Title: To James Madison from Wilson Cary Nicholas, 1 May 1801
From: Nicholas, Wilson Cary
To: Madison, James

Dear SirWarren May 1st. 1801
Every man who loves his country must feel great uneasiness at the defects that have been discovered in our constitution, in the short time that it has been in operation and must doubt its permenence when he recollects that in the 12th. year of its age, it was in the agony of death, that it was on the point of expiring under its own forms—that a similar state of things may be produced at any time by Congress admiting or rejecting Votes—that the failure of an election is a case not provided for by the constitution—and that when ever it happens the government must terminate. Add to this the mischievous division of the people of America into nearly equally balanced parties, and all the consequences that are likely to result from that cause; and all who feel interested in the welfare of this Country, or in the success of republican government, must think themselves bound to contribute their utmost efforts to divert the impending storm. As to the defects of the constitution they require more skill in the science of govt. than I possess to enable me to suggest a remedy, nor is the case so urgent as what relates to the State of parties. It appears to me that it depends very much upon the temper of the administration for the next four years, whether the present parties shall be entirely extinguished, or whether they shall be perpetuated until they produce all the mischiefs that have flown from the like cause in other Nations; and either make us a prey to some other country—engender a despotism—or cause a seperation of the States. As slight causes have produced parties in other countries that have propagated themselves for centuries, and have generally ended in the total dissolution of that government in which they were sown. Nothing is more usual than to see parties which have begun upon a real difference continue after that difference is lost. If the party spirit that has continued for several years shou’d be longer cherished, and suffered to take deeper root, I fear it will be impossible to extirpate it during the existance of our government. My attention has been called to this subject by a question that I have heard from every man that I have conversed with for some time “What will Mr. Jefferson do as to the removal from offices?” I feel the utmost anxiety that the course of conduct to be pursued by the new administration shou’d be decided on, upon the most mature deliberation, I believe there is not a single question that will present itself to you that may so deeply affect the happiness of this country, that may so strongly decide the character that our government is to assume. As this is the first change of this sort that has taken place under our constitution, we have not in our own country the guide of experience, in no other can we find an exact analogy to our present situation—that of G. B. is the nearest, and there I believe the change is never general, it is confined in great measure to important and confidential offices and never extends to places of mere trust. There is a great difference too between our Govt. and that of G. B. The objects in Contest between parties there and here bear no comparrison, in the latter the contest is about the expediency of making War or peace, this or that Law &c, the subject is to be acted upon by the legislature, and not by the whole body of the people, the existance of the Govt. does not depend upon their acting at all, or acting wisely, the king by the exercise of his prerogative of dissolving the parliament can at any time prevent improper conduct; the ascendency of one party in either or both houses does not put it in their power to dissolve the govt. by refusing to discharge a duty assigned to them essential to the transfer of the govt. from one hand to another. It is likely that the course that is now pursued will be followed by those on whom the govt. may devolve in future, when there is a chang[e] of chief Magistrate. If a general removal shou’d be determined on the change of Men wou’d be the most striking effect to the view of the people, as all other changes must be gradual and perhaps imperceptible to the bulk of the people. Is there not danger that after several such changes the people wou’d consider it a mere contest between in’s & out’s in which they had no interest, that worried by what they wou’d believe to be a contest for individual advancement, they wou’d soon become deaf to attempts to alarm them when danger really existed? Can it be right that a man shou’d be disfranchised for a conscientious discharge of what he deemed his duty? Such an exclusion wou’d not only be injurious to individuals but to the nation, as it wou’d alienate the affections, and deprive the govt. of the services and talents of perhaps nearly one half the people. Will not an administration that gives offices as a reward for party services or support at elections, very often sacrifice the public interest, and be obliged to wink at peculations, and other misconduct of public servants? And will it not end in an absolute devotion to one man, and a disregard of the law and the public weal? Wou’d it not be an unfortunate thing that an administration, virtuous and patriotic as I am sure the present will be considered in all future time shou’d by their example justify a practice that may be used to the most wicked purposes, by men that the vicissitudes of human affairs may place at the head of our govt.? What effect wou’d it have upon the federalist’s, if all their party were removed from office? It appears to me that it wou’d perpetuate the parties that now exist in this Country—that they wou’d wage unceasing War upon the present administration—that they wou’d make a common cause of it, and that probably in a short time they wou’d regain the ascendency that they have lost. In every society there are a considerable proportion of people, who are justly considered as a mere make weight—without disparagement to our friends we have our full proportion of that sort of people, they are only held by their passions being properly excited and directed, the bias of that description of men is strongly against those who rule, the first unfortunate or unpopular step, may disgust them, and if we have to contend with a powerful and well disciplined party always on the watch, a direction may be given to the public opinion before we are aware of the danger, that may reinstate the Federalists in the full possession of the govt. The history of our affairs for the last two years fully illustrate this opinion. I have never yet met with any one who approved of making a general rule that shou’d operate throughout the U. S. for the removal of all fedrts., but each individual seems to have marked out some persons who in his opinion ought to be removed, the gratifying of these wou’d amount to general removal. The only considerations that appear to have weight in favour of a removal are, first the wishes of the republicans, and 2dly. the probable conduct of the federt’s. in future, and in particular of those who are in office—as to the opinion of the republicans I do not believe it is sufficiently ascertained to enable the administration to determine what it is, it is not the same in every state, nor in any one state; in some places where the parties have been nearly balanced, where the contest was carried on with bitterness and with rancor, and where the persons in office have been the federal leaders, and have availed themselves of their official power to influence elections, there may be a necessity to make removals; but in every such case it is most desirable that it shou’d be done in such a manner, as will give it the appearance of being a personal thing and not an attack upon the whole party. I believe a govt. may with the utmost safety act against an individual in almost any case, but it is never safe to attack a great number of people at once. A. Hamilton was well apprised of this when he attempted [to] enforce the Collection of the excise in Pennsylvania, if his only object had been to collect the revenue he wou’d have sued but one or two of the delinquents at first and wou’d have selected such characters as had least influence with the people, but as he wanted to cause an insurrection he attacked every delinquent at the same time—it produced the effect he wished. There can be no comparrison between the grounds of an opposition to the excise law, and to the late sedition act, one was a question of expediency admited to be constitutional the other flagrantly unconstitutional, and a direct attack upon our most important rights, one was opposed and the other submited to, this difference was certainly owing to the govt. pursuing a very different course in the two cases: in the first they attempted to punish a great number of people at once, in the other they operated upon the most forlorn objects that they cou’d find, at different places, and at different times; if as many prosecutions had been ordered in Virginia or Pennsylvania, under the sedition law, as were commenced in Pennsa. under the excise law, and the most influential characters had been selected nothing cou’d have prevented a dreadful explosion. The effect of an exclusion of federalist’s from all share in the govt. wou’d not be so sudden, or so immediately mischievous, but I apprehend it wou’d be as certain. The fed’s may conduct themselves in such a manner as to render their exclusion a measure of necessity and self defence, if the party is kept together and make a combined opposition to the measures of the admn. it will be improper to continue them in office that their leaders are interested to do this I have no doubt as the principles of the present admn. are at direct variance with their views and opinions; but that the party in general will adhere to them I do not believe. The honest and virtuous part of them will give their support to any wise administration, unless they can be induced to believe that they have personal wrongs to complain of, the interested will prefer their own security to that of others. Under these impressions my opinion is that changes ought not to be made but in cases where the public opinion will fully justify them, that particular care shou’d be taken to fill such places with men of unquestionable fitness, and character, so that at all events the public interest shou’d not be supposed to be sacrificed to personal resentment, nor to favoritism. I have been led by this subject into a most unreasonable length particularly as it is in the hands of persons much more competent to view it in all its relations than I am. I know you will pardon the freedom with which I have given my opinion, and that you ascribe it to my solicitude for the welfare of my country and a most anxious desire for the success of an administration, that I am attached to by every principal of respect and affection. I am Dear Sir with the greatest respect your friend & hum. Serv.
W. C. Nicholas

   RC (DLC: Rives Collection, Madison Papers); partial draft (DLC: Wilson Cary Nicholas Papers). RC docketed by JM. In a draft of what became his 3 May letter to JM, Nicholas marked three sections that he incorporated in this RC; the third section is incomplete (see n. 2). The two drafts combined a discussion of patronage policy with inquiries about the position of postmaster general. In the RCs Nicholas separated the issues (see Nicholas to JM, 3 May 1801). Minor variations between RC and drafts not noted.

   Partial draft ends here.

   Third section from 3 May draft ends here.

   Wilson Cary Nicholas (1761–1820) succeeded Henry Tazewell as a senator from Virginia in 1799 and served until 1804, when he resigned to become collector for the port of Norfolk (PJMWilliam T. Hutchinson et al., eds., The Papers of James Madison (1st ser., vols. 1–10, Chicago, 1962–77, vols. 11—, Charlottesville, Va., 1977—)., 8:73 n. 1).


Title: To James Madison from William E. Hũlings, 2 May 1801
From: Hũlings, William E.
To: Madison, James

SirNew Orleans 2nd May 1801
I yesterday recd. the inclosed letter from the Governor of this Province, His Excelly. the marquis of Casa Calvo, containing a repetition of the Order of suspension, transmitted to me of the date of the 4th. of Sept., 1799; by which you will see that there is a strong necessity for something being done to obtain a public residence for an American Consul in this place, which from it’s local situation, as a port of deposit, & the Vast American commerce that now flourishes here, and promises to increase many fold; claims the Attention of the Governt. of the United States.
Although the inclosed Order is positive, yet at the request of many of the Citizens of the U. S. now here, I continue to sign their Certificates and to do all other Acts necessary to their safety, this I think myself authorized to do, from the urgent necessity of the case, as well as by a letter from Timothy Pickering Esqr. former Secretary of State, of the date of the 14th. Novr 1799 in which he says “This revocation, however need not prevent your giving any requisite aid to american Citizens, or granting certificates to them, and takeing their Protests, all this being done by our consul in the Havana from the necessity of the Case &c.” How long I may be enabled to do even this, I cannot say, but I beg leave to assure you that in whatever situation I may be placed, I shall always cheerfully contribute my mite to promote the Interests of the Citizens of the United States. I have the honor to be [with] due respect Sir your Most Obdt. humble Servt.
Wm. E Hũlings

   RC and enclosure (DNA: RG 59, CD, New Orleans, vol. 1). Enclosure 1 p., in Spanish (see n. 1).

