Title: To Benjamin Franklin from [David Hartley], 2 May 1777
From: Hartley, David
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Dear Sir
London May 2. 1777.
We have striven, to the utmost of our limited powers, for reconciliation between Great Britain and America. If that is become impossible, let us, at least, not relax our endeavours to obtain peace. Upon what ground wou’d it be possible to establish peace? By your letter to Lord Howe, which has been lately published here, as well as from all other accounts, and from the nature of things; The Admission of American Independance seems an absolutely necessary preliminary. You know my principles well enough not to be ignorant, that such a ground work wou’d be perfectly consonant to them. I never have wished even for reconciliation, upon any of the terms formerly proposed, of compromise, which might seem to leave the question of legislation undetermined, but with a view to avoid the decision of that question in blood; leaving even the pretensions to die away of themselves by lapse of time, just as parental authority does in private life. The thought of conquest, has always seemed to me to be folly in the extreme; and the lust of dominion, I have ever held to be a vice in any nation, of the deepest die. I fear, that no interposition of private persons can now put a stop to the fatal progress of things, but if it were possible to declare a suspension of arms, and to admit the Independance of America, might not the two countries be reclaimed to peace, and the greatest part of the advantages mutually subsisting as they did not many months ago, still rescued from ruin? Convinced as I am of your sincere desire to restore peace, as it was formerly to prevent the rupture, I shou’d be happy to concur to that blessed end. I send you a letter that was intended for you a year ago or more. I don’t know whether any duplicate has reached you. It has been returned. I send it now only as a testimony that I have always wished to restore harmony, and to prevent this fatal war. I write in a great hurry, for an occasion of sending this to you, of which I have but a few minutes notice. I am Dear Sir with the greatest regard very affectionately yours
G B.

Notation: G. B. May 2. 1777.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from William Carmichael, 3 May 1777
From: Carmichael, William
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Sir
Paris May 3rd. 1777
Mr. Deane having promissd to explain my ideas of the Situation In which I could ever be inducd to revisit Berlin, and Mr. Lee knowing from me what I expected on that Subject, are the reasons which have prevented a personal explanation with you on my part. I do assure you I feel infinitely more pain in solliciting a mode of serving my country than in risquing everything dear and valuable to render it services. But as the time of Mr. Lees departure approaches, I would not wish to appear to start difficulties at the moment when every arrangement is made for his journey. I have explained myself fully to your Collegues permit me to mention to you, that I cannot go with Mr. Lee or any individual without being jointly employd by the representatives of America here. Perhaps my feelings may be too refind on the Occasion but they influence me in such a manner, that I am obligd to Submit to them. When I ask to be commissioned by you and the other Gentlemen, I mean not to derive any pecuniary claim or subject you or your colleagues to censure from having perhaps exceeded your orders in appointing a secretary untill the pleasure of Congress is known. My Sole view in wishing to have your sanction to my appointment is that I may feel myself the Servant of the Public and not of any Individual. To give the Strongest proof possible that I have no interested views in the matter I offer to come under any obligation to refund from my little estate in America, any advances made even for my Expences while on this or any other service I am Employ’d in. Should it not appear to the Commissioners that I have fully comply’d with their Orders and instructions, I beg you to excuse the Liberty of this address, to tell me with the Candor that distinguishes your Character what I ought to do and to beleive me with much respect Sir your Most Obedient humble Servant
Wm. Carmichael

Addressed: A Monsr / Monsieur Le Docteur Franklin / À Passy
Notation: W. Carmicael 3d May 77


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Léonard-Louis Goueslard de Champigny, 3 May 1777
From: Goueslard de Champigny, Léonard-Louis
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Monsieur
A Paris le 3 May 1777
En vous proposant de vive voix d’etablir dans votre patrie premierement une Manufacture D’Armes, secondement une fondrie D’Artillerie en cuivre, troisiemement enfin une fondrie D’artillerie en fer, dans laquelle non seulement on fondroit du canon; mais encore les crapaux destinés a monter les mortiers et Pierriers qui ne peuvent se monter sur des affuts de bois, J’ai eu l’honneur de vous observer que pour l’Execution d’un projet aussi etendu et aussi interessant pour votre nation il seroit absolument necessaire que le gouvernement se determinât a faire quelques sacrifices qui consisteroient Premierement à faire construire les batiments, forges, fourneaux et machines necessaires a cet effet, secondement a faire des avances absolument indispensables pour determiner des Ouvriers habiles a quitter leur patrie pour aller a travers les dangers de la mer et de la Guerre chercher dans un autre Climat une occupation qu’ils peuvent trouver au sein de leur famille. Vous pouvez bien penser que je ne puis de moi-même executer un pareil projet et que cela ne se peut sans que le gouvernement entre du moins en partie dans les premieres depenses. C’est en effet ce qui se pratique dans tous les Etats de l’Europe lorsqu’une puissance veut etablir chez elle quelque Manufacture qui se trouve etablie ailleurs. Cette verité, que vous avez aujourd’hui sous les yeux et la depense que le Gouvernement a été obligee de faire et continue encore journellement pour attirer en france des Ouvriers Anglois pour etablir la nouvelle fonte de Canons de fer, cette verité dis-je vous est trop connue pour avoir besoin d’etre appuyee sur d’autres Exemples. Vous m’avez paru frappé des avantages reels qui resulteroient de cet Etablissement fait pour l’eternité. Par la vos concitoyens trouveroient chez eux et à l’Epreuve toutes les armes dont ils pourroient avoir besoin et a beaucoup meilleur marché que les armes en tres grande partie defectueuses qu’ils sont obligés de venir chercher en Europe et auroient encore le double Avantage de n’être point obligés d’eloigner de leurs côtes leur marine qui y est absolument necessaire. Mais ne voulant rien prendre sur vous, vous m’avez paru desirer que je fis le voyage de L’amerique afin de m’addresser directement au congrés et de lui faire mes propositions. Vous avez même eu la bonté de m’en faire augurer un bon succés. Sur votre parole je l’entreprendrai de tout mon coeur. Mais l’entreprenant je me flatte que vous voudrez bien donner les ordres necessaires pour que je sois reçu convenablement et sans rien debourser pour mon passage, dans un de vos vaisseaux. Je me flatte de plus que dans le cas ou mon projet n’auroit point de Reussite le Gouvernement voudra bien m’accorder une Indemnité raisonable. Si vous jugez a propos de m’en donner l’assurance je me tiendrai pret a partir dans le Courant du mois prochain ne pouvant le faire plutôt ayant encore a finir quelques memoires Relatifs à mon projet et qui me demandent ce tems et surtout celui de la nouvelle Methode de fondre des canons de fer avec de vieille fonte que vous m’avez paru desirer par preference. J’ai l’honneur d’être avec le plus Respectueux devouement Monsieur Votre très humble et très obeissant serviteur
Goueslard DE Champigny

Endorsed: Mr Champigny’s Proposal to carry over Workmen to make Guns &c


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Thomas Morris, 3 May 1777
From: Morris, Thomas
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Sir
Nantes May 3d. 1777
At the request of Captain John Robarts of the Schooner Mary lately arrived from Charles Town South Carolina I beg leave to acquaint you with William Machmaster one of his Sailors, is now detained a Prisoner in this City, charged with having drowned one John Hoggins belonging to the same Vessell. The real circumstances are as follow. The said Machmaster and Hoggins took the Ship’s boat with an intention of going onshore together at Coueron but being both much in Liquor they quarelled, and came to blows in the boat. Hoggins by accident fell out of the boat and was drowned, Machmaster not being able to afford him any assistance as he was quite drunk. It’s by french Witnesses who were onshore and saw the accident happen, that Machmaster is detained by the Judges of the Admiralty, who may decide his Fate unless some intercession is immediately made in his behalf with Monsr Le Duc de Penthievre and Monsr Le Chancelier. These are the particulars of the matter as represented by Captain Robarts at whose desire I have taken the liberty of troubling you with this letter. In expectation of your answer I have the honour to be very respectfully Sir Your most Obedient Servant
Thos. Morris
The Honorable Benjamin Franklin Esqr. at Paris

Addressed: A L’Honorable Doctr. Franklin / á L’Hotel D’Hamburg / Rue Jacob / á / Paris.
Notation: T. Morris May 3. 77


Title: The American Commissioners to John Adams, [on or before 5 May 1777]
From: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur
To: Adams, John

Sir
[On or before May 5, 1777]
With this, you will receive Dispatches; with which you are to sail with all possible expedition. You will enclose the Dispatches in a Box with Lead, and have it always ready to sink, shoud you be in unavoidable danger of falling into the Enemies hands. To prevent this misfortune, you will constantly keep a good look-out, and be very cautious how you approach any vessel to speak her; which shoud not be attempted, but in case of absolute necessity and want of information on the Coast. You will steer for the northern ports, and make the first harbour you possibly can, belonging to the United States. On your arrival, apply to the continental Agent or (if there shoud be none such) to the persons in authority there, to have your Dispatches immediately forwarded to Congress, from whom you will wait for future Orders. Confiding much in your diligence and discretion We wish you a speedy and prosperous voyage.

Notation: Copy of Letter to Capt Adams


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Silas Deane, [5 May 1777]
From: Deane, Silas
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Sir
Monday Morning, [May 5, 1777]
An express is going to Nantes at twelve o Clock this Day. I pray to see you previous, to determine on what sum shall be paid Capt. Bell, who is about to leave Nantes, and go into the service of the Gentlemen who are sending to him express. And he will be uneasy to have it determined upon. I am Sir your most Obedient and Very Humble Servant
S Deane
Mr. Deane prays Mr Franklin junr. to ask Mr. Chaumont for one of those busts, I saw in his hands and send it per Bearer

Addressed: To / The hone. Benja Franklin Esq / Passy


Title: Pierre Penet to the American Commissioners, 6 May 1777
From: Penet, Pierre
To: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur

