Title: From George Washington to Henry Laurens, 3–4 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Laurens, Henry

            Sir
            Head qrs White plains August the 3d[–4] 1778

          I do myself the honor of transmitting to Congress a copy of a Letter from General Knox,
            and of sundry observations and remarks on the Ordnance establishment of the 11th of
            February, which I received about the time we marched from Valley Forge. These would have been transmitted before, had it not been for
            the moving state of the Army and a variety of other Objects which engrossed my
            attention. We have found by experience, that some inconveniences have resulted from the
            Establishment, which I conceive, have proceeded principally from the total independence
            of the Commissary General of Military stores, on the Commanding Officer of Artillery. It
            seems some alterations are necessary and what they shall be, Congress will be pleased to
            determine.
          It is not without reluctance that I am constrained, to renew my importunities on the
            subject of the Committee of Arrangement. The present
            unsettled state of the Army is productive of so much disatisfaction and confusion—and of
            such a variety of disputes, that almost the whole of my time is now employed, in finding
            temporary and inadequate expedients to quiet the minds of the Officers and keep business
            on a tolerable sort of footing. Not an hour passes without New applications and New
            complaints about rank—and for want of a proper adjustment of this and many other
            essential points—our Affairs are in  a most irksome and injurious
            train. We can scarcely form a Court Martial—or parade a Detachment in any instance,
            without a warm discussion on the subject of precedence—and there are several Good
            Officers now, who are forced to decline duty, to prevent disputes and their being
            commanded by Others, who upon every principle are their Inferiors; unless their having
            obtained Commissions before them, from the opportunities they had of making earlier
            applications from local circumstances, should be considered sufficient to give them a
            superior claim. There are many other causes of disatisfaction on this head, but I will
            not enter into a minute relation of them. I sincerely wish, that the Gentlemen appointed
            or such Others as Congress may think proper to nominate for the occasion, would
            immediately repair to Camp. The present opportunity is favourable for reducing matters
            to System and order—and from painful experience I know, there is an absolute necessity
            for it.
          I should also hope, that Congress will excuse me, for mentioning again the necessity
            there is for appointing some Brigadiers. The Massachussets, by the resignation of
            General Learned wants One—Pensylvania as General Hand is not here, has but One with the
            Army—Maryland, which has Two large Brigades in the field, has only General Smallwood and
            the North Carolina Troops, since the departure of Genl McIntosh, have been without any.
            As I had taken the liberty upon a former occasion, to offer my sentiments to Congress
            and their Committees upon this subject, I should not trouble them now, if I was not more
            & more convinced that the service required promotions in this line. The frequent changes which take place among the Officers, where
            there are no Brigadiers, are attended with great inconvenience and detriment; and they
            are an effectual bar to the introduction of discipline. In such cases, the Officers
            know, that their command is but temporary—always liable to cease—and therefore they do
            not find themselves sufficiently interested to promote order and subordination; nor will
            the rest look up to them with that respect and deference which are essential. Every
            day’s experience proves this—and shews beyond question, that the Affairs of a Brigade
            can never be in a right train without a Brigadier—or some General to direct them. It is
            certain, these appointments at the first view will add a little to the list of expence,
            but in the end they will be a great saving—and produce many important advantages. We are also a good deal distressed at this time for Major
            Generals; however, as this arises more from the peculiar circumstances and situation of
            many, which prevent them from duty in the line, than from a deficiency in the number
            appointed, I shall not add upon the occasion.

          There is another branch of the Army, which in my opinion calls loudly for the
            appointment of a General Officer—and this is the Cavalry. For want of a proper
            regulating Head in this Corps, the whole has been in confusion, and of but very little
            service; whereas, under a right management, it might be most useful. The principal
            Officers in it do not harmonise, which circumstance with their disputes about rank
            would, were there no other Objections, effectually prevent the Corps from rendering the
            Public the services they have a right to expect—and of which it should be capable. To
            promote any Gentleman now in it to a general command, would not be acquiesced in by the
            rest—(nor do I know that any of them wish it) and it would encrease their
            misunderstanding and of course disorder. I mean to draw all the Horse immediately
            together, when I trust they will be under the direction of a General Officer, appointed
            by Congress for the purpose. Who he shall be, will remain solely with them to determine.
            However, I will take the liberty to add, that he should be intelligent—active—attentive;
            and as far as I can judge, General Cadwalader or General Reed would fill the post with
            great honor and advantage—tho it would seem from the seat the latter has taken in
            Congress and from his late appointment to the Council of pensylvania, as if he had
            declined every military view. The abilities of these Gentlemen, as well as their
            Attachment are generally known—and I am led to beleive that either would be as
            acceptable to the Corps, as any person that can be found; indeed, I have learnt as much from two of the Colonels.
          I have been waiting with the most impatient anxiety to hear of Count D’Estaing’s
            arrival at Rhode Island, but as yet I have not been so happy. My last intelligence from
            thence is a Letter from Genl Sullivan dated at 10 OClock in the forenoon of the 27th;
            when he had no advice of the Fleet. He was in high spirits and from the preparation in
            which matters were, he entertained the most flattering hopes of success in the intended
            Enterprize. The Brigades of Varnum and Glover, with Jackson’s detachment would arrive, I
            expect on the 2d Instant.
          As the Army was encamped and there was no good prospect of a sudden removal, I judged
            it adviseable to send Genl Greene to the Eastward on Wednesday last; being fully persuaded his services, as well in the
            Quartermaster line as in the field, would be of material importance in the expedition
            against the Enemy in that Quarter. He is intimately acquainted with the whole of that
            Country—and besides he has an extensive interest and influence in it. And in justice to
            General Greene, I take occasion to observe, that the public is much indebted to him for
            his judicious management and active exertions in his present department. When he entered
            upon it, he found it in a most confused—distracted and destitute state. This by his
            conduct and industry has undergone  a very happy change—and such as
            enabled us with great facility, to make a sudden move with the whole Army &
            baggage from Valley forge in pursuit of the Enemy—and to perform a march to this place.
            In a word he has given the most general satisfaction and his affairs carry much the face
            of method and System. I also consider it as an act of justice, to speak of the conduct
            of Colo. Wadsworth, Commissary General. He has been indefatigable in his exertions to
            provide for the Army and since his appointment our supplies of provision have been good
            and ample.
          August 4th. At 7 OClock in the Evening yesterday, I received the inclosed
            Letter from Genl Sullivan, with one addressed to myself, a Copy of which I do myself the
            pleasure of forwarding. I am exceedingly happy in the
            Count’s arrival—and that things wear so pleasing an aspect.
          There is another subject, on which I must take the liberty of addressing Congress,
            which is that of the Cloathier’s department. I am perfectly satisfied, that unless this
            very important and interesting Office is put under better regulations—and under a
            different Head, than it now is, the Army will never be cloathed. Mr Mease is by no means
            fit for the business. It is a work of immense difficulty to get him to Camp upon any
            occasion—and no order can retain him there sufficiently long—either to answer the
            demands of the Troops, or to acquire more than a very slight and imperfect knowledge of
            them. This of itself according to my ideas, would make him highly culpable—but there are
            other circumstances. He is charged with inactivity, in not pursuing the best and all the
            means that present themselves, to provide Cloathing. His Agents too, who have been with
            the Army—from inability or a want of industry—or proper instructions from their
            principal, have been very incompetent to the purposes of their appointment. Besides
            these objections, Mr Mease unhappily is represented to be of a very unaccomodating cast
            of temper, and his general deportment towards the Officers who have had to transact
            business with him, has rendered him exceedingly obnoxious. The constant and daily
            complaints against him, make it my indispensible duty to mention these points—and it is
            the more so, as I believe both Officers and Men, particularly the latter, have suffered
            greater inconveniences and distresses, than Soldiers ever did before for want of
            Cloathing; and that this has not flowed more from a real scarcity of Articles—than a
            want of proper exertion and provident management to procure them. It is essential that
            something should be done and immediately, to place the department on a better footing.
            We have now a great many men entirely destitute of Shirts and Breeches and I suppose not
            less than a fourth or fifth of the whole here, who are without Shoes. From the
            deficiences in this line numbers of desertions have proceeded—not to mention deaths, and
            what is still worse, the Troops  which remain and see themselves in
            rags want that spirit and pride necessary to constitute the Soldier.
          I have been informed by Several Officers and by such as I can depend on, that many of
            the late Draughts are willing and desirous of enlisting during the War. I do not conceive myself at liberty to give direction on the
            point and therefore submit it to Congress to decide. However, if they can be engaged for
            the usual bounties allowed by the Continent, after proper precautions are taken to
            prevent fraud, I think the measure will be expedient. It is true our Affairs have an
            agreable aspect at present—but the War may continue and we want men. A third of the time
            of some them, and a half in the case of others, is already expired; and as they will
            rise in their views and become more difficult in proportion as their service draws to a
            conclusion, if the step is considered adviseable, the sooner we attempt to enlist—the
            better in all probability will the work succeed. I have the Honor to be with great
            respect & esteem Sir Your Most Obedt servant

            Go: Washington


Title: General Orders, 4 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To:

            Head-Quarters White-Plains Tuesday Augt 4th 78.
            Parole Bloomendale—C. Signs Andover. Croten.

