Title: From George Washington to John Jay, 7 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To: Jay, John

          Dear Sir,
          West-point Sepr 7th 1779.

        I have received your obliging favors of the 25th & 31st of last month and thank you for them.
        It really appears impossible to reconcile the conduct Britain is pursuing, to any system of prudence or policy. For the reasons you assign, appearances are against her deriving aid from other powers; and if it is truly the case, that she has rejected the mediation of Spain, without having made allies, it will exceed all past instances of her infatuation. Notwithstanding appearances, I can hardly bring myself fully to believe that it is the case; or that there is so general a combination against the interests of Britain among the European powers, as to permit them to endanger the political ballance. I think it probable enough, that the conduct of France in the affairs of the Port & Russia will make an impression on the Empress; but I doubt whether it will be sufficient to counter-ballance the powerful motives she has to support England; and the Port has been perhaps too much weakened in the last war with Russia to be overfond of renewing it. The Emperor is also the natural ally of England notwithstanding the connexion⟨s⟩
of blood between his family & that of France—and he may prefer reasons of national policy to those of private attachment. Tis true his finances may not be in the best state, though one Campaign could hardly have exhausted them, but as Holland looks up to him for her chief protection, if he should be inclined to favor England, it may give her Councils a decided byass the same way. She can easily supply what is wanting in the article of money—and by their aid, give sinews to that confederacy—Denmark is also the natural ally of England; and though there has lately been a family bickering, her political interest may outweigh private animosity. Her marine assistance would be

considerable—Portugal too, tho^ timid and cautious at present, if she was to see connections formed by England able to give her countenance & security, would probably declare for her interests. Russia, Denmark, the Emperor, Holland—Portugal & England would form a respectable counterpoise to the opposite scale; though all the maratime powers of Europe were interested in the independence of this Country, as it tended to diminish the overgrown power of Britain, yet they may be unwilling to see too great a preponderancy on the side of her rivals; and when the question changes itself from the seperation of America to the ruin of England as a naval power, I should not be surprized at a proportionable change in the Sentiments of some of those states which have been heretofore unconcerned spectators or inclining to our side—I suggest these things rather as possible than probable—it is even to be expected that the decisive blow will be struck, before the interposition of the Allies England may acquire can have effect—But still as possible events, they ought to have their influence, and prevent our relaxing in any measures necessary for our safety, on the supposition of a speedy peace or removal of the War from the present theatre in America.
        The acct which Mr Wharton received of the re-inforcement that came with Admiral Arbuthnot, corresponds pretty well with respect to number, with the best information I have been able to obtain upon the Subject. Some recent advices make it about 3000 & say that these Troops are rather in a sickly condition. It is generally said, that they are recruits; but whether there is so great a proportion of them Scotch as his intelligence mentions is not ascertained by any accts I have received.
        With respect to the person you recommended last Winter—he was employed in consequence—and I have not the smallest doubt of his attachment and integrety. But he has not had it in his power, and indeed it is next to impossible that any one should circumstanced as he is, to render much essential service in the way it was intended to employ him. you will readily conceive the difficulties in such a case. The business was of too delicate a nature for him to transact it frequently himself—and the characters he has been obliged occasionally to confide it to have not been able to gain any thing satisfactory or material. Indeed, I believe it will seldom happen, that a person acting in this way, can render any essential advantages more than once or twice at any rate, and that what he will be compelled to do to preserve the pretended confidence of the other party, will generally counterballance any thing he may effect. The greatest benefits are to be derived from persons who live with the other side—whose local circumstances without subjecting them to suspicions, give them an

oppertunity of making observations and comparing and combining things and sentiments. It is with such I have endeavoured to establish a corrispondance and on whose reports I shall most rely. From these several considerations I am doubtful whether it will be of any advantage for the person to continue longer in the way he has acted. The points to which he must have alluded in his letter—were the movements up the North River and against Charles Town and the Expedition to Virginia—I believe the first certain information of the first of those events came from him. He has never received any thing from me. The Gentleman who employed him first, has some money deposited with him for confidential purposes—but I cannot tell how much he may have paid him. With every sentiment of esteem, regard, & respect I am Dr Sir Yr Most Obedt Hble Servt

          Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to John Jay, 7 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To: Jay, John

