Title: From George Washington to Anthony Wayne, 6 September 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Wayne, Anthony

                            Dr Sir
                            Head qrs Sept. 6. 1780

                        I have received Your Letter of the 3d and return You my warmest thanks for your professions of friendship.
                            These are the more pleasing as I am convinced they are founded in the strictest Sincerity—and I hope it is needless for me
                            to tell You at this time, that an equal regard for You, prevails on my part. I am concerned however, that You should have
                            given Yourself the trouble of writing me on the subject of Your Letter. I did not want any assurances or any proofs upon
                            the point, because I entertain no idea, that You encouraged the unhappy measure, to which You allude, and which I wish to
                            be buried in oblivion. Your former assurances—your anxiety to which I was a Witness—the interesting part you took to
                            compromise & settle the matter were sufficient to remove every belief of the sort.
                        I do not know with certainty the person to whom You allude, as having attempted to injure You; but from what
                            I have heard and not without much pain, it is probable I could conjecture who it is. If I am not mistaken—with respect to
                            the person I mean, I can with the greatest truth assure You, that he never mentioned a syllable to me in his life
                            injurious to You in the least possible degree, nor have I any reason to believe that he ever
                            did to Any Gentleman of my family. The bare report of a coolness which is said to subsist between You and the Gentleman I
                            have in view, has given me great concern, because I have a warm friendship for both and consider harmony essential to our
                            interest. There is nothing, if he is the person, which would give me more pleasure than to hear that You were in perfect
                            amity again. Let it be the case—Let all differences subside—the situation of our affairs never required it more—and in the
                            Emphatical terms of your & General Irvine’s Letter of which You inclosed a Copy—Let all be as a band of Brothers
                            and rise superior to every injury whether real or imaginary and persevere in the arduous but glorious struggle in which we
                            are engaged, till peace and Independence are secured to our Country. I am certain You will do it—and I will only add that
                            I am With the most perfect regard Yr Friend & ob. St

                            G.W.


Title: General Orders, 7 September 1780
From: Washington, George
To:

                            Head Quarters Steenrapia Thursday September 7th 1780
                            Parole Rockaway
                            Countersigns, Steil, Thames
                            Watchword Rest

                        For the Day Tomorrow
                        Brigadier General Wayne
                        Colonel Angell
                        Lieutenant Colonel Hait
                        Major Reed
                        Brigade Major Woodbridge
                        A Captain, Sub., three Serjeants, three Corporals one Drum one fife and forty privates to be sent to Head
                            Quarters this afternoon five ô Clock from General McDougall’s Division—To be relieved daily from the General detail in
                            future.
                        A Serjeant Corporal and twelve Privates from the first Pennsylvania brigade to be sent to repair the road
                            leading from Head Quarters to Paramus—They will Parade at the orderly office tomorrow morning eight ô clock with two days
                            Provision.
                        Colonel Vose is appointed one of the Field officers of the day for tomorrow vice Colonel Angell
                        indisposed.


Title: To George Washington from Jacob Bayley, 7 September 1780
From: Bayley, Jacob
To: Washington, George

                            Sr
                            Newbury 7th Septr 1780

                        Capt. Goslin is returned after a Hazardous Tour through much Dificulty ocationed by the Elertness of the
                            Enemys Disscovering Partys his accounts he will Bear himself which I do not Scruple, I have Proved him and his Party
                            heretofore and have no reason but to believe what they say. Your Excelency was Pleased to Desire me to give my opinion in
                            matters Relateing affairs to the Northward Some Time Past, I now Take the Liberty to give it as my opinion, that no Time
                            ought to be lost in Securing the uper Part of Canada as Quebec and Point Love is Strongly Fortified
                            we cannot Exspect to Take Quebec this year, but I think it will be a very Great acquisition to Take the Districts of Three
                            Rivers and Montreal as it will Secure to us the Produce of that Country whereby we may be Enabled the next Spring to
                            Proceed against Quebec, all the Force of the Enemy must fall into our Hand at St Johns and above Montreal which will open
                            a Passage Into Canada for Heavy Artilery &c., I am Sure we Can Keep that Part of the Country if we Can find arms
                            for the Inhabitants without much of our Exertions—and if between this and Spring a Peace Should be In Contemplation we
                            Shall have Some Claim against the Quebec Bill, whereas now we are Desstitute of any, this is the Best Time of the year
                            but if Circumstances will not admit—at Present any time will do before march but the Sooner the Better.  Every Support for
                            an army is plenty here as to Provitions and the People free to advance it as well as thier Personal serviss, the Enemy are
                            Still in Small Party on our Frontiers but the Elertness of the Inhabitants have Prevented thier doing much Mischaef as
                            yet, I am your Excelencys Most obedient Humble Servant

                            Jacob Bayley


Title: From George Washington to Ephraim Blaine, 7 September 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Blaine, Ephraim

                            Sir
                            Head Qrs Septr the 7th 1780

                        I am informed there is a quantity of Rum in the hands of some persons in the neighbourhood of the State,
                            amounting to about Thirty Hogshead. At present the Army is destitute of any and a Supply is immediately &
                            indispensably requisite, which I find cannot be obtained in the ordinary and usual line. I wish you to try to procure this
                            Rum by purchase or to be replaced in kind in a reasonable time as may be most convenient; but if the Holders of it will
                            not part with it in this way our necessities are so great that You must take it. In this case You will also take care to
                            make proper satisfaction to the proprietors of it, either by returning a like quantity or paying its just value as soon as
                            circumstances will admit. I am Sir Yr Most Obedt St

                            Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Benedict Arnold, 8 September 1780
From: Arnold, Benedict
To: Washington, George

                            Dear Sir,
                            Head Quarters Robinson’s House September 8th 1780.

                        I do myself the Honor to inclose Your Excellency, Copy of a Letter from Colo. Hay of the 5th inst.
                        In Answer to his Letter I informed him, "That our Force on the Lines was already inadequate to the Duty
                            required to be done in that Quarter. "And that I did not think it prudent to withdraw the two Companies of Malcoms Brigade
                            without first advising with Your Excellency on the subject And that I would inform him of the Results, as soon as I was
                            favored with your Orders— I shall therefore be happy to receive Your Excellency’s Directions in this
                            Matter, by the returning Express. I have the Honor to be, with every Sentiment of Regard & Respect, Your
                            Excellency’s Most Obedt & Very Hble Servt

                            B. Arnold

                     Enclosure

                                Dear General,
                                Fisk Kill 5th Septr 1780

                            I am yet for some Time dubious of our being able to furnish the Army with that Supply of Flour absolutely
                                necessary, unless a Company of Men could be procured from the Army to assist for a Couple of Weeks, in threshing out
                                the Quota demanded of these People living in the Vicinity of Mills, that can grind in the present low State of the
                                Water; With this Assistance I think we should run no risque of a plentiful Supply for this Month, & after that
                                Time, I flatter myself all our Difficulties on that score will Vanish.
                            If You should approve of this, Colonel Malcom has two Companies of his Brigade who were left on the
                                Lines, would probably be easiest spared & best Answer that Purpose.
                            I should be Glad to hear from You on the subjects, And am &ca

                                Udny Hay
                                Copy


Title: From George Washington to William Heath, 8 September 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Heath, William

                            Dear Sir,
                            Head Quarters Bergen County 8 Sepr 1780

                        I have recd your favors of the 31st ulto and 3d instant. I should have been very glad had the situation of
                            the Works, which Count de Rochambeau is constructing for the defence of the Island, admitted of the immediate dismission
                            of the three months Massachusetts Militia, but as it does not, and the Count seems very desirous of compleating them, we
                            cannot but consent to their staying out their term of service, should it be necessary.
                        I make no doubt but the State will do every thing possible to accommodate the French Troops should
                            circumstances require them to take up their winter quarters in Rhode Island.
                        We have received accounts of a very disagreeable nature from the Southward. General Gates does not enter into
                            particulars, but only mentions that the Army under his command had been totally defeated on the 16th Augt near Camden in
                            South Carolina. It is much to be feared that the whole of the Maryland line have either fallen or been taken, as the
                            Militia broke upon the first onset, and left them exposed to a very superior force. I am Dear Sir Your most obt Servt

                            Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Robert Howe, 8 September 1780
From: Howe, Robert
To: Washington, George

                            Sir
                            Camp Near New Bridge 8th Septr 1780

                        I have this moment had the inclos’d letter deliver’d me from Brigadair Genl Nixon, requesting leave to Resign
                            his Commission, the situation of his Health gives him a claim to the recess from service that he ask’s; the move
                            Especially as he tells me that when by retiring from service he gets Better; his return to Duty Occasions a Relapse—this
                            from repeated instances he finds to be the case. I am Sir with the greatest Respect yr Excellency’s most obt Servt

                            R. Howe

                     Enclosure

                                Dear Genl
                                Camp 8th Septr 1780

                            The present State of my Health Is Such that I’m Constraind by a Necessity that by no means Corresponds
                                with Inclination to beg leave to Resigne the Command I have the Honor to Hold in the army, and you may be assured Sir
                                that this application Does not arrise from any Disgust to the Service, but orrigenates Intirely from my Ill State of
                                Health, and it gives me a most Sensible pain to find my Self reduced to so Disagreeable a Necessity when Honor is to
                                be reaped in the feild of Danger. I have the Honor to be, With Greatest Respect Your Honors most obedt and most Humbl.
                                Servt

                                Jno. Nixon B.G.