Messieurs
nantes 6. may 1777.
Mon. thomas morris viens de me communicquer la lettre qu’il viens de recevoir signé de Mrs. Francklin, Diane, et Lée, ma surprisse feus grande lorsque j’en eus fais lecture. Il faut Messieurs que l’on vous aye bien male informmé de moy et mes commettans pour que tout a cou, sans nous en prevenir vous fassiéz retirer des affaires des mains de Mr. S. Sollier que vous avéz vous meme trouvé bon qu’on lui confie. Je ne crois point qu’il y aye eut manque d’exaditude de sa par, et quand a moy ainsi que Mr. J. Gruel nous n’avons rien a nous reprocher et sommes en meme de randre compte a qui il appartienderat des operations que nous avons fais jusqu’a presant pour les Etats unis du nord.
J’auréz crus Messieurs que bien loing de me priver de vos faveurs vous me les eussiéz continüé, par l’inderest et zele que j’ay pour ce qui concernne votre nation sçest san doute la le fruit de ma recompansce, j’esperre que les honorables membres du Congré ainsi que le publicques me randerat plus de justisce. Je suis bien informmé que j’ay bien des ennemis tant a paris qu’a nantes il y a longtems que l’on me cherge [cherche] a perdre et l’on y ai enfin parvenus, vous etes trop justes Messieurs et si cette qualité ne vous eusse etée connus le peubles ainsi que l’honorable congré ne vous auréz point confie leurs inderest en urope. En cette consideration j’esperre que vous vouderéz bien me faire connoitre mes ennemis pour que je puisse me justifier, car la conduite que vous venéz de tenir Messieurs a mon sujet ai celle qu’auréz merittéz une personne suspecte. J’esperre que Mr. Sollier et Gruel qui sont mes commettans pourons vous convincre des sentiments condraire que l’on a peut vous inspirer comme ce cy recarte notre honneur et repudation il vous plairat Messieurs de vouloir bien repondre a la lettre que j’ay l’honneur de vous ecrire ayant celui d’etre avec respect, Messieurs votre tres humble et tres obeisant serviteur
P Penet
A Messieurs Francklin, Diane, & Lée

Addressed: A L’honorable Dor. Francklin / a l’hotelle Dambourg / A Paris


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from the Chevalier de Brus, 6 May 1777
From: Brus, ——, chevalier de
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Franklin, within weeks of his arrival in Paris, began to receive letters from strangers about service in America. The writers were sometimes putting forward friends or relatives, more often themselves; if they specified what they wanted, which many did not, it might be a military commission in advance, or passage money, or merely a letter of recommendation, as here, to improve their chances of employment on arrival. Whenever they had sponsors who they thought might impress Franklin, as de Brus had, they threw in the names with abandon. If they expected him to check such references, or even reply, they were usually disappointed; the inquiries, with a few exceptions, seem to have gone into his files unanswered. The exceptions, where he responded in some way, we handle separately; the rest of the letters within the period of this volume we summarize here. They are all, unless otherwise noted, in French and in the American Philosophical Society.
The list is a long one, for the trickle of requests that began in January swelled to a stream by late spring. The total for the period of the previous volume was twenty-two; for this it is more than three times as many. A larger number of applicants than hitherto were from outside France—a colonel in the Polish army, a student at Jena, several Swiss, officers serving various German princes. The gamut of the writers’ motives was much the same as before: to escape poverty or boredom, to win professional renown, to join a people fighting for freedom. In a surprising number of cases that people was called the Bostonians. Although the British had evacuated the town more than a year before, and recent campaigns had focused on New York and New Jersey, Boston for many Frenchmen now stood for the United States.
On the same day as this letter from de Brus, John Conrad Ziegler writes from Grave in the Netherlands. He has been trying to find out locally how to join the American service, but cannot; a letter of inquiry to M. Bedaulx in Paris has gone unanswered. Ziegler had been in a Swiss contingent of the Dutch army from the age of fourteen, then had gone to England and, with the help of Henry Laurens, emigrated to South Carolina in 1772; two years later he returned to his regiment. The fact that he is still only a lieutenant is “un malheur, que personne ne peut mettre sur mon compte”; he wants to be an American lieutenant colonel. On May 14 O’Meara, an officer in the depot at St. Martin de Ré, puts himself forward in English. He had asked Dorset to recommend him, but his fellow officer apparently forgot; otherwise Franklin could not have preferred a man who is far less qualified than he is, by thirteen years in the Irish brigades, two campaigns in Corsica, and a knowledge of European languages. On the 16th C. J. van Mulbraght, a former student living in Roermond in the Austrian Netherlands, offers his knowledge of Latin, German, French, and Flemish, of arithmetic and philosophy; “mon Ame n’a panché jamais qu’à l’idée de s’agrandir par les Armes: je n’ai jusqu’ici pû ÿ ateindre mon but.”
On the 17th the chevalier de Savari-something (the rest of his name is illegible) writes his third and only extant letter from Poitou, and wonders whether he will still be treated to silence this time. He has no military experience. He threatens, if refused, to go anyhow as a volunteer. Gruel gave him Franklin’s address, which he has passed on to several officers in the area who also want to go. Four days later Wilhelm Bayle, a student at Jena, explains in German that his relatives can no longer pay for his education; he longs to join the struggle for freedom and find the means of supporting his family. On the 23d Montaut, a surgeon in Barbâtre on the island of Noirmoutier, offers his services; perhaps he could sail with Tardiveau, who has just left the island for Paris? On the same day Georges-François-Marie Levaillant and Louis-Claude de Préville, lieutenant and sublieutenant of dragoons in Auch, Gascony, request American captaincies. Neither troubles nor debts are behind their request, but only admiration for Franklin’s compatriots; will he please get the two of them three-year leaves and assurance that their posts will be kept for them?
On June 1 Burette writes from Madrid: after ten years in the French infantry he left as regimental quartermaster, and wants an equivalent rank; he is twenty-five, “taille de cinq pied dix pouces (pied français).” On the same day Gabriel-Joseph Cosson de La Sudrie, an infantry captain, inquires from the Château de La Sudrie in Périgord what Franklin has to offer. On the 11th a student at Lyons by the name of Cavalier explains that he has reached an age where he must try to promote the happiness of others, and has found the way; his family is large and his means small, so that he has hitherto only wanted to bear arms, but now hopes to do so for the worthy people of the new world. Two days later Cot d’Ordan writes at great length from Lille: he loves to study and travel, and has composed music and lyrical drama, but “ma Jeunesse s’écoule infructueusement” in the local directorate of provisions; although America does not need a musician or a bad poet, might it not use his knowledge of French and training in finance? He is ready to serve with pen or sword.
On June 27 Weyss, a Swiss lieutenant in French service, reminds Franklin from Thionville that he applied to him in person at the end of March. He expects a French captaincy before long, worth 6,000 l.t. What can the Americans offer? Their government, religion, and militia are like those in Switzerland, and Swiss officers will be the most useful to them; he can bring five or six with him from the best families in Berne. On July 1 comte O’Donnell, a veteran of the Austrian service and now a lieutenant colonel in the Polish, sends from Lemberg his request that Congress commission him. English is almost his mother tongue, and “la vigueur de l’age me fera supporter aisément toute espéce de fatigue.” The next day Jacques-Joseph d’Archambault makes his offer from Chartres; he is the ranking captain of his regiment (Rohan-Soubise), chevalier de Saint-Louis, and has always sought professional experience. He could not do better than serve “à Boston sous d’aussy Grands Maitres dans l’arts de la Guerre,” and Versailles would be glad if he were accepted.
On July 6 the comte d’Escordeck, in Orléans, a lieutenant colonel with forty-two years of service, touches lightly on methods of his devising whereby 25,000 men can defeat 300,000, and promises to expel the British in two campaigns; on the 15th he writes again, offering infallible success for “l’aimable Republique de Boston.” On the 11th Cassou, in Armentières, asks for a recommendation to General “Waghinston” and passage on one of the ships now at Dunkirk. He served in Germany at a young age; his sister in Paris, Mme. de Séguenot, will vouch for him. He repeats his request on September 2, refers to his intervening letters (now lost), and adds that his sister is well thought of and moves in the best Parisian circles. On July 13 Fectsler, in Landrecies, introduces himself as a Swiss who was in the French service for fourteen years and lays claim to a relative, one Fäsels, who is a member of Congress; he wants passage money and will take his chances of a commission on arrival. On the 20th Gueydon Desdoit, in Avignonet in Languedoc, explains that he was about to be commissioned an engineer when that part of the corps was réformé. The rest of what he says is utterly mysterious: his friend Guet de Lissac, “officier bostonnien,” urged him to serve under the same flag; he answered that, “étant né enmericain” [un americain], he was ready to shed the last drop of blood for his compatriots.
On July 24 Jean-Julien Soleau, a lieutenant of chasseurs à cheval, who has served in the dragoons for nineteen years, requests from Besançon a leave of absence, free passage, and a company when he arrives; a friend wants to go with him on similar conditions. The next day Gabriel-Antoine Cottereau, chevalier de Granchamp and with the order of Saint-Louis, transmits via the comtesse de Coaslin a memorandum explaining that he is forty, was in service from 1751 until réformé in 1776, and wants any commission suitable for his age and unspecified rank. The same day Lalaisse, thirty-six, inquires from Toul about the conditions for employment; some relatives have just left for America, and if he goes others will follow.
On July 28 Cavoleau, a young man on the edge of hysteria, pours out his heart from Luçon in Poitou. He is “reduit à tenter les ressources les plus extraordinaires pour m’arracher aux horreurs du désespoir.” His attempt to escape from poverty by taking holy orders convinced him that his passions were too violent to be trampled under foot, and since then all his plans have gone awry. He is surrounded by, and must escape from, “des ames dures et barbares insensibles aux pleurs d’un malheureux.” America, of all the nations on earth, has warmed his heart by its interesting revolution, and he would shed his blood for the country if it adopted him; Franklin’s answer will determine his fate. Almost his only friend was Tardiveau, bound to him by common circumstances, and he longs to join him in America. On the same day James Cole, in Paris, announces himself as a British subject by birth, outlawed because he served with the French army in Corsica; he wants to see Franklin about a post on an American privateer, and will explain then why he is writing in French.
Lieutenant Wommrad, a thirty-year-old engineer in the army of the Elector Palatine, writes on the same day from Mannheim to offer himself. He is tired of inactivity; pay his passage and he will go. On August 1 Caranténé, a captain réformé at thirty-four with twenty-one years of service behind him and a command of German and French, sends a request from Dieuze in Lorraine to have a free company of 140 infantry and sixty light cavalry. On August 3 “F. N.” in St. Omer, who in a later letter signs himself F. Dilkes Hore, announces in English that he is a British officer, a former lieutenant colonel of American militia, and an old friend of Gen. Gates. He wants to be a colonel and to have his and his servants’ expenses paid, and will be ready to leave by spring; Col. Mercer will identify him. On the 5th W. Wildrik writes from Namur; he has been a major and surgeon in the Dutch army, and wants free passage and something for the wife and young son he will leave behind. Official permission to go to America will be given only on the ground of broadening his medical knowledge. “Rogo te, Vir doctissime! ut omnia haece scripta sint dicta sub rosa.” The next day Louis-Ursule, marquis de Vienne, announces from Doullens in Picardy that he is a retired cavalry captain with twenty-two years in the army, and that inaction bores him. He wants to join Lafayette, to whom he will have the best references, and needs free passage for himself and his servant, expenses from their departure until they join the American army, and letters of recommendation to Congress; he must have an immediate reply. None is forthcoming. He writes again on September 1 to repeat his request; this time he specifies a French ship and gives the Paris address of his father, who will vouch for him.
An infantry officer by the name of Verseüil, in Mézières, asks on August 12 for Franklin’s address, if the inquiry reaches him, so that the writer may outline his proposal. On the same day Charles Whitehead writes in English from Boulogne; he would like a commission, but will serve in any capacity fit for a gentleman. The Virginia Newtons are close relatives, and Admiral Benbow an ancestor of whom he will prove himself worthy. While a member of the London corporation he consistently supported the opponents of the ministry; now he has fallen on evil days and has only his person to offer. On the 17th Taxil, chevalier de Clermont, appeals from Bordeaux. He came there from his regiment at the urging of relatives who are serving in America, such as the chevalier de Lissac and the marquis de la Devése, thinking that he had only to present himself to M. Delap, but finds that he needs authorization to sail; will Franklin please provide it? On the same day Jalouzet, in Châtillon-sur-Loing, sends a disquisition on liberty and then gets down to business: he is thirty-three, with a wife and three children, a doctor as well as surgeon and with a number of publications; he wants to share with the Americans “les dangers de la gloire et les douceurs de la paix qui doit suivre.” Can Franklin put him in a position to support his family either as surgeon or doctor? He would prefer the second because it carries higher rank and because he has had, since leaving Paris, more practice in medicine than surgery.
On August 23 Latour de Leimarie, an unemployed twenty-one-year-old, asks from Bergerac for whatever position may be suitable for him in Boston, and whatever transport arrangements have been made for others. On the next day Chiniac de la Bastide in Toulouse, thirty and réformé but destined by birth for the military profession, asks whether Franklin thinks Congress will accept him; if so he will obey whatever orders he receives. On the 27th Charles Galland, in Lunéville, announces himself with precision as “agé de 25 ans 4 mois taille de 5 pied 6 pounces fort et robuste.” He is a lieutenant of dragoons who has already served in the gendarmerie and in the Polish wars, and is not one of those officers “ne scachant quoi faire”; he wants to fight. On the 30th Philip von Platen, twenty-six and a lieutenant for a decade in the Prussian service, sends a plea from Bordeaux: he went to Bayonne but found no passage, and then in Bordeaux ran out of money; please help him.
On September 1 Nicolaus Jacob Holterman writes from Cassel. He is a captain of dragoons in von Heister’s regiment but without a company. A year ago he sent Beaumarchais an offer of service, along with two publications of his and two letters of recommendation from the Landgraf of Hesse. No reply. The Landgraf’s favor has made him enemies who block his advancement; he would like to be a major in the American service. The next day Jean-Paul de Lescun, in a small town near Vannes, offers himself; he was réformé after twenty-three years’ service in France and Portugal, and speaks German and sufficient English. On the 4th François Pantaléon, chevalier d’Argoeuvres, writes from Commercy in Lorraine. He has heard from his commander that the Americans are recruiting qualified officers, and does not believe that they will refuse him, a lieutenant colonel with thirty-four years of continuous service, a reputation in peace and war, and the cross of Saint-Louis. He expects to be a general officer, to bring with him six juniors, and to determine their ranks according to their present ones; he will be ready to leave at the end of the month. On the same day O’Cahill, an Irishman in Strasbourg, gives his credentials: he is thirty, was raised in the Prussian court as a page to the Queen, and had eight years in the Prussian army before a quarrel with a superior forced him out; he speaks fluent German, passable French and English, and some Italian.
On September 8 the marquis de Rognes, in Aix, inquires about a captaincy; he held that rank when réformé in 1776, after twenty-one years’ service that included the whole of the Seven Years’ War. Two days later Derrieux de Brie, in the Château de Brie in Foix, asks for command of a company in Brétigney’s corps. He is probably too late; “quand on n’est point sur lés lieux on ne sçait que trés tard lés bones nouvélles.” He is thirty-six and has been in the household troops for almost a decade; the family, father to son for four generations, has served their sovereign and has several crosses of Saint-Louis. On the same day Jean-Suzanne Duclaux writes from Lyons; he is a réformé of twenty-three, and names superior officers who will vouch for him. On the 12th Bégougne sends from Limoges a longwinded account of his situation. He is a young doctor, who graduated from Montpellier in 1774 and spent two years in Paris hospitals before his family called him home and kept him there; he tried unsuccessfully to get away to Vienna to study under Dr. De Haen. The Bostonians’ war has created a professional opening. The family would grudgingly consent to his going but would not pay for his passage; could he have an assured position before he leaves? His relative, M. de Basmarin, will vouch for him; in fact he might not have dared write if Franklin had not been a friend of Basmarin.
On September 13 Beauvais fils writes from the Château de Groschenay near Le Mans. He is twenty-five, réformé three times; if he sends his recommendations, including one from Gribeauval, will they assure him a place? His family knows nothing of his plan. He is studying mathematics and astronomy with Lalande, Franklin’s fellow member of the Academy, who thinks well of him and, had he been in Paris, would have delivered this letter. On the 14th the chevalier de Bermont de Vilerpot, thirty-one and in perfect health, a marine officer for eighteen years and a veteran of the German wars and of Corsica, inquires from the Château de Vilerpot, near Vesoul, what rank he might expect in the American army; before he dies he wants to fight the English again. On the same day A. Rodolph Gruner, who signs himself “Patricien de la République de Berne” but is in Paris, offers to go to America if Franklin is arranging passage for “des gens de bonne volonté et de bon Employ.” On the 16th he writes again to say that others, Swiss or Germans, are waiting on the answer; they too would go, as either colonists or soldiers.
The first letter recommending some one else is on May 22 from Bourdin, a former official in Martinique now living in Paris. A friend’s son wants to serve in the United States under a French commander until he learns English; he himself, Bourdin adds, suffered when the British captured Martinique during the last war. On June 2 he writes again, virtually repeating himself, and says that he will come on the 4th for an answer. On June 1 Bruslé, a surgeon in the French navy, inquires from Paris whether Franklin is interested in a young lieutenant who was réformé at twenty-one and wants to “réparer par sa conduite et son ardeur les outrages du sort.” On the 15th Courreget fils, in Bayonne, encloses a letter to Arthur Lee from a friend who is offering his services; will Franklin read and forward the letter? On the 20th the abbé d’Antrecourt, prédicateur de la reine, writes from Paris that he has already asked for a position for his brother, who has gone to Port Louis but will need passage money if only as a loan, and who is willing to serve as a volunteer; he has a thorough command of English and has studied mathematics and engineering.
On July 2 the comtesse de Caire, in the Abbaye royale de St.-Cyr, introduces herself as a French Canadian and asks for an interview on a subject of the greatest interest. She does not say what it is, but other evidence indicates that she wants a commission for her husband, an army engineer of long experience. On the 30th the comte de Rânes, like Levaillant and Préville writing from Auch in Gascony, recommends a twenty-six-year-old captain of dragoons, unnamed, who is the scion of one of the oldest families in the kingdom. On August 22, and again on September 8, the comte de Saint-Lambert, in Tremonde in the Austrian Netherlands, recommends in succession two applicants, but for some reason does not put a name to either one of the two. On August 29 Bouillon writes from Paris for the comtesse de Villeneuve Cillart, who wants to know whether Pierre Nérot might have passage on one of the American ships now at Morlaix and a letter of recommendation or even a lieutenant’s commission; he is well born, tall, agile, and handsome. On September 1 the comte de Bruges, in the Château de Novezan outside Valreas in Dauphiné, lays claim to relationship with General Montgomery; part of his blood has therefore been shed for America, and Franklin will be pleased with his recommendation of M. d’Alancon of Valreas, twenty-three, “grand et robuste” but poor; “cependant son pere luy fera une pacotille honete.” The next day the abbess of St. Michel de Doullens puts forward an indigent young man, nephew of one of the sisters, who wants to re-establish his family’s fortunes (he has eleven siblings). He is eighteen, five feet five, and no genius, but with good sense and great ambition; although he has never borne arms, the Americans will undoubtedly, on Franklin’s recommendation, give him a place worthy of his birth.
On September 9 Mme. Beaumont, comtesse de Feillens, writes for the son of a family in Thionville that is close to her. If Franklin will spare her an hour, she will give him all the information that he needs; he will be happy with this young man. The next day Mme. Le Camus Guitton, in Châtellerault, asks to have her three sons taken into service; they are eighteen, nineteen, and twenty. On the 12th the marquis de Puységur, lieutenant general, and M. de Cormainville, maréchal de camp, request a letter of recommendation for M. de Carriere, who is on the point of leaving and will wait upon Franklin on Sunday morning; he is about thirty, with ten years in the gendarmerie, an excellent horseman and with means of his own. The next day Alexis Bruslart, comte de Genlis, in Paris, recommends as “un fort bon sujet” the bearer, M. La Clausse, who wants to go to America. On the 20th Mme. or Mlle. de Beaubourg, in Paris on a brief visit, asks for a half-hour with Franklin to discuss a letter of recommendation, leading to a commission, for a young man in her family. He joined the royal guard in Spain, but had to leave because the King’s continual hunting exhausted him. He is “fort sage mes sans fortune, il est plin de conduitte, il n’a pas une senté bien robuste.” On the 27th A. Fendrich, writing in English, introduces the bearer, a young man from Strasbourg who has command of English, French, and German, and who wants to serve as a volunteer. Mme. Greuze, the wife of the famous painter, sends a brief undated note that probably falls within this period, to enclose a letter from an officer who is réformé and of good reputation.