          The sixth Virginia Regiment being ordered to join the Tenth in the Arrangement of the
            Brigades was a Mistake—it is to continue with the second as usual.
          All Officers commanding Regiments having men who from their state of health will not be
            fit for active service in a short time are desired to make a return of them to the
            Orderly-Office that those proper for the Purpose may be draughted to join the Invalid
            Corps under Colonel Nichola in Philadelphia.
          The several Regimental Pay-Masters are requested to make out a list of the Prisoners,
            Deserters and dead men belonging to their respective Regiments immediately, together
            with the sums that are due each, & file the same with the Auditors, who will
            give them directions in what manner their Accompts are to be made out, in order that the
            same may be adjusted and settled without delay.


Title: From George Washington to John Parke Custis, 4–8 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Custis, John Parke

            [White Plains, c.4–8 August 1778]

          I thank you for your cordial and affectionate congratulations on our late success at
            Monmouth, and the arrival of the French Fleet at the hook—the first might, I think, have been a glorious day, if matters had begun well in the
            Morning; but as the Court Martial which has been setting upwards of a Month for the
            tryal of Genl Lee, is not yet over, I do not choose to say any thing on the subject,
            further, than that there evidently appeared a capitol blunder, or something else,
            somewhere. the truth, it is to be hoped, will come out, after so long an investigation
            of it. If it had not been for the long passage of the French Fleet, which prevented
            their arrival till after the evacuation of Philadelphia—or the shallowness of the Water
            at the entrance of the Harbour at New York, which prevented their getting in their, one
            of the greatest strokes might have been aimed, that ever was; and, if successful, wch I
            think, would have been reduced to moral certainty, the ruin of great Britain must have
            followed; as both army & Fleet must, undoubtedly, have fallen. Count D. Estaign
            with his Squadron are now at Rhode Island to which place I have detached Troops, and
            hope soon to hear of some favourable Adventure there as an attempt will be made upon the
            Enemy at that place.
          After the Battle of Monmouth I Marched for this place, where I have been Incamped more
            than a fortnight. We cut off by the present position of the Army, all Land supply’s to
            the City of New York; and had the best reasons to beleive that the Troops there were
            suffering greatly for want of Provisions, but the French Fleet leaving the Hook, opens a
            door to the Sea, through which no doubt they will endeavour to avail themselves.
          Give my love to Nelly Colo. Bassett and the rest of our friends & be assured
            that I am with sincere regards & affectn Yrs

            Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Major Caleb Gibbs, 4 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Gibbs, Caleb

            White Plains, Aug. 4th, 1778.

          Dear Gibbs:—If your attempt upon Rhode Island should prove
              [fortunate], and I think there is scarce a
            possibility of its failure, unless a superior Fleet should compel Count d’Estaing to
            quit his station; you will have it much in your power to provide for the use of this
            family, many articles of which you know we stand in much need—as also some things which
            I should be glad to procure for my own use—among which I find myself in want of a
            genteel cutting sword.—I do not mean a true horseman’s sword; and yet one fit for
            riding. Many things among the officer’s baggage, if it should happen to fall into the
            hands of our troops, or should be sold by themselves, might be convenient for me; such
            as table and other camp equipage, properly assorted and contrived for stowage.
          To be particular in the recital of my wants I cannot, not having time for
            recollection.—Your knowledge of them, reminded by what you may see, will prove more
            adequate than vague directions. Tea equippage, plates and dishes, bowls, basins, camp
            stools, are essentially necessary;—such of them as can be procured, of materials not
            liable to break, should be preferred.
          The money necessary for the purchase of these things will be advanced by General
            Greene, upon showing him this letter. I most sincerely wish success to the enterprize,
            and much honor and reputation to yourself, being with great truth and sincerity Your
            affectionate,

            GEO. WASHINGTON.


Title: To George Washington from Major General Nathanael Greene, 4 August 1778
From: Greene, Nathanael
To: Washington, George

          Letter not found: from Maj. Gen. Nathanael Greene, 4 Aug. 1778.
            On 8 Aug., GW wrote Greene: “I received your favor dated the 4th Inst.”


Title: To George Washington from Lieutenant Colonel John Laurens, 4 August 1778
From: Laurens, John
To: Washington, George

            Sir,
            Providence 4th August 1778

          I had the honor of receiving your Excellencys letter of the 28 Ulto the day before
            yesterday. The following is a short journal of what has passed since the date of the
            letter which I wrote from point Judith.
          July 25. Our situation at the point being dangerous from the facility with which the
            enemy might land a party in our rear and cut off our retreat, I sent the greater part of
            our pilots to quarter three or four miles out of the cul de Sac—and reserved only a
            sufficient number for

          attending to the signals which we expected—their safety was provided for by a horse
            patrole of militia. A twenty gun Sloop went into Newport harbour.
          26—Recd an open letter from General Sullivan for the Admiral containing his plan of
              operations.
          He informs Count d’Estaign that three entrances to Rhode Island—one East of the Island
            called Seakonnet or the Eastern passage in which there are 2 gallies and one small
            frigate. Another on the west of the Island between it & Connanicut I.—called the
            main channel, in which there are 2 frigates—besides 3 gallies and 2 or 3 frigates at
            New-Port. a third on the west of Connanicut Island—called the west passage in which
            there are 3 Frigates That the enemys land force amount to 7000 men including three
            regiments on Connanicut. He proposes that the Admiral should detach a proper force up
            the east and west channels to take the frigates & galleys stationed there which
            force might afterwards serve to cover the passage of the American troops—from Bristol
            and Tiverton—And that the main body of the Squadron shd block up the principal or middle
            Channel—so as to prevent the escape of the enemys ships—and the arrival of succours.
          his design is to pass all the enemys works on the north part of the Island—leaving a
            sufficient detachment to observe the troops stationed in them—and to advance rapidly to
            the attack of the redoubts which immediately environ the Town—at the moment of this
            attack he wishes the Count to begin his upon the batteries which defend the harbour to
            cannonade the Town—and land his troops in the most favourable place for seconding the
            American attack.
          He refers the Count to a sketch of the country sent by me—as this did not appear to be
            sufficiently accurate and detailed to be satisfactory I wrote to the general entreating
            him if possible to inform the Admiral as nearly as he could—the strength of the profiles
            in each battery—height of parapet—height of the ground above the surface of the
            water—distance to which they might be approached—number of guns and their
            callibers—observing that tho’ from the sketch both the entrance and bason of New-port
            harbour appeared to be subject to a dangerous cross-fire—yet upon a more minute
            investigation they might be found contemptible compared with the force to be employed
            against them—I likewise enquired whether the right and left flank of the enemy’s chain
            of redoubts were not so situated—as to admit of vessels anchoring near enough to fire
            ricochet along the line.
          27th. Two deserters crossed from Rhode Island—they say that the scarcity of provision
            occasions murmuring among the troops—that the new levies are employed in mowing—that the
            French fleet is expected—and the troops are busily employed in raising new works.