Title: From George Washington to Samuel Huntington, 8 September 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Huntington, Samuel

                            Sir,
                            Head Qrs near Hackensack New-bridge Sepr 8th 1780

                        Since the letter which I did myself the honor to write Congress the 20th Ulto I have been more attentively
                            considering the import of the resolution of the 5th of August, and am at a loss to satisfy myself as to its precise
                            extent—whether it be meant to authorise me to extend my views beyond the present Campaign and even to apply to the
                            Ministers of France & Spain in Europe—or only to concert plans for the present fall & Winter with the
                            Ministers & Officers of those powers on the Continent or in the West Indies.
                        The latter appeared to me the most natural construction and was the one I had adopted, but intimations have
                            been given me by particular Gentlemen that Congress understood the resolve in the first sense. If, I have been mistaken in
                            my interpretation I request to have the resolve explained in a full and explicit manner. If I am right, no explanition
                            will be necessary.
                        I also take the liberty to request to be informed whether Congress in two or three Months from the present
                            period can rely on being able to furnish Specie—or Bills on Europe for the Maintenance of a body of four or five thousand
                            Men in a Country where the paper of these States will not serve as a Currency.
                        I should also be glad if Congress will have the goodness to assist me with some lights hors far the States of
                            South and North Carolina have ability to contribute to the Support of an army in the Articles of Bread—Meat— Forage—Horses
                            & Waggons. I suppose an army to be there sufficient to secure to us the full command of them.
                        I entreat as speedy an answer as possible to these points, which are of the greatest consequence in
                            determining our future plans—particularly I wish for immediate information on the subject of the money.
                        But the basis of every plan we can form is an Army and the means of subsistence—without immediate measures to
                            supply the places of the Men who leave us, by the first of January we shall scarcely have any thing that deserves the name
                            of one—Our whole efficient force in this quarter will then probably be less than Six thousand Men. In proposing plans of
                            co-operation, I must engage that something specific shall be performed on our part—Congress will be sensible that I cannot
                            do this, as to any plan of future execution, when I know that our Army will be reduced one half in less than four Months,
                            and when so far from being certain that we shall have it in our power to replace the Men in time, I do not even know what
                            measures will be attempted for the purpose, nor when they will be undertaken. The honor of Congress & the States
                            as well as my own reputation, forbid me to enter into engagements, which I have no assurances of our being able to fulfil.
                            I have the honor to be with every Sentiment of respect & Esteem Sir Yr Most Obedt & Hble Servt

                            Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Samuel Huntington, 8 September 1780
From: Huntington, Samuel
To: Washington, George

                            Sir,
                            Philadelphia September 8. 1780

                        I have the Honor to transmit your Excellency the enclosed Extracts of Letters from the Governors of North
                            Carolina & Virginia, which contain the latest Intelligence we have received from the southern Department, and give
                            a more favourable representation of the Action near Cambden on the 16. Ulto than we had apprehended from the Letter of
                            General Gates of the 20. Ulto, a Copy of which I presume you have received. I have the Honor to be with the highest
                            Respect your Excellency’s most obedient Servant

                            Sam. Huntington

                     Enclosure

                                Copy

                                Gentlemen,
                                Hilsborough August the 23. 1780

                            Since our late defeat near Camden, I delayed writing to you, till I could give you some certain account
                                of that unhappy affair & of its effects. Gen. Gates, I presume, has acquainted Congress of the total loss of
                                the artillery & baggage & of most of the musquets that were in the hands of the Militia. These, except
                                one North Carolina Militia regiment commanded on the occasion by Col. Dixon of the regulars, behaved in the most
                                shameful manner. They were drawn up in close order two deep the enemy who opposed them from a defect in numbers were
                                only a single file, five feet apart; yet the Militia tho so much superior in number gave way on the first fire
                                & fled with the utmost precipitation, notwithstanding every endeavour of their Officers to keep them to the
                                charge. I cannot as yet learn what particular corps fled first. However the field was soon cleared of all our Army
                                except the regulars and the Militia regiment I mentioned, who bravely stood & passed bayonets to the last. By
                                this shameful defeat of the Militia the enemy were able to turn the left of the standing troops to bend their whole
                                force against them. The conflict was obstinate and bloody & lasted for fifteen minutes, when superior bravery
                                was obliged to yield to superior numbers and I have the pleasure to acquaint you that after they
                                had retreated from the ground, they were fiercely charged by a party of british horse, whom they repulsed &
                                completely vanquished. I am assured by a gentleman now here, wounded in the action, that he is confident that not more
                                than two of that party got off. These brave men suffered greatly. From what I can learn, they must have lost near half
                                their number, and to the immortal honor of what remained they made their retreat good. Genl Caswell has sent in a flag
                                and a surgeon to attend the wounded. As yet we have no particular accounts of the fate of the missing except of a few
                                principal officers among these is the baron de Kalb, said to be mortally wounded: Generals Gist, Smallwood, Stephens,
                                Rutherford, Butler & Gregory are safe, so is Col. Gunby who was said to be killed. Our loss among the
                                principal officers is not great But the loss of 400 waggons, all the artillery, ammunition, tents and baggage of every
                                kind & most of the muskets is very great indeed. And to add to our misfortunes, Col. Sumpter, who the day
                                before the action, had captured a party of the british with forty waggons loaded with military Store, was the day
                                after the action overtaken & surprized near the Hanging rock by a party of the british horse. They came on him
                                so unprepared as to oblige him & his men to fly to the woods, leaving their prisoners waggons & even
                                arms behind them. This, Gentlemen, is a very heavy blow and leaves the enemy for the present in possession of a very
                                large field. But, Gentlemen, notwithstanding all these misfortunes we are preparing again to face the enemy; and with
                                proper assistance from Virginia, I despair not in the least of keeping them at least out of this state. Their numbers
                                are contemptible. They had not in the action more than about 2000 men & 500 of them at least must have been
                                killed and wounded. The officers of the Maryland & Delaware line have upwards of 300 men left, besides those of the
                                party with Col. Sumpter. Genl Stevens writes to gen. Gates that he has collected between seven & eight hundred
                                of the Virginia Militia & state troops and that about one half are armed. Major Mazaret is
                                here with a small part of artillery. Genl Caswell made a stand at Charlotte near the boundary line & called in
                                upwards of a thousand fresh men all armed. These he added to col. Sumpter’s party of about 700 and gave him the
                                command of the whole, whilst he came here to see me. And on my part I have ordered out three regiments from this
                                district and mean to put them under the command of genl Sumner and the officers of three regular regiments of this
                                State. So that I hope in a few days we shall be able to assume a tolerable good countenance.
                            Having stated to you our losses, the condition of our scattered Army & our present prospects, it
                                remains that I acquaint you with our wants. They are numerous. We want all the aid Virginia can possibly furnish, of
                                troops if possible regulars and of money Our expenditures have been immense & our funds
                                are exhausted we also want waggons, horses, flour, beef, camp kettles & pots, a few field pieces, lead, flints,
                                and tents or tent cloth, and we wish the Virginians would establish a very large & plentiful supply magazine
                                of provisions on their side of Roanoke: For that, I fear, must be our next stand in case of another misfortune, and
                                let me tell you, should this happen, the enemy will find resources of men and provisions sufficient in the two
                                Carolinas to compose and subsist an army which may prove formidable to the Commonwealth of Virginia. They have but too
                                many friends here, I do assure you. And if we do not very speedily take the field again in force I tremble for the
                                fate of this country. Congress promised us 3500 stand of arms, which I hope are on their way hither, as they are
                                extremely wanted. The members of the general Assembly are collecting here and will, I presume, make up a house in a
                                few days with the highest respect & most sincere esteem I am Gentlemen your obedient & very humble
                                Servt