   Casa Calvo’s letter reminded Hũlings that the Spanish (in an earlier note of 4 Oct. 1799) had not accepted his credentials and that he should cease acting as American vice-consul. On such difficulties, see “Despatches from the United States Consulate in New Orleans, 1801–1803,” American Historical Review, 32 (1926–27): 802–8.

   William E. Hũlings, a Pennsylvanian, had been approved as John Adams’s nominee for vice-consul at New Orleans 19 Mar. 1798. In early 1801 Hũlings related the same problems in obtaining recognition and offered himself as a candidate for the consulship if the Spanish governor agreed to accept an American at that post. He enclosed a memorial from twenty-four American merchants requesting a recognized consul (Senate Exec. ProceedingsJournal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America (3 vols.; Washington, 1828)., 1:266; Hũlings to secretary of state, 20 Feb. 1801 [DNA: RG 59, CD, New Orleans, vol. 1]).


Title: To James Madison from Wilson Cary Nicholas, 3 May 1801
From: Nicholas, Wilson Cary
To: Madison, James

Dear SirWarren May 3d. 1801
The President once mentioned to me that he expected he shou’d find it necessary to remove the Post master Genl. from his office; at that time he spoke of a respectable gent. who he had thought of for that place, this conversation took place early in the winter, I do not know what his determination, may now be, if it shou’d be to make a change in that department, and he wou’d confide it to me I wou’d willingly accept the office. But I wou’d not by any means wish the present incumbent to be removed, or to prevent the office being given to any other person that I might get it. I wou’d wish it to be understood fully that it is my sincere desire that my application shou’d at once yield either to personal or public considerations. I know that my being a Virginian is an objection to me. I am myself inclined to believe that if it can be done consistantly with the public good that Colo. Habersham ought to be continued, as there are few offices that his State can furnish proper characters to fill, and I know it is the wish of all the States to supply at least their contingent. I beg that you will not mention me for this office unless it shou’d be previously determined to make a new appointment. If the office was given to me I shou’d wish the appointment delayed until after the next Session of Congress that our friend Monroe might have an opportunity of taking my place in the Senate, when his term of Service as Govr. expires, if he wishes it. I feel the greatest reluctance at my name being placed on the list of those who are importuning the President for offices it wou’d be a most mortifying thing to me that he shou’d suppose for a moment, that I was capable of adding to the embarrassment that I know he must feel about appointments, I must beg then My Dear Sir, if you shou’d think proper to mention my name that you will not let the President know that it was done at my instance. I am Dear Sir with the greatest respect your friend & humble Servt.
Wilson C Nicholas

   RC (DLC: Rives Collection, Madison Papers); draft (DLC: Wilson Cary Nicholas Papers). RC docketed by JM. Portions of draft are incorporated in Nicholas’s earlier letter to JM (see Nicholas to JM, 1 May 1801, and n.). Minor variations between RC and draft not noted.

   Joseph Habersham of Georgia had been postmaster general since Washington appointed him in 1795 (Senate Exec. ProceedingsJournal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America (3 vols.; Washington, 1828)., 1:173). Before resigning the post, he was offered the collectorship of Savannah, but he refused, saying that it was “too laborious and worth only 1200 dollars” (Gallatin to Jefferson, 12 June 1801, Habersham to Jefferson, 21 Sept. 1801 [DLC: Jefferson Papers]).

   In the draft the preceding section reads: “… this conversation took place so long ago that I do not know what his determination may now be, and I wou’d not by any means wish the present incumbent to be removd or to prevent the office being given to any other person that I might get it; if upon the only consideration that (I am sure) will ever induce Mr. Jefferson to remove a man from office, a new appointment shou’d be determined on in that case I wou’d willingly accept that office.”

   In the draft Nicholas continued this sentence: “that wou’d be made use of both against Mr. Jefferson and against the State, and I wou’d by no means desire the office if you think its being given to A Virginian wou’d be exceptionable.”

   In the draft of his preceding letter Nicholas had written: “A variety of circumstances have combined to induce me to come to a determination to change my place of residence. I have for some time hesitated between the western and the Northern country my inclination leads me to prefer the latter. As I have not yet made my determination public I wou’d thank you not to mention it.” Nicholas did not include this passage in either RC (see Nicholas to JM, 1 May 1801, n.), and he remained in Virginia.

   The draft here includes an additional sentence: “Perhaps if Col. H shou’d be removed he cou’d be provided for at home in the custom house so as not to give offence.”

   Nicholas here crossed through in the RC: “both as it relates to him, and to myself.” A similar clause appears in the draft.


Title: To James Madison from Robert Camp, 4 May 1801 (Abstract)
From: Camp, Robert
To: Madison, James

4 May 1801, Washington. Encloses letter of recommendation from governor of Virginia. Has others from John Clopton and John Beckley. Presumes JM is familiar with his family in Culpeper County. Seeks clerkship in a public office. In postscript, adds he will wait on JM the following day.

   RC (DNA: RG 59, LAR, 1801–9). 1 p.; docketed by Wagner. Enclosed Monroe to JM, 12 Mar. 1801.


Title: To James Madison from Sylvanus Bourne, 5 May 1801 (Abstract)
From: Bourne, Sylvanus
To: Madison, James

5 May 1801, Amsterdam. Is disappointed to learn Congress rejected the memorial on behalf of U.S. consuls that he transmitted in fall of 1800. Fears request was misinterpreted, the point being that consular fees ought to be paid according to tonnage of American ships. No fixed salary was sought, and the request was never intended for stipulated fees “by way of Salary from the public Chest.”

   RC (DNA: RG 59, CD, Amsterdam, vol. 1). 3 pp.

   A full transcription of this document has been added to the digital edition.


Title: To James Madison from David Humphreys, 5 May 1801 (Abstract)
From: Humphreys, David
To: Madison, James

5 May 1801, Madrid. No. 275. Reports on and encloses papers concerning American merchant vessel Atalanta, seized and condemned in Spanish prize court in August 1800. Requests definitive response to Spanish complaint mentioned in postscript to his dispatch no. 273. Notes that Danes appear to have withdrawn from neutral league. Has no news of American vessels being captured by Tripoli. Relays word from U.S. consul at Barcelona that fifteen American merchantmen are anchored there and that French troops have begun to enter Spain.

   RC and enclosures (DNA: RG 59, DD, Spain, vol. 5). RC 2 pp.; in a clerk’s hand, signed by Humphreys. Enclosures 6 pp., docketed by Wagner.


Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 6 May 1801
From: Madison, James
To: Monroe, James

Dear SirMay 6. 1801
Mr. Camp handed me yesterday your two favors of the 11 & 12 of March. I can say nothing determinate as to the prospect of him & Mr. Lambert, because I do not yet know what arrangements may be contemplated throughout the Departments. I think however it would be unwise in any of the Candidates to neglect other resources; the number of them being such as greatly to reduce the chance to individuals, & it being not improbable that in some of departments at least the number of offices themselves may be reduced. I have not yet recd. your letter for Chancelr. Livingston (nor the letter from Mr. Skipwith to which you refer). He will not embark on his foreign Mission till the ratification of the Treaty in France arrives here.
Callendar I find is under a strange error on the subject of his fine, and in a strange humor in consequence of it. I inclose ⟨an⟩ open letter for him which you will please to read & forward. How has the delay in giving effect to the remission of the fine happened? It ought to be known & explained to him. What I state to him as the view of the President I have from the P. himself, & therefore cannot be mistaken in.
I have been here a few days only & can say nothing to you from the Department. I find myself in the midst of arrears of papers &c &c. which little accord with my unsettled health. Yrs. affy.
Js. Madison

   RC (DLC). Cover marked private by JM; docketed by Monroe: “Mr. Madison answd.”

   See Callender to JM, 27 Apr. 1801, and n. 5.

   Letter not found, but see Monroe to JM, 17 May 1801.


Title: From James Madison to David Meade Randolph, 6 May 1801
From: Madison, James
To: Randolph, David Meade

Sir,Department of State May 6th. 1801.
Your letter of the 3rd. Instant addressed to Mr. Lincoln has been just received. According to the construction of the law actually applied to a case in the State of Pennsylvania, similar to that in Virginia, it has been decided, that the task of compleating the Census devolves on the two new Marshals, who are to take each the part of it unfinished within his district. It will be proper therefore that they be respectively furnished with the necessary documents and information in your hands, and for which they will be instructed to apply. With respect to the compensation due for the part of the service which you have performed, the settlement of it belongs, as you will no doubt infer, to the Treasury Department. I am, Sir, very respectfully, Your obedient servant,
James Madison

   RC (DNA: RG 233, Petitions and Memorials, 7th Cong.). In a clerk’s hand, signed and franked by JM; postmarked Washington, 10 May; docketed by Randolph.

   Randolph’s 3 May letter called attention to the unfinished federal census of 1800 in Virginia. Randolph stated that he was no longer legally responsible for carrying the work forward (DNA: RG 59, ML).

   Virginia was divided into east and west districts by the Judiciary Act of 1801. Joseph Scott was appointed by Jefferson to the eastern district and Andrew Moore to the western area (ASPAmerican State Papers: Documents, Legislative and Executive, of the Congress of the United States … (38 vols.; Washington, 1832–61)., Misc., 1:303).


Title: To James Madison from Thomas McKean, [6 May] 1801
From: McKean, Thomas
To: Madison, James

[Philadelphia, 6 May 1801]
… Permit me to congratulate you & my country on the renovated state of the affairs of the United States of America. Our enemies are humbled but not yet subdued; their greatest power exists in the offices they yet hold; strip them of the influence they possess from this source and they will be effectually subdued. Every possible measure to prevent this has been put in use, flattery, threats, invectives, &c &c, are artfully & insiduously practised, but I trust in vain; with respect to myself they have proved in vain.…

   Printed extract (Stan. V. Henkels Catalogue No. 720 [1894], item 622).


Title: From James Madison to Ebenezer Stevens, 6 May 1801 (Abstract)
From: Madison, James
To: Stevens, Ebenezer

6 May 1801, Department of State. Since his letter to Stevens of 4 May [not found] JM has learned that War Department will ship from Philadelphia gunpowder due Tunis; supply from navy unnecessary.

   RC (NHi). 1 p. In Wagner’s hand, signed and franked by JM. Stevens’s docket damaged by torn seal.