          28—A Ship and sloop appear off block Island—two british Frigates beat out of the
            harbour at New-port—but returned towards evening—thick hazy weather.
          29—The Fog cleared away and the appearance of the French Squadron was as sudden, as if
            they had been brought to view by raising a curtain—The gentleman who had the
            superintendence of the pilots did not choose to venture them till the signal agreed upon
            should be given—I went on board the admiral with my dispatches—He informed me that his
            intention was to have gone into New-port harbour and fired the signal there—the receipt
            of Genl Sullivans letter—the expediency of distributing pilots among the ships—and the
            advanced hour of the day—induced the admiral to anchor his squadron off the main channel
            and order two frigates with a tender up the Eastern Channel and the Sagittaire a Ship of
            the line up the west.
          30—The orders relative to the ships and frigates could not be executed till the
            morning—the Sagittaire was fired upon from a two gun battery of twenty four pounders on
            the west side of Connanicut—she returned a broad side and passed it—from an explosion
            which we discovered immediately after we judged that the enemy had blown up their
            magazine and evacuated the battery—the Sagittaire received two slight scratches in her
            hull—Upon the approach of the Aimable and Alcmene frigates in the East channel—the enemy
            set fire to the King Fisher 20 gun sloop—The lamb galley mounting 2 eighteen—2 nine and
            2 six pounders—and sent the spit-fire galley mounting 2 eighteens—2 twelves &
            six six pounders—in form of a fire-ship.
          The latter blew up, soon after the Count de Grasse had caused a grapnel to be fixed in
            her—and while his crew were in the act of towing her off—but neither they nor their
            gallant commander received the least injury—Mr Dorset who boarded the King Fisher with a
            party, with a view of saving her from total destruction—had an escape equally
            providential—the remains of her powder blew up while they were on board—without doing
            them any hurt—Previous to making the gran[d] attack on the batteries in the harbour—the Admiral judged it of
            the greatest importance to make himself master of connanicut Island—The difficulties in
            the way were these—If he were to attack them only on one side—viz.—the western—the enemy
            would have nothing to hinder them from empowering our attack with reinforcements to
            station some ships on the E. side of Connanicut would effectually cut off the
            communication and the admiral would have ordered the ships to run the gauntlet thro’ the
            entrance of the harbour—if they could afterwards have anchored out of the reach of the
            batteries within, but this was pronounced impossible—And to expose them both to the fire
            of the passage, and the more deliberate cannonade  from the batteries
            would be exposing them too much in a preliminary operation—It was determined therefore
            to call upon General Sullivan for a proper number of militia to oppose such
            reinforcements as it was judged the enemy could spare—By the admirals desire Col. Fleury
            and myself set out to represent the importance of the object and ask his assistance. In
            our way we met Genl Sullivan—he informed us that he had several new matters to propose
            to the admiral and judged a conference with him necessary—he was received on board with
            proper military honors—and at his departure the admirals ship was manned, and fired
            fifteen cannon—Gen. Sullivan brought a draught on a larger scale—but a draught which the
            admiral had was infinitely more correct and minute—The Genl informed the Count that the
            enemy’s principal work was on domine hill—that this was
            the highest point in that part of the Island and commanded both the redoubts and the
            Town—that this carried either by storm—or if that were found impracticable, by heavy
            artillery and mortars all the rest would follow of course—here consequently he intended
            to bend his strength, he proposed that the American troops should land on the east side
            of the Island and the French on the west—each to support the other in case of attack—he
            still judged it unnecessary for the Count to make his attack on the batteries—till the
            moment in which the attack on the enemys works should take place.
          This evening some of the outermost ships made signals of the appearance of a fleet the
            squadron was ordered under sail to be in the greater readiness either for chace or
            fight—the vessels from the E. & W. channels ordered out.
          31st The Squadron returned to their Station. The Fleet announced by the signals proved
            to be eight transports convoyed by a Frigate. Some say they were loaded with wood from
            Long Island for New port. It is generally beleived they were loaded with Beef and Flour.
            They put about as soon as they discovered the French Ships and escaped under the Veil of
            Night.
          American privateers men who had landed upon Connanicut and several of the inhabitants
            asserted that the Enemy had evacuated that Island. The Count determined to send a party
            towards Evening to ascertain the facts. Among other plans, it was once proposed that the
            whole fleet should proceed up the West Channel, turn the North end of Conanicut, and
            descend the main Channel, till it should arrive at a proper place for operating. This it
            was urged would avoid the Cross fire at the entrance, and put the ships in a position
            from whence they would be less exposed to the fire of the interior Batteries—But upon
            further examination it was found, that to effect this detour, the ships must either have
            a Wind which would answer both to go up the West  and come down the
            middle passage—or, that after going up with a fair wind they must wait at the North end
            of Conanicut for a favorable change to come down or lastly that they must beat down the
            main Channel. The uncertainty and delay incident to the two first were discouraging—The
            last was declared by the most experienced pilots to be impracticable for ships of the
            line—As the narrow limits of the Channel would not allow sufficient scope for working,
            and missing stays in such circumstances would be fatal.
          By the Admirals desire I went on shore to make some arrangement for the reception of
            the sick and prisoners—and for establishing Signals at point Judith, that he might have
            the earliest intelligence of the approach of any of the enemy’s ships.
          The Admiral sent a party to Conanicut for the purpose beforementioned, their report
            confirmed the accounts of the privateers men &ca.
          1st Augt As soon as the morning Fog which generally prevails at this season, was
            dissipated—The Count landed with a detatchment on Conanicut, in order to reconnoitre the
            Harbour and Batteries of New port. In the Battery on the West side of Conanicut which
            had fired upon the Sagittaire, we found two twenty four pounders spiked up, their
            carriages intire and their heavy ammunition. From thence we proceeded through the
            incampment of the three Regiments, which appeared to have been precipitately abandonned,
            to the Battery on the East side called Dumplins Rocks Battery. The two 24 pounders
            belonging to this, the Enemy had thrown down the precipice on which the Battery stood.
            We discovered them with their carriages at the waters edge below. in both Batteries the
            platforms appeared to have been newly laid.
          From the Heights on the East side of Conanicut we had a very distinct View of the
            Battery on Brenton’s point—the Cannon appeared to be 24 pounders—two fire obliquely on
            the entrance of the harbour—and two directly across.
          The Battery on Goat Island is partly of Earth and partly of Masonry—It has a great many
            embrasures—but we could not discover any Cannon in it—besides it appears to be in a
            ruinous condition and its low situation must make it yield at the first salute from the
            lower tear & Top, as it may be approached to a very convenient distance. The
            Battery on Dyers point appears to be most respectable and has this advantage over
            us—that the Ships of the line cannot approach any nearer than half a mile—but this
            circumstance will only retard our success a little—The Work on Domini Hill appears
            considerable—but the face presented to us is not flanked—we discover Two frigates at the
            upper end of the main passage—some distance beyond the town, An East Indiamen armed as a
            Ship of war (which appears the most respectable Ship of War they have)  and a Frigate between Goat Island and the Town in front of the Town—along the Kuays a
            number of merchantmen and Transports—within Brenton point One Vessel which is said to be
            a fire Ship—We discovered an Encampment just above the Town—Brenton point Battery is
            guarded by a Detachment of Hessians.
          2d—The Admiral disembarrassed his Squadron of the Sick—prisoners & prizes. The
            Two last are ordered to providence. The Sick are in Houses near the North &
            South ferry, up the West passage. Genl Sullivan has appointed a Commissary to supply
            them with necessaries. In this neighbourhood is the watering place for the fleet—the
            daily consumption is so great, that they supply themselves slowly.
          3d  By the Admirals desire Col. Fleury & myself set out for providence to know
            in what forwardness matters are for the land attack.
          4  Early in the morning we arrived at providence.
          what I have gathered concerning the Enemy’s force—and our own is as follows.

              Strength of the enemy previous to reinforcements
              3000

              1st Reinforcement under Genl Brown

               1st Batallion of his Brigade
              344

              2d Reinforcement under Genl Prescott
              1200

                     Total
              4544

              Marines and Sailors
              1000

              5544

          The British Regiments are the 38—43—54—22d—there are Six foreign Regiments & 2
            American Corps.

               General Sullivan has in this State

                Continentals
              2000

                Militia
              3000

              He expects from Massachussets Militia
              3000

                Connecticut
              1000

                New Hampshire
              600

              9,600

          Besides this the Division under the Marquiss de la Fayette, part of which
            arrived yesterday—and part the day before—Several Corps of Volunteers—inclusive of a
            Regiment of Artillery from Boston.
          We shall labour under a great disadvantage in having no brass field pieces of large
            Calibers—The Iron ordnance that we must from necessity use will be very unweildy—From
            the tardiness of the Militia and the necessity of constructing transport Boats, I have
            no hopes of our being ready for action before monday next. General Sullivan exerts himself as much as possible, but he
            cannot hasten the wished for day. The Count D’Estaing’s case is cruel when I consider
            what a noble Squadron he commands—That by a long voyage he missed meeting  the British Fleet at Sea—that by a physical impossibility he was
            obliged to renounce the Splendid enterprize at Sandy Hook—That by new misfortunes he is
            losing the most precious moments—at a time when the Eyes of all Europe are upon him—As I
            think him a great Officer and most respectable man, I cannot but most sincerely feel for
            him.
          In obedience to your Excellency’s command I represented to Count D’Estaing the
            advantages that would result from stationing a Ship of the line in the sound—and the
            practicability of his overtaking the British fleet in such a situation as we would wish
            should the evacuation of New York take place. He was
            perfectly of your Excellency’s opinion in both points—but he seemed to think that the
            attack of Rhode Island would require all his force—and besides it seems to be his
            principle to keep his Squadron together—and not to weaken it by Detachment. As soon as
            the present expedition is over he will be ready to bend his course either to Hallifax or
            Sandy Hook, as the General good may require—If Hallifax should be the next Object, will
            not a co-operation on our parts by land, be necessary, and in that case, will it not be
            advisable to make some timely arrangements.
          Inclosed I transmit your Excellency a Map, which may be useful in illustrating the
            proposed plan of Operations. The french Troops are to
            land on the west side of Rhode Island above Dyers Island. The Americans on the East side
            nearly opposite. We have reason to beleive that the Enemy have abandoned their works on
            the North part of the Island—and have centered themselves within their lines at new
              port. I omitted to mention to your Excellency that
            when the Sagittaire was detached up the west passage—it was represented to the Admiral
            that she was out of supporting distance and was exposed to an Attack from the Enemy’s
            whole naval force. He therefore ordered the Fantasque another Ship of the line to take
            same Station.
          I fear I have tired your Excellency with detail—and hope my next will contain more
            important matter in fewer words. I am with the most inviolable attachment &
            sincere respect Your Excellency’s dutiful Aid

            John Laurens

            P.S. The Admiral has sent a Ship and frigate to take one of the Enemy’s
              frigate’s that is stationed near block Island and gives intelligence of the french
              fleet to every British Vessel that appears.