          Sir,
          Head Quarters West Point Septr 7th 1779

        The current of intelligence from New York makes the late reinforcement under Arburthnot amount to about 3000 troops principally recruits and rather in an unhealthy situation. It also speaks of preparations for an expedition and some recent rumours point to the Southern States, though the enemy have thrown out menaces against this post. If the reinforcement does not exceed this estimate they may not think themselves able to operate effectually this way—

in which case, the unpromising situation of their affairs may tempt them to make an effort to get hold of some of the southern States, to co[u]nterballance their losses in the West Indies and favor negotiations in the Winter—They have been for some time past fortifying across New York Island; and it is said are going to erect a strong work at Brookline on Long Island: all this may be to have it in their power to secure their present posts with a small force and make large detachments with the greater confidence—A part may go to the West Indies and a considerable number still be spared for the purpose I am supposing—the more so, if Rhode Island, which [is] now become to them a very inferior object should be evacuated.
        An apprehension of the Spaniards may be an objection to this plan; but they may not be deterred by this danger, from the probability that the Spaniards will rather direct their attention to Jamaica than to this Continent—besides which if they have a large force operating in the southern States, it may easily enough be turned to the defence of their own possessions that way, or if these should be lost, they will be amply compensated by the full acquisition of Georgia and South Carolina, both which are so weak as to be in no small danger.
        I take the liberty to suggest these hints, as it seems to me to be the part of prudence to be upon our guard against a plan of this nature and to take eve⟨ry⟩ precaution in our power to disappoint its success—By a letter I have received from General Lincoln his force is insignificant and his prospects of an addition feeble—No exertions should be omitted to make them better.
        Though our force here is far from making a diminution desireable; yet as I think we have more to apprehend to the southward than in this quarter, if Congress should be of opinion for sending the two North Carolina regiments that way, I should hope they might now be spared without material injury—The distance is a very discouraging circumstance; but the troops shall be in readiness to move the moment the pleasure of Congress is known.
        I have the honor to inclose the copy of a letter which I have just received from General Sullivan and to congratulate Congress on the agreeable and important success it announces. I have the honor to be With the greatest respect & esteem Your Excellency’s Most Obet, servant

          Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to William Livingston, 7 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To: Livingston, William

          Dear Sir
          Head Quarters West Point 7th Sepr 1779

        I yesterday recd your favr of the 3d Inst. I thank your Excellency for your attention to mine on the subject of Officers who have violated their paroles—and on the prospect of a scarcity of Flour. I have little doubt but that the farmers will thresh out part of their Grain earlier than usual, when influenced by a few virtuous individuals in each district.
        It hath been our constant practice hitherto to exchange Officer for Officer of equal Rank giving a preference to those who have been longest in captivity. We have several times endeavoured to settle a Tariff for enlarging the scale of Exchanges by composition where circumstances of equality of Rank would not apply, but we have not been able to agree upon one. I have the honor to be with the greatest Respect & Esteem Yr Excellency’s most obt.


Title: To George Washington from the Pennsylvania Supreme Executive Council, 7 September 1779
From: Pennsylvania Supreme Executive Council
To: Washington, George

          Sir,
          Philad., Sept. 7, 1779.

        Your Excellys several Favours of the 26th & 30th Augt & 2d September have been duly received & properly attended to. And I shall now acquaint you with the Result upon each.—It was some Surprize to us to find by an Application from the new Clothier Genl a few days before your Excellys came to Hand, that the State was depended on for any Supplies to the common Soldier; we knew the Officers looked up to us & accordingly made such Provision for them as I am sure will answer their utmost Wishes; we could probably have done the same for the Soldiers if we had known it was expected. The last Resolve of Congress to us was on the 28th May, 1778, in which all farther Purchases by the State on Acct of the United States were expressly prohibited, & as that Resolve was never vacated or altered we did not even apprehend ourselves at Liberty to purchase—tho we intended by way of Gratuity to send the poor Fellows each a good warm Waistcoat & perhaps something more. Indeed it is owing to a Neglect of our Officer who was directed to sell all the coarse Cloth, that we have any left as it is; we have on Hand about as much as will make every Soldier a warm Waistcoat & a pair of Overalls, on which the Taylors are at Work. Your Excelly must see how difficult it is at such short Notice to answer Expectations, & you & the Army will certainly make Allowances if under such Circumstances we find great Difficulties &

