Title: To George Washington from Elias Boudinot, 13 November 1777
From: Boudinot, Elias
To: Washington, George

Camp White Marsh [Pa.] 13th Novr 1777

The Commissary General of Prisoners begs leave to report to his Excellency, that he has attended to the Letter deliver’d him from General Howe of the 6th Inst. With regard to the Complaint made therein against the Commissary of Prisoners, Mr Boudinot is greatly surprised at a Charge as unexpected as it is unjust: Mr Boudinot assures his Excellency that since his Appointment he has never received a Complaint from either Officer or Private of any improper treatment, or even a Wish to have it alter’d from what it was, unless to be exchanged.
The first Information of the Prisoners being in want of Cloaths that was given him was by his Deputy Mr Ezekiel Williams of Hartford, in a Letter dated September 13th and received the latter end of the Same Month—This he communicated to Mr Pintard at New York in an open Letter of Sepr 28. Not receiving any Answer, the same Facts were Communicated to Joshua Loring, Esq. by Letter of the 6th October,

which is yet without an Answer. Sometime in October Mr Boudinot received a Letter from Major Edminston at Easton with the like Complaint in respect to the Officers & Privates in that Town, & requesting to have Liberty to Send an Officer into New York. Being then confined by Sickness, as soon as Mr Boudinot was able to write he gave Mr Loring the Substance of this Letter as to the Wants of the Prisoners in one dated November 3d at the Same time mentioning that he was informed that other Corps, particularly the Hessians were in the like Predicament. To none of these Letters has Mr Boudinot received any Answer, from all which His Excellency will judge of the Propriety of the Complaint, which appears the more extraordinary, as so many of our Officers have been Suffering a close Confinement in the Enemys Provost Guard in New York ever since their Capture, in some Instances upwards of twelve Months.
As to the Charge of Several of the Prisoners “being injuriously & unjustifiably loaded wth Irons” he can only answer for those Prisoners of War under his Care, none of which have ever been even Confined, farther than is constantly used & justified on the Common Principles of Safe Custody; and Mr Boudinot has never received any Complaints on this Head against any of his Deputies, who are all Men of Character & Moderation.
Mr Boudinot cannot, omit this Opportunity again to remind his Excellency of the many Complaints he has received personally, & from the Examination of a Number of the unhappy Sufferers of the Treatment our Prisoners receive in New York; upwards of three hundred of them being closely confined within the Walls of a Small Sugar House, & kept on a very Scanty Allowance Scarcely Sufficient for the Support of Nature, while the Enemy’s Prisoners with us (where they have not a Commissary) are allowed full Rations, with the Liberty of going out in the day time, and in many Instances working out where they please in the Neighbourhood of the Places of their Confinement.
Mr Boudinot is fully Satisfied in his own Mind with his Conduct to those under his Care, on the principles of the most generous Humanity he can only receive an Addition in his Excellency’s approbation.

Elias Boudinot Commissary Genl of Prisoners.


Title: From George Washington to Maj. John Clark, 13 November 1777 [letter not found]
From: Washington, George
To: Clark, John Jr.

Letter not found: to Maj. John Clark, Jr., 13 Nov. 1777. Clark’s letter to GW of 12 Nov. is docketed in part “Ansd 13th.”


Title: From George Washington to Major General William Heath, 13 November 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Heath, William

Dr Sir
Head Qrs [Whitemarsh, Pa.] Novr 13th 1777

In my Letter of the 5th in Answer to your’s of the 22d Ulto, I mentioned, that it was not our interest to expedite the passage of the prisoners to England. Upon a review of the matter, I am more & more convinced of the propriety of the observation. The most scrupulous adherence on the part of the Enemy to the Convention of Saratoga,

will justify their placing the prisoners in Garrisons, as soon as they arrive in Britain, and will enable the Ministry to send out an equal number of Troops to reinforce Genl Howe—or upon any other service against these States. This being the case, policy & a regard to our own interest are strongly opposed to our adopting or pursuing any measures to facilitate their embarkation & passage Home, which are not required of us by the Capitulation. If by our exertions these ends are promoted, Our generosity will be rewarded, in the arrival of as large a Force, by the end of March or early in April for the purposes suggested above. These considerations lead me to observe, that it is highly probable, Genl Burgoyne will apply to you or perhaps to the Council of the State, to dispense with the Articles of Convention, so far as they respect the port for their embarkation, and to change it from Boston to some place in Rhode Island or in the Sound. I know he has received a hint upon the Subject from Genl Howe. Should such a requisition be made, it ought not to be complied with upon any principles whatever. It cannot be asked as a matter of right, because by the Articles, Boston is assigned as the port. It can not be granted, as a matter of Favor, because the indulgence will be attended with most obvious & capital disadvantages to us. Besides the delay which will necessarily arise from confining them to Boston, as the place of departure, their Transports in a voyage round at this Season may probably suffer considerable injury, and many of them may be blown as far as the West Indies. These considerations, and Others, needless to be added, have struck me in so important a point of view, that I have thought it expedient to write you by Express. Captn Vallancy, who came with Genl Burgoyne’s dispatches, left this on his return Yesterday morning, and I make no doubt in a little time after his arrival, Genl Burgoyne will request the port of embarkation to be altered. Independent of the impolicy of granting the requisition, It appears to me, that none have authority to do it but Congress themselves. I am Dear Sir with great respect Yr Most Obedt Servant

Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Henry Laurens, 13–15 November 1777
From: Laurens, Henry
To: Washington, George

Sir
York [Pa.] 13[–15]th Novemr 1777

Since my last of the 7th I have had the honour of reporting to Congress Your Excellency’s favors of the 8th & 10th Currt.
The Chairman of the Treasury Board in answer to my pressing intreaty for dispatch to replenish your Military Chest has desired me to inform your Excellency—“that from the removal of the Office from Baltimore & philadelphia the Money department has been greatly obstructed but that the utmost diligence Shall be exerted to forward a Supply of Money to the pay Master General as soon as possible.”
Our Treasury is nearly exhausted a circumstance the more unfortunate as it happens in the moment when demands have conspired which exceed all former Sudden Calls—I trust there will be no necessity for further urging the Board, if there Should be, I will not fail to do every thing proper on my part to ward off the impending Evil of being more deeply involved in Arrears to the Army.
I return the most Sincere thanks for your Excellency’s polite compliments on my appointment to the Chair in Congress, a determination equally unthought of & undesired by me, former experiments had instructed me to know & to wish to Shun the labour & variety of trouble attendant upon a faithful discharge of the Duty of president. while I continue in that Office & enjoy the honour of your Excellency’s correspondence & confidence, it will be impossible for me to be wittingly deficient in any mark of Esteem for a Character, which, after holding near twenty Years in a respectable light, I have learnt to revere. Let me also assure your Excellency, there are no incentives which could prevail on me to Spend another day of the fragment of my Life in this or any public Station, but the Love of Country.
I am indeed conscious of the narrowness of my abilities for discharging the trust reposed in me with a propriety even to my own Satisfaction, I nevertheless dare trust my Self, for diligence, integrity &, at all hazards, for an unwearied attention to the Interests of the United States of America.
Sir, I am incapable of flattering I hope incapable of an approach to the view, but I should be ungrateful, or unfeeling, if I did not add, that I am perfectly happy under a persuasion that every error or failure of duty which may appear in the process of my present Task will be interpreted & considered by Your Excellency with that Candor for which you have ever been distinguished.
Congress from all appearance are well Satisfied with the measures taken by Your Excellency with respect to the Frigates above Philadelphia & the disposition of part of the Northern Army, the Resolves

of the 5th were certainly formed while an opinion prevailed that Fort Clinton was garrisoned by the Enemy & apprehensions of their gaining a formidable footing—on Hudson’s River fixed in every mind.
Your Excellency will receive with this a packet containing Commissions for the Field Officers of the Pennsylvania Regiments in Conformity with the arrangement by the Board of Officers, this business has occasion’d some delay of the present Express, it was reported to me that there were no blanks & I was under that mistake obliged to send to Lancaster for a new impression—The Resolutions of Congress on that branch will accompany the Commissions.
14th While I was attending Congress this Morning your Excellency’s Letter of the 11th was brought into the House & reported—a Report relative to Claims by French Officers happened to be a Subject in debate which continued till adjournment, I am now returning to Duty in the Same place & will apply for directions what answer to return on the important article of Clothing.
It is a Rule in Congress to commit Letters to the consideration of particular Boards these being dispersed in different parts of the Town & governed by Rules of their own for meeting, it is not always or I should rather say, ’tis Seldom in the power of the President to answer with that dispatch which may seem necessary, this may give no information to Your Excellency, yet but my being uncertain in that particular, I think the intimation not improper in order to account for any apparent omission on my part.
Under Cover with this your Excellency will find Copies of Resolves of Congress.
11th Inst. Ordering Commissions to be granted to Officers in the department of the Commissary general of Military Stores—The Commissions are Issued accordingly.
the 10th directing Your Excellency to cause a Strict enquiry to be made into the conduct of Lt Reynolds as Set forth in certain depositions to which the Resolve is annexed.
14th Relative to Clothing for the Army & continuing the powers with which Your Excellency was vested on the 17th Septemr last, to the 1st March next unless Sooner revoked.
14th Permitting Genl Schuyler to attend to his private affairs till further Notice.
to the same effect respecting General St Clair with the addition of an Order, that a Warrant Issue for 150000 Dollars to be remitted to William Bedlow Esquire deputy paymaster at Fish Kill.
it may not be amiss to intimate to Your Excellency that the liberty granted to Major Genl Schuyler followed a Motion founded on a Letter received by a Member of Congress from the General—that to Majr

Genl Sinclair proceeded from the appearance of his Name Subscribed at a meeting of a board of Officers.
& by Special order I am to transmit a Copy of that Resolve to himself.
the Resolve relative to Clothing backed by a second Address to several of the Neighbouring States will shew that Congress have not been inattentive to the necessities of the Army, whatever remissness may appear elsewhere, there are parcels of Clothing at New Orleans at Charles Town & at Boston the property of the United States, measures are now taken which I hope will bring the whole forward & Some parts very soon—besides these I this Morning dispatched Orders to Boston for purchasing in private hands a quantity of Clothing Sufficient as Majr Genl Heath has informed for about 10000 Men & also a large quantity of Shoes, the public are indebted to the vigilance of Majr Genl Heath for this discovery he not only sent Notice by an Express Messenger that Such articles were to be purchased at Newberry Port & Salem but has Secured a preference to Congress—upon this very important occasion I will move Congress for leave to Send duplicates by a Second Express in order to guard against possible accidents of delay or miscarriage.
A report was this Morning 15th made by the Board of War on the “Opinion of the Officers of the Virginia Line” & recommitted.
Among other papers in the present dispatch will be found a packet containing Nine intercepted Letters for persons with the Enemy, these have been inspected & are now Submitted to your Excellency’s disposal.
Congress have ordered additional Sums to be paid to the French Gentlemen of Mr Du Coudray’s Suite & Some others—Resolved to give Monsr St Colombe a Captain’s Commission & appear determined to Stop there—Some Brave Troops who are not provided for I fear will be reduced to piteous circumstances & must be relieved from private purses or Suffer the most grievous inconveniencies. I remain with the greatest respect & esteem.


