Title: To John Adams from Francis Dana, 1 January 1781
From: Dana, Francis
To: Adams, John

Dear Sir
Paris Jany. 1st. 1781 Hotel Valois, Rue Richelieu

I will no longer omit to acquaint you of my safe arrival here; I shou’d have done it before, but I wished first to obtain the sight of the British Declaration against the Dutch; which I cou’d not effect, till the last evening. Will the Dutch remain firm, and in good earnest set about the equipment of their Navy? If they will, we may hope something from their exertions. Let me have your sentiments upon this important event, so far, at least, as it may any way affect our particular business. It appears to me to have thrown open the door wide; and let us enter without hesitation. If the second matter is necessary to accomplish the first, I would, if in your case, undertake it provisionally. All circumstances considered, I am persuaded, such a step wou’d meet with the approbation of those, whom it immediately concerns. It is sometimes necessary to step over a prescribed line; and when this is done, with a sincere intention to promote the general interest of ones Country, by seizing upon an unexpected event, the Man who will not suffer it to pass away unimproved, is entituled to much merit. He hazards something, but it is with the purest views. I have presumed to offer to your consideration, these hints, not doubting but you will take ’em in good part: besides, I sincerely wish the honor of effecting both those matters, may be yours; and it really appears to me vain to expect one, without being willing to do the other, Wou’d they hesitate upon this provissional ground? Is it not eassy to give them assurances that it is safe and firm? But I have said perhaps more than enough upon this subject. I shall hope for your sentiments in return.
I have some reason to wish you wou’d give a gentle hint to a certain Gentleman of our acquaintance, about whom we do not differ in opinion, to be somewhat more upon the reserve.
Soon after my arrival here, which was on the evening of the 28th, I had a visit from FranciscoSilas Deane—a long one—during which we went over much political ground, which convinced me every thing we had heard of the very extraordinary conversation of this Man, was strictly true. Our Country according to him was already conquered—the Power of Great Britain rising above all controle—that of her Enemies almost spent—Holland absolutely to be crushed in the course of three Months—the armed Neutrality in consequence annihilated. The British Manifest extolled for its cogent reasons above all the similar Acts of the belligerent Powers—All Europe blind to their own Interests, which in fact were in direct repugnance with those of America—particularly those of Holland and all the Northern Powers—Congress a mere Cypher, having lost all their influence every where in America, and to crown the whole, an apology for the infamous apostate Arnold. I kept my temper and heard him out. You may easily conjecture what my feelings were on such an occasion and I manifested them in some part of my replies.
I have read Genl. Cornell’s letter to Govr. Green, in Luzac’s Leyden Paper of the 27th. of last month. What does he mean by this reflexion, referring to that part of the letter which speaks of Vermont? “Vu que l’issue en sera probablement de porter la nombre des Etats-Unis à quatorze, au cas qu’aucun de ceaux qui composent actuellement l’Union Américaine n’en soit finalement démembré a la Paix.” He is holding up an idea which ought not to appear, and I do not see that it was natural in this place. I am at a loss therefore how it came to be inserted by Mr. Luzac.
If the Commodore has not sailed I presume the change of public affairs has cleared away all difficulties. You will please to present my regards to him— Mr. Searle— Mr. Thaxter and any others who you think care about me, not forgetting the young gentlemen. I have received a letter from Mrs. Dana by the way of Amsterdam in which she says she has received some things I sent by the Comte De Noailles. Mr. Thaxter sent to her care, by the same opportunity, some things to his Friends, which, tho’ Mrs. Dana makes no mention of them, there is no doubt but she has received them also. A ship of 40 guns, with stores for us, will sail from L’Orient within a fortnight perhaps. Any dispatches you may send on to my care, shall be duly forwarded. No news yet of Comte D’Estaing, De Guichen, and Convoy. The Winds have been favourable several Days, and tis probable they are at this time in Brest. I cannot yet learn what assistance America may hope for the approaching campaign. I pray God she may not be again flattered by any false hopes. Let our Allies give essential Aids, or withdraw all they have sent: When our Country will see they must work out their own political Salvation. I wish to write you much more largely, but I have several Letters, besides this, to copy into my book, and have not time. Your’s to the Dr. I delivered to him yesterday, he read it, but said nothing. Its contents I know nothing of. I am with the greatest Respect, your much obliged Friend & Obedient humble Servant

FRA DANA

P.S. I wish you to give me a secret Address.


Title: To John Adams from Edmund Jenings, 1 January 1781
From: Jenings, Edmund
To: Adams, John

Sir
Brussels Janry. 1st. 1781

Give me leave to congratulate your Excellency on the Commencement of the New Year and to assure your Excellency of my sincere Wishes, that it may be productive of all Happiness and the most perfect Liberty to You and Yours and our Country in General.
I think your Excellencys Mind must be much occupied at present. The late desperate Step, which England has taken has I believe astonished Most. Your Excellency was prepared for it by your Knowledge of her Temper and disposition to do every thing to bring on others the Miseries of War, which She feels herself. She seems to wish for Universal distress. Her desperate Conduct has alienated from Her her best allies and Friends. If She cannot gain others, Ruin must ensue to Her. Never were a people more ignorant of the means of conciliating Friendship. They Attempt it only by means of Ravage. They have improvd on Cromwels Motto—Pax quaeritur bello, and they say Pax Quaeritur bellis.
No one can read the English Kings Manifesto without being astonished at its fallacy and falsehood. I Hope it will be well Answered, I think I never saw a Paper, that might be so Easily refuted. I Know that Things of this kind are not much attended to by Politicians. Any or no Reasons justify them to plunge the Sword in a fellow Creatures Breast, but when History Records this Transaction She will Mark that the same folly or Maliciousness that Actuated Charles the Second to declare War against the Dutch influence their present Councils. I trust the Northern Powers and all Europe will see this business in its true light. Had they stopped their Ports against the exportation of Naval Stores last Year, I am Confident Things had not came to this Pass. But what a Time is this for the Universal Acknowledgment of our Independancy! England has made it a Necessary Step. She Cares not for Treaties, She laughs at Moderation. She ought to be met with a Manly Boldness. Her Conduct to her antient Subjects ought to be Stated, her Treatment of the Powers of Europe since the Peace of Paris set down, and Her Behaviour to all, since She began the War in America, Marked; and then it will Evidently result, that no Prince or People is safe, while She has the means of continuing her oppression, Insolence and Outrage. The Loss of America will effectually Answer this End. The Acknowledgement and Guarrantee of the American Independancy is ought to be therefor the true Object and as it is the real Interest of all. I am sure your Excellency will urge this Measure for it is next to Your Heart.
I Know not the Event of this business. I therefore put to your Excellency a Problem. Was the Discovery of Mr. Lawrens’s Papers a Mischief or not?
Sir J. York does not seem to be in a hurry to go to England. He has been in this Town two days. Perhaps He means to pay court to the Governor, perhaps He has Affairs to arrange with the English resident, Who I suppose will be the Go between of England and Holland—I fancy the Residents Letters are addressed to Mr. Danoot a Banker here.
I am pleased with the Text of the Sermon preached at Boston on the Choice of Mr. Hancock as Governor “And their Congregation shall be established; and their Nobles shall be of themselves; and their Governor shall proceed out of the Midst of them.” It was an Happy Choice of Words.
The Answer and Resolves of Congress with respect to the Military will I Hope give Satisfaction.

I am Sir your Excellancys Most Faithful & Obedient Humble Servt.
Edm: Jenings


Title: To John Adams from John Bondfield, 2 January 1781
From: Bondfield, John
To: Adams, John

Sir
Bordeaux 2 Jan. 1781

A Vessel that left Annapolis in Virginia arrived at this port yesterday.
The English under Col. Leslie enterd the Bay and landed at Hampton, they retreated a few days after, leaving their Camp Kettles and other Baggage in Camp. Their precipitate retreat is supposed from Advices received of the Landing of a considerable Body of French Troops at George Town in South Carolina. Lord Cornwallis was also obliged to call in all his out Posts to avoid being Cut off and was confind to a small Circuit round Charles Town. We suppose these Troops formd from a detatchment from the Cape. Mention is also made of some ships being taken off Charles Town by the Squadron that transported these Troops.
The declaration of England has created great ferment in the Commercial Line owing to the General Obstruction which in consiquence takes place on all that extensive Neutral Navigation. The Dutch will be able to employ the greatest part of their Navy to the Northward. The Southern and American Seas will be no longer a contested point for the House of Bourbon and we flatter ourselves to see hereby a speedy acknowledgement on the most firm Basis of the Independance of America by the whole United Powers in the World.

With due respect I have the Honor to be Sir Your most Obedient & Most Humble Servant
John Bondfield


Title: To John Adams from James Lovell, 2 January 1781
From: Lovell, James
To: Adams, John

Dear Sir

Janry. 2d. 1780 i.e. 1781

Your Favor of Sepr. 20th. reached me at Christmas. I inclose you a Resolve but am not able to give you a Copy of what I officially wrote to cover it by Col. Palfrey and by Way of Boston. You will oblige me by returning a Copy of that Letter which ought to appear in the Books of the Committee for foreign Affairs, those Books being soon I hope to be placed in some regularly established Office.
Col. Laurens being on his Way to France via Boston will be able if he sees you to communicate more in one Evening than I could in many Sheets. I can only say that we are bankrupt with a mutinous army, the latter owing very much to the delay of cloathing. I hope you will remark that so long ago as Oct. 26. 1779 the Powers you now have were voted to Mr. Laurens, and would have been earlier, but from fear of embarrassing those whose Friendship we wished for.
You will hear from your Family minutely I presume by Col. J Laurens.

Affectionately yours
JL


Title: From John Adams to Edmund Jenings, 3 January 1781
From: Adams, John
To: Jenings, Edmund

Dear Sir
Amsterdam January 3. 1781

I have received your Favour of the 1st. of this Year, and thank you for your kind Congratulations, which I return with equal Sincerity.
My Mind is, as you conjecture much engaged at present, and altho I am not able to do much towards midwifing the great Events, with which the Times are pregnant, yet I dont think the less, nor the less anxiously about them for that.
Englands temporary Security, depends entirely upon the false Apprehensions she excites in the Minds of her Ennemies, and the false Confidence which she blows up in her few Friends. Whether she will not Succeed, and bully and abuse all Europe into Submission to her, I know not. If she does, she will not still carry her Point. I believe, however that after Some time, the nations of Europe, will shake off Some of her Terrors, and as soon as they do, she is undone.
Things are gone to Such a Length, that this Republick is ruined forever, if she Succumbs. If the Northern Powers are faithful to their Engagements, they will be all at War against England immediately. How can they be otherwise than faithfull?

