Title: Achille-Guillaume Lebegue de Presle to William Temple Franklin, 2 September 1782
From: Lebègue de Presle, Achille-Guillaume
To: Franklin, William Temple

Paris ce 2, 7bre 82
A la reception de votre lettre, Monsieur, je me suïs assuré d’un Exemplaire de L’ouvrage de m Cavallo sur les Airs, que j’avois conseillé a un libraire de faire venir. Il est chez moi et vous pourrez le faire prendre quand vous souhaiteres. Jai aussi recu dernierement les planches qui manquoient a un magnifique ouvrage qu’on vend 25 guinées a Londres que mr fothergil m’a envoyé successivement pour le faire passer a la bibliotheque de Philadelphie par le bon office de mr votre grand pere. En outre jai recu le dernier vol de Priestley, en present pour mr franklin de la part de L’auteur; enfin deux autres livres de mr Letsom presents de L’auteur.

Je comptois aller rendre mes devoirs incessamen a son Excellence et lui porter ces divers effets mais comme elle desire avoir au plutot le Cavallo et que vous venez frequement en ville, vous pourries faire prendre le tout a la fois; d’autant plus qu’il seroit difficile de porter a pied les plantes qui sont Carta Maxima, sans les gater. Si vous voulez bien Monsieur me prevenir de Lheure a peu prés ou vous envoyeries, je me trouverai chez moi: je desirerois que ce fut avant vendredi, parceque je pars ce jour la des le matin pour la campagne.
L’ouvrage de Cavallo coute 24 l.t.
et les frais des autres objets 36 l.t.
Jai lhonneur d’etre avec L’estime et la consideration la plus parfaite Monsieur votre tres humb tres obeist. serviteur
Lebegue DE Presle

Addressed: A Monsieur / Monsieur franklin / Le fils / a Passy / Banlieue de Paris
Notation: Le Begue de Presle Paris 2. 7bre. 1782.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Thomas Barclay, 3 September 1782
From: Barclay, Thomas
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Sir
Paris 3 Sepr. 1782
I have return’d to Mr. Franklin the Papers relative to the Consular powers which he was so obliging as to send Me; and as he desired I wou’d Make My observations thereon, I shall trouble Your Excellency with a few lines relative to the third Article— was My opinion to have any weight, it shou’d be that the Consuls and Vice Consuls were left at liberty to Carry on what Commerce they pleased, and if any alteration Cou’d be made in that article, there are some reasons, that I think have a good deal of weight with them, why it shou’d be done; but I dare say they have already been duly Considerd by Congress. I submit it to Your Excellency, whether, though at this time it May be proper to prevent the Consul or Vice Consuls from trading, it wou’d Not be better to do it by Instructions than by a Convention from which Congress will Not have the power of receding, even if the Interdiction shou’d prove inconvenient— The other articles appear to me very proper for the Establishment of the Consulate on a proper footing, Nor do I know any thing that Can be added on the subject.
I have the honour to be with the greatest respect Sir Your Most Obed Most Huml Servant
Thos Barclay

His Excellency Benjn. Franklin Esqre

Notation: Thos. Barclay 3 Sept. 1782.


Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Joseph-Mathias Gérard de Rayneval, 4 September 1782
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: Gérard de Rayneval, Joseph-Mathias

Sir,
Passy, Sept. 4. 1782
With this you will receive the Boxes you desired of Mint Drops. They came by Mr Oswald’s Courier, who arrived this Morning. He has been with me, and tells me he has a Letter from Mr Secry. Townsend, acquainting him, that the King has consented to declare the Independence of America, authorizing him to make it the first Article in the Treaty, in which he is now ready to proceed. I hope Mr Jay will agree to this.
The Royal George, a Ship of 100 Guns, Admiral Kempenfeldt being on board, sank a few days since at Spithead, as she lay at Anchor. She had 700 Men on board, and went down so suddenly, that 400 of them, with the Admiral himself, were drowned in her.

I have the honour to be, with great Regard, Sir, Your most obedient humble Servant
B Franklin
The Death of the King’s youngest Son is given as the Reason of the Delay of the Courier.M. de Raynevall.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Charles-Guillaume-Frédéric Dumas, 4 September 1782
From: Dumas, Charles-Guillaume-Frédéric
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Monsieur
La haie 4e. Sept. 1782
Je profite du départ de Mr. Brantsen, nomé Minre. Plenipo: de cette Rep., pour aller, dans un parfait Concert avec les Ministres de la Cour de Fce. & ceux des autres Puissances en guerre avec la Gde. Brete., traiter des Préliminaires d’une paix générale conjointement avec Mr. l’Ambr. de Berkenrode,— pour vous faire passer l’incluse, laquelle ayant lue, vous voudrez bien avoir la bonté d’acheminer cachetée. J’aurai l’honneur de vous écrire un de ces premiers jours sous le Couvert de Mr. F. Grand. En attendant, j’espere que mes précédentes, par la voie de Couriers de Mr. l’Ambassadeur vous sont parvenues en leur temps, que vous jouissez d’une parfaite santé, & que vous honorez toujours de votre bienveillance particuliere, celui qui ne cesse de s’en rendre digne par l’attachement respectueux avec lequel il est pour toujours Monsieur Votre très-humble & très obéissant serviteur
Dumas
Passy à Son Exc. M. B. Franklin

Addressed: à Son Excellence / Monsieur Franklin, Ministre / Plenipo: des Etats-Unis d’Amérique / à Passy près Paris
Notation: Dumas 4. 7bre. 1782.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Henry Grand, [before 5 September 1782]
From: Grand, Henri-Maximilien (Henry)
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Monday morn. [before September 5, 1782]
Mr. Grand’s most respectfull Compliments wait on Doctor Franklin & begs to be informed whether he approves being debitted of £55: for a former Invoice of Books of Messrs. Hohlenfeld & Embser at strasbourg & 9: for a late one from the same.
Mr. Grand also craves the favour of an order for the £200 stg he sent to Mr. Wm. Hodgson in London the 18th of last April for American Prisoners.

Addressed: A Monsieur / Monsieur le Docteur / Franklin / a Passy—
Notations in different hands: Grand / Grand


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Robert R. Livingston, 5 September 1782
From: Livingston, Robert R.
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Sir
Philadelphia 5th. September 1782
Having written to you lately, I should not again trouble you so soon were it not necessary to remind you, that your last letter is dated in March, since which there have been frequent arrivals from France— and since which too we have reason to beleive, the most interesting events have taken place in Europe— We learn from private letters and common fame, that Mr Adams was received by the United Provinces in his public Character on the 19th. of April, we have yet no accounts of this interesting event, or the measures he has pursued to accomplish our other objects in Holland since.— Mr Laurens it is said has been liberated, has travelled to Holland and to France—has entered upon the execution of his trust, but has left us to gather events so interesting to him and to us, from private letters and the public prints— Mr Jay tells us on the 14th. of May, that he is about to sett out for Paris and that he presumes Doctor Franklin has assigned the reasons for this step— Doctor Franklin has told us nothing. As to Mr. Dana if it were not for the necessity of drawing Bills in his favour, we should hardly be acquainted with his existance— It is commonly said that Republics are better informed than monarchs of the State of their foreign Affairs, and that they insist upon a greater degree of vigilance and punctuality in their Ministers— We on the contrary seem to have adopted a new system, the ignorance in which we are kept of every interesting event renders it impossible for the Sovereign to instruct their servants, and of course forms them into an Independent privy Council for the direction of their Affairs without their advise or concurrence— I can hardly express to you what I feel on this occasion, I blush when I meet a member of Congress who enquires into what is passing in Europe— When the General applies to me for advises on the same subject which must regulate his movements, I am compelled to inform him that we have no intelligence but what he has seen in the Papers, the following is an extract of his last letter to me. “But how does it happen that all our information of what is transacting in Europe should come thro’ indirect Channels or from the Enemy? —or does this question proceed from my unacquaintedness with facts?” But let me dismiss a subject which gives me so much pain, in the hope that we shall in future have no farther cause of Complaint.
Since the evacuation of Savannah the Enemy have by the general Orders contained in the enclosed papers announced the proposed evacuation of Charles town, we are in daily expectation of hearing therefore that tranquility is restored to the Southern States—several circumstances lead us to suppose, that they entertain thoughts of abandoning New York some time this fall—you only can inform us whether this step has been taken in consequence of any expectation they entertain of a general peace—or with a view to pursue the system which the present administration appear to have adopted, when they so loudly reprobated the American War,— And whether by withdrawing their Troops from hence, they only mean to collect their force and direct it against our Allies.— This Knowledge would render such an alteration in our system necessary, that it affords us new reasons for regretting our want of information on these important points.
The Marquis de Vaudruiel has unfortunately lost the Magnifique sunk by running on a rock in the harbour of Boston, where he is now with the remainder of his Fleet consisting of twelve sail of the Line except 3 refiting at Portsmouth— This has enabled Congress to shew their attention to his most Christian Majesty, and their wish to promote his interests as far as their circumstances will permit by presenting him the America of 74. Guns—enclosed is their resolve on that subject, and the answer given by the Minister of France, the Ship is in such a state that she may with diligence be fitted for Sea in about two Months, and from the accounts I hear of her, she will I beleive prove a fine Ship— The General is collecting the Army. The last division of the french Troops marched from hence this morning, when collected they will I presume repair to their old post at the white Plains, and perhaps endeavour to accelerate the departure of the Enemy.
I am sorry you did not pursue your first design and enlarge in your letter upon the subjects which you imagined would be discussed in the negotiation for a peace, it might have changed our sentiments, and altered our views in some points—two things are of great moment to us, one of which at least would meet with no difficulty if France and England understand their true interest— I mean the West India trade, and the right to cut log wood and Mahogany—without a free admission of all kinds of provisions into the Islands our agriculture will suffer extremely, this evil will be severely felt at first, and when it remedies itself which it will do in time it must be at the expence of the nations that share our commerce— It will lessen the consumption of foreign sugars, encrease the supplies which the poorer People among us draw from the maple &c. and by reducing the price of provisions and rendering the cultivation of lands less profitable make a proportionable encrease of our own manufactures, and lessen our dependence upon Europe— This will in some measure I must confess check our population, and so far I regard it as an evil— The Merchants and Farmers if secluded at a peace, from the advantages which this commerce gave them while connected with England will consider themselves as loosers by the War and pine again for the Fleshpots of egypt.— A variety of Arguments on this subject arising as well from the general interests of france, as from her political connection with us, might be urged to shew the wisdom of adopting the same liberal sentiments on this point, which has of late distinguished her on so many others— But if She should not be able to overcome her ancient prejudices, I beleive they will be found to have less influence on the british whom you will press earnestly on this head, besides the general interest of the Kingdom, there is with them a powerful west India interest to plead in behalf of a free importation of provisions into their Islands— If I mistake not the present wishes of the Nation, as well as the professions of Administration lead to every measure which may wear away our present resentments, strengthen the connection between us, and them. The opposition between their views and those of France on this Subject will give you greate advantage in your negotiations— The log wood trade we have some claim to from our continued exercise of the right.— Nor can England pretend to exclude us from it without invalidating her own title, which stands upon the same ground— If Spain admits the right in England she gains nothing by excluding us, since in proportion as She diminishes our commerce in that article she encreases that of Britain, other manufacturing nations are interested in exciting a competition between us at their markets.— When you write to me be pleased to be very particular in your relation of every step which leads to a negotiation, as every thing of this kind must be interesting.
I ought before I conclude to inform you that the Collection of Taxes owing to the decay of Commerce the loss of labour by the War & a variety of other Causes has fallen extreamly short of our Expectations & that every Exertion whether your negotiation terminate in a Peace or whether War is continued will be necessary to procure a Loan from France, agreable to your former instructions.
I have the honor to be, Sir with great Respect & Esteem your most obedt. humble Servant
Robt R Livingston

No. 16.His Excellency Benj: Franklin

Endorsed: No 16. Mr Secry. Livingston Sept 5. 1782 Sundry Informations Points of Treaty, &c Necessity of Money—
Notation: (By C. [cipher] No 4.)