Monsieur,
Bordeaux le 6e mai 1777.
J’aurais la plus grande envie de passer dans la nouvelle engleterre en consequence j’oserais vous supplier de m’accorder une letre de recommendation pour ce pays; je sais que n’ayant pas l’honneur d’etre connu de vous je n’ai pas droit de pretendre à cette grace, mais Monsieur puisque vous étes si bon patriotte vous voudrés bien me permettre de me prévaloir du desir que j’aurais d’aller associer mon sort avec cellui de tant de braves gens qu’arme la justisse, et la liberté; je pourrais vous dire de plus Monsieur, et sans vanité, que ma famille va de pair avec celles qu’il y à de mieux dans ma ville, et que les bontés dont nous honnorent Me. la duchesse de mailly, Mr. le cte. de perigord, et Mr. le Cte. De Bachy et l’interest que prenent à nôtre avancement Mr. le Cte. durfort de cyvrac, colonel des cuirassiers du Roy, Mr. le Cte. de toulouse-Lautrec, mon colonel et mon patriotte, vous persuaderont, Monsieur, peutetre, que je ne suis pas si indigne de la grace que je vous demande. J’ai écrit à Paris et j’espere que l’on appuyera auprès de vous ma sollicitation; si vous deignés y étre sensible vous me comblerais et ma reconnaissence égalera la veneration et le respect avec lequel j’ose me dire Monsieur votre très heumble et très obeissent serviteur
Ch De Brus (de castres en languedoc) volontaire dans Condé, a present dragon

Il y à dans ce port un Cap[itain]e Corsaire de la nouvelle engleterre. Il a promis de me prendre mais toute fois si vous vouliés lui en donner permission par quatre mots a mon adresse a L’hôtel de france près la place Royale. Je n’ose attandre cette grace, mais j’ose croire Monsieur que je la merite par mon zéle, ma demarche ce justiffie puisque je prefere passer avec ce corsaire étant sur d’etre attaque, que de faire le traget jusques à St Domingue avec un de mes freres qui va joindre son regt. au Port au prince.