To be Sure, We are in the Moment of a Crisis. A few Weeks must decide the whole System of Europe. I cannot think the Emperor, will hazard a Rupture with all the rest of the World, for the Sake of English subsidies if she were in a situation to afford them.
The Quarrell with Holland is the most Serious Affair, that England has ever undertaken, Since she began the War with America. It would be thought by any other People a dangerous Thing to disaffect Such a nation as this, who have been Friends and Admirers an hundred Years. To eradicate all the old Prejudices in their Favour, and substitute Hatred, Revenge and Contempt in their Stead. To oblige this nation to get over their old established Prejudices which both English and Dutch Politicians have been cherishing for a Century against France, and to enter into more friendly and intimate Connections with her.
The Object has manifestly been, to excite the Populace against the Magistrates of Amsterdam. But the English and their Advisers here have egregiously missed their Aim. There are many Proofs turning up every day, that shew the Magistrates are popular. We hear Proofs of it, in the Churches, on the Theatres, and in the Streets. The Resentment of the Common People is very high here. There will be a tremendous Spirit, if the Passions of the People are once let loose. Such a Fury as the English have never yet experienced from any Nation at War with them. Whether it is possible for English Politicks, aided by some other Politicks to elude and evade it I know not. We must wait to see.
The English are very free to charge People with Factions. But nobody ever excited so many, as she, or attempted to govern so wholly by them. She has formed a Faction here the most wicked, and corrupt that ever existed excepting those she excited in America and indeed at home in England. There are strong suspicions, that this whole Contest and War is excited, purposely to alter the Constitution of this Country. I am not able to say, whether the Proofs are sufficient. But the People who could concert a Project to subvert from the Foundation all the Constitutions and Liberties of America, may be justly suspected of such designs elsewhere.
By all that I See and hear, I think they cannot succeed. As to complying with the Demands of England it is impossible. There is no Choice. They must renounce America and her Trade, which is now the most profitable Commerce they have: they must quarrell with France and Spain, Prussia; Russia and the Lord knows whom. If Simple Submissions, or Small Sacrifices would do the Dutch would not hesitate, for the sake of Peace. But Peace they cannot have. The Alternative Peace or War, is not in their option. The only Question is whether they shall be passive and Let England, war against them, or whether they shall actively seek a War, with the rest of the World.
The Business of the World will do itself. The Dutch have exhausted all their Resources of Art and Policy, to avoid War. But it is now become impossible. The American Revolution is working its necessary Effects in Europe. It has operated So among the nations, it has set so many Wheels in Motion, that it has now forced the Dutch into a War. If they had understood their own Situation, and that of the Nations around them, and the Influence of the American Cause upon all of them in Season, they might have avoided much Evil to themselves, and to other Nations. But this was not to be. They will not now act wisely, at least I fear so. By keeping aloof from America, they will greatly increase the Calamities of War, to themselves, to Us, and the rest of Europe. What shall We do to perswade the Nations to acknowledge American Independance. It is not only next my Heart, but it is the End and Aim of my Existence. But what can be done to obtain it. The Corps Diplomatique, think they have the Fate of Nations in their Breasts. Their Etiquette, will Spill the Blood of Millions. But how can it be helped.
The Sages here will not allow, that the Discovery of Mr. Laurens’s Papers has had any Effect at all. They say the Republick would have acceeded to the armed Neutrality, as certainly without as with that Discovery. And that England would have gone to War with them upon other Pretences. That Mr. Laurens’s Misfortune which they very unkindly and rudely call Imprudence, has only furnished this Additional Pretext. It was not possible I think for the Republick to have avoided acceeding to the armed Neutrality, if the Papers had not appeared. The English Members of the Cabinet have been determined upon War with Holland a long time. In the order of Providence, my Friend, an order in which you and I believe, it was necessary that the Affections should be alienated between the English and Dutch, in order to bring about the more certainly and compleatly, a great Change in the Affairs of Mankind.
The great Work of Pacification may be retarded, and certainly will be rendered more difficult, and perplexed by it. But We must be patient and constant, or in the Words of that song with which the Americans began their Resistance, or their Opposition rather.

Steady Boys steady.

Mr. Searle will call on you, in a few Days.


Title: From John Adams to the President of Congress, 4 January 1781
From: Adams, John
To: President of Congress,Huntington, Samuel

Duplicate
Sir
Amsterdam January 4th. 1781

Notwithstanding the Influence of the English Nation; notwithstanding the Influence of old Prejudices and Habits; notwithstanding the Apprehensions that are entertained for immense Sums in the English Funds, and for the sudden destruction of an innumerable Navigation at the Commencement of a War, and above all notwithstanding the Authority and Influence of the Stadtholder, I am confidently assured by several Gentlemen, that the national Opinion and Affection is with Us. The Baron Van der Capellen, with whom I have the Honour of an agreable Acquaintance, is of Opinion, that four fifths of the Nation wish Us Success in our Enterprize.
The Symptoms of Popularity in this City are decisive. The Sunday before last in the Presbyterian Meeting the Parson, beginning as usual to pray for the King of England, was absolutely interrupted by a general Murmur. On Christmas Day he attempted to repeat his Imprudence, and was interrupted by still greater Confusion; so that the last Sunday he had learned discretion to leave out wholly this offensive Clause.
On the Evening of the New-years day, at the Theatre, the Public were entertained with the national Tragedy as it is called, Gysbrecht Van Amstel, after which the Actors, as is customary, addressed the Audience. There were many Strokes in this Address, which sufficiently indicated the Spirit of the Times, particularly a solemn Injunction that “They must not be Slaves,” and a Quotation from a very popular Song, with which the Streets have rung these ten days, which were deeply and unanimously applauded.
The Presses swarm with Pamphlets, Hand Bills, Songs and Poems, generally much against the English, and commonly with some favourable Hints concerning the Americans.
The Conversation in private Families, and the Toasts, in jovial Circles, indicate a tremendous Spirit in the Body of this People, which, if once let loose from restraint, and properly directed, would make this Nation the worst Ennemy that England ever had.
It is essential to attend to these Symptoms of Population at this Time, and in this Country, because it is manifest, that the whole System of the English, in Concert with their Faction in the Republick, is now bent to excite the Populace against the Burgomasters of Amsterdam. They succeeded in 1748, and accomplished a Change in the Regency. If they could succeed in the same manner now, they would change the political System of this Nation entirely, and by this means, in the present Situation of Affairs in Europe and America, it is plain, they would work its entire and irretrievable Ruin.
Yet the Course is so circuitous, to apply to the Courts of Russia, Sweeden and Denmark to induce them to join in demanding Satisfaction of England—the Shocks upon Change will be so great, by the sudden Capture of so many Ships—so many Insurers, Merchants &c. will be ruined, and there will be so many Arts to divide and discourage this People, that I cannot pretend to foresee what will happen. The Confusion is yet so great, that I have no Hopes at present of obtaining Money. There must be Time for the Fermentation to go off; and the Quarrell with England must become in the Minds of all irreconcileable, before We can try the Experiment whether We have any Credit or not.
If Congress should think proper to send Powers here to treat with the States General, I beg Leave to submit to their Consideration the Case of Mr. Dumas. He was early employed in our Affairs here—has neglected all other Business—has been attentive and industrious, and is a Gentleman of extensive Learning and amiable Character. I believe he is not ambitious nor avaricious, but moderate in his Expectations. Whoever shall be honoured with Powers from Congress to reside here, would find his Assistance useful, for he is much devoted to the American Cause. I hope therefore Congress will pardon me, if I venture to recommend him to their Attention.

I have the Honour to be, with great Respect, Sir, your most obedient and humble Servant
John Adams


Title: From John Adams to the President of Congress, 5 January 1781
From: Adams, John
To: President of Congress,Huntington, Samuel

Sir
Amsterdam January 5. 1781

On the 10 of Nov. 1780 The Memorial of Sir Joseph York to the States General, was presented for a Disavowal, Satisfaction proportioned to the Offence, and Punishment of the Guilty.
The 28 Nov. a formal Disapprobation of the States General, of the Conduct of the Regency of Amsterdam.
12. December: Second Memorial of Sir J. York, for a Satisfaction proportioned to the Offence, and the Punishment of the Guilty.
14. Answer of the States General, dispatched by Express to London, imparting that their High mightinesses, had taken the Said Memorials, Ad referendum.
16. Order of his Britannic Majesty, to Sir J. York, to withdraw from the Hague without taking Leave. Dispatched by Express: arrived at the Hague 23.
19. Letter of the Comte de Welderen to the States General, acknowledging the Receipt of those of the 12 and of the 15, arrived the same day the 19, with the declaration of the States General, touching their Accession to the armed Neutrality to the Confederation of the North.
20. Signature of the Manifesto of his Britannic Majesty, published the 21. in the London Gazette Extraordinary.
21. Expedition of an Express to Sir J. York, arrived at the Hague, the Night of the 23 with the Manifesto published the 21.
22. Resolution of the States General to refer the affair of the Satisfaction and Punishment of the Guilty to the Provincial Court of Justice.

25. The Departure of Sir J. York for Antwerp.
26. Expedition of an Express to the Comte de Welderen, with Orders to present the Declaration touching the Confederation of the North, and to withdraw from London without taking Leave.
28. The ordinary Packet from London not yet arrived and the last Letters from London are of the 19.
In this rapid Succession have Events rolled after one another, untill the War has seemingly become inevitable.
The Prince of Orange has made a Requisition or a Proposition to the States General to augment their Navy with fifty or sixty Vessells of War, and their Army to fifty or sixty Thousand Men. The Ships of War will be agreed to but the Troops not, as I am told. Once more I beg Leave to say I can believe nothing untill it is past.
The following List, has been published of the Vessells of the Republick, ready to Sail, and their Destinations. vizt.


Title: To John Adams from Thomas Digges, 5 January 1781
From: Digges, Thomas,Russell, William
To: Adams, John

Dear Sir

5 Jany. 1780 i.e. 1781

Altho hostilities, and seemingly rigourous ones, have commencd between your Country and mine, I see no reason why our former freindships may not be kept up and you and I communicate by letter as we were used to do. I got your favor of the 18th. and hope eer this the two parcells of Books which were then missing have got to hand. There were Receipts taken for them but as I have not been able since the Receipt of your letter to see the person who dispatches things for me in the Custom House, and get the Receipts or names of the Ships and Captns. who carryd the parcells, I can not yet put you in the right road to find them. They were directed in an over brown Paper Cover to Messrs. De N—— & son and I dare say were application made for them at the Custom House in Amsm. they might be found. It frequently happens here that Captains do not properly attend to the delivry of parcells, but lodge them in a common room appropriated for these kind of things in the Custom House, till they are applyd for.