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Richard Oswald, 5 September 1782
From: Oswald, Richard
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Sir,
Paris 5th September 1782.
In consequence of the Notice I have just now had from Mr Jay of Your Desire of an Extract from my last Letter from His Majesty’s Secretary of State, regarding the proposed Treaty on the Subject of American Affairs, & my Authority in relation thereto, I take the liberty to send the same inclosed, which together with the Powers contained in the Commission which I had the Honor of laying before You & Mr Jay I am hopeful will satisfy You of the Willingness & sincere Desire of His Majesty to give You entire Content on that important Subject.
This Extract I shou’d have sent You before now, if I had thought You wished to have it, before I had the Honor of waiting on You myself, which was only delayed, until I cou’d be informed by Mr Jay, that You was well enough to see me upon Business.
I heartily wish for a perfect re-establishment of Your Health & am with sincere Regard & Esteem Sir &
R: O.
Copy

Notations: Copy of a Letter from Mr Oswald to Dr Franklin inclosing an Extract from Mr Secretary Townshend’s Letter 5th September 1782. / In Mr Oswald’s Letter of 10th Septr 1782.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Edward Bridgen, 6 September 1782
From: Bridgen, Edward
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Dear Sir
Sepr: 6 1782
I am just requested to pass through your hands the inclosed to Mr Jay I therefore hope for your pardon for the liberty I take it goes round by Antwerp and Consequently its arrival will be later than by the Usual conveyance Which, I am informed, will not be material; will you do me the favour to present my most respectful compliments to that Gentleman, as a Meritorious Man whom I have the pleasure to know only by Character.
I have been much engaged lately in the copper buisness; in which I flatter myself to have been not useless, when that Matter may come under consideration. Will you, My Dear Sir, permit me to send you my thoughts on that Subject? It is late, and I am hurried at present and therefore shall hastily conclude myself with all veneration and respect Dr Sir Yr: most Affect Friend
E B

Addressed: A Monsieur / Monsr: Franklin / a Passeè / Pres / Paris


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Samuel Cooper, 6 September 1782
From: Cooper, Samuel
To: Franklin, Benjamin

My dear Sir,
Boston N.E. Septr. 6th. 1782.
In a Letter I wrote you a few Weeks past, giving some general Account of our Affairs, I mentioned my Kinsman William Cooper, and Mr Leverett, who I then thought were Prisoners in England, since which they with many others of our Countrymen have happily arrived here.
I have been suspicious that our late severe Disappointment in the West Indies by the Defeat of the Count de Grasse would encourage the Court of London to continue the War by insisting on inadmissible Terms of Peace. If this should be the Case it would be perhaps as unwise as it is contrary to all the former declared Principles of the new British Ministry. For notwithstanding this Disappointment the Cause of the Allies still stands upon high Ground. Savanna is already evacuated and there are strong Appearances that Charlestown will soon follow. The Refugees and American Levies in N. York are in great Confusion and Distress upon being notified by Sr. Guy Carleton that the Court of London was disposed to acknowledge the Independence of America as a Basis of Peace. At present we are at a Loss what Judgment to form of the real Intentions of that Court. If it means to continue the War it must intend to employ it’s Forces now on this Continent, or at least a great part of them, in some other Quarter, perhaps in the West Indies; and yet we have a recent Report that fresh Troops are arrived at Hallifax from Britain.

The Marquiss de Vaudruiel with 13 Ships of the Line and several Frigates lately arrived here from the West Indies to repair. I cannot easily describe to you the mutual Tokens of Respect and Friendship that have passed between the Marquiss & his Officers and the Government and principal Inhabitants of this Common Wealth. Every Thing has appeared in the true Spirit of the Alliance, to promote the Purposes this Visit of the Fleet must contribute not a little. Unluckily a few days ago the Magnifique of 74 Guns in changing her Station run a Ground, and we fear is lost. Immediately it was the Cry of every Body, let the 74 Gun Ship ready to be launched at Portsmouth be offerr’d to the King by Congress, to supply the Place of the Magnifique. We are but one of the 13 States, and we know not the Views and Engagements of Congress respecting that Ship; but I never knew a Proposal made with more Warmth of Friendship than this appeared to be done here by every Rank of men; upon which Account as it was peculiarly pleasing to me, I thought it worth mentioning to you.
General Washington has taken every Care to afford the Marquiss de Vaudrueil the best and most early Intelligence. A Day or two ago an Express arrived from the General acquainting the Marquiss that an English Fleet had arrived from the W. Indies near the Chesapeek of 25 Sail of the Line, and this Morning another Express was received that came with uncommon Dispatch upon the same Subject. Proper Measures have been taken, and the Governor accompanied the Marquiss down the Harbour this Morning to accelerate with the Aid of our People all proper Precautions.
Mr Temple has of late been much offended with me for not acknowledging before a Committee of the Genl. Court, that I knew and advised to his last Going to England and to Lord North’s Closet with a professed View to oppose the Representations of Galloway, &c &c, when I never did advise to it, nor ever thought it a justifiable or prudent Measure.— My Sermon on the Taking of Quebec the last War was sneeringly advertised for, with a manifest Design to bring into View what I had formerly said of the French Nation. The Advertisement was supposed to be from Mr T. tho carried to the Press by a Nathan Blodget, formerly Purser to the Alliance Frigate, who on his Return from France discovered, I am told, great Prejudices against you, and has lately been an Intimate of Mr T. He has since embarqued again for that Country. Judge Sullivan, a most respectable Character took some Notice of the Advertisement in the public Papers. This brought on a Controversy in Print, in which I would take no part, and which has risen high. Mr T. claims great Merit for procuring and sending to this Country Hutchinson’s Letters at the Expence of all he held under the British Crown. To this Mr Sullivan opposes your Advertisement in a London Paper respecting the Letters, and a printed Letter of Mr. T. in which he declares solemnly he had no Concern directly or indirectly in procuring or sending them. As I have ever been disposed to be friendly to Mr T. his Behavior in this whole Matter has been unkind to me as well as injurious to himself.
I cannot omit mentioning the Situation of Mr Jonathan Amory, formerly a noted Merchant of this Town, and who left us at the opening of the War, and went to England, and afterwards at Newport took an Oath of Allegiance to the British King, but has long wished and applied for Leave to return to his native Country, from which he is now excluded by Law. He is a Gentleman of an amiable private Character, and has never taken an active part against his Country. He resides at Brussells, where should the Conferences for Peace open he will wait on you and state his Case and his Views. I am sure you will be ready to serve him as far as public Propriety and Safety will admit. From the Importunity of his Friends I could not forbear making this Mention of him.
I am extremely obliged to you for all your kind Attention to my Grandson; and am sorry to hear of the Disturbances in Geneva; I have the Satisfaction to find by a Letter from him to his Father that he was safe out of the City. Col. Johonnot arrived fortunately two months past at Baltimore, where his Affairs, as he writes, wore an agreeable Aspect. I expect to see him in Boston every Moment.

With every Sentiment of Respect and Affection Your old Friend


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from ——— Mesny, 6 September 1782
From: Mesny, ——
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Monsieur
Paris le 6. 7bre. 1782. / .
En 1778. Vous eutes la bonté de Vous charger d’envoyer en Amerique cent exemplaires de l’ouvrage de Mr. de la faye, et de me promettre de m’en faire payer icy le prix, aprés que la Vente en seroit faitte. J’ai eu l’honneur de Vous en demander des nouvelles il y a environ 15 jours, et aujourdhui je prends la liberté de vous retourner vôtre propre lettre pour vous en rappeller le Soüvenir, Vous priant de vouloir bien me la renvoyer.
J’ay l’honneur d’etre avec un trés profond respect Monsieur Votre trés humble et trés obeissant serviteur
Mesny.
maison de l’epicier au coin des rues du bacq et de Verneuil

Endorsed: answer’d Sept. 11
Notation: Mesny 6. 7bre. 1782


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Gabriel-Claude Palteau de Veimerange, 6 September 1782
From: Palteau de Veimerange, Gabriel-Claude
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Monsieur,
Paris le 6. Septembre 1782
Vôtre Excellence a été informé qu’il a été embarqué à Brest, dans le courant des mois d’Avril et May derniers, sur les Navires L’Achille, Le Maurice et la Marie-Therèse, divers Effets et Marchandises pour le service des Etats unis de l’Amérique Septentrionnale, dont j’ai eû l’honneur de vous faire remettre les Etats détaillés. Ces Navires sont partis de Brest à la fin de mai; ils ont fait une relache à Rochefort d’où les Circonstances n’ont pas permis jusques à present qu’ils pûssent partir.
Je suis informé que le Capitaine L’Eguillon commandant le Navire La Marie-Thérèse, demande que l’on fasse décharger l’Entrepont de son Bâtiment y soupconnant de l’avarie. Vôtre Excellence sentira facilement que cette Opération ne peut se faire sans occasionner une dépense assés considérable, dont je n’ai pas crû devoir prendre sur moi de faire faire l’avance. Je ne puis au surplus que vous informer de l’Etat des choses, àfin de vous mettre en Etat de prendre le parti que vous jugerés le plus convenable.
J’ai l’honneur d’être avec une très respectueuse Considération, Monsieur, de Vôtre Excellence, Le très humble et très Obéissant Serviteur
Veimerange
M. Franklin, Ministre Plenipotre. des Etats unis. A Passy.