of Course the Supplies tardy; this is often improved to the Prejudice of the Governmt, but very unjustly, & as the Attention to the Officers in Articles which we are depended upon for shows very plainly that neither Attention or Generosity is wanting.—We shall be indefatigable to remedy the Mischief & hope not without success. We are sorry to find any Pennsylva Officers on the List of Violators of Parole, & shall concur in every Measure to answer your just Expectations on this Subject. For this End I have sent to the Lieut. of every County a List with most positive Injunctions for their Return—unless where Death or Sickness has prevented, in which Case authentick Proofs to be sent.—We are informed that several in the List have returned & as soon as we are able to give more full & satisfactory Accounts of the others shall do so.
        The partial Exchanges made by States is a fund of lasting Complaint, & strongly urged by many Officers of this State in Excuse for their Conduct, & the Commissaries of Prisoners allow there is Reason. Many of our Officers taken on Long Island in 1776 are yet Prisoners, tho there are none from the Eastern States remaining taken at that Time, & many taken since Exchanged while ours are left. If it was possible to put this Business entirely on a general Footing it would have a happy Tendency, & is well worthy your Excellys Interposition.
        The Scarcity of Flour & Demand on us was very unexpected, & I am sure will be so to your Excelly after you have perused the enclosed Letter to which I may add Mr. G. Morris’s Assurances to Council that there was such an Abundancy of Flour as to make it absolutely necessary to export. The Council hesitated to comply, but at length pressed thereto gave the Permissn, & a Vessel with 1000 Barrels sailed last Week. As Mr Morris was the Superintendt Committee himself, the other Members declaring they knew nothing of the Measures, all the Consequences will be justly ascribed to this Mode of doing Business. At this Season of the Year your Excelly will be sensible how difficult it is for the Farmer to thresh or come to Market, besides which the Practice of our Speculators, countenanced by some principal Merchants, who have thwarted every Measure for checking the Depreciation, have now given such Disgust to the Country that we are threatened with a total Suppression of all Supplies.—If it had not been for the Prizes our Situation at this Time would have been truly alarming. The Bread we now eat is of musty English Flour, which formerly would have been given to our Cattle.—Apprehending a Difficulty in the Article of Salt & procuring Cloathing for our Officers about 6 Weeks ago, Directions were given to purchase about 2000 Barrells of Flour for Exportation on Acct of the State—a Part of that is now in Store, but if it was possible to avoid turning it from the useful Purpose to

which it is devoted it would be best, and as the Farmers to the Southward have been under a Necessity of threshing on Acct of the Fly, we flatter ourselves the Supply from thence will be more speedy & sufficient.—If the Laws of Maryland would have permitted Exportation to this State we could have made very large Purchases in that Quarter & at a pretty moderate Price, but the Depreciation there now surpasses all Credit. Tobacco is not to be obtained in many Parts of Virginia or Maryland but for Gold or Silver, & of course a Barter is introduced that will, if not checked, soon give the Money its fatal Stroke.
        We shall give Gen. Sullivan the Assistance you request whenever the Commissys acquaint us with their particular necessities, tho the Freedom he has taken with us in his Complaints to Congress & to the People on the Frontiers have made an Impression upon us which will not soon be removed. We have never had one Line from him since he left Easton, & could easily satisfy your Excelly that his Complaints were without the least real Ground. In Consequence of the Demand for Boatmen the Rangers could not be raised. & now it is evident that his Expedition will fail of its full Effect by its Numbers & the Difficulty of feeding them. However we are very glad it has been attended with any Success. It would be happy if your Excellys Example in your Attention to publick Authority, & candid Allowances, which we shall always acknowledge, had a more diffusive Influence. And we now beg Leave to assure you that no Exertions on our Part shall be wanting to yield a full Compliance with every of your Requests. We are with the greatest Respect & Esteem, Your Excellys, &c.