I sent a day or two ago another parcell of Books directed as above, to Mr. De N–– es friend in the City desiring Him to forward them to Amsm. by the first trader that is permitted to sail. Hitherto we have stopt all Dutch Vessells and 80 or 90 are said to be taken since the Manefesto was publishd, about 20 of which are already condemnd in the Commons and disposd of. Thus you see our wise Ministry leave no door open to creep out of or put an end to the Hostilities, in the case Holland should take fright and concede to the terms which Sr. Joseph askd. For what purpose I know not (without it is the old one of deceiving the People) but the Ministry and their friends give out and assert pretty roundly that these Hostilitys will stop in a few days and that Holland will certainly do what England has demanded of them. As yet Sr. Joseph is not arrivd in Engld., and only one Dutch Ship of War taken.
Nothing talkd of but the extreem distress and critical situation of the West Indies. The Accounts are enough to make humanity shudder, but I cannot help looking upon it as in some measure the punishment of divine vengeance for our manyfold Sins and wickedness. It would seem that the distresses of the principal part of the Islands are so extensively calamitous that the opperations fixd on for next Campaign will be alterd, and most likely shifted to North America, where we cannot even yet give up the idea of subjugation and conquest. We still cry out that America is ours, and that the Dutch war cannot hurt us not a Guinea more for the carrying on that war being necessary to be raisd—thus we argue and thus we go on to ruin. Eight or ten days ago there was a universal cry for a Dutch war—nothing could be more popular—we are now begining to slaken very visibly in this opinion, and now many thinking folks say we may take hundreds of their Shipping and Craft, ruin their trade, take their distant possessions, cut their Dykes &ca. &ca. &ca., but ultimately it must be a mischevious war for England. I dare say in another month it will be thought as ill of as it was at first generally well Recieved.
By Genl. Leslies hasty moving from Virginia all hopes of that Colony “coming in” and submiting to English Government, is given over, and we begin to see Lord Cornwallis is not in the good situation and high road to conquests as when His Lordship last wrote Home. Leslie was certainly caled hastily from Virga. to his assistance and aid in consequence of his being “surrounded with Enemys” and his situation renderd dangerous from the defeat of Furgusons party, not one of which, out of a thousand that composd the party, but what were killd or made Prisoners. We must have some accounts from that quarter of Ama. very soon. Nothing of any note from other quarters. I suppose you now and then mix with the Americans in Amsterdam, pray when you get any news from them give me a line. Mr. De N——le has got the direction. Reports of the day are that Gibraltar was lost to England for want of Amunition and Provisions the 3d. Decr.—some folks have lookd upon it as lost for many months back.
I am told there is very little hopes of the two Gentlemen confind for debt getting soon out as their debts are enormously great. Some recent transactions has effectualy cut for a time my communication with one of them.
I am placd very distant from all my papers and books so that I cannot tell how accounts stand between us. In a week or two the particulars shall be transmitted. If the Communication is not too much cut—when there is a favorable opportunity a small Bill may be remittd me and which ever way it tells, it shall be accounted for.

I am with very great Esteem Your obligd & Ob Ser
WR


Title: To John Adams from Francis Dana, 7 January 1781
From: Dana, Francis
To: Adams, John

(No. 8)
Dear Sir
Paris Jany. 7th. 1781

I seize with avidity upon the opportunity of sending You the enclosed Philadelphia Paper of the 25th. of October, and, in the words of Govr. Jefferson, your much respected Friend, “of congratulating your Excellency on the small dawn of good Fortune, which at length appears in the South.” Our Countreymen seem to be in motion, and at least are bravely attempting to bring about a happy change in the face of southern affairs. When they once take a turn, we shall see them followed up with a spirit that will bear down all opposition. I am pleased to find our friend Gates is still there. His head and his heart are good: but if Heaven favours his plans, he must take care to give us no more conventions. I did myself the honor of writing you on the 1st. instant; and shall hope for your favour by the first post after that may come to hand. Wishing to be in a situation where, I think, I can render some little service to our Country, I shou’d be glad to remain here, till it becomes necessary for me to join you. I will not fail to forward you any intelligence I may receive, which it concerns us to know. In my last, I desired you to give me a secrete address. I have some things upon my mind I wish to communicate. I have my suspicions of Francisco Silas Deane, and if they are well founded, and my information is good, he has taken a step which may enable him to do us much injury, if the knowledge of our affairs, will afford him an opportunity. I have not yet returned his visit, and, what is more, I have thought it my duty not to do it. This draws the Line between us.
I am sorry to acquaint you that we have not as yet, any news of Comte D’Estaing—his late arrival at Brest, even if his ships shou’d not have sustained any considerable damage, will much retard the operations of the next Campaign.
I beg you to present my regards to Mr. Searle, Mr. Thaxter, and the Children. I have not had leisure to write the two former, having been engaged in the business which cheifly brought me here.
I am, dear Sir, with much respect, your much obliged Friend and obedient humble Servant

FRA DANA

P.S. The papers viz. the two English papers, Gazette de France, Journal de Paris, Leyden Gazette, Amsterdam, and the Hague, together with the Mercure de France, are still continued. I know not the period of your subscriptions, or whether you wou’d have them continued. But I think one good paper from Holland, perhaps Luzac’s, wou’d be enough from that quarter—and the Journal de Paris is next to nothing. When I see M. Genet I will pay him for the English papers. In answer to one I wrote him on my arrival here, he says, “I am happy, Sir, to find you are well in Paris, and thank you for your kind attention in letting me know it. I’ll seize all the opportunities that will offer, to convince you of my sincere regard to you, Sir, and to the American Cause. You’ll oblige me infinitely in mentioning my regards to Mr. Adams, and to Mr. Thaxter.” Said like a Courtier, but I hope with more sincerity. You will please to deliver the enclosed paper to Mr. Edwards, to whom it is directed, when you done with it. Dr. Foulke who begs your acceptance of his best regards, furnished me with it. I am this moment told Comte D’Estaing and the whole fleet are arrived in safety at Brest, but I cannot give it to you as matter of fact. I enclose you a letter from Mr. Mazzei, which was delivered me by Mr. Favy, who at the same time informed me it enclosed one for America, and desired me to open it. I thought it unnecessary to forward that also, to you, but shall send it from hence, as I know of no opportunity from Holland, supposing the Commodore has sailed before this day. Your’s above

FD

This instant the enclosed Letter from L’Orient has come to hand.


Title: To John Adams from James Lovell, 8 January 1781
From: Lovell, James
To: Adams, John

Dear Sir

Jan. 8th. 1781

Herewith goes a Letter which I this day received from Mrs. Adams with a Request that I would superscribe it and deliver it to the Care of Colonel Palfrey, or of some other, he being gone.
The Discontent in the Pensylvania Line of the Army can give the Enemy no solid Satisfaction; for, an evident Proof that it does not rise from Disaffection to our Cause has been given by a Discovery and Delivery made by them of two Spies from Clinton, sent to make them the most tempting Offers. Perhaps the Gazette Tomorrow may be minute on this Point.
I was yesterday vexed by a Packet of Mr. Jona. Williams’s Letters Sextuples I imagine of Dates March, Apr. and July tho the Vessels left France in November. It is poor Comfort to our Soldiers this Janry. to know that last March and April Cloathing was sent from Nantes to Brest and Rochelle. The Execrations of Thousands are sent out to fall upon the right Pate, be it whose it may. I am not willing to give a decided Opinion upon the strange Appearances in the Conduct of our Affairs in France till I shall see each Man’s Story from his own Pen, but it is almost too much to be obliged to wait from May 21st. last year till now for such Information.
I hope the Powers made out for you by Congress similar to those for Mr. Laurens of Novr. 1st. 1779 may prove usefull according to your expressed Fancy; It is even now as heretofore, our misfortune to be months behind hand in our Measures: had Mr. Searle carried what now goes, we might have been reaping the first Fruits of the Trial, to our great Satisfaction.
If we go into the Choice of a Minister or Secretary of Finance there will be some Chance of Secrecy in Measures by which the Currency might be reduced before Speculators were aware of it and the Public might make Savings for the People in Spight of their own Plots against themselves: For, I cannot help using an Expression justified by what is every day before my Eyes. The Interest on the new Bills must be paid; if they are issued at 40 and expended at that, while Exchange is wickedly called eighty, He that with 80 old purchases two new gets ten pr. Ct. Interest, to be raised out of the Labour of the Land hereafter. Pensylvania and Jersey make Tendry Laws, Mass: lets exchange take its Course. Hence a new Speculation. We must obtain some permanent Fund from the States on which to build Plans of Finance before we can have a fair Prospect of borrowing from Strangers. Faith, Words, will not answer to our own monied Chaps much less to Foreigners.
The States are 179 millions of old Dollars behind upon our past Calls and such has been the Depreciation since the Estimates founding those Calls that the whole if now in hand would be but a pittance very inadequate to present Necessities. If Maryland was fully in Confederation, I do not see that our Capacity for the necessary Vigor of a Time of War would be much bettered. I am at this Moment much under the Influence of those Ideas which founded the Stadtholderate according to your History of it, but the Stadtholder does not manage the Finances. Therein the People must look out for, and be true to themselves.
The Enemy have met with many Disasters at the Southward, but yet they will be immensely troublesome to us in that Part unless we can get their Facility of Transportation.
Major Rogers was yesterday brought Prisoner in a little Schooner taken by Capt. Reid from France just off Penobscot River. The Major looks much out of Place.
Norton Braylesford from Boston tells me Monsr. Ternay died of the hyde Park Fever catched from the fr: General.

Yrs. affectionately
JL

I hope the Enemy have no Letter from you to your Lady. I do not remember forwarding more than two.


Title: To John Adams from the President of Congress, 9 January 1781
From: President of Congress,Huntington, Samuel
To: Adams, John

Sir
Philadelphia January 9. 1781

Enclosed are two letters of Credence, mentioned in my other Letter of this Date; the one addressed to the Stadtholder; the other to their high Mightinesses the States General &c.
You will please to observe the Cover of each is unsealed, that you may take them off and superscribe the Address on each of the enclosed Letters that are sealed, in the proper Stile and Titles on each of them respectively, with any needfull Correction differing from the present Address on the loose Covers.
Give me leave also to observe, that in my Letter of the first Instant, accompanying your Commission to the United Provinces, I have mentioned your Appointment as Minister Plenipotentiary which differs from the Stile of the Commission, viz, our Commissioner giving him full Powers &c. You will please to notice the Error in my Letter and excuse the Inadvertency.