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General James Mitchell Varnum, 13 November 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Varnum, James Mitchell

Sir,
Head Quarters [Whitemarsh, Pa.] 13th November 1777.

I wrote you two Letters yesterday, the first contained positive orders to maintain the Fort on Mud Island at all events, the second in consequence of subsequent advices from you gave discretionary powers to evacuate the post—and a Copy of it was sent to guard against miscarriage—I refer you to its Contents and repeat that I would have a show of defence kept up as long as possible, by such a number of men as you shall judge necessary—the importance of delaying the farther progress of the Enemy and preventing their making a Lodgement on the Island is too obvious to need my insisting upon it—In addition to the perseverance of the Garrison, I think an Enterprise of a more active nature might be carried into execution in concert with a detachment from the Fleet, I mean a descent upon Province Island for the purpose

of spiking the Enemy’s Cannon and levelling their batteries, which would considerably embarrass them and gain us a great deal of time—this is proposed however only by way of consulting you on the subject, you will be the best able being on the Spot to judge of the practicability of such a Scheme—Volunteers and pick’d men would be most likely to do this Service effectually, and as a Stimulus to their Courage and Exertions I promise ample Rewards in case of Success. I am Sir Your most humble Servt

Go: Washington

You will be so kind as to present my Compliments to Lt Colonel Smith, and my good wishes for his speedy Recovery the Contents of his Letter are fully answer’d—in this to you Every thing should be done that Circumstances will allow to strengthen Fort Mercer—and render it inattackable by such a Force as the Enemy can afford to send against it—or at least likely to require a greater sacrifice of Lives than they would choose to make.


Title: General Orders, 14 November 1777
From: Washington, George
To:

Head Quarters, White Marsh [Pa.] Novr 14th 1777.
Parole Bedford.C. Signs Cambridge. Dartmouth.

The Brigadiers & officers commanding brigades who have not completed their cloathing returns, according to the General Orders of the 9th instant, are to do it without the smallest delay; And all the Brigadiers and officers commanding brigades are to meet together to morrow at ten o’clock in the forenoon, at General Huntington’s quarters, to compare the wants of their brigades, and agree on the manner in which the cloathing shall be distributed. The wants of Col. Morgan’s rifle Corps, and others not included in the Brigade Returns, are to be in like manner considered Mr Kemper the Deputy Clothier General, is to attend the meeting and take the directions of the Board for the present and future distributions—A considerable quantity of cloathing being on hand, it is of the highest importance that this order be executed with the greatest punctuality.
The Court of Enquiry held the 11th instant, whereof Col. Bradley,

was president, relative to the complaint of Joseph Chambers, late Commissary to Genl Greene’s division, against Col. Josiah Parker, for “Ordering a serjeant and file of men to whip said Chambers”—have made the following report. vizt—“As Colo. Parker owns the fact, the Court after hearing the evidence produced by him, in his defence, are unanimously of opinion, that however negligent the Commissary might have been, in the discharge of the duty of his department, yet Col. Parker was by no means warranted to inflict private punishment upon him; that the punishment was illegal, and his conduct highly reprehensible, as being subversive of good order and regularity.”


Title: From George Washington to Robert Erskine, 14 November 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Erskine, Robert

Sir
Head Quarters Whitemarsh [Pa.] 14th Novemr 1777

I shall be glad to know by Return of the Bearer whether the portable Ovens bespoke last summer are finished. If they are you may send them down to the Army if you can procure Waggons, if you cannot, let me know and I will order the Qr Mr General to send for them.
Be pleased to let me know when you think you will be able to enter

upon any of the duties of the Office which I spoke to you about last summer. I am Sir Yr most obt Servt.


Title: From George Washington to Major General Horatio Gates, 14 November 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Gates, Horatio

Sir
White Marsh [Pa.] Novr 14. 1777

I have reason to beleive, that on the return of Captn Vallancy, who is now on his way to Boston, Genl Burgoyne will apply to have the place assigned for the embarkation of the Prisoners, changed from Boston to Rhode Island or some part of the Sound. I know Genl Howe has suggested to him an Idea of the sort. I cannot say to whom his application may be—But for the most striking and obvious reasons it should not be complied with. As a matter of right it cannot be demanded, because Boston is the port assigned by the Convention for their departure. As a matter of Favor, it cannot be granted, because the indulgence would operate greatly to our prejudice. If they should be allowed to embark at either of the places suggested by Mr Howe, it will be but a short time before they arrive in Britain when they will immediately be sent into Garrisons, and the Troops now there instantly ordered to join him, or upon some other service against the States. But if they are confined to Boston, it is more than probable, that some Months will elapse before they can depart—You know the difficulties of a Coasting voyage at this season, and that their transports in going round may suffer greatly and perhaps may be blown as far as the West Indies. I have written to Genl Heath upon the subject, lest he might on a sudden application consent to the measure. I am persuaded the impropriety would strike you at once in case of a requisition, but I thought it expedient Nevertheless, to apprize you of the probability of such being made. Besides the advantages I have pointed out from their being delayed, there are many more needless for me to add. I am Sir Yr Most Obedt sert

Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Major General Nathanael Greene, 14 November 1777
From: Greene, Nathanael
To: Washington, George

Dr Sir
at Mr Morris Nov. 14th 8 oClock P.M. 1777

We have just returnd from reconnoitering the grounds about Darby, the Islands below and up to the middle ferry—we purpose to go out again in the morning—from the present view Darby appears the only eligible position for the Army for the purpose of their crossing the river—It is the opinion of several of the gentlemen that the enemy may be best dislodged from the Islands by detachment, others are of opinion that it would be dangerous unless the party was coverd, by the Army, but all are of opinion, it is practicable either the one way or the other and considering the good consequences that will result from it, it ought to be attempted—Darby is not the most eligible post I ever saw, but it is not so dangerous as to discourage the attempt to relieve fort Mifflin.
The flag was flying at Fort Mifflin at sunset this evening, there has been a very severe cannonade today—enclosed is a letter from Col. Greene respecting the condition of the fort—The enimy have got up two or three vessels into the Schuylkill, they were attempting to get up a two and thirty gun frigate, between hog Island and Province Island by the best observation we could make her guns were taken out and follow’d her in a sloop—She did not get up, but what was the reason I know not—The Comodore should be directed to sink a vessel or two in the new channel as soon as possible, and the fort encouraged to hold out to the last—There is but one bridge over the Schuylkill and that is at the middle ferry—I examined the river myself—from the falls to the mouth.
The enemy have got a chain of redoubts with Abatis between them from one river to the other, part of this is from information and part from my own observation—The Schuylkill is very deep and rapid, too deep for foot to ford it—the bridge at Matteson’s ford is not in so great forwardness as I could wish, the commanding officer sais it will be done in three days, but a bridge of waggons can be thrown over for the foot to pass if that should not be done.

The enimy are greatly discouraged by the forts holding out so long and it is the general opinion of the best of the citizens that the enemy will evacuate the city if the fort holds out until the middle of next week.
There is plenty of forage in this country especially about Darby—we purpose to examin the ground a little more about Darby tomorrow and if possible return tomorrow evening—From the best accounts we can get there is but five Ships with troops on board in the river. I am [with] great respect your Excellencys most Obedient Servt

Nath. Greene


Title: To George Washington from Francis Hopkinson, 14 November 1777
From: Hopkinson, Francis
To: Washington, George

Sir
Borden Town [N.J.] 14: Novr 1777

The Intimacy of my Connection with Mr Duché renders all Assurances unnecessary that the Letter addressed by him to your Excely on the 8: of Octr last gives me the greatest Concern—I flatter myself some undue Means have been used to induce him to write such a Letter, so incompatable with the amiable Character he has ever maintained & so fatal to his Reputation. & I could not forbear communicating some of my Sentiments to him on the occasion. These I might probably have been able to conveyed to him by secret Means but did not chuse to risque the Imputation of a clandestine Correspondance. I have therefore taken the Liberty to send the enclosed Letter to you unsealed for your Perusal Resting it entirely on your better Judgment to cause it to [be] forwarded or not. I hope your Excelncy will pardon my giving you this Trouble. The Occasion is a very interesting One to me—My Friendship for Mr Duché calls upon me to do all I can to warn him against the fatal Consequences of his ill-advised Step—that he may, if possible, do some thing to avert them before it is too late. I am Sir With the warmest Wishes of my Heart for your Wellfare Your sincere friend & very hble servt

Fr. H.


