié la langue de terre de la presque Isle.  Il a le Charon de 44. canons et plusieurs corvettes avec la frégatte la Gadelouppe qui s’y est refugiée le jour de mon arrivée, etant poursuivie par des Vaisseaux et des frégattes qui s’emparerent de la Corvette  Le Loyaliste de 22. canons.  j’ai dans la riviere de james L’Expérisneul de 44. canons, L’andromaque fregatte de 30. et 3. corvettes de l6. á 2 canons que j’ai prises heureusement le jour, avant d’atterer dans cette bayë.  Votre Excellence sent qu’avec aussi peu de Bâtiments propres aux differentes rivieres ou il faut entrer pour attaquer les places de ces contrées, je suis peu en etât de contribuer á ses projets.  heureusement, nous nous sommes arreté, au seul ou je puisse être utile, mais sans des moyens pour la prompte arrivée de Votre Excellence, que l’on me dit être impossible à trouver dans cette immense riviere, je crains que mon temps ne me permette pas de donner aux forces reuniës, tout le secours que j’aurois desiré leur procurer.
                  J’avois résolu l’attaque d’york, avec les troupes de M. le Marquis de La fayette et celles que j’ai apporté dans mes Vaisseaux, mais la lettre que je reçois de Votre Excellence et par l’avis de M. Du Portail, j’ai suspendû mes projets, jusqu’á l’arrivée des Généraux dont l’experience dans le metier de la guerre, la connoissance du Pays et les lumieres, augmentent de beaucoup nos moyens. je suis persuadé que mon armée qui ne bruloit que du desir de se signaler leurs courages, se surpassera sous les yeux des Generaux dignes de l’apprécier.  je ne vais m’occuper jusqu’á ce moment que des moyens de faciliter toutes les attaques que vous jugerés à propos de faire à votre arrivée, contre L’armée du Lord Cornwallis, seul projet praticable; puisqu’il nous en donne le moyen par la position qu’il a prise, en abandonnant entierement Portsmouth sur la riviere de james.
                  Je pourrois donner dans un besoin 1800. hommes de bonnes troupes, formées des garnisons des Vaisseaux, et fournir des canons pour les sieges qui, á la verité, ne pourroient être montés que sur des affûts marins, mais dont les boulets font autant de fracas que sur des affuts de terre et de siege.  L’arrivée de L’Escadre de M. de Barras, à qui j’ai ecrit de venir me joindre nous seroit utile, à ce que M. du Portail dit, rapport aux effets dont elle est munie.  J’ai l’honneur d’être avec un respectueux attachement de Votre Excellence Le três humble et três obeissant serviteur,

                     Le Comte de Grasse


Title: From George Washington to Moses Hazen, 2 September 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Hazen, Moses

                     Sir
                      2 September 1781

                  You will proceed immediately to Christiana Bridge at which place I expect you will meet the Boats laden with Ordnance and other stores—You will make the proper general arrangements for the speediest transportation of them across to the Head of Elk—Colonel Lamb or Lieut. Coll Stevens will attend particularly to the assorting and forwarding the Ordnance Stores, which ought to be first carried over. It is of importance that the Road from Christiana Bridge to the Head of Elk should be put in the best repair—you will therefore take a view of it and appoint an active Officer acquainted with such business to go upon it with a party and make the necessary repairs—Upon General Lincolns arrival, you will report the progress of the transportation to him and take your further orders from him.  Given at Philada this 2d day of Sepr 1781.


Title: To George Washington from William Heath, 2 September 1781
From: Heath, William
To: Washington, George

                     Dear General,
                     Head quarters, Peekskill Sept. 2. 1781.

                  I was last evening honored with yours of the 29. ulto.  The dispatches for the eastern states will be forwarded this day.  A gentleman who returned with a flag from the enemy’s guard ships this morning, informs me that the british officers told him a fleet of upwards of twenty sail of men of war had arrived at New York—Another officer said seventeen sail.  I am this moment informed by another person that the fleet consists of fourteen sail of the line under the command of admiral Hood—and that four thousand hessian troops, very sickly, have arrived in the fleet.  This last account is brought by a person who is lately exchanged—Perhaps he may be mistaken as to the troops, who may possibly be those who arrived some time since.  I have the honor to be With the highest respect Your Excellencys Most obedient servant

                     W. Heath

                     P.S.  The british officer told the gentlemen who was down with the flag, that you had marched to save Philadelphia, which was threatned by Lord Cornwallis, who was within thirty miles of it.

                     W. Heath


Title: From George Washington to Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette, 2 September 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de