I have the Honor to be with very high Respect & Esteem Sir your most obedient Servant
Sam. Huntington President


Title: To John Adams from Thomas Digges, 9 January 1781
From: Digges, Thomas
To: Adams, John

London 9 January 1781. RC Adams Papers. printed: Digges, LettersLetters of Thomas Attwood Digges, ed. Robert H. Elias and Eugene D. Finch, Columbia, S.C., 1982., p. 348–349.
This letter, written “Tuesday night late,” quoted verbatim an account of the French attack of 6 Jan. on the Island of Jersey that appeared in the London Gazette Extraordinary of Tuesday, 9 Jan., but see also a report taken from the Courier de l’Europe and referred to in Edmund Jenings’ letter of 18 Jan., below. The French force landed successfully and captured St. Helier, the island’s capital. In the battle that followed, the French were defeated by a force of British regulars and local militia led by Maj. Francis Peirson, who was killed at almost the moment of victory. The failure of the invasion mirrored an equally unsuccessful effort against the island in May 1779 (vol. 8:49). The battle and its outcome inspired John Singleton Copley to paint The Death of Major Peirson. When Abigail Adams saw Copley’s work in 1784 she wrote that she had never seen “painting more expressive than this” (Adams Family CorrespondenceAdams Family Correspondence, ed. L. H. Butterfield and others, Cambridge, 1963– ., 5:376, 385).
Digges also included an account from the Royal South Carolina Gazette of 27 Nov. 1780 that appeared in the London newspapers of 10 and 11 January. The report concerned the battle at Blackstock Plantation, S.C., on 20 Nov., and declared that a British force led by Lt. Col. Banastre Tarleton had routed American troops under Gen. Thomas Sumter. In fact, the Americans held their ground and Tarleton’s losses were much greater than Sumter’s (London Chronicle, 9–11 Jan.; Christopher Ward, The War of the Revolution, ed. John Richard Alden, 2 vols., New York, 1952, 2:746–747).


Title: To John Adams from the President of Congress, 10 January 1781
From: President of Congress,Huntington, Samuel
To: Adams, John

Sir
In Congress January 10: 1781

Congress consider your correspondence with the Count de Vergennes on the subject of communicating Your Plenipotentiary Powers to the Ministry of Great Britain as flowing from your Zeal and Assiduity in the service of your country: but I am directed to inform you that the Opinion given to you by that minister relative to the time and circumstances proper for communicating your powers and entering upon the execution of them is well founded.
Congress have no expectations from the influence which the People of England may have on the british councils whatever may be the dispositions of that nation or their Magistrates towards these United States: Nor are they of Opinion that a change of Ministers would produce a change of measures, they therefore hope you will be very cautious of admitting Your measures to be influenced by presumptions of such events or their probable consequences.

I am, Sir, with great respect Your humble servant, (By order of Congress)
Sam. Huntington President


Title: To John Adams from Francis Dana, 10 January 1781
From: Dana, Francis
To: Adams, John

Paris 10 January 1781. RC Adams Papers; filmed at 12 July 1780, Adams Papers, Microfilms, Reel No. 352. Designated “No. 9,” this letter is written on the lower half and reverse of the triplicate of the Committee for Foreign Affairs’ letter of 12 July 1780.
It was a covering letter for several documents brought to France by Thomas Bell of the Chevalier de La Luzerne and James Josiah of the Anne, whose arrival is noted in William Temple Franklin’s letter of 11 Jan., below. It is impossible to identify all of the documents carried by Bell and Josiah, but for some indication, see vol. 9:507–508; vol. 10:278–280, 311–312, 411–414, and JA’s letter to Arnold Henri Dohrman of 18 Jan., below. Dana chose to retain, however, some items from Congress that he believed JA had already received or that he feared might be intercepted, such as JA’s additional instructions regarding a peace treaty (vol. 10:278–279). He did send Congress’ resolutions of 2 and 28 Oct. that authorized JA to accept bills drawn on Henry Laurens (vol. 10:311–312). Dana also sent extracts of two unidentified letters from Bordeaux and Nantes. With letters from John Bondfield and Joshua Johnson to JA from the same cities and dated 2 and 9 Jan., both above, they may have formed the basis for material sent to Jean Luzac and published in the Gazette de Leyde of 23 January.


Title: To John Adams from Elbridge Gerry, 10 January 1781
From: Gerry, Elbridge
To: Adams, John

My dear Mr. Adams
Marblehead January 10th. 1781

In June last I returned to this State, and have since been favoured with your several Letters of the 23d. and 29th. of Feby., 19th. of March, 28th. of April, 23d. of May and 24th. of June, with the pamphlet by the Baron de Arundl, whom I have not had the Pleasure of seeing.
Mr. Dalton informed me in July last that notwithstanding the Friendship of yourself and Doctor Franklin, in the Affair of his Vessel, the Payment had been delayed, and he proposed to write to You both, but I have heard nothing further on the Subject.
The Minister of France, Marquis de la Fayette, and Mr. Marbois, were exceedingly pleased with the Reception they met with in Boston. Indeed, it was impossible for them to express their Satisfaction, in loftier Strains than they did on this Occasion.
I have sent to Mr. Lovell an Extract of your Letter relative to “drawing,” and presume eer this, You are furnished with the “Orders” requested. Your Accounts are liquidated and allowed, as far as my Memory serves me, excepting the Expences of your Son, which are deducted. My Journals are in Boston, and for that Reason, it is out of my Power to inclose a Copy of the Resolve by this Conveyance; but I have no Doubt of your receiving it, as Mr. Lovell proposed to transmit You Duplicates or Triplicates thereof.
I wish You had sent me the papers in which You was announced, that by republishing the Matter in our papers, the “honorable” Appointment which You received from the American Philosophical Society might be properly corrected—You may depend on the earliest Information, should any Attempt be made to your prejudice, in this Quarter.
Mr. Lovell under the 9th. of Decr. says, “I will endeavour to get the News papers on to Mr. A pretty regularly, I beleive he has had them since the Date of his last Letter”—and I was informed by the Navy Board at Boston, that they received constantly three Setts of two or three of the Boston papers, for the american Ministers. I shall nevertheless confer with General Warren on the Subject, and prevent if possible Disappointments.
I beleive Congress are pretty well convinced of the Impropriety of their former Mode of conducting marine affairs abroad. Jones was not arrived by the last Advices from Philadelphia, and Landais, who so conducted on his Passage to America as to induce the officers and Passengers to take from him the Command of the Ship, is superseded.
The Events of the last Campaign were rather against Us, on Account of the Reduction of Charlestown, and the Defeat of General Gates at Camden in South Carolina. But these Misfortunes were nearly ballanced, by the Capture of 800 of the Enemy at one Time, and by the prisoners we have taken in several other Skirmishes with the Enemy in that State, as well as by the alertness of our Militia, the Experience they have gained, and the general purgation in the southern states of their disaffected Inhabitants. The Enemy at New York paid dearly for their Incursion into New Jersey, which with their skirmishing at different Times did not I imagine cost them less than 1000 Men: since July they have been confined by our Army in the City. Some Ravages during the summer, were made on our western Frontier, but the Enemy were immediately repulsed by the Militia. I presume You have heard of the Defection of the infamous General Arnold. Inclosed is a pamphlet containing the Tryal of the Adjutant General of the british Army, who was convicted of being a Spy and suffered on the Occasion. He had a great Soul, and I sincerely wish that Arnold had been the Victim.
I perceive by the London papers, that the british Merchants and Manufacturers were greatly rejoiced at the prospect of a Vent for their Goods in South Carolina: but our privateer Adventurers have diverted the southern, Quebec, and Nova Scotia Trade into the eastern Channel, and made a Drug of British Goods in this State. The prices of these, are nevertheless kept up at present, but West India Goods are very low. Good Jamaica Sugar can be purchased at 7 Dollars in Specie, or for paper Currency at the Exchange of 75 of the old Emissions for 1. A Dollar of the new Emission is current at the Exchange of Congress, Vizt. 40 of the old for 1. So that the new Emission You will perceive is not much more than half the Value of the nominal Sum in Specie. The Exchange of paper Bills has not varied for six Months past, but Bills of Exchange have fallen from 65 to 55 Dollars of the old Emission for 1, and the british in New York are obliged to sell their Exchange for Specie at a Loss of 20 Per Cent and upwards, which is equivalent to the Loss on Exchange in this and the neighbouring States, if sold for Specie, or Bills of Credit at the Exchange. The several States are emitting the new, and cancelling the old Paper Currency agreable to the Resolution of Congress of the 18th. of March last, which has produced a Scarcity of Money and brot forth all the Gold and Silver. Every Contract is now made for Specie, but Bills of Credit are preferred at the Exchange, which as I mentioned before is now invariable. Indeed We are freed from all Embarrassments respecting Money excepting its Scarcity; and Commerce and privateering were never more flourishing. The Spirit with which the private Merchants pursue their plans, prevents the Growth of the publick Navy. This I think is a fortunate Circumstance, for the Force of the Frigates and Sloops of War belonging to the Continent or Individual States, being never equal to offensive or defensive Operations, as is evident from the Expedition against Penobscot, and the Loss of our Ships of War at Charlestown, they could only be employed, with a prospect of Success in cruising in the British Trade, or transporting Supplies from Europe; and in both of these Employments, there has been such Confusion and Embarrassment, from the Want of proper Arrangements, that a private Ship of War of equal burthen with a continental or State Ship has been ever able to make two Cruizes, to one of the latter, and when a Merchant’s looses a privateer, he is expeditious in obtaining by Exchange his officers and Sailors for manning another, whilst those that are captured in the Service of the Publick, are often long confined in the prisons of the Enemy.
We have a prospect of a fine Army for the ensuing Campaign. Congress have required the States to inlist their Quotas, for three Years or during the War, and the Legislatures, fatigued with the Trouble of short Inlistments, heartily adopt the plan of Congress. The Number of Batallions is greatly reduced on the principle of Oeconomy, but they consist of more privates, and will furnish Us with an Army, to the best of my Memory, of between 30 and 40,000 rank and file. These, and the Militia which are always ready, are sufficient with the Forces of our Ally for offensive operations by Land. We want then, on this Score, nothing but a superior Navy: but a few more Troops from France may render our Success more certain. The Dispositions of the people, who for the Year past, have been labouring under a Tax equal to the Expences of the whole Campaign, are no Ways altered: and it is astonishing to me that the Administration of G. Britain should be so lost to their own Dignity and Honor, as to assert that there is a possibility, much more a prospect, of Submission, or even of a Reconciliation, or pacification short of compleat Independence. The Governments of the States and Continent, have now obtained such a Consistency and Establishment, which are every Day encreasing; the people feel so much their Dignity and Importance, in being the Fountain of Power and Honor; and the numerous officers in the legislative, executive, judicial, and military Departments, of each State and of the united States, are so interested in the Continuance of their Authority and Emoluments, that the Government of G. Britain may with as much propriety attempt a Repeal of the eternal and fundamental Laws of Nature, as a Revocation of the Independence of these States, supported as they are by an Alliance with France, and a Connection not much short of a Treaty with Spain.
Our last Harvest, excepting of Hay; has been very plentiful. Good Flower is from £100 to £120 Currency or 33/4 lawful in Specie Per hundred. Pork and poultry are sold in this place at 6 Dollars or 6d. lawful a pound. But one thing will surprize You, which by the Valuation Returns of some of the States, is proved to be a Fact; the Stocks on the Farms, are greater, and the people in general, exclusive of their paper Money and Securities, have more solid Interest than they had at the Beginning of the War: for the Truth of which I pledge my Reputation. The publick Debt having been paid in a great Measure by the Depretiation, our Resources, exclusive of Cloathing and military Stores, are and for many Years will be equal to a vigorous War; and a little Experience in the Business of Finance will enable Us annually to procure seasonable Supplies. The several States have been under the necessity of obtaining their proportions of these, since the Stoppage of Emissions, by Taxes without the Assistance of Loans, as the loss of their Credit, by the late extraordinary Depretiation, and by the consequent Impracticability of doing Justice, has prevented the Legislatures from establishing the Credit of the State Securities or Treasurers Notes so called. But the Assembly of this State seem now determined to remove as far as possible every Complaint, relative to the Want of publick Justice, and to call on the people for Supplies, by Loans, which in that Case will be funded on Taxes, agreable to the Usage of G. Britain. I wish You could send Us a Financier, according to a former Instruction of Congress. The Importance of obtaining our Supplies by Loans, and of regulating our Expenditures, is inconceivable. Instead of taxing the people for the current Expences of each Year, We should then only tax them for the Interest of those Expences, and of the Loans previously made; and by obtaining the Money required for each Campaign, before it commenced, We should furnish the Man and Supplies necessary to carry it on with Vigour. But the two last Campaigns have been turned, by depending for Money on the slow Operation of Taxes.
I am happy to inform You that the farmers of this and the neighbouring states have for several Years past been raising Siberian Wheat, (which exceeds in quality the common Wheat,) and find the former not subject to blight. This, to three of the N.E. States is an acquisition of the greatest Importance, and will not only be a Source of Wealth, but make them independent on other States for an essential Article of Subsistence. A Gallon of this Wheat was in the Year 1774 sent by Mark Duchet, a Brother to Wm. Duchet of London (who the Year before had discovered the Use of it,) to John Furnald of Portsmouth. He distributed it to his Friends, who finding it answerable to the Description raised and sold it for eight Dollars in Specie per bushell, and so promoted the Culture that the last Year produced Seed sufficient for this and the neighbouring States. I doubt not of our raising soon a sufficiency for our own Use, and large quantities for Exportation. Inclosed is a sample of this Grain.
I have given you a tedious History of our Affairs, pray communicate it to Mr. Dana and let me hear from You something relative to the Politics of Europe.
Congress in Decr. last had received 86 of your Letters, to some of which I presume You have Answers.
You are undoubtedly informed that Mr. Dana is commissioned Minister plenipotentiary to the Court of Russia. Your Ladies and Families are well. Pray give my best Respects to him, and be assured sir that I remain with every Sentiment of Friendship & Esteem your most obed & very hum sert