Title: From George Washington to Colonel William Malcom, 4 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Malcom, William

            Sir
            Head Quarters White plains 4 Augt 1778

          I recd yours of the 30th with the Returns of the Garrison, I should have answered you
            by the same person who brought it, but he did not call upon me.
          It is not in my power at present to add to the Strength of the Garrison, the
            detatchment to Rhode Island having taken every Man that can be possibly spared from this
            Army.
          I think you will do well to send down the Brass 12 pounder to this park.
          If Mr Laurence’s service as a deputy Adjutant General is indispensably necessary, you
            may take him into employ as such, but I should have  thought that
            your Brigade Major with the assistance of the Regimental Adjutants might have done the
              duty. Rations have varied at different times
            according to the scarcity or plenty of Meat and Flour. The Ration at present delivered
            out by you is much the same as the Commissary General proposes at this time, and
            therefore you may continue it. In future direct your Commy of Issues to take his orders
            from the Commy General of Issues.
          It falls into the Qr Master Generals department to see that the Artificers are properly
            employed, and therefore if you think those upon the North River are idling away their
            time, you should apply to Colo. Hay, who will order them to repair to West point or any
            other place where they are wanted.
          I cannot approve of the sentence of the Court against Springsteel, because the Court
            Martial w⟨as⟩ illegally constituted as being held without my order. But that he, or
            capital Offenders may be brought to justice in due form in future, I inclose you a power
            to hold General Courts Martial when necessary.
          Yours of the 1st instant inclosing the weekly return ⟨has⟩ been received. I am Sir Yr &c.


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General William Maxwell, 4 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Maxwell, William

            Sir
            Head Quarters White plains 4 Augt 1778

          I was last Night favd with yours of the 2d with a York paper for which I am obliged to
              you. I have only to recommend to you, to keep a
            vigilant watch upon the motions of the Enemy upon Staten Island, and upon their fleet in
            the Bay. If you procure any certain intelligence that  any
            considerable number of ships are preparing for sea, let me know it immediately, that I
            may communicate it to Count D’Estaing who has arrived at Rhode Island. I am
            &c.

            P.S. direct your spies to be very inquisitive whether they are embarking
              Baggage and Stores and if any troops move from Staten Island whether they go on board
              Ships or up to N⟨ew⟩ York.


Title: From George Washington to Major General John Sullivan, 4 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Sullivan, John

            Dear Sir
            Head Quarters White plains 4th Augt 1778

          I was, last Evening, favd with yours of the 1st instant, which releived me from the
            greatest anxiety, as so much longer than the usual time of passage had elapsed, since
            the Count D’Estaing left the Hook. I am very happy to hear your presages of a good
            understanding between the Count and yourself in respect to command. I wish you had
            mentioned how many of the Enemy’s ships of War were in the harbour, and what stations
            they took upon the arrival of the French Fleet. If their situation should be such, that
            there is no possibility of their escape, I would have you inquire of the Count, whether
            it would be improper, or inconsistent with the Rules of War, to warn them not to destroy
            them upon their peril. You will just suggest this matter, in a transient way, and let
            the Count act as he thinks prudent.
          You must suppose that I shall be most anxious to hear as often as possible from you,
            and I therefore beg you will keep me constantly advised of your operations. Even if
            nothing material should happen in the course of a day or two, just to hear that all is
            well will be a relief to me.
          If you gain any more certain accounts of the strength of the Enemy, than what were
            mentioned in your last, be pleased to transmit them to me. If we can come at an exact
            knowledge of the detatchment at Rhode Island, we can form a truer judgment of the
            numbers remaining at New York.
          I must beg your care of the inclosed for the Count D’Estaing, to whom be pleased to
            present my most respectful Compliments and good Wishes. Be pleased also to deliver the
            letters inclosed for Colo. Laurens and Capt. Gibbs. I
            am Dear Sir Your most obt & humble Servt

            Go: Washington

            P.S. The most certain way of calculating the Enemy’s strength, is first to
              ascertain the number of Regiments, and then endeavour to find out the number of M⟨en⟩
              in them by examin⟨ing⟩ deserters and oth⟨ers.⟩


Title: General Orders, 5 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To:

            Head-Quarters W. Plains Wednesday Aug’t 5th 1778.
            Parole Cromwell—C. Signs Bronx—Ashford.

          The Commander in Chief in very express and positive Terms forbids soldiers to remove,
            burn or otherwise destroy the Rails belonging to the Inclosures in and about Camp and
            expects that Officers of all Ranks will use their utmost Exertions to prevent this
            wanton & injurious Abuse of Private Property, or bring to severe Punishment the
            Offenders.
          The Adjutant General in ordering a detachment for Guards or Scouts is always to mention
            the number of days for which they are to draw Provisions—Notice of which being
            communicated to the Regimental Quarter Masters (thro’ the proper Channel) makes them
            responsible for the men of their respective Regiments that they bring the Provision
            ordered.
          The Commanding Officer of every detachment for more than a day is, before he marches
            from the Parade to inquire if the men are provided  agreeable to
            order and if they are not to lodge the names of the deficient men and the Regiment they
            belong to, with the Adjutant General, who is positively directed to arrest and bring to
            trial the delinquent Quarter-Masters; and if the Commanding Officer of the Party
            neglects to make this Inquiry before he leaves the Parade, he makes himself responsible
            and must answer accordingly. This is to be considered as a standing Order, and all
            Officers are to pay strict obedience thereto, as it hath been found in some Instances
            that a neglect has defeated the End of detachments and in others that the Country People
            have suffered greatly in having their Provisions forced from them to support these
            Parties.
          Major Fish, late Inspector in General Poor’s Brigade is appointed to do that duty in
            General Clinton’s and is to be respected accordingly.
          A Return of Drums, Fifes, Drum heads &c. wanting in the respective Brigades to
            be made immediately.


Title: From George Washington to Colonel Morgan Lewis, 5 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Lewis, Morgan

            Sir
            Head Quarters White plains 5th Augt 1778

          As an expedition against the Indians to the Westward is in contemplation, I desire you
            will give orders to have the Batteaus in the Mohock River put in order and kept ready
            for such an event. Some Waggons and Horses will likewise be wanting should the
            expedition take place, but I would not have you either hire or purchase immediately upon
            an uncertainty, only be making such arrangements, that you can command them suddenly if
            called for. You need not be cautioned to keep the reason of these preparations secret.
            All other matters in your department should also be put into a proper train, to forward
            the expedition should it take place. Genl Schuyler is particularly well acquainted with
            what preparations will be necessary upon such an occasion and I would therefore have you
            consult him. I am &ca.


Title: From George Washington to Captain Thomas Posey, 5 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Posey, Thomas

            Sir
            Head Qrs White plains Aug. 5: 1778

          A few days ago I received your favor dated at New Windsor on the 24th Ulto, but how or
            by whom I do not recollect—As the person, acting as paymaster to your detachment, has
            not applied for their pay; and  as the Officers and Men may have
            occasion for Money, I have drawn a Warrant on the Pay Master at Albany, payable to you
            or your Order for Two thousand five Hundred Dollars, which you
            will find inclosed. I have also written him a Letter of advice upon the subject, which
            you will send with the Warrant when it is presented for payment. You will have to account for this Money & therefore you
            will be careful in taking receipts or proper Vouchers for the disbursement of it among
            the Officers & Men—that you may meet with no difficulty in settling with the
            Auditors. I wish you success—and am Sir Yr Most Obt st

            G.W.


Title: General Orders, 6 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To:

            Head-Quarters White-Plains Thursday Augt 6th [1778]
            Parole Delaware—C. Signs Eden. Franklin—

          The Officers commanding the several Guards are to be pointedly exact in reporting in
            time the Occurrences of the day; at any rate they are not to delay doing this beyond 12
            ôClock, that the whole may be drawn into one view and presented by the Majr Genl before
            3 P.M.
          That the whole Army may be served with the same Ration, the Commissary General is ’till
            further orders to issue as follows, one pound and a quarter of flour or soft bread or
            one pound of hard bread, eighteen ounces of beef, fresh or salt or a pound of Pork or a
            pound of fish and two ounces of butter, a Gill of Rum or Whiskey when to be had; The
            usual allowance of soap and Candles.
          The Major Generals with the Brigadiers and Officers commanding Brigades under them are
            to examine the ground well in front and round about their respective Encampments and
            assign each Brigade it’s Alarm-Post; In doing this, after the Ground hath been
            previously examined, they are to cause the Brigades to be drawn up on such as shall be
            respectively intended for them, that the space required for each may be ascertained.