Title: To James Madison from James T. Callender, 7 May 1801
From: Callender, James T.
To: Madison, James

SirPetersburg May 7th. 1801.
I inclose two News papers. They contain a consummate Specimen of the customhouse of this place. They cannot fail of conveying to the president a complete idea, if he wanted one, of the official merit of Mr. Heath; and I trust he will admit that, in this instance, I have rendered a service to the country. The materials had been sent us just before I was first arrested, and lay by till now.
My reason for intruding at this time, (as after the letter of last Week, I did not mean to trouble you for a very long time) is this.
On Tuesday last, Randolph sent for me to the Custom house to get the money, which it seems he has received orders to pay. I did not chuse to go there alone, as that very forenoon, the faction had published a piece recommending me to a drubbing. So I went to General Jones. He was ready, he said, to go with me; but that the Card ran in such a Stile as no Gentleman should answer. Another Gentleman, to whom I applied, made the same observation. Upon this, I held myself justified in writing Randolph to bring or send up the money. But I understand that he has set out for Richmond; so I am as far from it as ever. I spent seven weeks idle in Richmond waiting for it, before I came here, and left a proper authority with Mr. Pleasants to receive it for me. I had been more the better of an hundred dollars paid with promptitude, than to get two hundred with the loss of so much time, and so much temper, with so much impertinence both from friends and enemies. Were the last five years to act a second time, the tribe of Benjamin Should retire to “the rock Rimmon,” before I should interfere to hinder rascals from ridding the world of each other.
I am exceedingly ashamed and sorry for laying such a disagreeable tax upon your time. I have the honour to be Sir your most obliged & obedient humble Servant
Jas. T. Callender.

   RC (DLC). Docketed by JM.

   William Heth, Washington’s choice to be collector at Bermuda Hundred or City Point in August 1789, was named to the same office in the district of Petersburg in December 1800. Almost two years later, Jefferson replaced him with John Shore (Senate Exec. ProceedingsJournal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America (3 vols.; Washington, 1828)., 1:11, 357, 433; Jefferson’s list of appointments, 1801–3 [DLC: Jefferson Papers]).

   Callender referred to David Meade Randolph (see Callender to JM, 27 Apr. 1801, n. 5).

   Gen. Joseph Jones (d. 1824) of Dinwiddie County, Virginia, served as a Republican presidential elector in 1800. Eleven years later, Shore having died, JM appointed Jones to the collector’s post at Petersburg, where he remained until his own death (CVSPWilliam P. Palmer et al., eds., Calendar of Virginia State Papers and Other Manuscripts (11 vols.; Richmond, 1875–93)., 9:75; Senate Exec. ProceedingsJournal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America (3 vols.; Washington, 1828)., 2:192; Richmond Enquirer, 12 Feb. 1824).

   Samuel Pleasants, Jr. (d. 1814), edited the Richmond Va. Argus from 1796 to 1814 (Brigham, History and Bibliography of American Newspapers, 2:1143).


Title: To James Madison from Louis-André Pichon, 7 May 1801 (Abstract)
From: Pichon, Louis-André
To: Madison, James

7 May 1801, Georgetown. Requests exequatur from the president for the two commissions attached. Hopes to see JM the following day and to converse with him about two matters, one simple, the other confidential. The first regards the departure of La Sémillante, which ought to sail as soon as dispatches arrive. The second is the rank with which Lear will be sent to the colony of Saint-Domingue. The treaties of 1778 and the late convention indicate position the French government takes regarding this colony and its relationship to the U.S. The French government hopes that the form of the agencies in the colony would return to agreed limits, though their mutual usefulness is recognized currently. This change alone will suffice.

   RC (DNA: RG 59, NFL, France, vol. 1); Tr (AAE: Political Correspondence, U.S., 53:121–22). RC 3 pp.; in French; docketed by Wagner. Third page of RC misfiled under date of 1 May. Enclosures not found.

   Earlier Pichon had sought permission for the French frigate La Sémillante to lower its truce flag before debarking at Norfolk for repairs. Though the U.S. law on the matter had expired, Pichon thought that since the U.S.-French convention was not yet ratified he ought to delay giving the vessel authorization until Jefferson’s intentions were clear (Pichon to secretary of state, 31 Mar. 1801 [DNA: RG 59, NFL, France, vol. 1]).

   Pichon reported to Talleyrand that he had talked to JM and insisted that Lear not bear the title of consul general held by his predecessor. In reaching an agreement with JM, Pichon acknowledged making many concessions to ensure the change of title (Pichon to Talleyrand, 8 May 1801 [AAE: Political Correspondence, U.S., 53:119–20]).


Title: To James Madison from David Humphreys, 8 May 1801
From: Humphreys, David
To: Madison, James

No. 276
SirMadrid May 8th. 1801
In my Dispatch No. 265 dated March 6th. I transmitted to you the circular letter of our Consul at Tripoli, announcing the imminent danger of an immediate rupture with that State. And in No: 272, dated April 14th, I forwarded copies of letters from Consul O’Brien at Algiers, which contained the information that the Bashaw of Tripoli, having refused the mediation of Algiers, the presents sent from thence & the Bills of Consul Cathcart, was determined upon war against the U. S., and was sending his Cruizers to Sea accordingly.
I have this day received advice from the Consul of the U. S. at Genoa, of the 20th. of April to the followg effect, “I have now farther to inform, that by advice given to Commodore Tornquist from the Swedish Consul at Tunis of the 24th. March communicated to Consul Appleton at Leghorn, The Bashaw of Tripoli did actually declare War against the U. S. of America on the 26th of Feb. and several Privateers sailed from Tripoli early in March to cruize against the Americans. I trust a Squadron will ere this be in the Straights to shew those Barbarians what the Americans are & can do. Interim I think it incumbent on me to embargo all Americans in this Port to prevent our fellow-Citizens from falling into Captivity, unless the vessels are stron[g]ly armed & well manned & in every way able to repel the Attacks of those Ruffians.”
I have also this day received a letter from Consul Willis at Barcelona, under date of the 2nd inst, informing me, that there are 22 American vessels detained in that Port, on account of the danger apprehended from the Corsairs of Tripoli. He had before written to me that he should recommend to the Masters of American vessels to remain in Port, until they could be protected by a Convoy. The Government will percieve the choice of evils to which our Citizens concerned in trade to the Mediterranean are reduced; and will doubtless occupy its attention on the means of averting them.
I enclose herewith a Copy of the Armistice between England & Denmark, as printed officially at Copenhagen … from whence I received it by this day’s Courier, in a letter from a friend.
Three more Regiments of French troops have entered Spain from Bayonne—viz two of Infantry & one of Cavalry. The latter, commanded by Louis Bonaparte, is reported to be one of the finest Corps in the Service of the Republic. With Sentiments of great regard & esteem, I have the honour to be Sir your Mo: ob & Mo. hble. Servant
D. Humphreys.

   RC and enclosure (DNA: RG 59, DD, Spain, vol. 5). RC docketed by Wagner. Enclosure 4 pp.


Title: To James Madison from Wilson Cary Nicholas, 8 May 1801
From: Nicholas, Wilson Cary
To: Madison, James

Dear SirWarren May 8th. 1801
I beg leave to introduce to you Mr. Joseph Daviess the district attorney for Kentuckey, he is a man of merit, and one who has the strongest claims upon me for all the good offices that I can do him, from the extraordinary attention that he has paid to the interest of My brothers family, there is nothing I cou’d do for Mr. D. that wou’d be so acceptable to him, as making him acquainted with you. May I beg the favour of you to present Mr. Daviess to the President of the U. S. and your associates in the administration. I am Dear Sir with the greatest respect your friend & hum. Servt.
W. C. Nicholas

   RC (DLC). Cover marked by Nicholas: “Hond. by Mr. Daviess.”

   Joseph Hamilton Daveiss (or Daviess; also Davis) (1774–1811), born in Bedford County, Virginia, moved with his parents to Kentucky in 1779. After participating in a campaign against the Indians, Daveiss studied law under George Nicholas and in December 1800 was appointed U.S. attorney for the district of Kentucky. In late spring of 1801, Daveiss traveled to Washington to argue a private suit before the Supreme Court, the case of Wilson v. Mason (see Daveiss to JM, 4 Nov. 1801 [DLC]).

   George Nicholas (ca. 1754–1799), a native of Hanover County, Virginia, moved to Kentucky in 1790 and was a leading public figure there until his death (PJMWilliam T. Hutchinson et al., eds., The Papers of James Madison (1st ser., vols. 1–10, Chicago, 1962–77, vols. 11—, Charlottesville, Va., 1977—)., 6:417 n. 6).


Title: From James Madison to Andrew Ellicott, 8 May 1801
From: Madison, James
To: Ellicott, Andrew

Letter not found. 8 May 1801. Acknowledged in Ellicott to JM, 20 May 1801. Offered for sale in Sotheby Parke Bernet, Fine Americana: Manuscript and Printed (25 Nov. 1975), item 408, which notes that the one-page letter, in JM’s hand, “informs Ellicott attempts will be made, in about twelve or fourteen days, to settle accounts due him for ‘… running the Southern Border.’”


Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 9 May 1801
From: Jefferson, Thomas
To: Madison, James

SirWashington May 9. 1801.
A person of the name of Thompson, of Amherst county in Virginia has asked my interference for the recovery of his son John Thompson understood to be impressed on board the Squirrel a British vessel of war. The inclosed letter gave him the first information he has recieved from him for some time past, for so long a time indeed that he had apprehended he was dead. He thinks the letter not written by his son, but by some mess mate who had got ashore. But I was not certain whether this was not said as an excuse to cover the illiterate composition of the letter. The father is known to me to be a native of Virginia, having been a fellow-collegian of mine: and the name subscribed to the letter, it’s address, and it’s contents, prove so as not to be doubted, that he in whose name it is written is not an impostor. As nothing more than his identity & citizenship can be justly requisite to obtain his liberation, I will pray you to take such measures as may be efficacious for his recovery and restoration to his family. Accept my cordial & respectful salutations.
Th: Jefferson

   FC (DLC: Jefferson Papers). Enclosure not found.

   John Thompson attended the College of William and Mary when Jefferson was studying law in Williamsburg in 1763 (A Provisional List of Alumni … of the College of William and Mary [Richmond, 1941], p. 40).


Title: To James Madison from William Jones, 9 May 1801
From: Jones, William
To: Madison, James

SirPhiladelphia 9th. May 1801
Jacob Mayer Esquire late Consul at Cape Francois for whom I have now the pleasure of addressing you, will visit the seat of government for the purpose of communicating with the administration on the subject of our affairs in that quarter.
His long residence and intimate knowledge of the official transactions in that Island will enable him to develope the measures which have been pursued and to convey to government very useful information. I have known Mr Mayer many years and have the highest respect for his character. With the most respectful regard I am Sir Yours truly
Wm Jones

   RC (DLC). Cover marked by Jones: “Jacob Mayer Esqr.”; docketed by JM.