Notation: Veimerange 6. 7bre 1782


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Vicq d’Azyr, 6 September 1782
From: Vicq d’Azyr, Félix
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Monsieur.
6 7bre. 1782.
La société Royale de médecine à laquelle j’ai Communiqué le Billet qui m’a été ecrit en Votre nom, a été d’autant plus fachée, d’etre privée de la satisfaction de Vous posséder à sa séance publique que c’est une indisposition qui en a été la Cause. Elle m’a chargé de Vous témoigner toute la part qu’elle y prend et elle desire bien sincèrement qu’elle n’ait point de suites facheuses.
Je joins ici le programe des prix proposés dans son assemblée publique et un exemplaire des réflexions qu’elle a publiées Sur une maladie epidémique qui Vient de Regner dans le haut Languedoc.
Je Suis avec le plus profond Respect Monsieur Votre très humble et très obeissant serviteur
Vicq DAZYR
M franklin

Notation: Vic d’Azir 6. 7bre. 1782.


Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Castries, 7 September 1782
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: Castries, Charles-Eugène-Gabriel de La Croix, marquis de

Mr.
a Passy 7. 7bre. 1782.
J’ay l’honneur de transmettre à V. E. la copie d’une lettre que je viens de recevoir de M. de Veimerange au sujet des avaries arrivées à un des Batiments de transports chargés des munitions destinées pour les Etats unis de l’amerique. Je pense qu’il est a propos que Votre Gouvernement ayant eté chargé jusqu’a present de ces sortes d’affaires, continue à les diriger, et je prie en consequence, V. E. de vouloir bien donner à Rochefort les ordres relatifs à ces objets dont les Etats Unis qui sont deja en compte ouvert, doivent supporter la depense.
Je prends aussi la liberté de rappeller à V. E. que faute de Batiments, il reste à Brest une grande quantité de munitions dont les Etats Unis ont un besoin très pressant. Je me flatte que V. E. ne perdra pas cet objet de vuë et qu’elle donnera les ordres necessaires pour les faire embarquer lorsque l’occasion favorable s’en presentera.
Je suis avec beaucoup de respect Mr De V. E. Le très obeissant et très humble serviteur
signé Franklin


Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Vergennes, 8 September 1782
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: Vergennes, Charles Gravier, comte de

Sir,
Passy, 8th. Sepr: 1782
Mr Barclay who will have the honour of delivering you this, will have that of laying before your Excellency his Commission from the Congress of the United States of America, appointing him their Consul General in France. Mr. Barclay being about to enter on his Consular Functions, I request your Excellency would in the usual manner, authenticate & make known his Appointment; that in the exercise thereof he may meet with no Molestation or Impediment, but on the contrary receive that Countenance & Assistance he may stand in need of.
With great Respect, I have the Honour to be, Sir Your Excellency’s most obedient & most humble Servant.
B Franklin
[His] Exy. [?] Ct. de Vergennes. &ca—

Endorsed: M. de R


Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Joseph Banks, 9 September 1782
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: Banks, Joseph

Dear Sir,
Passy, Sept. 9. 1782.
I have just received the very kind friendly Letter you were so good as to write to me by Dr. Bonssonnet [Broussonet]. Be assured that I long earnestly for a Return of those peaceful Times, when I could sit down in sweet Society with my English philosophic Friends, communicating to each other new Discoveries, and proposing Improvements of old ones, all tending to extend the Power of Man over Matter, avert or diminish the Evils he is subject to, or augment the Number of his Enjoyments. Much more happy should I be thus employ’d in your most desirable Company, than in that of all the Grandees of the Earth projecting Plans of Mischief, however necessary they may be supposed for obtaining greater Good.
I am glad to learn by the Dr. that your great Work goes on. I admire your Magnanimity in the Undertaking, and the Perseverance with which you have prosecuted it.
I join with you most perfectly in the charming Wish you so well express, “That such Measures may be taken by both Parties as may tend to the Elevation of both rather than the Destruction of either.” If anything has happen’d endangering one of them, my Comfort is that I endeavour’d earnestly to prevent it, and gave honest faithful Advice which if it had been regarded would have been effectual. And still if proper Means are us’d to produce not only a Peace but what is much more interesting, a thorough Reconciliation, a few Years may heal the Wounds that have been made in our Happiness, & produce a Degree of Prosperity of which at present we can hardly form a Conception.
With great & sincere Esteem & Respect, I am Dear Sir, Your most obedient & most humble Servant
B Franklin
Sir Joseph Banks.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Lamarque, Fabre & Cie., 10 September 1782
From: Lamarque, Fabre & Cie.
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Monseigneur
Paris ce 10e. Septbre. 1782.
Pour prouver à Votre Excellence qu’elle a daigné honorer de ses bontés de Négociants honnêtes qu’un évenément inattendu avoit mis dans la détresse & affecté la délicatesse, nous prenons la liberté, Monseigneur, de remettre à Votre Excellence un Etat des sommes que nous avons payé par le secours que nous a procuré M Gillon qui forme la moitié de ce que nous devions.
Comme ce commodore nous a écrit de la havane, suivant la copie de sa lettre que nous avons l’honneur de mettre sous les yeux de Votre Excellence, que s’il trouvoit de lettres de change à la havane pour solder notre compte avec l’Etat de la Caroline du sud, il nous en féroit passer ou qu’à defaut à son arrivée a Philadelphie il nous en enverroit, nous avons l’honneur de vous supplier, Monseigneur de vouloir par une suite de votre bienfaisance & de l’intérêt que vous aves bien voulu prendre à notre triste position, écrire à Mr. amelot pour que ce Ministre ait la complaisance de vouloir faire renouveller pour un an notre arret de surséance qui est sur le point d’expirer, de lui reccomander notre requête présentée à cet éfflet dont nous n’attendrons certainement pas l’expiration pour nous libérer, si M Gillon nous paye ce qui forme ce que nous restons devoir, ou si d’autres rentrées nous en facilitent les moyens.
Notre gratitude, Monseigneur, sera des plus vives & par notre zèle à remplir le surplus de nos engagements nous reconnoitrons la faveur de Votre Excellence.
Nous sommes avec un très profond respect Monseigneur Vos très humbles & trés Obéissants Serviteurs
Lamarque FABRE
Rue St. Bon.

Notation: La Marque Fabre, Paris 10. Septr. 1782.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Henry Laurens, 10 September 1782
From: Laurens, Henry
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Sir.
Nantes 10th. septemr. 1782.
I had the honor of addressing you under the 3d Inst. requesting you to procure & transmit a Passport for myself & family to go out of this Kingdom into England—this Morning I am advised from London that the proper document of leave to re-enter the latter, had been obtained & would be forwarded to Mr. Ginett at Versailles. I shall therefore begin my journey within eight & forty hours, but my strength will not admit of rapid traveling; if you shall not have sent on the Passport before this waits on you, be pleased to direct it to me at the House of Monsr. Pierre Bernard Calais, where it will overtake me. I beg leave to repeat the offers of my best services & the assurances of being with great Esteem & Respect Sir. Your most Obedient & most humble servant
Henry Laurens
His Excellency Benjamin Franklin Esquire Passy.

Addressed: His Excellency / Benjamin Franklin Esquire / Minister Plenepotentiary / from the United States of America / &c &c / Passy.
Notation: Henry Laurens 10 Sept. 1782.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Jonathan Williams, Jr., 10 September 1782
From: Williams, Jonathan Jr.
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Dear & hond sir
Nantes Sept. 10. 1782
I recvd the Catalogue of the Marquis de la Fayettes Cargo only last Night—and I now return it with marks & a note on the other side which I hope may answer your Purpose.
I have been very uneasy on accot of your Illness but a Letter from Billy this morning has relieved me, & I hope by the Time you receive this you will be perfectly recovered.
I am as ever most dutifully & affecy Yours
Jona Williams J

Mrs Williams is much better but yet weak.— Mumford has the Fever & ague—besides I have my man Servant my Wifes maid & my Bookeeper all sick, with my hands more full of Business than usual, this must apologise for my brevity. I am as before.
JWJ

Note.—
I have examined the Catalogue of the sale of the Marquis de la Fayette, and marked Public against those Goods I shipped on the public Accot.
Where I have marked against Totals I mean all to be public, whether the Detail be marked or not. Such as I think are private property I have marked not public in the Summary & X in the Detail.
There were a few Goods shipped on Freight with my Knowledge and a List was sent to Congress, but as the marks are not preserved I cannot tell exactly which they are. I believe however they did not amount to ⅛ the quantity which appear in the List marked X.;—and of the Wine, Salt, Brandy, Cordials Anchovies, Oil, Medecines Crockery Ware preserved Fruit &c I was kept Ignorant. They were shipped without my knowledge & Consent except 45 Cases containing about 2250 Bottles of Claret. So that in these articles alone the ship had the Bulk of about 125 hhds 60 Cases & 110 Boxes.


Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Baron Grantham, 11 September 1782
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: Grantham, Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron

My Lord
Passy, Sept. 11. 1782
A long & severe Indisposition has delay’d my acknowledging the Receipt of the Letter your Lordship did me the Honour of Writing to me by Mr Fitzherbert:—
You do me Justice in believing that I agree with you in earnestly Wishing the Establishment of an honourable and lasting Peace; and I am happy to be assur’d by your Lordship, that it is the real System of the Ministers with whom you are Cooperating.— I know it to be the sincere Desire of the United States; and With such Dispositions on both sides, there is reason to hope that the good Work in its Progress will meet with little Difficulty. A small one has occur’d in the Commencement, with which Mr Oswald will acquaint you. I flatter myself that means will be found on your part for removing it, and my best Endeavours in removing subsequent ones, (if any should arise) may be firmly rely’d on.—
I had the Honour of being known to your Lordship’s Father. On several Occasions he manifested a Regard for me, and a Confidence in me.— I shall be happy if my Conduct in the present important Business may procure me the same Rank in the Esteem of his worthy Successor.
I am, with sincere Respect, My Lord, Your Lordship’s


Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Mesny, 11 September 1782
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: Mesny, ——

Sir,
Passy, Sept. 11. 1782
I have received two Letters from you relating to some Books you put into my Hands some years since to be sent to America. A severe Indisposition has prevented my answering sooner. I sent one of the Bundles to Nantes, to be forwarded by some Ship from thence; and having never heard that the Books arrived, I suppose the Ship was lost or taken. I was thereby discouraged from sending the other, till a Peace should make the Communication between the two Countries more secure, and it remains with me ready to be delivered to your Order. And as you mention your having an urgent Occasion for the Money, I will at the same time, to end the Affair, and do you Service, pay for the Bundle that is lost. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your most obedient and most humble Servant
B Franklin
M. Mesny.