Notation: De Brus, Bordeaux 6 May 1777


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Ebenezer S. Platt, 6 May 1777
From: Platt, Ebenezer Smith
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Sir,
Newgate in London, May 6th. 1777.
Nessessaty obliges me to trouble you to forward the Inclos’d letter, as I have the Misfortune to be detain’d a Prisner in Newgate, and not Knowing when I shall obtain my Liberty. Therefore am under the Nessessaty of Writing to my Pardner in Savannah in Georgea, to make me a small Remitance, by way of France, and have taken the Liberty to request him to Consign the same to you, which I hope if Convenient you will receive on my Account. But if Inconvenient for your self to transact any Private Buisness, to recommend the same to some of your Acquaintance there who will receive the same, which I expect will be in Rice, or Tobacco, and Remit the Proceeds thereof, to Mrs. Patience Wright, in London, and youl Oblije Sir Your most Obedient and Verry Humble Servant
Ebenezer S. Platt

Addressed: To / Benjamin Franklin Esqr. / Paris


Title: The American Commissioners to the Comte de Vergennes, 7 May 1777
From: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur
To: Vergennes, Charles Gravier, comte de

Paris, May 7. 1777
The Commissioners from the United States of America desire to represent to his Excellency the Count de Vergennes, that they have received Intelligence of a Vessel belonging to the States having been taken by the Culloden, an English Ship of War, close on the Coast of France; and that the same Ship of War chased another Vessel belonging to the States so near to the French Shore as to be herself in imminent Danger of running aground.
They have been further informed, that in consequence of Intelligence given by the Mate who lately betray’d an American Ship into the Enemy’s Hands, that twenty five Sail of Ships from Virginia laden with Tobacco, might soon be expected upon the French Coast, the Government of Great Britain have ordered an additional Number of Ships of War to cruise there, in order to intercept them; and have given Encouragement to Individuals to fit out small Privateers, which may run nearer Shore than is safe for large Ships.

The Capture of those Tobacco Ships will not only be a great Loss to the States, and Detriment to the Commerce of France, but will particularly disenable them to fulfil their Contract with the Farmers General so punctually as is necessary and as they desire. They are therefore the more earnest in wishing that his Majesty may immediately take such Measures as to his Wisdom shall seem proper for protecting the Commerce approaching his Coasts.
B. FranklinSilas Deane

Notation: 1777. Mai 7.


Title: Jonathan Williams, Jr., to the American Commissioners, 7 May 1777
From: Williams, Jonathan Jr.
To: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur

Gentlemen
Nantes May 7. 1777.
I recvd. your favour per Courier with the several packets mentioned in the List. I thank you for the honour you do me in committing your dispatches to my Care and I will do my best endeavour to execute the Business to your satisfaction. Had the Wind been fair Capt. Adams would have sailed immediately but it has been a strong westerly gale for some time past. This induced me to detain the Courier a day longer in expectation that some packets might arrive from america; Capt. Adams is gone on board and intends not to return, as soon as wind and weather permits he will sail.
I shall observe your order relative to shipping the Bales as they are all ready there will be no detention. I suppose Mr. Montieu will advize Mr. Peltier accordingly that there may be no difficulty about difference of orders. In mine of the 1st Inst. I mentioned that the Expence of the Cutter would amount to about 450 Louis but I find it has already exceeded 500 and some Bills are still out. I have been as frugal as I could, but our Cannon cost dear and being obliged to give other Swivels, I was forced to buy them at a great price: the Cutter however, tho’ expensively perhaps, is at last well fitted. Please to write whether we shall engage the magazine or not as the proprietor will lease it if we don’t soon answer. I am most respectfully Gentlemen Your most obedient and most humble Servant
Jona Williams Junr
The Honourable The Deputies of the United States

Addressed: The Hon. The Deputies of the / United States
Notations: J. Williams to Hon: Deputies U.S. (7 May 1777.) / Mr Williams


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Jonathan Williams, Jr., 7 May 1777
From: Williams, Jonathan Jr.
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Dear and honored Sir.
Nantes May 7. 1777.
Some time since I received a Letter from Mr. Dubourg offering to interest me in his Contract, my answer to that I inclosed to you: Mr. D has not since written a syllable in return. Several Letters have passed between Mr. Alexander and me and from him I have received the outlines of the plan; the conditions I apprehend to be very good, but the stipulated price is not near sufficient. I indeed doubt whether the Tobacco would not cost near as much as they agree to deliver it at, the price being higher in america than at first, freight double, and insurance 30 or 40 per Cent. Mr. Alexander mentions one part of his plan which appears to me exceeding good, it is to have credentials on Congress for supplies to purchase with and to draw on paris for the amount. This would give Facility to the operation and at the same time be of Service to congress who no doubt wish to place Funds in France, but if this is not managed by men of Business I would almost venture to fortel its Failure. As the want of Capital is the only obstacle with me, I could in such a way undertake the conducting this Business here and as I am now likely to stay at Nantes I should be glad to have the Consignments of these Vessells. The Bills not becoming due ’till after the arrival of the Ships I would undertake to answer them, having a Credit for a sum in case of their falling due sooner, and if the plan is made reasonable I would willingly take a part in it.
It is on this subject and the Conditions of partnership with Mr. S that I wanted to come to paris for, but since I am to have the Care of your dispatches I can’t leave Nantes least some should come in my absence. I am with the greatest Respect Your dutifull and Affectionate Kinsman
J Williams Junr
I inclose the last price Current from Carolina.

Addressed: Dr Franklin.
Notation: J. Williams Nantes 7. May 77. to BF.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Jonathan Williams, Jr., 7 May 1777
From: Williams, Jonathan Jr.
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Dear and honored Sir
Nantes May 7. 1777
The Bearer Monsieur Tardiveau is connected in Business with Monsieur Tarvouillet Merchant in this place and proposes to settle in Philadelphia. For this purpose, he wishes to obtain a Letter of Introduction from you and in consequence has desired Mr. Montaudouin to write to you in his Favour. Mr Tarvouillet is a Gentleman who has shewn me a great deal of Civility and is now fitting out a Vessell for our Country. Mr. Montaudouins Letter is perhaps more particular on this head, but in addition to it, I am desired to reccommend the Gentleman who will deliver this who I hear is worthy of your notice. I am ever tho’ much in haste most dutifully and affectionately Yours
J Williams

Addressed: A Monsieur / Monsieur Franklin LLD / a / Passy.
Notation: J Williams 7 May 77.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Patience Wright, 7 May 1777
From: Wright, Patience
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Honored Sir
Pall mall May 7th 1777
I wrote to you and Inclosed mr. Platts Case with a newspapr. But as yet had no answr. We Considr you our Comon Father and we all look up to you for, and in behalf of M. Platt whos Case Calls on all America to Se Justic done to a Inocent young man, now Lying in Iorns in Newgate for no other Crime then being Born in America.
May god Despose your heart to atend to his pittious Case a letter from you to M. Allien or Howarth Councelors at Law will be a great means of geting him out on bail. Let England See you atend to the Rights of all us american who are now undr the opression of warr or the tyrony of those Ignorant Men that believe thir is none to help, and are not afraid to opress all who have the missfortune to fall in their way. Tyrants are also Cowards they are Cowards and a letter from you would Relieve and Comfort us. You are now the most happy Instrement and cane Save Both Contrys by your wisdom and Powr.
Mr. Platt has Inclosd a letter to you to his partner in georgia which Early forwarding and Return may Keep the most amable young man from Suffring he has nothing but the Charity of the humane to Comfort him and all the americans now in England are all poore have it not in ther powr to do much for him. My heart is greived to see that and other young men Lay in Newgate when you by a letter to our New Paper would get him Freends if not his Leberty. The City Partestors[?] all Cry out why dont he write to dr Frankln.
Ther has been a Motion to Bail him at the assiz Kings Bench. But no man dare offer to bail him without your aprobation on one Side and the fear of you on the other Side.
My daughtr Joynes me in our best and most Sincere prayer for you health life and all the Blessings of Honour Power and welth the love of the Peopl and all good from your humble Servant
Patienc Wright

Major Cartreet Doctr. Price Major Labiliere all Send thir hearty love &c.
M. Mille prints London Eng Post says he hopes to have the honour of a letter from you on behalf of Mr. Platt.

Addressed: To / Honorable / Benjamin Frankling / at Paris
Notation: Wright May 7. 1777.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Jacques Barbeu-Dubourg, 8 May 1777
From: Barbeu-Dubourg, Jacques
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Dear Sir
jeudi 8e. may [1777] pour l’assemblée du 9e.
They say that the Count of falkenstein is to be present tomorrow at five aclock at the Assembly of the Society of Emulation for encouragement of the arts, that shall be held at the General of the Premontrés house, Hautefeuille street. If you please assist at the same assembly as well as unknown as he himself, I will expect your coming in the vicinity at the litterary Magazine Christine street, in a low hall from four half past, to five half past aclock and accompany you thence to the said Assembly, in which you are desired and shall be friendly admitted. I am with the utmost devotedness Dear Sir Your most obedient humble and dutifull servant
Dubourg

Addressed: A Monsieur / Monsieur Le Dr. franklin / maison de Mr. de Chaumont / A Passy
Notation: Dubourg


Title: The Secret Committee to the American Commissioners, 9 May 1777
From: Committee of Secret Correspondence,Franklin, Benjamin,Dickinson, John,Harrison, Benjamin,Jay, John,Johnson, Thomas
To: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur

Honorable Gentlemen,
Philadelphia 9th May 1777
This letter is intended to be delivered you by John Paul Jones Esquire an Active and brave Commander in our Navy, who has already performed signal services in Vessels of little Force and in reward for his Zeal, we have directed him to go on board the Amphitrite a French Ship of 20 Guns that brought in a valuable Cargo of Stores from Monsr. Hortalez & Co. and with her repair to France. He takes with him his Commission, some Officers and Men, so that we hope he will under that Sanction make some good Prizes with the Amphitrite; but our design in sending him is (with the approbation of Congress) that you may purchase one of those fine Frigates that Mr. Deane writes us you can get, and invest him with the Command thereof soon as possible. We hope you may not delay this Business one moment, but purchase in such Port or place in Europe as it can be done with most convenience and dispatch a fine fast sailing Frigate or larger Ship. Direct Captain Jones where he must repair to, and he will take with him his Officers and Men towards manning her. You will assign him some good House or Agent to supply him with every thing necessary to get the Ship speedily and well equipped and Manned, somebody that will bestir themselves vigourously in the business and never quit until it is accomplished.
If you have any plan or Service to be performed in Europe by such a Ship that you think will be more for the Interest or honor of these States than sending her out directly, Captain Jones is instructed to Obey your Orders, and to save repitition let him lay before you the Instructions we have given him and furnish you with a Copy thereof. You can then judge what will be necessary for you to direct him in; and whatever you do will be approved as it will undoubtedly tend to promote the publick service of this Country.
You see by this Step how much dependance Congress place in your advices and you must make it a point not to disapoint Capt. Jones’s wishes and our expectations on this Occasion. We are Honorable Gentlemen Your Obedient humble Servants,
Robt. MorrisRichd. Henry LeeWm: WhipplePhil. Livingston.
The Honorable Benjn. Franklin Silas Deane & Arthur Lee Esqr.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from William Alexander, 9 May 1777
From: Alexander, William
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Dear Sir
Dijon 9 May 1777
I cannot refuse to the earnest application of a very respectable friend here, to trouble you with this Line of Introduction of Monsr. Le Comte de Fontette Sommery Chevalier d’Honneur of the Parliament Here. His office implies a Gentleman of Distinction, and His Personal Character Corresponds to it. The nature of His business I can Say nothing about, and shall be Glad that It prove agreeable to you, so as to prove my apology for this trouble, which knowing how much you are oppressd by visitors, I have given you with great reluctance. I am with the most sincere Attachment Dear Sir Your most obedient humble Servant
W: Alexander
Ben Franklin Esqre

Notation: Alexander Dijon 9 May 77


Title: The American Commissioners: Three Covering Notes for Captured Mail, 10–11 May 1777
From: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur
To:

The first fruit of Gustavus Conyngham’s cruise in the Surprize was the capture of the Prince of Orange, the packet from Harwich to the Netherlands. She yielded some two thousand letters, dispatches, and bills of credit, which were forwarded to Franklin. Some of the letters were to Russian officials; these Lee wanted to open, on suspicion that they concerned British efforts to hire mercenaries, but his colleagues dissuaded him. They decided instead, as a gesture of good will to neutral states, to send all letters addressed to their subjects, unopened, to their respective ambassadors with covering notes of explanation. Gérard objected: the packets, presumably without such notes, should be posted within the Holy Roman Empire to conceal the commissioners’ role. They apparently ignored his counsel, and on May 11 sent the three explanatory notes that follow. The first does not mention the recipient, as the others do, but we assume he was the Russian envoy at Versailles, Prince Ivan Sergeevich Bariatinskoy. The second was to the Danish Foreign Minister, and the third to the secretary of the States General.

I.
Sir:
Paris May. 10th 1777
The enclosd Letters were transmitted to us, by the Commander of an american armd vessel, as having been taken in a Packet Boat belonging to the enemies of the United States of America. We have the honour of forwarding them to your Excellency, untouchd as we receivd them.
It is with pleasure we give this testimony of the respect we bear to Neutral Powers, and especially to the illustrious Empress you have the honour to serve. We have the honour of being your Excellencys most Obedient Servants
To be copied for tomorrow

II.
Sir:
Paris, May 11th 1777
We have the honour of forwarding to you, unopend the enclosd Letter, which was transmitted to us out of a prize taken from our Enemies, by an armd Vessel from the United States of America. We have the honour of being Sir, Your most Obedient Servants.

A Son Excellence Monsr. le Comte de Bernstorff Chevalier de l’ordre de L’Elephant & Ministre & Secretaire d’Etat &c &c a Copenhagen

III.
Sir
Paris May 11th 1777.
We have the honour of enclosing to you several Letters which were transmitted to us, and taken out of an enemy’s Packet Boat by an armd vessel belonging to America.
It is our wish to shew every mark of respect, to those who are not at war with the United States of America; and we therefore transmit these Letters unopen’d. We have the honour to be Sir Your most Obedient Servants

A Monsr Monsr. Fagel Greffier de L.H.P. des Etats generaux a la Haye


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Jacques Paulze, 10 May 1777
From: Paulze, Jacques
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Bercy no. 12. le 10 may 1777.
Je joins ici, Monsieur, coppie de la lettre que j’ai recue hier. Comme j’ignore si M. Lee est de retour en france et que je ne connois pas son ecriture, je ne repondrai à cette lettre qu’après que vous m’aurés assuré qu’elle est bien de celui, dont elle porte le nom. J’en envoye cependant coppie à M. le comte de vergennes et je le prie de prendre les precautions que les circonstances lui paraitront exiger. Lorsque vous m’aurés assuré, Monsieur, sur la certitude de la lettre et la necessite de faire des demarches, j’aurai l’honneur de voir le ministre et d’obtenir de lui ce qu’on lui demande. Je suis avec respect Monsieur, Votre très humble et très obeissant serviteur
Paulze
M. Le Docteur franklin maison de M. le Rey de chaumont à Passy

Notation: Mr Paulze May 10. 77.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from [Ferdinand Grand], [on or after 11 May 1777]
From: Grand, Rodolphe-Ferdinand
To: Franklin, Benjamin

[On or after May 11, 1777]
Mr. Grand arrive de Paris avec Mr. Boux, pour avoir L’honneur de voir monsieur Franklin cet aprés midy, chez lui ou chez Mr. Grand comme Monsieur franklin aimera le mieux.
Monsieur Deane viendra aussy entre 3 et 4 heures.
Mr. Grand sera bien aise de voir monsr. Carmikael á son retour de Versailles et avant qu’il aille à Paris.

Addressed: a monsieur / monsieur Franklin


Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Charles-Guillaume-Frédéric Dumas, 12 May 1777
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: Dumas, Charles-Guillaume-Frédéric

Sir,
Passy, near Paris, May 12th, 1777.
Last night we received a packet from North America with some advices, of which I send you the substance. I see your letters now and then to Mr. Deane and Mr. Carmichael, and thank you for the kind mention made of me in them. I am so bad a correspondent, that I do not desire a letter from you directly. But I am nevertheless, with great esteem, dear Sir, your affectionate friend,
B. Franklin.

P.S. I suppose Mr. Deane has sent you the bill.


Title: News from America, 12 May 1777
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To:

Paris. May 12. 1777
This Day arrived an Express from Boston in New England, which brings Advices to the 3d of April.
General Washington was well, with the Army under his Command, which was daily augmenting by the Arrival of the new Levies from the different States. There is no mention of any Sickness having been among them. Nor had there been any Attack made upon Ticonderago. There had been a small Insurrection of Tories on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, but it was immediately Suppressed by a few of the Congress Troops, and the Leaders made Prisoners. The Armies on both sides had remain’d quiet for two Months, except Skirmishes among Foraging Parties, which had in almost every Instance been to the Advantage of the Insurgents. The last that happen’d was not far from Amboy, and more important than common. It is said to have been something similar to the Lexington Fight, the English retiring before the Militia and some new rais’d Troops, for many Miles, and with the Loss, as is said, of 509 kill’d, wounded and taken. That the Quota’s of Men to be furnished by the several States, were in some already compleat, and near being so in the rest; and the Men engaging for 3 Years or till the End of the War, the General would now have a permanent Army. That the Loans of Money to the Congress, and the Sale of their Lottery Tickets went on rapidly. And that instead of being depress’d by the sinister Events of the last Campaign and Threats of the next, (in which it was said the English Army would be augmented with 20000 Men) the States are more firm and decisive, and better United than ever: the late Irruption into the Jerseys, the indiscriminate Devastation and Plunder by the British and Hessian Troops there, and the unexampled Cruelties perpetrated by both, having induced many, who had been dispos’d to favour them, or were at best but lukewarm, to enter now into the most resolute and zealous Opposition. That a Ship was arrived from Europe with 364 Cases of Arms containing 11,987 Stands; 1000 Barrels of Gunpowder; 48 Bales of Cloth for Soldiers Cloathing; and other valuable Articles, which came very seasonably: and they had just received News at Boston that two other Ships were arrived at a distant Port, with the same kind of Cargo’s. That an English Prize had been brought in, among many smaller, valu’d at £40,000 Sterling, being laden with Bale Goods; While the Vessels taken from the Americans by the English Men of War, were for the most part Coasters and Carriers of Wood, of so little Value, that one such Ship, is worth fifty of them. The Continental Frigates were getting out to Sea for guarding the Coasts.

Endorsed: News from Amera.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Emmanuel de Pliarne, 13 May 1777
From: Pliarne, Emmanuel de
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Sir
charlestown south Carolina May 13th 1777.
I heard with the Greatest pleasure your safe arrival in france and I hope you are Now perfectly recovered of the Fatigues of your Voyage. Every body, you Know, have not been please with the News of your Good Reception in that Kingdom, but all the true Lovers of this Country have shewn openly their Joy and their Expectation of a declaration of war. The Vessels Lately arrived from France with Dry Goods and amunition Raise the spirit of the people and Encourage Great-deal to enter in the army. General Washington begins to have a respectable body. I was at the head quarters in March. Then he was not strong. But upon My Way to this town I Met several thousand Men Going to the Camp From Virginia, Maryland and North Carolina. For this time they must be with the General. No important motion in the army of Howe but Six or Seven Men of War were in Delaware bay the 16th of april with some transports. We have not hear the Event of that Expedition. They were in Philadelphia very Much disposed to defend the City, and it is thought Howe is not strong Enough to Divide his forces in Keeping New york and go to Philadelphia.
I beg of you, Sir, the favour to Continue your Friendship for our House. You may depend we will do Every thing in our power to proof our unbounded dispositions in serving the American Cause. But there is one thing very Dangerous for all the Gentlemen doing business here. The Money is uncertain in its Value. The Enemies of the Country employ all the Measures to discredit the paper, and by these means the Speculations in trade are more than precarious.
Your Family, Sir, were all well Lately. I received by the Last post a letter of M. Bache. I pray you to Let me hear from you sometimes and to believe I will be happy to Convince you that nobody is with more sincerity and Respect Sir your most obedient humble Servant
Pliarne

P.S. I wish your Little family well. My Compliments, if you please, to M. Deane. Since your Departure from this Continent I have been to Boston. Now I Return to Philadelphia very soon.