Title: From George Washington to General William Howe, 14–15 November 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Howe, William

Sir,
Head Qurs [Whitemarsh, Pa.] Novr 14[–15]th 1777

I am sorry to find by the tenor of your Letter of the 6th Instant, that we still unhappily differ in our ideas of those just & reasonable terms upon which a general Exchange of prisoners might take place and that an event so desireable is probably yet at a distance. This being the case, that releif to the unhappy, where it is practicable, may as long be delayed, I am induced to accede to your proposition made through Lt Colo. Frazer “That the Officers, who are prisoners of War on both sides should be released, and have liberty to return among their Friends on parole.” I shall expect your Answer as soon as possible upon this subject, after which I shall immediately give the necessary Orders for the return of your Officers to such places as you appoint. At the same time I wish, that their exchange may appear to you, as it does to me, the more eligible Mode of release. Notwithstanding what I have said, if the interpretation I have given your Letter does not correspond with your own meaning, and you are disposed to proceed to an Exchange of All the prisoners in your possession for an equal number of those in my hands, without regard to the dispute subsisting between us, I shall be happy to adopt the measure. I therefore request an explanation of the Third paragraph of your Letter where you say “Those at present Prisoners with me are ready to be delivered on the shortest notice and it rests solely with you to justify me in doing it.”
In respect to the charge against Mr Boudinot the inclosed paper will shew he has not failed to represent to Mr Loring the wants of the prisoners in our hands. That these may be supplied, I shall upon your application grant passports to such persons (not above the rank of Regimental Quarter Masters) as you may send out with Necessaries for them.
You call upon me to redress the Grievances of several of your Officers and Men, who you are pleased to say “you are well informed are most injuriously & unjustifiably loaded with Irons.” If there is a single instance of a prisoner of War being in Irons, I am ignorant of it, nor can I find on the most minute inquiry, that there is the least foundation for the charge. On the contrary, I have every reason to beleive that your Officers and Men who are prisoners with us, are experiencing a very different Treatment. I wish you to particularize the cases you allude to, that releif may be had if the complaints are well founded, and the character & conduct of the persons shall not forbid it.
Now we are upon the subject of greivances, I am constrained to observe, that I have a variety of Accounts, not only from prisoners who

have made their escape, but from persons who have left philadelphia, that our private Soldiers in your hands are treated in a manner shocking to humanity; and that many of them must have perished through hunger had it not been for the charitable contributions of the Inhabitants. It is added in aggravation, that this treatment is to oblige them to inlist in the Corps you are raising. The Friends of these unhappy men call daily upon me for their releif, and the people at large insist on retaliating upon those in our possession. Justice demands it. However before I would proceed to a measure my feelings recoil at I thought it right to mention the facts to you, and I would propose, that I may be allowed to send a suitable person into the City, under the usual restrictions, to examine into the truth of them. I must also remonstrate against the maltreatment & confinement of Our Officers. This I am informed is not only the case of those in philadelphia, but of many in New York. Whatever plausible pretences may be urged to authorize the condition of the Former, It is certain but few circumstances can arise to justify that of the latter. I appeal to you to redress these several wrongs, and you will remember whatever hardships the prisoners with us may be subjected to, will be chargeable on you. At the same time it is but justice to observe, that many of the cruelties exercised towards prisoners, are said to proceed from the inhumanity of Mr Cunningham provost Martial, without your knowledge or approbation. I am Sir with due respect Yr Most Obedt Servt

G. Washington

P.S. Just as I was about to close my Letter, Two persons Men of Reputation came from Philadelphia. I transmit you their Depositions respecting the treatment they received while they were your prisoners. I will not comment upon the subject. It is too painful.


Title: To George Washington from Captain Henry Lee, Jr., 14 November 1777
From: Lee, Henry Jr.
To: Washington, George

Sir
No. 14th 77.

I have just returned from the lower counties on Delaware. In our excursion thro’ that country, the several landings on the river were visited, but to our satisfaction, we learned that the intercourse between the inhabitants & fleet was totally broke up. Lord Howe has positively forbid the least connexion under severe penalties.
I should have proceeded down as far as Dover, in order to destroy some small craft, that were employed in furnishing the enemy with

fresh provision fuel &c., from Ducks creek, but this business being completed by Gen. Patterson, I concluded the route unnecessary, & returned to my former station. Thirty eight sail of Transports arrived in the delaware while I was down & joined the fleet off Chester. It was expected they had troops on board from N-york, but none could be discovered as they passed up the river. I am with the most perfect respect, your Excellys Obt H. Servt

Heny Lee jr


Title: From George Washington to Colonel David Mason, 14 November 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Mason, David

Sir
Head Qrs at White Marsh [Pa.] Nov. 14: 1777.

The Congress having been pleased to refer the proceedings & Sentence of a Court Martial against John More to my determination I have thought proper to remit the punishment decreed against him. You will therefore order him to be released from Confinement & to join his Regiment or some Recruits coming to join the same. I have inclosed his pardon. I am Sir Yr Hble servt

G:W.


Title: To George Washington from Major General Israel Putnam, 14 November 1777
From: Putnam, Israel
To: Washington, George

Dear Genl
Head Quarters North street [N.Y.] Novemr 14th 1777

I am favd with your’s of the 4th 5th & 9th Instt & you will see by mine of 7th that I have detain’d Genl Warners Brigade.

The New York Regiments being annex’d to General Poors Brigade, they are exceeding unwilling to be seperated, and I knowing the disadvantages that would arrise from their being here have presumed in some measure to deviate from your excellencys Orders—Those Regiments are principally composed of men whose former Residence was within the Enemys Lines and the little time they were down in this Quarter last summer, there was upwards of one hundred Deserters from them; mostly to the Enemy—that we should soon loose the principal part of them here—Add to this they have lately got some Cloaths and money which puts them in a much better situation to March, than most of the other Continental Troops here, besides all this they began their March before I Recd your Letter—This sir, has Induced me to let them Continue their Rout, and in their Stead I have detain’d Wyllys’s and Meigs’s Regiments, whose Situation will by no Means admit of their Marching with that expedition which is Necessary—Near one half of them without a shoe, or Stocking, but a supply is soon expected.
Col: Charles Webbs Regt Marchd yesterday; I have directed him to advise you of his Rout by express before he arrives—I shall be happy to find this step Meets your Excellencys approbation.
The Inclosed is a Copy of a Letter from Col. Hamilton to me—by which you will see that I am positively Orderd to send all the Continental Troops from here—this Letter Contains some most unjust and ungenerous Reflections, for I am Conscious of having done every thing in my power to succour you as speedily as possible.
I shall go to New Windsor this day to see Col: Hamilton and untill I have your orders, I cannot think of Continuing at this Post Myself and send all the Troops away; if they should go now I am Confident Genl Howe will be further Reinforcd from this Quarter—for by Deserters, spies, and every other Corroborating Intelligence there is now on york Island the 35th 45th 52nd and 57th British four Regts of Hessians and one of Waldec.—Browns, Fannings, Byards, Robinsons, Hirlehy’s, and Delancys 1st & 2nd Battallion of New Levies—some say Fannings is at Powles Hook tho’ that is Immaterial—on Long Island there are none but Militia, by Information from Genl Dickinson there is about 1000 on staten Island.
I had previous to the Rect of your Letter wrote Govenor Trumbull for a Number of Militia, but I have my Doubts whither they will come or not, as they have been much Fatigued this summer already—the Rhode Island expedition has been of no service to us, you have doubtless heard that is drop’d and ’tis said abt 3,000 Troops Remain there.
Mr Colt has accepted of his Appointment as D: Commissary General of Purchases, I have seen him this day. he Informs me there are a Number of Cattle purchased which I shall see Immediately forwarded to you.

Sinse I came here we have had Near 50 Deserters, some from all Cores. I am Dear Genl with much Respect Your Mos. Obedt Servt

Israel Putnam


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General James Mitchell Varnum, 14 November 1777
From: Varnum, James Mitchell
To: Washington, George

Sir
Woodberry [N.J.] ¼ Pt 4 Mor. 14th Nr 1777.

One Hour since, all was pretty well in Fort. Three killed Yesterday and seven wounded—Our greatest Misfortune has been, that so high, we could get nothing across the River, However, it is now calm, & the time improving. I have sent all the fresh Troops into the For[t] & shall, in every Respect pursue, your Orders signified 12th 5 oClock P.M. The Garrison may continue for some Time. Possibly we shall keep the Island. To day we shall open upon their Shipping with three Guns, from the lower Battery. I am your Excellency’s most obdt humble Servt

J. M. Varnum


Title: General Orders, 15 November 1777
From: Washington, George
To:

Head Quarters, White Marsh [Pa.] Novr 15th 1777
Parole Belfast.C. Signs Cork. Dublin.

Henceforward, and until further orders, the sick are to be sent to Buckingham Meeting house, with a suitable number of orderly men to attend them.
The troops are to be immediately supplied with two day’s provisions (exclusive of this day) one of which at least, is to be cooked—No officer, or soldier, is to be absent from camp, but ready for duty at a minute’s warning.
No scouting party, under any pretence whatsoever (unless sent for that purpose) is to seize horses, cattle, or other property belonging

to the inhabitants; Under the plea of taking these things within the enemy’s lines, great and enormous abuses are committed. An infringement therefore, or disobedience of this order, in either officer or soldier, will be punished with utmost vigour.
Complaint has been made, of the irregularity (in point of time) with which the horse mount guard: The Commander in Chief expects, they will parade with more punctuality in future: He also desires, that the Colonels of those regiments which have more horses than men, would immediately furnish (by way of loan) the others that are in want of horses, that as many men as possible, may be mounted, and the public not unnecessarily burden’d.


Title: To George Washington from Colonel Arendt, 15 November 1777
From: Arendt, Henry Leonard Philip
To: Washington, George

[15 November 1777]

As long as we have a design to prevent a Junction between the Enemys Fleet and their Army, the maintaining Fort Mifflin is indispensibly necessary—not that this place in itself hinders the Junction, tho it certainly contributes to that valuable purpose, but it gives Security to our Fleet, which could not keep its present Station if the Enemy should make themselves masters of the Fort & raise batteries against it—this is the opinion of the Commodore whom I consulted upon this subject.
Although therefore, this post ought to be maintained to the last extremity, yet I grant that there are many difficulties in the way—the fatigue and inclement weather to which the Garrison is exposed, are not the least considerable.
The Design of the Enemy seems to be to make themselves masters of the Island, by constant bombarding and cannonading so as to ruin the works and either drive out the Garrison, or exhaust them by keeping up a fire at night—if however they find themselves disappointed it is probable they will venture another attack with Troops.
Whatever be their designs, we have only two points in view—the Preservation of the Garrison—and repairing as much as possible the ruined works. I propose this expedient which is not impracticable, because frequently used in besieged Fortresses.