Addressed: A Monsieur / Monsieur Mesny / Maison de l’Epicier au Coin des Rues / du Bacq & de Verneuil.— / à Paris—


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from ——— St. Clair, 11 September 1782
From: St. Clair de Roslin, ——
To: Franklin, Benjamin

	Dunkerque Prison Roial ce 11eme. Septembre 1782
J’ai ete favorisé d’une lettre de Monsieur Joly qui m’a fait part d’une conversation qu’il a eu l’honeur d’avoir avec votre Excellence a mon sujet. Les mesures que le Prince De Robecq prenait pour mon elargissement m’a fait croire qu’il etait inutile d’importuner votre Excellence davantage a cet egard: mais une lettre daté du Burau de la guerre dont on m’a fait part fait mention, que la seule chose qui avait empéché ma liberté etait que le Ministre avait voulu prendre des eclaircissemens d’une autre coté ce qui m’a fort etonné vu que les seules eclaircissemens qu’il peut avoir etoit en arrettant Le Capitaine Du Doggerbank (Corsaire Hollandais) pour lequel je suis soupconné si mal a propos d’avoir voulu lever de monde en France. Sitot que je recus la nouvelle de l’arrivée de ce Corsaire au Havre de Grace j’en donnais avis a Monsieur De Cheaulieu qui envoya prendra ma Declaration mais malgré que ledit Batiment a resté quelque tems au Havre de grace et ensuite a relaché a Morlaix on n’a fait aucune perquisition a ce sujet. Ce Batiment a été depuis pris par l’ennemi. J’ai fait tout mon possible pour que le Ministre fut amplement instruit et si le succes n’a pas repondu a mes vues j’espere qu’on me fera la justice que d’avouer que J’ai fait tous mes efforts, ce que je n’aurais pas surement fait si j’avais été coupable, vu que le Capitaine Dudit navire etant arretté a mon instigation n’aurait pas manqué de faire tout ce qu’il aurait pu pour me perdre. Je conjure votre Excellence de vouloir bien faire cette exposition a Monsieur Le Marquis de Segur et je suis fermement persuadé qu’il mettra fin a une detention qui a deja duré trois mois et m’a entierement ruiné etant une perte pecuniaire pour moi de dix-sept-cens livres. J’aurais l’honneur de vous rendre mes devoirs à Passy immediatement a ma sortie. Dans la ferme persuasion de vos bonnes offices je reste De votre Excellence Le tres humble et tres respectueux Serviteur
St Clair De Roslin
A son Excellence B. Franklin


Title: The Marquis de Lafayette’s Note Containing Vergennes’ Proposal, [11 September? 1782]
From: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de,Vergennes, Charles Gravier, comte de
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Vergennes had advised the American commissioners against delaying negotiations over the issue of Oswald’s commission. As he wrote to La Luzerne, in politics one should yield on form when satisfied with the substance. Franklin agreed. When Jay continued to object, Vergennes and Lafayette proposed to him a solution that might expedite matters: having Oswald write a letter to the American commissioners stating that he was treating with them as representatives of an independent nation. The present memorandum, in Lafayette’s hand, is undoubtedly the draft of this statement, that Vergennes wanted Franklin (who was still too ill to travel) to read.
Jay deeply distrusted Vergennes and refused to consider this compromise. He suggested to Franklin that they state their objections in writing and request from Vergennes a written response. Franklin agreed, and Jay drafted a letter of colossal length. It was still under Franklin’s consideration when it was rendered moot by the arrival of Oswald’s new commission.

[September 11, 1782?]
In Case a letter is Received from M. Oswald Count de Vergennes proposes to have this Sentence.
Que d’après les Instructions et les pouvoirs dont il est Muni, il traitera avec les plenipotentiares Americains dans leur Qualité de plenipotentiaires des Etats Unis, et que l’article premier du traité preliminaire portera la Renonciation la plus Expresse de tous les Droits et pretensions que le Roy et la Couronne d’anglettere ont formé ou pu former dans Aucun tems Sur les territoires Composant la Souveraineté des Etats Unis.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Williams, Moore & Co., 11 September 1782
From: Williams, Moore & Co.
To: Franklin, Benjamin

L’Orient 11th. Septr. 1782
We beg leave to trouble your excellency respecting the departure of three Privateers—the Revolution, Buccaneer, & Cicero, the Property of Messrs Cabots of Beverly. These Vessells have lain long in Port, stopped by the Orders of the Commandant, & were sinking a very large Sum to the Owners, perhaps more than they Could well bear, having from 100 to 130 Men in each Vessell.— A few Days ago from repeated Sollicitations they procured Liberty to go to the Isle of Groix; We have heard with Orders to remain ’till the departure of the fleet. This fleet has been long in Port, & many favourable Winds for the departure of the Privateers have passed, without their having permission to Sail—this Morning we are told they departed, & have likewise been informed a Frigate went after them. We are sorry they went off without Liberty—& neither knew of their Promise to the Commandant, or of their Sailing—till this Evening. We are Confident the Captns. meant neither to slight the Port or give Offence, but were actuated from the regard due to their Owners Interest. In Justice to the Captains & Ourselves we think it prudent to intimate the Affair—that if any representation is made, or Accident Occur— Your excellency may receive every Information We Can give Remaining With the greatest Respect Your excellencys most obedient & devoted Servants
Williams Moore & Co


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Francis Dana, 2/12 September [i.e., 12 September 1782]
From: Dana, Francis M.
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Sir.
St: Petersbourg Septr: 2/12 1782
Mr: Livingston in a letter of the 22d. of May last, which I have lately received, writes me, “Your salary will in future be paid here, where your Agent will vest it in bills on Doctor Franklin quarterly, upon whom you will draw accordingly. I shall consider myself as Agent for all our foreign Ministers, and transact the business accordingly for you, unless you shou’d choose to appoint some other.” As I do not know whether he has in pursuance of this new arrangement already transmitted any bills to you, I shall continue to take up money as it may become due to me, and I may have occasion for it, of Messrs. Strahlborn & Wolff upon Mr: Grand’s letter of Credit as before, untill I can be informed of the fact. I pray you to acquaint me as soon as may be, whether you have received any bills of Mr: Livingston on my account, & what amount for a quarter: and whether the course we are now in is to be changed, and bills to be drawn by me directly upon you according to the method he has proposed. In this case it will be necessary I shou’d be informed of the periods he has fixed for the payments, so as my receipts here, or my drafts may conform to them— I shall in a short time take up at once a considerable sum of Messrs: Strahlborn & Wolff upon Mr: Grand’s last letter of credit, upon which I have not yet taken up any thing. I shall keep within my old rule never to take up any before it becomes due.
Things remain here as to us in their old state. This Court seems not disposed to take any step which wou’d be offlensive to the Court of London. Nothing is therefore to be expected untill that Court shall have agreed to consider the United-States as an Independant Power. Many will have it here that you are far advanced in that matter, and that you will give us peace in the course of next Winter. You wou’d much oblige me by the communication of any intelligence upon these points which it may be prudent to make— I beg you to present my best regards to Mr: Jay who we are told is with you.
I am, Sir, with the greatest Esteem & Respect, your obedient humble Servant
Doctr: Franklin


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Lafayette, 12 September 1782
From: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de
To: Franklin, Benjamin

In the present letter Lafayette confirms that Vergennes secretly sent Gérard de Rayneval to England for a meeting with Shelburne. Jay had heard this news on September 9, the day he and Oswald were forging a compromise about the language of Oswald’s commission. Suspecting that the purpose of Rayneval’s mission was to arrange a peace with France at America’s expense, Jay immediately asked Benjamin Vaughan to go to Shelburne’s estate at Bowood and argue the American case, even instructing him to hint broadly at the possibility of a separate peace. Vaughan dashed off a note to Shelburne asking him not to make any decisions about France until he received further word. He entrusted the note to Elkanah Watson, Jr., who was leaving that day for England carrying a passport from Franklin. Vaughan wrote Shelburne a longer letter on September 11, alerting him to his own imminent departure, warning him of the Americans’ concern about Rayneval’s agenda, and again asking him to delay making any arrangements with Rayneval. Vaughan also warned that unless the language of Oswald’s commission were changed, the negotiations would fail.
Jay did not tell Franklin about his conference with Vaughan because, as he later explained to Livingston, he knew that Franklin did not share his suspicions about Vergennes. This is not to say, however, that Franklin was ignorant of Vaughan’s mission. The ostensible reason for Vaughan’s trip was personal (his wife was pregnant) and the Franklin household gave him a list of items to procure in England. More to the point, Franklin reversed his decision about granting Elkanah Watson a passport because, according to Watson, he knew the merchant would carry to Shelburne Vaughan’s urgent message. Vaughan must have let Franklin know that he intended to call on Shelburne, if only to underscore the necessity of revising Oswald’s commission. It is difficult to believe that Vaughan was capable of keeping secrets from a man he so idolized, and whose approval he so keenly sought. If Franklin ever knew that Jay had given Vaughan specific instructions designed to counteract Rayneval’s perceived mischief, however, he certainly never let on to Jay.

Dear Sir
Paris September the 12h 1782
Inclosed I Have the Honor to send You a Letter that Relates to our Continental Stores, and When I am able to Get the Account of them You Have Seemed to Desire, I will immediately Communicate it to Your Excellency— I fear the Army is in want, and of Course Am Particularly interested in their safe and speedy Departure—if You Approuve of it, I will wait Upon M. de Castries, and from Him know Every Particular About the Convoy.
By a Very Good Information, tho Not Ministerial, I Have found that Mr. Reyneval Has Been truly intended to Go, or perhaps is Gone, in which I Confess I Have Been Mistaken— Having at once Put two Questions to Count de Vergennes it Appears He Answered But one of them, But Had I sooner Received Your Letter I Would Have Been More Pointed in My Enquiries with that Minister.