E Gerry

N.B. I have written to Mr. Dana by this Conveyance.
The paper inclosed contains some fresh Intelligence of our Success at the southward.


Title: To John Adams from Stephen Sayre, 10 January 1781
From: Sayre, Stephen
To: Adams, John

Dear Sir
St Petersburg 30th. decr. 1780 Old Stile 10 January 1781 N.S.

I am, not many days since favour’d with your Letter of the 6th.; and as your Excellency wishes to be further infor’d on the subject, it is my duty to reply. Perhaps some good may arise to our Country if you assist me in my endeavours while here. It was what I supposed, but I am exceedingly sorry you have no powers to make a begining of a trade from this port, which, tho’ now somewhat indirect would, and must lead to a direct, and most profitable one to America. At this moment I conceive the Empress would not positivly encourage an immediate navigation to all parts of the Continent but I have good grounds to believe she would might chearfully countenance any Merchants who would charge one of his own Ships, and require a clearance from this port to Rhode Island, or the Isles of St. Peire and Miquillon. She means strictly to observe the principles of neutrality with all the powers at war, but to extend her commerce wherever her Merchants can pursue it with advantage.
She knows perfectly who I am, and what are my designs. She has within these 10 days, graciously required of those with whom I am supposed connected that they carefully observe her system; but observing that, we are sure of all possible protection. Circumstanced as I am, the path of my proceedings is plain; I have not a choise. I must take freight in our Ships, from hence to France or Spain. I am now, in treaty with a Merchant who offers Seventy gilders per Last for Hemp. If however you are of opinion that by your writing to Mr. Franklin, he would prevail on the Court of France to load the two Ships (being 900 Tons each, English built) directly for their Islands or for Rhode Island, on account of Congress, which is by far the most to be wished, I would suspend any positive agreement, under that hope.
I must say that from the experience I have had, I form no warm expectations from Mr. Franklins activity in these matters. Your Excellency may perhaps do more with him than my fears suggest. If by such means America can get an ample supply of Sail Cloth, Cordage &c. &c. it is very criminal to neglect any mode of application. France too must have some Articles of this kind there for reparation, in case of need. How much easier is the method here proposed. Mr. F. must, have the Apathy of absolute death to refuse a sollicitation. If the Idea is adopted I must have the aid of the French Minister here to get the Ships clear’d out directly for Rhode Island for you may suppose I should have every imaginable opposition from the English Envoy. Your own Reflections will lead you to see every possible advantage that we can wish, attending this begining. The door would be open’d to all Europe by this single movement.
Mr. Franklin cant refuse me his recommendation as to any confidence in these matters; because he has already given me the fullest testimony under his hand, while I was at Copenhagen (tho’ by his own fault his Letters came too late) and an opportunity was then lost, where the Court of Denmark had been bold enough to put 500,000 Rix dollars into a Merchants hands, to send us a Frigate with those Articles—Ship and all to be sold Congress. He was press’d for his reply on that head by the Danish Minister at Paris above a month—when it came, the Court had alter’d their resolutions—the Ship was sold for the East India Trade &c. &c. Indeed the delay alone gave unfavourable impressions, and an unfavourable turn to every thing.
In the present case, however, there is only one point to be decided—that is, will France make the advance for us? or will they try this project for themselves? You will see that the British Court are compell’d to let all goods (not excepted by treaty), tho belonging to the Enemy, go free to all ports. What then can hinder the immediate experiment. I have no private Interest in this channel, for the Ships shall go there for the same freight that I can get by a voyage from hence to France, and to the West Indies. The Minister here may settle such points.
I agree with you, that this Country would benefit exceedingly by a commerce with ours—I have impres’d this Idea, with good effect upon some leading men here: but I feel, with you equal regret, the languor of so many great nations, as to this great object. I could do much more, were I countenanced by Mr. Franklin (for without that any man finds a kind of awkwardness at every Court) its very negative operates like a Curse, and brings actual disadvantages. I have always found such coldness in application, and such insupportable negligence, as to every matter I proposed to him, as to discourage me from all future intercourse.
I am left to contend, alone, against all the influence of the British Minister, and all the malignity intaild upon my opposition while in England. Not a day passes without its lie, to ruin my credit, or disturb my peace. All application to draw me away, as an American, and a supposed Agent for Congress, failing, other means are used to prevent my designs. I began a Ship here last Summer and before it was half built, it was consumed by fire—if ever I have opportunity to give the detail, you will agree with me, that chance could have no share in the Calamity.
I have been an evidence of the unbounded Corruption of that abominable Court of Great Britain for many years. No wickedness or Villainy stands in their way—they are profligate and abandon’d from the King to the Door Keeper. The  Minister follows strictly the system of his Court, therefore I have every thing to dread. I am obliged to have a guard and 4 Centinels constantly on the watch. I am obliged to go perpetually arm’d, for I am hourly inform’d that I must expect every mischeif that money and Malice can effect.
I have just received a Long Letter from Mr. Francis Lewis who you must know—he is now presiding at the Board of Admiralty—writes that all Articles for Shipping are extremely wanted—that Congress are at a total loss how they may be procured &c. &c. This ought to decide Mr. Franklin as to the proposition. You may also assure him that if once Russian Ships find their way to America, Sweeds and Danes will do the same; but not till then. I have been long enough in Copenhagan and Stockholm to learn, that Russia must take the lead, in all things let them be ever so trifling, of this nature. They never dare speak of protection for their own Ships till it was the language of this Court.
Perhaps you might persuade some Merchants of Amsterdam to make a speculation in Russia Ships from hence to Rhode Island. But let the other Idea be first push’d to a decision.
If your Excellency has not yet an acquaintance with Mr. Finman, who lives, next door to Mr. Burcourd in Keiser’s Graff, I recommend him to your freindship, as a hearty advocate, who wishes to serve us. He is connected with the most solid people who can procure us a Loan. But some care must be taken not to excite the jealousy of others.
I hope you have seen the Baron Van der Cappellen—I esteem him perfectly—if with you; pray inform him that on my journey here, I left a Line for him at an Inn, but I forget where. Inclosed I take the liberty of sending a Letter to my old freind—Will you also send this to yourself, along with it, as explanatory of matters here, &c. &c. &c. I have much to do, and have no Secretary.

As to Articles of Remmittance from America to this place—we have none of great importance except Indigo and Rice. But as we shall ever command West India Productions, they will go far to strike a Ballance—Sugar, Coffee, Cotton &c. have found their way even into the utmost extremities of Siberia. And a Port is now opening on the Black Sea for a Commerce with the western Hemisphere. The weight and Resourses of this Country (if no revolutions happen) will soon astonish the rest of the World. I shall probably (pursuing my own path) see you in Amsm. about June next—if you believe I can do Service here, by returning, please to urge such a public appointment as Congress may judge best, for I mean to remain some little time at Burdeaux—long enough to have an answer as to this point. At present, I presume, I could serve America by promoting commercial matters only, but they would lead to political changes with irresistable efficacy.