   William Jones was a prominent merchant and shipowner in Philadelphia. Elected as a Republican to Congress, Jones served from December 1801 to March 1803. JM named him secretary of the navy in 1813.


Title: To James Madison from Ebenezer Potter, 9 May 1801
From: Potter, Ebenezer
To: Madison, James

Dear Sir,Hazlefield Jefferson County May 9th 1801.
May I hope you will pardon my presumption in addressing you upon your arrival at the seat of government, and uniting with the firm band of Republicans in sincere exultation at the happy event, that has again brought your skillful hand to conduct the important concerns of our country. That the wisdom and virtue which shone so conspicuously in the framing and establishing our Constitution, our own and “the world’s best hope” should again be brought forth to direct its operations, is a security for our prosperity and happiness, which leaves the deepest impressions of gratitude to that being from whom all our blessings flow.
The cause of Republicanism seems to triumph. I hope the present Administration may lay a foundation upon which it will rest secure for ages. Moderation and conciliatory measures in non essentials, will be necessary to prepare the mind to acquiesce in alterations of more importance, and perhaps in removing the rubbish which, has been heaped on the foundation, caution should be used, not to make large breaches at once lest the proprietors, not taking into view the end and designs of the Architect, and exposed to the misrepresentations of the old bungling builders, should become dissatisfied and think they suffer loss. I observed, after the decision in favor of Mr. Jefferson, that the federalists, fearing his talents, and the rectitude of the Administration which would ensue, were making room to come about, by discovering many valuable things in his character which they could not see previous to that event. They now begin to alter their tone and to complain of a system of proscription, and make a merit of the acquiescent disposition they served as a thing characteristic of themselves. They say Mr. Jefferson must have been hurried into these measures by violent partizans, and namely Senator Mason, and hence infer a proof of their old objection, want of self decision. I do not know what new appointments have been made, nor if I did, could I form an opinion of their propriety, but perhaps hastily removing, such as custom-house officers, where their official conduct has been upright, and particularly in places where there is a majority of federalists, or meerly to remove any officer to make room for another, might have no beneficial effect, and tend to awaken an opposition that might ruin our cause; but I have probably taken up too much of your attention, shall only beg you will not consider me so arrogant as to offer advice in these matters, only as children are said to be judges of the likeness of a picture, so perhaps I may have some knowledge of the aspect of things in the small circle in which I move.
I should be glad to know what arra[n]gements respecting the Natc[h]es, will take place, as I still hope to revisit that place. The Governor will doubtless be removed, I have been conjecturing that either Bruin or Dunbar will be appointed, Bruin has talents sufficient for the office, Dunbar has talents sufficient for any office, Bruin has the good will of the people from a patriotic disposition, and delights to conduct their operations to the public good, without any view to himself, but honor. The other carefully cultivates the good will of those he is conversant with, that he may direct them to his own advantage, as being enrolled among the litterati of this country. Mr Jefferson has some knowledge of him, and altho. I think this is his real character in private life, perhaps in an elevated situation the public good would preponderate. I hope you have recovered [from] your indisposition. I have not heard from Major Hite’s family for some time. Mrs. Potter unites in sincere respect to Mrs Madison and yourself. I am Sir, Your very humble servt.
Ebenr. Potter

   RC (NN).

   Stevens Thomson Mason (1760–1803) was a native of Stafford County, Virginia. Elected to fill the U.S. Senate vacancy created when James Monroe was appointed U.S. minister to France, Mason served from 1794 until his death.

   Governor Sargent’s term expired 7 May (see JM to Sargent, 16 June 1801, and n. 1).

   Peter Bryan Bruin (or Bruan), born in Ireland, participated in the American attack on Quebec early in the Revolution and then fought in the Virginia infantry. Having settled in the Natchez region in 1778, Bruin was John Adams’s choice to be a judge of the Mississippi territorial court in May 1798 (Dunbar Rowland, Mississippi: Comprising Sketches of Counties, Towns, Events, Institutions, and Persons, Arranged in Cyclopedic Form [4 vols.; Atlanta, 1907], 1:319–20; Senate Exec. ProceedingsJournal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America (3 vols.; Washington, 1828)., 1:272).

   William Dunbar, Scottish-born scientist and planter, established himself near Natchez in 1792. In 1798 he was named surveyor general of the district of Natchez and the next year served as Spanish representative on the U.S.-Spanish boundary expedition with Andrew Ellicott. Jefferson opened a scientific correspondence with Dunbar, who was widely known as a successful progressive farmer, in 1800; Dunbar later was elected to the American Philosophical Society.

   Ebenezer Potter, a native of Culpeper County, Virginia, had served as a private in the army George Rogers Clark led to the Illinois country during the Revolution. In 1793 he lived in Natchez, where his wife bore a daughter (VMHBVirginia Magazine of History and Biography., 1 [1893]: 139; WMQWilliam and Mary Quarterly., 1st ser., 3 [1894–95]: 52; Horace Edwin Hayden, comp., Virginia Genealogies [Wilkes-Barre, Pa., 1891], p. 134).


Title: To James Madison from John Quincy Adams, 9 May 1801 (Abstract)
From: Adams, John Quincy
To: Madison, James

9 May 1801, Berlin. No. 192. Reports having had audience with king on 5 May, when he delivered his letter of recall and took leave. “I assured him according to my instructions of the sincere wishes of the American government that the friendship and harmony subsisting between the two Nations might be continued; and he directed me to transmit the assurances of the same disposition on his part, and of his good wishes for the prosperity of the United States.” Encloses copy of letter of recredence. Reports that he declined the customary gift to departing ministers.

   RC and enclosure (DNA: RG 59, DD, Prussia, Letters of J. Q. Adams). RC 1 p.; docketed by Wagner. Enclosure 1 p., in French.


Title: To James Madison from Benjamin Hammell Phillips, 9 May 1801 (Abstract)
From: Phillips, Benjamin Hammell
To: Madison, James

9 May 1801, Curaçao. Reports that in most cases warships have released impressed American sailors on his application. Has been informed by governor that hereafter nothing but American produce will be admitted in American ships.

   RC (DNA: RG 59, CD, Curaçao, vol. 1). 3 pp. Printed in Knox, Naval Documents, Quasi-WarDudley W. Knox, ed., Naval Documents Related to the Quasi-War between the United States and France (7 vols.; Washington, 1935–38)., 7:222–23. Phillips, a Pennsylvanian, had been appointed U.S. consul at Curaçao in 1793 and died there in March 1803 (Senate Exec. ProceedingsJournal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America (3 vols.; Washington, 1828)., 1:131; Boston Columbian Centinel, 21 May 1803).


Title: To James Madison from William Duane, 10 May 1801
From: Duane, William
To: Madison, James

Sir,Philadelphia. May 10. 1801.
Without any other title to the liberty I take, that [sic] what may be allowed me from the respect I have learned to entertain for your virtues and talents, exerted in the cause of my country, and which I have in a much humbler sphere endeavored to emulate, I have take[n] the liberty of addressing you, and even in this first instance to solicit a favor.
The publication of “The Aurora” tho’ more extensive in its circulation than any other paper in the Union, is so much cramped in its funds by the active hostility of the Custom House, that the only source of profit to such a paper, that of Advertising is too inadequate to render it a pursuit eligible for any man who has a family to provide for in any other than times where public security supercede the calls of personal Interest. I believe I have not been backward in the season of danger. In this halcyon period, it is necessary that, I should provide for the little progeny of my own, and the little progeny of my prodecesser, the descendants of Franklin, who by marriage have fallen under my wing. I have therefore sought to establish myself in a business analogous to that with which habit and experience have made me familiar—I mean the bookselling and Stationary business.
My present purpose is to solicit, should no engagements be already made, that I may have the supply of the Department of State with Stationary of every description.
Permit me also to suggest, that as provision has been made for furnishing a library for the use of Congress, that I should be glad to undertake the provision of such books as may be required, and as I have had some experience having resided in England for five years, and am acquainted not only with the first booksellers but numbers of the first literary characters in that Country, I could undertake the importation of the Books for the public Library under advantages that few others possess.
I have not hitherto asked any favor of the administration, tho’ honored by the confidence and good opinion of I believe the majority of the People of America—and I seek no other favor than such as may be given and received with honor and independence to the administration and to me.
I took the liberty of addressing a letter to Mr Lincoln a few days ago, wherein I urged, that it would be rendering an useful service to the public, and to the republican printers, if the latter were authorised to publish the Laws of the Union, upon these terms. That such papers only should be authorised to print them, as it was intended should be in future authorised; that if contracts had been made to the amount authorised by law with other printers by the late administration, then those who should now be authorised should not demand payment unless Congress should be willing to grant it; this step would contribute to the circulation of the laws themselves, and of the republican newspapers, and it would counteract in a degree the artful stroke of the late administration of pensioning papers in advance to oppose the present administration. If it were necessary, I could furnish a list of all the papers which have been so active and useful as to lay claim to the attention of administration.
If at any time any service might be required of me, or any political information concerning this city or state, it would give me particular satisfaction to furnish any service of which I am capable for the public advantage. I am, Sir, With Sincere respect and esteem Your obedt Sert
Wm Duane Editor of the Aurora

   RC (DLC).

   Duane, carrying on Benjamin Franklin Bache’s Aurora, had married Bache’s widow in 1800.

   Duane wrote to Jefferson the same day on the same subject (DLC: Jefferson Papers). For Jefferson’s response, see his letter to Duane of 23 May 1801 (Ford, Writings of JeffersonPaul Leicester Ford, ed., The Writings of Thomas Jefferson (10 vols.; New York, 1892–99)., 8:54).


Title: To James Madison from Turell Tufts, 10 May 1801 (Abstract)
From: Tufts, Turell
To: Madison, James

10 May 1801, Paramaribo. Has received Marshall’s 19 Dec. 1800 letter sent by collector of Baltimore. Interprets it as approval of his conduct; has found in West Indies that when his language and manner have been mildest, he has been unsuccessful. U.S. trade to the colony is under caprice of local collector, who misuses his authority and enforces unimportant regulations to fill his purse. Reports that departure of the schooner Amazon of New York without a sea letter has made it liable for $200 fine, owing to negligence of collector of New York. This same situation applied to the Liberty of New York in August 1800. Sea letters, since they are in several languages, are sometimes more important than the register itself when captains encounter vessels whose masters do not know the language. The master of the schooner William Johnston of Charlestown refuses to show Tufts his papers; he suspects they are forged. A number of British vessels carried forged U.S. papers between Ireland and France. Reports similar case of the schooner Industry of Richmond in September. Has had no success in remonstrances to the governor on that matter.