Upon Recollection, I Cannot Help thinking Mr. jay Had some Notion of My knowing Mr. Rayneval’s Departure, and Having with You some Reserve about it which it was But Proper to Return— When I thought of it, it Made me smile, and As it was the 11th september I Might Have spoke to Him pretty Much the same way As Scipio did to the Romans Upon a Mistaken Notion of theirs.
Be pleased, My Good friend, to Let Me know How You do, and Accept the tender Assurances of the High Respect and Warm Attachement I Have the Honor to Be With Your obedient hbe sert and devoted friend
Lafayette

Notation: Mr. La Fayette


Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Lafayette, 13 September 1782
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de

Dear Sir,
Passy, Sept. 13. 1782.
I am oblig’d to you for communicating M. de Viemerange’s Letter, which I return. I wish you would continue your Application to the Marquis de Castries to provide Means for the Embarkation of the Goods: It is impossible for me to do it.—
I believe Mr Jay did not suspect your knowing of Mr Rayneval’s Departure; he only wonder’d that you did not know it.
I am oblig’d by your kind Enquiries. I have had a bad Night, but at present have some Ease. Your natural Activity will always preserve you from the cruel Disorders that arise from too little Excercise. God give you good Health & long Life for the Advantage of our two Countries.—
With the greatest Esteem & Affection, I am, Your most obedient and most humble Servant
B Franklin

P.S. I congratulate you on the Improvement of your Hand-writing since yesterday. It is more legible than Mr Viemerange’s—
M. le Marquis de la Fayette


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Robert R. Livingston, 13[–14] September 1782
From: Livingston, Robert R.
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Sir,
Philadelphia, 13th[–14] Septr. 1782
I have nothing to add to mine of the 5th instant, but to congratulate you on the safe arrival of two Vessels from Holland, having on board the goods left by Commodore Gillon, & to present you in the name of Mr Paine with three copies of a late work of his, addressed to the Abbé Raynal, in which he takes notice of some of the many errors with which this work abounds— The Abbé has a fine imagination, & he indulges it— The enclosed resolution contains an important fact which I am using every means to ascertain, but from the ill Success I have hitherto met with in every similar attempt I am fearful that it will be very long before I can effect it.

I have the honor to be, Sir with great respect & esteem Your most obt. humble Servt.
Robt R Livingston
No. 17His Excellency Benjamin Franklin

Sir,
Since writing the above, I have received the enclosed resolutions of Congress— I have already anticipated all that can be said upon the subject of the last— The Melancholy Tale of our Necessitys Is sufficiently known to you. It has been too often repeated to need reiteration. The SuperIntdt. who writes from an empty treasury amidst perpetual duns will speake most feelingly. In short Money must be had at any rate whether we have Peace or War.} France haveing all ready done much for us & it not being probable that we shall extend our demands beyond the present she may think it wise not to let us open accounts with a new banker since the debtor is always more or less under obligations to the Creditor.

I have the honor to be sir With great respect & esteem Your most obt humble servt.
Robt. R Livingston
No. 18

Endorsements: No 17 & 18 Mr Secry. Livingston Sept. 13. 1782— Abbé Raynal’s Work— Extreme Want of Money / No 4


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Jonathan Nesbitt, 13 September 1782
From: Nesbitt, Jonathan
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Sir
L’Orient Septr. 13: 1782
I take the liberty to request that your Excellency will furnish me with a Commission, to Command a Letter of Marque, for Captain Thomas Bell, formerly Commander of the Luzerne, now of the Renette, bound from this Port to Philadelphia;— I must likewise trouble your Excellency for Copy of the Instructions, and Bond that is given on receiving a Commission, the latter of which shall be immediately return’d you in form.
I have the honor to remain wth. the highest respect. Your Excellencys most Obedt. & very humble Servt.
Jonatn: Nesbitt
His Excellency Benjn: Franklin Esqr

Addressed: Son Excellence / Benjn. Franklin / Ministre plenipotentiaire des / Etats unis de L’Amerique / a Passy / pres Paris
Notation: Jona. Nesbitt L’Orient Sept. 13. 1782.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from ——— Bouchet, 14 September 1782
From: Bouchet, ——
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Monsieur
Paris Le samedi, 14e 7bre 1782
Je reçois une lettre de Mademoiselle Aléxandre, de St Germain, qui me charge de vous demander un paquet, contenant un corps, des Souliers &a, pour Madame Williams, de Nantes.

Si vous ne lui avez pas encore fait passer ces objets, je vous prie, Monsieur, de vouloir bien me les envoyer. J’ai l’honneur de vous inviter à y joindre tout ce qui peut vous obliger: je serai enchanté de m’en charger & de vous rendre service. Je pars Lundi pour Nantes, ou je me rends dans deux ou trois jours: ma voiture est commode & je peux y placer bien des choses sans me gêner.
Je suis avec un profond respect Monsieur Votre très humble & très Obéissant serviteur
BouchetLogé à L’hotel du nom de Jesusrue de la comédie italienne

Notations in different hands: Bouchet 14. 7bre. 1782. / Repd—


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Jonathan Williams, Jr., 14 September 1782
From: Williams, Jonathan Jr.
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Dr & Hond Sir
Nantes Sept 14 1782
Mr Louis Tardy informs me that he could obtain an advantageous protection for his Brother who is lately gone to St Domingo if you would kindly signify a favourable opinion of him. I therefore do not hesitate to assure you that the person in question Mr Gabriel Tardy has been near 5 years with me and I can with truth declare him to be an honest, industrious & intelligent young man possessing the strickest principles of Probity honour and Morality. I am as ever most dutifully and affectionately
His Excellency Doctor Franklin Passy


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from John Carroll, 15 September 1782
From: Carroll, John
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Sep 15. 1782
The Revd. Mr. John Carroll whom Docr. Franklin may remember by the Campn. into Canada presents his comps. & requests the Docr. to do him the favor to forward the inlosd Letter for Liege by post— His care is requested of the other to forward when a favourable oppy offers—

Addressed: His Excelly / Docr Franklin / Passy / near / Paris— / to be Sent under Cover by Mr Livingston


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Henry Wyld, 15 September 1782
From: Wyld, Henry
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Most Excellent sir,
Londonderry 15th. sepr. 1782
Yours on the 31st. April duly came to hand with those inclosed, addressed to M. —— E—— C our London friend, I desire to be forgiven respecting forms, all I have to say, is that on our arrival at L,Derry we were apprehended and committed to Goal, we are now liberated upon giving security for our appearance when called for, what the End may be I cannot say, but our determinations are still the same ’tho frustrated at present, and in hopes of meriting a Continuance of your Friendship on future Occations, am Your excellency’s Most obedient humble servant
Henry Wyld

Addressed: Mr. Ferdinand Grand Mercht. / Paris
Notation: Henry Wyld 15 Sept. 1782.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Samuel Beall, 16 September 1782
From: Beall, Samuel
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Sir:
Williamsburg Sept. 16. 1782
At the desire of Mrs. Evans, I have taken the liberty of troubling you with the inclosed letters, and bills of Exchange for seventy two dollars, for Mrs. Loviel her daughter. You will see by her letters, which I am desired to send open to you, that she is very desirous of getting her daughter back to Virginia, and I have engaged that I will pay her passage on her arrival, which you may depend I will do to the commander of any Vessel that will receive Her.— I have the honor to be, sr. Your mo Ob st
Samuel Beall

Addressed: The Honble / Benjamin Franklin Esqr. / Minister Plenipotentiary / from the United States of / America to the Court of France, / at, Paris.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Samuel Courtauld II, 16 September 1782
From: Courtauld, Samuel
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Sir
Paris 16 sepr. 1782
I always flatter’d myself that the recommendations I had the honor to deliver you on my Arrival here, were such, as might have secur’d me your Confidence, but am sorry to find they seem to have produc’d the Contrary Effect— I am totally Ignorant of the cause, being confident I have acted with Propriety:
Least you shou’d be tempted to think I might make an ungenerous use of the kind letter of Introduction you gave me for Mr. Franklyn your Son in Law I here take the liberty of Returning it:
I have the honor to be Sir Your most Obedient & most humble Servt.
Saml. Courtauld


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Antoine-Nicholas Servin, with Franklin’s Note for a Reply, 16 September 1782
From: Servin, Antoine-Nicholas,Franklin, Benjamin
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Monsieur Le Docteur
a Dieppe 16 7bre. 1782
Je viens de faire imprimer a Basle un ouvrage Sur La Législation Criminelle Auquel le Celebre Monsieur Iselin a joint des observations de Sa façon. Je Vous prie de permettre Que mon Libraire Vous en adresse un Exemplaire par la poste. C’est un hommage Que je dois a un des plus Grands hommes d’etat et des Scavans Les plus distingués de l’univers. J’ose Esperer Que Vous ne le refuserez pas et que Vous y Verrez un gage de La haute Estime et du respect profond Avec lequel je Suis De votre Excellence Monsieur Le Docteur Le trés humble & trés obéissant Serviteur
Servinavocat au parl. de Rouen

Endorsed: That I should be glad to see the Work mention’d, being curious of every Thing on that important Subject. That I shall esteem the Present propos’d as a great Honour, & be much oblig’d by it hoping it may [be] of Service to our new States in America &c. &c
Notation: Servin 16. 7bre. 1782.


Title: From Benjamin Franklin to David Hartley, 17 September 1782
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: Hartley, David

My dear Friend,
Passy, Sept. 17. 1782.
Since those acknowledg’d in my last, I have received your Several Favours of Aug. 16. 20. & 26. I have been a long time afflicted with the Gravel & Gout, which have much indispos’d me for writing: I am even now in Pain, but will not longer delay some answer.
I did not perfectly comprehend the Nature of your Appointment respecting the Refugees, and I suppos’d you would in a Subsequent Letter explain it: But as I now find you have declin’d the Service such Explanation is become unnecessary.
I did receive the Paper you enquire about intitled Preliminaries and dated May 1782. but it was from you, and I know nothing of their having been communicated to this Court. The third Proposition “that in Case the Negociation between great Britain and the Allies of America should not succeed, but War continue between them, America should act, and be treated as a Neutral Nation,” appear’d at first Sight inadmissible being contrary to our Treaty— The Truce seems not to have been desired by any of the Parties.
With regard to the Iron Plates, your Arguments in the Letter to Count Sarsefield seem to me conclusive. Iron Plates horizontally placed will have no farther Effect towards inviting the Lightning as Conductors, than in Proportion to their Thickness. If placed vertically indeed it would be in proportion to their Height. There is a new Book printed this Year at Strasbourg entitled, Moyens de preserver les Édifices d’Incendies, et d’empecher le Progrès des Flammes, par M. Piroux. There are some good Things in it. If you cannot find it at London, I will send it to you.