                                signed, A. Nash

                     Enclosure

                                Copy
                                Sir,
                                Richmond Sept. 3. 1780

                            It is not in my power to add any circumstance of consequence to those communicated to you by genl Gates,
                                and as I supposed to the delegates of N. Carolina by Govr Nash, a letter from whom accompanies this
                                and I take for granted communicates the later intelligence, which he was so kind as to transmit me at the same time. A
                                force is again collected of between four & five thousand men consisting of the remains of the Maryland
                                brigade, of Potterfield’s corps of regulars, Armand’s legion, such of the fugitive militia as are a little recovered
                                of their fright and new corps of N. Carolina militia who have readily embodied themselves 300 regulars of this state
                                marched from Chesterfield a week ago. About 50 march to morrow & there may be 100 or 150 more to go from the
                                same post as soon as they get out of the hospital. Our 3000 new recruits will begin to rendezvous about the 10th
                                instant and may all be expected to be rendezvousd by the 25th. We have determined to call out also 2000 Militia, who
                                however cannot be got to Hilsborough sooner than the 25 October. This is as exact a state of the force we expect to
                                oppose to the enemy as I am able to give. Almost the whole of the small arms having been unfortunately lost in the
                                late defeat, the men proposed for the field will be unarmed, unless it is in your power to furnish arms. Indeed not
                                only a sufficient number is wanting to arm the men now raising: but as our stores will be exhausted in effecting that
                                as far as they will go towards it, it seems indispensible that Congress should form a plentiful magazine of small arms
                                & other military stores, that we may not be left an unarmed prey to the enemy, should our southern misfortunes
                                be not yet ended. Should any disaster like the late one befal that army, which is now collecting & which will
                                be so much weaker in regulars, as that brave corps is lessened by the unequal conflict which was put upon them, the
                                consequences will be really tremendous, if we be found without arms. With a sufficiency of these, there can be no
                                danger in the end. The losses of our brethren in the mean time may be great, the distresses of individuals in the
                                neighbourhood of the war will be cruel, but there will be no doubt of an ultimate recovery of the country. The scene of
                                military operations has been hitherto so distant from these states that those militia are strangers to the actual
                                presence of danger. Habit alone will enable them to view this with with familiarity, to face it without dismay, a habit
                                which must be purchased by calamity, but cannot be purchased too dear. In the acquisition of this other misfortunes
                                may yet be to be incurred for which we should be prepared. I am earnestly therefore to solicit Congress for plentiful
                                supplies of small arms, powder, flints cartridge boxes & paper & to pray that no moment may be lost in
                                forwarding them, not doubting that the importance of this will be seen in the extent it deserves, I beg leave to
                                subscribe myself with every sentiment of respect & esteem, Yr Excellency’s most obt & most humble
                                Servt

                                signed Th. Jefferson


Title: To George Washington from Thomas Mumford, 8 September 1780
From: Mumford, Thomas
To: Washington, George

                            Sir
                            Graton State of Connecticutt 8th Septembr 1780

                        Tho’ I have not the Honor of a personal acquaintance with your Exelency, your ardour in Support of the
                            Independance of these United States demand my warmest gratitude, your perseverance when the Army under your Command so
                            Repeatedly are unsupply’d with Common necessaries Speak Loudly the greatness of your Soul & goodness of your
                            heart, God grant you may be preserved & Reap the fruit of your Toils in Peace establishing the Independance of
                            these States, I am happy at this time to have it in my power to Regale you with some five Years old Madiera Wine, intended
                            for our Enemies officers in New York, and beg your acceptance of the best Pipe from a Cargo of Three Hundred Captured by
                            Capt. Peter Richards in my Privateer Sloop Hancock, the order inclos’d will inform your Exelency to whom to apply, I wou’d
                            gladly have Sent it to you at Camp, but your movements being frequent I shou’d be at a Loss where to send & the
                            best Rout for it to go in safety; I wish you may Receive it in the purity it goes from Hartford.
                        I Refer your Exelency to your officers in the Connecticutt Line, (particularly my worthy friend Genl Parsons)
                            for my general Character shou’d you ever pass thro the Eastern part of this State you will do me both Honor &
                            pleasure to favour me with your Company, at my habitation. I have the Honor to be with utmost esteem & Respect
                            Your Exelencys most Obed. & very Huml. Servt

                            Thos Mumford


Title: To George Washington from Samuel Holden Parsons, 8 September 1780
From: Parsons, Samuel Holden
To: Washington, George

                            Dr General
                            8th Sepr 1780

                        I had the Honor of your Letter of 5th Inst: previous to  I had orderd the March of
                            the Troops from Horseneck agreable to the Order of the 2nd Inst. & had gone to take a Command there on Receit of
                            your Last Letter I shall join the Army as soon as possible. I should set out to Morrow but the Return of my Son last  from a Cruize necessitates me to continue one or Two Days longer in the Country, but it shall not
                            be longer than Sunday or Monday before I set out for the Army.
                        Col. Meigs was a few Days since with me to be dischargd from the Army His Motives were chiefly from the State
                            of his Family & a Fear lest his Absence should give your Excellency Displeasure. I assured him when that was the
                            Case he should be acquainted with it—I am very unwilling he should leave us and am convincd the State of his Family is
                            such that he cannot with any Degree of Propriety leave them unless some active Operations are soon to commence I only wish
                            he may be notified before his Absence incurs your Displeasure.
                        A Vessel just arrived left Twelve Sail of the Line of French Ships in & at 26 Steering a Course for
                            this Continent Ten Days ago. I am Dr General yr Obedt Servt

                            Saml H. Parsons


Title: To George Washington from John Stark, 8 September 1780
From: Stark, John
To: Washington, George

                            Camp 8 September 1780

                        agrebel to your Exceline Requst I Send you my opinon of what we ought to Do for the Preservastion of the
                            Counteray this fall and winter
                        Qs. to what objict our attention ought to be Directed this fall and winter.
                        An. to Tray to Recrueat as maney of the Soldires that is Now in the fild as Can be ingeaged ether for the war
                            or for one year from the first of Janery Nixt and in Case the Second Divishen of the french fleet shuld arive to Push with
                            all our force against New york—Shuld that Not be the Case to Keep as Near to the Enemey as our Sircomstances will admit
                            of so as to Prevent thim from geting aney Soplayes from the Contray.

                            Qly Whither we ought to Send aney Part of the armey to the Southward.
                        an. as the armey at Present Do not amount to maney more then that of the Enemey and Still a Expecttion of a
                            Second Divishon of the french fleat I do Not think it advisibl to Detach aney Part of it. I am your Exceelence
                            most obedant Humbel Ser.

                            John Stark


Title: To George Washington from Richard Varick, 8 September 1780
From: Varick, Richard
To: Washington, George

                        Dear Sir:
                            Head Quarters, Robinson’s House, September 8, 1780.

                        I do myself the honour to inclose your Excellency copy of a letter from Col. Hay of the 5th inst. In answer to his letter I informed him “that our force on the lines was already inadequate to the duty required to be done in that quarter, and that I did not think it prudent to withdraw the two companies of Malcom’s brigade, without first advising with your Excellency on the subject; and that I should inform him of the result as soon as I was favoured with your orders.” I shall therefore be happy to receive your Excellency’s directions in this matter by the returning express. I have the honour to be with every sentiment of regard & respect, Your Excellency’s Most obed. & very hum. servt

                            R.V.


Title: General Orders, 9 September 1780
From: Washington, George
To:

                            Head Quarters Steenrapia Saturday September 9. 80
                            Parole Barcelona
                            Countersigns Fix; Firm
                            Watchword Drummers

                        For the Day tomorrow
                        Brigadier General Irvine
                        Colonel Starr
                        Lieutenant Colonel North
                        Major Talbot
                        Brigade Major Ashley
                        The Commander in Chief thinks proper to mention that many officers who are sent on Extra Commands occasion
                            both him and themselves a great deal of unnecessary trouble by not keeping more particular accounts of their expences than
                            those they frequently exhibit and often reduce him to the painful necessity either of admitting Claims Stated in terms of
                            the greatest generality, or of rejecting them or at least of postponing the payment from time to time ‘till more particular
                            accounts can be made out; to prevent like inconveniences in future he requests that all officers who are sent upon such
                            commands will be attentive to this matter—will note to whom they pay Money—The date and Place and will make out their
                            accounts accordingly; and where Circumstances will admit it will also be prudent even to take in the bills they pay and
                            receipts—These particularities are required by the public they are usual in private transactions between man and man and
                            they are necessary for the Generals justification.
                        He also thinks proper to enjoin again a pointed Attention to the general orders published the 18th of
                            September last respecting Officers being sent on extra-commands and that it is not to be done but in the manner there
                            prescribed.
                        After Orders.
                        Brigadier General Poor will be interred tomorrow afternoon at Hackinsack Church—the funeral procession will
                            commence at four ô clock from Brewer’s house in front of the Infantry.
                        Colonel Butler is appointed officer of the day for tomorrow vice Colonel Starr indisposed.