   RC (DNA: RG 59, CD, Paramaribo, vol. 1). 4 pp.; docketed by Wagner as received 5 June. The Senate had approved Adams’s nomination of the Medford, Massachusetts, native as consul at Surinam on 14 Jan. 1799. In February 1801 Tufts was a “midnight appointment” to Lorient, but Jefferson replaced him in October with William Paterson (Senate Exec. ProceedingsJournal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America (3 vols.; Washington, 1828)., 1:305, 385; Jefferson’s list of appointments, 1801–3 [DLC: Jefferson Papers]).

   A full transcription of this document has been added to the digital edition.


Title: From James Madison to Edward Thornton, 11 May 1801
From: Madison, James
To: Thornton, Edward

Sir,Department of State 11th May 1801.
I have the honour to transmit herewith by direction of the President copies of certain acts of the Executive authority, bearing date in the years 1794 and 1795. These acts resulted from the circumstances which then existed, and from a just solicitude to maintain the laws and the rights of neutrality within the jurisdiction of the United States. The intervention of other circumstances rendered them for a time less applicable; but a state of things is now restored, in which Ships of war belonging to contending powers, may not improbably be again, at the same time within our waters or on our coasts. It is in fact understood that there are at this moment two such vessels, the one belonging to His Britannic Majesty, the other to the French Republic, lying both in or near Hampton Road in Virginia. It being the determination of the President to adhere in the strictest manner to the principles and precautions applicable to the neutral character of the United States, he makes use of the occasion to remind the resident functionaries from the respective powers, of the scrupulous respect which Naval Commanders owe, and which they will be expected to pay, to the Neutral jurisdiction of the United States, particularly to the rules above referred to, and he relies too much on your disposition to see the harmony between the two Countries guarded against Every incident unfriendly to it, not to be persuaded that you will without delay forward to the Officer of the British Ship in the Chesapeake, the notification and injunctions proper in the case. In the mean time as it is known, that one of the Ships is shortly to sail, and not known but that there may be a like intention in the other, the British and French Consuls at Norfolk will be immediately requested to impress on their respective Commander the serious light in which any irregularity on his part will be viewed by the President. I have the honour to be &c
(signed)   James Madison

   Tr (PRO: Foreign Office, ser. 5, 32:117–18). Marked “Copy”; in Thornton’s hand. JM’s original letters to Thornton for this period have not been found, but the transcripts the British envoy sent to London are in the Public Record Office.

   The enclosures (not found) are specified in Thornton’s 2 June 1801 letter to Hawkesbury (PRO: Foreign Office, ser. 5, 32:111–14) as (1) the order of 18 June 1794 prescribing a twenty-four-hour interval between the departures of hostile vessels in U.S. ports and (2) Edmund Randolph’s 16 Apr. 1795 circular letter to the governors.


Title: To James Madison from Tench Coxe, 11 May 1801
From: Coxe, Tench
To: Madison, James

(private)
Dear SirLancaster May 11th. 1801
I am so entirely convinced of the continuance of political, local & personal hostility to the present federal administration, or at least to the two most eminent characters in it, that I consider it a duty to my country’s peace to offer some ideas which occasionally arise in my mind, in a confidential manner to those two characters. It is a noble game to oppose to the infidelity, and local & personal prejudices of our antagonists sound and general measures of public good. I am of opinion that the general plan of encouraging to [sic] domestic commerce and the improvements auxiliary to it, is capable of producing to the Administration all that public regard which ever attaches itself to the instruments and agents of Utility. I believe, that an investigation of the present state of the Arts and manufactures would terminate in a manifestation of their magnitude or extent, of their progress, of their practicability and of the wisdom of encouraging them. A measure, like one, which you contemplated in the year 1790, would have been useful then, and in 1800, and would be of great service now. I mean the exhibition of the occupation of every person in the census. Most of the women, & all the children would have been unnoticed, but the pursuits of the adult males would have been known. I am perfectly satisfied that it would have been attended with the most instructive consequences. It would have proved that manufacturing, which is declared to be impracticable, is extensively practiced, that we derive vast aids from foreign countries and that manufactures support agriculture as much as foreign commerce does.
It is now too late to derive this easy aid from the 2d. Census. But it will not be difficult to throw great light upon the subject. A proclamation from the President, or a notification from the heads of the departments of state & treasury might be published, requesting all persons concerned or engaged in any branch of manufacture in the U. S. to report to the Revenue officer or postmaster nearest to him the following particulars.

1st.
his name

2dly
his trade or branch

3dly
his place of residence

4thly
his place of nativity foreign or domestic—

5thly.
the Number of his apprentices

6thly
the number of his Journeymen of foreign birth

7th.
the number of his Apprentices & Journeymen of native birth

These might be sent to the seat of government by post, & there introduced into 16 state returns, which might again be formed into a general return. The improvement of the interior is, in all countries, important, but in none is it so great as in this, because our measure of capacity is not only unfilled, but its bottom is scarcely covered. In this borough, there are Manufacturers from Ireland, New England, Germany, France, Maryland, England, Switzerland, and the descendants of such in considerable numbers. They work up all the hides & skins, wool, flax, & furs, they can procure and a great deal of American iron, wood, hemp, cotton, silk, bark, lime, clay, stone, horns, barley, hops natural & agricultural plants, and Herbs, steel, paper, rags, &ca. besides imported brass, copper, pewter, lead, paper, gold, silver, &c, and they rent houses, consume provisions, forage, fuel &ca. of our own produce. The Amount of these consumptions is prodigious in a Town of 800 houses, in the body of the County, besides several others in different parts of it. I am the tenant at £100 ⅌ ann. of an Irish Spinning wheel & windsor chair maker, who has four adjoining houses, besides some others in other parts of the Town, & outlots. My Tailor is a native of Germany, my Shoemaker an Irish man, My hair dresser a German born, The Carpenter of my house an Irishman, My grocers irish & French, bookbinders for the office German & Irish born, my baker a native of Germany. All this is perfectly casual, as you may suppose. But the facts prove the foreign aid to our domestic manufactures. Organs have been built here in three or four churches, hats, sadlery, shoes, rifles, muskets, ropes and twine, plate, stills, carriages, cabinet work, leather, books, blank & printed, candles, boulting cloths, chemical & galenical preparations, glue, cowskin whips, ⟨gear⟩ and harness, beer and spirits, stockings, pottery, various iron work, tin wares, coopers wares, wafers, segars, snuff, starch, hair powder, &c are made here well and in abundance. These things are no novelties to you, who have so often rode thro the states, but the total amount & proportion of them are very great. I am sure, that the articles consumed in the goods, comfort and support of the Pennsa. Manufactures exceed the value of the produce shipt to foreign Countries. I think that the borough of Lancaster requires to feed, house &ca. its manufacturers above 100.000 Drs. ⅌ an: besides the value of the Leather, wood, flax, furs, Hemp & other domestic articles, which they work up. So vast a body of active people, through out our Country, would be aided by the display of their value & utility, and by fostering without forcing their branches, that it would be wise in the Government to adopt such safe & useful measures, as I have hinted. The proclamation or publication should be so drawn as to carry with it the reasons, the object clearly, and the means of compliance with the plan of government. Like measures might be adopted to get at a knowledge of all forges, furnaces, fulling mills, powder mills, oil mills, paper mills, rolling & slitting mills &ca. &ca. in the United States from the tax returns of the Union & the states. The exhibition of their Numbers would give comfort and confidence to our Country. The total Number of stills can be easily exhibited. A circular letter from the principal officers to their subordinates through[ou]t the Union would draw forth a vast deal of this information. It would teach us where the plants are in the seed, where well sprung up, where mature, vigorous & flourishing. Youths of property would know whither to direct their attempts at establishment. So would foreigners. The care of the Government would inspire confidence, conciliate local interests, remove animosities & hostilities, and increase common cause. It is a matter of confidence and union, that the capacity of Pennsa. in the manufactory of rifles, muskets, pistols, swords, gun powder, cannon, ball & shells is an internal security for defence to Georgia and Maine, to Delaware & Kentucky.
I speak of local prejudices. The talents & acquirements of Mr. Burr would seem to promise him a hostility equal to his station, but his New York citizenship rescues him from many of the Northern prejudices, which affect Mr. Jefferson and you. My wish is to see you all abate, that mass of prejudices by convincing the nation that you are the faithful, impartial, able agents of the whole.
A movement upon the subject of the power to authorize by law the cutting Canals wherever they are to pass thro two or more states, and at private expence, would be a wholesome and popular measure. I should consider it as well meriting reflexion whether such a measure ought not to be attempted by way of amendment to the constitution. Our Delaware & Chesapeak canal is already agreed to. Maryland & Delaware would formerly have objected to such an Amendment. I mention it now with the first idea merely to shew, that there are as practicable and interesting objects in the home as in the foreign department to increase our faculties & powers.
It is wonderful to observe the degree in which prejudices against the practicability of republican government have been created, and unfolded in various places. It is only by executing it well, that those prejudices can be surmounted. The duty, to us who are friendly to the principle, is the highest, and I affirm that it is not difficult to perform it. I fear more the want of the necessary vigilance, energy, &c in the friends of our constitution, that [sic] any intrinsic difficulty in the business itself. The papers opposed to us do not relax from their boldness, and hostility. I really think your department should take the Portfolio, Brown & Relfs, The Gazette of the US. the Boston Palladium, & Centinel, & such papers in New York, Connecticut the Carolinas Maryland &ca. to see the Doctrines propagated among the people. The Smallness of the federal city and the scattered Situations of the houses render it an imperfect focus of intelligence, as to the interesting domestic details.
Our republican interest continues much agitated by the non residence at Lancaster of some of the principal officers of the Government, and by circumstance of certain appointments having been given with the family of the Chief Magistrate. The enemies of our cause are making the utmost use of these things, and combining them with the self love of our own people in various ways. I am suspicious of the consequences. If the worst is made of them, we may see a real republican brought on by a part of the republicans in conjunction with the body of our opponents.
I may have appeared to you, and perhaps to a respectable friend of yours to have pressed the subject of a particular appointment in Pennsa. full far. Whatever may be the event I shall be better satisfied in having done it because the public reasons are the most weighty; and whatever may be the ultimate arrangement of it, I shall know that I have given to our friends all the means in my power of forming a good one. If things are gone so far, or were gone so far that negociation would not do, then I have only to ask the indulgence of my friends for the explicitness of my communications; and to recommend particular attention to the auxiliary Characters in the district.
I am very sorry to learn that your health continues in an unfavorable situation, which I learn from a gentleman, who has lately visited Washington. I pray for its restoration with an earnestness proportioned to its importance to our Country. I am with great truth, dear Sir your respectful friend & Servant
Tench Coxe private.

