Title: To John Adams from Jean Luzac, 22 January 1781
From: Luzac, Jean
To: Adams, John

Leyden 22. Janry. 1781
Honourable Sir

I could not return You the Papers, which Mr. Thaxter was so obliging as to deliver us early this morning, without giving You my best and sincerest thanks for the attention, You had in communicating to us so fresh and so important an intelligence. Our love for truth and liberty induced us, from the very beginning of the American Contest, the first (I dare say) amongst the European News-Writers, to relate with candour and fidelity every circumstance of the glorious struggle of the United States for their Rights and Independence: And as such I claim the continuation of your favours, not less than as being with great respect and a well-meant attachment, Honourable Sir, Your Excellency’s Most obedient and very humble Servant

J. Luzac


Title: To John Adams from Jean de Neufville & Fils, with a Draft Contract for a Loan, 22 January 1781
From: Neufville, Jean de, & Fils (business)
To: Adams, John

Amsterdam the 22d. January 1781

May it please Yoúr Excellency that we now lay before her the papers she hath charged us with to prepare for a Loan, we shall have the honoúr to undertake for and in behalf of the United States of North America; we have discused the Same on the Advice of Some people accústomed to regulate money matters, on which they have been corrected by a Lawÿer, we should be verry happy if yoúr Excellency would be so Kind as to honoúr ús with her remarks, there on, for they Should not be only Satisfactory on one Side. And when we come further to consult other Lenders there may be some few remarcks to be made on expressions or otherwise, being we think and are in hopes this may do very weal.
The last periode of the Ratification and aprobation of Congress of this loan is taken from the Contents of Yoúr Excellencys power; there is another piece it seems reqúired to be filled úp in the blanck Space, where it is mentioned this should be also Annexed to the Original Obligation, here it means a single attest of Yoúr Excellencys powers by Some publicq Minister which would at all events be very easy to be procúred.
Further we flatter oúr Selfs that Yoúr Excellency will be intirely Satisfied with the publicq terms containd in this plan, and as to the private, for Comissions allowances &ca. as Yoúr Excy. hinted to ús her terms would be generoús, we have no doúbt to agree with them, as we never were únreasonable, and always devoted to do every thing which could be agreable to yoúr Excellency and to Congress.
We múst begg leave for some Deficiency in the English of this plan, it is a translation from the Dutch, and where forms and laws are not the Same, the verball translations múst sound Strange in any other Language; this however we thought to be reqúired in a transaction of this natúre which is to serve for the Dutch.
With the most perfect Regard and Esteem we have the honoúr to be Honoúrd Sir, Yoúr Excellencys most devoted & most obedient húmble Servant

John de Neufville & Son


Title: To John Adams from Thomas Digges, 23 January 1781
From: Digges, Thomas,Church, William Singleton
To: Adams, John

Jany 23 – 81

I am without any of your favours for some time. Not a word of news to write about that concerns your country. We English yet think that the Mynheers will trukle to, and we are even so idle as to suppose Russia will be with us. Four mails are due from Holland, and we are extreemly anxious for the Answer to our memorial. If it is possible to get it before it comes out in the foreign news papers, pray inclose it to me. I am informd a warrant for apprehending Mr. W——rr——n is out and report says he is taken up for some improper correspondence with Mr. Ty——r their letters being intercepted and produced against W——n.
I am yrs &c. &c.

W. S. C.


Title: To John Adams from Bidé de Chavagnes, 24 January 1781
From: Chavagnes, Bidé de
To: Adams, John

Mon cher monsieur

ante 24 janvier 1781

Le capitaine chavagnes est trop flatté de lhonneur de votre connoissance, et vous a voué des sentiments trop sinceres pour ne pas vous reiterer linterest quil prendra toujours a votre santé a celle de vos chers enfents et de monsieur dena, et vous souhaiter tout le bonheur que vous meritez, je desirerois bien après vous avoir vu travailler fructueusement pour votre nation qui ne peut pas estre en meilleures mains pouvoir vous repasser a boston auprés de votre aimable famille, mais jay tout perdu dans monsieur de sartines, et nayant pas lhonneur de connoitre monsieur de castries, je crains de n’estre plus employé que comme simple capitaine en second sur les vaisseaux. Cependant mon rang, mes services et un frere tué les armes a la main pourroint me faire esperer de commander un vaisseau du 3e. rang ou une fregatte en canons de 18 si lon en construit pour opposer a celles de cette force de nos ennemis communs qui prennent nos fregattes en canons de 12 livres. Aprés avoir eté au ferol un mois ou l’on ma demandé de vos nouvelles, ensuite a cadix d ou jarrive bien fatigué dans l’armée de monsieur le comte d estaing. Bien faché dans pres de 4 mois de mer de navoir pas pus prendre un seul batiment anglois. Je voudrois bien aller voir un moment madame chavagnes et vaquer a mes affaires. Je ne scais pas si je pourray obtenir cela. Je le fais demander a mr. le marquis de castries. Je desirerois bien même pouvoir aller a paris ou je serois bien flatté d’avoir lhonneur de vous voir, mais au service on ne fait pas tout ceque l’on veut. Jay appris avec plaisir a mon arrivé que les hollandois s étoint declarés contre nos ennemis communs cela pourroit vous procurer une paix avantageuse qui vous rendroit a votre chere patrie. Voila les voeux que je fais pour vous, et que vous jouissiez ainsi que vos chers enfents d’une bonne santé. Continuez moy vos souvenirs et amitiés et soyez bien persuadé des sentiments du sincere et respectueux attachement avec lequel jay l’honneur d’estre Mon cher monsieur Votre tres humble et tres obeissant serviteur

Bidé de chavagnescapne. des vaux. du roy de france

Mr. de goesbriant est plus heureux que moy. Il est a boston.


Title: Bidé de Chavagnes to John Adams: A Translation, 24 January 1781
From: Chavagnes, Bidé de
To: Adams, John

My dear sir

ante 24 January 1781

Captain Chavagnes is very flattered by the honor of your acquaintance and promises to you the most sincere sentiments in reiterating the interest he has in your health and that of your dear children and Mr. Dana, and wishes you all the happiness you deserve. I would like it very much if, after having seen you work so fruitfully for your country, which could not be in better hands, I could return you to Boston, close to your amiable family. But having lost everything with Mr. Sartine and not having the honor to know Mr. de Castries, I fear being employed only as first lieutenant on the vessels. However, my rank, my service, and a brother killed in battle enables me to hope to command a third rate ship of the line or a frigate of 18 pounders if they are built to oppose the forces of our common enemies, who took our frigates of 12 pounders. After having been in Ferrol for a month, where I was asked for news about you, I went to Cádiz where, in the Comte d’Estaing’s fleet, I arrived very tired and very angry that in nearly four months at sea we did not take a single British ship. I would very much like to see Madame Chavagnes and attend to my affairs. I do not know if I can do this. I will ask the Marquis de Castries. I would like also to go to Paris where I would be honored to see you, but in the service one can not do all that one wants. I learned with pleasure upon my arrival that the Dutch have declared themselves against our common enemies, which could bring an advantageous peace for you to bring back to your dear country. These are the wishes I have for you, and that you and your dear children are enjoying good health. Keep in touch and be well persuaded of the sincere and respectful attachment with which I have the honor to be, my dear sir, your very humble and very obedient servant,

Bidé de chavagnescapne. des vaux. du roy de france

Mr. de Goesbriant is happier than I am. He is in Boston.


Title: C. W. F. Dumas to John Adams: A Translation, 24 January 1781
From: Dumas, Charles William Frederic
To: Adams, John

The Hague, 24 January 1781
Dear & Honoured Sir

In order to keep my promise of sending you all essential news, to save time, and to spare me the sometimes intolerable task of copying the same things too many times, I decided to send my letter to Congress to you, so that you can read it, and then be kind enough to enclose it with your next letter to America. If this arrangement meets your approval, I will continue to do it from time to time; it would give me much relief.
I hope you are enjoying perfect health, and can send good news when you have it. Everyday I regret not having your estimable company and conversation, on your fireside.
I heard it said that the courier who arrived on the 21st with the treaty risked being stopped while passing through someplace in Hanover. He escaped the situation by speaking a few words of Russian and was therefore taken for a Russian.
I have the honor to be with great respect and inviolable attachment, sir, your very humble and very obedient servant

Dumas


Title: To John Adams from Edmund Jenings, 24 January 1781
From: Jenings, Edmund
To: Adams, John

Brussels Janry 24. 1781
Sir

I have had the Honour of receiving your Excellencys Letter of the 20th. Instant, I receivd it with the greatest pleasure for I think it marks, that your Excellency is in Spirits, may You ever continue so, it will be a good Sign to me, that our Country is well.
I this day receivd a Letter from Madrid dated the 8th. There are complaints in it of not hearing from Holland or France; the Abbé Hussey was expected that night or the next morning with fresh Propositions and Intelligence, for He is a double Spy. His and his Coadjutors Motions will be Watchd.
There is Money enough to pay the Bills already drawn by Congress or at least accepted—the Blockade of Gibraltar continues with tolerable Success—the fleet at Cadiz gains weekly an Accession of Strength—the Court appeard Satisfied with the News of the Dutch War.
The Mail that sailed from England the 16th. is taken, so that we have no News.
A Remonstrance has been made from Hence against the detaining the Goods of Emperors Subjects taken in dutch bottoms, and the Court of London has orderd them to be restored. It is reported, that Sr. J. Yorke. was last week at Ostend on his way to England. I will inquire about it. I fancy He will be made a Lord and sent to Compliment the Emperor. It is understood at Madrid, that his Ministers favor England, and that there is some Negotiation going on between Vienna and London.
I am told that the Duke of Brunswic Wolfenbuttle is at his Command at Lille. To be sure He ought to be there, for it is a very important Post.
There is a Report, that a Portuguesse Indiaman is arrivd at Lisbon, which says the french have taken 10 or 12 English Indiamen and carried them to the Isle of Bourbon. We have reports to the English have taken four dutch ones.
Your Excellency has twice put to me a very important Question i.e. how shall we induce the Powers of Europe to acknowledge our Independency? I Know not the political Means, but the rational ones are obvious to me. That it is the only way to prevent England from domineering over the rest of Europe. That No Engagement, she may now make not to insult the World depends on will be Kept, if ever She recovers Again the force of America; she will then plead the Law of Necessity which forced Her to make them as not binding; and the Laws of Convenience and Power to break them. Politically speaking She will be right and the Powers of Europe will have no pretence to complain if they are now such Idiots, as not to See the Consequences of her Success against America. What does She enter into this War for? Why has She almost exhausted herself? Why Has She plunged Herself into War with the House of Bourbon, to whom She is now ready to make any Sacrifices? Why has she irritated the Powers of the North? Why has She Attacked Holland? But that she Knows, what ever is sacrificed to these powers for Peace, will be easily regained, if She can again direct the force of powerful America. There is no Security therefore for the World, but that America should be Independant of England. All Europe is astonished at Her Boldness and is apt to judge from it That She has the means of extricating herself from the Difficulties, which She daily plunges herself in. They are amused and terrified by it but One ought to Know that the whole proceeds from her desperate Conditions and that it is Neck or Nothing with her, and whilst One sees, the Game she plays, One ought to meet her in his way. One ought to play the same dice with Her, and same bold Game, and she will be frightnd at the sum she stakes. The Powers ought to think or be taught to Know, that England is will be omnipotent with America and Nothing without it, and therefore that it is There Interest to Acknowledge its Independance, and that they ought to do it with one Concurrent Voice. The Day they do it, finishes the War. It gains what the several Powers want and secures them in the Possession of it for Ever, without that being done All is ineffectual. France Knows this and France can Bring it about; but she has perhaps some paltry Game to play; if she had not she would have done it before with these powers, or have done it herself by giving Effectual Assistance to America.
The Author of the Letters &c is named Rivalis. I will speak to him of this Subject.