Addressed: the honourable Doctor franklin / Deputy of the united states / of America to the Court / of france / at Paris.
Notation: Pliarne. May 13. 77.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from [Duportail], 15 May 1777
From: Duportail, Louis Lebègue de Presle
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Monsieur
au Cap St. Domingue le 15 may 1777
Il nous est arrivè icy la même chose qu’à nantes ou bien loin qu’une multitude de vaisseaux nous ayent offert le passage pour aller à notre Destination, nous n’en avons pas trouvé un seul, et nous etions dans le plus grand embarras. Mr. Carabas a bien voulu nous en tirer. Persuadé que c’étoit remplir vos vuës que de seconder notre impatience, il a fait equiper un petit batiment qui ne sera chargé que de denreès et ne contiendra rien qui puisse nous rendre suspects et nous faire arreter. Nous partons après demain bien redevables assurement à mr. Carabas par la celeritè qu’il a apportè dans cette expedition, et si vous daignèz mettre quelque prix aux services que nous pouvons rendre à votre pays, j’ose dire que vous luy avèz aussi quelque obligation. Malheureusement nous sommes forcès de laisser icy un de nos messieurs qui a èté saisi par la maladie du pays. J’ai cru la saison trop avancèe pour retarder notre depart d’un seul jour. Mr. Carabas a bien voulu me promettre de luy procurer le moyen de nous rejoindre dès que sa santè le luy permettra. J’ai l’honneur d’etre, Monsieur, votre tres humble et tres obeissant serviteur
Le Chevalier Derford


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from the Abbé Tardieu, 15 May 1777
From: Tardieu de St. Marcel, abbé A.-P.-H.
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Monsieur
au pilles par montélimar et nions en dauphine le 15. de may 1777.
Quoique vos lumieres vous metent dans le cas de n’avoir guere besoin d’aucune explication, je pense que vous ne serez pas faché d’aprendre que quand j’ai eu l’honneur de vous ecrire, ainsi qu’a monsieur le dictateur vashington, j’etois a un quart de lieu d’ici, au chateau de Condorcet chez monsieur le Comte du meme nom, cousin germain de Mr. le marquis de Condorcet, que vous connoissez, ou se trouvoit, monsieur le marquis dupuy Montbrun, cousin germain de ces deux messieurs, et neveu de monsieur le cardinal de Bernis, que vous avez vu cet hiver chez monsieur de Noaille; Mr. le marquis d’urre de molan dont le nom est illustre dans ce royaume s’y trouvoit aussi. Il fut beaucoup parlè de vous, Monsieur, et de Mr. le general vashington. Tout ce qu’on en dit me donna la pensée de metre un Sonnet dans la bouche des americains; je le fis ces messieurs et d’autres personnes l’entendirent et touts unanimement m’encouragerent a vous l’envoyer, m’assurant que vous le recevrièz avec complaisence. Sous ces flateurs augures, mon amour propre me mit a mon bureau et j’ecrivis; mais depuis ce jour là , j’ai revu mon Sonet. Il y a aparence que j’en ai jugé plus sainement et j’ai compris que j’avois besoin d’implorer votre indulgence; Je le fais ici, Monsieur, et vous demande la permission, a present que ce Sonnet n’est plus a moi, d’y changer le quatrieme vers qui est,

rend notre sort heureux arrète enfin nos larmes,
en celui ci qui est moins dur:
  rend nos climats heureux, essuye enfin nos larmes
et le sixieme, s’il n’est pas tel, en celui ci:
  au son des chalumeaux ils uniront leurs voix.

Je sai, Monsieur que votre tems est pretieux. Je suis avec respect, Monsieur, votre tres humble et tres obeissant Serviteur
L’abbé Tardieu

Notation: L’abbe Tardieu le 15 de may 1777. Au Pilles.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Mme. Roger Rossard des Naudins, 16 May 1777: résumé
From: Naudins, Mme. Roger Rossard des
To: Franklin, Benjamin

<Châteaudun, May 16, 1777, in French: Through a mutual acquaintance you have shown interest in the fate of our son. Let me explain our circumstances. My husband and I, allied with some of the first families of the provinces, have five children, equally dear to us, whom we have educated as best we could. If our fortunes had matched our feelings, our three sons would have gone into the army; but only the eldest did. The other two became officers on merchantmen, and are enrolled in the gendarmerie to be sure of secure berths when they return. The older of these two, after a two-year voyage to Gabon, decided to enter the service of New England. We do not know where he is or what he is doing, and are anxious. He would by choice, I suspect, have joined the navy, for after eight and a half years at sea he knows his business and loves it. If you could help us find him and learn that he is doing his duty with honor, and earning his superiors’ respect, our worries would be over. He is twenty-four, named Rossard de Villié; I enclose a letter for him, and should be most grateful if you would forward it.>


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from J. Cusson Ainé, 17 May 1777: résumé
From: Cusson, J., l’aîné
To: Franklin, Benjamin

<Carcassonne, May 17, 1777, in French: I manufacture textiles and blankets suitable for America. A number of French dealers have asked for them and, I know, sold them profitably to the Americans, whom I should like to see profiting directly from my inexpensive goods. My offer would have a better reception if it came under your auspices. I enclose a price list. Endorsed by Franklin: “Proposal about Cloths.”>


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Silas Deane, 18 May 1777
From: Deane, Silas
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Sir
Paris 18th May 1777.
Inclosed are Letters which I received last Evening. The Letter from Mons: Coulau speaks of two, but there was only one, the other was a bundle of Newspapers, as referred to by Mr. Morriss in his Letter of the 28th. They are of much older date than those already received therefore not worth sending to You. The post goes again for Bordeaux on Tuesday. It is I think incumbent on us to do something with Cleveland who will otherways run out both Vessel and Cargo. I am most respectfully Sir your most Obedient and Very Humble Servant
S. Deane

Addressed: To / The honorable Mr. Franklin / Passy


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from ――― Dumont, [20 May? 1777]: résumé
From: Dumont, ——
To: Franklin, Benjamin

<Tuesday, [May 20(?), 1777], in English; at Mrs. Desmoulin’s, Rue des Batailles, Chaillot: Mr. Sayre, on his departure, left with me four letters and duplicates to be sent on the first two ships sailing for America, and told me to find out which vessels those would be. He introduced me to you, and I should have applied in person if I had not feared to be troublesome. Signed Dumont, “son of the Marquis D’aubarede,” and endorsed by Franklin: “Mr. Dumont. Chaillot Chaillot no Date.”>


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from John Prichard, 21 May 1777
From: Prichard, John
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Gravellean May the 21 yr 1777.
Mr. Franclen I hear that you are At paris and that you want Sogers for A maraca I am a yong man know Sarvng in the Regiment Barwicks gravellean flanders wheir I have servid 5 years. I am a Corporal and I think my self capebel for a Sargent In Eny Sarvice. I am a mericen Born In Bostun knew England. My father has good farm In the town of hingham Fifteen miles from Bostun. I saled out of Boston and marbelhead 15 years. I am a good Pilut on the a mericen Cous if their Be Eny Ship from a merice that wants hands I am capebel to Sarve Either By Sea or Land. I am In the Regment 5 year I have three years to sarve and if yours honours thinks Fit to By my dis Charge you will get my Dis charge of the Minister at paris for About Eight guines. I will Either sarve In the sarvice of the Congres or pay the Money when I return to Bostun which You pleas. I am wenell pleasd with the Sarvis of franc But I woold Be Beter Pleasd to gow hom to a murica and Asist my Cuntrymen know in their Distres. I am a god size 5 feet high 9 inches And will made and If your will By my Dis Charge you may wright to me at Gravelleane I am in the Leftenents Conal Cumpagne and I will gow to Eny port In france after you have Baught my Dis Charg. I remain your Sarvent
John Prichard

Mr. Franclin If you wright to me I wold have you derect your Leters To Mr. John Rolensons in gravellean that keeps a olary [ordinary?] on the place at Gravellean and Send to me whair You woold have me gow after you have Bought my Dis Charge. I am a Bout 33 of age and I am firnisht for a Soger. Know [No] more. I remain yours
John Prichard

The maior of the Regment woold ask 12 or thirteen Guines for my dis Charge But you woold Git my dis charge of the minister a paris For 8 or 9 guines.

Addressed in another hand: A Monsieur / Monsieur Franklin au / Caffé de beaux esprits dans / La ruë de la Comédie / Françoise Ambassadeur / D’Amerique / À Paris
Notations: Graveline / Jonh Richard.


Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Richard Bache, 22 May 1777
From: Franklin, Benjamin
To: Bache, Richard

Dear Son,
Passy, near Paris, May 22. 1777
I have just received yours of March 10. and it is the first come to hand from you since my Arrival, tho’ the third you mention to have written. I rejoice to hear that the Family are all well. I did not hear before that they were out of Town. We are all well here. Temple presents his Duty. Ben’s Letter is enclos’d. He dines with me every Sunday and some Holidays. He begins to speak French readily, and reads it pretty well, for the time.
I think the Gentlemen you mention who went over to the Enemy, will probably find they were a little too hasty. I suppose you put my Money into the Congress Fund as I desired. If it could have been known that we had provided for Payment of the Interest in hard Money here, and that the Treasurer’s Bills drawn for such Payment would be duly honoured in Paris, doubtless the Loan would have gone on more briskly, and perhaps have prevented the Necessity of raising the Interest. You may rely upon it that not only the Credit of our Paper, but our Independence will be supported by great Powers on this side the Water.
I thank you for the News you send me of the Skirmish &c. As our Troops will be much better arm’d and cloth’d this Year than they were the last, and the Enemy with all the Recruits they can muster, no stronger; I hope for a continual Amendment of our Affairs. War is not yet commenc’d in Europe, but all are preparing for it, and it is generally expected to happen within a few Months.
Our Privateers and Cruisers in the Channel have rais’d the Insurance in London. One of my Friends here lately paid 10 per Cent between Dover and Calais. Capt. Conyngham imprudently returning into Dunkirk with two Prizes, was apprehended with his People at the Request of the Court of England, and put into Prison, on pretence of Piracy; but having a Commission from Congress, they are discharged. The Prizes however being reclaimed, will be delivered up; the fitting out at Dunkirk being contrary to Treaties, which must be observed till War is declared.
I wish to know some Particulars from you, viz. Whether when your Family went into the Country you remov’d the Houshold Goods, Plate, &c. and what became of the Chest of Papers I put into Mr. Galloway’s Hands as one [of] my Executors? It was directed to my Son, with the Key in a Letter of the same Direction to be delivered after my Decease. The Chest contain’d all my political Correspondence and some valuable Manuscripts. Did you remove my Library and Instruments, and where are they? I suppose my dear Sister is still with you, tho’ I hear nothing from her, in answer to any of my Letters. I am, ever, with Love to her and Sally and the Children, Your affectionate Father
B. Franklin

Addressed: To / Richard Bache Esqr / Postmr General / Philadelphia


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Jean-Jacques Bachelier, 22 May 1777
From: Bachelier, Jean-Jacques
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Monsieur
A paris ce 22. may 1777
J’aurois eu l’honneur de vous Rendre mes devoirs depuis longtems si l’on ne m’avoit pas assuré que vous ne demeuriez plus a passy. Permeté moy de vous demender quel jours nous pourons vous voir. Mr. delaffaye mon amy seroit charmé de vous presenter Le memoire qu’il a fait imprimer sur la maniere de bâtir des Romain et leur facon d’employer la chaux pour en faire un mortier aussy dur que la pierre. Je crois cette decouverte interessante pour L’amerique surtout dans les lieux ou la pierre est rare. Me. Bachelier partage Le Respect et la veneration que vous inspiré. Je suis Monsieur votre tres humble et tres obeissant serviteur
Bachelier
P.S. Permeté que Mr Le Ray de Chaumont trouve icy Le temoignage de mon Respect.