1. To preserve the Garrison let it be disposed in the most secure places—this has been done hitherto by placing the men behind the Stone Wall, but as it is considerably damaged and begins to fall, it can’t afford shelter much longer—My opinion is that the men ought to go out every morning at day-break, and lie down in order to be better conceal’d upon Planks behind the Bank which is opposite to Province Island—they should make no fire, but keep themselves warm with their blankets, and have their victuals either cook’d over night, or on the eastern Side of the Island—to keep them in spirits there should be an additional allowance of Rum or strong-beer—especially as the Soil and Water are exceedingly unwholesome—it is morally certain that the Enemy will not fire upon the Spot proposed, but direct their Shot against the Fort—where there should be only a few Centries left, and a few necessary hands to serve the Artillery.
2. The Garrison should be relieved as often as possible—Genl Varnum says he has not men enough to relieve every night, but that it might be done every 48 hours—which is sufficient—thus the Health of the Soldiers will be preserved, they will not be worn out with Fatigue, and their Courage will be renew’d—The Garrison ought always to be 400 strong—the Commanding Officer and Engineer ought likewise to be relieved.
3. For repairing the works, and in order to spare the Garrison, it would be well to send every night for fatigue, a Detachment of 100 Militia with their Arms. they would be so many fighting men—they should carry with them Palisades, Fascines and Gabions—the work to be done, will depend upon the Damage sustain’d in the course of the day—I am of opinion that a Parapet of Fascines and Gabions, should be substituted to the Palisades, it might be made under cover of them, and would be infinitely more serviceable—they might afterwards be taken away.
It has been proposed to construct a battery upon the same bank, which I have pointed out above as a Shelter for the Garrison, and it is thought that this would change the direction of the Enemys Fire so as to divert it from the Fort—but my plan would be inconsistent with this, and besides many of the Balls intended to take the battery proposed obliquely and in flank, would go beyond it and batter the Fort.
4. I think that the heavy Cannon, which are not pointed against the Enemys batteries, should be removed and placed in the battery lately open’d on the other side of the River—there they would be out of the reach of the Enemys balls, and would be more dangerous to their Shipping—as they would give a plunging Fire—the Commodore is of the same opinion.

5. As to Amunition and Provision I think a sufficient quantity for a few days only should be left at the Fort and the rest deposited in some Vessel or Vessels.
6. For the Security of the Garrison in case of extremity, the Commodore should be required to send upon a conventional Signal being given at the Fort, all the Vessels and boats to take them off.
Lastly to hinder the Communication which still subsists between the Army and Navy of the Enemy, and is kept up by means of little boats upon which Fort Mifflin has fired without Success—there is no other method that I know of, than having armed boats and Gallies stationed, in a proper place, for driving away the Enemys boats.

Bar. Arendt

I have communicated most of these Ideas to Genl Varnum and Col. Smith.


Title: To George Washington from Major Robert Ballard, 15 November 1777
From: Ballard, Robert
To: Washington, George

Sir
Woodberry [N.J.] 15th Novr 1777

This will be presented by Capt. Moss who waits on your Excellency for leave to Resign he has made me acquainted with the necessity of being with his family. I am Sensible the Service will loose a good Officer, but as the urgency of his business demands his Attention at home, I have given him my Approbation to go. Capt. Boykin is under the same predicament & waits on your Excellency. I have Honor to be Your Excellencys Most Obedt Sert

Robert Ballard Majr Comt of the 1st V. Rt


Title: To George Washington from Captain Charles Craig, 15 November 1777
From: Craig, Charles
To: Washington, George

Sir
Frankford [Pa.] 15th Novr 1777

I believe your Excellency may Depend upon the enemys force being drawn to Attact the Fort to day, a very severe and heavy firing began this morning about 10 OClock and has continued ever since, the Enemy Dread the Nothern Armys Joining your Excellency and have been makeing every preparation to Attact before the N. Army Joyn’d, and have not been prepared before to day. I have the Honour to be Yr Excellencys Most Obt Servt

C. Craig


Title: To George Washington from Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Hamilton, 15 November 1777
From: Hamilton, Alexander (Lieutenant Colonel)
To: Washington, George

Peeks Kill [N.Y.] November 15. 1777. Mr Kennedy’s house.

I arrived at this place last night and unfortunately find myself unable to proceed any further. Imagining I had gotten the better of my complaints while confined at Governor Clinton’s & anxious to be about, attending to the march of the troops, the day before yesterday I crossed the ferry in order to fall in with General Glover’s brigade which was on its march from Poughkepsie to Fish Kill. I did not however see it myself but received a letter from Col. Shepherd, who commands the Brigade informing me he would be last night at Fish Kill and this night at Kings Ferry. Waggons &c. are provided on the other side for his accomodation, so that there need be no delay but what is voluntary; and I beleive Col. Shepherd is as well disposed as could be wished to hasten his march. General Poors Brigade crossed the ferry the day before yesterday. Two york regiments Cortlandts & Livingstons are with them. they were unwilling to be separated from the Brigade and the Brigade from them. General Putnam was unwilling to keep them with him, and if he had consented to do it, the regiments to replace them would not join you six days as soon as these. The troops now remaining with General Putnam will amount to about the number you intended, though they are not exactly the same. He has detached Col. Charles Webbs regiment to you. He says the troops with him are not in a condition to

march being destitute of Shoes stockings and other necessaries; but I beleive the true reasons of his being unwilling to persue the mode pointed out by you were his aversion to the york troops, and his desire to retain General Parsons with him. I am with much respect & esteem Yr Excellys Most Obedt servt

A. Hamilton


Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Randolph, 15 November 1777
From: Randolph, Benjamin
To: Washington, George

Sir,
Burlington [N.J.] 15th Novr 1777

Being apointed by General Warnan to take Charge of the Flag, with Doctor Glentuth, yesterday we atemted it, the Captan of the Friggat Reced it & detained us til he Sent it to General How who Return’d for answr we Could not be Receved must return back to the worf at Coopers &c.
at 9 oClock in the morning Just as we got to the ferry I heared a univrsal Ratle of thair drums in town and all moveing downwards below town. I Likewise heared from a Quaker that Just Left it & the ferryman

that brought them over, that on the 7th Inst. the Enemy Brought Stoors from thair Shiping to Last them for two weeks, that thay sayd no more Could Come for two weeks after that on acc’t the moonlight nits, thay Said thay ware hail’d by our men on the fort three times as thay ware Passing up, Likewise heard them Cry out alls well as thay Passd, Likewise told me the enemy ware moveing Some Boats down towards the mouth Schul Kill, the Officer of the Friggot told me thay had Just been Sending two floting Battries down the Schul Kill with four 32 Pounders on board to assist aganst our fort that thay ware in want of Provisions but Expected thair Shiping up in two or three days, he wanted to no wheather General Putnam was Likely to Joine your Excellency soon or not, I Could not tell any thing about the matters of that sort, thay seamed much Concerned it apeared to me. I am Sir your most obedent & very Hml. Servt

Benjn Randolph


Title: To George Washington from William Shippen, Jr., 15 November 1777
From: Shippen, William Jr.
To: Washington, George

Dear General
[Bethlehem, Pa., c.15 November 1777]

I am very sorry to be obliged to trouble your Excellency by letter, but the subject is interesting The sufferings of sick Soldiers for want of Blankets. Eight Loads of them are passing thro this place for Camp—Will you send an Order Sir by this Express to the Waggoner to send two loads of them back to Bethlehem? I know how much your Army wants them; but your sick and Wounded soldiers lay naked! Putrid Fevers are creeping in among us for want of cloaths & I dread the consequence of not being quickly supplied. I have the honor to be Dr General Your most Obedt hume Servt

W. Shippen jr.


Title: From George Washington to William Shippen, 15 November 1777 [letter not found]
From: Washington, George
To: Shippen, William Jr.

Letter not found: to William Shippen, Jr., 15 Nov. 1777. Shippen’s letter to GW of c.15 Nov. is docketed in part “Answd 15th Novr 1777.”


Title: To George Washington from Lieutenant Colonel Samuel Smith, 15 November 1777
From: Smith, Samuel
To: Washington, George

Sir
Woodberry [N.J.] 15 Novr 1777

My Arm will this Night or tomorrow Night permit me to take the Command at fort Mifflin. I was there last Night. it is now one Heap of Ruin & must be defended with Musquetry in Case of Storm. I presume the Enemy will Continue to Cannonade for four or five days & then they will be oblig’d to Storm. when they do, I am of Opinion they will Succeed. with 600 Men I think we could defend it as an Island. our great dependance must be their being So much afraid to Storm. I hope it will hinder them from the Attempt untill your Excelly can Send Such Number as will give the Men a Relief every 3 Days, in that Case I think we might defend it as an Island. & I Hope your Excelly will Soon be able to attempt Something that will hasten their Departure to their Shipping. fresh parties of Men would rebuild in the Night what they destroy in the Day. I have the Honor to be your Excellys Most Obedt Servt

Sam. Smith

Gen. Varnum has been oblig’d to Send Capt. Lee to take the Command of the Artillery at fort Mifflin. Mr Comston who took the Command after Capt. Treat was very unfit, we want a good Officer & more Artillery Men very much, we are oblig’d to fire much Powder away & Shall want Cartridges for 12s., 18s. & 32 pounders immediately.


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General James Mitchell Varnum, 15 November 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Varnum, James Mitchell

Sir,
Head Quarters [Whitemarsh, Pa.] 15th November 1777.