Title: From George Washington to Jeremiah Powell, 7 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To: Powell, Jeremiah

          Sir
          Head Quarters West Point 7th Sepr 1779

        I have been honored with yours of the 31st ulto with a packet for His Excellency the president of Congress, which I have forwarded by Express.
        I return you my thanks for your congratulations upon our late

successes and have the Honor to be With the greatest Respect Sir Your most obt Servt

          Go: Washington

          P.S. I have just recd a letter from Genl Sullivan of the 30th Augt. on the preceding day he met the collected force of Indians and Tories at a place called the New town. They were advantageously posted and strongly entrenched. Their lines were forced, and they fled with precipitation leaving 11 Warriors dead, all their Baggage, packs Blankets and a number of Arms. Our loss 3 killed. 39 Wounded.


Title: From George Washington to Lieutenant Colonel William Washington, 7 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To: Washington, William

          Dear Sir
          Head Quarters West Point 7th Sepr 1779

        I have been informed, tho’ not officially, that Monsr Gerrard was to leave Philada some time this week in his way toward Camp. As I would wish to have every mark of respect shewn to him, I must desire you to hold a Captain’s Command of Horse ready at Pompton, that should he come on they may fall in with him at that place, and escorte him to New Windsor. The Officer will present my Compliments to Monsr Gerrard upon the occasion. That there may be no misunderstanding—This party is intended to be different, from that which is ordered to receive Chevalier La Luzerne the new Minister of France on his way from Boston. Be pleased to acknowledge the Rect of this by return of Express. I am &c.

          P.S. Should Monsr Gerrard come on, dispatch a Dragoon to inform me of it with the time that he will reach New Windsor.


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General Anthony Wayne, 7 September 1779
From: Wayne, Anthony
To: Washington, George

          Dear Genl
          Fort Mont[gomer]y [N.Y.] 7th Sepr 1779

        I returned late last evening from Reconnoitring the Enemy at Stoney point, & find that they have nearly Completed their works—which Consist of One Advanced Redoubt on the Hill Commanding the ferry, way enclosed & finished, with a good Abbatis & Block House to fire over the parapet in barbet.
        The large work is also Enclosed the parapet raised much higher than usual & fraised in the most Capital manner & Surrounded with a Wide & formidable Abbatis—within this is a Citidal Independant of the Other work with a Strong high parapet ⟨with fraised⟩ and a Block House which ⟨fires⟩ in Barbett the top of all the parapets neatly & almost Completely ⟨sodded⟩.
        They have about Eight Guns mounted & Six more laying on the out side the main work on Garrison or Ships Carriages.
        In short—they have appearantly done more work since they reposse[sse]d that post than all our Army have Effected the whole Campaign.
        A forage or Rather Marauding party of about 300 men were out the night before last & after sweeping the Country in the V[i]cinity of Cattle & Sheep got back early yesterday Morni[n]g to an Island or point of Land on the River Opposite the White House from where⟨in⟩ they carried off their plunder & men by water to the Fort. I wished to have struck them, but the Intelligence came too late—however we put them to some trouble & probably caused them to lay on their arms all night.
        no Additional number of Shipping at the point.
        I was not a little surprised to find the Enclosed Letter from Colo. Schammel laying on my table this morning—as I could not believe that any man could be so lost to every proper sense of feeling as Capt. Ashmead appears to be.
        I would wish to know your Excellency⟨’s⟩ pleasure, whether Colo. Butler is to be tried by a Genl Court Martial of the Line or of the Light Infantry—as it Consists of Officers from each State ⟨illegible⟩ Absence cannot prudently be dispensed with, in our present Situation.
        I believe the Colonel has a Matereal Obje[c]tion to be tryed by the same Court which acquitted Capt. Ashmead with Honor—as they must Inevitably Censure him, or be guilty of Duplicity of Conduct, I shall wait Your Answer & am with true Esteem Your Most Obet Hume Sevt

          Anty Wayne


Title: General Orders, 8 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To:

          Head-Quarters Moores-House [West Point]Wednesday Septr 8th 1779.
          Parole Medfield—  C. Signs Newbury. Old-York.

        The commanding officers of regiments will send to the Clothier at New-Burgh for their proportions of clothing upon returns made according to the mode established.
        Lieutenant Robert Peebles of the 7th Pennsylvania regiment is appointed Quarter Master to the same from the 1st of June last, vice—Ensign Hughes, promoted.