Addressed: A Monsieur / Monsieur francklin / chez Mr Le Ray de Chaumont / a Passy
Notation: Bachelier, Paris 22 May 1777


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Lambertus Bicker, 23 May 1777
From: Bicker, Lambertus
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Monsieur!
à Rotterdam le 23 de Maÿ 1777
La présente vous sera remise par Mr. Caarten, frere de mon Epouse. Je profite avec un vrai plaisir de cette occasion pour me renouveller dans l’honneur de votre souvenir, et pour vous donner des preuves de mon sincere et cordiale attachement. Avant les troubles de l’Amérique mon Frere étoit fort occupé par une manufacture considerable de Tabac, qu’il tiroit d’Angleterre. Aujourdhui que ce commerce est presque mort, il profite de son loisir pour voir les différentes curiosités de France et d’Italie. Ayant appris que vous faisiez votre sejour aux environs de Paris, il a desiré de pouvoir vous rendre ses devoirs en Personne. Dans cette intention il s’est chargé de vous présenter les deux premier volumes de nos Collections Academiques. Et il ose se flatter, que vous voudrez bien lui rendre tous les bons offices qui dépendront de vous.
Pour moi, après vous avoir offert les voeux sinceres de tous nos chers Confreres, j’ai l’honneur d’être avec une estime toute particuliere Monsieur! Votre très humble et très obéissant serviteur
L Bicker,Secretaire de la Societé de la philosophieexperimentale à Rotterdam.

Addressed: à Monsieur / Monsr. B Franklin
Notation: L. Richer [sic] Rotterdam 23 de may 1777.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from William Alexander, 24 May 1777
From: Alexander, William
To: Franklin, Benjamin

My Dear Sir
Dijon 24 May 1777
Your letter of the 8th Instt. came duely to hand. I do not wonder that M. Du bourg thought my terms too high, and I doubt not but he will get many Cheaper Undertakers. May They prove good and Cheap for his Sake. His affairs have afforded me some hours amusement which I do not regret.
I see you have a bad opinion of our ministerial news, but by letters I have to day we are promisd from the highest authority in England Good news this summer, tho’ my friend notices That they seemd to be Utter’d, with rather less Confidence than last year about this time. I see you have made my old friend Lee a Minister at Madrid, I think he has very much the Air and Manners of a Spainiard, when he is not angry.
Your ideas of the Copartnary for our friend Williams are Entirely the same with mine which I have wrote to Him, I Suspect you and I woud seldom differ in any point where both of us understood it equally. Pray Do you know any thing of the Comte de Rostaing? I have lived in some intimacy with Him, and in talking of Maritime Affairs, He told me he knew a method of destroying ships with Certainty in any River or roadstead where there was a current or tide. Subject to no disappointment or discovery untill the event took place. This from my knowledge of the Man I pay great regard to. Set your mind to work on this problem. Monsr. de Rostaing is a Genl. officer of artilery, but his knowledge is not Confined to that department.
The Girls join me in the most affectionate Compliments to you and your Grandson and I ever am with the most thorough Esteem Dear Sir Your most obedient humble servant
W Alexander

Addressed: A Monsieur / Monsieur Franklin / a L’hotel d’Hambourg / Rue Jacob / a Paris
Notation: W. Alexander Dijon 24 May. 77.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Reinier Arrenberg, 24 May 1777
From: Arrenberg, Reinier
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Monsieur
Rotterdam 24 Mai 1777
J’ai recu votre agreable Lettre avec les papiers incloses, je les ai remis a Mr. Sowden. Je vous en suis bien obligé en vous priant de me les faire recevoir dans la suite. Puisque j’imprime une Gazette Hollandoise, j’ai copié et envoyé au Gazettier Francois de Leide le recit du mauvais traitement des Americains par les Anglois, en le priant de le faire inserer dans sa Gazette, et le communiquer par ce moyen a toute l’Europe, parceque souvent une gazette n’est en partie que copie des autres. Je vous prie de ne pas menager les ports des Lettres, car plus je recois de vos Lettres d’autant plus il me sera agreable. Je vous prie instamment de me communiquer au plutot les nouvelles de consequence que vous recevrez de l’Amerique.
Je prend l’occasion presente de vous envoye les Livres de la Societé par un de mes Amis, qui part pour Paris.
Je n’ai pas fait vos compliments a la Societé, parce que je veux absolument ignorer notre Correspondence en gardant le secret.
Mr. Sowden vous fait le compliment, il vous a beaucoup d’obligations pour votre lettre, et il vous ecrira dans peu des jours par un ami. Je suis Monsieur avec estime votre tres humble et tres obeissant Serviteur
Reinier Arrenberg

Addressed: a Monsieur / Monsieur B. Franklin / a / Paris
Notation: Kemier arrenberg Rotterdam 24 may 1777.


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from ――― Le Doigt, 24 May 1777: résumé
From: Le Doigt, ——
To: Franklin, Benjamin

<Louviers in Normandy, May 24, 1777, in French: I have the idea that I can be useful to the brave Americans. If they are short of carpenters, particularly those competent to build all sorts of mills, please let me know, and tell me on what terms I might enter their service. My intentions, I assure you, are pure.>


Title: The American Commissioners to the Committee for Foreign Affairs, 25 May 1777
From: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur
To: Committee for Foreign Affairs

Honorable Gentlemen
Paris May 25. 1777
Agreeable to what we mentioned in ours of March 14 and April the 9th (a third Copy of which we send herewith) Mr. Lee tarry’d here some Weeks after his Return from Spain. No News arriving (tho’ we received Letters from you) of any Commissioner being actually appointed for Prussia, and the Necessity of a good Understanding with that Court in order to obtain speedily a Port in the Northern Seas, appearing more and more every Day on various Occasions, he concluded with our Approbation to set out for Berlin, which he did about a Week since, and we have Reason to hope good Effects from that Journey. The Points principaly in View are (besides the acknowledgement of American Independency) an open Port for German Commerce, and the Permission of fitting out arm’d vessels to annoy the Enemys Northern Trade, and of bringing in and selling our Prizes. If these Points can be obtain’d we are assured we might soon have a formidable Squadron there, and accumulate Seamen to a great Amount.
The want of such a free Port appears in the late Instance of Capt. Connynghams Arrest at Dunkirk, with the Prizes he brought in: For tho’ the fitting out may be cover’d and conceal’d by various Pretences, so as at least to be wink’d at by Government here, because those pretences afford a good Excuse for not preventing it; yet the bringing in of Prizes by a Vessell so fitted out, is so notorious an Act and so contrary to Treaties, that if suffered must occasion an immediate War. Conyngham will however, thro’ Favour be discharged with his vessel, as we are given to understand, but we must put up with the Loss of the Prizes, which being reclaim’d will be restor’d. This is an Occasion of Triumph to our Enemies, which we must suffer them to enjoy for the present, assured as we are by the most substantial Proofs of the Friendship of this Court and of Spain which we are persuaded will soon manifest itself to all the World. The latter has already remitted to us a large Sum of Money as you will see by Mr. Lee’s Letters; and continues to send Cargoes of Supplies of which you have herewith sundry Accounts. Many of these Transactions are by some Means or other known in England which dares not resent them at present; but the Opinion of an approaching War gains ground every Day.
We are preparing the Accoutrements you ordered for the Horse. They will take Time. Had there been such in the Magazines here we might have possibly borrow’d on Condition of Replacing them. Pistols (450 pair) are already sent; the whole Number will be forwarded as fast as they can be got ready. Col. Forrester, an experienced Officer of Horse, has given us a Specimen of compleat Accoutrements which have been found best; the Saddle is of a singular Contrivance, very cheap and easily made or repair’d; and the Buff Belts so broad, as that crossing on the Breast, they are good Armour against the Point of a Sword or a Pistol Bullet. We propose to have as many Sets made with these Saddles as may serve to mount a Squadron; but shall omit Saddles for the Rest, as they will take up too much Room in the Vessells, and can soon be made with you. Coll. Forester is highly recomended to us and we believe will go over.
Cloathing for 10,000 Men is now in Hand making for us by Contract: and other proposed Contracts are under Consideration for the Rest of the 80,000 Men ordered. We hope to have them with you before next Winter: or that if all cannot be got, the Cloth we have sent and are sending will make up the Deficiency.
The large brass Cannon are not to be had here; We have been treating with a Swedish Merchant about them, but find too many Difficulties in getting them from that Country; so that finally, understanding you have some Founders with you and that we can have others to go from hence, we conclude to send two Artists in that way, with the Metal to cast the Number wanted, omitting only the Field Pieces, of which we suppose you have by this Time a Number sufficient. Some large Iron Cannon are offered to us cheap from Holland, of which we think to send a Quantity, for tho’ too heavy for the Army they may be of Use for the Navy, Gallies, Gondola’s &c.
We cannot omit repeating as we think it a Matter of the greatest Importance towards supporting the Credit of your Paper Money that you may rely on a punctual Payment here of Congress Bills drawn on us for the Discharge of the Interest of the Sums borrow’d, that is to say, in the Proportion of 6 Spanish Dollars, or the Value in french Money, for every hundred borrowed in your Paper. But as the Offer of 6 per Cent was made before you could know of this Advantage to the Borrower, perhaps you may on the Knowledge and Experience of it be able to reduce the Interest in future Loans to 4 per Cent, and find some Means by Taxes to pay off the 6 per Cents.
Our Treaty of Commerce is not yet proceeded on, the Plan of this Court appearing to be not to have any Transaction with us that implies an Acknowledgement of American Independency, while their Peace continues with England. To make us more easy with this they tell us we enjoy all the Advantages already which we propose to obtain by such a Treaty, and that we may depend on continuing to receive every Indulgence in our Trade that is allow’d to the most favour’d Nation. Feeling ourselves assisted in other Respects cordialy and essentialy, we are the more readily induced to let them take their own Time, and to avoid making ourselves troublesome by an unseasonable Importunity. The Interest of France and Spain however in securing our Friendship and Commerce seems daily more and more generaly understood here, and we have no doubt of finaly obtaining the Establishment of that Commerce with all the Formalities necessary.
We submit it to your Consideration whether it might not be well to employ some of your Frigates in bringing your produce hither, ordering them after refreshing and refitting to make a Cruise in the Northern Seas upon the Baltic and Hamborough Trade send their prizes home North about, then return to France and take in a Loading of Stores for America.
The Marquis de Fayette a young Nobleman of great Family Connections here, and great Wealth, is gone to America in a Ship of his own, accompanied by some Officers of Distinction, in order to serve in our Armies. He is exceedingly beloved, and every bodys good wishes attend him. We cannot but hope he may meet with such a Reception as will make the Country and his Expedition agreeable to him. Those who censure it as imprudent in him do never the less applaud his Spirit; and we are satisfy’d that the Civilities and Respect that may be shown him will be serviceable to our Affairs here, as pleasing not only to his powerfull Relations and to the Court, but to the whole French Nation. He has left a beautifull young Wife big with Child: and for her sake particularly we hope that his Bravery and ardent Desire to distinguish himself will be a little restrain’d by the Generals prudence, so as not to permit his are very respectfully Gentlemen Your most obedient humble Servants.
B FranklinSilas Deane

We inclose a Copy of Messrs Gardoque last Letter. We have received Mr Morris’s of March 7. 25. & 28. and are much obliged by the Intelligence contain’d.
We send a Quantity of Papers.