          A Discharge of three Pieces of Cannon as usual from the Park is to be the signal for an
            Alarm.
          At a General Court-Martial July 27th 1778—Coll Stewart President Doctor Brown of the
            14th Virginia Regiment tried 1st—For going home, not only without the leave but against
            the express Consent of the Commanding Officer, and that at a time too when the
            distressed situation of the Regiment required the Doctor’s particular
            Attention—2ndly—For neglecting to have a furlow, which he said he obtained from Doctor
            Cochran registered as is positively directed in general Orders of the 22nd of December
              last.
          The Court having considered the Charges and the Evidence are unanimously of opinion
            that Doctor Brown is guilty of the Charges exhibited against him, being breaches of 5th
            Article 18th section of the Articles of War and of a General order issued the 22nd of
            December A.D. 1777—but in Consideration of his very bad State of health at the time he
            left his Regiment and his conceiving that a furlow from Doctor Cochran was intirely
            sufficient, the Court only sentence him to be reprimanded in General orders.
          Tho’ the fact stated in the first charge is proved, yet the Commander in Chief cannot
            think that it contains any Imputation of guilt, because by the Establishment of the
            Medical Department, the Surgeon General had a Right to give Doctor Brown a furlow in the
            manner he did, and it appears besides that the Doctors State of health did not permit
            his attendance on the Regiment, his Conduct was certainly blameable in not having the
            Furlow registered as directed by General Orders, an Ignorance of which is the worst of
            all possible Excuses.


Title: To George Washington from Major General William Heath, 6 August 1778
From: Heath, William
To: Washington, George

            Dear General
            Head Quarters Boston Augst 6th 1778

          Some Time in the month of april last Capt. Willoe of the Troops of the Convention, went
            to Canada by the way of Hallifax in order to forward to this Place the Baggage Belonging
            to those Troops—to which by the Convention they had a Right if it was found necessary,
            nothing has been heard of Capt. Willoe Since, General Phillips applies for leave for an
            other Officer to go to Canada by the way of the Lakes—not knowing the Condition of our
            Posts on that rout or whether it would be Prudent to let an Officer go that way. I am
            led to request your Excellencys Opinion & Direction.
          Every Exertion is in Exercise Here for the reduction of Rhode Island The Roads are
            filled with Companies of Militia and volluntiers Three Thousand Militia have been
            ordered to be Drafted, The State Regt of artillery under Colo. Crafts marched Some Days
            Since, as did an artillery Company Commanded by Major Bumstead of this Town, The
            Independent and Light Companies march this Day & to morrow[.] a Large Company
            from Salem and another from Newbury Port Composed of Gentlemen of the first Families
            & Fortunes marched through this Place yesterday and the Day before for
              Providence—General Sullivan has a Train of Field
            artillery Consisting of Thirty Brass 6 and 4 pdrs, Four Brass Howitz Eight or nine Brass
            Mortars—and a Marine one of 13 Inches this latter I have Sent from this Place—Genl
            Hancock Sets out to morrow or Next Day—Brigadiers Lovell and Titcomb are gone with the
              militia—I have the Honor to be with the greatest
            respect your Excellencys most obt Servt

            W. Heath


Title: To George Washington from Captain John Paul Jones, 6 August 1778
From: Jones, John Paul
To: Washington, George

            Honored Sir
            Passy near Paris August 6th 1778

          As the Scene of War by Sea is now Changing from America to Europe I have been induced
            to give up the Command of the American Ship of War Ranger and to continue for some time
            in Europe in compliance with the request of the Minister of the French Marine in a
            letter to our Ministers Plenipotentiary at the Court of Versailles.
          I will not intrude on your Excellencies time even by attempting to pay you the respect
            wh⟨ich⟩ you so Justly Command: the intention of this letter is o⟨nl⟩y ⟨to⟩ beg your
            acceptance of two Epaulettes with which it i⟨s acco⟩mpanied, and which my Freind Mr
            Williams of Nantes has undertaken to forward. I
            expected to have had the honor of delivering this little present into your own Hands—but
            not having that satisfaction If in the meantime I can render you any acceptable Services
            in France I hope you will Command me without reserve being with Sentiments of pe⟨r⟩fect
            Esteem Honored Sir Your very Obedient and Very humble Servant.


Title: To George Washington from Major General Lafayette, 6 August 1778
From: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de
To: Washington, George

            dear General
            providence 6th august 1778

          I have receiv’d your Excellency’s favor by general greene, and have been much pleas’d with the arrival of a gentleman who
            not only on account of his merit, and the justness of his wiews, but also by his
            knowledge of the country and his popularity in this state may be very serviceable to the
            Expedition—I willingly part with the half of my detachement tho’ I had a great
            dependance upon them, as you find it convenient to the good of the service—any thing, my
            dear general, you will order or even wish, schall alwaïs be infinitely agreable to me,
            and I will alwaïs feel happy in doing any thing which may please you or forward the
            public good—I am of the same opinion as your Excellency that dividing our Continental
            troops among the militia will have a better effect than if we were to keep them together
            in one wing.
          You will receive by general Sullivan an account of his dispositions, preparations
            &c. I therefore have nothing to add but that I have been on board of the admiral
            the day before yesterday—I saw among the fleet an ardor, and a desire of doing some
            thing which would soon turn into impatience if we do’nt give them a speedy occasion of
            fighting—the officers ca’nt contain theyr soldiers and saylors, who are complaining that
            they are since four month running after the british without getting at them—but I hope
            they will be soon satisfied.
          the count d’estaing was very glad of my arrival as he could oppen freely his mind to
            me—he express’d the greatest anxiety on account of his wants of every kind, provisions,
            water &c. he hopes the taking of Rhode island will enable him to get some of the
            two above mentionn’d articles. the admiral wants me to join the french troops to these I
            Command as soon as possible—I Confess I feel very happy to think of my Cooperating with
            them, and had I Contriv’d in my mind an agreable dream, I Could not have wish’d a more
            pleasing Event than my joining my Countrymen with my brothers of America under my
            Command and the same standards—when I left Europe I was very far from hoping such an
            agreable turn of our business in the American glorious revolution.
          tho’ I have no account neither reflexions to Give to your excellency as I Am here a man of war of the third rate, I will after the expedition
            scribble some lines to you, and join to the account of general Sullivan the assurance
            that I have all my limbs and that I am with the most tender affection, entire confidence
            in yours, and high respect Your excellency’s Most obedient humble servant

            the Marquis de lafayette

            I beg leave to present my compliments to the family and Monsieur de
              chouïn.


Title: To George Washington from Lieutenant Colonel John Laurens, 6 August 1778
From: Laurens, John
To: Washington, George

          Letter not found: from Lt. Col. John Laurens, 6 Aug. 1778. On 10 Aug.,
            GW wrote Laurens: “I have only to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 6th
            Inst. and to wish that this may find you in the full possession of the object of the
            enterprize” (Df, DLC:GW).


Title: To George Washington from New Jersey Field Officers, 6 August 1778
From: Shreve, Israel,New Jersey Field Officers
To: Washington, George

          Letter not found: from New Jersey field officers, 6 Aug. 1778.
            On 9 Aug., GW wrote Col. Israel Shreve: “I have been favd with a letter of the 6th
            signed by yourself and other Feild Officers of the Jersey Brigade.”


Title: To George Washington from Major General John Sullivan, 6 August 1778
From: Sullivan, John
To: Washington, George

            Dear General.
            Head Qrs Providence Augt 6 1778.

          I have the honor to inform your Excellency that some time since three of the enemy’s
            frigates quited their former stations—sailed to the North end of Rhode-Island and
            anchored between Dyers Island and Bristal ferry—Count d’Estaign on the 4 Inst. meditated
            an attack upon them, and on the 5th issued orders that two of his ships should turn the
            North end of Connanicut Island and give them battle. These orders they proceeded to
            comply with, but on their approach, the English frigates were set fire to, abandoned,
            and entirely consumed, without making use of any means of defence, or shewing the least
            appearance of resistance. Their names & force have not yet been ascertained, but
            when known, shall be transmitted to your Excellency.
          I am sorry to inform your Excelly that the motions of the militia are excedingly
            tardy—I have been but inconsiderably reinforced by the militia of Connecticut—nor do I
            expect much from them—Those of New Hampshire & Massachusetts I am informed are
            on their march and have reason to expect them by saturday next. Your Excy may rest assured that I shall make every previously
            necessary preparation for their reception, so that no time be lost between their arrival
            and the immediate execution of our intended invasion. I have the honor to be &c.
            &c.

            John Sullivan

            P.S. I have this moment learned from certain intelligence that four frigates
              and one tender were destroyed.


Title: To George Washington from Lieutenant Caleb Brewster, 7 August 1778
From: Brewster, Caleb
To: Washington, George

          Letter not found: from Lt. Caleb Brewster, 7 Aug. 1778. On 8
            Aug., GW wrote Brewster: “I have received your Letter of yesterday from Norwalk.”