I am with all possible respect & consideration your Exys most sincere & humble Servant
Stephen Sayre


Title: To John Adams from James Bowdoin, 11 January 1781
From: Bowdoin, James
To: Adams, John

My dear Sir
Boston Jany. 11. 1781

Your Letter of March last I have but lately received. It was Sent by the Post, I suppose from Newport. When the Gentleman you recommend in it, Monsr. Petry, comes here, it will give me pleasure to make Boston agreable to him.
I wish we could have had more of your assistance in compleating the plan of government. Some of the alterations made in it after you left us, were by no means for the better. The whole of it, as laid before the Several Towns, was pretty generally adopted: excepting two or three Articles, particularly the one, which related to religion. However they all had the required proportion of voters. The era of the new government commenced accidentally, on the anniversary of the death of his late majesty George II: which some good people think a happy omen, indicating a perpetual end to regal government in these States.
Be so good as to accept one of the enclosed pamphlets; and to deliver the other to Mr. Dana, with my Compliments.

I have the honour to be with every expression of regard Dear Sir Yr most obedt. hble serv.
James Bowdoin


Title: To John Adams from William Temple Franklin, 11 January 1781
From: Franklin, William Temple
To: Adams, John

Dear Sir
Passy Jan 11. 1781

The Letter your Excellency honour’d me with dated the 7th. of last Month, I duly received. The Pleasures of Amsterdam must be sad indeed, when you wish for the Gout as a Remedy for your Ennui: If I may judge from the Sufferings of my poor Grand father, I fancy you would prefer the Malady to the Cure.
Capt. Bell and Capt. Josiah are arrived at L’Orient, from Philada. a small Vessel likewise is arrived at Bordeaux, from Baltimore. I make no doubt, you have received Dispatches by these Vessels, and will be acquainted with the Situation of our Affairs to the Time of their Departure. I cannot however refrain inclosing two Extracts; one of a Gazette, the other of a hand Bill, which came by the Vessel from Baltimore: The Intelligence contained in them, of a French Fleet being arriv’d in Georgia, is not, I think, probable. But you are better able to judge, what degree of Confidence in Merits.
As your Excellency is likely to have a great deal to do with Bills of Exchange, I take the Liberty to send you the Form of a Bill Book, which I have made use of for three Years past for the Loan-Office Interest Bills, and have found it not only extreamly convenient, but very useful in preventing the paying more than once, the same Bill; which would often happen were it not for this Register, as there is hardly a Day passes, but what the Seconds and Thirds of Bills are presented for Acceptance, when the Firsts have already been paid.
Each Particularity of a Bill, ought to be enter’d in the Book, under their respective Titles: This done, the Leaf on which they are enter’d ought to be paged, and each Line number’d. Then you have a separate Book, which you call your Alphabet, were you enter alphabetically, the Name of the Person in whose Favour each Bill is drawn, and you write after it, the Page and Line, were such a Bill is to be found. I suppose, for Example John Smith P.1. l 15. or when there are several Bills in favour of the same Person l 15. 16. 17. 18 &ca. Whenever a Bill is presented for Acceptation; in order to find out whether it has not already been paid (that is to say, one of the Sett) the first thing to be done, is, to look into your Alphabet for the Persons Name in whose Favour the Bill is drawn, when you have found it, you see the Page and line of every Bill in favour of that Person which has already been accepted: then you compare the newly presented Bill, with those in your Book, and if you find that it is the 2d. or 3d. of a Bill already enter’d, you reject it; if on the contrary you find none of the Sett have before been presented, then you accept it, and enter it in the Bill Book, and put the Page and Line to the Name in the Alphabet.
I have perhaps been more particular than was necessary on this Subject, but knowing from Experience how indispensable it is to be very attentive in Affairs of this Nature, I preferr’d being Clear to being Concise.
Please to make my affectionate Compliments to Mr. Thaxter and the young Gentlemen, and believe me, with great Respect & Esteem, Your Excellency’s most obedient, and most humble Servant

W. T. Franklin

Permit me to request your Exy. to present my respectful Compliments to Mr. Searle. I am much flatter’d by his kind Remembrance of me, in his Letter to my Grand father.


Title: To John Adams from C. W. F. Dumas, 12 January 1781
From: Dumas, Charles William Frederic
To: Adams, John

Monsieur

12 janvier 1781

Ce n’est pas proprement le Courier attendu, mais une Lettre des Plénipotentiaires de Petersbourg qui est arrivée, datée du 19 Dec. O.S. dernier, annonçant que l’Impératrice étoit contente de tout, quelle avoit vu les 2 derniers Memes. Britanniques présentés par S. J. Y. à L. h. P., et qu’elle en avoit été plus indignée qu’étonnée: que la Signature devoit se faire le 23e. O.S. c’est-à-dire, 4 jours après qu’alors les Plenipotentiaires déploieroient le Caractere d’Ambassadeurs extraordinaires, et que tout de suite ils expédieroient un autre Courier, avec la convention signée. On attend donc ce dernier à tout moment; et alors on publiera le Manifeste. Ce petit délai n’est que pure formalité. En attendant, on Résolut hier de distribuer des Lettres de marque aux Armateurs, (et ordres aussi aux Vaisseaux de l’Etat) pour saisir tout ce qu’ils pourront sur les Anglois: et elles s’expédient aujourd’hui. Vous pouvez compter sur l’exactitude et la vérité de ce que j’ai l’honneur de vous marquer, comme aussi sur ma ponctualité à vous informer officiellement de tout ce qui s’ensuivra; comme je compterai de mon côté sur vous, pour faire connoître au Congrès que ces avis viennent de ma part.
J’espere que vous avez fait le voyage à Amsterdam en parfaite santé. Agréez les honneurs de ma femme et de ma fille, et les assurances du respect et de l’attachement sincere avec lequel je suis pour toujours Monsieur Votre très-humble & très obéissant serviteur

Dumas

La Décision de la Cour d’Hollde., concernant la conduite d’Amsterdam, ne pourra avoir lieu qu’à la mi-fevrier: mais on sait d’avance qu’elle sera bonne.
Réponse, s’il vous plait, pour Savoir Si cette Lettre vous est bien parvenue, et bien conditionnée.


Title: C. W. F. Dumas to John Adams: A Translation, 12 January 1781
From: Dumas, Charles William Frederic
To: Adams, John

Sir

12 January 1781

This is not the expected post, but rather a letter dated the 19th of last December O.S. that has arrived from the plenipotentiaries at St. Petersburg, announcing that the Empress was satisfied with the situation; that she has seen the last two British memorials presented by Sir Joseph Yorke to Their High Mightinesses and is more indignant than surprised by them; that the convention would be signed on the 23rd O.S., that is to say four days after the plenipotentiaries assumed the character of ambassadors extraordinary; and that another courier would be sent immediately with the signed convention. I am expecting the courier any moment now; then the manifesto can be published. This small delay is nothing but a formality. Meantime, it was resolved yesterday to distribute letters of marque to the privateers (and also orders to naval vessels) to seize all that they can from the British. This was done today. You can rely on the accuracy and truth of what I have the honor to tell you, as well as on my punctuality in informing you officially of what will follow. In turn I will rely on you to inform Congress that I was the source of the information.
I hope that you made the trip to Amsterdam in perfect health. Please accept the regards of my wife and daughter, and the assurances of respect and sincere attachment with which I remain always, sir, your very humble and very obedient servant,

Dumas

The decision by the court of Holland, concerning the conduct of Amsterdam, will not take place until mid-February; but one knows in advance it will be good.
Respond, if you please, to tell me if this letter reached you, and if it was in good condition.


Title: Code Used in Correspondence between John Adams, Francis Dana, and James Searle, 14 January 1781
From: Searle, James
To: Adams, John

ca. 14 January 1781

Mr. Dana and J. Searle Cyphers
AZ. Congress
Francisco—Deane
Macedon—Alexander
RR—Bancroft
X—Williams
D.D—Franklin
D.D.J—Franklin Junr.
SS—Foulke
Missa—Jay
Merry—Carmichael
Snapo—Chamont
Adventure—Beaumarchis
Renardo—Gerard
Angelica—Vergenes
De Novo—De Castres
Grex—States General
Grego—Stadholder
Steady—Mr. Adams
Funn—J. Searle
Dortje—Regency of Ams.
N Knobb—Van Berkle
Swivel Eye J. D. Neufville
V—Arthur Lee
Brux—Mr. Izard
Indiana—Gillon

Discardo—Sartin

Fornicatio—Sr. Jos. Yorke

Additions.

Nestor—Dumas


Title: From John Adams to the President of Congress, 15 January 1781
From: Adams, John
To: President of Congress

Amsterdam, 15 January 1781. RC in John Thaxter’s hand PCC, Misc. Papers, Reel No. 1, f. 225–227. printed: Wharton, ed., Dipl. Corr. Amer. Rev.Francis Wharton, ed., The Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States, Washington, 1889; 6 vols., 4:233.
 In this letter, read in Congress on 19 Nov., John Adams provided a much condensed translation, probably from a French text such as that in the Gazette de Leyde of 9 Jan., of an exchange between William V and the States General on 26 Dec. 1780. The Stadholder declared that the threat to the Republic’s borders demanded that its army be increased equally with its navy. In its reply, the States General recommended that the Provincial States consider and implement the Stadholder’s proposal since the nation no longer had a choice between war and peace and faced attack by both land and sea. The question of whether to augment the army or the navy or both had long been a divisive issue in the Netherlands. See C. W. F. Dumas to the Commissioners, 23 April 1778, note 5 and references there (vol. 6:48–51).


Title: From John Adams to the President of Congress, 15 January 1781
From: Adams, John
To: President of Congress,Huntington, Samuel

Amsterdam, 15 January 1781. RC in John Thaxter’s hand PCC, No. 84, III, f. 29–32. printed: Wharton, ed., Dipl. Corr. Amer. Rev.Francis Wharton, ed., The Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States, Washington, 1889; 6 vols., 4:234.
Read in Congress on 19 Nov., this letter consisted of a translation, probably from a French text such as that in the Gazette de Leyde of 9 Jan., of an undated declaration by the States General regarding its accession to the armed neutrality. The States General indicated its determination to adhere to the principles of neutrality that Catherine II set down on 10 March 1780 in her declaration of armed neutrality, for which see John Adams’ letter to the president of Congress, 10 April 1780, and notes (vol. 9:121–126). The Dutch declaration restated the five principles of the armed neutrality virtually unchanged, except that in the third article it specified the treaties between itself and the belligerent powers that would serve to define contraband.