With unalterable Esteem and affection, I am, my dear Friend, ever Yours
B Franklin
David Hartley Esqe.

Addressed: To / David Hartley Esqr. / M. P. Golden Square / London
Endorsed: D F Sept 17 1782


Title: From Benjamin Franklin to [John Jay], 17 September 1782
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: Jay, John

Dear Sir,
Passy, Sept. 17. 1782
I have just receiv’d the Enclos’d from Mr E. Bridgen of London. Please to return me his Letter.
I long to finish my private Affair you are so good as to assist me in, & shall be glad to receive the additional Provisions you intended, that I may copy the whole, for I think my present Situation more hazardous than those about me seem to imagine.
With sincere Esteem, I am, Dear Sir, Your most obedient humble Servant
B Franklin


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Lafayette, 17 September 1782
From: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de
To: Franklin, Benjamin

My dear Sir
Paris Septembre 17h 1782
Every Child of Mine that Comes to Light is a Small Addition to the Number of American Citizens— I Have the pleasure to inform You that, tho she Was But Seven Month Advanced, Mde de Lafayette Has this Morning Become Mother of a daughter Who However delicate in his Begining Enjoys a perfect Health, and I Hope Will Soon grow Equal to the Heartiest Children.
This Reminds me of our Noble Revolution, into Which We Were forced sooner than it ought to Have Been Begun— But our Strength Came on Very fast, and Upon the whole I think We did at least as Well as Any other people.
They Ask’d me What Name My daughter is to Have— I want to present Her as an offering to My Western Country— And As there is a good Sainte By the Name of Virginie, I Was thinking if it Was not presuming too Much to Let Her Bear a Name Similar to that of one of the United States.
With the Highest Regard and Most Lively Affection I Have the Honor to be My dear Sir Your obedient Humble Servant
Lafayette
forgive the Hand writing, But I am in HurryHis Excellency M. franklin

Notation: La Fayette. Sept. 17. 1782


Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Lafayette, 17 September 1782
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de

Dear Sir
Passy, Sept. 17. 1782
I continue to suffer from this cruel Gout: But in the midst of my Pain the News of Made [Madame] de la Fayette’s safe Delivery, and your Acquisition of a Daughter gives me Pleasure.
In naming our Children I think you do well to begin with the most antient State. And as we cannot have too many of so good a Race, I hope you & Me. de la Fayette will go thro’ the Thirteen. But as that may be in the [common?] Way too severe a Task for her delicate Frame, and Children of Seven Months may become as Strong as those of Nine, I consent to the Abridgement of Two Months for each; and I wish her to spend the Twenty-six Months so gained, in perfect Ease, Health & Pleasure.
While you are proceeding, I hope our States will some of them new-name themselves. Miss Virginia, Miss Carolina, & Miss Georgiana will sound prettily enough for the Girls; but Massachusetts & Connecticut, are too harsh even for the Boys, unless they were to be Savages.
That God may bless you in the Event of this Day as in every other, prays Your affectionate Friend & Servant
B Franklin


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Francis Xavier Schwediauer, 17 September 1782
From: Schwediauer, François-Xavier
To: Franklin, Benjamin

17th. Septemb. 1782. chez Mr. Folliart ApothicaireRuë St. Dominique Fauxbourg St. Germain.
Dr. Schwediauer Physician from Vienna and fellow-traveler of Dr. Ingenhousz in his last journey to England, now coming from London, presents his respectful Compliments to Dr. B. Franklin, and wishes the Satisfaction of being acquainted with the Dr., especially as he is able to communicate to him, a plan of a code of penal laws, which might be agreable to him to See, and which might prove a very useful one to any nation who is interested to possess a code of that Kind, founded on the only right principle, The Principle of utility of the community. Tho’ this code is not yet published, Dr. S. has leave to communicate it to Dr. F., and will wait on him any day and hour agreable to the Dr.

Addressed: à Monsieur / Monsieur Le Docteur Franklin / Bassy
Notation: Dr. Schwediauer 17. Sept. 1782.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Philippe-Denis Pierres, 18 September 1782
From: Pierres, Philippe-Denis
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Monsieur,
Paris, 18 7bre. 1782.
J’ai l’honneur de vous adresser un Exemplaire du Manuel d’Epictete en Grec que je viens d’Imprimer. Cet Exemplaire est tiré Sur le Papier que vous avez bien voulu me donner. J’aurois desiré pouvoir vous le présenter relié; mais j’aurois craint que l’Impression n’eut maculé.
J’y joins, Monsieur, 4 Exemplaires imprimés Sur papier ordinaire. Je vous prie d’en donner un à Monsieur votre fils, & les trois autres aux personnes auxquelles ils pourront faire plaisir.
Je Suis avec respect, Monsieur, Votre très humble & très obéissant serviteur,
Pierres
Impr. Ordre. du Roi.M. franklin.

Notation: Pierres, Paris 18. 7bre. 1782.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Amelia Barry, 20 September 1782
From: Barry, Amelia
To: Franklin, Benjamin

My Dear Sir,
Pisa 20th 7bre 1782
Docr. Burrows, the Gentleman who will have the honor to present you this letter, is one of the few friends to whom I am under infinite obligations. During his residence in Tuscany, I have found united in his Person, the character of a skilful Phisician, and a most sincere Friend: To my lasting regret, he is going with his family, to England; should he meet with any obstacle at Paris, in the prosecution of his journey, I earnestly entreat your powerful exertions in his favor; and every attention you may shew Docr. Burrows I shall consider as most immediately extended to me. He will give you my revered paternal Friend, my news & I am sure your benevolent heart will sympathize in the misfortunes of Most Dear Sir, Your grateful, affecate. & devoted
A. Barry
His Excellency B. Franklin Esqr.

Endorsed: 20 Sept. 82
Notation: A Barry 20 Sepr. 82


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Samuel Cooper Johonnot, 20 September 1782
From: Johonnot, Samuel Cooper
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Respected Sir
Geneva 20 Sep. 1782
Your Letter of the 11t Inst. Which put an End to your long Silence gave Me great Pleasure, but at the same Time I am surpriz’d at not receiving any News from America since the 3d February. However I must take Patience. We are All well here & hope that is the Case with You,— I am perfectly sensible of the good Advice You give Me in your Letter, I shall make every Effort to persuade You that it is not lost upon Me,—. I am perfectly contented with my present Situation, & in wishing You every Blessing You can enjoy I subscribe Myself with the greates Respect & Gratitude Your Most humble & obedient Servant
Samuel Cooper Johonnot.

N.B. Mr. Pigott present his respectful Compliments to You, & would write but He thinks He would not take up your precious Time.— S. C J.
His Excellency Doctor Franklin.

Addressed: To His / Excellency Benjamin Franklin Esqr. / Passy / near / Paris


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Jonathan Williams, Jr., 21 September 1782
From: Williams, Jonathan Jr.
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Dear & hond sir.
Nantes Sept. 21. 1782
The Bearer of this Mr Natl Nelson is the son of a particular Friend of mine now here, & his Object is a Visit to the other parts of his Family in Ireland. This young Gentleman lately arrived from Philadelphia whither he will probably return after having seen his Friends & reestablished his Health, which is another motive for his present Journey.
I beg sir you will please to grant Mr Nelson the necessary Passport and your notice & Civility to him during his stay will much oblige Dear & hond sir Your dutifull & affece Kinsman
Jona Williams J.
His Excelly Doctor Franklin.

Notation: Jona. Williams Sept. 21st. 1782


Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Jean-Louis Giraud Soulavie, 22 September 1782
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: Soulavie, abbé Jean-Louis Giraud

Sir
Passy. Sepr. 22d. 1782
I return the Papers with some corrections. I did not find Coal mines under the Calcareous rock in Derbyshire. I only remarked that at the lowest Part of that rocky Mountain which was in sight, there were Oyster Shells mixed with the Stone; & part of the high County of Derby being probably as much above the level of the Sea, as the Coal Mines of Whitehaven were below, it seemed a proof that there had been a great Bouleversement in the Surface of that Island some part of it having been depressed under the Sea, & other Parts which had been under it being raised above it. Such Changes in the superficial Parts of the Globe seemed to me unlikely to happen if the Earth were solid to the Center. I therefore imagined that the internal parts might be a fluid more dense, & of greater specific gravity than any of the Solids we are acquainted with; which therefore might swim in or upon that Fluid. Thus the surface of the Globe would be a Shell, capable of being broken & disordered by the violent movements of the fluid on which it rested. And, as Air has been compressed by Art so as to be twice as dense as Water, in which case if such Air & Water could be contained in a strong glass Vessel, the Air would be seen to take the lowest place & the Water to float above & upon it; & as we know not yet the degree of Density to which Air may be compressed, & M. Amontons calculated, that its Density encreasing as it approached the Center in the same proportion as above the Surface it would at the depth of [blank in MS] Leagues be heavier than Gold, possibly the Dense Fluid occupying the internal Parts of the Globe might be Air compressed. And as the force of Expansion in dense Air when heated is in proportion to its density; this central air might afford another Agent to move the Surface; as well as be of use in keeping alive the central fires:— Tho’ as you observe the sudden Rarefaction of Water coming into Contact with those fires, may be an Agent sufficiently strong for that purpose, when acting between the incumbent Earth & the fluid on which it rests.
If one might indulge Imagination in supposing how such a Globe was formed, I should conceive, that all the Elements in separate Particles being originally mixed in confusion & occupying a great Space they would as soon as the Almighty Fiat ordained Gravity or the mutual Attraction of certain Parts, & the mutual repulsion of other Parts to exist all move towards their common Center: That the Air being a fluid whose Parts repel each other, though drawn to the Common Center by their Gravity, would be densest towards the Center & rarer as more remote; consequently all Matter lighter than the central Parts of that Air, & immersed in it, would recede from the Center & rise till they arrived at the region of the Air which was of the same specific Gravity with themselves, where they would rest; while other Matter, mixed with the lighter Air would descend & the two meeting would form the Shell of the first Earth leaving the upper Atmosphere nearly clear. The original Movement of the Parts towards their common Center would form a Whirl there; which would continue in the turning of the new formed Globe upon its Axis & the greatest Diameter of the Shell would be in its Equator. If by any Accident afterwards the Axis should be changed, the dense internal Fluid by altering its form must burst the Shell & throw all its Substance into the confusion in which we find it. I will not trouble you at present with my fancies concerning the manner of forming the rest of our System. Superior Beings smile at our theories & at our presumption in making them. I will just mention that your observation on the Ferruginous Nature of the Lava which is thrown out from the Depths of our Volcanoes gave me great pleasure. It has long been a supposition of mine that the Iron contained in the substance of the Globe has made it capable of becoming, as it is, a Great Magnet. That the Fluid of magnetism exists perhaps in all space; so that there is a Magnetical North & South of the Universe as well as of this Globe, & that if it were possible for a man to fly from Star to Star he might govern his course by the Compass. That it was by the Power of this general Magnetism this Globe became a particular Magnet. In soft or hot Iron the fluid of Magnetism is naturally diffused equally— When within the influence of a Magnet, it is drawn to one end of the Iron, made denser there & rarer at the other. While the Iron continues soft & hot it is only a temporary Magnet: If it cools or grows hard in that situation, it becomes a permanent one, the Magnetic fluid not easily resuming its Equilibrium. Perhaps it may be owing to the permanent Magnetism of this Globe, which it had not at first, that its Axis is at the present kept parallel to itself, & not liable to the changes it formerly suffered, which occasioned the Rupture of its Shell, the submersion & Emersions of its Lands & the confusions of its Seasons. The present Polar & equatorial Diameters differing from each other near ten Leagues. It is easy to conceive in case some Power should shift the Axis gradually, & place it in the present Equator, & make the New Equator pass through the present Poles, what a sinking of the Waters would happen in the present equatorial regions, & what a rising in the present polar Regions; so that vast tracts would be discovered that now are under Water, & others covered that now are dry, the Water rising & sinking in the different Extreams near five Leagues. Such an operation as this, possibly, occasioned much of Europe, & among the rest this Mountain of Passy on which I live, & which is composed of Limestone Rock & Seashells, to be abandoned by the Sea & to change its antient Climate, which seems to have been a hot One. The Globe being now become a permanent Magnet we are perhaps safe from any future change of its Axis. But we are still subject to the Accidents on the Surface which are occasioned by a Wave in the internal ponderous Fluid; & such a Wave is produced by the sudden violent Explosion you mention happening from the Junction of Water & fire under the Earth, which not only lifts the incumbent Earth that is over the Explosion, but impressing with the same force the fluid under it, creates a Wave that may run a thousand Leagues, lifting & thereby shaking successively all the countries under which it passes. I know not whether I have expressed myself so clearly, as not to get out of your Sight in these Reveries.— If they occasion any new enquiries & produce a better Hypothesis they will not be quite useless. You see I have given a loose to the Imagination, but I approve much more your Method of philosophizing, which proceeds upon actual Observation, makes a collection of facts, & concludes no farther than those facts will warrant. In my present circumstances, that mode of studying the Nature of the Globe is out of my Power & therefore I have permitted myself to wander a little in the wilds of fancy. With great Esteem I have the honor to be Sir &c,
B Franklin