Title: From George Washington to Hugh Henry Brackenridge, 8 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To: Brackenridge, Hugh Henry

          Sir
          Wt Pt 8th Septr 1779

        I have to thank you for your favor of the 10th of August, and your Eulogium.
        You add motives to patriotism, and have made the army your debtor in the handsome tribute which is paid to the memory of those who have fallen in fighting for their country.

          G.W.


Title: From George Washington to George Clinton, 8 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To: Clinton, George

          Dear Sir
          Head Quarters West Point 8th Sepr 1779

        I have the pleasure to inform you, that the junction between Generals Sullivan and Clinton having been formed at Tioga, the whole Army moved the 26th Augt. On the 29th the advanced party of Riflemen announced the Enemy at a place called the Newtown, and that they were advantageously posted and intrenched. General Sullivan, having reconnoitered them—made his dispositions, and attacked them in front and flank at the same time. Their lines (which he says were more judiciously constructed than could have been expected) were quickly carried, and the enemy fled with the greatest precipitation, leaving eleven Warriors dead upon the feild—a number of Arms—packs, Blankets and all their Baggage. A Negro and a White were taken prisoners, from them, General Sullivan learned, that the force of the Enemy had consisted of five Companies of Whites and Warriors from seven Indian Natio⟨ns,⟩ under the command of the two Butlers, Brant and McDonald, and that they had been eight days waiting at that place. The feilds of Corn⟨,⟩ Beans and Vegetables were very extensive, and were all destroyed. Our loss was 3 Killed and 39 Wounded. among the latter, Major Titco⟨mb,⟩ Capt. Clause and Mr McAulay of General Poor’s Brigade. Mr McAulay since dead. I imagine the inclosed, which came with my dispatches, will give your Excellency an Account of the above Affair.
        I expect the Count la Luzerne, the new Minister of France, will be here in a few days, on his way to Philada—Should your Excellency chuse to pay him a Visit, I will inform you of his arrival by Express. I

have the honor to be with the sincerest Respect and Esteem Yr Excellency’s Most obt Sevt

          Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from General Henry Clinton, 8 September 1779
From: Clinton, Henry
To: Washington, George

          Sir,
          New York Septemr 8th 1779.

        Having occasion to remit £10,000, Sterling in Specie to Virginia for the Troops of the Convention of Saratoga; and wishing also to send by the same Conveyance that carries this Money, a quantity of Wine and other Refreshments for their Use, I am to request you will be so obliging to send me the necessary Passports for the safe conveyance thereof, in the Brigantine Patsey, of about 180 Tons Burthen, Thomas Harding Master. I have the honor to be, Your Excellency’s Most obedient humble Servt

          H. Clinton


Title: From George Washington to John Jay, 8 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To: Jay, John

          Sir.
          Head Quarters West-point 8th Septr 1779.

        I had the honor to address your Excellency yesterday—since which I have received the within intelligence. It comes from a person who in general has been exact and authentic in his accounts, and in whose information I place a principal confidence.

        The counterfiet sixty dollar bill which he mentions is also inclosed. I have the honor to be with great respect and esteem your Excellency’s most obt servt

          Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General William Woodford, 8 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To: Woodford, William

          Dr Sir
          West point September the 8th 1779

        I have received Your Letter of Yesterday with the report of the Field Officers of the Virginia line. The Agreement and plan entered into at White plains and sanctioned by the Committee of Arrangement as stated by the Board, will warrant the Opinion which they have given—and place the point with respect to filling vacancies in the Virginia line, in a much clearer light than I had conceived of it before. I would however observe, to prevent misconception in future—that the cap;ture of an Officer after the Resolution of the 24th November, will not authorise a promotion—this Resolution so far as it regards prisoners, was meant to apply to some peculiar cases which then existed, and that so far from intending to authorise the filling of vacancies on any new captures, one of it’s main objects was, to grant relief to Officers who had been & were prisoners, against the injuries, which they had sustained from the very practice and from their having been neglected and omitted by their States, or through some other means in former Arrangements. A practice which had obtained, in a variety of instances, and which could not be reconciled on principles either of justice, generosity or of policy. I return you the Resolution having a Copy of it by me. I have not yet received a Copy of the Arrangement from the Board of War, as soon as I get it, I will forward it to You and General Muhlenburg—with the dates of such resignations as have come to my knowledge—that matters may be put in a proper train for promotions. I am &c.