Title: From John Adams to the President of Congress, 15 January 1781
From: Adams, John
To: President of Congress,Huntington, Samuel

Duplicate
Sir
Amsterdam January 15th. 1781

Zealand is still endeavouring to divert the Republick from its Interest and its Duty, to embarrass its Operations and involve it in disgrace and ruin.
The Directors of the Company of Commerce, and that of Insurance, and a great Number of Merchants, established at Middlebourg in Zealand, have presented a Petition to the States General, to supplicate their high Mightinesses to try again the Way of Negotiation, to endeavour to prevent by this means the damages with which the Subjects of the Republick are still threatened by a War with England, and to come to a friendly Accommodation. This Petition has been supported by a Resolution of the States of Zealand, transmitted to the Assembly of the States General: but it is said that this Petition has been rendered Commissorial, and will not be taken into Consideration, unless the English should make some Propositions of Peace.
The State of the Marine of this Republick, during the Year 1781, as it has been proposed by the Petition of the Council of State, is of two Vessels of seventy Guns and five hundred and fifty Men; nine of sixty Guns and four hundred and fifty Men; fifteen of fifty Guns and three hundred Men; two of forty Guns and two hundred and seventy Men; one of forty Guns and two hundred and fifty Men; fourteen of thirty six Guns and two hundred and thirty Men; thirteen of twenty Guns and one hundred and fifty Men, five Sloops, one Hospital Ship, four Packet Boats, twelve large armed Vessels, sixteen smaller, making in the whole ninety four Ships and eighteen thousand four hundred and ninety Seamen.
I have the Honour to be, with the greatest Respect, Sir, your most obedient & humble Servant.

John Adams


Title: From John Adams to the President of Congress, 15 January 1781
From: Adams, John
To: President of Congress,Huntington, Samuel

Duplicate
Amsterdam January 15th. 1781
Sir

Congress will not expect me to write upon the Subject of Peace at this time, when the Flames of War are spreading far and wide, with more rapidity than ever: and I have no comfortable Tidings on the Subject of Money.
In the first place, I believe there is not so much Money here as the World imagines: in the next place, those who have what there is, have no Confidence in any Nation or Individual. All Credit seems at a Stand.
The Republick will want a Loan. The Northern Neutral Powers will want Loans, and even a Loan will be wanted to support the Credit of a Number of Houses in the Mercantile Way, which are affected by the violent and sudden Revolution of the times, and by the pyratical depredations of the English. I hope Therefore that Congress will not venture to draw here, untill they have certain Information that they may draw with Safety.
I have the Honour to be, with the greatest Respect, Sir, your most obedient and most humble Servant.

John Adams


Title: C. W. F. Dumas to John Adams: A Translation, 15 January 1781
From: Dumas, Charles William Frederic
To: Adams, John

The Hague, Jany. 15, 1781
Honoured & dear Sir

I cannot find a french form to address you at the head of my Letters which pleases so much to my heart as this English. Give me leave therefore to make use of it even when I write to you in French, which, you know, is more easy to me.
Count Welderen and his wife have returned here. This, as you can see, contradicts the opinion of certain people that he is under the influence of Sir Joseph Yorke. He has a brother at Maastricht and took a detour to visit him and also, most likely, to spare his wife from the crossing at Moerdijk. The small delay in his arrival here is being overlooked by the public. This happens more often than you think.
I believe the number of ships taken by the English has been exaggerated. I have heard nothing spoken about the 10,000 to be sent to Zeeland, where there already are garrisons. They need to be reinforced, but not by 10,000 men. If I learn anything about it, I will let you know. Meantime, stay away from the politics of the Bourse, for several reasons, just as I ignore the rumors that circulate around here. For example, that the House of H– in Amsterdam would have underwritten 2 million Sterling for the new English loan.
I thank you, sir, for the news you were kind enough to send. I will make good use of it.
I have returned from several visits. No one here knows anything about the 10,000 men to be sent to Zeeland.
I am with much respect and attachment, sir, your very humble and very obedient servant,

Dumas


Title: To John Adams from William Lee, 17 January 1781
From: Lee, William
To: Adams, John

Bruxelles Jan. 17th. 1781
Dear Sir

I had the Honor of receiving your favor of the 1st. instant by Mr. Searle, who arriv’d here two daies ago and intends to pursue his Journey tomorrow. You will receive by this post from our friend here a full account of the Amn. News such as we have it here by the two vessels arriv’d at L’Orient from Phila., and at Bourdx. from Maryland, tho’ you must have more authentic intelligence in your own Letters.
For your amusement I send you a copy of a printed hand bill that was stuck up at the corners of the Streets and other public places in Phila.
It has been always my Idea that an open acknowlegement of the Independence of Ama. by the several powers of Europe wou’d greatly contribute to bringing about a Peace; on this principle I have strongly urged that their H. Mightinesses shou’d commence an immediate Treaty with America and on our part, it appears to me that we shou’d use all our address in forwarding the business; since otherwise, there may be War between, G.B. Hold. Russa. Swedn. and Denmark this year and a peace between them the next, leaving the War still to rage in Ama. We have no English Post, since the 2d. instant nor any later intelligence from thence.
The humours where you are, do not seem as yet to be sufficiently afloat, but we may suppose they will become somewhat warmer as the Spring Advances.
With the highest respect I have the Honor to remain Dear Sir Your most Obliged & Obedt. Servt.,

W. L.


Title: From John Adams to the President of Congress, 18 January 1781
From: Adams, John
To: President of Congress,Huntington, Samuel

Amsterdam, 18 January 1781. RC in John Thaxter’s hand PCC, No. 84, III, f. 87–44. printed: Wharton, ed., Dipl. Corr. Amer. Rev.Francis Wharton, ed., The Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States, Washington, 1889; 6 vols., 4:235–238.
Read by Congress on 19 Nov., this letter consisted of English translations of two placards or edicts of the States General dated 12 January. The first granted letters of marque and established bounties for Dutch privateers that captured or destroyed British warships or privateers. The second established the compensation due sailors maimed in the service of the Republic.


Title: From John Adams to Francis Dana, 18 January 1781
From: Adams, John
To: Dana, Francis

Amsterdam Jany. 18. 1781
My dear Sir

Yesterday I had the Pleasure of yours of the 7th. both the Packetts came Safe and in good order.
As to a secret Address, you may direct under Cover, A Madame La Veuve du Mr. Henry Schorn, op de Agterburg wall by de Hoogstraat Amsterdam.
It is not possible to suppress all suspicions after the Conversation you heard: but your own Coolness and Judgment, will be Sufficient without any hint from me, to be cautious of mentioning these suspicions, untill Evidence shall appear.
The Newspapers are all paid for for a year, from the time of Subscription, which was in the Spring, it is not worth while to subscribe anew for the Gazette de France, nor for more than one foreign Gazette. As I take the English Papers here at a most horrid Expence, I wish you would pay Mr. Genet and let me know the Amount. My most cordial Respects to that Gentleman, for whom I have the highest Esteem. I think you may depend upon his Friendship and Sincerity. My Respects also to Dr. Folke, and thanks for the Newspaper. I have conceived a great Esteem for that young Gentleman. Mr. Edwards is gone to France, I shall get published the Contents of his Newspaper.
This Nation can hardly yet believe that the English are or will be at War with them. Instead of depending upon themselves they now look up to Russia and the northern Powers. If these Should fail them, which I think however they cannot, I know not what would be the Consequence.
But I shall never get a single Ducat, untill it is decided, whether the neutral Union will support the Republick. Every Party and Every Man almost is afraid to do the least thing, that England can complain of and make a noise about, least the Blame of involving the Country in War should be thrown upon them. What I shall do I know not. Congress draws upon me, but I shall have no Resource, but from Dr. Franklin to pay a Farthing. If that fails me, I am undone. I wish our Countrymen would assume Courage enough, to augment the Taxes upon them selves, and reduce the needless Expences, so as to do without succours which are unattainable.
At least I think nothing will ever be done here, untill a Party Treaty is concluded, between the two Republicks. There are a Million Jealousies, about the Escault, about Trade with the Emperors Dominions, about the succession of the Empire or rather another Election in the House of Austria &c &c &c. Individuals dare nothing in this Country, untill the Countenance of Government is given, nor in any other part of Europe. A Treaty with this Country is so great a Work that it would acquire Time, and this is said not to be the proper time to talk about it.

Affectionately yours


Title: From John Adams to Arnold Henri Dohrman, 18 January 1781
From: Adams, John
To: Dohrman, Arnold Henri

Amsterdam Jan. 18. 1781
Sir

I have the Honour, to transmit you, a Letter from the Honourable the Committee of Congress for foreign Affairs, with a Resolution of Congress of the 21. of June last, appointing you Agent for the United States of America, in the Kingdom of Portugal, for the Transaction of Such Affairs of the Said States as may be committed to your Direction. As I am, by the Misfortune of Mr. Laurens, at present fixed in this Place, I shall be particularly happy in your Correspondence, and have the Honour to be, with great Consideration, sir your most obedient and most humble servant.

John Adams


Title: From John Adams to William Temple Franklin, 18 January 1781
From: Adams, John
To: Franklin, William Temple

Amsterdam January 18. 1781
Dear Sir

Your kind Letter of the Eleventh, came to my Hand Yesterday. I am much obliged to you Sir, for the News, you were So good as to communicate: but as I think with you, there are Circumstances in it, which are very suspicious, I shall not dare to make much Use of it, at present. There is however authentick Intelligence which is very comfortable.
I take this hand Bill &c to be pure, Fabrication, for the purpose of frightening Clinton, Cornwallis and Leslie. I am Sorry that our Countrymen imitate their Ennemies, in this dirty Trick of lying, which is ever considered as a Proof of weakness, and never answers the End. This instance however would do good, if it should give a hint to our Allies to adopt Such a Measure.
I am more particularly obliged to you, for the Form of a Bill Book you are So good as to send me. I had before formed a Book, nearly in the Same manner, in which I had entered all the Bills hitherto presented to me, and accepted by me, but there are Some particulars in yours, which are material Improvements upon mine, especially the Alphabet, which I shall avail myself of. You have explained it very handsomely as well as clearly, and I think I comprehend it perfectly.
The States General resolved last Fryday to grant Letters of Marque and yesterday they were given out. The Manifesto waits for the Courier from Petersbourg. The Dutch look up to Russia, or rather to the Neutral Union, more than they ought, perhaps, for although I hope they will be supported by the northern Powers, yet I think they are able, and I wish they were willing to depend more upon themselves.