I am with the greatest Sir Your Excellencys Most devoted & Obedient Humble Sert.
Edm. Jenings


Title: To John Adams from C. W. F. Dumas, 28 January 1781
From: Dumas, Charles William Frederic
To: Adams, John

Lahaie 28e. Janv. 1781
Honoured & dear Sir

J’ai l’honorée vôtre du 25e., dont le contenu m’a fait grand plaisir, non seulement par l’approbation que vous donnez de vous adresser de temps en temps des Lettres pour le Congrès, mais aussi par l’entretien agréable que m’ont procuré les matieres interessantes dont elle est remplie.
Il faudra attendre, que la prise des vaisseaux des Indes Anglois près du Cap de B. E., par l’Escadre françoise, se confirme, pour la croire.
Il est apparent que le Manifeste ne paroîtra ici, qu’après la réponse de Petersbourg au Courier depêché d’ici le 29 Dec. pour donner connoissance à l’Imperatrice de celui du Roi d’Angle. et pour demander le secours de cette Princesse, &c. En attendant, il n’y a pas grand mal que cette Piece n’ait pas encore paru: on ne m’en a pas dit grand bien; et l’on espere qu’on la changera en mieux.
La Décision de la Cour d’Hollde. ne pourra avoir lieu qu’autour du milieu de Février; et l’on n’en est nullement en peine. Du reste, je pense comme vous, que toutes ces lenteurs sont mauvaises; et qu’on s’en trouvera mal.
Vos Réflexions sur la conduite que tiendront les nouveaux Alliés d’un côté, et l’Angle. de l’autre, ont beaucoup plu à un Membre des E. G., à qui je n’ai pu refuser d’en donner un Extrait en françois: car il n’entend pas l’Anglois.
Je ne perdrai pas un instant de vue les deux Objets dont vous me parlez, Monsieur: et plût-à Dieu, que je pusse dès ce moment vous inviter ici. Il faut voir le tour que prendront les choses, le. entre cette rep. et l’Angle.: 2e. entre la même et la Russie, &c. Je crois que vous avez décidé le premier de ces points, et que l’Angleterre ne se ralâchera point vis-à-vis de la rép. Je pense aussi comme vous quant à l’autre; et que l’Impce. ne peut plus reculer, mais qu’elle prendra hautement le parti de la Rep., et, par consequent, qu’il y aura guerre entre elle et l’Angle. Dans ce cas-là, et dès que cette guerre auroit éclatté, il conviendroit d’agir auprès de l’Impératrice, comme chef de l’Alliance, pour faire reconnoître l’Amérique à la fois par les 4 puissances: et mon opinion est, que cela ne seroit pas difficile alors, du moins de la part de l’Impce. Mais tant qu’il y a encore quelque possibilité à raccommoder les choses, de maniere que cette Rep. reste neutre avec les 3 Couronnes du Nord, on ne peut rien entamer de pareil. Voyons donc arriver le nouveau Courier de Petersb.; et selon le tour que prendront les choses, il ne me sera peut-être pas difficile de vous ménager une Entrevue, en lieu tiers, qui pourroit conduire plus loin.
Le second objet dépend en grande partie du premier: et la facilité à cet égard seroit infiniment plus grande, lorsqu’il existeroit un Traité d’amitié, &c.
Je suis avec le respect & l’attachement le plus sinceres, Monsieur, Votre très-humble & très-obéissant serviteur

Dumas


Title: C. W. F. Dumas to John Adams: A Translation, 28 January 1781
From: Dumas, Charles William Frederic
To: Adams, John

The Hague, 28 January 1781
Honoured & dear Sir

I am honored with your letter of the 25th, the content of which gave me much pleasure, not only because you agreed to send my letters on to Congress from time to time, but also because it was filled with agreeable conversation about interesting matters.
We must wait for confirmation about the taking of the British East Indiamen off the Cape of Good Hope by the French squadron, before it can be believed.
It is apparent that the manifesto will not appear here until after St. Petersburg responds to the courier dispatched from here on the 29th of December to inform the Empress about the King of England’s manifesto and to request her assistance. While no great evil has occurred because this piece has not yet appeared, neither has much good, and one hopes that things will change for the better.
The decision of the court of Holland cannot take place until around mid-February and no one is troubled by this in the least. Nevertheless, I agree with you that all of these delays are bad and will be regretted.
Your reflections on the conduct of the new allies, on the one side, and of England, on the other, greatly pleased a member of the States General, to whom I gave an extract in French since he cannot understand English.
I will not lose sight for an instant of the two matters you spoke of to me, sir, and may it please God that I may invite you to continue to do so from now on. We must watch the turn of events, first, between this republic and England, and second, between the same and Russia, etc. I believe that you decided on the first of these points, that England will not concede anything regarding the republic. As for the second point, I agree with you that the Empress cannot draw back but instead will openly take the side of the republic, and consequently there will be war between her and England. In this case, and if this war were to erupt, it would be advisable to act closely with the Empress as the head of the alliance to gain recognition for America from all four powers simultaneously. My opinion is that this would not be difficult as far as the Empress is concerned. But since there remains a possibility that matters can be reconciled so that this republic, together with the three northern crowns, remains neutral, such an initiative can not be undertaken. Let us wait for the arrival of the next courier from St. Petersburg and, then, according to the turn of events, perhaps I will be able to arrange an interview, in a neutral place, that could advance things further.
The second point depends largely on the first, and the facility to achieve it would be infinitely greater if a treaty of Amity, etc., existed.
I am with the most sincere respect and attachment, sir, your very humble and very obedient servant,

Dumas


Title: To John Adams from William Lee, 28 January 1781
From: Lee, William
To: Adams, John

Bruxelles Jan. 28. 1781
Dear Sir

I have received your favor of the 20th. instant which disappointed me a good deal, for I had received much pleasure from being told by Mr. Searle that you were fully vested with the same powers that Mr. Laurens had, which occasion’d my writing what I did in my last. I must confess that I can’t be perfectly easy, however favorable things may appear, while the War continues and the Independence of America is not acknowleged by more than one power in Europe. After open War is raging, I can’t see what greater mischeif any of the powers of Europe can apprehend from the resentment of G. Britain.
The general prospect of Affairs in Ama. is favorable, from the last advices, and promise more important intelligence soon; The principal embarrassment of Congress seems to be the want of money, which cou’d be easily supply’d where you are, if there are powers to borrow and they are willing to lend. I send you a Crisis which perhaps you may think worth being translated and published in Holland.
The Dutch must use more activity than they have hitherto done and depend more on their own strength and exertions, than on that of their neighbors; or they will certainly suffer a great deal; for I conceive, the guarantie of every power in Europe will hardly make them amends for the immense loss their Commerce may sustain, and the plunder &c. of their Asiatic and W. India possessions; all which, they may easily prevent, by a timely and proper exertion of their own strength.
You have no doubt seen the Treaty of the armed neutrality, are the contracting powers bound by it to enter into a War with England in favor of Holland?
There is no reason that I know of, for apprehending the Emperors interference in favor of England, yet it will be certainly wise and prudent in the Dutch to pay every attention to him and to watch narrowly every thing that passes in that quarter, which is the only one that has not, or will not declare openly against G. B.
The winds have for some days been fair and yet we have no English Mail here since that of the 12th.
I have the Honor to be with great Esteem Dr. Sir Your most Obliged &c. Adieu.


Title: To John Adams from C. W. F. Dumas, 29 January 1781
From: Dumas, Charles William Frederic
To: Adams, John

Lahaie 29e. Janv. 1781
Monsieur

Dans ma Lettre d’hier il y a une erreur qui doit être redressée. Ce n’est point parce qu’on attend un Courier de Petersbourg, que le Manifeste n’a pas encore été publié, mais parce que les villes d’Amsterdam et de Dort ne sont point contentes de celui qui est dressé, ne le trouvent pas assez fort, et veulent qu’on en fasse un autre. Voilà la seule raison qui a retardé celui-ci; et l’on en fera un autre.
Votre prédiction, Monsieur, d’une convulsion dont l’Angleterre est menacée, pourroit bien s’accomplir plutôt que vous ne pensez. Les grains sont fort chers en Angleterre. Ce qui coûtoit cent, est aujourd’hui à 175. La Livre de pain coûte à Londres 10 pence: on y craint une Révolte.
Probablement la rep. fera dans peu la démarche de demander à la France le secours de ses forces aux Indes orientales. On l’a proposé au St–r, qui l’a approuvé.
Le Courier expédié d’ici à Petersb. pour demander les secours de la Convention, n’est parti qui le 12 de ce mois, ainsi il ne pourra guere être de retour que vers le 20e. du prochain.