Title: From George Washington to Henry Laurens, 7 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Laurens, Henry

            Sir
            White plains August 7th 1778

          Yesterday afternoon I had the Honor to receive your favor of the 30th Ulto.

          Major Gibbs is now at Rhode Island. I shall embrace the first safe opportunity to
            transmit him your Letter and the Commission, with which Congress have been pleased to
            honor him.
          Since my Letter of the 3d & 4th Instant, I have received no advices from
            General Sullivan, so that I can give no information of our operations against the Enemy
            in the Eastern Quarter. I am told the Militia of Massachussets & Connecticut
            were collecting fast—and proceeding to reinforce him.
          I have the pleasure to acquaint Congress, that Major General Lincoln arrived here
            yesterday—and that he is happily so far recovered from his wound, as to be able to take
            his command in the line.
          The inclosed paper from NewYork came to hand last night. It contains an account of the
            fire, which unfortunately broke out in the City on Sunday night—and of the damage which
            was occasioned by it. It also contains the latest
            advices that I have seen from Britain—and such as appear to be interesting. I have the Honor to be with great respect & esteem sir
            Yr Most Obedt servt

            Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from William Livingston, 7 August 1778
From: Livingston, William
To: Washington, George

          Letter not found: from William Livingston, 7 Aug. 1778. On 11
            Aug., GW wrote Livingston: “I was favor’d with yours of the 7th in[stant] this
            morning.”


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General William Maxwell, 7 August 1778
From: Maxwell, William
To: Washington, George

          Letter not found: from Brig. Gen. William Maxwell, 7 Aug. 1778.
            On 8 Aug., GW wrote Vice Admiral d’Estaing: “I have just received a letter from
            Brigadier General Maxwell … dated yesterday at nine oClock in the forenoon”; GW also
            wrote Maxwell on 8 Aug.: “I just now rec’d your favor of yesterday.” For quotations from
            Maxwell’s letter, see GW to John Laurens, 8 August.


Title: General Orders, 8 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To:

            Head-Quarters W. Plains Saturday Augt 8th 78.
            Parole Europe—C. Signs Finland. Durham.

          The Regimental Pay-Masters are to apply to the Pay-Master General for Pay for the
            Months of April and May—Those who have not received
            their Ration money since the first day of January last are to apply immediately as the
            Pay Master General is ordered to forward the Accounts to Congress.
          Right Wing to be paid on Monday next Second Line and Artillery on Tuesday and Left Wing
            on Wednesday.
          At a General Court Martial August 4th 78 Coll Hall President, Anthony Matica an
            Inhabitant of this State was tried for supplying the Enemy with Fuel and acquitted.
          Also William Cole on Suspicion of being a Spy and acquitted of the Charge exhibited
            against him; Both are to be released from their confinement.
          At the same Court John Armstrong a Private in Captain Pollard’s Company of Artificers
            was tried 1st “For stealing a Key[“]—2nd For striking and giving abusive language to
            Lieutenant Parker—found guilty and sentenc’d to receive one hundred lashes.
          Also John Duffey a soldier in the Delaware Regiment tried for desertion to the Enemy,
            found guilty and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes.

          The Commander in Chief approves the sentences and orders them to be put in Execution
            tomorrow morning at Guard mounting at the head of the Troops to which they respectively
            belong.
          Lieutt Herbert of the 6th Pennsylvania Regiment is appointed to do the duty of Brigade
            Major in the 2nd Pennsylvania Brigade ’till further Orders and is to be respected
              accordingly.
          After Orders August 8th 1778.
          For the Safety and Ease of the Army and to be in greater readiness to attack or repel
            the Enemy, The Commander in Chief for these and many other Reasons orders and directs
            that a Corps of Light-Infantry composed of the best, most hardy and active Marksmen and
            commanded by good Partizan officers be draughted from the several Brigades to be
            commanded by Brigadier General Scott, ’till the Committee of Arrangement shall have
            established the Light-Infantry of the Army agreeable to a late Resolve of Congress.
          Field Officers for the Corps.

              Colonels—
              Lieut. Colls
              Majors.

              Parker
              Harmer.
              J. Stewart

              Gist
              Simms
              Taylor

              Butler
              Shearman.
              Ledyard.

              Henly—

          Coll Graham’s Regiment to be added to this Corps.
          The details of the several Brigades are to be draughted and got in readiness as soon as
            possible.


Title: From George Washington to Lieutenant Caleb Brewster, 8 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Brewster, Caleb

            Sir,
            White plains Augt 8th 1778.

          I have received your Letter of yesterday from Norwalk.
            Let me entreat that you will continue to use every possible means to obtain intelligence
            of the Enemys motions—not only of those which are marching Eastward, upon Long Island,
            but others—In a more especial manner, I have to request, that you will, by every devise
            you can think of, have a strict watch kept upon the Enemy’s ships of war, and give me
            the earliest notice of their Sailing from the hook—To obtain speedy & certain
            intelligence of this matter may be of great Importance to the French Fleet at, &
            the enterprize on, Rhode Island; for which reason, do not spare any reasonable expence
            to come at early & true information; always recollecting, & bearing in
            mind, that vague, & uncertain accts of things, on which any plan is to be formed
            or executed is more distressing & dangerous than receiving none at all—Let an
            eye also be had to the Transports, whether they are preparing for the reception of
            Troops &ca—Know what number of men are upon long Island—whether they are moving
            or stationary—what is become of their draft Horses—whether they appear to be collecting
            of them for a move—How they are  supplied with Provisions—what
            arrivals—whether with Men, or Provisions—and whether any Troops have Imbarked for Rhode
            Island or else where within these few days. I am Sir Yr Most Obedt Servt

            G. W——n.


Title: From George Washington to Vice Admiral d’Estaing, 8 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Estaing, Charles-Hector Théodat, comte d’

            Sir,
            Head Quarters White plains 8 Augt 1778

          I had the honor last night of receiving your favour of the 3d instant. I most sincerely
            sympathize with you in the regret you feel at the obstacles and difficulties you have
            heretofore encountered—Your case has certainly been a case of peculiar hardship; but you
            justly have the consolation which arises from a reflection that no exertions possible
            have been wanting in you to insure success, the most ample and adequate to your wishes
            and to the important expectations from your command—The disappointments you have
            experienced proceed from circumstances which no human foresight or activity can
            controul. None can desire more ardently than I do, that the future may compensate for
            the past and that your efforts may be crowned with the full success they deserve.
          I have just received a letter from Brigadier General Maxwell who is stationed in the
            Jerseies near Staten Island dated yesterday at nine oClock in the forenoon. Inclosed are
            extracts from it, which contain very interesting information. The terms made use of are so positive and express, that it is
            natural to conclude the intelligence is well founded. Its importance induces me to lose
            no time in communicating it. What may be the real design of this movement can only be
            the subject of conjecture. Unless the fleet may have received advice of a
            reinfor[ce]ment on the coast, which it is gone to join, with intention to bend their
            united force against you, it can scarcely be supposed that Lord Howe will be hardy
            enough to make any serious attempt with his present inferiority of strength. If he
            should it can only be accounted for on the principle of desperation stimulated by a hope
            of finding you divided, in your operations against Rhode Island. this however is a very
               probable supposition—It is more likely, he may hope by making
            demonstrations toward you to divert your attention from Rhode Island and afford an
            opportunity to withdraw their troops and frustrate the expedition we are carrying on. I
            shall not trouble you with any further conjectures, as I am persuaded you will be able
            to form a better judgment than I can, of his intentions and of the conduct it will be
            proper to persue in consequence.
          In order to aid in removing the inconveniences you sustain in the article of water, and
            relieve the sufferings of the brave officers and men under your command, whose patience
            and perseverance cannot be too highly commended, I have w[r]itten to Governor Trumball
            of the state of Connecticut, requesting his endeavours, to collect vessels and load them
            with water at New London for the use of your Fleet—I
            shall be happy if this application is productive ⟨of the desired effect.⟩
          I send you a New York paper of the 5th, which is not unworthy of attention.
          Allow me to assure you of the warm respect and regard with which I have the honor to
            be—Sir Your most Obedt servt.


Title: From George Washington to Major General Nathanael Greene, 8 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Greene, Nathanael

            Sir.
            Head Quarters White plains 8th Augt 1778.

          I received your favor dated the 4th Inst. informing me of your arrival at Providence,
            and the flattering disposition of things in that quarter.
          We have just received an account from Genl Maxwell of Lord Howes sailing from the Hook
            with his fleet of armed vessels early on Thursday morning last. Whether it is to make demonstrations of fighting the Count
            d’Estaign, in order to favor the withdrawing or reinforceing of the troops on Rhode
            Island is not easy to determine. I would hope however that it is not to join a squadron
            from England, or if it is that your operations will be determined before they can
            act.
          Wishing you all manner of success and glory, I am Sir your obt & very hbl.
            servt.

            P.S. you have referred me for particulars to a letter from Genl Sullivan—no such
              letter came to hand.