                     Head Quarters Philadelphia Sepr 2nd 1781

                  Nothing, My Dear Marquis, could have afforded me greater satisfaction than the information communicated in your two letters of the 21st and 24th Ulto, of the measures you had taken and the arrangements you were making, in consequence of the intelligence I had given you.
                  Calculating upon your Regular force under your immediate orders, the Militia which have already been called for and may be expected in the Field, the whole of the French Army, and the American Corps now marching with Major General Lincoln from the Northward, in addition to the Land Forces expected on board the Fleet—I flatter myself we shall not experience any considerable difficulties from the want of Men to carry our most favorite Projects into execution.  The means for prosecuting a Seige with rapidity, energy & success, and of supplying the Troops while they are engaged in that service (as they are more precarious) have been, and still continue to be the great objects of my concern & attention.
                  Heavy Cannon, Ordnance Stores & Ammunition to a pretty large Amount, are now forwarding—General Knox, in whose immediate province these Arrangements are, who knows our whole resources, is making every exertion to furnish a competent supply, and will be on the spot to remedy every deficiency as far as the circumstances will possibly admit.
                  Having also, from the first Moment, been extremely anxious respecting the Supplies of the Army (in which I comprehended not only Provisions of the Bread & Meat kind &c. but also Forage & the Means of transportation) I had written pressingly to the Governors of Maryland & Virginia on that subject previous to the receipt of your favor of the 21st of August—I have since reiterated my Entreaties, and inforced in the strongest terms I was capable of using, the Requisitions for specific Supplies made by Congress; and now again called for by the Superintendent of Finance from the States of Jersey, Delaware, & Maryland  the Supplies of Pennsylvania we are to look for them, from the Financer himself—I hope & trust the efforts of these States & of Virginia will be uncommonly great & proportionate to the Magnitude of the object before us.
                  In Order to introduce some kind of System & Method in our Supplies, to know with certainty what may be depended upon, and to put the business in the best possible train of execution, I shall send forward the Heads of Departments, as soon as their presence can be dispensed with.  I have spoken to the Surgeon General respecting Hospital Stores & Medicines, all that can be done, will be done in that department.  As to Cloathing, I am sorry to inform you, little is to be expected, except in the Article of Shoes, of which as full Supply will be sent on. In my progress to the Southward, I shall take care, as far as practicable, to make all the Arrangements necessary for the Operation in view, and to impress the Executives with an idea of the absolute necessity of furnishing their quotas of Supplies regularly; as we have no other resources to rely upon for the support of the Army, and especially, as I am very apprehensive, that a quantity of 1500 Barrels of salted Provisions which I had ordered to be shipped under convoy of the Count de Barras, did not arrive in time for that purpose.
                  But my dear Marquis, I am distressed beyond expression, to know what is become of the Count de Grasse, and for fear the English Fleet, by occupying the Chesapeake (towards which my last accounts say they were steering) should frustrate all our flattering prospects in that quarter—I am also not a little solicitous for the Count de Barras, who was to have sailed from Rhode Island on the 23d Ulto & from whom I have heard nothing since that time.  Of many contingencies we will hope for the most propitious events.  Should the retreat of Lord Cornwallis by water, be cut off by the arrival of either of the French Fleets, I am presuaded you will do all in your power to prevent his escape by land—May that great felicity be reserved for you.
                  You See, how critically important the present moment is—for my own part I am determined still to persist with unremitting ardour in my present Plan unless some inevitable & insuperable obstacles are thrown in our way.
                  Adieu My Dear Marquis.  If you get any thing new from any quarter, send it I pray you on the Spur of Speed, for I am almost all impatience and anxiety, at the same time, that I am With Sentiments of the warmest Affection and personal regard, Your most Obedient Servant

                     Go: Washington

                     P.S.  Since Writing the above I have received your favor of the 25th.  Colonel Laurens has just arrived in this town from France via Boston, But I know not yet what intelligence he brings.


Title: To George Washington from Joseph Carleton, 3 September 1781
From: Carleton, Joseph
To: Washington, George

                     Sir
                     War Office September 3d 1781

                  In obedience to an order of Congress of this day, the Board have the honor to enclose your Excellency, copies of sundry papers from Fort pitt, giving intelligence of the Enemy’s operations on the western Frontier.  I have the Honor to be with the highest respect yr Excellencys Most obedt Hbl. Serv.

                     Jos. Carleton Secy

                Enclosure

                        Sir
                        Fort Pitt August 24 1781

                     I have this Moment received letters from the Revd Mr David Zeiberger by Express Copies of which I do myself the Honor to inclose.
                     By these Congress will be informed of the Situation of Affairs tending to annoy us.
                     I have wrote to the President of Pennsylvania informing him of the Want of Supplies and the distressed Circumstances of our Troops which will likewise be communicated to Congress.
                     The inhabitants will be warned of the approaching Dangers and I will to the utmost of my powers defend this Country against the most vigorous attempts of the Enemy.
                     I wish the Contents of this Letter and the inclosures may be immediately communicated to his Excellency the Commander in Chief.  I have the Honour to be &c.

                        Danl Broadhead


Title: From George Washington to Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau, 3 September 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de

                     Sir,
                     Philada 3d Sepr 1781.

                  From the head of Elk the Cavalry, Carriages & such Artillery as may be sent by Land, will proceed by the following Rout.
                  Lower ferry on Susquehanna.Baltimore.Elk ridge LandingBladensburg.George Town—on Potomack River.From hence a Rout must be pursued to Fredericksburg, that will avoid an inconvenient ferry over Occoquan and Rappahannock River at the Town of Fredericksburg.  The former may, I believe, be forded at Falmouth (two miles above Fredericksburg) and the latter by leaving the common Rout a little upon the left from George Town.
                  From Fredericksburg, the Rout will be by Caroline Court House and Newcastle.  I cannot, at this moment, point out the different Marches for want of a sufficient knowledge of the Road, & convenient encamping places on it, but Lt Colo. Gouvion being instructed to reconnoitre these will enable me perhaps to be more ’ere the March commences from the head of Elk.