I have received your Letter of yesterday inclosing the opinion of Major Thayer the present Commandant at Fort Miflin respecting the defence of that Post—and am happy to find that he and Major Fleury coincide in their Sentiments as to the practicability of maintaining it, in spite of the Enemys Land and floating Batteries—Their Perseverance however may expose them to falling a Sacrifice in case of a Storm, unless the necessary materials be furnished them from your side of the

River for repairing the daily Destruction caused by the Enemys Cannon—there should be a never failing Supply of Fascines & Palisades—as many large Gabions as time will permit should be made and sent—and a quantity of Earth which may be loaded in bulk in flats or other boats that may be at hand—perhaps it would be most prudent to send over whenever the weather permits large Stocks of such indispensible Articles as are above enumerated and Fire wood for the Garrison—To prevent their suffering in case of high winds which cut off the intercourse by boats—as their 32 pounder is said to annoy the Enemy very much, it should not be deficient in proper Amunition—you will likewise order such Artificers as you can spare, to repair the damaged Gun Carriages; and send the Tools such as Spades and Axes that may be wanted by the Fatigue Parties.
Mr Fleury seems anxious to retain the Cannon on the Island—I cannot at this distance determine the propriety of this, which must depend intirely upon the State of the works and the prospect of reestablishing some essential Parts of them—Your Visit to the Island will enable you to speak decisively upon this and other matters of importance.
General Greene in a Letter received from him this morning informs me that the Enemy are attempting to get a Frigate thro’ the Channel between Hog Island and Province Island—This passage may be render’d impassable for Vessels of a respectable Size by sinking a hulk there or throwing some other obstruction in the way—it will be proper therefore that you should have a conference with the Commodore on this subject immediately and consult with him upon the best means of frustrating the Enemys designs.
With respect to the Enterprise upon Province Island which I recommended in my last—I must observe that tho my expressions gave it a great Latitude and that I proposed the ruin of the Enemys works as part of the end in view—yet I should be content if nothing more could be effected—to have only the Cannon of their Batteries or any part of them spiked up—a resolute body of Volunteers and picked men I still think might be employed with Success in this Undertaking—and tho the time gained by us and the Embarrassment occasioned the Enemy would not be so considerable as in the other case—yet it appears to me to be an attempt worth making—especially as by the means of Surprise, the Service might be done, before the Party could be opposed in force—and at all events the Retreat is easy. I am Sir Your most obedt Servt

Go: Washington

P.S. General Greene in his Letter calls the Channel in question, the New Channel; you will be best able to determine which he means—I

am in doubt whether it be that between Province Island and Hog Island—or that between the little Island opposite red-bank, & the main.

G. W——n.


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General James Mitchell Varnum, 15 November 1777
From: Varnum, James Mitchell
To: Washington, George

Sir
Woodberry [N.J.] 15th Novr 1777; 11 oCk A.M.

I was a great part of last light in Fort Mifflin; It is greatly shattered, but very defensible, had we the Men mentioned in my letter of yesterday. I shall send two Hundred Militia in this Night, They will be able to Work, & fight upon Occasion. What put it into the Enemy’s Head, I cant say, But they kept up a constant Cannonade and Bombardment all the Night, so as to prevent, in a great Measure, the necessary Repairs in the Breiches. I am under the Necessity of beseeching your Excellency to send a General Officer, whose concurring Sentiments, or Orders, should he be of superior Standing, will be very advantageous. The Objects here are so various that I cannot fully do what I know is essential to the Service—The Militia are without a Commander—It is very difficult getting Matters done in a speedy Manner. I am obliged to attend every department myself. I do not make this Request because I am not fond of commanding, But from a Consciousness that the Service demands it—We want another commanding Officer of Artillery, & more Artillery Men. Indeed, I think a Field Officer of Artillery should be here. Capt. Lee will do all that a brave, good Officer can; but a Shot may claim; then we should be badly off indeed. I am just informed the Shipping are in Motion—Our Battery below, has just opened. I am your Excellency’s most obdt Servant,

J.M. Varnum

N.B. Should The Shipping play upon the Island, we must evacuate it; But I am in hopes we shall keep them down.


Title: General Orders, 16 November 1777
From: Washington, George
To:

Head Quarters, White Marsh [Pa.] Novr 16th 1777.
Parole Westmoreland.C. Signs Williamsburg. Wilmington.

As large quantities of materials for cartridges have been issued, and a few cartridges returned to the Commissary of military stores; returns are to be made to morrow afternoon by each brigade of the number of

cartridges in their possession—These returns are to shew the number in each regiment—how many are in the hands of the soldiers, and where the residue are deposited.


Title: To George Washington from Colonel John Bailey, 16 November 1777
From: Bailey, John
To: Washington, George

Dear General
Hardwick N. Jersy 16th Novr 1777

I am continuing my march to Join Your Excellency Near Philadelphia with Genl Learneds Brigade, being about seven hundred & seventy Including officers, & a Company of Artilery, with 1 Brass four Pounder & 1. 5 Inch howitzier—Expect to Arrive at Carels Ferry, by the 20th Inst: where I purpose to Cross, & Continue my March to Head Quarters—Unless otherwise Ordered by your Excellency—For the want of Cloathing Sickness &ca, was obliged [to] leave three hundred men at Goshen—Expect them on in a few days. I am Dear General with due Respect Your Most Obed. Servt

Jno. Bailey Colo. Commandant

P.S. the 300 at Goshen are not Included in the bove.


Title: To George Washington from Major John Clark, Jr., 16 November 1777
From: Clark, John Jr.
To: Washington, George

May it please your Excellency
Newtown [Square, Pa.]16th Novr 1777

 Having received information that the Enemy were landing at Chester I immediately dispatched an intelligent person to bring information, he is just returned and informs me there has not been any on shore & that there are not above three or four hundred on board. & those are a part of the Invalids left on Staten Island I am also informed by a Gentleman who viewed all the Transports as the came up with a good Glass—that the above is a true state of their numbers—The Fleet remains in statu quo—500 of the Enemy Garrison Billingsport This Day I expect intelligence from on board the Fleet—I fear my Friend from P——a is caught—however you will soon be informed of Sr Wm

Howes further intentions—I shall wait on you tomorrow & communicate a design which I dare Not do by Letter—’tis said they Enemy have a few Light Dragoons on board—Col. Fitzgeralds Letter of the 9th Inst. I reced last Night—I hope my Letter of the 12th by Mr Jacobs was received & proved satisfactory with respect to the arrival of the Transports. I am with the greatest respect your Excellency’s Most obedt

Jno. Clark Junr


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General Thomas Conway, 16 November 1777
From: Conway, Thomas
To: Washington, George

sir
Camp [Whitemarsh, Pa.] the 16th November 1777

The hopes and appearance of a french War, along with some other reasons, have induc’d me to send my resignation to Congress. as soon as the tryal of General stephens is over, I hope your Excellency will

permitt me to Depart the army, in order to return to france as soon as possible. I return thanks to your Excellency for the civilitys you have shew’d me while I had the honour of being under your orders, and Begg you will accept of my warm and sincere Wishes for the Liberty of America and the success of your arms. I am sir your Excellency’s Most humble and obedient servant

Ths Conway


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General Thomas Conway, 16 November 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Conway, Thomas

Sir,
Head Qrs at White Marsh [Pa.] Novr 16. 1777

In Answer to your Favor of this date: It remains with Congress alone to accept your Resignation. This being the case, I cannot permit you to leave the Army, till you have obtained their consent. When that is done, I shall not object to your departure, since it is your inclination. I thank you much for your wishes for the liberty of America & the success of our Arms, and have only to add, that in case you are permitted to return by Congress, you will have my hopes for a favourable passage and a happy meeting with your Family & Friends. I am Sir Yr Most Obet servt

Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General Thomas Conway, 16 November 1777
From: Conway, Thomas
To: Washington, George

sir
Camp [Pa.] the 16th November [1777] in the evening

I Begg Leave to observe to your excellency that I am in actual service in france, that I have not a furlow of two years as the artillery officers and engineers have obtained, that a Longer stay in this country will much endanger my rank and my hopes of promotion in france. congress is not a stranger to my generous Way of acting with Mr Deane, and I am pretty sure will have no objection to my Departure. Therefore,

sir as I have not been able to collect my effects which I found much Damag’d and Dispers’ed in Easton Reading, and Bethleem, I pray your Excellency will be so Kind as to grant me Leave of absence During ten or twelve Days for that purpose. although I Leave the continent I shall ever cherish the cause for which I fought, and if the plan I Sent to congress is accepted, I hope I will serve the cause more effectually in another part of the World. I am sir with much respect your Excellency’s Most obedt humble servant

Ths Conway


Title: From George Washington to William Livingston, 16 November 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Livingston, William

Sir
Head Quarters Whitemarsh [Pa.] 16th Novemr 1777

I am honored with yours of the 11th—I am sorry tha[t] any of Genl Dickinson’s plans should prevent him from taking the command at Red Bank, as I fear the presence of an Officer of Spirit is wanted among the Militia in that quarter.
The Enemy made a vigorous attack upon Fort Mifflin yesterday, from their Ships and floating Batteries, but I do not yet certainly know the issue. I have the honor to be with great respect Yr Excellency’s most obt Servt

Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General James Potter, 16 November 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Potter, James

Sir
Head Quarters [Whitemarsh, Pa.] 16 Novemr 1777

I desire you will immediately set all your people at work to making fascines. let them be about eight feet in length, about two feet in circumference, tight bound and composed of small wood. I am &c.


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General James Potter, 16 November 1777
From: Potter, James
To: Washington, George

Dr Sir
[16] November 1777

I am sorey to be the mesenger of Bad news last night at Ten oClock our Breve Garreson at fort Mifflin set fier to the Barrecks and set off to Rid bank—this Intiligance I have by my express that Brought me the in Closed—I see my self that our Barricks are Burnt and the enemys ships Veglint and a sloop are leying a long side of the Island this moment I Recived your favour of this day and will observe the Contents. I am your Excelanceys Most obedant Humble servt

Ja’s Potter


Title: To George Washington from Joseph Reed, 16 November 1777
From: Reed, Joseph
To: Washington, George

Dear Sir
Capt. Lee’s Quarters—near Springfield Meeting House 6 Miles from Darby [Pa.] Nov. 16. 1777

General Green will give you so perfect an Idea of what he has seen here as to make any Remark unnecessary from any one else. I hope & beleive it is not yet too late to give the Forts some effectual Releif but

every Moment is precious in The present advanced Season & after the Injury so heavy a Cannonade must have done them.
As I know you are pleased with having the Sentiments of every Person who gives himself the Trouble of reflecting I have no Difficulty in giving you mine as to the Mode of Annoyance. I am much inclined to think that unless the Attack upon the Works in the Islands is either a total or partial Surprize it will fail—should they take Alarm at any Movement of ours, & throw over a Body of Troops on the Islands the Approaches are so difficult that I think the Attack will fail or at least will be attended with greater Loss. The late heavy Rains have broke one of the Dams & the Meadows are much softer than they were when this Matter was under Consideration formerly. But I should hope these Difficulties may be obviated by Genl Potters moving down to some convenient Distance—a Detachment of at least 3000 Men moving over to him with Artillery the latter if concealed by a Night march I think the better—The Time of Attack previously fixed & the main Body of the Army to cross agreeably so as to destroy the Bridge, & cut off all Communication of Support at the same Time. Should the Surprize fail I still think the whole Force of the Army may be drawn to a Point so as to make the Islands too warm but I think it will be less effectual & more likely to bring on a general Action which it seemed to be a general Sentiment should be avoided & which I also in our present Circumstances am of Opinion we ought not to seek.
I shall trouble your Excelly no farther at present. Capt. Lee will give you an Account of the Observation of the Day, which affords a happy Prospect. I am with the sincerst Regard D. Sir Your Affect. & Obed. Hbble Serv.