Notation: Franklin & Deane to the Comitee May 25. 1777


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Barbeu-Dubourg, 25 May 1777
From: Barbeu-Dubourg, Jacques
To: Franklin, Benjamin

A Paris ce 25 may 1777
Dubourg a l’honneur de souhaiter le bonjour a Monsieur Franklin et le supplie d’accorder une audience favorable a Mr. Coder dont il lui a deja parlé plusieurs fois, pour qui Mrs. Turgot, de Francés et de Beaumont s’interessent, et qui a divers modeles d’habillement &c. a lui faire voir qui semblent meriter une attention speciale.

Addressed: To / Dr. Franklin / Passy
Notation: dubourg / 25 May 77


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from [the Comte de Sarsfield], [before 26 May 1777]
From: Sarsfield, Guy-Claude, comte de
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Sir
[Before May 26, 1777.]
I have made an alteration in the plan of the Spanish reading which I proposed to you the last time I had the honour to See you.
I confine it for this moment to the teatro de España by one Garma but If you have a curiosity to know some others, the following you may Send for when ever you please, observing only to write a note A Monsieur Oudin chez Mr. Lecomte de Sarsfield Rue pot de fer pres St Sulpice, desiring him to send you Such a Book.
Salazar Noticias del Consejo, which is an account of the Council of Castille. Fo.
Expediente de La Provincia de Estremadura which is the plea of that Province with the opinion of both the fiscales of the Council on the matter of a very Extraordinary law in that country. Fo.
Breve Sobre los Asilos, which is a Brief from the Pope to reduce the number of the Churches wherein the criminals may find a security. [An]other in fo.
Bula de la cena, which is an History of the Bull called in coenâ domini. Fo.
Sola contribucion, which [is] a decree or rather a law proposed to be enacted to change the nature of the taxes in Spain. Fo.

Noticias Americanas, which is an account of some Spanish colonies in America by Don Antonio de Ulloa.
Introduccion a la istoria natural de España, by William Bowles.
I Pray you have leisure Enough to return me your answer if you chuse.

Addressed: A Monsieur / Monsieur franklin / A Passy
Notations: Ct Sarsefied / Ct. De Sarsfield.


Title: The American Commissioners to the Committee for Foreign Affairs, 26 May 1777
From: American Commissioners,Franklin, Benjamin,Deane, Silas,Lee, Arthur
To: Committee for Foreign Affairs

Gentlemen
Paris May 26th. 1777
The Navy of the United States increasing in the Number of its Ships and Force, it is of the utmost importance to direct the Cruises of the Shipps of War which belong either to the States or individuals so as to annoy and alarm the Enemy the most effectually, and at the same Time to encourage Our brave Officers and Seamen by the Value of prizes. The West India Trade was so intercepted the last Season, That besides endangering the Credit of every West India house in England and absolutely ruining many, greatly helped towards sinking the revenues of Great Brittain, which it was confidently asserted the other Day, in the House of Commons, and was not contradicted by the Minister, had sunk the last year nearly one million below the usual incomes. This Trade cannot be attacked the coming Season to equall Advantage, as it will not be by any degree so large, and will be armed, and under Convoy. But as the Commerce of Great Brittain is very extensive good policy dictates that we attack it in more than one Sea, and on different Coasts. The Navy of G. Brittain is not sufficiently Numerous to infest the whole Coast of North America and at the same Time Guard their Own, much less protect, and Convoy their Trade in different Seas. We have not the least doubt but That Two or Three of the Continental Frigates sent into the German Ocean with some lesser swift Sailing Cruisers, might intercept and seize great part of the Baltic, and Northern Trade, could they be in those Seas by the middle of August at farthest, and the Prizes will consist of Articles of the utmost Consequence to the States. One Frigate would be sufficient to destroy the whole of The Greenland Whale Fishery, or take the Hudsons bay Ships returning. In a Word they are unsuspicious and unguarded on that Quarter, and the alarm such an Expedition would give must raise the insurance in England at least Twenty per Cent since Capt. Cunningham’s adventure occasioned 10 per Cent to be given on the Passage Boats from Dover to Calais. Capt. Cunningham having been put in prison, and the prizes restored, they are again lull’d into security. The whole western Coast of England and Scotland, and indeed almost the whole of Ireland, is at this Moment unguarded, either by Shipps of War or Troops, except a few Sloops or Cutters to watch Smugglers. We submit to the Congress the following plan, to send Three Frigates loaded with Tobacco, for Nantes, or Bourdeaux and that They be manned and Commanded in the best possible manner. That on their Arrival in either of the above Rivers, they make but little appearance of Strength, and endeavor to pass for Common Cruisers while they were refitting, which should be in different ports, near each other. Intelligence might be had of the position of the British Fleet, and the Circumstances of the different Towns on the Sea Coast, and of the Merchant Ships in them, in Consequence of which a blow might be struck that would alarm and shake Great Brittain and its Credit to the Center. The Thought may appear bold, and extravagant, yet we have seen as extraordinary events within These Two years past, as that of Carrying the War to Our Enemies doors. As it appears extravagant, it will be, in consequence, unexpected by them, and the more easily executed. The Burning or Plundering Liverpool or Glascow would do us more essential Service than a Million of Treasure and much Blood spent on the Continent. It would raise Our reputation to the highest pitch, and lessen in the same degree that of our Enemies. We are confident it is practicable, and with very little danger, but Times may alter, by the Arrival of The Frigates, yet in that Case their Cruise on this Coast bids fairer to be profitable than on any other and They may at least carry back in Safety many of the Stores wanted, which is a most Capital Object should the other be laid aside. Every days experience confirms to us, what is pointed out indeed by Nature itself, the Necessity of rendering America independant in every sense of the Word. The present glorious tho’ trying contest will do more to render this independance fixed and certain, if Circumstances are seasonably improved, than would otherways have been effected in an Age. The Manufacturing of any one Necessary Article among Ourselves is like breaking one link of the Chains which have heretofore bound the two Worlds together, and which Our Artful Enemies had under the mask of Friendship been long winding round and round Us, and binding fast. Thus as founderies for Cannon, Iron as well as Brass are erecting; if they are at once erected large enough to Cast of any size, we may in future be easy on that important Article, and independant on the Caprice or Interest of Our pretended Friends for a Supply; and to forward This We shall take the Liberty of sending over some of the most skillful founders we can meet with. The Jealousy which reigns among the Maritime Powers in Europe, with their Narrow, weak, and contemptible System of politics prevents Our being able to procure Ships of War. To remedy which, You have with you Timber, Iron, and Workmen, and We must send you over Sailcloth and Cordage as fast as We can. The importance of having a Considerable Naval force is too obvious to need our saying more than that we conceive no apparent difficulty, or obstruction, ought to deter Us from pushing it forward to the utmost of Our power. We have sent you by a former Conveyance a plan of a Frigate on a New Construction, and Now send You the Duplicate which we submit to the Judgment of those better skill’d than we pretend to be in Naval Affairs; but imagine that on Our Coast, and perhaps anywhere, Ships constructed in some such manner may be as formidable as those of 74 Guns, and it is certain they will cost Us less. The vessel building in Amsterdam is on this plan, which we hope will be in season for Service this Fall or Autumn. We are with the utmost respect Gentlemen your most Obedient and Very humble Servants
B FranklinSilas Deane

Notation: Franklin & Deane to the Comtee May 26. 1777


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Noble Wimberly Jones, 26 May 1777
From: Jones, Noble Wimberly
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Sir,
Savannah, in Georgia, 26th May, 1777.
You cannot be a Stranger to the State of Georgia, having been heretofore engaged in public Business on her Behalf. She is now one of the united States, and therefore must particularly claim your Attention.
From our Situation as a Barrier State, far from the Center of the Continent, and being destitute of a sufficient Number of Shipping and Seamen, which by the Industry of Adventurers might have relieved our temporary Wants, we have experienced many difficulties, and have not been able to procure for ourselves such Articles, as are essentially requisite for our defence, in such manner, as some other States have done.
The Honorable House of General Assembly of this State, by whose Order I write, taking into Consideration the many Inconveniencies we labour under, for the want of Arms, Ammunition and other military Stores, have deputed Captain Peter Emanuel De La Plaigne, as their Agent, to proceed to old France, and to procure such Articles, as are specified in the Instructions delivered to him.
Captain De La Plaigne has been resident here some time past, and been honoured with a Commission in the 1st Continental Battalion, raised for the defence of this State; since which he has made a Voyage to Cape Francois, under the direction of General Lee, and had engaged several Officers and Men, on the Continental Establishment, but unfortunately was taken by an English Frigate in his return.
His Conduct has been so irreproachable, and he has given such Proofs of his Attatchment to the American Cause, that we have now deputed him on this important Business in behalf of this State, and take the Liberty of recommending him to your particular Notice. As a Friend to the Liberties of Mankind and as a Supporter of the arduous Struggle, we are all engaged in, we doubt not of your affording him every Assistance and advice, in your power. I have the honor to be, respectfully, Sir, Your most obedient and very humble Servant
N W Jones Speaker
The Honble Doctor Benjn Franklin.

Endorsed: N. W. Jones Georgia recommending M. de la Plaigne 26. May 1777


Title: To Benjamin Franklin from the Comte de Sarsfield, 26 May 1777
From: Sarsfield, Guy-Claude, comte de
To: Franklin, Benjamin

Sir
Rue pot de fer May the 26th 1777.
As I have received no answer from you to my last note I am Still in Suspense about the Books you may wish to have. There is a Bundle made wherein are Garma teatro de España and Gibbon’s Roman empire. Mr. Oudin chez Mr. Lecomte de Sarsfield rue pot de fer will send them to Mr. Deane’s upon any note from you written in french. If you wish any other, Please, Sir, to order, and your commands Shall be obeyed. I wish you Please to let know what Books you chuse and what you chuse not to have. I’m Sir with the truest consideration and Esteem and attachment Your most humble and obedient Servant
Sarsfield

Addressed: A Monsieur / Monsieur franklin / Chez Mr Rey de Chaumont / A Passy
Notation: Sarsfield