Title: To George Washington from Abraham Bancker, 9 September 1780
From: Bancker, Abraham
To: Washington, George

                            Saturday Evening 9th September 1780.

                            Nothing material has Since happened but what  his Flat in a direction with the Point of  is come in Order to procure Wood as it is here reported. 50 Cords are to be Sent on board then  a Path to the West Indies, little Time
                            will give us a Clear Idea of their intentions—A Frigate of 36 Guns up  to New
                            York this Afternoon acommpanied by a kind of  I Suppose was her  Cannon on her approach  made Such Resistance against  to reduce the Block House on the North River  is going to  Post at Bergen
                             going Wood-cutting & are going to  Securely—Four Small Vessels
                                 this Evening  Person purposely that the Acct
                            might
                            appointed Place by  a good deal of Fatigue, with
                            when I had reached the End of my  to take Care of my Papers as  absolutely refused to concern himself  my mind From
                            Such  I immediately consumed what I had  at the Same Time told me that
                            he had  that a Person  has given  concerning
                            Some of our  consequence of which Some People from the West

                                    illegible on film


Title: From George Washington to Benedict Arnold, 9 September 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Arnold, Benedict

                            Dear Sir
                            Head Quarters Bergen County 9th Sept 1780

                        I am favd with yours of yesterday. I believe the Army will soon be called upon for every person any ways
                            necessary for its support, but we are drove to such extremities in the article of provision particularly, that to obtain
                            it, we must submit to any terms which are demanded. I would for that reason wish you, if possible, to spare Colo. Hay all
                            or part of the Men required; but if it should be inconvenient to draw off the two Companies of Colo. Malcoms Brigade, who
                            I suppose are particularly well acquainted with the Country below, I would not mean to confine you to them—In short if you
                            can comply with Colo. Hays request—you will do it in the manner which best suits your general arrangement.
                        We have not yet received any further accounts of the southern misfortune. I am Dear Sir Yr most obt and hble
                            Servt

                            Go: Washington

                            P.S. I have this moment recd a letter from Govr Jefferson by which it appears that above one half the
                                Maryland division had made their retreat good after a most obstinate engagement. I hope now matters are in the mending
                                hand, our next accounts will be yet more favorable.


Title: To George Washington from James Clinton, 9 September 1780
From: Clinton, James
To: Washington, George

                                9 September 1780

                        In Answer to the Questions proposed by your Excellency in Council the 6th day of September 1780 I would beg
                            leave to Offer the following Observations.
                        First That takeing into Consideration the present position and force of the Enemy and Compareing it with our
                            own it Appears that no offensive Opperations can with A prospect of success take place previous to the Arrival of a
                            superior Fleet and Armamint.
                        Secondly That however pressing the Necessity for Sending A reinforcement from this Army to the southern
                            States may be which for want of proper Intelligence we Cannot Assertain yet the Situation of the Army at present—the
                            Approaching prospect of an Opportunity to exert our whole force in this Quarter—the length of time which must Necessarily
                            elapse before it could possibly Arrive—the diminishing our force which is little more then Sufficient to Act upon the
                            defensive And the Number of men whose terms of Inlistment will Shortly expire and who, could they be prevailed upon to
                            Reinlist, will be unfit for Action for want of Cloaths All Conspire to Render it improper to send any Reinforcement to
                            that Quarter.
                        Thirdly—That as from the compact and Advantageous Situation of the Enemy No Opportunity Offers to Attack them
                            with a Probability of Success it Appears Necessary that such a Position Should be taken as will most Effectually
                            counteract any Movement, they may be Induced to make to cover the country and facilitate the Supplies of Provision without
                            which there is little Reason to expect that those Men whose times will Shortly expire can be prevailed to Reinter A Service
                            in which they have Already experienced so many difficulties on that score. I am Your Excellencys Most Obedient Humble Sert

                            James Clinton


Title: From George Washington to James Duane, 9 September 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Duane, James

                            Dear Sir,
                            Head Qrs Sepr 9th 1780

                        I have heard that a new arrangement is about to take place in the Medical Department and that it is likely,
                            it will be a good deal curtailed with respect to its present appointments. Who will be the persons generally employed I am
                            not informed, nor do I wish to know—however I will mention to you that I think Doctors Cochran and Craik from their
                            Services—abilities and experience—and their close attention, have the strictest claim to their Country’s notice, and to be
                            among the first Officers in the Establishment.
                        There are many other deserving characters in the Medical line of the army, but the reasons for my mentioning
                            the above Gentn are, that I have the highest opinion of them—and have it hinted to me that the new arrangement might
                            possibly be influenced by a spirit of party out of Doors, which wd not operate in their favor. I will add no more than
                            that I am with the most perfect regd Dr Sir Yr Most Obedt Servt

                            Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Nathanael Greene, 9 September 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Greene, Nathanael,Alexander, William Lord Stirling,Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de

                            Gentlemen
                            Head Quarters 9th Septr 1780

                        I am apprehensive that neither the fixed pickets for the security of the Army, nor the duties of the patrolls
                            are sufficiently established. You will therefore be pleased to have a meeting for the purpose of taking the matter into
                            consideration, and making such regulations, as will at the same time contribute to safety and to the ease of the duty, by
                            dividing it between the Infantry and the Wings.
                        As some difficulties may arise by putting Moylans and Lees Horse on duty together, I would recommend it to
                            you to assign different quarters of the Army to the care of each Corps. I think a picket at the little ferry supersedes
                            the necessity of a patrol down Tean Neck, as no body of Men can get upon the neck without passing the ferry.
                        You will be pleased to make a report of the business to me. I am with great Regard Gentn Yr most ob. Servt


Title: To George Washington from William Heath, 9 September 1780
From: Heath, William
To: Washington, George

                            Dear General
                            Newport September 9th 1780

                        Yesterday I was honored with yours of the 28th Ultimo ⅌ post. I immediately acquainted General Count de
                            Rochambeau with your Wishes respecting the militia doing duty here. He wishes to retain them a little longer; partly on
                            account of the intelligence you were pleased to communicate to him in your Letter of the 3d Instant, of the motions of the
                            Enemy at New York, and also in consequence of the French fleet’s having Sail’d from the West Indies. the intention and the
                            destination of both these he supposes will be soon known. the Militia Shall be discharged the moment his consent can be
                            obtaind. they are now closely employed at Butts’s hill which is a very heavy piece of Work. My sentiments perfectly
                            coincide with your Excellency’s with respect to this and all other works which have been repair’d or constructed here. I
                            have therefore in every instance been avoiding as much as possible putting the United States to Expense. this occasioned
                            my addressing your Excellency on the Pallisading or friezing the works at Butts’s hill. The Count is incessantly urging
                            the importance of that post and the necessity of it’s works being compleated.
                        The enclosed intelligence I have taken this morning from Capt. Earl’s own mouth. He is a man of Strict
                            veracity and full credit may be given to his Account. Many of the french officers are of opinion that the Fleet is bound
                            here. Capt. Earl informs me that Count de Guichen had received information before he sail’d that Admiral de Ternay was
                            block’d up by Admiral Arbuthnot that they were under Some apprehensions for the fate of the Fleet but none for the Army,
                            which they Supposed capable of defending itself. The Brittish fleet which Captain Earl Saw I think beyond a doubt, was
                            Admiral Arbuthnot, and furnishes grounds for Several conjectures. I have the honor to be, With the greatest respect Your
                            Excellency’s Most obedient Servant

                            W. Heath

                     Enclosure

                                Newport Sepr 9th 1780

                            This morning Capt. John Earl in the Schooner Polly arrived here from Cape Francois, which place he left
                                the 13th Ulto, with part of the French Fleet under the Command of Count de Guichen and off Tortoga the remainder of the Fleet Joined, makeing in the whole 27 Men of war, 24 of which were of the Line, and about 100 Sail
                                of merchant-Ships. Capt. Earl left the Fleet on the 28th Ulto in Latitude 23 Steering north close by the wind, but
                                could learn nothing of their distination he afterwards discovered them in Lat. 27 altogether. In Lat. 39, Long. 69 Capt.
                                Earl passed a British Fleet consisting of 24 Sail, nine of which he took to be men of War, Standing to the South west,
                                wind E.N.E. Four of the Ships Chased Capt. Earl for Six hours, but not being able to Come up with him returned to the
                                Fleet. In Latitude 40 Longitude 70 Capt. Earl Saw a Frigate and Schooner which gave him Chase, the former Six and the
                                Latter 18 hours Saw no other Ships at the Coast.