   RC (DLC: Rives Collection, Madison Papers). Docketed by JM.

   In 1790, as a member of the House of Representatives, JM had suggested making the federal census a means of collecting economic and social statistics useful in legislation (PJMWilliam T. Hutchinson et al., eds., The Papers of James Madison (1st ser., vols. 1–10, Chicago, 1962–77, vols. 11—, Charlottesville, Va., 1977—)., 13:8–9, 15). The Senate rejected the proposal.

   Besides the well-known Federalist organ the Philadelphia Gazette of the U.S., Coxe referred to a Philadelphia literary and political weekly, The Port Folio; the Philadelphia Gazette of Andrew Brown and Samuel Relf; the semiweekly Boston Mercury and New-England Palladium (published by Alexander Young and Thomas Minns); and another Federalist paper in Boston, Benjamin Russell’s Columbian Centinel. Joseph Dennie, together with Asbury Dickins, published the Port Folio beginning in January 1801. Dennie, a Harvard graduate, had been Timothy Pickering’s private secretary beginning in 1799 and held an editorial position with the Gazette of the U.S. In the spring and summer of 1801 the Port Folio “pilloried” Jefferson “almost weekly” (Frank Luther Mott, A History of American Magazines, 1741–1850 [New York, 1930], pp. 223–27; Brigham, History and Bibliography of American Newspapers, 1:277, 318, 2:911).

   For an accounting of Governor McKean’s efforts to place relatives in office, see Gail S. Rowe, Thomas McKean: The Shaping of an American Republicanism (Boulder, Colo., 1978), pp. 321–22.


Title: To James Madison from John Gavino, 11 May 1801
From: Gavino, John
To: Madison, James

No: 63
SirGibraltar 11th: May 1801
I have not the honor of any of yours since my last dispatch & Duplicate No: 62.
I now hand you duplicate Copy of Consul Cathcarts Letter 21st. feby: also Consul OBrions of 5th: Ulto: to mr: Pater of Mahon likewise to me of same date.
I hope you will approve of the Steps I took in requesting of the Commanders of the British & Portuguese ships of war to inform our Treading [sic] Vessels of the Tripolins Cruising to Capture them and recomend their coming to Port. The Portuguese frigate Queen Charlot Spoke one yesterday in the Gutt bound to Naples, whose Commander sayd would put into Malaga. The British ship of war Serapise also Spoke off Cape st: Vincent the ship Grand Turk, Jas: Laughton Commander from New York with the Stipulations for Tunis, who informed the Commander of my desire of their coming to Port for the above motive, said ship Grand Turk in consequence put in here Yesterday when the Commander shewd me his Instructions which were in case of a rupture with the Barbary states to follow my dirextions as such I lookd upon it, at this Critical juncture to be highly imprudent (no[t] being Armd) for to proceed further untill I could get an answer from Consul OBrion, and a Boat with Moorish Collours being about going for Oran, I offerd the Commander 60$ to take my Letter for Consul OBrion and proceed imediately which he agreed to, said Letter is to be forwarded by Express over Land, and you have inclosed Copy thereof for your Goverment, should he unfortunately fall in with a Tripoli Cruiser would no doubt be Captured. I am told they have a ship of 26 Guns Commanded by one Nile an English Renegado.
For the further Occurrencies in Egypt I refer to the inclosed Printed Paper and have the honor to be—Sir Your most obedt. & most he. sert.
John Gavino

   RC and enclosures (DNA: RG 59, CD, Gibraltar, vol. 2). RC docketed by Wagner as received 8 Aug. For enclosures, see nn. 1 and 2.

   O’Brien’s 5 Apr. letter to Gavino (1 p.) announced his receipt of Cathcart’s 19 and 26 Feb. letters reporting the pasha’s declaration that the treaty between Tripoli and America was void. Cathcart’s 21 Feb. circular letter to Gavino (1 p.) and O’Brien’s 5 Apr. circular letter to Henry Pater of Port Mahon (DNA: RG 59, CD, Algiers, vol. 6) are printed in Knox, Naval Documents, Barbary WarsDudley W. Knox, ed., Naval Documents Related to the United States Wars with the Barbary Powers (6 vols.; Washington, 1939–44)., 1:421–22, 427.

   In his 10 May letter to O’Brien (1 p.), Gavino included much of the news contained in this letter to JM and asked for instructions regarding the Grand Turk.

   “Nile” was Peter Lisle, a Scotsman, who to escape a court-martial for a mutiny aboard the Hampden declared his conversion to Islam in 1794 and took the name Murad Rais. The following year he was appointed admiral of the Tripolitan navy (Gardner W. Allen, Our Navy and the Barbary Corsairs [Boston, 1905], p. 59; Folayan, Tripoli during the Reign of Yusuf Pasha Qaramanli, p. 28).

   Gavino, formally nominated for the Gibraltar consular post in March 1797, remained there until 1815 (Senate Exec. ProceedingsJournal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America (3 vols.; Washington, 1828)., 1:228, 3:20; Gavino to secretary of state, 27 Sept. 1815 [DNA: RG 59, CD, Gibraltar, vol. 3]).


Title: To James Madison from Robert Ritchie, 11 May 1801
From: Ritchie, Robert
To: Madison, James

Sir.Port Republicain May 11th 1801
A Correspondence having taken place between this Government & myself relative to the enlargement from the Prison of this City of James Sanby a Native of Beverley in the State of Massachusets I have thought it proper to lay it before you, by enclosing to you Copies of the letters that have passed on this subject.
I beg your reference to them for an explanation of the cause—a more particular detail of the circumstances I will take the liberty of giving you, in order to Shew the ground upon which I undertook the application. On visiting the Prisoner his youthfulness attracted my attention, and his Artless Story prejudiced me in his favour, contrasted by the horrid & bloodthirsty appearance of the Creole Spaniards with whom he was herded & criminally implicated. He implored my interference in his behalf, and assured me that but for his denunciation the Crime would have remained unknown.
I waited on General Age the Commanding Officer of the Town to enquire into the truth of what the Youth asserted, and found that he had received from the Commandant of Jacmel, where the first examination was had, the Seperate Declarations of each Person that was found onboard the Vessel.
Those of the Spaniards were contradictory and evasive—some of them allowing they had quarelled with their officers—& had given them the boat to proceed to Shore with—Others declared the Captain & Mate had abandoned the Vessel of their own accord. The American James Sanby openly & explicitly denounces the Crime that was committed and describes the mode in which it was effectd, & attributing the preservation of his own life to their supposing he would be useful to them in navigating the vessel.
Having the strong presumpti⟨on⟩ of his innocence—his quality of Informer entitled him to a difference of treatment from the others—but when I considered the Prisoner’s situation, the nature of the Government—and that if Trial was had, it would be before a Military Tribunal or Court Martial—the only one that has cognizance in these Cases—The natural repugnance that arises in an American breast against a Tribunal thus constituted—the inquietude and distress that it would occasion to the young Mans Parents who I was told are decent People in the Town of Beverley; to learn that the decision of their Sons life or death was at the will of a few Military officers, armed with the dreadful severity of their penal code—I thought it a Case backed with sufficiently strong inciting circumstances to justify my interference and that even if the principle I founded it upon was not a sound one, I felt on such an occasion a little overstepping might be laudable.
Having thus determined—I demanded his release from General Age Who assured me he would immediately have granted it, if he possessed the faculty—but that as a State Prisoner he was at the particular disposition of the Commander in Chief. He however gave orders for the seperating him from the Spaniards, and the according to him the liberty of the Prison.
I immediately made the written application to the General (who was then at the Spanish City of St Domingo) contained in my letter of the 28th. Feby.
It appears by his answer that the multiplicity of his occupations on taking possession of that Country was the cause of his giving an hurried answer, without duly considering the nature of the application.
On his arrival here some short time afterwards I had a Personal conference with him on the subject. The Case being totally novel to him, it created a Situation in his mind how to act. I however urged it to him in so strong a point of view that he acquiesced, with the mental reservation however to a spice of jurisdictional pride “que ce n’etoit par devoir mais bien pour maintenir la bonne intelligence &c.”
The material point gained, I thought no further discussion necessary.
The Lad in question aged between Sixteen & seventeen I send to America on the Brig Dorsey of New York Saml. Ells Master, being a Merchant vessel I could not send him as a Prisoner.
I have however directed Capt. Ells on his arrival at New York, to deliver him into the custody of the Marshall of the District, that should the Government think it right further to investigate his innocence he may detain him untill he receives orders from the Proper Authority. With great respect I have the honor to be Sir your Obt. Hle Servt
Rob Ritchie Consul of the US of America

   RC and enclosures (DNA: RG 59, CD, Cap Haitien, vol. 3). RC docketed by Wagner as received 9 June. Enclosures 12 pp., partly in French (see n. 1).

   Ritchie enclosed copies of letters that he had exchanged with Toussaint and Agé from 28 Feb. to 4 May on the Sanby case. According to the account Sanby gave Ritchie, the American seaman had missed his ship’s sailing from Trinidad because he was sick and then had taken passage on a British ship headed for St. Thomas with a Spanish crew that mutinied at sea. The Spaniards murdered the captain and mate before running the vessel aground near Jacmel.

   Pierre Agé, a white French officer in Toussaint’s service, acted as adjutant general or chief of staff until February 1802 when, as commander at Port-au-Prince (Port Républicain), his loyalties shifted to the forces Napoleon had sent to retake Saint-Domingue (Thomas O. Ott, The Haitian Revolution, 1789–1804 [Knoxville, Tenn., 1973], p. 117; Ralph Korngold, Citizen Toussaint [New York, 1944], pp. 136, 140, 258–60).

   Robert Ritchie, a Pennsylvania native, was nominated to be U.S. consul in Port-au-Prince in March 1799 (Senate Exec. ProceedingsJournal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America (3 vols.; Washington, 1828)., 1:322).


Title: To James Madison from John Walker, 11 May 1801
From: Walker, John
To: Madison, James

My dear SirShirley 11th. May 1801
The Bearer Mr. Richard Frazer is desirous of procuring a Clerkship is [sic] some Office of the Federal Government, & being a Stranger to the heads of Departments, has applied to me for an introduction to you. I believe him to be an honest worthy man, & I find he writes a fair hand. Should it be in your power to render service to the Public, by giving emploiment to a worthy man, who has an amiable family depending on his exertions alone, it will, I am sure, be a pleasing task to yourself, at the same time that it will lay a lasting obligation on others, & amongst them on Your friend & hume. Servt.
Jn. Walker
P. S. Mrs. Walker unites with me in affectionate wishes for yourself & Mrs. Madison.