Title: From George Washington to Lieutenant Colonel John Laurens, 8 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Laurens, John

            ⟨My dear Sir
            Head Quarters White plains 8 Augt 1778

          Yesterday Afternoon I recd your favr of the 4th inst. You have my warmest thanks for
            your indefatigable exertions to promote the intended enterprise agt the Enemy, and my
            sincerest wishes that you may see them crowned with the fullest success. I shall be
            happy if things are in a proper train at the time you mention to begin our
            operation.
          About an hour ago I recd a letter from General Maxwell, dated at Elizabeth Town the 7th
            at 9 oClock A.M. which contains the following paragraphs “I have to inform your
            Excellency that early yesterday Morning Lord Howe sailed out of the Hook, with his whole
            Fleet of armed Vessels. They were out of sight in the Afternoon and supposed to be going
            to Rhode Island. No troops nor transports were thought to be with them.”
          “some transports are drawn up between Governors Island and Yellow Hook, supplied with
            wood, water and provisions. their Number sufficient  to carry three
            Regiments to the West Indies. The Regiments supposed to be going are the 7th 29th and
            71st but they were not embarking.” He adds a Nota bene “No British Fleet is arrived yet,
            that we can hear of.”
          I have written to Count D’Estaing by this Conveyance and⟩ communicated the above
            advices. I have also transmitted him a York paper of the 5th Instant containing British
            intelligence to the 4th of June, from which it would appear that Adml Keppel was then
            watching the Brest fleet.
          Your Journal & Map were very satisfactory and as I am deeply interested in the
            success of our Operations, I need not urge to you my wishes for constant information
            respecting them. What is & what is not are both very material.
          I shall not write to Genl Sullivan by this opportunity. You will be pleased to remember
            me to him. I am Dr Sir with great regard & esteem Yr Most Obt servant

            Go: Washington

            P.S. In a Letter from Genl Greene which came when yours did, he mentions one from Genl Sullivan. If he wrote his Letter
              miscarried.
            I dare say the Count DEstaing has taken the wisest precautions in his power to obtain
              information of any Sea-movements of the Enemy on our Coast—& particularly of
              the approach of any fleet towards him. I hint however to you—that if he has not already done it, I think he might employ light Cruizers
              off Rhode Island & the South side of Long Island to answer important
              purposes.


Title: To George Washington from Andrew Lewis, 8 August 1778
From: Lewis, Andrew
To: Washington, George

            Dear General
            Fort Pitt August 8th 1778

          I have been asked in such a Manner by the Board of this State to attend as a
            Commissioner in this quarter that I knew not how to refuse tho I had but little hopes of
            having it in my power to be of real Service,  as a Treaty with the
            Indians I believed to be what was principally in View.
            I arrived at this place on the 1st Instant but found neither Indians, Agent, or
            Commissioner, from the State of Pennsylvania nor the Instructions which I was told would
            be found on my Arrival at this place, I shall wait an Answer to a letter sent on this
            Occasion to Congress that I may know the Cause of all the Disappointments and
            Embarrasments that seems unhappily to attend what was had in prospect.
          I am confident that your Excellency will think with me that at a Time when our
            extensive Frontiers in every Settlement of this State as well as Pennsylvania are dayly
            ravaged by the depredations of a combination of all the Savage Tribes (except a few of
            the Delawares who seem to be friendly disposed) nothing can be expected by a Treaty
            before they are heartyly drubbed into a peacifick dispositition. And this leads me to
            mention something of the present embarrassing Circumstances of General McIntosh who is
            crossed in all his expectations, disappointed in the Levies that were to join his few
            Regulars, the Provisions of Flesh laid in last Winter damaged, unacquainted with what
            further Supplys he may be furnished with or when it may be expected, the Savages
            frequently Murdering & Scalping without having it in his power to afford
            protection even in the defensive way, the Season of the year far advanced, and in every
            respect without having the least prospect of effecting any thing that can redound to his
            credit or the safety of the Inhabitants, and tho he has had no regular Notice that
            Congress has laid aside the Scheme of attacking Detroit this Year, yet from the
            backwardness above mentioned as well as from a representation & Opinion of the
            Board of this State to Congress, he has reason to believe it will be the case; but however that may be the Attacking of that Post this Year
            however Necessary is altogether out of the Question. this being the case I hope your
            Excellency will pardon the freedom I take when I say that unless General McIntosh be
            enabled to carry the War into the Indian Countrys this Year the Savages will become more
            and more Insolent, and the back Settlements depopulated, in short nothing but Murder,
            Burning, Devestations, and wretched Captivity can be expected. I hope in god that
            matters has or will take such a turn in your favour that your Excellen[c]y will be able
            to reinforce the General so that a check may be given the Indians in the Offensive way
            and in the mean Time preperations effectually made for the Reduction of Detroit next
            Year.
          Were it not that I am apprehensive for the safety of my Family as well as the back
            Inhabitants in general I could be happy in my retirement, And I hope Congress are happy
            in the proofs they have given of their Infallibility in giving promotion out of the line
            of Seniority, tho some think  that suspension & the
            proceedings of a General Court Martial are against it—I
            am Your Excellency Most obedt and very Humble servt

            Andw Lewis


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General William Maxwell, 8 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Maxwell, William

            Sir,
            Hd Qrs [White Plains] 8th Augst 1778

          I am uncertain whether you may not already have a party somewhere in Monmouth County
            but however this may be, it is my wish you should without delay have one of 50 Men
            stationd under a very vigilant and intelligent Officer, at some place in that County
            most convenient for commanding a view of the Hook & its environs; in order to
            watch the motions of the Enemy’s Fleet and to advise me from time to time of every thing
            that passes. of all Vessels that arrive to them, or go out from them. Lt Colo. Brearly,
            Ray or Major Howel would either of them be very proper for this business. I would wish
            the officer who is to have the charge of the party to go instantly on & his
            party to follow as soon as possible. If you have any Militia Horse it would be
            desireable to send a few with him, & to remain with the party.
          For conveying any important intelligence with dispatch, I inclose you a letter to Mr
            Caldwell directing him to station expresses at proper  distances
            between the party you send and Elizabeth Town;
            & I shall expect whenever it comes to you, you will not lose a moment in
            forwarding it to me, by a trusty hand, on whose activity & care you can depend;
            and when there is any thing particularly interesting you will send duplicates for fear
            of accidents. as the obtaining good & certain intelligence is a matter of great
            importance to us, I must intreat you to continue you[r] other exertions for procuring
            such as may be depended on—I am &c.

            G. W——n

            P.s. I just now rec’d your favor of yesterday & the intelligence it
              contains respecting the Fleet seems so certain that it cannot well admit of a
                doubt—Yet should it be otherwise, I must request
              you to give me the very earliest information of it. The importance of such a
              circumstance you must be fully sensible of, & therefore I make no doubt you
              will upon similar occasions have the fullest proof before you hand it to me as fact—I
              have transmitted a Copy of that part of your letter which Count D’Estaign is so
              materially interested in, to him. You will be pleased
              to Seal the inclosed before you forward it.
            Copy
            G. W——n


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General John Stark, 8 August 1778
From: Stark, John
To: Washington, George

            Dear Sir
            Head Quarters Albany 8th August 1778

          since my last nothing Extraordinary has Turned up, in
            this Department, Except Seven Deserters from Canada, who shall be sent to you as soon as
            possible—Colo. Butler has sent four Torys from the frontiers—I Inclose you a Letter
            found with one of them, & am in hopes by this time that the Writer is a Prisoner
              Likewise.
          I am Informed that forty Indians, from the Enemitical Tribes, are on their way to this
            place, to make a Treaty with us, while their young men are Cutting our throats—I think untill their Insolence, is Chastised in a Severe
            Manner, we never can Expect peace in this Quarter.

          the Bearer hereof Majr Quackingbush, h⟨as⟩ found 55
            Shells, 12 Boxes Musquet Balls, one Vice, & one pair Handscrews, in the River,
            near Saratoga, it is Reported that the Enemy Sunk some Cannon in the River, before their
            Surrender last year, should think a further Search would be Necessary, but by Reason of
            the Scarcity of men, in this Department, it has been Neglected. I am Sir with Great
            Respect Your Humble Sevt

            John Stark


Title: To George Washington from Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin Temple, 8 August 1778
From: Temple, Benjamin
To: Washington, George

            sir
            [Virginia] August 8th 1778.