Title: To George Washington from Robert Howe, 9 September 1780
From: Howe, Robert
To: Washington, George

                            Dear Sir
                            Camp near New Bridge 9th of September 1780

                        Inform’d as I was, that our generous Allies intended to aid us with a Number of Troops, & a Fleet
                            superior to that of the Enemy, I suppos’d We should be able to act offensively, & thought it my Duty to meditate
                            what Objects ought to excite our Attention—Those which presented themselves as the most capital, were—Quebec, Hallifax,
                            New-York, & the Recovery of South Carolina & Georgia—but against which we ought first to operate, it was
                            out of my Power to determine, being intirely unapprized of the Force we should have, or the military Endowments we should
                            be invested with. Concluding however that to act offensively we were certainly to be supported both by Sea & Land,
                            New York was the Object I was led to wish we might be able to obtain—because possess’d of that,
                            Carolina, & Georgia consequentially reverted to us, & Quebec & Hallifax could with much more
                            Facility be acquired. But when I considered the Situation of New York, that it had by every Assistance Art could give it,
                            been rendered as impregnable as possible—that it was possess’d of every military Requisite essential to its
                            Defence—garrison’d with a great Body of Veteran Troops, & several thousand Militia, whose all was depending upon
                            the Preservation of the Place, & who therefore from Desperation would become more than commonly useful—that it
                            must be approach’d variously, & the capital Points of Attack were so remote from each other that the Troops acting
                            at either must act independently, & consequently ought to be in Force to Defend themselves against the aggregate
                            Strengths of the Enemy, I own I doubted (notwithstanding my ardent Hope to the contrary) whether we should be enabled to
                            attack it with Success without a great Superiority.
                        As to Quebeck, desirable as the Object was, I had very little Expectation that it would be undertaken this
                            Season with any Tolerable Prospect of succeeding, unless the Fleet & Army of our Allies could have been here ready
                            to act very early in the Year—a Circumstance having to be expected from any Fleet & Army which is to be brought
                            from Europe & to operate the same Season.
                        Of Hallifax, Carolina & Georgia I confess my Hopes were more sanguine—The Time of Year we could act
                            against the first was, When the Inclemency of southern Climate would not admit of our operating against the two
                            latter—& we could serve in those Countries, when Troops from hence might be spared—so that in Fact the same Body
                            of men could (if necessary) be employ’d at both Places.
                        The very late Arrival of our Allies, & the unhappy Inferiority of Navy induce me to fear that no
                            Enterprize of Importance against the Enemy is in the Quarter to be achieved, at least for this Season & that therefore we
                            should be activated by southern Operations & that not one Moment is to be lost. The Inhabitants of those unhappy
                            Countries are in general (at present) well affected to our Cause—& tho’ compell’d by Necessity seemingly to submit
                            to the Impositions of the Enemy, yet they sigh for Support & would rejoice to receive it—This Disposition should
                            by all Means be encourag’d, or they may either sink into Despondancy, or resenting the Neglect with which they conceive
                            themselves treated, fall a Prey to the Seductions of our Enemy ready by every Art to alienate their Affection from a
                            People who they will represent as unable or unwilling to support them, & to destroy their Attachment to that Cause
                            by which they will be taught to think they have suffered so severely—Tired also of, & oppressed as they are by the
                            Calamity of a War which has reduced them to Distress extreme, they may if left in Possession of the Enemy, soon learn to
                            relish the Sweets of Recess; & the Benefits that result from a liberal Traffic held out to them upon much more
                            eligible Terms than of late they have experienced, their Reverance for British Government may resume its Influence—the
                            Consequences of which are very alarming. If this Sir, from general Principles, may be expected from any Body of Men in a
                            similar Situation, how much is it to be apprehended from the unfortunate Predicament of this particular Set of People
                            deprived as they are of the Superintendence of almost every Person of Influence, Dignity & Capacity—Who having
                            been oblig’d to fly Their Country; or having been captivated and paroled cannot upon any Occasion be refered to—Nor can
                            the Latter Set with Honor, tho’ present, however ardently they may wish it, direct the well affected, inspirit the Timid,
                            or awe the ill dispos’d into Neutrality. North Carolina too tho’ it were for some time able to maintain itself without
                            collateral Aids (which however is not possible) yet would the continual Intercourse & Commerce which must
                            inevitably subsist between the Inhabitants on the Borders of each State soon, very soon spread its baneful Influences
                            thro’ the whole Mass of Yeomanery, & Disaffection too probably become general. But Sir, when added to these
                            Circumstances we consider how essential to the Existence of America as a commercial People, the Possession of Georgia and
                            the Carolinas is—that upon them we must depend absolutely for Indigo, Rice, Naval Stores, & in a great Degree for
                            Lumber—that an almost insupportable National Debt must inevitably (by this War) be intail’d upon us—& that those
                            Articles of Exports are the Capital Means of discharging the otherwise insupportable Burden—In short Sir, in whatever
                            Light we contemplate this Question, it must press itself Home to the Business & Bosom of every American, that the
                            Possession of those States by the Enemy is absolutely incompatible with every Principle of Interest, Liberty, &
                            Independence—& that consequently every Nerve should be strained to regain them—& that all Idea of Expence
                            both of Treasure and Blood should be lost in the Importance of the Object. It must be acknowledged that to regain the lost
                            States, a superior Fleet may be absolutely necessary, but that Aid we are informed we have Reason to hope for, &
                            should therefore at all Points, be prepared to operate with the Moment it arrives. The States of Maryland, Virginia
                            & North Carolina should consequently be instantly in the most emphatick Terms urg’d to embody a sufficient Number
                            of Troops—which should the Fleet not arrive, & Conquest be out of the Question, might yet be able with the aid lent
                            them from hence to check the Progress of the Enemy—& in Order to inspirit them, whatever Force could with Prudence
                            be spared them, should immediately be promis’d to them when Occasion will admit of their being sent—Indeed I think if the
                            Exigence of Service would admit of it & only a few Men could be ordered to move towards them that it would be
                            attended with very good effects.
                        The Commanding Officers of France in the West Indies should immediately be acquainted with the unlucky Turn
                            of Affairs to the South’ard—& the Necessity of their cooperating with us in regaining the southern States be
                            impress’d upon them in the strongest Terms, as essential to American Independence.
                        The Enemy’s Strength to the South’ard represented to the Council of War by your Excellency was seven
                            Thousands—Not less I should imagine than eight or ten thousand Regulars would be necessary to regain the States we have
                            Lost there—If Principles of Policy do not forbid it, they should consist I think of as many of the Troops of Our Allies as
                            possible, who better acquainted by Experience in reducing Towns by regular Approaches, might perhaps be more successful
                                that Troops who have not had that Advantage. Whether such a Number in any Season could be spared
                            from this Quarter I will not venture to determine—but if any Thing can animate the People of America to Exertion, the
                            present Situation of Affairs ought most certainly to do it—& in that Case any Men sent forward might be replaced
                            by the States in this Department—Indeed I behold the dispossessing the Enemy of their Conquests to the South’ard, in so
                            serious & important a Point of Light; that I dread the Consequences to the common Cause should we not be able to
                            effect it—Upon the whole I think that if our Allies are not very shortly indeed, & very considerably reenforced
                            that the Season for acting importantly in this Quarter will be pass’d by, & that our Operations should be pointed
                            where we can act with Effect—but that whether they arrive or not we should be in every Manner Prepared to support
                            ourselves, & to prevent the further Progress of the Army to the South’ard—where we have still much to lose,
                            & which without our Support will probably be Lost.
                        Thus Sir, have I at your Excellency’s Request given Utterance, tho’ in a very hasty Manner, to what has
                            occured to me, & which as some very particular Circumstances inevitably engaged me until just now, I have not
                            been able sooner to attend to—Happy shall I be if in what I have thrown out a single Hint may be found that can be useful
                            to you, & beneficial to my Country. I have the Honor to be with the greatest Respect Dear Sir Your Excellency’s
                            most obedient