   RC (NN). Cover marked by Walker: “Mr. Frazer.”

   John Walker (1744–1809) of Albemarle County served with JM in the Continental Congress, 1779–80 (PJMWilliam T. Hutchinson et al., eds., The Papers of James Madison (1st ser., vols. 1–10, Chicago, 1962–77, vols. 11—, Charlottesville, Va., 1977—)., 1:318). He succeeded William Grayson in the U.S. Senate in 1790.


Title: To James Madison from Ebenezer Stevens, 11 May 1801 (Abstract)
From: Stevens, Ebenezer
To: Madison, James

11 May 1801, New York. Acknowledges JM’s letter of 4 May [not found] concerning next shipment of cargo for Tunisian order. Reports almost all lumber on hand; expects naval agent to furnish required cannon and carriages. Waits for powder. Will watch for vessel to ship these stores.

   RC (DNA: RG 59, ML). 2 pp.; docketed by Wagner as received 14 May.


Title: From James Madison to David Lenox, 12 May 1801
From: Madison, James
To: Lenox, David

Sir,Department of State Washington May 12th. 1801
I transmit herewith copies of sundry documents relating to impressed American seamen, whose names are noted below, and who are stated or supposed to be in British vessels of war on the English station. I request you to use the necessary means to procure their liberation. I am Sir &c. &c.
James Madison
Wm. F Lathom—on board the Princess of Orange
Samuel Peabody—Earl Curso—
Wm. Corbett Junr.—Robust
Thomas Latchwell—Diamond
John Primble—Princess Royal

   Letterbook copy (DNA: RG 59, IC, vol. 1). Enclosures not found.

   By the May 1796 Act for the Relief and Protection of American Seamen, Congress authorized the president to appoint two or more agents—one in London—”to inquire into the situation of such American citizens or others, sailing, conformably to the Law of nations, under the protection of the American flag, as have been, or may hereafter be impressed or detained by any foreign power,” to endeavor to obtain the release of such persons, and to render periodic accounts of all impressed Americans to the president. In March 1797 Washington named David Lenox, formerly U.S. marshal for Pennsylvania, to the London post (U.S. Statutes at LargeThe Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America … (17 vols.; Boston, 1848–73)., 1:477–78; Senate Exec. ProceedingsJournal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America (3 vols.; Washington, 1828)., 1:143, 229). In 1801 JM or State Department clerks sent Lenox similar instructions on 21 May, 16 June, and 6 July (PHi); 27 and 29 May and 5 June (NjP); 1, 20, and 25 June, 21 July, and 18 Aug. (DNA: RG 59, IC, vol. 1).

   Following this entry in the letterbook the clerk wrote:

   “☞The same to William Savage Esqr. with the exception of ‘English Station,’ Jamaica being inserted, and the following names instead of the preceding.

   Benjamin Darrell—on board the Decade

   John Fosset—York

   Bagwell Custis Gavitson—Grey Hound

   Henry Green—Queen

   Robert Warnock—Prince of Wales

   Stephen Griffin—Surprise.”

   William Savage was agent for American seamen, Kingston, Jamaica. Letters concerning similar cases of possible impressment went to Savage on 5, 8, 16, 20, and 25 June, 6 and 21 July, and 3 Nov. 1801 (DNA: RG 59, IC, vol. 1).


Title: To James Madison from Thomas Law, 12 May 1801
From: Law, Thomas
To: Madison, James

SirWashington May. 12th. 1801
During the winter I was rendered uneasy by the too well founded complaints of Congress, for want of good accomodations and society & during this Spring the sighing solitary stalking tavern keepers give me pain. Many have already left the City and I know not what can retain the rest or how new boarding house keepers can be induced to come. As all the Officers dwell to the west of the President’s house every person coming to visit them resides in George town. The French Embassador is also fixed there and all the other Embassadors will settle in that neighbourhood. The good old General seeing too late the counteractive attraction of George town built two houses on the Capitol and ordered all the Commissioners into the City—those two houses are now empty and likewise several others—but if your health will permit of your dwelling in them for only this Summer a great change must soon take place and the General’s spirit (if terrestial concerns ever claim attention) will with joy look down & see his favorite object fulfilled—he will perceive houses springing up in the Centre and several at the Capitol—he will see a balance preserved which will save the City instead of a preponderance that must ruin it. Pardon this intrusion—and I intreat of you Sir not to attribute it to an interested motive—rather than let that influence me, I have as Mr White will inform you heretofore discouraged persons who asked my advice about settling—who would have suffered altho’ I should have benefited—nothing should induce me to solicit you to make a temporary sacrifice by a residence rather more distant from the Offices than the six buildings—if the President’s opinion and that of the Members of Congress and of every other person judgement was not strongly in favor of the Officers giving encouragement to the Eastern side of the President’s House. Should You decide to favor us with your Society only for the Present Summer you will I am sure be gratified by the beneficial effects resulting to the City. I remain with much esteem and respect Sir yr mt Obt He st
Thomas Law.

   RC (DLC).

   George Washington bought a lot on Capitol Hill and late in 1798 began building a double townhouse on it (Jackson and Twohig, Diaries of George Washington, 6:316).

   Probably Alexander White (1738–1804), a native of Frederick County, London-trained lawyer, and congressman from Virginia whom Washington in 1795 named as one of three commissioners to oversee the design and development of the federal city (PJMWilliam T. Hutchinson et al., eds., The Papers of James Madison (1st ser., vols. 1–10, Chicago, 1962–77, vols. 11—, Charlottesville, Va., 1977—)., 8:73–74 n. 1).

   The “Six Buildings” west of the executive mansion on Pennsylvania Avenue were occupied by the State Department offices (Constance McL. Green, Washington: Village and Capital, 1800–1878 [Princeton, N.J., 1962], p. 4).

   Thomas Law was an English-born entrepreneur who invested heavily in District of Columbia real estate (Jackson and Twohig, Diaries of George Washington, 6:238–39).


Title: To James Madison from John Lee, 12 May 1801
From: Lee, John
To: Madison, James

Sir,Philadelphia May 12th. 1801.
My Letter which I addressed to you dated the 4th. Ulto: has been Since forwarded to Mr. Lincolin [sic], then acting as Secretary pr. tempro, of the United States, which Letter I have no doubt have been received by you.
The papers which I mentioned to be enclosed therein was a mistake of mine; being in a hurry at that time, they were the Same papers which Mr. Burr the Vice President, had delivered to Mr. Jefferson (now President of the United States[)]; and they will Speak their contents fully, honiestly, and Justly; which I am ready to verify when calld. upon Should it be necessary, which papers if they have reached your hands, will fully Shew my Conduct for the good of the public Service & wellfare of the United States, as also the conduct of those who wanted me to violate my Qualification or Oath of Office, while I had the care of the Department of State in this City, which was to the time of its removal to the City of Washington.
The Gentelman, Mr. Gardener, who has promised me, to hand this to you, can better explain the dificulties which I have undergon Since the bread which I was honistly Earning for my numerous Family (and now all motherless Children unprovided fore) then my distressed mind can now express, which I hope you will be pleased to take into Consideration, and give me Some Employment for their Support; I leave the remainder of my distresses which I have undergon before, and Since the Decease of my Late wife, on account of Some who Still remain in your Department (and for no other fault, but faithfuly doing my dutey) all of which I humbely Submeet to your wisdom and Consideration, and have no doubt in my own Mind but that you will do Justice in the affaire, and whenever I may receive your Commands, they Shall be Obeayed immeaditly. I am Your Most Obednt: Humbe: Servt.
John Lee
P. S. Please to direct for me to the care of General Procter corner of Walnut & Seven Street Philadelphia.

   RC (NN).

   Lee to JM, 4 Apr. 1801 (DNA: RG 59, LAR, 1801–9). Lee described himself as a former “Officekeeper & messenger to the Department of State.”

   Gen. Thomas Procter, a Revolutionary veteran, commanded a Pennsylvania brigade in the 1794 Whiskey Insurrection (Pa. Magazine of History and Biography, 4 [1880]: 466).


Title: To James Madison from Richard O’Brien, 12 May 1801
From: O’Brien, Richard
To: Madison, James

Esteemed Sir.Algiers The 12th. of May 1801.
I presume you have received The dispatches I forwarded by The Brutas Captain Brown which left Algiers in October last, and allso those I forwarded by The G. Washington, and My Sundry letters and Communications which I have repeatedly forwarded to Mr Smith On Barbary affairs.
In february The Bashaw of Tripoli declared he no longer held to his friendship with the United States, has demanded Vast Sums and disregarded The deys letters and Gaurentee, and every raisonable offer which Consul Cathcart Could make, & has Sent his Corsairs to Sea to Capture Americans.
At Algiers we are two &c. a half years in arrears in the Annuities we are threatened with war if The Stores does not arrive Shortly.
The Consuls in Barbary has neither Money or Credit, and the Government of The U. States pays no attention to our Communications it is 10 Months That I have not had any letter from the department of State.
War Sir will Shortly be the result of detention and Neglect. I am Sir Very respectfully Your Most Obt Servt
Richard OBrien
I have repeatedly wrote for these 15 Months that Government would appoint A Succesor to The Consulat of Algiers.

   RC (DNA: RG 59, CD, Algiers, vol. 6).

   O’Brien to secretary of state, 22 Oct. 1800 (later copy, with postscript dated 28 Oct., printed in Knox, Naval Documents, Barbary WarsDudley W. Knox, ed., Naval Documents Related to the United States Wars with the Barbary Powers (6 vols.; Washington, 1939–44)., 1:388–89).

   Cathcart in Tripoli wrote that he had to borrow from his servants in order to meet expenses (he also said provisions were exorbitantly priced) and that he could not collect the debt the pasha owed him (Cathcart to Eaton, Aug. 1800 [DNA: RG 59, CD, Tunis, vol. 1]; Cathcart to [JM], 21 Mar. 1801).


Title: To James Madison from Edward Thornton, 12 May 1801
From: Thornton, Edward
To: Madison, James

Sir,Philadelphia 12th May 1801
The late Secretary of State General Marshall applied to me by a letter of the 4th of February in behalf of an American Citizen, named Pressly Thornton Cocke, and said to be impressed on board His Majesty’s Ship La Concorde, lying at Halifax. I transmitted accordingly the document which accompanied General Marshall’s letter to the Commander in Chief on the Halifax Station; And I have the honour of annexing a copy of Vice-Admiral Sir W. Parker’s answer. As a relation of the young man is a resident of Washington, and interested himself to procure his release, it may be desirable to him to learn the measures that have been taken, which perhaps he may chuse to second by an application to the American Agent in London. I have the honour to be with perfect truth and respect, Sir, Your most obedient humble servant,
Edwd Thornton.