On garnit nos côtes contre des descentes qui paroissent peu à craindre à cause des bancs qui les bordent. Vous êtes, Monsieur, à même plus que moi de voir si la même diligence est employée pour l’équipement de la Flotte. Je suis avec le plus vrai respect & attachement Monsieur Votre très-obéissant serviteur

Dumas


Title: From John Adams to C. W. F. Dumas, 31 January 1781
From: Adams, John
To: Dumas, Charles William Frederic

Amsterdam Jan. 31. 1781
Dear Sir

I have to thank you for your Favours of 28 and 29 which arrived untouched, by any hand too inquisitive.
The extraordinary demand for Bread in England will be a great Advantage to America. It will raise the Price of it, by increasing the demand, in those Countries which trade directly or indirectly with America, and will raise the Price of it consequently there.
We have always Said in America “By and By will come a Leane Year for Grain in Europe and then the Powers of Europe will begin to think Us of Some Consequence.” There will I fancy be next Spring and Summer a vast Exportation of Grain from America, which will be an Advantage to our Credit. And if there should be another short Crop next year and the year after, in England and in other Parts of Europe, in that Case they will have an opportunity of Seeing some-what of the Resources of America—for in the midst of All the Difficulties of this War, Grain enough will be found in America to Supply all the Deficiency in Europe.
Pray what are the News from Vienna? That the English are labouring with all their might and intriguing with all their subtelty, and bribing with all the Money they can Spare, to draw in the House of Austria to Some Connection with them, I am very well perswaded. That the old Jealousy, Envy and Rivalry of that House towards the House of Bourbon, is not all extinct I believe—that it now pleads in favour of England I guess. But as the Emperor is a Man of Sense I rely upon it, he will not be taken in. If he Should be, it will only make the War, more passionate against England, And he will get nothing in the End but broken Bones.
The News from all Quarters in America is agreable. “All’s Well” as the Sentinels cry at Sea. The Mass. Constitution gives new vigour to the state and its Neighbours.
Have you seen the Vie prive de Louis 15? It has been printed in 4 Volumes, this month. I have read it through with as much Ardour and Impatience, as I did in my youth the Character of Lovelace in Clarissa Harlow and with more Indignation.
This Work is a Sublime Compliment to America, as well as to Louis 16th. It is So to the reigning Monarch in Proportion, as his private Life, is a contrast to that of his Predecessor. But no Wisdom, no Virtue private or publik, no Exertions or Activity whatsoever in the Prince, Ministry, or Nation could have raised France out of that profound degree of Contempt, Misery and Debasement in which Louis the 15 left it, to that Pitch of Reputation, Opulence, and Power where it now stands, without the Seperation of America from Great Britain and her Alliance with France.
Let it be remembered by every Frenchman, that the first Congress was held the Same Year that Louis 15 died. That France had Seen Eleven Years of Peace and instead of rising out of the Misery in which the Peace of 1763 left her, she sunk deeper and deeper. That her Prosperity and Glory commenced with her connection with America and has grown with a Rapidity that surprizes all Europe ever since.
When other Nations shall read this Work and make the proper Reflections they will draw the natural Inferences. Such as 1. That France can never desert America. 2. That she ought to exert herself, with Zeal and that she will do it too. 3. That other nations, will do wisely to imitate the Example of France. 4. That the sooner they form Connections with America the more wisely they will act.
Pardon this abominable Writing. I cannot transcribe it.

Adieu
John Adams


Title: From John Adams to Edmund Jenings, 31 January 1781
From: Adams, John
To: Jenings, Edmund

Am. Jan. 31. 1781
Dear Sir

Your Favour of 24 is received. I wish that Madrid would put an End to Husseys and Cumberlands Masquerades. They do no good, if they do no harm.
I think it is pretty certain that the English Ministry, are Seeking a Connection with the Emperor, but as there is nothing to be gotten by a Connection with them but broken Bones if he has as much Sense as he is reputed to have, he will rather choose to sleep in a whole Skin.
The Duke of Brunswick Wolfenbuttle is not a Lille, but at the Hague.
Your Reasoning to Shew the Policy, the Justice and necessity of acknowledging American Independence, is conclusive to all the maritime Powers, and it is probable they are all Sensible of it. But whoever does it must have War with England, and this Startles them all. They choose to arrange Matters in such a system that all may go to War at once, if any do. And this takes time.
But if the armed Neutrality were all at War, against England, the Question is, whether they would all acknowledge our Independance? To be sure they all mean it, it is their Interest! and it is a part of their System! But Such is the Caution, the Timidity, and the Sloth, that I expect they would put it off. They will say We will treat you like Friends, but it is time enough. We dont know what may happen. Wait for the general Conferences of Pacification. Then We will take your affairs into Consideration.
I think however that Congress, should send a Minister to each of the Maritime Courts, or at least one Authorized to treat with all of them. Whether they will do it or not I cant Say. I fear they will be much divided about their foreign affairs.
By the Treaty France has agreed to join America, in proposing to other Powers, to acknowledge our Independancy. If Congress or any Minister of Congress properly authorized were to propose this to France she could not and would not refuse it. Why it has not been done I know not. The Unfortunate Division about foreign affairs, will account for many Things. I hope however that Something or other will turn up to make them more unanimous. If Mr. L. and I. do not find the Majority of their opinion, in one Point, their Information may make Gentlemen more of a Mind in many others.
Have you read the Vie privee de Louis 15. It is just published here in 4 Volumes. I have devoured it, with the Utmost Greediness. History, Romance, or Libel, it is very entertaining and instructive. It is the greatest Compliment to America that ever was made. When We see the Distress the Ruin, the Humiliation and Debasement, of the French Nation and Monarchy, up to the very Moment, when America, was Severed from Great Britain and began to cultivate a good Understanding with France, when We see that from the Same Moment France began to revive, and has been increasing in Reputation, Wealth Commerce, and Power, ever since and her flourishing and prosperous Condition at this day, America, ought to appear in her own Eyes as well as those of the French and then rest of the World, as a nation and Country whose Friendship and Alliance is worth cultivating. I dont mean by this however to diminish the Glory of the present Monarch whose Wisdom has taken Advantage of the Benefits which Providence offered to him.

Adieu
John Adams


Title: To John Adams from Francis Dana, 31 January 1781
From: Dana, Francis
To: Adams, John

31 January 1781

Dear Sir

I write you at present principally to communicate the following intellegence from Martinique. It is just given to me by our good Friends the two Abbés, who tell me it may be depended on, as they had it from Mr. Neckar’s Office.

22d. Decr. La Martinique
La derniere Convoi parti du Ferrol, est arrivé ici le 14. Xbre. il manque peu de batiments—Le 4 Vaisseaux venue de St. Doming. sous les ordres de Monsr. Le Chevr. D’Albert St. Hippolite sont arriveé a St. Pierre.
L’Amiral Rodney a attaqué la nuit du 16 en 17 St. Vincent. Il avait à terre 4000 hommes compris les Troupes de Marine. Le debarquement s’est fait dans la matineé du 16. Les Anglais ont eté répoussé avèc perte et obligés de se rembarquer. M. de Blanch le Lande Lt. Colonel du Regiment de Viennois a defendu cette Isle contré l’amiral Rodney et le general Vaughan. Il avait pris depuis 2 jours le commandement de cette Isle. Les Carribes se sont comporté avèc beaucoup de Valeur.
Cette novelle a eté aporteé par la Frigate la Carèq Cérès commandeé par le Baron de Bouvebelles Bonbelles capitaine de Vaisseaux arrivé à Rochfort le 27. Janv. 1781.

I have desired Mr. Grand to transfer from my Account to your Credit 2658.16.10 Livrs. the amount of the Note I gave you just before I left Holland; and to advise you of it, which when he shall do, you will please to cancel my Note. I have received Mr. Thaxter’s two Letters. Your bills are lodged as you desired with Mr. Grand. Please to tell Mr. Thaxter I am ready to answer his drafts for the sums he mentions, as soon as he will draw upon me for them, or any others he may have occasion for. I have heard nothing about either of them here.
Mr. Searle is now with me, and desired to be particularly remembered to you, and to assure you he is daily more and more convinced of the baneful effects of Francisco’s Silas Deane’s conversation. He is gone with his clerk for Holland, I believe by the way of Ostend. I beg you to present my regards not only to all our Countrymen with you, who merit them, but to all our good Friends of Holland.
I am, Dear Sir, with the most sincere respect & attachment Your most obedient humble Servant and much obliged Friend

FRA DANA


Title: To John Adams from Edmund Jenings, 31 January 1781
From: Jenings, Edmund
To: Adams, John

Brussels Janry 31. 1781
Sir

Four mails arrived yesterday, by them we find that Eleven East Indiamen are arrived at Brookhaven in Ireland. A Ship is arrived from N York, but no news transpires. The English Minister seems to be ready to pardon the Dutch on condition they submit. He treats them as He did the Americans, and will I Hope receive the same Treatment as from our Countrymen. One of the Court news papers says there is an appearance of matters being settled with Holland, as England will deliver out no more letters of Marque. If this is true, it may perhaps be produced by the remonstrance of the Russian Minister, who is abused grosely in the English Papers. The Troops are shipped for the fleet going to America as I beleive those are for the East Indias. Lille and Antwerp are too near to one Another. A Correspondence may be easily Kept up between those two towns. It ought to be attended to.
I am Sir Your Excellencys most faithful & obt. Hb. Sert

Edm: Jenings

Be pleased to turn over.
P.S. I find the Translation of the Memorial &c. is published in England. It comes out in a good Time. A very Hearty good sensible Friend desires He may have the Authors leave to publish Notes and Additions, if it goes to a Second impression—his Integrity Principles and Knowledge may I think be trusted.


Title: To John Adams from William Lee, 31 January 1781
From: Lee, William
To: Adams, John

Bruxelles 31 Jany. 1781
Dear Sir

I had the Honor of writing to you the 28th. but omitted answering your Quere about the Southern States determining to embody Ne  groes as an Army. I never heard of such an Idea but in the letter forged, as from Genl. Clinton, nor do I immagine such a one will ever be entertain’d seriously in those States, for exclusive of many reasons against it that appear unanswerable, those who know the nature and talents of those people, know well that all the art of Man can never make them even tolerable Soldiers.
It is said that France has lately engaged to guarantie all the Dutch Possessions; if so, as a Quid pro Quo, surely it has been insisted on by France that the States General shall immediately acknowlege the Independence of America: if this has been omitted it will not be a subject of much pleasure to me. We have here the London papers to the 26th. by which it appears that on the 25. public dispatches had been received from N. York to Decr. 20, but not a syllable good or bad had transpir’d that I see, tho’ former ministerial papers say, an advice from N. Y. the 20 Nov. that all the Grenadeirs, and light Infantry of the British Army were immediately to embark to the number of 5 or 6000 Men for So. Carolina and we see that the reinforcements from England for N. York are already embark’d at Portsmouth to sail with Darby and all the Ships of Force they can muster, which will not exceed 20 or 25 Ships of the Line at the utmost, as a Convoy; The East India Ships and the expedition under Govr. Johnstone and Genl. Meadows and supplies for the W. Indias go at the same time; when Darby has seen this valuable Convoy, perhaps the most valuable and important that has sail’d from England during the War, to a certain distance, he is either to attempt the releif of Giberalter or to convoy back the 11 East Indiamen lately arriv’d safe in Ireland, to the value of above 3 Millions sterling, while the French and Spanish Fleets, each of them singly superior to anything England can put to Sea in Europe, are Snug in Cadiz and Brest.
The Dutch War hardly created a Debate in the Ho. of Comns. where the address to the King, promising support &c., as usual, was carried without even a division. There was some debate in the Ho. of Lords, but the address passed there by a greater majority than on many other occasions lately and from the general complexion of their minds, I am apt to beleive they have determin’d already to attack unawares, the Russian Swedish and Danish Ships, as they have done those of Holland, if they find that those 3 Powers, mean to take any part with the Dutch. Nothing but sound beating will recover these Madmen from their Frenzy.

Adieu

P.S. I have lately observ’d that they have imprison’d in England some Captains and Sailors taken with American Commissions as Pirates and have order’d them to be tryed as such.