                            Robert Howe


Title: To George Washington from Jedediah Huntington, 9 September 1780
From: Huntington, Jedediah
To: Washington, George

                            Sir,

                                9 September 1780

                        I find it impossible to form an Opinion, with Satisfaction to myself, upon the Subjects laid by your
                            Excellency before the Council, they depending, so much as they do, on future Contingence. was it in my Power to state
                            Every Case that might happen, or any one that has not had Place in your own Mind, I should render an acceptable Service.
                        In Case the second Division of the french Armament joins the first by the first of October fit for Action—the
                            Superiority by Sea decidedly in their Favour—their Land Forces with Yours (exclusive of Militia) double that of the
                            Enemy—the then Supply of Provisions competent & prospect of its Continuance good. I should advise to the Seige of New
                            York—because the People in General and all our Preparations have had an Eye to that Object—but with every Precaution
                            necessary to raise it without imminent Danger, lest the precarious naval Superiority should be lost in the Progress of the
                            Operations—Any one of the above Conditions wanting, I think New York must remain unessayed.
                        As soon as the Thoughts of an offensive Operation here are laid aside, as great a Part of our Army as the
                            Pensylvania Line, & that in Preference, ought to march to the Southward. the Proportion between the Force of our
                            Army there & here should be in the Compound Ratio of the Enemy’s respective Strength & the Disaffection of the
                            Inhabitants.
                        At the same Time I would discharge a class of the short Levies consisting of the poorest Soldiers.
                        In Case the french fleet becomes Master of the Sea, either before or after the Arrival of the Second Division
                            and the Attack of N. York is out of the Question, an Enterprize may be undertaken (by the french chiefly) against some
                            the other british Posts to the Eastward or southward in the choice of which I would be governed very much by the french
                            Admiral & General—I suppose, the wretched Condition of our Finances puts it out of our Power to make any other
                            Preparations than what have been made for N. York, & that the French have every other Necessary.
                        As Enterprise being on Foot the 1st of November the Army should go to Winter Quarters, & at the same Time
                            another Part or the Whole of the short Levies be discharged.
                        Untill Winter Quarters are taken, the Army may be at or in the Vicinity of Paramus or White Plains according
                            as Provisions and Forrage shall render convenient.
                        I proceed beyond the Subject to observe that I suppose the Army will undergo a Reform as soon as the Campaign
                            is at End. I presume the Continent could carry on the War longer than G. Britain in Point of Expence, provided ours
                            could be moderate & theirs kept up—was the monstrous Establishment of the Army (which is sufficient for 50,000 Men,)
                            reduced to our numbers of Rank & file for the War & a few thousand more, the Burden would be easily borne
                            for years & the Strength be sufficient with occasional Aid of Militia for the Defence of the Country—It may be
                            worthy Attention, whether a Land Army is or ever will be our forte, whether the Nature of the
                            Country, the Genius of the People, its relation to other parts of the World, & present Circumstances do not all
                            point to a Navy—Whether Administration (I mean our own, in whose-ever Hands it may be) ought not to avail itself of the
                            ruling Passion of the People for naval Enterprise & accumulating Property, and lay in its Claim to the Services of
                            the huge Mass of Seamen & the Wealth of the Merchants, for the Purpose of hiring, purchasing or building &
                            equiping Ships of War.
                        It has been said ten or twelve ships of the Line & as many Frigates would defend & protect
                            the Country more effectually than thirty thousand Men in the field. a Fleet has infinitely the Advantage of an Army in
                            Respect to the Delays of long Marches & enormous Expence of Transportation & particularly as the Enemy are
                            principally supplied by Sea.
                        The Fleet that is able to protect us, becomes at the same Time, in a great Degree; Master of all the british
                            Territories on the Continent—but as long as the Enemy command the Waters, it will be in their Power to make temporary
                            Establishments in many, & continual Inroads in all Parts of the Continent, allthough we might have thirty thousand
                            Men in the Field.
                        Notwithstanding the combined Fleet of our Allies confessedly exceed the Enemys in Ships, Men & Metal, yet
                            the former either from Remembrance of past Inferiority, Experience of the Bravery, Adroitness & Successes of the latter,
                            Want of a better maritime System or more capacious & contiguous Harbours, or from whatever Cause, seem to have depended
                            more on Policy & Surprise than on Combat.
                        If a Fleet will be essential to our Separate political existence (as in Fact we find it is to our present
                            safety) can it be too early to acquire one of our own. The mutual Engagements & Interests at present cordial
                            & intimate between us & our Allies are subject to the Caprice of Accidents, & European Politicks—but allowing there is no Fear of being forsaken by our Friends, what a clear, positive & comfortable Decision
                            would ten or twelve additional Ships of the Line give to the Altercations of this Campaign. I remain most respectfully and
                            affectionatly your Excellencys Obedt Servant

                            J. Huntington


Title: From George Washington to Samuel Huntington, 9 September 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Huntington, Samuel

                            Sir
                            Head Quarters Bergen County 9th Sepr 1780

                        I have been informed that large quantities of Goods, proper for the use of the Army, have lately arrived to
                            the Eastward, in the prizes captured out of the Quebec Fleet. The disappointment of not receiving the Cloathing expected
                            from France by the Alliance Frigate, and the uncertainty of the safe arrival of the Ariel, on board of which it is said it
                            was afterwards to have been shipped, (but which by some mischance may be again neglected,) would make a purchase of part
                            of the goods above-mentioned, a most desirable object. I cannot just now obtain an exact return of the
                            woolen Cloathing in the public Magazines, but to the best of my recollection it does not amount to three thousand compleat
                            suits including what came in the Alliance, and I am inclined to think that the greater part of our old stock is of a very
                            inferior quality, and scarcely worth wearing.
                        Your Excellency will perceive from the above state, what will be our situation the ensuing Winter, should we
                            again meet with a disappointment, or should the quantity fall short of our expectations. It is a matter so extremely
                            important, that I cannot help taking the liberty of submitting to Congress the expediency of immediately securing as much
                            Cloath and linen as will be adequate to the wants of the Army. Should a sufficient stock afterwards arrive, and should it
                            be found inconvenient, on account of the state of our finances, to keep this purchase, I should suppose the Goods might be
                            easily disposed of without loss to the public.
                        I have the honor to transmit your Excellency a letter I received yesterday from Majr Genl Howe inclosing one
                            from Brig. Genl Nixon, upon the subject of the latters resignation, which can only be accepted by Congress. I should hope
                            they will indulge General Nixon in his request. I have the honor to be with the greatest Respect Sir Yr Excellency’s most
                            obt Servt

                            Go: Washington

                            P.S. I have received information of an intended embarkment of troops from New York, said to be bound to
                                the southward—but matters were not in sufficient forwardness to ascertain the number, the destination, or whether
                                there was any real foundation for the report.


Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 9 September 1780
From: Knox, Henry
To: Washington, George