   RC and enclosure (DNA: RG 59, NFL, Great Britain, vol. 2). Enclosure 2 pp.; docketed by Wagner.

   Sir William Parker’s 17 Apr. letter to Thornton stated that since La Concorde was not part of the Halifax squadron but supposedly on channel service, he had forwarded the documents to the Admiralty.


Title: To James Madison from Edward Thornton, 12 May 1801
From: Thornton, Edward
To: Madison, James

Private.
Dear Sir,Philadelphia 12 May 1801.
Give me leave to offer you my best congratulations on your arrival at Washington, and on your accession to the important charge, to which the President has been pleased to call you. I propose to have the honour of paying my respects to you in the course of eight or ten days; but I am rather desirous, that the Packet which left England the latter end of March should first arrive.
I learn that Mr Lear has been appointed to succeed Dr Stevens at St. Domingo. Should it be the President’s intention to dispatch him immediately to his Station, I would accelerate my journey, as I wish to say a few words to you before his departure; and if there be no indiscretion in making the request, you would do me a particular favour by apprizing me of the probable time of Mr Lear’s sailing.
Be assured of the perfect truth and respect with which I am Dear Sir Your very faithful humble servant,
Edwd Thornton

   RC (DLC). Docketed by JM.


Title: From James Madison to Henry Craig, 12 May 1801 (Abstract)
From: Madison, James
To: Craig, Henry

12 May 1801, Department of State. Encloses copies of documents in cases of Samuel Gawler and Daniel Clark, American citizens reportedly impressed by British naval officers at Martinique; orders Craig to “lose no time” in trying to obtain their release.

   Letterbook copy (DNA: RG 59, IC, vol. 1). 1 p. Enclosures not found. JM wrote Craig again on 16 June 1801 concerning seaman Samuel Culver (ibid.). Craig was the U.S. agent in Martinique for the relief and protection of American seamen (Craig to Pickering, 11 Sept. 1797 [DNA: RG 59, CD, Martinique, vol. 1]).

   A full transcription of this document has been added to the digital edition.


Title: To James Madison from John Quincy Adams, 12 May 1801 (Abstract)
From: Adams, John Quincy
To: Madison, James

12 May 1801, Berlin. No. 193. Encloses original letter of recredence. Speculates on European diplomatic developments: new Russian czar probably will seek peace with both France and Britain before end of summer; partition of Turkey likely to be postponed; Malta may be returned to the Knights of Malta, with recognition of Russian protection. Believes that “the principles promulgated by the Convention of armed neutrality” will prove “the most stubborn knot of the negotiation.” Reports that Russian concessions after British naval attack on Copenhagen saved coast of Sweden from similar offensive. With British ships now free to leave Russian ports, predicts early lifting of Russian trade embargo and release by British of detained Danish and Swedish vessels. Conveys news of British advances in Egypt after their landing in March and of the death of Abercromby. Reports French naval movements in Mediterranean, which British apparently have frustrated, and new Russian czar’s willingness to reopen diplomatic channels with Austrians as well as British.

   RC (DNA: RG 59, DD, Prussia, Letters of J. Q. Adams); partial FC (MHi: Adams Papers). RC 3 pp.; docketed by Wagner as received 10 July. Enclosure not found.


Title: To James Madison from Elias Vander Horst, 12 May 1801 (Abstract)
From: Vanderhorst, Elias
To: Madison, James

12 May 1801, Bristol. Wrote last on 21 Apr., since which he has received no letters from State Department. Encloses copies of letters just received from Malta. Transmits newspapers with news from Egypt of three battles between French and British. Reports great fall in price of all grains and flour since his last letter; encloses prices current [not found].

   RC and enclosures (DNA: RG 59, CD, Bristol, vol. 2). RC 1 p. Copy and enclosures (ibid.) docketed by Wagner as received 21 July. Enclosures are copies of a 4 Apr. letter to Vander Horst from William England (1 p.) and Cathcart’s 21 Feb. circular letter (2 pp.).

   A full transcription of this document has been added to the digital edition.


Title: To James Madison from Israel Whelen, 12 May 1801 (Abstract)
From: Whelen, Israel
To: Madison, James

12 May 1801, Philadelphia. Discusses order to prepare the George Washington to carry cargo to Algiers and attendant problems of price and space. Encloses lists of articles still needed and those on hand. Requests further instructions.

   RC and enclosures (DNA: RG 59, ML); letterbook copy (DNA: RG 45, Purveyor’s Office, Philadelphia). RC 2 pp.; in a clerk’s hand, signed by Whelen. Enclosures 2 pp.


Title: From James Madison to Louis-André Pichon, 12 May 1801
From: Madison, James
To: Pichon, Louis-André

Letter not found. 12 May 1801. Acknowledged in Pichon to JM, 17 May 1801. Relays president’s directions concerning French ship La Sémillante at Norfolk. Returns commissions and conveys exequaturs from president.


Title: From James Madison to Richard Cooper, 13 May 1801
From: Madison, James
To: Cooper, Richard

Sir,Department of State Washington 13th. May 1801
I have received your letter of the 25th. ult, and regret, that the state of preparations for the expedition to Lake Superior should produce inconvenience to the individuals you had engaged. The obvious construction of the resolution under which you have acted is conceived to have required the completion of the expedition within a limited time, viz before the end of the last session of Congress, and of course to forbid the exercise of powers given by it after that period: Hence a disagreeable state of things may be involved, as it respects your accountability for advances and the claims of the persons engaged under you. I do not wish you however to consider these reflections as expressive of the conclusive opinion of Government, that your actual expenditures will not be reimbursed; but they ought certainly to suggest the necessity of an endeavour, on your part, to reduce the claims originating in your arrangements for obtaining the information demanded by the Resolution, within as narrow a compass as possible. The stores and boat you may think it adviseable to sell to the best advantage, and I request you afterwards to furnish me a statement of your account and of all unsatisfied claims. I am very respectfully &c. &c.
(Signed)   James Madison

   Tr (DNA: RG 233, Presidential Messages, 7th Cong.). Marked “Copy” and, by Wagner, “Richard Cooper’s case.” Sent as enclosure in JM to Jefferson, 29 Mar. 1802 (ibid.).

   On 16 Apr. 1800 the House of Representatives authorized the president “to employ an agent, who shall be instructed to collect all material information relative to the copper mines on the south side of Lake Superior, and to ascertain whether the Indian title to such lands as might be required for the use of the United States … be yet subsisting, and if so, the terms on which the same can be extinguished.” The agent’s report was to reach the president in time to be submitted to Congress at its next session, which began 17 Nov. of that year and ended 3 Mar. 1801 (U.S. Statutes at LargeThe Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America … (17 vols.; Boston, 1848–73)., 2:87–88).

   In November and December 1800 Cooper received $1,500 from the government (DNA: RG 217, Misc. Treasury Accounts, no. 12,891).


Title: From James Madison to Israel Whelen, 13 May 1801 (Abstract)
From: Madison, James
To: Whelen, Israel

13 May 1801, Department of State. Inquires when full cargo will be ready for the George Washington, which is to begin loading for Algiers by 20 May. Encloses list of items to be obtained from navy stores, expediting shipment. In postscript instructs Whelen “not for the present [to] execute any order for goods intended for Bacri and Co.”

   RC (NjP). 1 p.; in Wagner’s hand, signed by JM. Enclosure not found.


Title: To James Madison from Josiah Blakeley, 14 May 1801
From: Blakeley, Josiah
To: Madison, James

SirSt. Yago de Cuba 14th. May 1801.
Tis now more than Two Years Since I arrived in this port, with a commission of Consul of the United States. Tho permitted to reside, to give certificates, protests &c to the citizen of my Nation I have not been by the Spanish Governement recognised as consul of the U S. The Governement here inform me they Have not yet received orders from the Court of Spain to observe the treaty, lately concluded between that nation and ours. They farther add, “They do not Suppose The Said treaty is to have effect in these dominions.”

Long Since I informed my Government, That by an order of the court of Spain, all Neutral Vessels once taken possession of by Subjects of a Nation with whom Spain is at War, and retaken by Subjects of Spain is to be considered good prise. Under these Circumstances, Several Vessels belonging to the U. S. have been brought into this port, & Condemned.
Without Lessening the pleasing Esteem, and high respect I feel for the Singular abilities of Mr. Burr, Most Sincerly do I congratulate The present administration, and my Country for its Sucess. I rejoice that the few papers I have yet Seen are not filled with low Servility. May Mr Jefferson⟨’s⟩ administration do as much credit to his abilities as firs⟨t⟩ Magistrate of a great nation, as his late addresses and former writings, have done Credit to him as a man, a Philosopher, & a Statesman. With Sentiments of the Highest Consideration of respect I am Sir Your Most obedt. Humble Servt.
Josiah Blakeley consul of the U. S.

   RC (DNA: RG 59, CD, Santiago de Cuba, vol. 1). In a clerk’s hand, signed by Blakeley; docketed by Wagner as received 25 June.


Title: To James Madison from District of Columbia Commissioners, 14 May 1801 (Abstract)
From: Commissioners, District of Columbia
To: Madison, James

14 May 1801, Commissioners’ Office. In reply to JM’s 13 May letter [not found], notifies him that the house he seeks for State Department messenger will be available 10 June. Has notified present tenant to vacate.

   Letterbook copy (DNA: RG 42, Records of the District of Columbia Commissioners, Letters Sent, vol. 6). 1 p. Signed by William Thornton, Alexander White, and Tristram Dalton.


Title: To James Madison from Charles Peale Polk, 14 May 1801 (Abstract)
From: Polk, Charles Peale
To: Madison, James

14 May 1801, Frederick Town, Maryland. Acknowledges JM’s letter of 19 Apr., in which he promised to serve the interests of Polk’s family “if an Opportunity should Offer of its being in any degree subservient to the Public good.” Conveys his “most grateful Acknowledgments for your prompt attention to my Letter, Amidst your many important Engagements.”

   RC (DLC). 2 pp.


Title: From James Madison to Joseph M. Yznardy, 14 May 1801
From: Madison, James
To: Yznardy, Joseph M.

Letter not found. 14 May 1801. Referred to in Yznardy to JM, 6 June 1801. Requests Yznardy to produce certain financial records of his service as consul at Cádiz.