J. Reed

P.S. General Cadwallader desires me to mention that a Party will go from Gen. Potter tomorrow to meet the 12 pounder & Howitz which are expected for the Purposes Gen. Cadwallader suggested.


Title: To George Washington from Lieutenant Colonel Samuel Smith, 16 November 1777
From: Smith, Samuel
To: Washington, George

Sir
Woodberry [N.J.] 16th Novr 1777

Gen. Varnum will have inform’d your Excelly of the Evacuation of fort Mifflin. I am extremely Sorry for the Circumstance. Major Thayer defended it too bravely.

My party taken (as your Excelly knows) from the picquet, think they have done their Tour of duty, & hope for your Excellys permission to join their respective Regiments, who (they Say) want their immediate Attention. the Officers have no Cloths with them. My Arm is yet very painful. Major Fleury is hurt but not very much. he is a Treasure that ought not to be lost. Capt. Dickinson of the first Virga Regt deserves much Attention. he Stay’d with & assisted Fleury. he is a brave industrious good Officer. Capt. Walls of the 4th Virga has distinguish’d himself on every Occasion, for a brave, Industrious & prudent Officer. Capt. Bell of the 6th Maryland has much Merit. I have the Honor to be Your Excellys Most Obedt Servt

Sam. Smith


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General James Mitchell Varnum, 16 November 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Varnum, James Mitchell

Sir
Head Quarters [Whitemarsh, Pa.] 16th Novemr 1777

I imagine from yours of last Evening by Major Ballard that the Fort was totally evacuated last night. As Major Fleury is wounded, you may probably want an Engineer below. I have therefore sent Monsr L’Aumois the Bearer of this. He is recommended as a Gentleman of Abilities in his profession. I am Dear Sir Yr most obt Servt

Go: Washington

P.S. It is not intended that Monsr L’Aumois should interfere with Capt. Duplessis in the defence of Fort Mercer except by Advice.


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General James Mitchell Varnum, 16 November 1777
From: Varnum, James Mitchell
To: Washington, George

Sir
Woodberry [N.J.] ¼ after 11th A.M. 16th Novr 1777

Agreeable to what I wrote you last Evening, we were obliged to evacuate Fort Mifflin. Major Thayer returned from thence a little after two this Morning. Every Thing was got off, that possibly could be. The Cannon could not be removed without making too great a Sacrifice of Men, as the Empress of Russia, alias Vigilant, lay within one Hundred Yards of the Southwest part of the Works, & with her incessant Fire, Hand Granades & Musketry from the Round Top, killed every Man that appeared upon the Platforms. The Commodore gave possitive Orders to six Gallies to attack, & take that Ship. They warp’d over to the Island, & there held a Council, lost a few of their Men, & then returned, without attempting any Thing. I left the Commodore since one this Morning; He had possitively ordered six Gallies, well manned, to attack the same Vessel; how they succeeded, I am not inform’d; but, according to Major Thayer’s Sentiments, we could have held the Island, had the Ship been destroy’d. I dont think the Shipping can pass the Cheavau de Frize while we keep this Shore—The two Gun Battery, near Manto Creek, annoy’d them very Much Yesterday. It is still firing slowly; but, the Shipping having remov’d out of direct Distance too much firing would be Profusion. We are erecting a Battery between Red Bank and Manto Creek Battery, directly opposite the Frizes, w’ch I believe will be finished to day. I am not of Opinion that the Enemy can possess themselves of the Island, without too great a Loss. Whither we shall keep a Guard upon it or not, I cannot determine ’till, from an actual Observation, I shall be furnished with new Circumstances. While we keep the Shipping down, our Navy will be safe; but, should our Defences prove ineffectual, we shall take out a part of their Guns, & let the others attempt passing the City. Our Troops are so extremily fatigued that no time will be lost in knowing your Excellency’s Orders, whether the Troops commanded by Colo. Smith shall remain here, or return to Camp. The Officers seem anxious to join the Army, as thier Men are much harrass’d. However, they have had two Nights Rest, & are necessary here, should we attack Billings port. As a great part of my own Brigade have been lost at Fort Mifflin I shall not be able to make any hostile attempt this Night; but am of Opinion that the Enemy

should at all Hazards, be dispossessd of this Shore—We shall want the large Howitz, w’ch I mentioned before.
Your Excellency’s Letter of Yesterday came to me, this Morning early—I am just told the Gallies last ordered to attack the Vigilant, did nothing; That misfortune will prevent us from keeping Men upon the Island. I am, in great Submission, your Excellency’s most obdt Servt

J. M. Varnum

P.S. Colo. Greene offered to Officer and Ma⟨n⟩ three Gallies, that would destroy the Empr⟨ess⟩ of Russia, or perish to a Man, Capt. Robin⟨son⟩ of the continental Fleet, offered to go himself & the Commodore possesses a fine Disposition, but cannot command his Fleet.


Title: General Orders, 17 November 1777
From: Washington, George
To:

Head Quarters, White Marsh [Pa.] Novr 17th 1777.
Parole.C. Signs.

Some officers yet remaining untried, and many prisoners in the provost—Brigade Courts martial are to be had for trying them without delay.
No pass is to be given to any one to go into Philadelphia, but by the Major General of the day, who will not grant them without due examination, and upon the most reasonable and necessary occasions.
At the request of Colo. Price, a Court of enquiry into his conduct, on sundry occasions, is to sit to morrow forenoon at ten o’clock, at the tavern next to Col. Biddle’s quarters—All persons who have any objections or complaints to make against him, or know any thing amiss in his past conduct, are desired to appear and declare the same before said court—Colonels Hartley & Humpton, and Lt Col. Craig are appointed members of this court.


Title: To George Washington from Major John Clark, Jr., 17 November 1777
From: Clark, John Jr.
To: Washington, George

Mr Davis’s Derby Township 17th Novr 1777. 10 oClock A.M.
May it please your Excellency

This moment I have seen a Gentleman (a Friend) who left the City Yesterday Evening, the report of the evacuation of Fort Mifflin was generally believed by the Citizens—’twas also said the Troops on board the Transports at Chester wou’d immediately land in the Jersey shore and march to attack red bank—a Captains Guard are on the West side Schuylkill—on the East, the seventy first Regiment and a few Hessians—the main Body are encamped along the line from Schuylkill to Delaware, their Redoubts are at the distance of four hundred Yards from each other—no Cannon in them at present—Feild pieces are in the intervals—two brick Houses were pulled down that stood in the line—two Battalions are attempting to be raised called “the 1st & 2d Pennsylvania loyalists commanded by His Excellency Sr Wm Howe”—The Inhabitants distress exceeds description Potatoes 12/ Beef 4/ Bread in proportion—Our Friends in Captivity in the greatest distress, many have died within this few Days for want of provision—their first allowance was ½ lb. Beef & 4½ Biscuit for three Days & now reduced to ¼ lb. Salt pork & 6 Biscuit for eight Days—near 300 have lately been obliged to enlist or starve—Major Harper, & Lieut. Col. Frazer were Yesterday permitted to walk the Streets on parole—two Dutch Boys have been taken as Spies & are confined in the old Dungeon—One Shuttle of Maryland Dragoons much insulted because he wou’d not enlist, & is near starving—I am now going down towards Province Island—If the Enemy are going to cross the Delaware to attack red bank, you will have information instantly—any discoveries I make I shall communicate you—I wrote you last Evening & hope you received it. The Enemy’s Magazine of Hay consists of about 6 or 8 Stacks & no more The prisoners are allowed no fuel, & the Inhabitants very little—I thought to have seen your Excellency to Day—but am much fatigued & a little indisposed—I am obliged to go towards the shore to make some discoveries if possible—great numbers are coming out of the City the Enemy report a part of the 17th Lt Dragoons are on board the Transports before mentioned & they also say, the number of Troops on board are 4,500, three thousand of whom lately arrived from England—From what I seen I must discredit this account—the greater

part of them are Green Coats—those clad in red appear dirty. I am with real esteem Your Obedt Hble servt

Jno. Clark Junr

P.S. Gens. Cadwalader & Reed & myself rode along the shore within a quarter of a Mile at most of the Shipping—they fired two Muskets one Ball went over us & the other fell in the Water so that you may conclude we had a good view of them—The reasonable a 64, lay a Ground near the Wharf Day before Yesterday.
 ☞ A noted Mr Vernum with a party from the City crossed over to Jersey & stole a few Sheep which they sell in Market to the Inhabitants they were pursued & 3 of them taken—Vernum & a Son of his were oblig’d to leap in the Water & swim after the Boat—it having pushed off during the alarm.
The Bridge at Chester on the West side the Creek has caved in, it may be made passable for a few foot—Individuals now cross it—A few flat Bottom’d Boats went down to New Castle in the morning.


Title: To George Washington from Major John Clark, Jr., 17 November 1777
From: Clark, John Jr.
To: Washington, George

sir
[17 November 1777]

Col. Tilghmans Letter I have received.
The Enemy are gone over to Jersey I will endeavour to get an exact account of the numbers & transmit you in haste I am your Excellency’s Obedt Hble servt

Jno. Clark Junr

a Gentleman of credit says they marched in a solid Column & were an hour & half crossing Derby Bridge, without any impediments.


Title: To George Washington from Captain Mauduit Du Plessis, 17 November 1777
From: Mauduit du Plessis, Thomas-Antoine, chevalier de
To: Washington, George

[Fort Mercer, N.J.] 17 November [1777]

if his excellency has desseing to attack in one monts, the british in the province’s island, the fort read-bank is to be kept, and defend’d until the last extremity. for, if the general Wasington take possession of the province’s island, it will be Difficult to take the fort-Mifflin, when the ennemy will be in possession of fort read-bank, and in my opinion, if his excellency take the fort-Mifflin, he cannot be kept, when the british will be masters of fort read-bank.
the fort read-bank, is, i bellieve, secure against a storm, if 500 men effective are there in garrison and if every body make well Their duty, we are in the situation to hope so, we have seen, the rhode-island’s troops in the action of 22d instant. an angle is no flanked, but we can with mines, hand’s grenades, & secure him.
the bank is not flank’d, and we are to fear an escalade in this part, but with a small flank of 10 men, we can be in security. in one day and half, two days, with a proper number of carpenters and arms, we can make this flank.
the magazine is now, in my opinion, secure against a bombe of 13 inches.
we can with 250 work-men, put our garrison in security against the bombe, i suppose your men working like as the europe’s men. if the ennemy attack us regularly, we can have 7 haves Cannons to Destruct their works.