          G.W.


Title: General Orders, 9 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To:

            Head-Quarters Moore’s House [West Point]Thursday Septr 9th 1779.
            Parole  C. Signs

          The President of the Court of Inquiry on Colonel Hay has informed the Commander in Chief by the unanimous voice of the Court—“That Colonel Hay’s conduct in the matters of Inquiry was found not only unexceptionable but commendable as a faithful servant of the public; And as Mr Banker might be thought of for further employment the Court think themselves bound in duty to say that however he might have heretofore suffered in his private affairs & might be in needy circumstances and withal a well-meaning man he appeared to the Court to want that knowledge, activity and address necessary to discharge the offices he held or any other where the execution is attended with difficulties and embarrassments.

          After orders.
          The Commander in Chief having observed great irregularity in the different beats of the drum, requests a stricter attention to the regulations on this head, that all the drums of the line may begin and end as nearly as possible at the same time; But as in the present position of the army the rule of begining on the right cannot be so conveniently observed; while at this post the signals are to be given from the Ramparts of Fort-Arnold, taken up by the nearest troops and conveyed to the right and left through the line.
          Gun-firing in the morning will be as usual the signal for the reviellè, and ’till further orders a gun will be fired at sunset in the evening as the signal for the retreat: The troop will beat as heretofore and the tatoo at nine ôclock.


Title: To George Washington from Major General Horatio Gates, 9 September 1779
From: Gates, Horatio
To: Washington, George

          Sir
          providence 9th September 1779

        I have the Honour to send Your Excellency, a Request of the Officers of Col: Webb’s Regiment; Also a Letter I received Yesterday from Lieutt Edwards, who has my directions to take Charge of The

prisoners at—Rutland. I understand Major Mersereau’s Wife was in His Absence from Boston last Winter, Wheedled away by an Officer of The Convention Troops; I suppose the Major is gone to Virginia, in Search of Her. As This Woman, has a most Commanding Influence Over her Dashing Husband, Your Excellency will doubtless approve of my Giving You this information. The following is an Extract of a Letter from Col: Chase D.Q.M. General at Boston, Dated 14th August last, “There is One Myres in This Town, who left the Troops of The Convention when They first Arrived at Cambridge, & is now One of Our Hawkers; He was a Sutler in General Riedesel’s Regiment; please to give me directions whether to take him Up, or Not.” A Charecter so Suspicious, Your Excellency may be Assured I Order’d to be Arrested. Since then, I have received a petition, Sign’d by a Number of respectable Inhabitants, requesting the Liberation of Mr Myres; I have Orderd Town Major Rice to Examine Cautiously, & particularly into The Affair and, if he finds no reason to Suspect Myres’s fidelity to The U.S.; to release him; Upon Giving good, & Sufficient Bail. Myres is a German, & Came to America with General Ridesel’s Regiment; & is a Conventioner. I wish Your Excellency’s Sentiments hereupon; as I cannot Divest myself of The Opinion That he is very probably Employ’d as a Spy by The Enemy. He is a fellow of Talents, & Address. I am, Sir, Your Excellency’s, most Obedient, Humble Servant,

          Horatio Gates


Title: To George Washington from William Greene, 9 September 1779
From: Greene, William
To: Washington, George

          Sir
          Warwick State Rhodeisland &C. Sepr 9th 1779

        I had the Honour of receiving your Excellencys Favour of the 26th Ulto. And for answer say, that this State has already appointed their Clothier agreeable to the act of Congress by you mentioned.
        The General Assembly meets on the 13th Instant when I shall imbrace the earliest Oppertunity to lay your letter before them when I doubt not, it will be consider’d with that attention that the importance of it Requires. I am with great Truth Your Obedient and most Humble Servt

          W. Greene


Title: From George Washington to Jeremiah Wadsworth, 9 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To: Wadsworth, Jeremiah

          Sir,
          [West Point, N.Y. 9 September 1779]