Title: From John Adams to the President of Congress, 1 February 1781
From: Adams, John
To: President of Congress,Huntington, Samuel

Amsterdam, 1 February 1781. RC in John Thaxter’s hand PCC, Misc. Papers, Reel No. 1, f. 244–254. printed: Wharton, ed., Dipl. Corr. Amer. Rev.Francis Wharton, ed., The Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States, Washington, 1889; 6 vols., 4:244–248.
In this letter, read in Congress on 19 Nov., John Adams provided an English translation of the Convention for an Armed Neutrality that Russia and Denmark signed on 28 June 9 July N.S. 1780. It was, according to Adams, “one of the most brilliant Events, which has yet been produced by the American Revolution.” He then commented on the Convention’s provisions with regard to contraband and noted that Sweden had acceded to it on 21 July 1 Aug. N.S. 1780 followed by the Netherlands on 5 i.e. 4 Jan. 1781. For additional information regarding the accession of Denmark and Sweden to the armed neutrality, see Adams’ letter of 14 Aug. 1780 to the president of Congress (vol. 10:68–74).


Title: To John Adams from Francis Dana, 1 February 1781
From: Dana, Francis
To: Adams, John

Paris Feby. 1st. 1781 Hotel Valois, Rue Richelieu
My dear Sir

The enclosed letters of our Friend, of the 12th. and 14th. of last Month, the Resolution of Congress of the 12th. together with the journals of Congress for Septr. and Octr. and a number of Newspapers down to the 19th. Decr. came to hand yesterday eveng. These, all together, wou’d make a large budget to no good purpose, I have cut out of the papers, every peice of intelligence of which, I imagine, you are not fully informed, and shall send them on, as also the Journals. No person cou’d receive a more sincere satisfaction, than I do, in having an opportunity to forward to you, a Resolution of Congress which reflects so much honor upon you as the distinguished Servant of our Country. I have long been a Witness that it is not unmerited. I wish, to make the matter more certain in my mind, you wou’d inform me of the subject of your letter on which this honourable testimony is grounded, and also of the two papers received in the duplicate. A short hint will suffice. I am fearful you are not furnished with a proper key to your cyphers: if that shou’d be the case, I will endeavour to procure one, you know where. Mr. Searle and I dined yesterday with the Abbés; they all desire their sincere regards to you, as does Mr. Adinet who has just left me. I wrote you yesterday to communicate some news brought from Martinique, &c. Please to inform Messrs. Ingraham and Sigourney, that the Amsterdam Capt. Magee and the Rambler, Capt. Lovett, from Gottenbourgh, are safe arrived: the first at Boston, in 44 days, who carried in with him a prize ship ladened with provisions and dry goods—the last at Beverly in 48. days. I think they were concerned in these vessels. Pray let me know when the Commodore will probably sail. I am, dear Sir, with the greatest respect and esteem, your much obliged Friend and obedient humble Servant

FRA DANA

P.S. I find no mention in the American Papers of the victory which the British tell us, from a Charlestown Gazette of the 27th. Novr.; Tarleton had gained over Genl. Sumpter—’Tis possible it may be true, but not probable.


Title: Draft Contract for a Loan with Jean de Neufville & Fils, 2 February 1781
From: Adams, John
To: Neufville, Jean de, & Fils (business)

ante 2 February 1781

Today the  Apeared before me  Notary Publicq the Honorable John Adams Esqr. of the City  in the State  in North America at present Residing in the City of Amsterdam in the quality as constitued by Congres of the United States of North America their Agent, and as such specially aúthorised to negotiate moneys in behalf of the said United states, as it apears by the Copie Extract Aúthentically Annexed to the Originall of the present, as also by  likewise orginally Annexed to the Originall of this present.
And Confessed he the Said Esqr. Apeared in his mentiond quality, and thús for and in behalf of the said United States to have negotiated and received from and for Such to be well and lawfully indebted to Mrs. John de Neufville & Son the Súmm of One Million Gilders Holland Currancy received and perceived in ready money renúntiating for Súch expressly from not having received the Money or the Valúe thereoff.
Which súmm of One Million Gilders, he the Said Appeared in his said quality and thús for and in the name of the United States of North America, promisses and engages to restitúe and repay lawfully withoút any redúction or damage to the Said Mrs. John de Neufville & Son in Amsterdam or to them who might succeed in their rights with an intrest at 5 p Ct. per Annúm to be Coúnted from this date and fúrther in the manner and on Condition as follows.
First, that of this Loan no restitútion, nor repayment Shall be made, dúring the time of the Ten first Years, butt at the end of the tenth Year the first reimbúrsement shall be made of 20 per Ct. or Two hundred Thousand Gilders, and so consecútively at the end of each of the following four Years a like Súmm of Two hundred Thoúsand Gilders, Such that at the end of the Foúrteenth Year this Whole debt shall entirely be repaid, and at every repayment the intrest of the reimbursed Capitall will cease.
The Intrest shall be paid at every Six Month, at 2 1/2 p Ct. and thús at 5 p Ct. per Annum And for that purpose the summs reqúired for the intrest, as well as for the mentiond rimbursements will be remitted to the Said Mrs. John de Neufville & Son their Heirs, or them who might be in their rights, by or for Congress of the United States of North-America either in good bills of Exchange on Eúrope or in Prodúce of North America, all so múch in time, that the money for those bills or Prodúce múst and shall be in Cash and received before the money for the intrest or the summs stipúlated to be rimbursed become dúe.
Second—That the before mentiond Mrs. John de Neufville & Son should be aúthorised and qúalified as he the Said Esqr. apeared in his mentiond quality doth aúthorise and qualify them by this present, to allow shares of intrest to any other person or persons, in this loan, and to negotiate money from them on obligations of one thousand Gilders Holland Currency each, and such only under the sole hand-writing of Said Mrs. John de Neufville & Son, provided the number of those negotiated Obligations or shares of intrest may not exceed the qúantity of One Thousand, And that the same obligations or shares of intrest shall be prothocolled by a Notary Publicq residing in this City.
And he the said Esqr. apeared in his mentiond quality did promise that the bonds or obligations thus distribued shall be considerd by him apeared in his mentiond quality and thús by Generall Congress of the United States and by each State separate, of the same force and valúe as if he the Said Apeard had signd and Sealed them with his own hand and Seal; Consenting further the mentiond Esqr. Apeared, that with the same obligations or shares of intrest, shall be given oút orderly to pay of this present, obligation, and that fúrther such arrangements may be made aboút the repayment or rimbursement of the money as the Said Mrs. John de Neufville & Son shall think proper:
For the Complyance and fulfilling of which he the said Esqr. apeared in his Said quality and thús in the name of the before mentiond Generall Congress representing the United States of North America declard specialy to bind all and every one of the Said United States jointly and each of them separate, for the whole with renúnciation of all and every benefitts of law contrary to this present, and especially of the benefitt, de duobus vel pluribús veis debendi, or—separating debts; and fúrther all the revenúes and produces rising in the Same States, or any of them, likewise all charges and Taxes in the Same states and every one of them, already laid on and perceived or to be layd on and perceived in futúre Engaging again he the Said Esqr. apeared in his Said quality for all superfluity as such might be reqúired by the Said Mrs. John de Neufville & Son or rather the further concernd in this Loan, than this Loan shall be especially ratified and wholly approved by the United States of North America, jointly and each separate, to efectúate the same ratification and aprobation as soon as possible, and thús to procúre a dúe prove, thereof to the Said Mrs. John de Neufville & Son, their successors, or them who might come in their rights, and súch in behalf of the joint concernd in this Negotiation or Loan.
Actúm Amsterdam
No.
We the Underwritten John de Neufville & Son as to this purpose especially aúthorised and qúalified by the forestanding Obligation Confess by this present, and on the footing and in Conformity of the abovestanding Obligation, to have received oút of the hands of a Súmm of One Thousand Gilders Holland Currency for a share of the forestanding Negotiation of one Million Gilders in behalf of the United States of North America at the intrest of 5 p Ct. per Annúm, and may this intrest be perceived at every Six Month for 2 1/2 p Ct. to be reckond from this date and to last úntill the repayment and not fúrther.
And shall this rimbursement take place in this manner, that at the end of the tenth Year after the date of the forestanding Generall obligation, two hundred shares of intrest or obligation shall be drawn out by lot, in the presence of a Notary Publicq and witnesses, which then will be rimbursed, and the intrest be payd úntill the intire reimbúrsement and not longer, and so at the end of every of the three following Years when again such a drawing by lott rimbúrsement and repayment shall take place, and at the end of the fourteenth Year the then remaining Two hundred shares of intrest shall be rimbursed and then this Whole Negotiation at an end.
Amsterdam
This belongs to the Number of One Thousand shares, mentiond in the Next Standing Obligation and doth the Capital of the shares by me prothocolled not exceed the Summ of One Million Gilders mentiond in the Same Originall obligation.


Title: From John Adams to C. W. F. Dumas, 2 February 1781
From: Adams, John
To: Dumas, Charles William Frederic

Amsterdam Feb. 2. 1781
Dear Sir

Nulla Dies Sine Lineâ, said a great Geometician and you are so good an American, that you will agree with me, that We ought to let no day nor Hour pass in which We can do any Service to our Country, without embracing the opportunity. Such an Occasion as the present when the popular Affections and even the sentiments of Men in Power, Seem to be turning towards America.
When I landed in Spain I was told by the Vice Roy of Gallicia that he had received orders from the Court of Madrid, to treat all Americans, who should arrive within his Government as the best Friends of Spain.
Would it not be Wisdom and Policy as well as Humanity for their High mightinesses to publish Some Permission to Dutch Men of War, Privateers, Letters of Marque and even Merchantmen, to carry their Prizes into American Ports and even to trade with that Country? and also Some Permission to American Privateers and other Vessells to come freely into the Ports of this Republick, bring in their Prizes, sell them and even have them condemned in the Courts of Admiralty? What reasonable objection or Argument can there be against this? What dammage can it do the Republick? Cant We continue to have this suggested to all the northern Courts?
By the 10 Article of the Treaty of Alliance with France, “the most Christian King and the United States agree, to invite or Admit other Powers, who may have received Injuries from England to make common Cause with them, and to Acceed to that Alliance, under Such Conditions as shall be freely agreed to and settled between all the Parties.”
Is not this a proper opportunity for Congress to propose to the King of France, to join in such an Invitation to all the neutral Powers, as We yet call them, tho it Seems they are all within a Hairs Breadth of being belligerent Powers. What think you of this?