Le Chevalier de Mauduit du plessis directed Engeneer of fort at Read bank


Title: To George Washington from Colonel Christopher Greene, 17 November 1777
From: Greene, Christopher
To: Washington, George

Sir
[Fort Mercer, N.J., [17 November 1777]

Your Excellency I dare say has been informd of the evacuation of Fort Miflin, and the Gallant defence there made by Major Thayr. The evacuation of that Fort The removal of Our Navy. The movements of the British Fleet, and our own situation at present has put it wholly out of my Power to answer those important purposes for which your Excellency was pleased to order me to this Command.
Our Fleet here are now moving as fast as possible to Timber Creek—The River is so open to the Enemys Shiping that Topsail & other Vessels are now passing between Mud Island, and Province Island to Schuylkill unmolested—Fort Mercer is tolarable secure against a Storm only. A Bomproof Magazine is nearly finish’d, no other security in the Fort against Shells. A strong Brest work partly finish’d on the Bank which takes up a considerable part of the Floor of the Fort, & the Magazine takes up so much, that the remainder of the Floor is insufficient to spring Tents on for more than One Third of the Garrison—The proposel for building a Bomproof under the Bank is now at an end, since Fort Miflin is lost—The communication to Red Bank by Water is nearly interupted, And should a party of the Enemy invest this Fort by Land our whole supply, would be cut off, and should they erect Bombatterre on the Land side would be able to throw shells to us on all sides—from all of which I conclude that an Army investing us sufficient to keep the Field will reduce the Garrison, and make the survivers Prisoners as we could have no retreat. Thus having given you Excellency what appears to me with the unanimul Voice of all the Field officers of the Garrison a true State of Our Sircumstances, and Observation thereon I wait you Excellencys particular Commands and directions for an unvariable Rule for me to pursue for which purpose Major Ward will wait on your Excellency to whom I refer for a more particular Account of Mattears here. With every Sentiment of Respect and Esteem I am your Excellencys Hume Servt

Chrtr Greene


Title: To George Washington from Captain Bartholomew von Heer, 17 November 1777
From: Heer, Bartholomew von
To: Washington, George

[17 November 1777]

A Representation to the Commander in Chief of the American Army.
The Commander in Chief I understood he was Informed by a certain Noble Gentleman in the Army that it was of great Necessity of the Good of the American Army and for the Publick of the United States of America to Raise a Core of Marishosy which as such Core is used in every power in Europe in time of Warr and peace to Support the Publick and the Army as I have the Honour to Inform his Excellency that Enquiring was been made if there was any Outland Officer in the Army which was well acquainted with that Office of a Marishosy he should be applied for that purpose.
I have the Honour to Inform his Excellency that I am an Officer which is Acquainted with such duty, in time being several Years in the Service of his Majestys the Kings of Prussia France and Spain in peace and Warr Time in the Horse as well as Infantry in which time I have seen and Learned this Duty as a Marishosy and flatter myself to his Excellency that I can give Instruction of such Office as well as any Officer which is Acquainted with such a Core.
May it please your Excellency to Acquaint your Honour what benefit the Duty of a Marishosy may be to the Army.
1st  In the Service of Europe in Warr time The Commanding Officer of the Marishosy has to Observe always that he keeps always the most Convenient posts in and in the Rere of the Army with his Troops in different Attachments that he may be able to Examine the Encampment of the Army if there should be any Damage done by the Soldiers of the Army in Stealing or Destroying the publick Effects, which should be against the Commander in Chiefs Orders to take such persons Imediately up, that they may be punished according to the Crime for that purpose the Commanding Officer has to Receive daily Orders from Head Quarters.
2nd  The Marishosys duty is that if they find any Soldier or Soldiers Stragling out of their Encampments of more distance than is allowed by the Commander in Chief to take them up as Deserters and Deliver

them to the Provow Guard, that such Soldier or Soldiers may be punished according to their Crime.
3rd  If any Soldier of Soldiers should be found in Day or Night time in or outside of the Pickett in Gardens Houses &c. to Destroy any of the Publicks Effects the Officer who Commands the Padroll has to take up such Soldiers and punish them according to the nature of their Crime for that purpose the Officer of the Padroll has always his Provow with him that he can do the Execution without holding any Court Martial over the Offender and then to Deliver him to his Officer or to his Regiment.
4th  The Commanding Officer of Marishosy has the Direction or Command over all the Setlers of the Army and must have them Entered in his Book that he may be acquainted to what Batallion they belong, and such Settlers must be well Recommended that they are true persons to the Cores of the United States of America and if they cannot be well Recommended such Settlers not to be Suffered in the Army (the reason is) that true Settlers going from and coming to the Army without their being Examined and well known can go to the Enemy and give an Account of our Undertaking and serve them as a Spy for that reason they must have a pass from the Commander of the Marishosy and is to be tax’d by him, that always the Army may be Supplied with Goods at a reasonable price so as the Settler may not Suffer by such Goods, And the Marishosy has to Visit the Settlers every day and Examine them wither they have adulterated their Liquors or not, and if they have to take and Confine them that they may be punished according to their Crimes.
5th  The Commanding Officer of the Marishosy has to give a Sufficient Guard to the Provow Marshall, when he go’s his Rounds through and Round the Camp that he may be Supported Sufficient on his duty.
6th  The Duty of Rank and File of a Marishosy is so Strict that there is not a Man can be used to that Core as a very honest and true Man to the United States and he must be an American Born for that purpose the Commanding Officer of that Corps has to take care not to Enlist any one that is not well Recommended to him then he should Risque that the Duty would not be done Regularly.
7th  The Troops is to be Descipled as well and more than the other Troops and they are to be given in more regular Order than the other Troops of the Army as their duty is so trustable to them that the whole Army may Suffer by their Character, by the Publick, when the Marishosys neglect their Duty.
8th  The Corps of Marishosy is to Insist of one Commanding Officer one Captain two Lieutenants one Quarter Master one Clerke four Serjeants four Corporals one Trumpet forty Privates four Provows.

9th  The Marishosy is to be Mounted with a Good horse one Carbine two Pistolls one broad Sword the same as another Light Horse Man which Arms must be good and Trustable while in the Marishosy, as they always stand in a greater Risque to be attacked so well by our Troops in Catching them in time of their Committing Damage as by the Enemy that he may trust to his Arms and stand to his Defence.
10th  It is the Marishosys duty that whoever he finds any person or persons going through the Camp and not belonging to the Army that he may have the least Suspicion that they may be untrustable to take and Examine them and if they cannot give a good Account of themselves to Confine them in the Provow Guard that they may be brought to a Tryal.
If his Excellence is willing to raise such a Core for the good of the United States and the Army I Flatter myself to his Excellency that I am the Officer which can Act to that purpose, and can prove his Excellency in being Almost two Years in the American Service with good Recommendations from several Generals acting in Canada and this Army, I would be glad to know it as soon as it may be Convenient to his Excellency that I may Rule myself Accordingly. I am his Excellencys most Humble servt

Bartholomew von Heer Captn of Colonel Proctors Regiment of Artillery


Title: From George Washington to Henry Laurens, 17–18 November 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Laurens, Henry

Sir
Head Quarters Whitemarsh [Pa.] 17[–18]th Novemr 1777

I am sorry to inform you that Fort Mifflin was evacuated the night before last, after a defence which does credit to the American Arms, and will ever reflect the higher honor upon the Officers and Men of the Garrison. The Works were intirely beat down, every peice of Cannon dismounted, and one of the Enemy’s Ships so near, that she threw Grenades into the fort, and killed the men upon the platforms, from her tops, before they quitted the Island. This Ship had been cut down for the purpose, and so constructed, that she made but a small draft of Water, and, by these means, warped in between Fort Mifflin and the province Island. Some complaints are made, that the Captains of the Galleys did not sufficiently exert themselves to drive this Vessell from her Station, but I shall not determine any thing upon the matter, till a proper inquiry is made.
Nothing, in the Course of this Campaign, has taken up so much of

the attention and consideration of myself and all the General Officers, as the possibility of giving a further releif to Fort Mifflin, than what we had already afforded. Such a Garrison was thrown into it, as has been found by experience, capable of defending it to the last extremity; and Red Bank, which was deemed essentially necessary not only for the purpose of keeping open the communication, but of annoying the Enemy’s Ships and covering our own Fleet, has been possessed by a considerable detatchment from this Army. The only remaining and practicable mode, of giving releif to the Fort, was by dislodging the Enemy from province Island, from whence they kept up an incessant fire: But this, from the Situation of the Ground, was not to be attempted with any degree of safety to the attacking party, without the whole or a considerable part of the Army should be removed to the West side of Schuylkill, to support and cover it.
To account for this, you must be made acquainted with the nature of the ground. In order to have made the attack upon province Island, the party destined for that Service (which should have been at least 1500) must have marched down the Chester Road as far as the Bell Inn, near Derby, and thence, turning towards Delaware, must have proceeded about four Miles further, thro’ a neck of land, to the Island. The Enemy has a Bridge at the middle ferry upon Schuylkill, which is but four Miles from the Bell Inn, consequently, by throwing a Body of Men over that Bridge, upon the first discovery of our design, and marching down to the Bell, they would have effectually cut off our detatchment upon their return. It is true, the covering party might have consisted of a less number than the whole Army, but then, these remaining upon this Side of the River would have been too few, to have been instrusted with all the Artillery and Stores of the Army, within twelve Miles of the Enemy.
There were many and very forcible Reasons against a total Remove to the West Side of Schuylkill. Leaving all our Stores at Easton, Bethlehem and Allen Town uncovered, and abandonning several of our Hospitals within reach of the Enemy first presented themselves—Another, and in my opinion a more weighty reason than either of the preceding, was the importance of supporting the post at Red Bank, upon which, that of Fort Mifflin in a great measure depended, as thro’ it, we sent in Supplies of Men provision and Ammunition. The Enemy, sensible of this, endeavoured to dislodge us from Red Bank on the 22d last month, which, as Congress have been informed, cost them 400 Men. Now, had our Army been upon the West Side of Schuylkill, they might, without any danger of an attack upon their lines, have thrown over so considerable a force into Jersey, that they might have overpowered the Garrison, and by making themselves masters of it, have reduced Fort