        As it is the season for forming the magazines necessary for our future operations, the following are my ideas of the places which ought to be chosen, according to the present prospects of the war.
        Albany ought to be the place of the principal deposit. This admits of a sufficient security from the remoteness of its situation—of an easy transportation by water, while the army acts on this river or in the vicinity—is an intermediate point from which to convey our supplies Eastward or Westward, as circumstances may require and is favorable to an expedition into Canada, if it shall become expedient to undertake it.
        The next most considerable deposits ought to be at Sussex Court House, Pits Town, Easton Reading and Estherton on the Susquehannah; the largest of these at sussex Easton and Reading.
        Magazines at different places on Connecticut River from Coos downward as far as Hartford—will be proper and necessary consisting of the supplies which those parts of the country afford, and having regard to the convenience of transportation and the avoiding expence as much as possible. one object I have in view in these Magazines is an expedition into Canada by way of Coos; but as this is a precarious event, I am unwilling to let it have more influence than will be perfectly consistent with public œconomy, and would not wish you to incur much extraordinary expence—So far as you can attend to this object under these restrictions it will correspond with my desire and may be advancive of the public service.
        The intimation I have given you of an expedition into Canada is for your private information—I wish it to be a secret to others.
        The ideas I have here suggested are those which ought to govern the formation of our principal stationary magazines—Such smaller ones as are necessary for the occasional supply of the several parts of

the army are left entirely to your discretion and the requisitions you receive from the officers commanding at seperate posts under the general cautions which have been heretofore given. Given at Head Quarters this 9th Day of Septr 1779.

          Go: Washington


Title: General Orders, 10 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To:

          Head-Quarters Moore’s House [West Point]Friday Septr 10th 1779.
          Parole  C. Signs

        A board of Field Officers composed of the following Gentlemen—

            Colonels
            Bailey.

            Johnston

            Gunby—

            Lt Colls
            Littlefield

            Davidson

        to sit at Robinson’s house tomorrow morning 10 ôclock to ascertain the relative rank of Captains Cleft and Titus Watson of the Connecticutt line previous to the promotion of the former to a Majority and to inquire into the principles upon which the promotion was made; The parties and all persons concerned to attend. The papers in possession of the Commander in Chief will be laid before the board.
        The relative rank of the Captains in Harrison’s, Lambs’ & Crane’s battalions of Artillery to be settled by a board of Field officers of Artillery at West-Point next Tuesday: Colonel Lamb, Lieutenant Colonel Carrington and Lieutenant Colonel Popkins are appointed for the board. All Captains concerned are desired to send their pretensions in writing to General Knox by that time.
        The Commander in Chief has the pleasure to inform the Army that Major General Sullivan with the troops under his command has

lately gained an important Victory over the savages and their associates at a place called New-Town a capital indian settlement on the Cayuga branch of the Susquehannah, where they had assembled their whole force of Indians and whites under the two Butlers, Brandt and McDonald, and had intrenched themselves in a very artful and advantageous manner: They were put to the route with great terror and precipitation, leaving eleven Warriors dead on the spot (a very unusual thing among them) with a number of Arms, Packs, Blankets, Camp-Utensils and Trinkets.
        Two Prisoners taken reported that this was the place where they intended to make their principal stand and that they had sent off a great many dead and wounded in Canoes & on horseback during the action: On our side we had only three men killed and thirty nine wounded, the chief part very slightly; This makes the fourteenth indian settlement destroyed since the commencement of this expedition.


Title: To George Washington from the Maryland Council, 10 September 1779
From: Maryland Council
To: Washington, George

          Sir.
          In Council Annapolis 10th Septr 1779

        The Day before Yesterday we received your two Letters of the 28th of last Month. Colo. Blaine came to Town Yesterday and we are concerting with him the Measures in our Power for procuring a Supply of Flour for the Army. We have no State Magazine and in a great Part of our Country the Crop has been very bad, however we hope that

enough may be soon got for the Temporary Subsistance of the Army. It gives us real Concern that any of our Officers should have broken their Paroll, your Excellency may rely that we shall exert ourselves to make them return. We are &ca.