Adieu
John Adams


Title: To John Adams from C. W. F. Dumas, 3 February 1781
From: Dumas, Charles William Frederic
To: Adams, John

Lahaie 3e. Fevr. 1781
Honoured & Dear Sir

J’ai les honorées vôtres des 31e. Janvr. et 2e. fevr. reçues toutes les deux à la fois ce matin.
Je suis bien charmé that all’s well in America. En revanche, je vous dirai, that all’s well at Pertersb. Car je sai de bonne part, qu’avanthier un Exprés est arrivé avanthier delà, au Mine. de cette Cour-là, en réponse à la notification du départ de S. J. Y., et que les dispositions de la dite Cour à l’égard et en faveur de la rep. n’ont nullement été changées par cette nouvelle. On attend donc, avec une parfaite sécurité, des réponses également satisfaisantes, quant au Manifeste Britannique, et à la réclame des Vx. pris à la Rep. mais pas avant la fin de ce mois, ou le commencement du Suivant.
Voici une Lettre que Mrs. Dela Lande & Fynje ont reçue hier pour vous de Petersbourg, et qu’ils m’envoient d’Amst. ici, je ne comprends pas pourquoi. Car ils doivent savoir votre demeure. Je leur demanderai la raison de cette singularité; et quand je la saurai, je vous en donnerai connoissance. Mr. Silas Deane passant ici pour Amstm. avanthier m’a apporté de la part de S. E. Mr. Franklin un paquet, dans lequel il y avait trois Lettres pour S. E. Mr. Lawrens, avec ordre de Mr. F– n de vous les faire tenir. Comme cela feroit un paquet un peu gros par la poste, et que ces Lettres, à ce que je pense, ne pressent pas, j’attendrai que Mr. Gillon repasse ici de Rotterdam, pour vous les envoyer par lui.
Je Suis avec mon Epouse sensible comme nous le devons à votre obligeante bonté, Monsieur, pour ma fille, à qui Mr. Gillon a remis les 4 volumes du Théatre de Made. Genlis.
Je me réserve de répondre demain ou après-demain à vos deux dernieres.7 La poste, qui va partir, ne me permet rien de plus aujourd’hui, que le respect et l’attachement sincere avec lesquels je suis pour toujours, Monsieur Votre très-humble & très obéissant serviteur

Dumas


Title: From John Adams to James Searle, 4 February 1781
From: Adams, John
To: Searle, James

Amsterdam Feb. 4. 1781
Dear Sir

I had the Honour of yours of 24 Jan. only yesterday. F. Silas Deane is indeed arrived here, but I cannot learn that R.R. Edward Bancroft is. I have not been honoured with a Visit, as yet, nor have I seen him.
There is a Courier arrived from Petersbourg, who carried the News of Sir Yorkes leaving the Hague. Alls well in the north.

The Spirit here waxes warmer. A new Play is brought upon the Stage called De Ruyter, in which the English are treated as you would wish them, and every Line, in which they are So, is applauded, a tout rompre, that is in plain English to make all Split. I will observe your recommendation concerning Mr. Bromfield who is still here. I wish I were at Paris with you, it is more agreable there than here yet, as well as more healthy.
If the neutral Confederation Should become belligerent, would it not be a proper Time, for France and America to join, in proposing to the nations that compose it, to acknowledge American Independance? There is an Article in our Treaty to this Purpose. Dr. Franklin has authority to treat with any Power in Europe, at least the Commissioners had, and I Suppose the Dissolution of the Commission has not annulled that Authority. I wish you would converse with the Dr. upon the subject. If he thinks he has not Power, would it not be proper, to write to Congress upon the Subject? If Something of this sort is not done, the northern Powers, may settle their War, and leave Us Still to fight it out. The Article I refer to is the 10 of the Treaty of Alliance. “The most Christian King, and the United States agree to invite or admit other Powers, who may have received Injuries from England, to make common Cause with them and to acceed to that Alliance, under Such Conditions as shall be freely agreed to and settled between all the Parties.” Pray talk about this with Mr. Dana. There never can be a more inviting opportunity, than the present to execute this Article of the Treaty.


Title: To John Adams from Philippe André Joseph de Létombe, 4 February 1781
From: Létombe, Philippe André Joseph de
To: Adams, John

Condé, haynaut Feby. 4th. 1781
Sir

I have answer’d, three days ago, at Paris the Letter I have been honour’d from your Excellency by the honourable James Searle Esqer. My heart is full of gratitude and desires nothing more than to deserve to be instructed with your Excellency’s absolute confidence.

I shall be at Paris Saturday next. Will sett out for Brest at the End of the following week from whence I hope to sail towards Phyladelphia and Boston, as soon as winds will permit it. I beg your Excellency to send me his Commands at Paris directely and take the Liberty to remind, I have promises of letters for Madam Adam’s, honorable Samuel Adam, doctor Cooper &c. Any thing wich your Excellency will prescribe me to do or to say in America, you my depend upon, I shall omit none being desirous to give proofs by facts of all the sentiments of attachement and Respect with which I am Yours Excellency’s most obedient and most humble servant

De Létombe

P.S. honorable Laurens and colonel Palfrey Consul général were expected every moment and there was no News of them.
Your Excellency may direct his Letters to me Either at M. Dana, or to myself at Paris, but I begg it to be done without any delay.


Title: From John Adams to Edmund Jenings, 5 February 1781
From: Adams, John
To: Jenings, Edmund

Amsterdam Feb. 5. 1781
Dear Sir

Yours of 31. Jan. is arrived. A Courier is arrived from Petersburg, who carried the Notice of Sir Yorkes leaving the Hague. All’s well in the north.
The Courtiers in England, who indeed compose the nation, flatter themselves they shall raise the Devil in Holland. They may raise a Spirit but it will be a good one. The Symptems are very Strong. If popular Rage gets loose it will not dewitt, John Adams, John De Neuville and Van berkel as the Anglomans hoped, but the Anglomans themselves. However, I think there will be no Commotions but all will go well.
The Translator, is very willing that any Notes and Additions may be made. If you get one of the Books pray send it by the Post. The Translator, has circulated many Things here, the Memoire, Hows Narrative and Burgoines, &c. These have had a wonderfull Effect here. And there are so many Wits at Work, that good Sentiments will prevail here in time.

Adieu


Title: To John Adams from C. W. F. Dumas, 5 February 1781
From: Dumas, Charles William Frederic
To: Adams, John

Lahaie 5e. Fevr. 1781
Honoured & dear Sir

La Lettre ci-jointe au Congrès répond en grande partie aux honorées votre du 31e. Janv. et 2 fevr.
Je pense avec vous que la disette de grains en Europe, et notamment en Angle., fera beaucoup de bien à plusieurs Egards à l’Amérique. J’ai déjà fait, et je ferai encore bon usage, de tout ce que vous me marquez dans ces Lettres.
Je n’ai pas encore vu la vie privée de Louis XV. Mais je n’en sens pas moins la verité de vos observations concernant la Fce., et notamment, qu’elle ne pourra ni ne voudra jamais abandonner l’Amérique. Quant à ce que nous devons faire vis-à-vis des autres nations, j’ai dit mon sentiment dans l’incluse: et ce n’est pas le mien seul; c’est aussi celui de l’A–r. de fce. et d’un autre personnage de cette rep. Ce sera certainement aussi celui de notre Ami, si vous lui en parlez.
Pour ce qui est de la Démarche que vous voudriez être faite par L. h. P. au sujet des Vx. de guerre, Lettres de Marque, Prises, et Vx. marchds. respectifs de ces Etats ici et des Etats unis, je ne vois, comme vous, aucune objection raisonnable qui puisse être faite contre cela, ni rien que de salutaire qui en pût resulter pour les uns et les autres. Attendons seulement le moment où nous puissions le suggérer avec succès tant à cet Etat qu’aux autres: ce moment n’est peut-être pas bien éloigné, sur-tout celui où l’on pourra faire valoir l’article 10, dont vous parlez, du Traité entre la France et l’Amérique, dont je voudrois bien avoir une Copie: car je n’ai que le Traité de Commerce où cet article ne paroît pas. Avant ce moment les propositions qu’on feroit à tous ces égards à L. h. P. ne feroient que les embarrasser, et leur occasionner des delibérations qui ne finiroient rien.
La fin de votre Lettre du 2 répond à toutes vos demandes, savoir que les Puissces. Neutres sont, à un cheveu près, prêtes à devenir belligérantes. Attendons donc qu’elles aient passé ce cheveu: et alors tout ira de soi-même.
Il est certainement plus que temps que le Congrès propose à la France, de se joindre à lui dans l’invitation à faire à ce sujet aux autres Puissces. Et S’il faut premierement écrire pour cela au Congrès, cela seroit insupportablement long, sa réponse viendroit comme la moutarde après dîner. J’aime mieux espérer, que vous avez déjà des pouvoirs suffisans, et Mr. Franklin aussi pour une telle invitation. Ditesmoi, de grace, ce qui en est. J’ai des pardons à vous demander Monsieur pour ne vous avoir pas encore fourni les copies promises. Daignez me faire un peu de credit encore à cet égard. Je suis seul, et n’ai personne qui m’aide à copier une ligne.
Je suis, Monsieur, avec un grand respect Votre très-humble & très obeissant serviteur

Dumas

J’espere que la mienne d’avanthier, avec la Lettre de Petersbourg, vous est bien parvenue.


Title: C. W. F. Dumas to John Adams: A Translation, 5 February 1781
From: Dumas, Charles William Frederic
To: Adams, John

The Hague, 5 February 1781
Honoured & dear Sir

The enclosed letter to Congress is mainly a response to your letters of 31 January and 2 February.
I agree with you that the grain shortage in Europe, and especially in England, will be advantageous to America in many ways. I have already made good use of the information you gave me in these letters and will continue to do so.
I have not yet seen the Vie privée de Louis XV. But I do not believe any less in the truth of your observation concerning France, most notably, that it could never, nor would ever, abandon America. As for what we must do regarding the other nations, I have expressed my sentiment in the enclosed letter, and it is not mine exclusively. It also is the sentiment of the French ambassador and another figure of this republic. It will certainly be the opinion of our friend, if you speak to him.
As far as the démarche that you would like Their High Mightinesses to make regarding ships of war, commissions, prizes and merchant ships belonging to these states and the United States, I agree with you that no reasonable objection can be made against it. It could only be profitable for both sides. Let us wait for the moment when we can suggest this with as much success to this state as to the others. That moment cannot be very far away, especially the one that could validate article 10 of the Treaty between France and America, of which you spoke. I would like to have a copy of it since I only have the Treaty of Commerce, which does not contain this article. Before the proper moment, any proposition made to Their High Mightinesses would only hamper the deliberations and cause them to accomplish nothing.
The end of your letter of the second answers all your questions, knowing that the neutral powers are on the verge of becoming belligerent. Let us wait for this to pass and everything will stand to reason.
It is certainly past the time for Congress to ask France to join it in making a proposal to the other powers. If it is necessary to write Congress for permission, it would take far too long, and the response would arrive like mustard after dinner. I like to hope that you have sufficient powers, and Mr. Franklin also, to make such an invitation. Tell me please if it is true. I beg your pardon, sir, for not supplying the promised copies to you. Give me a little more credit in this regard. I am alone and no one can help me copy a line.
I am, sir, with much respect, your very humble and very obedient servant,

Dumas

I hope that you received my letter of the day before yesterday, with the letter from St. Petersburg.