Mifflin by famine or want of ammunition. Thus we should, in all probability, have lost both posts by one Stroke. They might also, by taking possession of the fords upon Schuylkill, have rendered the Junction of our northern reinforcements with us a very difficult if not an impracticable matter, and should any accident have happened to them, we should have stood a very poor chance of looking Genl Howe in the face thro’ the Winter, with an inferior Army. We should finally, have thrown the Army into such a situation, that we must inevitably have drawn on a general Engagement before our Reinforcements arrived, which, considering our disparity of Numbers, would probably have ended with the most disagreeable Consequences.
It was therefore determined, a few days ago, to wait the arrival of the Reinforcement from the Northward, before any alteration could safely be made in the disposition of the Army, and I was not without hopes, that the Fort would have held out till that time. That we might then have moved without endangering the Stores, I had given orders for the removal of them from the places beforementioned, to Lebanon and other places in Lancaster County, which is, at any rate, more safe and convenient than where they were.
As the keeping possession of Red Bank, and thereby still preventing the Enemy from weighing the Chevaux de frize before the Frost obliges their Ships to quit the River, has become a matter of the greatest importance; I have determined to send down Genl St Clair, Genl Knox, and Baron Kalb to take a view of the Ground, and to endeavour to form a Judgment of the most probable means of securing it. They will, at the same time, see how far it is possible for our fleet to keep their Station since the loss of Fort Mifflin, and also make the proper inquiry into the Conduct of the Captains of the Galleys, mentioned in the former part of this letter.
I am informed that it is matter of amazement, and that reflections have been thrown out against this Army, for not being more active and enterprizing than, in the opinion of some, they ought to have been. If the charge is just, the best way to account for it, will be to refer you to the returns of our Strength and those which I can produce of the Enemy, and to the inclosed Abstract of the Cloathing now actually wanting for the Army, and then I think the wonder will be, how they keep the feild at all, in Tents, at this Season of the Year. What Stock the Cloathier General has to supply this demand, or what are his prospects, he himself will inform you, as I have directed him to go to York Town to lay these matters before Congress. There are besides, most of those in the Hospitals more bare than those in the Feild. Many remain there for want of Cloaths only.
Several General Officers, unable to procure Cloathing in the common

line, have employed Agents to purchase up what could be found in different parts of the Country. Genl Wayne among others has employed Mr Zantzinger of Lancaster, who has purchased to the Amount of £4500, for which he desires a draft upon the Treasury Board. Inclosed you have copy of his letter. I am not clear whether this application should properly be made to the Treasury or the Cloathier General, who should charge the money to the Regiments for whom the Cloaths are, as so much advanced to them. If the latter should appear the most proper mode, I will order it to be done.
I am anxiously waiting the arrival of the Troops from the Northward, who ought, from the time they have had my orders to have been here before this. Colo. Hamilton, one of my Aids, is up the North River doing all he can to push them forward, but he writes me word that he finds many unaccountable delays thrown in his way. However I am in hopes that many days will not elapse before a Brigade or two at least arrive. The want of these Troops has embarrassed all my measures exceedingly.
18th Your dispatches of the 13th and 14th have this Moment come to hand, they shall be attended to and answered in my next. I have the honor to be with great Respect Sir Yr most obt Servt

Go: Washington


Title: Orders to Major Generals Arthur St. Clair and Johann Kalb and Brigadier General Henry Knox, 17 November 1777
From: Washington, George
To: St. Clair, Arthur,Kalb, Johann,Knox, Henry

[Whitemarsh, Pa., 17 November 1777]

Instructions for Major General St Clair, Major General Baron Kalb, and Brigadier General Knox.
Gentlemen
You are to proceed with all convenient expedition to Fort Mercer, where by conferring with Brigadier General Varnum, Commodore Hazlewood and such other Officers as you may think proper to consult—and from your own view of the ground and river, you will investigate the following Points.
1. The Practicability of hindering the Enemy from clearing the main Channel of the Chevaux de frise which now obstruct it—without having Possession of Mud Island.
2. What farther Aid would be required from this Army to effect the purpose, abovementioned, supposing it practicable, and how such Aid should be supplied.
3. Whether our Fleet will be able to keep the River in case the Enemy make a Lodgement and establish Batteries on Mud Island.
4. Supposing the Fleet necessitated to retire, whether the Land-force could maintain its present Position independently of it.
5. Whether it be practicable to take or drive away the Enemy’s Floating Battery, and if either can be done, whether an obstruction may not be laid in the Channel through which she pass’d, so as to prevent the passage of any Vessel in future.
6. If the Fleet should be obliged to retire, and Fort Mercer be invested by the Enemy, by what means could the Garrison be drawn off or reinforced if either should be judged necessary.
You will be particular in making my acknowledgements to those Officers and Men who have distingushed themselves in the defence of the Fort, and assure them that I have a high Sense of their gallant Conduct.
This is by no means to be understood Gentlemen as restraining you to the examination only of the particular Points enumerated, which are intended as a memorandum—but you will in conjunction with the Officers on the Spot, make every such arrangement and alteration as shall appear essential. Given at Head Quarters—this Seventeenth of November 1777.

Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General James Potter, 17 November 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Potter, James

Sir:
Head Quarters [Whitemarsh, Pa.] November 17, 1777.

Your favor of yesterday covering Col. Greene’s letter I received prior to which I had the Account of Fort Mifflin being evacuated.
The Fascines which you were to make may still be wanted tho’ the Army is not to cross the Schuylkill for some little time; you had best not collect them all at any one place as they might become an object of the Enemy’s attention and occasion an attempt to destroy them. I am, etc.


Title: To George Washington from Major General Arthur St. Clair, 17 November 1777
From: St. Clair, Arthur
To: Washington, George

Sir
Dunks Ferry [Pa.] Novr 17h 1777 11 oClock at Night

Two Gentlemen, one from General Varnum and the other from the Fleet with Dispatches for your Excellency having this Moment arrived, we took the Liberty to open them—from their Contents I fear that our Journey will be to no great Purpose, but it is the general Sentiment that we proceed; and we shall endeavour to take such Measures as may be most conducive to the public Good, and return as soon as possible. I have the Honour to be Sir Your most obedient Humble Servant

Ar. St Clair


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General James Mitchell Varnum, 17 November 1777
From: Varnum, James Mitchell
To: Washington, George

Sir
Fort Mercer [Pa.] 17th Novr 1 oClk P.M., 1777

In Consequence of the Enemy’s arm’d Vessells laying at Fort Mifflin, their Provision Vessells pass unmolested, up to the Mouth of Schylkill, between mud Island and Province Island. A Considerable Number of Shipping have moved up this Day & anchored off Billingsport. It is probable they may intend landing the Troops from New York, w’ch in Addition to those already there, (I mean Billingsport) Their Force may be such as to put it out of my Power to prevent a Siege. It is my Opinion, if your Excellency intends taking Possession of Province Island, this Post should be held: If you give up all Ideas of preventing the large

Shipping’s going up the River, this Post is of no essential Consequence; Batteries along the Shore, between this & Manto Creek, might annoy greatly, or totally prevent the Shipping from raising the Chievau de Frize, if the Troops besieging should be dislodged. If your Excellency should think of establishing a strong post at Cooper’s Ferry, I imagine all the large Cannon should be removed to Mount Holley; In that Case, the Troops here would be of great Service. It will require a large Force to keep the Shore so as to play directly upon the Shipping. Was our Fleet to continue under the Cover of this Place, the Enemy’s Shipping would be in a worse Situation; but, as they seem to be upon the Wing, the Enemy will soon be able to open Bomb Batteries from Fort Mifflin. This would not be terrible in itself, but connected with an Investiture, would deprive the Garrison of that Cover, w’ch might otherwise be derived from the Bank of the River. Colo. Greene will write you the Sentiments of the principal Officers of the Garrison, upon their present Situation. Provided the Enemy should attempt crossing Timber and Manto Creek’s at the same Time, Woodberry will be a more ineligible Situation than Haddonfield, as it will throw my Troops between the Enemy’s Front and Fort Mercer; And prevent that Communication wch would be necessary. However, in that Case, I shall act according to immediate Circumstances. I hope your Excellency’s earliest Orders may be given upon these Matters. It is a great Misfortune, that we have lost Fort Mifflin; Nothing but the undaunted Bravery & persevearing Prudence of Major Thayer, prevented a much greater Effusion of Blood, than has taken Place. The Ground was held ’till the principal Cannode was over, when the greater part of the Garrison were sent off. The Major, with a rear Guard of about forty Men, remained, ’till with amazing Address, he had sent off the most part of the Stores, he then came away. Had the Garrison been bro’t away in the Day time, the Loss must have been very great, as the Shipping would have sunk many of the Boats. I mention these Circumstances, in repetition of what was said in my last, as it may be said by some, that the Major continued too long upon the Island. If that was the Case, the Fault was mine, not his. I can say from my Conscience, I think never did Man behave better.
I have called for an exact return of the killed & wounded, wch will soon be transmitted; It is not so great as was imagined or expected. I am, in the greatest Submission, your Excellency’s most obd: Servant

J. M. Varnum


Title: General Orders, 18 November 1777
From: Washington, George
To:

Head Quarters, White Marsh [Pa.] Novr 18th 1777.
Parole Westminster.C. Signs Winchester. Woodbridge.

The Government of the State of Pennsylvania, having appointed Commissioners in each county thereof, to collect blankets and cloathing for the army—All officers sent round in the state for that purpose are, by their commanding officers, to be called in as soon as possible, with what cloathing they have.
Richard Claiborne Esqr: is appointed Brigade Major to General Weedon’s brigade, and is to be obeyed as such.
After Orders. The whole army is immediately to draw provisions, for to morrow and next day, and cook the provisions of one of those days, and get ready to march at the shortest notice.