When shall we see the Unravelling of this great Plott? It will be a beau Spectacle, if 9 or 10 nations, should be at war with one, at once. At present I dont See, how, it can be avoided. The English as usual, have been so decided, and have committed the Dignity of the Crown and the Pride of the Nation So far, that I dont See, how they can rescind. And the Neutral Confederacy, are on the other Hand, So far pledged, that there is no Retreat. If the Power of Great Britain can rise Superiour to all this, her pretended Omnipotence, will no longer be thought an Hyperbole. With respectfull Compliments to his Excellency, I have the Honour to be, with great Regard, sir your most obedient Servant

John Adams


Title: From John Adams to Philip Mazzei, 18 January 1781
From: Adams, John
To: Mazzei, Philip

Amsterdam Jan. 18. 1781
Dear Sir

I yesterday received yours of the 19 of October. Sometime Since I received the other of the 19th. of August. Both went to Paris and I being here, Mr. Dana and Mr. Thaxter forwarded, their Inclosures, according to my desire, but I am not able to say in what Vessel.
In Consequence of Mr. Laurens’s Misfortune, I am ordered to reside in Holland for the present, and should be glad to be informed by you, whether it is probable, that any Money might be borrowed in Italy for the United States, by the Authority of Congress.
Your Letter for Governor Jefferson I sent with my Dispatches in the time of it, but I am not able to say by what Vessell.
The English are in a fair Way to have Ennemies enough. They dont love their Ennemies like good Christians, but they love to have Ennemies, and I think their Passion will be abundantly gratified. The Dutch are already added to the French, Spaniards, and Americans, and it is likely that the Russians, Sweeds and Danes will Soon increase the List. Will the English make a great Figure in the Contest?

I am &c.


Title: To John Adams from Edmund Jenings, 18 January 1781
From: Jenings, Edmund
To: Adams, John

Brussels Janry. 18. 1781
Sir

I have had the Honour of receiving your Excellencys Letter of the 3d. Instant, it was full, Satisfactory and very Comfortable. I have had since the pleasure of seeing Colonel Searle, who I find is inspired with the same Sense of things, and has the same feelings for the Happiness of our Country, as your Excellency. He was therefore most Acceptable to me, and by Consequence I shewed Him every Attention in my Power for his own Sake and in Duty to your Excellencys Recommendation, for which I beg your Excellency would Accept my warmest Thanks. The making me Acquainted with this Gentleman and Mr. Dana has Confered a great Obligation on me, I find but few Such. I wish I Knew Many More of this Sort and I trust there are Thousands; there ought to be so for the Happiness of America.
The Conduct of the Empress of Russia is likely to be most Magnanimous. I congratulate your Excellency and all honest Dutchman Men thereon.
The Papers from London are not arrivd there are now four Posts due, but the Courier del Europe says, that 3 or 4 thousand french Troops Landed at Jersey and possessd themselves of the Town of St. Hellier, the Capital, which they took by Surprize, that they destroyed all the Shipping and killd 3 or 4 Hundred Men but were afterwards driven out with the Loss of 500. I am Sorry for the Event. But the Distrusction of the Corsairs in that Island cannot but be of great Advantage to the Common Cause. The Admiral at Portsmouth sent immediately on Advice of the Attack a Number of Ships of War. I think we shall hear some News of them for it blew about 6 days ago most violently at North, which I think will make some Havock at the Coast, which is surrounded by Rocks. I Know it Well.
I send your Excellency a printed Paper from Annapolis—You have perhaps receivd one before. It Contains much good news.
I have got acquainted with the Author of the Lettres Hollandoises. He lives in this Town. He seems most Willing to labour in the Support of the Common Cause, if your Excellency can furnish any Matter that may serve it I shall most readily Communicate it to Him. He does not understand English.
Affairs seem to be in such a Train in Holland that Mr. Searle thinks Your Character cannot be too much Known and therefore that Letters ought to be properly Addressd to your Excellency. I only wait for your Excellencys Permission to show that Respect to your public Character, which I trust in God all the World will soon do, and especially our implacable Enemy. I am sure He cannot do better in his desperate Situation.
I am with the greatest Respect Sir Your Excellencys Most Faithful and Obedient Huml Sert.

Edm: Jenings


Title: From John Adams to Edmund Jenings, 20 January 1781
From: Adams, John
To: Jenings, Edmund

Amsterdam Jan. 20. 1780 i.e. 1781
Dear Sir

I have just received your Favour of the 18th., and thank you for the good News. I dont believe any Thing of the story of the French Fleet and Army, at Carolina, but the Tide is turned and the Torrent will soon flow in the south.
The Actions of Trenton, Bennington and Kings Mountain are enough to shew, the total Impractibility of subduing America or any Part of it. In times of the greatest Pannic and Consternation that it is possible for the English to Spread and in Places where the Inhabitants are fewest, and most Scatterd when the English have had the most brillant successes it has ever been in our Power to assemble Men enough to attack and carry an Advanced Post, or Party, and by this means check their Progress and turn the Current of the Stream.

In a Country of So many Mountains, Rivers and Forests, Three Thousand Men would be enough to ruin forty Thousand Invaders. They have nothing to do but retreat, and watch their opportunity to attack weak and exposed Posts or Partys one after another untill the whole are ruined.
There are certainly Some enlightened and Superiour Spirits in the Cabinet of Petersbourg. It cannot Surely be wholly owing to French Policy. I hear many French Gentlemen Say that Panin is wholly in the Interest of France. But I had rather consider him in the Interests of Wisdom and Humanity in general, disposed and able to Serve his Country, by promoting the Commercial and political Interests of Nations in general, which is the only Idea I have of a Patriot, or a great Politician. I hope the neutral Powers have extended their Ideas as far as America, for that Country is certainly the great Wheel in the political Machine of the World at present. What Measures shall We take to persuade them all that it is their Interest and Duty to acknowledge Us independent?
I have Seen Joly’s Letters. He Seems to have Some Ideas, but he must be not only a maker of Memoirs and Projects, but a madman. I think Lord Stormont gave him more than he was worth.
Pray how came Sir Jos. Y. by the Character of one of the greatest Ministers of the Age? What great Stroke has he Struck in 30 years? What great Thing has he done? He has discovered, of late years that he understood his Court, perfectly well. But does this alone constitute a great Minister? A Man who has been long in a Post acquires a Character by Prescription I think. A Name often and long repeated, becomes great.

Some judge of Authors names, not Works and then
Nor praise nor blame the Writings but the Men.

I wish the Author of Lettres Hollandoises, (what is his Name?) success.
As to my publick Character it is well enough known. It is indifferent to me how your Letters are directed so I do but get them.
Not a Word from England, since the Beginning of the Month.


Title: To John Adams from Benjamin Rush, 21 January 1781
From: Rush, Benjamin
To: Adams, John

Philada. Jany. 21. 1781
My Dear Sir

Your favor of Sepr. 20 from Amsterdam came safe to hand. The contents of it were of so important a nature that I took the liberty of publishing them in our newspapers. They were known from the republican and liberal Spirit of the sentiments, to be yours, and were well received by the public. I am happy in finding that your once unpopular name, now gives weight to opinions and measures not only among the democratics of the Eastn., but the aristocratics of the Southern states. I wish in your letters to your correspondents in congress you would urge them to entertain a proper sense of their own dignity, and to act upon all occasions, especially in their intercourse with foreigners, and the Servants of Monarchs as the Sovereigns of our country. I wish to see America acquire a national character—and instead of receiving—to impart manners and customs to the Strangers of every description who reside among us. A Republican State should be to the monarchical governments what a good Christian should be with respect to the fashions of the world. A Spirit of too much conformity proves equally ruinous to the principles and Characters of them both.
In spite of our ignorance and blunders, we continue to support our independance. The exportation of flour has had an amazing effect upon our agriculture—trade—and money. The last paper nearly equal to gold and silver, and if no more than the ten millions voted March 18th. 1780 are emitted there is no danger of further depreciation. I wish you would bear a testimony against a second inundation of paper money among us. I have heard many things against the iron age, but I have no conception of greater political and moral evils than the paper Age has introduced in the Space of five years into our country.
The mutiny of the Pensylvania line has had no effect upon the minds of whigs or tories. It appears upon examination that most of them were entitled to their discharge above a Year ago. They are still devoted to our cause, and such of them as do not reinlist, will add to the Strength and defence of our country by entering on board privateers, or other vessels of war.
Tell the friends of America where ever you go, that in Philada. within 100 miles of the head quarters of the British army, we live as peaceably and comfortably as our bitterest enemies can possibly do in the neighborhood of St. James in Westminister.
My dear Mrs. Rush thanks you for your polite attentions to her in all your letters. She joins with me in sincere wishes for your health and happiness.

Adieu—my dear friend. Yours most sincerely & respectfully
Benjn Rush


Title: From John Adams to Jean Luzac, 22 January 1781
From: Adams, John
To: Luzac, Jean

Amsterdam Jan. 22. 1781
Sir

I have received your favour of 19 and am much obliged to you for your frank and candid Account of the Paragraphs mentioned.
I could not wish, if it were in my Power, to diminish the Utmost Freedom of Speculation upon American Affairs, and especially yours, which are generally with a great deal of Knowledge of the Subject, and upon honest and amiable Principles.
But in this Case, I hope your Conjectures will prove to be mistaken. Georgia is so connected with Carolina, that it is impossible ever to give it up. And Vermont is So situated, that the Southern States can never agree, that it should be distinct on Account of the Ballance of Votes. I dont know that it is the Secret Wish of the New England States, that Vermont Should be distinct. I rather think otherwise. I am Sure it would be better both for Vermont and all the States, if, the Inhabitants of it would consent to be divided between N. York, N. Hampshire and Massachusetts, or come altogether under any one of them. However I dont mean to enter into a discussion of the question, for which I might perhaps be justly censured. I am glad to find that those Ideas were not held up to the public by any one who meant to do mischief or to carry any Point.

I am with great Esteem


Title: To John Adams from C. W. F. Dumas, 22 January 1781
From: Dumas, Charles William Frederic
To: Adams, John

Lahaie 22e. Janvr. 1780 i.e. 1781
Monsieur

Fidele à ma promesse, j’ai l’honneur de vous donner connoissance, que le Courier attendu est arrivé hier au Soir de Pétersbourg, avec la nouvelle de la signature a la Convention entre les Ministres de la Russie et ceux de la rep. le 3 de ce Mois. Ainsi tout est en ordre. Si vous avez quelque chose de nouveau, quant aux affaires de l’Amérique, faites m’en part, de grace: car il importe de pouvoir donner ici intelligence pour intelligence le plus souvent possible. J’écris a la hâte, et suis obligé d’être court.
Je suis avec beaucoup de respect & d’attachement, Monsieur, Votre très-humble & très-obéissant servit

Dumas

P.S. On avoit, il y a quelques jours par lettre d’un procureur d’ici, à un Avocat d’Amst., proposé aux Négocians d’Amstm. d’envoyer, conjointément avec ceux de Dort et Rotterdam, des Députés ici, demander protection extraordinaire pour le Commerce. Ceux d’Amstm. ont repondu être parfaitement contents de la protection ordinaire de leur Régence, et vouloir s’y tenir, sans innover. L’affaire en est restée là. Je vous en informe Monsieur, parce que je fais que l’affaire a été mal debitée parmi le public à Amstm. Comptez sur la vérité du fait. Je le tiens de source.