Title: To John Adams from Edmund Jenings, 5 February 1781
From: Jenings, Edmund
To: Adams, John

Brussels Febry. 5th. 1781
Sir

I have the Honor of receiving this Day your Excellencys Letter of the 31st. Ultimo.
The deferring the Acknowledgment of our Independancy to the Turns which a Negociation for a general Peace may take is in my opinion a very weak and perhaps Unfriendly Plan. I am confident this Measure would tend most to bring England to a general Accomodation, for it would take from Her every resource and every Hope that her present delusion gives Her of recovering America by continuing a War which she carries on to the insulting and outraging all Europe. Your Excellency is convinced of it. I wish others were so too and acted accordingly.
I should think Sir Joseph York left Antwerp on knowing the Accession of Zealand to the opinion of the other Provinces. I am told He is to quit this Town this Morning and go to Ostend. We expect the Russian Embassador over. Will He not be soon followed by the Danish and Swedish Ones?
We talk here that Rodney with 3000 Men has been repulsed at St. Vincent, that the French are very Active in Asia, and that Pensacola is taken, if Gibralter was so, the Fleet at Cadiz might do most excellent Service.
This is certainly the Moment for Active and Honest Agents to appear in all the Maritime States. I am sure, if Congress knew the State of Things, it would Adopt the Measure. We should now be well receivd even at Morrocco, the Prince of which seems to be a Man of Liberality and Spirit. A Connection with Him is worth Cultivating and indeed, it is Necessary, that it should be.
Has your Excellency seen a Number of intercepted Letters from Messrs. Sullivan Lee Lovel Lyman &c? They were published in the last London papers, if they have not come to hand, I will do myself the Honor of sending them to your Excellency.
England has applied for Leave to import grain from this Country, but has been refused. She then can have it from no place and she will be soon distressed by the want of that Article. Next Winter the City of London may want Coals. Let the Dutch look to that, I find they have begun with the Colliers.
I find by the London Papers, that the English have lost four more frigates. It is said, that Monsieur de Ternay is dead, and that Monsr. Rochambeau is to come home.
I shall soon have an opportunity of reading throughout la Vie privée de Louis XV. I have read Parts of it.
Four or five English officers in the Service of the East India Company have arrivd here in a miserable Condition, they were taken and robbed either in passing through the Eastern Country or on the Red Sea. It is probable they were entrusted with the dispatch which, it is supposed, the Company sent last Spring to Commence Hostilities against the Dutch. If so, some Mischief is stopped.
I am Sir with the greatest Respect, Your Excellencys Most Faithful & Obedient Humble Servt.

Edm: Jenings


Title: From John Adams to C. W. F. Dumas, 6 February 1781
From: Adams, John
To: Dumas, Charles William Frederic

Dear Sir
Amsterdam Feb. 6. 1781

I have received your Favours of the 3d. and 5th. with their Inclosures all in good order. I have but one Copy of the Treaty of Alliance, otherwise I would send you one with Pleasure. I am of your opinion that no Propositions should be yet made to the States General, as a Body, but Hints and Ideas may be suggested to Individuals, in order to prepare Mens Minds by familiarizing them with Such Speculations. It is very true there are critical Moments, after which Things go of themselves, but it is necessary to prepare Things for a Crisis, that every Thing may be ready when it arrives. The Art of the Midwife often assists the Birth and avoids fatal dangers, in Constitutions the most vigorous. And the whole Corps diplomatick, with all their Superb Pomp, are but a Company of Grannys.
Mr. Searle declares that Congress gave Mr. Laurens a Commission of Minister Plenipotentiary, and they gave me the Same. But if Mr. Searle is not mistaken, which I rather believe, the full Powers to me, were omitted to be Sent me, by Some neglect. For I tell you candidly, I have no other Powers, but a Commission to borrow Money.
As to Mr. Franklins Power, the matter Stands thus. The three Commissioners, at the Court of Versailles, Dr. Franklin, Mr. Lee and myself, had full Power, by a Resolution of Congress, to treat and make a Treaty of Commerce, with any Power in Europe. Whether the Dissolution of that Commission, annulls that full Power, may be a question, but the Subsequent Appointment of Mr. Laurens, with full Powers to treat with this Republick, would, I Suspect, be legally, or diplomatically considered, as a Superseas of that Authority, here. So that considering Things candidly I am afraid, there is nobody now in Europe, fully authorized to treat with this Republick but Mr. Laurens.
The Accessions of the Nations, which compose the neutral Confederacy, to the Treaty of Alliance, would however be an Event, So brillant and decisive for America, that there is not a doubt to be made, that Congress would joyfully ratify it, in the first moment, whether it was made by Dr. Franklin or me, or even if it was made by the King of France without consulting either of Us, upon equitable Conditions.
I find the People are alike, in Some particulars, in every Part of the World. This Nation is now flattering itself with hopes of Peace. They think that when England Sees, the neutral Union going to War with her, She will give up, beg Pardon, change the Ministry, make Peace, rise in Arms against the Ministry &c. &c. &c. Alass! There will be no such Thing. There must fly a great many cannon Balls first. I should have thought this cool, penetrating Nation more intimately acquainted with the English Heart. The Pride, the Self Conceit, the Vanity of that People, is infinite. Nine in Ten of that whole People, fully and firmly believe themselves able to fight and beat, all the maritime Powers of the World. Their Imaginations are all on Fire. They think of Nothing but devouring Holland, Sinking the whole Russian, Danish and Sweedish Fleets, exhausting the Finances of France and Spain, and above all of Americans loving admiring and Adoring them So much as very Soon most humbly to implore their King to take them under his gracious Protection, without even making a condition.
No Sir, Combinations, political Arrangements, and magnificent Parade, will not do with the English in their present State of Intoxication.
Nothing but hard Blows, taking their Fleets of Merchant Ships and burning, taking, Sinking, or destroying their Men of War will bring them to Reason. Nor this neither, untill it is carried to such a Length, as to deprive So many of the People of their Subsistance, as to make them rise in Outrages against the Government. I am Sorry that Things must go to such an Extremity, but I nave not the least doubt that it will.

With great Respect &c.


Title: To John Adams from C. W. F. Dumas, 7 February 1781
From: Dumas, Charles William Frederic
To: Adams, John

Honoured & dear Sir
Lahaie 7e. fevr. 1781

Je n’ai qu’un instant avant le depart de la poste, pour vous faire parvenir le Poscrit ci joint pour le Congrès. Mr. Deane a repassé ici hier au Soir revenant d’Amsterdam; et il est reparti ce matin pour Paris. Je suis surpris de n’avoir pas vu revenir encore Mr. Gillon de Rotterdam. Avez-vous de ses nouvelles? Ou est-il de retour à Amsterdam?
Je suis toujours avec les sentimens de respect et d’Attachement sincere que vous connoissez Monsieur V. t. h. & t. o. Servit.

Dumas

Tourner le feuillet.
On me mande de Paris, que Rodney a attaqué l’Isle de St. Vincent, et qu’il a été reçu galamment, et repoussé vigoureusement que Mr. De Ternay est mort à Rhode-Island, et a été remplacé par Mr. DesTouche, qui vaut encore mieux que lui. Que les Amns. sont en bonne posture.


Title: C. W. F. Dumas to John Adams: A Translation, 7 February 1781
From: Dumas, Charles William Frederic
To: Adams, John

Honoured & dear Sir
The Hague, 7 February 1781

I have only a moment before the mail departs, to send you the enclosed postscript for Congress. Mr. Deane passed through here yesterday coming back from Amsterdam. He left again this morning for Paris. I am surprised that I did not see Mr. Gillon again on his return from Rotterdam. Do you have any news of him? Or is he back in Amsterdam?
I remain as always, with sentiments of respect and sincere attachment which you know, sir, your very humble and very obedient servant

Dumas

Turn the page.
It is said from Paris, that Rodney attacked St. Vincent, and was received gallantly and pushed back vigorously. Mr. Ternay is dead at Rhode Island and was replaced by Mr. Destouches, who will be better than him. The Americans are in a good position.


Title: To John Adams from C. W. F. Dumas, 7 February 1781
From: Dumas, Charles William Frederic
To: Adams, John

Monsieur

ca. 7 fevrier 1781

J’ai l’honorée vôtre du 6e. et j’y répondrai à loisir un autre jour. Je vous dirai seulement que je suis bien faché que vous n’ayiez pas les Pouvoirs dont vous parlez, et, qu’il me paroît nécessaire de demander ces Pouvoirs au C—— pour vous sans perte de temps. Il ne s’agit pas de traiter avec cette Rep. seule, ni avec elle la premiere mais avec la Russie, et par elle avec les autres Alliés. Cela aura probablement une grande connexion avec vos Pouvoirs que vous m’avez montrés à Amsterdam: car cela pourra y conduire. Ainsi ne perdons pas du temps. Ecrivons au C—— pour qu’il vous munisse de nouveaux Pouvoirs outre ceux que vous avez déjà, et propres à produire aux Puissces. de la quadruple Alliance.
Je m’expliquerai mieux dans 2 ou 3 jours.
Je suis, Monsieur avec beaucoup de respect Votre très humble & très obeisst. serviteur

Dumas

Voici les Lettres pour Mr. Lawrens. Je ne crois pas qu’il recouvre sitôt sa liberté. D’ailleurs ses Pleinpouvoirs sont au fond de la mer, et ne s’adressoient qu’a cette Rep.
J’écris fort à la hâte.


Title: C. W. F. Dumas to John Adams: A Translation, 7 February 1781
From: Dumas, Charles William Frederic
To: Adams, John

Sir

ca. 7 February 1781

I have the honor of your letter of the 6th and will respond to it at my leisure another day. I will only say to you that I am angry that you do not have the powers you spoke about, and that it seems necessary to ask Congress for these powers immediately. It is not a question of making a treaty with only this republic, nor with it the first one, but rather signing one with Russia, and after that with the other allies. This is greatly connected to the powers that you showed to me in Amsterdam and it is because of these that it could come about. Let us not waste time therefore. Write to Congress so that it issues you new powers, beyond those that you already have and proper to produce the quadruple alliance.
I will explain myself in greater detail in two or three days.
I am, sir, with much respect, your very humble and very obedient servant

Dumas

Enclosed are the letters for Mr. Laurens. I do not believe that he will have his liberty soon. Besides, his plenipotentiary powers are at the bottom of the sea, and they only address this republic.
I write in much haste.