          I am exceedly unhappy to find in your’s to Colo. Bland of July 22d, after all the pains
            and fatigue I have taken to be censured about the clothing of the Regt; I do not know
            what Colo. Bland has inform’d your Excelly nor do I know what is meant, by the greatest
            part of the clothing, I have engaged should have been apply’d for other purposes, by Mr
            Finne, he only made use of one hundred & thirty four Shirts, after I had given
            him a receipt for them, I can with truth, assure yr Excelly that altho I lost many
            articles, that I had engaged, when I first came in, for the want of money, I have long
            since compleated that business, with a sufficient quantity of every article to
            compleatly cloath every man, in the Regt except Boots, they may want a few pair, which I
            inform’d your Excelly were not be had, and I doubt not
            but they will be as well equipt as Colo. Moylands, or Colo. Sheldens Regts, and might
            been at Camp two months ago, if I had not received orders from Colo. Mead and Colo.
            Bland to remain in Virga to assist him in purchasing accoutrements, which was by no
            means agreeable, as the Tradsmen expect ready money, for every thing they do, and I have
            not yet been furnish’d with money to comply with my engagments for the clothing, and not
            one shilling till the month of June, I got Ten thousand Dollars of Mr Finne, I have
            engaged Sixty setts of accoutrements, which will be compleat in ten days, and have
            promised the tradsmen, they shall have the money as soon as the work is finished, On
            application to Colo. Bland, who promised to pay the money when done, he informs me he is
            quite out, and has sent me an order on Colo. Baylor which he refuses to pay, in this
            disagreeable situation have I been ever since I have been in Virga the inclos’d letter
            will show that my long stay in Virga was by no means my wish, and that I have not been
            imploy’d solly in procuring clothing, I am with great
            respect Yr Excelly Mo. Obt Hhble Servt

            Benja. Temple


Title: General Orders, 9 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To:

            Head-Quarters W. Plains Sabbath Augt 9th 1778.
            Parole Gadsden—C. Signs Hatfield Ipswich.

          Lieutenant Coll Russell will take Command of the 10th Virginia Regt until further
              orders.


Title: From George Washington to Henry Laurens, 9 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Laurens, Henry

            Sir
            White plains August 9th 1778

          At 10 OClock last night the Inclosed Letter came to hand from General Sullivan with one
            addressed to myself, a Copy of which I do myself the honor of transmitting. The Enemy seem determined that none of their Ships of War shall
            fall into the Count D’Estaings hands.
          Yesterday I received a Letter from Genl Maxwell dated at 9 OClock A.M. on the 7th at
            Elizabeth Town, containing the following paragraph. “I have to inform your Excellency
            that early yesterday morning Lord Howe sailed out of the Hook with his whole fleet of
            Armed Vessels. They were out of sight in the afternoon and were supposed to be going for
            Rhode Island—No troops or Transports supposed to be with them.” His Letter also had the
            following Nota bene—“no British fleet arrived yet that we can hear of.” General Maxwell’s information respecting Lord Howe’s sailing
            from the Hook was stated in such pointed and positive terms, that I thought it my duty
            to communicate it to Count D’Estaing, and accordingly I dispatched an Express with it,
            in a very little time after I was advised on the subject, subjoining a copy of this Nota
              bene. I have the Honor to be &c.

            Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Henry Laurens, 9 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Laurens, Henry

            Sir
            [White Plains, 9 August 1778]

          Mr Fuhrer & Mr Kleinsmit have lately left the
            British lines and come in to us. The account they give of themselves is this—That they
            had been first lieutenants in the Hessian Corps—were taken prisoners at  Trenton, resided during their captivity at Dumfries in Virginia—were
            lately exchanged and have since resigned their commissions—That having solicited
            permission to come out from the enemy and being refused, they determined to leave them
            at all hazards, and have now put their design in execution. The circumstances of their
            captivity are known to several Officers in our army.
          They are desirous of entering into our service, observing that there are a number of
            German Officers in the same disposition with themselves, who will resign and join us, if
            they find that these meet with proper countenance. It appears to me, that important
            advantages may attend the encouraging a disposition of this nature, if it really exists,
            which is far from being impossible; from the influence it will necessarily have upon the
            soldiery, by increasing that spirit of desertion and discontent, which already prevails
            among them.
          Congress will best judge of the propriety of employing these Gentlemen. I have been thinking in what manner it might be done; and the
            mode least exceptionable, which at present occurs to me, is to authorise them to raise a
            Corps for themselves, by inlisting such German inhabitants, and such of the prisoners
            and deserters from the foreign troops, as may be willing to engage. The Corps at first
            as it is only by way of experiment need not be large; but may be afterwards encreased,
            as circumstances shall point out. This measure, I apprehend, cannot be attended with any
            material inconvenience and may be productive of utility. If the Gentlemen are employed
            at all it must be in a new Corps, as they could not be introduced into any of those
            already formed, without injuring the Officers in them, and producing dissatisfaction,
            murmurs and resignations.
          I have sounded them on the plan here suggested and they seem to be very sanguine in
            it’s success and anxious to undertake it. They expect some augmentation in ra⟨nk⟩ and
            indeed it seems necessary in order the more effectually to interest others to follow
            their example; but caution should be used not to carry the idea too far, because besides
            other weighty considerations, the higher the rank conferred on them, the more difficult
            it will be to provide for those, who may hereafter come to us and who will of course
            frame their expectations by comparison. I have the honor to be With the greatest
            respect, Sir Your most Obedt Servt

            Go: Washington

            P.S. An additional grade to the rank they held in the corps they come from
              will in my opinion be sufficient.


Title: From George Washington to Colonel William Malcom, 9 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Malcom, William

            Sir
            Head Quarters White plains 9 Augt 1778

          I recd yours of the 7th with the weekly returns enclosed. I have not the least
            objection to making Robinsons House an Hospital if it is convenient. Doctor Treat must
            apply to the director General for the necessary Stores.
          I desire you will immediately order a sufficient number of Artificers from Windsor to
            Fort Arnold to build a Bomb proof Magazine and such other works as may be necessary.
          If you can contrive to man the Gun Boats when they are fitted, I am very willing that
            they should be kept at the Fort: I cannot spare a sufficient number of men from the line
            for that service. the Regiments  are already too much reduced by the
            draughts for Waggoners &ca. One of the purposes, for which Colo. Warner wanted
            an officer stationed at Fishkill, was, to receive the draughts coming from
              Massachusetts; but as the remainder of the draughts
            are ordered to join Genl Glover at Rhode Island, he will not have that duty to attend
            to. An Officer will notwithstanding be wanting there and the one, you had sent, may
            remain. I mean that that post and Windsor should be included in your command.
          Last winter, owing to the necessity of the case, the commanding Officers of Corps drew
            Hydes to exchange for shoes, but as much inconveniency has arisen from that mode, a stop
            has been put to it. If the Officers know of any persons who have shoes to dispose of,
            they must direct them to the Cloathier who will purchase them, and they must then draw
            them from him. This is putting the Business in its regular line. I am &c.


Title: From George Washington to James Mease, 9 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Mease, James

            Sir,
            Head Qrs [White Plains] Augst 9th 177[8]

          Major Clough has informed me thro Capt. Smith that he has lately received a letter from
            Colo. Baylor by which he is made acquainted that he has not been able to procure any
            Cloathing for the use of his Regt. As it is represented
            to me that they are much in want, you will deliver to Major Clough’s order such articles
            as he may demand or you be able to supply him with. I
            am &c.

            G. W———n


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General Thomas Nelson, Jr., 9 August 1778
From: Nelson, Thomas Jr.
To: Washington, George

          Letter not found: from Brig. Gen. Thomas Nelson, Jr., 9 Aug.
            1778. On 20 Aug., GW wrote Nelson: “Since writing the foregoing, I have been favoured
            with your Letter of the 25th Ulto from Baltimore, and 9th Instt from Philadelphia.”


Title: General Orders, 10 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To:

            Head-Quarters W. Plains Monday Augt 10th 1778.
            Parole Killingsly—C. Signs Lynch. Munster.

          Lieutenant Colonel Carlton is appointed to take command of the Post at Terrytown.
          Ensign Alexander Benstead of the 10th Pennsylvania Regiment is appointed Pay-Master to
            the same.


Title: From George Washington to Major General Lafayette, 10 August 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de

            My dear Marqs,
            White plains Augt 10th 1778

          Your favor of the 6th Instt which came to my hands yesterday, afforded a fresh proof of
            the noble principles on which you act, and has a just claim to my sincere &
            hearty thanks.
          The common cause, of which you have been a Zealous supporter would I know, be
            benefitted by Genl Greene’s presence at Rhode Island, as he is a native of that
            State—has an interest with the People—and a thorough knowledge of the Country—and
            therefore I accepted his proffered Services—but was a
            little uneasy lest you should conceive that, it was intended to lessen your Command.
            Merely as Qr Master Genl, Genl Greene did not incline to act in a detached part of the
            Army; nor was it to be expected; It became necessary therefore to give him a Command,
            and consequently, to divide the Continental Troops. Your chearful acquiescence to the
            Measure, after being appointed to the command of the Brigades that Marched from this
            Army, obviated every difficulty, and gave me singular pleasure.
          I am very happy to find that the Standards of France & America are likely to be
            united under your Commd at Rhode Island—I am perswaded that the supporters of each will
            be emulous to acquire honor, & promote your glory upon this occasion.
          The Courier to Count D’Estaing is waiting, I have only time therefore to assure you,
            that with the most perfect esteem, & exalted regard, I have the honor to be My
            dear Marqs Yr Obedt & Affecte Servt

            Go: Washington