PS. I have heard that Chemists can by their art decompose Stone & Wood, extracting a considerable Quantity of Water from the one & Air from the other. It seems natural to conclude from this that Water & Air were ingredients in the original Composition. For Men cannot make new Matter of any kind. In the same manner may we not suppose, that when we consume Combustibles of all kinds, & produce Heat or light, we do not create that Heat or light; we only decompose a Substance which received it originally as a part of its composition? Heat may thus be considered as originally in a fluid State but attracted by organized Bodies in their growth, becomes a part of the Solid. Besides this, I can conceive that in the first Assemblage of the Particles of which this Earth is composed, each brought its Portion of the loose heat that had been connected with it, & the whole when pressed together produced the Internal fire which still subsists.

[In Franklin’s hand:] Letter to Abbé Soulavie occasioned by his sending me some Notes he had taken of what I had said to him in Conversation on the Theory of the Earth. I wrote it to set him right in some Points wherein he had mistaken my Meaning.
No 1


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Richard Oswald, 24 September 1782
From: Oswald, Richard
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Sir,
Paris 24. Sept. 1782
Having received by a Courier just now arrived, a Letter from Mr. Secy Townshend, in answer to mine which went by the Messenger dispatched from hence on the 12th. I take this Opportunity of Mr. Whitefoord, to send you a Copy of it. I hope he will bring good Accounts of your Health, which I sincerely wish & am Your Excellency’s most obedt humble Servant
(signed) Richd. Oswald.
Copy of a Letter from Richard Oswald Esqr to Benjamin Franklin Esqr.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from the Board of Trustees of Dartmouth College, 24 September 1782
From: Board of Trustees of Dartmouth College
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Sir
University of Dartmouth September 24th. 1782
We could wish to avoid any seeming indelicacy in a matter, that respects your Excellency, by communicating an idea of the repeated and increasing joys, which are handed from breast to breast among the citizens of the empire of this western world— But permit us, Sir, to render a tribute of praise, that Providence has been propitious to honor our nation, and imbellish the present age, with the genius of philosophy, united with the virtues of a patriot, and the talents of a statesman.
From your known character we fondly perswade ourselves, Sir, that, while successfully attentive to the most interesting arts of national government, your mind is inspired with a love of other things, which are productive of happiness to mankind— We might mention particularly that extensive department, the cultivation of knowledge, and unbiassed virtue.
With these views, Sir, permit us to recommend to your particular attention and patronage the honorable John Wheelock Esquire, the worthy president of this institution; (accompanied by Mr. James Wheelock) and the design, which is the object of his attention.

We beg leave to say, that the institution, founded on the most catholic and liberal basis, is unrestrained by the barrs of bigottry, and calculated for the furtherance of extensive knowledge and humanity; as your Excellency may see by the tenor of the recommendation herewith forwarded from his Excellency, the President, and the members of Congress; and others, the most eminent characters in these United States.
In so usefull and benevolent a cause permit us, Sir, to solicit the favor of your friendship and influence, as a patron of learning, and of mankind.
We beg only to add our sincere wish, that you may long live to enjoy all that personal felicity, which is meritted by the greatest services to society, and the republic of letters.
We have the honor to be with the greatest respect, Sir, your Excellencys most obliged, obedient, and humble servants, Signed by order of the board of Trustees
Beza WoodwardSecretary
His Excellency Benjamin Franklin LLD &c &c &c


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Robert Morris: Two Letters, 25 September 1782
From: Morris, Robert
To: Franklin, Benjamin

I.
Sir
Office of Finance 25th September 1782.
I do myself the Honor to enclose for your Perusal Acts of Congress of the twenty seventh of November and third of December 1781 and the fourteenth and twenty third Instant. In Consequence I have to request that all Bills hitherto drawn by Authority of Congress be paid and the Accounts of those Transactions closed. After this is done, and I hope and believe that while I am writing this Letter it may have been already accomplished you will be freed from the Torment and Perplexity of attending to Money Matters. I am persuaded that this Consideration will be highly pleasing to you as such Things must necessarily interfere with your more important Attentions.
I have long since requested the Secretary of foreign Affairs to desire you would appoint an Agent or Attorney here to receive and remit your Salary which will be paid Quarterly, in the mean Time it is paid to him for your Use. As to any contingent Expences which may arise I shall readily make the necessary Advances upon Mr. Livingston’s Application. These Arrangements will I hope be both useful and agreable to you.
I am Sir with perfect Respect Your Excellency’s most obedient & humble Servant
Robt Morris
His Excellency Benjamin Franklin—

Endorsed: Office of Finance Sept. 25. 1782

II.
Sir
Office of Finance 25th. September 1782.
In my Letter of the 27th of November last I requested your Excellency to cause Purchases to be made of certain Articles contained in an Invoice exhibited to me from the War Office. The Difficulties which have hitherto attended every Purchase and Shipment of Goods on public Account and other Circumstances have determined me to obtain all future Supplies by Contracts here, and therefore I am to request that no future Purchases may be made. I have directed Mr. Barclay to send out whatever may have been already purchased on public Account.
With perfect Respect I have the Honor to be Sir Your most obedient & humble Servant
Robt Morris
His Excellency Benjamin Franklin Esqr.

Endorsed: Office of Finance Sept. 25. 1782


Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Robert R. Livingston, 26 September 1782
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: Livingston, Robert R.

Sir,
Passy, Sept. 26. 1782.
I have just received your No. 15. dated the 9th of August, which mentions your not having heard from me since March. I have however written sundry Letters, viz. of Apl. 8th. & 12th. June 25th & 29th, Augt 12th and Sept. 3d, and sent Copies of the same, which I hope cannot all have miscarried.
The Negotiations for Peace have hitherto amounted to little more than mutual Professions of sincere Desires, &ca. being obstructed by the Want of due form in the English Commissions appointing their Plenipotentiaries. The Objections made to those for treating with France, Spain & Holland were first removed; and by the inclosed it seems that our Objections to that for treating with us will now be removed also; so that we expect to begin in a few Days our Negociations. But there are so many Interests to be consider’d and settled in a Peace between 5 different Nations, that it will be well not to flatter ourselves with a very speedy Conclusion. I mention’d in a former Letter my having communicated to Count de Vergennes the State of American Commerce which you sent me, and my having urged its Consideration, &ca. Enclosed is a Copy of a Letter received from that Minister on the Subject.
The Copy of General Carleton’s Letter, and the Bills of Exchange, which you mention as inclos’d, do not appear.— I hope soon to have a better Opportunity of writing, when I shall be fuller.
With great Esteem, I have the honour to be, Sir, Your most obedient & most humble Servant.
B Franklin
Honble. Robt. R. Livingston Esqr.

Endorsed: From Doctor Franklin Passy 26th. Septr. 1782.


Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Robert Morris: Extract, 26 September 1782
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: Morris, Robert

Sepr. 26th. 1782
By letters from the Commissioners formerly, if you have them in your office it may appear to you that the Farmers general, soon after our arrival here, advancd us a million upon a contract for furnishing them with 5000 hhd. [hogshead] of tobacco which were to have been deliverd by Christmas 1778. Only three cargoes, on that account have been receivd by them. I have settled with them & given my acknowlegmt. of the debt due to them.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Robert Morris: Two Letters, 27 September 1782
From: Morris, Robert
To: Franklin, Benjamin

I.
Sir,
Office of Finance 27th Septemr. 1782
I have the Honor to enclose the Copy of Acts of Congress of the fourteenth and twenty third Instant, together with the Copy of my Letter of the thirtieth of July covering the Estimates for the Year 1783. These Estimates are not yet finally decided on. By the Act of the fourteenth you are (as you perceive) instructed to communicate the Resolution for borrowing four Millions of Dollars to his most Christian Majesty,—and first to assure His Majesty of the high Sense which the United States in Congress assembled entertain of his Friendship and generous Exertions; secondly their Reliance on a Continuance of them; and thirdly the Necessity of applying to his Majesty on the present Occasion. From this, and even more particularly from the Act of the twenty third, you will see that it is the wish of Congress to obtain this Money from or by Means of the King. After the decisive Expressions contained in these Resolutions of the Sense of our Sovereign, I am sure that it is unnecessary for me to attempt any Thing like Argument to induce your Exertions. I shall therefore rather confine myself to giving Information.
The grateful Sense of the King’s Exertions which has so warmly impressed your Bosom, operates with undiminished Force upon Congress; and, what is of more Importance in a Country like ours, has the strongest Influence upon the whole Whig Interest of America. I have no Doubt but the King’s Minister here has given his Court regular Information on this and every other Subject of equal Importance, and therefore any general Assurances on your Part will be complimentary and in some Degree superfluous. But there is a Kind of Knowledge not easily attainable by Foreigners in any Country, particularly on such a Matter as the present. It is not amiss therefore that I should convey it to you, and your good Sense will apply it in the most proper Manner. You (of all Men in the World) are not now to learn that the sower english Prejudice against every Thing french had taken deep Root in the Minds of America. It could not have been expected that this should be obliterated in a Moment: But by Degrees almost every Trace of it has been effaced. The Conduct of Britain has weaned us from our Attachments, and those very Attachments have been transferred in a great Measure to France. Whatever Remains of monarchical Disposition exist are disposing themselves fast to a Connection with the french Monarchy: For the british Adherents begin to feel the Pangs of a deep Despair; which must generate as deep Aversion. The british Army here felt the national Haughtiness encreased by the Contempt which as Englishmen they could not but feel for those who had combined against the Freedom of their own Country. Every Part of their Conduct therefore towards the Tories while they flattered themselves with Victory shewed how much they despised their American Friends. Now that a Reverse of Fortune has brought on a little Consideration, they find a total Seperation from this Country unavoidable: They must feel for the Fate of their Country; they must therefore hate, but they must respect us too, while their own Adherents are both detested and despised. Treated thus like common Prostitutes it is not in Human Nature so much to forgive as not to feel in Return. Since General Carleton’s Arrival, or rather since the Change of Ministers, the British have shewn that their Intention is, if possible, to conciliate the Rulers of America, and by the Influence of a common Language and similar Laws, with the Force of ancient Habits and mutual Friendships not yet forgotten, not only to renew again the commercial Intercourse, but to substitute a new federal Connection to their ancient Sovereignty and Dominion.
The Assurance therefore which Congress has directed you to make must not be considered in the Number of those idle Compliments which are the common Currency or small Change of a Court. It is an Assurance important, because it is founded in Truth; and more important still, because it is dictated by the Affections of a whole People. If I may venture an Opinion still farther, it is principally important, because of the critical Situation of Things.— The sudden Change of Britain from Vengeance and War to Kindness and Conciliation, must have Effects, and those Effects, whether they be Contempt or Affection, will depend less perhaps on them than upon Others. It cannot be doubted that they will ring all the Changes upon their usual Theme of gallic Ambition. They will naturally insinuate the Idea that France will neglect us when we have served her Purposes, and it would be very strange if they did not find some Converts among that Class of People who would sacrifice to present Ease, every future Consideration. What I have said will I am confident put your Mind into the Train of Reflections which arise out of our Situation; and you will draw the proper Conclusions and make a proper Application of them.

Congress have directed you further to express to the King their Reliance on a Continuance of his Friendship and Exertions. I have no Doubt that a full Beleif of this Reliance will be easily inculcated. Indeed I rather apprehend that we shall be considered as relying too much on France, or in other Words doing too little for ourselves. There can be no sort of Doubt that a mighty good Argument may be raised on the usual Position that the Nation which will not help itself does not merit the Aid of Others, and it would be easy to tell us that we must put our own Shoulders to the Wheel before we call upon Hercules. In short if the Application be refused or evaded, Nothing can be easier than to assign very good Reasons why it is done. But you have very justly remarked in one of your Letters that it is possible to get the better in Argument, and to get Nothing else. So it might be here. True Sagacity consists in making proper Distinctions, and true Wisdom in taking Determinations according to those Distinctions. Twenty Years hence when Time and Habit have settled and compleated the federal Constitution of America Congress will not think of relying on any other than that Being to whose Justice they appealed at the Commencement of their Opposition. But there is a Period in the Progress of Things, a Crisis between the Ardor of Enthusiasm and the Authority of Laws, when much Skill and Management are necessary to those who are charged with administering the Affairs of a Nation. I have already taken Occasion to observe that the present Moment is rendered particularly critical by the Conduct of the Enemy, and I would add here (if I dared even in Idea to seperate Congress from those they represent) that now above all other Times Congress must rely on the Exertions of their Ally. This Sentiment would open to his Majesty’s Ministers many Reflections the least of which has a material Connection with the Interests of his Kingdom: But an Argument of no little Weight is that which applies itself directly to the Bosom of a young and generous Prince, who would be greatly wounded to see that Temple, dedicated to Humanity, which he has taken so much Pains to rear, fall at once into Ruins by a Remission of the last Cares which are requisite for giving Solidity to the Structure. I think I might add that there are some Occasions on which a good Heart is the best Counsellor.
The third Topic which Congress have directed you to dwell upon is the Necessity of their present Applications, and it is this which falls most particularly within my Department; for I doubt not that every Sentiment on the other Objects has been most forcibly inculcated by the Minister of Foreign Affairs. I might write Volumes on our Necessities and not convey to you so accurate an Idea as by the Relation of a single Fact which you may see in the Public News Papers. It is that the Requisitions of last October for eight Millions had produced on the first Day of this Month only One hundred and twenty five thousand Dollars. You are so perfectly a Master of every Thing which relates to Calculation that I need not state any Thing of our Expences. You know also what were our Resources beyond Taxation and therefore you have every Material for forming an accurate Idea of our Distresses. The Smallness of the Sum which has been paid will doubtless astonish you, and it is only by Conversation or a long History that you could see why it has been no greater. The People are undoubtedly able to pay, but they have easily persuaded themselves into a Conviction of their own Inability, and in a Government like ours the Beleif creates the Thing. The Modes of laying and levying Taxes are vicious in the Extreme: The Faults can be demonstrated, but would it not be a new Thing under the Sun that People should obey the Voice of Reason? Experience of the Evil is always a Preliminary to Amendment, and is frequently unable to effect it. Many who see the Right-road and approve of it, continue to follow the wrong road because it leads to Popularity. The Love of Popularity is our endemial Disease and can only be checked by a Change of Seasons. When the People have had dear Experience of the Consequences of not being taxed, they will probably work the proper Amendment; but our Necessities in the Interim are not the less severe. To tell America in such a Situation that she should reform her interior Administration would be very good Advice; but to neglect affording her Aid, and thereby to lose the capital Objects of the War, would be very bad Conduct. The Necessity of the present Application for Money arises from the Necessity of drawing by Degrees the Bands of Authority together, establishing the Power of Government over a People impatient of Control, and confirming the federal Union of the several States, by correcting Defects in the general Constitution. In a Word it arises from the Necessity of doing that infinite Variety of Things which are to be done in an infant Government placed in such delicate Circumstances that the People must be woed and won to do their Duty to themselves and pursue their own Interests. This Application also becomes the more necessary in order to obviate the Efforts of that british Faction which the Enemy are now attempting to excite among us. Hitherto indeed they have been unsuccessful unless perhaps with a very few Men who are under the Influence of disappointed Ambition; but much Care will be required when their Plans are brought to greater Maturity. The savage Inroads on our Frontiers have kept up the general Horror of Britain. The great Captures made on our Coasts have also rather enraged than Otherwise, tho such Captures have always the twofold Operation of making People wish for Peace as well as for Revenge. But when the Enemy shall quit our Coasts (and they have already stopped the Inroads of their savage Allies) if the People are urged at once to pay heavy unusual Taxes, it may draw forth and give weight to Arguments which the boldest Emissaries would not at present hazard the Use of.
I have already observed that Congress wish to obtain this Money either from or by Means of the King. The most cautious Prudence will justify us in confiding to the Wisdom of his Ministers the Portrait of our Situation. But it might not be very wise to explain to Others those Reasons for the Application which lie so deep in the Nature of Things as easily to escape superficial Observers. I shall enclose a Copy of this Letter to Mr. Adams, and you will find herein a Copy of what I say to him on the Subject.— I hope the Court will take such Measures as to render any Efforts on his Part unnecessary. But you and he must decide on what is best for your Country. I must trouble you still farther on this Subject with the Mention of what you will indeed collect from a cursory Reading of the Resolutions—that Congress have the strongest Reason for their Procedure when they direct your utmost Endeavors to effect this Loan, notwithstanding the Information contained in your Letters. If the War is to be carried on this Aid is indispensible, and when obtained will enable us to act powerfully in the Prosecution of it. If a Peace takes place it is still necessary, and as it is the last request which we shall then have Occasion to make I cannot think that it will be refused. In a Word, Sir, we must have it.— With perfect Respect I have the Honor to be, Sir, Your Excellency’s most obedient & humble Servant
Robt Morris.
His Excellency Benjamin Franklin Esquire.

II.
Sir
Office of Finance 27th September 1782.
By my Letter of this Date you will be informed of the Intention of Congress to provide for a principal Part of the Expenditures of the Year 1783 by Loan. I expect that you will be able to obtain the four Millions of Dollars either from the Court of France or by their Assistance. I wish an immediate Disposition of a Part in the following Manner. That the Court of Spain should give Orders for the Shipment of a Million of Dollars at the Havanna free of Duties, and to be convoyed by One or more Ships of the Line to an American Port; the Money to be paid to them during the Year in Europe. I wish this Order may be so expedited as that Captain Barney in the Washington, by whom this Letter goes, may carry it out to the Havanna, and receive the Money, which will by that Means arrive Sometime during the Winter, and of Course will, I expect, come safely as well as seasonably. I wish that half a Million Dollars may be paid to Messrs. Le Couteulx and Company as soon as possible, to enable them to execute my Orders as to a particular Negociation wch: I commit to them. Whatever else of the Money is obtained in France, will of Course be paid to Mr. Grand, subject to my Order. If any Part of the Money be negociated in Holland, it will be, I suppose, proper to leave it in the Hands of those who negociate the Loan, subject to my farther Disposition.
I am, Sir, Your most obedient & humble Servant
Robt Morris
His Excellency Benjamin Franklin Esqr.(Duplicate.)

Endorsed: Office of Finance Septr. 27. 1782 Disposition of the 4 Milln. of Dollars, if obtained.