Title: To John Adams from John Thaxter, 7 February 1781
From: Thaxter, John
To: Adams, John

Sir
Leyden 7th. Feby. 1781

Yesterday I had the Honor of your’s of the 4th. instant.
I acquainted Mr. Luzac immediately with your Request respecting the Crisis, who informed me that it should be translated as soon as possible into the Language You have chosen.
I am exceedingly sorry to learn that the Complaint in your Eyes has returned, and that your Health suffers. I should have been very happy to have taken off your Hands a Part of what I concieve has brought on your Indisposition, if it had been proper or within the Compass of my Ability. I hope your proposed Ramble will restore You. The Air of that City has but little Salubrity.
I can readily concieve that your present Situation is not very eligible, and that the Foot of Penns Hill has more Charms for You than any Spot upon the Globe—indeed there are few Spots more to boast of. Altho’ I stand not in the tender Relation of Husband or Father, or in the pleasing one of a Suitor or Lover, and therefore ought not to be supposed to be attached to particular Atoms of Earth, yet there is another Connection which added to those of Blood, carry my thoughts across the Atlantic, and will render a Departure from this Quarter of the World an Event not to be deprecated.
The Repulse of Rodney and the Troops from St. Vincents is an agreable Event. I wish and hope most sincerely that it is but a Prelude to others more decisive. The Languor in the Naval Operations of last Campaign made neither Sailors nor Warriors, and so long an Interval of Inactivity cannot fail to damp that Ardor and Spirit of Enterprize so necessary in that Branch of War. Every Body complains of it—it may be Wisdom and sound Policy, but every one does not see it in that point of View.
The Reports run here of a Treaty between the Empress of Russia and England and that every thing is to be accommodated à l’amiable: that there is another upon the Tapis between England and the Emperor—Propositions for Peace &c. &c. There is a striking Display of one’s Hopes, Fears and Wishes in all this—but they are not to become Standards of Credibility—the Blasts of the North are still thought by many to be poisonous to England. And Whilst England continues thus to sport with the Sovereignty Liberty and Commerce of the other Powers, She leagues at least those against her, and renders a Treaty with her if not unsafe, yet dishonourable. She will convince the rest of Mankind, that America has been oppressed, insulted and aggrieved as them. In 1672 Charles II declared War against this Republic, because it attacked his Person and Glory by satyrical Paintings, Medals and Inscriptions, and because the Merlin, the Yacht of the King, which passed thro’ the midst of the Dutch Fleet in going to England, did not receive an immediate Return on the Part of de Ruiter to the Salute the Yacht gave. The Lieutenant Admiral Van Gend did return the Salute instantly, and so did de Ruiter, (who, at the Time of the Passing of the Yacht was making Sail and unable then to salute) as soon as possible. Van Gend had hardly finished the Salute, when the Yacht fired two Shot at his Ship, because “qu’il n’avait pas baissé le Pavilion, ni amené la voile de hune.” Madam Temple it seems was abord. Have the English had more Reason in the present Manifesto? Impartial Nations will judge. The Dutch it is to be presumed are too much irritated to make such humble Concessions now as they did at that time.
Master John and I attend Mr. Pestel’s Lectures upon Natural Jurisprudence. We begin to understand them and to be accustom’d to his Prononciation.
You will oblige me much, Sir, if in your next You will be kind enough to inform me in what Hôtel at Paris Mr. Dana is lodged.
I have the Honor to be with the most perfect Respect, Sir, your most humble Servt.

J. Thaxter


Title: From John Adams to Francis Dana, 8 February 1781
From: Adams, John
To: Dana, Francis

Dear Sir
Amsterdam Feb. 8. 1781

I had yesterday the Pleasure of receiving two Letters from you, one dated Feb. 1. and one without a date, but I suppose written the day before. With these I received the Packetts, but there are in them no Letters from my Wife. The Resolution of Congress of the 12 of December, gives me great Pleasure, as it proves that We had the good Fortune to be possessed of the true Principles of Congress and to enter fully into their Views in the Resolutions of last March respecting the Paper Money: but I cannot recollect what were the two Papers, in the Duplicate, more than in the original, there is no minute in the Book to shew.
I assure you Sir I have not had more Satisfaction in the Resolution, than in the affectionate manner in which Mr. Lovel and you, have communicated it to me. I am prepared in my own mind to receive from Congress Resolutions of a different Nature, but of these We will Say nothing untill We see them.
I must beg you to send me a Key to the Cyphers; the Letter is wholly unintelligible to me for want of one. I see by the Journals, that We are authorized to acceed to the Principles of the Empress of Russia but I find no Commission for that Purpose nor any Resolution of Congress authenticated by the Secretary or the Committee. Will you talk with D D Benjamin Franklin and Fun James Searle, about what is proper, to be done?
All Accounts from all Parts of America shew that a great Spirit reigns tryumphant. A Vigour an Elasticity, Appears in all Parts not with standing the Croaking of Sullivan Pickering, and Francisco Silas Deane. The last has been here and gone away without doing me the Honour of a Visit. Rodney and Vaughans Repulse is a grand Stroke a ballance for 5 or 6 Jersey affairs. All Things, in all Quarters conspire to shew that the English will have their fill of glorious War. Gillon’s hour of Sailing is uncertain, not for a long time I fear. Do you learn any Thing of Davis’s Arrival, or Capture, or loss? If I had a Commission, as Minister here, I verily believe I would borrow Money, without it, no Man ever will, in any considerable quantity.


Title: From John Adams to C. W. F. Dumas, 8 February 1781
From: Adams, John
To: Dumas, Charles William Frederic

Dear Sir

Amsterdam, 8 February 1781

Thus you See that I began the Mischief, and I assure you I am ready to finish it, if properly invited, and a very little Invitation will do. I am extreamly pleased with the Modesty of the Resolutions of Congress upon the subject, and not less so with the sublime Language in which a young poetical Genius, first expressed his Feelings in his Motion. This Motion and the Resolution set off, one another.
Pray sir, give me your Opinion whether it is adviseable for me to take any steps in the Business at present. I think it will be proper to publish it, and if you are of the same opinion you will oblige me, by having the whole Extract printed as it is, because I am very ambitious of the Honour of haveing occasioned such fine Compliments to the Empress, and the Display of so much honest Wisdom in Congress.
We have an Abundance of News from America, all which you will see in the Papers, as soon as you will receive this. All’s well still in America.
With great Respect, your humble sert.

John Adams


Title: From John Adams to James Searle, 8 February 1781
From: Adams, John
To: Searle, James

Dr Sir
Amsterdam Feb. 8. 1781

Yesterday I was honoured with yours of the 1. Feb. I agree with you, that affairs look very well at home, but what shall We do with the Croakers? Is it that these Wretches are merely Superficial? or do they only want to magnify their Merit, in being faithfull So what they represent as So difficult a Cause? or are they arnoldized? However I have had So long experience of many of these grunting Grumbletonians, that I dont always Suspect Treason when I hear them Sigh and groan.
Cheasapeak Bay is a fine Trap. Our Allies will help Us catch a grand Flock of Vultures there by and by. I Suspect, they will soon all fly there and to Charlestown from N. York.
Congress are Ameliorating every Thing. Their Aeconomy will Safe half the Expence of the War. I wish they had redeemed the Bills at 70 for one. I dont like however the Penalty, which Pensilvania has laid for taking the Paper at less than Silver. All attempts of this Kind will be eluded, and found vain. I am a mortal Ennemy to all Embargos, Regulations of Prices, or violent Endeavours to preserve the Credit of Paper. They do no good but a great deal of Hurt. I fancy American Grain will be in demand, and Europe must convoy it home or Starve. That Vermont will plage Us a little. I expect to hear that there are one or two there, Arnoldized. It is a Peice of Policy, exactly equal to the British Genius, at this day, to bribe 4 or 5 Fellows there, with a little Gold, and a great many Promises that they shall enjoy their Lands, under the British Government. But it will end in the flight of these Devils a l’Arnoldoise. However England must have a series of Tricks and Pranks to keep up the Spirits of the poor Mob, untill they are wholly undone.

Adieu


Title: To John Adams from Jean de Neufville & Fils, 8 February 1781
From: Neufville, Jean de, & Fils (business)
To: Adams, John

Honourd Sir
Amsterdam the 8th. Feby. 1781

After the late conference yoúr Excellency honourd me with, we should have had the honoúr to answer her most Esteemd favoúr sooner, bútt I am confind to my room, and in want of some information aboút the form of the bonds.
As to the terms Yoúr Excellency pleased to fixe on the Loan, relating to oúr Comission, we can have no objection, we wish chearfully to comply there with; as also, to leave the disposall of the bonds or part of them to Yoúr Excellency or any other Minister here from America, We for oúr Selfs have no predilection for any broker bútt those who may do the greatest service to the Loans.
The brokerage is in generall One half p. Ct. the allowance for the undertakers never fixed bútt I dare say we shall not want to exceed múch there on Yoúr Excellencys expectations; though we have known severall loans in which extravagant premiúms were allowed; and if it may Succeed to oúr wishes and endeavoúrs; we are súre to give yoúr Excellency all possible satisfaction.
With particular regard and veneration we have the honoúr to be Honoúrd sir Yoúr Excellencys most Devoted obedient humble servants.

John de Neufville & Son


Title: To John Adams from William Lee, 8 February 1781
From: Lee, William
To: Adams, John

Dear Sir
Bruxelles Feb. 8. 1781

The Bearer of this, Mr. Brailsford a native of South Carolina, is now on his way to America with the laudable design of serving his Country in the Feild, and being desirous of the Honor of your acquaintance I have taken the Liberty of introducing him to your Civilities, as I am sure you will take pleasure in incouraging such praiseworthy motives as carry Mr. Brailsford to America.

Since my last of the 31 Ultimo I do not hear any material news to be relyed upon, we have a report from France that Rodney has been repulsed at St. Vincents with considerable loss.
I send you the debates in Parliament on the Dutch War, as perhaps you may not have seen so full an Account of them; these you will please to forward to America.
With the highest respect & regard, I have the Honor to remain Dear Sir Your most Obld. & Obed. Hble Servt.

W. Lee

Turn over.
P.S. Pray who is Mr. Sullivan the writer of the Letters.
Sir J. Yorke embark’d yesterday at Ostend for England, which proves his having given up all hopes of success from his intrigues in Holland and Zealand.


Title: From John Adams to Edmund Jenings, 9 February 1781
From: Adams, John
To: Jenings, Edmund

Dear Sir
Amsterdam Feb. 9. 1781

I have this day the Honour of yours of 5. It would be unwise in Congress, to neglect any Effort to induce other Powers of Europe to acknowledge our Independancy, and therefore I am fully of opinion that at least one Minister Should be sent to treat with the Maritime Powers, or rather the neutral Union. For these Powers will all acknowlege our Independance at once, and none of them will do it Seperately. But Spain is a horrid obstacle to every other Courts taking this Step. Spain which is more interested in it, even than France, hesitates, and Jay is hung up, there as I am here, an object of Ridicule. Congress will not exhibit more of these Objects, than are necessary. Every Body Shakes his Head and crys, why dont Spain acknowledge your Independancy? I know the Reason very well but I cant tell it. I think that Reason equally impolitick and ungenerous. But how can We help it? and how can We help it.