                            Sir
                            Camp Bergen County 9th September 1780

                        I have endevor’d attentively to consider the several propositions, resulting from the State of the Army
                            and Country, which Your Excellency on the 6th instant was pleased to lay before your General Officers assembled in
                            Council.
                        The respective States, complying only partially, with the requisitions made of them, of men, and Provisions; The
                            inadequate quantities of Military Stores the disapointment of a considerable part of the Armament expected from France,
                            and a number of other causes, have at last produced a conviction, that the siege of New York, the primary object of the
                            intended operations of the Campaign, cannot be undertaken with the force, and means in our possession.
                        If it shall be established, that New York cannot be attain’d with our present force an enquiry arises, is
                            there any object that we can employ the troops against, which will promise success, and compensation for the expence
                            attending the acquisitions?
                        Hallifax has been mentioned by the Court of France, and others as a proper object for our exertions. But it is
                            certain that Hallifax, even supposing the acquisition easy cannot be maintain’d without a naval force, and therefore must
                            be lost to America, whenever the Enemy shall please to attack it. If this is true, an attempt on it, would be a
                            misapplication of our force under the present circumstances.
                        Canada ought to claim a great proportion of the attention of America. Without the possession of that
                            Province the frontiers of the respective States will always be subject to blood and desolation. But the season is too far
                            advanced and circumstances too unfavourable, to attempt it at present.
                        To dispossess the Enemy at Penobscot requires a favourable season and a superior Navy, but the force there is
                            so trifling, as to follow the fate of Hallifax, or be subjected by a small detachment, at a period when we shall be Masters
                            of these Seas.
                        These objects being either improper, or impracticable, the southern States loudly claim protection, and
                            assistance from the rest of America. by their union, and perseverance with us, they have invited the severe misfortunes
                            that have befallen them. We are bound by interest, and good faith to render them every possible succour in our power.
                        The Enemy by their former, and recent successes appear to have the ascendancy not only so far, as to
                            silence opposition, but to draw out the resources of men, and provisions from Georgia and south Carolina, and to threaten
                            North Carolina with total subjugation. The full possession of those three States, will confer innumerable advantages on
                            the Enemy in the course of the War, and probably enable them, to conquer at least some of the others. The principal
                            Inhabitants of spirit, will be made prisoners, and the common people, enjoying the sweets of ease and commerce, will be
                            willing to remain under the british government; and will perhaps at the conclusion of peace, by an Act of their own,
                            refuse to return to the Union.
                        Dispossessed of Georgia, North and South Carolina, America will be deprived of their proportion of the
                            expences of the War, and of articles immensely valuable in Commerce, and which cannot be obtained but with the
                            permission of a jealous Enemy; besides which, to suffer three states to fall a prey to, and remain in possession of so
                            small a part of the enemies force, will be to confess the extremity of weakness.
                        Therefore, the moment the second division of the french fleet shall arrive, or we can gain a naval
                            superiority, we ought to send by Water the whole of the french Troops, and as many of the American, as will make ten
                            thousand Men, including the regular force of Virginia and Maryland, which may be raised in the present exigence. The Army
                            that shall be sent, must be so completely superior as to accomplish its point speedily. Our exertions and
                            preparations ought to be for this purpose.
                        The Middle and eastern states, with the force that will remain, will be equal to the protection of
                            themselves, their Battalions must be completed, and every preparation carried on in the course of the Winter, with the
                            utmost vigour, for the seige of New York in the spring.
                        The French have an apparatus of Artillery equal to the siege of Charlestown, or any other fortified places
                            to the Southward; but if there should be any deficiency, we must give all the assistance in our power.
                        I suppose the siege of Charlestown ought not to be the first object, for probably there will be considerable
                            bodies of troops in Georgia and North Carolina, which a sudden and judicious landing in south Carolina would separate, and
                            render the conquest of them much less difficult than if they were united. This however is a matter of detail, that can be
                            much better settled after the General Manoeuvre shall be decided upon.
                        I presume Transports, and a very large quantity of Salt provisions, for the troops who should be sent in
                            addition to the french, might be procured, under various pretences, at the Eastward of the prizes lately brought in there.
                        Should an expedition to the southward be undertaken, it ought to be entrusted to as few persons as possible,
                            and the design masked with the utmost art, to prevent the Enemy sending any additional force there, which might render the
                            enterprize totally abortive.
                        If we cannot acquire a naval superiority in these Seas, I cannot see what enterprize can be undertaken with
                            any great prospect of success. To march troops to Canada exclusive of the lateness of the season, would be an arduous
                            task, and probably would produce consequences that might frustrate any designs on New York in the spring.
                        If we should attempt to march the French troops to the southward, the Enemy would have an opportunity to
                            reinforce their Army long before our force could arrive there. But this expedient, tedious, expensive, arduous and even
                            ineffectual, compared with a water transportation, as it would be, must be adopted in preference to permitting the Enemy
                            to extend their conquests or to retain these they have made. These sentiments are with proper deference submitted, by Your
                            Excellencys Most Obedient Humble Servant

                            H. Knox


Title: From George Washington to Samuel Meredith, 9 September 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Meredith, Samuel

                            Sir
                            Head Quarters Bergen County 9th Sepr 1780

                        I have recd your favr of the 27th ulto. I am sorry that the Abilities of the Gentleman of the Board should
                            not be equal to their inclinations or that any embarrassments should be thrown in their way by local laws. I am however
                            confident, that every thing within their power will be done for the relief of the Army and tho’ their supplies may not
                            come up to what they at first intended, they will make a very acceptable and material addition to those furnished by the several
                            States. I am Sir Yr most obt and hble Servt


Title: From George Washington to Peter Muhlenberg, 9 September 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Muhlenberg, Peter

                            Sir
                            Head Quarters Bergen County 9th Sepr 1780

                        I have been favrd with yours of the 24th ulto. My letter of the 15th Augt will have fully answered yours on
                            the subject of appropriating part of the levies to filling up the two state Regiments—and on the cases of the prisoners
                            who escaped from Charlestown.
                        The late unfortunate stroke to the southward will render the exertions of the state and of every individual
                            more than commonly necessary. I trust that nothing will be left undone on your part, to collect the levies—arrange them,
                            and procure Arms and Cloathing for them—the two last I fear will be attended with great difficulty, as a very small part
                            of the number of either expected from France have arrived in the Alliance Frigate at Boston. I am Sir Yr &c.


Title: To George Washington from Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau, 9 September 1780
From: Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de
To: Washington, George

                            Sir
                            Newport, Septer 9th 1780

                        We have intelligence by several ships that are entered in differents ports, that they have been convoyed by
                            the fleet of Mr De Guichen of 26. ships of the Line, as far as the 25th Degree. I saw this morning a Captain of a Schooner
                            that came in this morning who says that he had spoken to him, and been on board the admiral ship, When they were at the
                            23d degree, that he has seen him and the Merchant fleet disemboguing under his convoy, as far as the
                            25. and 26th Degree. he says that the admiral knew that a Superior fleet was blocking us up, here; Is it that the
                            Spaniards were not ready for their expedition, or that he has thought that he could come as far as this, or that that he
                            only wanted to set the merchant fleet out of the streights. Your Excellency may, upon that, make the conjectures that you
                            please. Yesterday we saw a Frigate a cruizing. The Chevalier De Ternay has been told that the British fleet of 19. sail
                            was yesternight, 20 Leagues S.W. off block-island. but as yet, we have seen nothing of it. I am with respect, Sir, your
                            Excellency’s most obedient humble servant

                            le Cte de Rochambeau


Title: To George Washington from Arthur St. Clair, 9 September 1780
From: St. Clair, Arthur
To: Washington, George

                            Sir
                            Camp near the New Bridge Septr 9th 1780.

                        The Attack upon New York always appeared to me a very doubtful and hazardous Enterprise. I think it now out
                            of the Question altogether, from the advanced Season of the Year, the scantiness of our Force; the precariousness of our
                            Supplies, and the want of a sufficient Fleet, in which a decided Superiority is necessary to give the Undertaking the
                            least probability of Success.
                        If the second Division of the French Fleet should arrive soon, and that naval Superiority be obtained, which
                            however would require some Times, as well as the bringing forward the Stores and Apparatus for a Seige, I should hesitate
                            about the Propriety of commencing our Operations against New York at a time when we could not reckon upon more than two
                            Months to keep the Field before the Winter would be upon us; and with the Force they have there it is not unreasonable to
                            suppose that they could chicane the Ground for two Months. I should hesitate still more, (for there have been Instances of
                            Sieges carried on in Winter, tho seldom with Success) if there was not a certainty of a constant and regular Supply of
                            Provision—a Failure there as certainly induces a Miscarriage as being defeated by the Ennemy, and is the more disgraceful
                            of the two.
                        The Season is also too far advanced for an Attempt on Canada.
                        From the Misfortunes to the Southward North Carolina is in danger of being entirely overrun, nor are the
                            Frontiers of Virginia in perfect Safety—The Troops proposed to be raised in that Country and Maryland may not be
                                compleated in time to check the Torrent; and when compleated no great Dependance
                            can be placed upon them as the greatest part of the Men will be raw and the whole
                            undisciplined—It therefore appears to me that it will be necessary to make a
                            Detachment from this Army to that Country, which with those  to be raised in Virginia
                            and Maryland may form an Army of Observation and keep Lord Cornwallis in Check. The new troops will
                            accquire Discipline from the Example of the Others, and from being, probably, frequently
                            engaged with the Ennemy in small Parties, the whole may be brought to such a state as
                            to be fit for offensive Operations as occasion may require.
                        That Occasion will possibly present itself soon—For, if the second Division
                            of the French Fleet arrives this fall, it will be about the Time most proper for acting in
                                South Carolina—If then the Superiority at Sea is certain I would propose to
                            embark the french Troops and send them to Charlestown—This would infallibly oblige Lord
                            Cornwallis to fall back—the Army of Observation would enter the Country at his
                            Heals—harrass him on his March—intercept his Convoys—cut off his Communication with the upper Country,
                            and finally, by a junction or co-operation with the French, facilitate and secure the
                            Reduction of Charles Town; at the same time the Inhabitants on their Route at least,
                            would be brought back to their Allegiance to the States. All this might be done in the Course of the Winter and Spring,
                            and the greater Part of the Troops employed in it rejoin the main Army in time for the next Campaign—but this is all upon
                            a Supposition that Provisions and every other Necessary are to be had in that Country and that proper Means will be used
                            to procure them—without these Men are useless any where.
                        If there is still a Prospect of acting against New York, the Detachment I have proposed cannot be made, nor
                            indeed can it in any Case be a very large One—I have proposed it rather as a Sinew for the southern
                            Army—for, tho at present, the Prospect of offensive Operation being over, a pretty considerable one might possibly be
                            spared, Attention must be paid to what our Force will be in January next—another Consideration should also have some Weight
                            viz. that Sir Henry Clinton may very probably expect that Detachments will be made from this Army, and may wait that
                            Opportunity with some probability of Success to quit the Defensive he seems now inclined to pursue.
                        This is the best Opinion I have been able to form on the several Matters your Excellency was pleased to lay
                            before the Council and I have the Honour to be Sir Your Excellencys most obedient Servant

                            Ar. St Clair


Title: To George Washington from William Lord Stirling Alexander, 9 September 1780
From: Alexander, William Lord Stirling
To: Washington, George

                            Camp (Kanahkamac) September 9th 1780

                        In Obedience to your Excellency’s request in Council the 6th Instant, I now give you my Opinion on the
                            Several Questions then Stated—vizt.
                        That Since there is Still a very high probability of the Second Division Arriveing from France and of our
                            soon haveing a Superiority of Naval Force in these Seas; we Ought to adhere to our Original plan for this Campaign, of
                            Cooperating with our Allies, and with our whole Force, for the reduction of New York, and then pursueing such other
                            Objects as the Season of the year, and the Climates of the Scenes of Operation will best admit of. By departing from this
                            plan we risque every thing—we can have no other Objects in Veiw but what lie at a great distance—If we pursue any of
                            these, it will be out of our power to Cooperate with our Allies when ever they do Obtain a Superior Naval Force, and we
                            shall loose the Oppertunity of Strikeing the Enemy at the fountain head with the highest probability of Success.
                        From the Strenght of the two Armies as Stated by Your Excellency, and the particular Circumstance of Our’s
                            haveing in it a Number of Levies whose times of Service will expire the first of January Next: I am Clearly of Opinion that
                            no part of this Army can be detached to the Southern Staates without putting the remainder of it in the power of the
                            Enemy, and Committing the Middle and Eastern Staates to the Mercy of the Enemy. That any thing less than the whole force
                            of this Army, would be an inadequate releif to the Southern Staates, and that the Marching of it there at present would by no
                            means be an adviseable Measure. The most probable way of our giveing effectual releif to the Southern Staates, is to
                            adhere to the plan of Cooperating with our Allies in the reduction of New York, and then proceeding with such a fleet and
                            Army to Carolina as would Secure Success in that Quarter.

                            Stirling
                            M.G.


Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Stoddert, 9 September 1780
From: Stoddert, Benjamin
To: Washington, George

                            Sir
                            War Office Septr 9. 1780.

                        The board forwarded a letter yesterday from Col. Wood, to your Excellency, which contained some papers from
                            Brig. Hamilton for New York. If they are permitted to go in, Lt Conolly loan of the 62nd British Regt,
                            who brought them to this place—& who is permitted to return to Ireland, his native Country, by Congress, for the
                            benefit of his Health—wishes still to be the bearer of them, as (he says) Genl Philips will expect to receive them at his
                            hand. This Gentleman will stay at, or near Elizabeth Town, a week or ten days, in order to see Doctr Shields, his friend.
                            I have the honor to be with the highest respect. Yr Excellency’s Most obed. humble Serv.

                            by ord. Ben. Stoddert Secy


Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Tallmadge, 9 September 1780
From: Tallmadge, Benjamin
To: Washington, George

                            Sir,
                            North Castle Septr 9th 1780

                        The inclosed Dispatches from Cu. have this Moment come to hand, which are forwarwarded ⅌ Line of Expresses. Cu.
                            Writes with great Sollicitude for Troops to be sent from this side to attack those Lying at Setauket. I need not repeat to
                            Your Excellency how exceedingly happy I should be to assist in such an Expedition, should it be tho’t adviseable.
                        I expect Genl Parsons will be here this afternoon to take the Command of the Troops on this Post. I have the
                            honor to be with great Regard, Sir, Your Excellency’s most Obedt Servt

                            Benja. Tallmadge


Title: To George Washington from John Mauritius Goetschius, 10 September 1780
From: Goetschius, John Mauritius
To: Washington, George

                             Pleas your Excellencie
                            Dated Cloaster Sep. 10 1780

                        Being perticular desired by his justices of the Peace of this County to Petition to your Excellencie for
                            assistance the wicked and unconsidered soldiery due Intirely destroy the Schralenberg Naughbourhood. they have within this
                            three days robbed the Inhabitants of Schralenberg Naughbourhood of five or six head of Cattle a number of sheep and hogs,
                            fowels and allmost all their Corn Potatoes and other vegetables and in a violant manner abuse the well Effected in this
                            Place running about with Clubs and Bayonets upon stikes by whole Companies as Bad as our Ennimie ever have done besides
                            this they desert as the Inhabitants Inform me yestarday there is six desertered through that Naughbourhood from the
                            Pansilvanie line one of then my men Got whom I have sent to his Ridgment under Gaurd together with his
                            Pilate being a Refugees wife from New york. If it Pleases your Excellencie order me to keep a subalterens Command in that
                            Naughbourhood which would Prevent all or at least many of those Irregularities to the Great satisfaction of the wel Effected
                            suffering Inhabitants in said Naughbourhood. I am in all respects with humble submission your Excellencies most Obidient
                            subject

                            J. Mauritius Goetschius Major
                            state Ridgment
                            Done in haste.


Title: From George Washington to William Heath, 10 September 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Heath, William

                            Dear Sir
                            Head Quarters Bergen County 10th Septemr 1780

                        I have received your favr of the 6th with the intelligence to which it refers. Should any part of the Fleet
                            mentioned by Capt. Jotham be destined for the Continent, we must soon hear of them.
                        Lest my letter of the 28th ulto in answer to yours of the 22d should have miscarried, I inclose you a Copy.
                            You will find in it an answer to all your questions, except that which respects the Arms for Colo. Greenes Regt—I would
                            not wish the new men brought by the Alliance to be broken in upon; as they are compleatly made up for transportation; and
                            since the great loss of Arms in the unfortunate stroke upon General Gates’s Army, it is more than probable we shall be
                            under the necessity of sending a further parcel to that quarter. I am with great regard Dear Sir Yr most obt Servt

                            Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Bartlett Hinds, 10 September 1780
From: Hinds, Bartlett
To: Washington, George

                            Sir
                            Camp 10th Septr 1780

                        I am Very unhappy in being oblige to offer my Resignation before the Close of this Campaign—But Contrary to
                            my wishes or Expectations, Circumstances have turn’d up which render my leaving the service necessary.
                        I therefore pray that your Exellency would Accept of this as my resignation and Grant me an Immediate
                            discharge from the service—I am Sir with every mark of respect your Excellencies most Obedient and Very Humble Servant

                            Bartlett Hinds Capt. Lt in
                            the 10th Massachusetts Regiment


Title: From George Washington to Spies, 10 September 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Spies

                                c.10 September 1780

                        As late accts as can possibly be obtained, & brought to this place by Sunday Noon, the 17th
                            Instt—Septemr.
                        Of the precise situation of the enemy on York Island—Long Island—and Staten Island—naming the Corps on
                            each—and where Posted.
                        Know where General Clinton’s head Qrs are. And Where General Knyphausen’s.
                        Learn whether the enemy are throwing up any other Works on Long Island besides those at Brooklyn—At what
                            places—and of what kind—whether open or inclosed—large or Small—and for what purposes they seem intended.
                        A Description at least of Brooklyn Fort should be had—and the size of it—if a plan can be had.
                        The State of the Garrison respecting provision.
                        When the Cork fleet is expected and what other Vessels arrive.
                        A Particular acct to be obtained of the Embarkation that is talked—Know when it will take place—where
                            destined—& what Corps it will consist of.
                        Attend particularly to any Movements of the enemy.
                        Enquire what their latest Accts from the Southward are & of what Nature.