Title: To John Adams from Samuel Cooper, 9 February 1781
From: Cooper, Samuel
To: Adams, John

My dear Sir
Boston N.E. Feby 9th 1780 i.e. 1781

Colonel Johonnot who sails in the Frigate Alliance, I expected would have tarried with us a day or two longer. His sudden and unexpected Call to go on Board this Ship which now lies at some Distance from the Town allows me but a Moment to write you. The Colonel can give you all the News. Colonel Laurens who goes in the same Vessel upon some secret and important Errand of Congress is capable of stating to you the present Situation of our Affairs. The raising an Army during the War, goes on more slowly than I could wish; I hope we shall compleat this Business in Time, but Republican Governments, tho the best in the World upon the whole, are not remarkable for Decision and Energy in military Matters. Money is now our great Desideratum. The general Court have made new Arrangements in pecuniary Matters, by a small Majority in the House and a large one in the Senate, and have repealed all Tenders except in hard Money or Paper Equivalent, and gone into other Methods adapted to restore public Credit. We cannot pay the Charges of the War in the Year, and are sensible of the Necessity of Loans. The Resources of this Country are a sure Fund for them; and as they must increase every day, the principal as well as the Interest may be easily paid in a moderate Term of Time upon the Restoration of Peace; It would be to the Advantage of our Allies, and the Neutral Powers to entertain this Idea of us, and aid us in the present Pinch; Without which I am afraid we shall not be able to act in the common Cause as our Friends expect and we wish. Colonel Johonnot goes to France upon a Plan of Business; Your Friendship to him in this will oblige us both. He will see you upon the Affairs of his Son.
Please to accept a Copy of the Discourse delivered by me at the Commencement of a Constitution so much your own. The Call for the Departure of the Colonel is given, and I must subscribe myself, With every Sentiment of Respect and Friendship, Your obedient humble Servant

Saml: Cooper


Title: To John Adams from C. W. F. Dumas, 9 February 1781
From: Dumas, Charles William Frederic
To: Adams, John

Honoured & dear Sir
Lahaie 9e. fevr. 1781

J’ai reçu et vu avec autant de satisfaction la belle et bonne Résolution du Congrès du 5 Octob., que j’ai eu de regret de voir cette Piece publiée trop précipitamment dans la Gazette d’Amsterdam. Sans cela je vous aurois conseillé de renvoyer cette publication de quelques ordinaires; et j’aurois fait avec plus de grace une démarche, qui vous auroit pu conduire tout d’un coup à une liaison importante; démarche que je dois faire maintenant avec moins de grace, et du mieux que je puis, ainsi que vous verrez par la copie ci-jointe d’un Papier qui accompagne ma copie et Traduction de la dite Résolution. Tout ceci absolument entre nous deux seuls. J’aurois bien besoin, pour le bien de notre marche, d’un Entretien avec vous ici, ou à Leide. Si vous ne pouviez pas vous absenter d’Amsterdam, j’irois jusque chez, si vous l’ordonnez. Je n’ai pas vu toute la traduction du Gazettier d’Amstm. Mais j’y ai vu une fausseté sur un point essentiel, qui fera un mauvais effet.
Fiez-vous, Monsieur, je vous en supplie, à mon zele et pour la cause Américaine, et pour vos succès personnels. Entendons-nous bien; et ne soyons pas trop communicatifs en matiere politique envers certaines gens que l’intérêt propre et la jalousie font agir, tant Gazettiers qu’autres. Celui de Leide, à qui j’aurois voulu donner la préference pour cette publication, quand nous en aurions fait l’usage secret essentiel, mérite cette préference par-dessus le Propriétaire de la Gaz. d’Amst., parce qu’il est l’ancien et constant Ami des E.U. depuis le commencement, et que l’autre ne l’avoit point été jusqu’ici. Au reste, ne croyez pas que ce soit mon Amitié pour Mr. Luzac qui soit la premiere cause du chagrin que j’ai de voir cette piece publiée prématurément. Mon regret à ce sujet a un objet plus important. Je porte ce soir la copie et ma traduction là où vous devinerez par la Copie du papier ci-joint. Il faudra, quand nous nous verrons, que nous convenions d’un petit chifre.

La poste part, et il m’est impossible aujourd’hui de repondre à votre penultieme Lettre.
Croyez, Monsieur, que je suis avec le respect & le zele le plus sincere, Votre très humble & très obéissant serviteur

Dumas

Ne faites aucun semblant, Monsieur, ni aucune plainte à Mr. Cer—— de, sa traduction fautive; et n’exigez pas de lui qu’il la répare dans quelque feuille suivante. J’ai de fortes raisons, pour vous comme pour moi, de laisser croire que sa publication ne vient pas de votre part.


Title: Enclosure: A Démarche from Dumas to Prince Gallitzin, 9 February 1781
From: Dumas, Charles William Frederic
To: Gallitzin, Prince Dmitri Alexeivitch

Copie du paper qui accompagnoit la Resolution que j’ai portée ce soir à &c.
Sans égard à une Traduction très fautive que le Gazettier d’Amsterdam vient de donner de la Résolution du Congrès general des Etats Unis de l’Amérique du 5 Oct. 1780, apparamment d’après quelque Gazette Américaine, il est de mon devoir de communiquer à S. E. M—— une vrai Copie, en langue originale, de cette Résolution, telle que S. E. M. J. Adams Min. plenip. des E.U., me l’a fait parvenir, avec ma Traduction, afin que cette Piece puisse parvenir à la connoissance de S. M. I. dans toute son intégrité. Fait à la haie le 9 Fevr. 1781.

(Signé) D—— A. d. E.U.

Au bas de la copie de la resolution qui accompagne ce papier, j’ai mis.
A true copie taken by myself from another of the own hand of the honble. J. Adams M. Pl. from the U.S.

Signed D– A. of the U.S.


Title: C. W. F. Dumas to John Adams: A Translation, 9 February 1781
From: Dumas, Charles William Frederic
To: Adams, John

Honoured & dear Sir
The Hague, 9 February 1781

I have received and have seen with much satisfaction Congress’ great and good resolution of 5 October. Unfortunately it was published precipitously in the Gazette d’Amsterdam. Otherwise, I would have advised you to postpone its publication so that I could have written a more graceful démarche that you could have sent at once to an important liaison. I must now prepare a less graceful démarche as best I can, as you will see by the enclosed copy of a paper that accompanied my copy and translation of the said resolution. All of this is absolutely confidential. For our continued progress, it is necessary that I meet with you here or in Leyden. If you cannot leave Amsterdam, I will go to you if you order it. I have not seen the entire translation by the publisher at Amsterdam, but I did see an error on an essential point, which will make a bad impression.

I ask you, sir, to trust in my zeal for the American cause and for your personal success. Let us clearly understand that we cannot be too communicative about political matters with certain people whose own interests and jealousy will move publishers, as well as others, to take action. The one I preferred for this publication, when we have to do so secretly, is the publisher at Leyden, who deserves this preference over the proprietor of the Gazette d’Amsterdam because he has been an old and constant friend of the United States from the beginning, while the other is hardly so even now. Moreover, do not presume that my friendship for Mr. Luzac is my primary cause for concern in seeing this piece published prematurely. My regret is owing to a more important reason. This evening I am taking the copy and my translation to where you can guess from the paper enclosed. When we see each other, it will be necessary that we agree on a cipher.
The post is leaving, and it is impossible today to respond to your next to last letter.
Believe, sir, that I am with the most sincere respect and zeal, your very humble and very obedient servant

Dumas

Do not concern yourself with or complain to Mr. Cerisier about the defective translation, and do not ask that he correct it in the next issue. I have strong reasons, for both of us, for letting it be thought that the publication did not come from you.


Title: To John Adams from John Thaxter, 9 February 1781
From: Thaxter, John
To: Adams, John

Sir
Leyden 9th. Feby. 1781

I had the honour of yours of Yesterday a few Moments past. I was happy to learn, that the News from our Country is agreable. The Extract from Charlestown furnishes another instance of English Barbarism—another Trait of Despair.
The Resolution Thanks you mentioned were very justly deserved, and an Acknowledgment that ought not to have been omitted. There is another Correspondence, which has an equal Claim to thanks, and I am confident will meet with them. Testimonies of this kind ought to produce some Twinges somewhere.
I pray You to accept of my best Thanks, Sir, for your kindness in offering to answer any Draughts of mine for Money. I ought to be fully persuaded of that, as I am. The Reason of my requesting Mr. Dana to do it was, that he was to make a payment to the same Person. viz Mr. Williams of Nantes.
Will You give me Leave to add my Request to that of Mr. Luzac for the American Papers, if convenient. He wishes much to see them.
The Letter You inclosed was from Mr. Charles Warren, Son of your Friend the General, dated the 3d. of November. He mentions that Mrs. A. and Family were then well. This is a Stroke of Madam W’s. Policy, in setting her Son to write to me. He is an amiable young Gentlemen—and the Letter is so exceedingly complimentary, that I find myself ensnared, and shall be obliged to place an Answer under the Eyes of a good tho’ I hope not a severe Judge.
Dr. Waterhouse desires his Respects and is much obliged by your Information respecting the Time of Hayden’s sailing.

The Young Gentlemen are well. Ils travaillent avec beaucoup d’ardeur, et ils avancent très bien. They desire their Duty.
I have the Honour to be, with perfect Respect, Sir, your most humble Servt.

J. Thaxter


Title: To John Adams from Jonathan Williams, 9 February 1781
From: Williams, Jonathan
To: Adams, John

Dear Sir
Nantes Feb. 9. 1781

Capt. Charles Jenkins of the Brig Sally arrived here this morning to my address, he left Rhode Island on the 12 Jan and reports that affairs were in the same State, the English Fleet in Gardiners Bay and the French in Rhode Island and both armies in Winter Quarters. By this Vessell I received the inclosed Letter which I take the earliest Opportunity to forward.
Were I to attempt to make an Apology for my long Silence I should do it awkwardly for I confess I have not been so attentive to you as I ought to have been and I freely ask your Pardon. I trust you will forgive me and accept of my Future attention as an atonement. I assure you however that for these last six Weeks I have not enjoyed an hours Tranquility on account of Mrs. Williams’s situation Illness and I am sure you have too often experienced the Anxiety of such a Situation to think it strange that even the most Important Correspondence should be neglected. I hope I shall be soon relieved from this uneasiness as Mrs. Williams is much better tho’ not yet out of her Bed.
I am sorry the Wine came in so bad a Condition to Orleans. It went away from me in good Order but I suspect the Boatman is a Rogue. I have not yet drawn for it because I have not heard of your Reception of the Wine I sent from Bordeaux and I wished to make but one affair of it.

I am with great Respect & Esteem Dear Sir Your most obedt Servant
Jona Williams