Title: To George Washington from William McLeod, 10 September 1779
From: McLeod, William
To: Washington, George

          Sir
          Elizabeth Town [N.J.] Septr 10th 1779

        The purpose of this letter is to signify to your Exellency that I am a Capt. in the Royal Artillery, and at the end of last war being indulged with his Majesty’s leave to retire on my pay, have ever Since resided in this Town, where at the beginning of the present Troubles I was made a Prisoner on parole to continue my residence here as usule or else where in Jersey: till exchang’d or releas’d by order of the Commander in Chief of the American army: having no other means to suport my self and family than by Drawing my pay from England therefor hope your Excellency will be pleasd to favour me with Permission to pass to New york for a few days to negotiat bills of Exchange for that purpose, and leave to bring out with me a few Necessaries which myself and family are much in Need of. I am Sir your Excellencys mos Obedt Sevt

          Wm McLeod


Title: General Orders, 11 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To:

          Head-Quarters Moore’s-House [West Point]Saturday Septr 11th 1779.
          Parole Richmond—  C. Signs Roxbury. Paxton.

        Lieutenant Joseph Ashton and Lieutt Chilion Ford of Coll Lamb’s regiment of Artillery, are appointed the former Adjutant from the 1st of July last, the latter Quarter Master from the 1st of August following: Also Lieutt Guion is appointed Pay-Master to said regiment from the 1st instant.
        At a General Court-Martial of the line the 2nd instant whereof Coll Marshall is President—Major Henry Lee of the Light Dragoons was tried upon the following charges—lst—“For withholding a letter sent by him from Lord-Stirling to Colonel Gist of the 16th Virginia regiment on the morning of the 18th of August, by that means keeping him ignorant of a matter which required his immediate information.
        2nd—After having obtained three hundred men from Col. Gist’s detachment with which Major Clark was ordered, to inform him that his commission was dated in 1777—thereby assuming the command of him when in fact it was dated in 1778—and of a junior date to Major Clark’s which he could not be ignorant of.
        3rdly—For conducting the detachment under his (Major Lee’s) command on the March to Powle’s Hook with so much disorder & confusion as to cause almost the whole of the 1st battalion under his immediate command to be lost.
        4th—For ordering Captain Smith of Colonel Gist’s regiment who was leading one of the divisions under the command of Captain Forsythe of his own Corps of horse who was a junior officer.
        5th—For giving the command of the Forlorn-Hope to Lieutenant McCallaster for some time past annexed to his corps when the rest of the suba[l]terns solicited that it should be balloted for.
        6th For ordering a retreat from the Fort before a party of the enemy in a redoubt had been made prisoners, which might easily have been effected and was solicited by many of the officers & not only leaving that undone but suffering the Stores, Block-Houses and Works to remain entire when they might so easily have been destroyed.
        7th For bringing off the party in such a confused, irregular and unmilitary manner that they might have fallen an easy prey to a very

inconsiderable number of the enemy, had they attempted to have intercepted them.
        8thly and lastly—For behaving in a manner unbecoming an officer and a Gentleman.[”]
        The Court having considered the 1st charge are of opinion it is unsupported by evidence and is groundless and do acquit him with honor.
        The Court having considered the 2nd charge are of opinion that Major Lee did thro’ inattention give Major Clark a wrong date of his commission, but by no means intended to impose on Major Clark by assuming the command of him, having express orders from His Excellency, the Commander in Chief for that special command and do acquit him with honor.
        The Court having considered the 3rd charge are of opinion that there were some disorders in the line of march to Powles Hook and that the greater part of the 1st battalion was seperated from the column in the darkness of the night and marching thro’ the woods; They are further of opinion that the disorders and seperation did not proceed from any neglect or want of attention in Major Lee and do acquit him with honor.
        The Court having considered the 4th charge are of opinion that Major Lee ordered Captain Forsythe to take the command of the column which had before been commanded by Captain Smith which order was in consequence of Captain Forsythe’s being well acquainted with the situation of the enemy—That it was impossible for Major Lee to know the dates of the officers commissions and do acquit him with honor.
        The Court having considered the 5th charge are of opinion that Major Lee gave the command of the Forlorn-Hope to Lieutt McCallaster which was occasioned by his being under the necessity of altering his mode of attack in consequence of the seperation of the troops and do acquit him with honor.
        The Court having considered the 6th charge are of opinion that Major Lee in evacuating the Fort immediately after it was taken acted in perfect conformity to the orders of His Excellency the Commander in Chief: The time the assault was made, and the apprehensions of being intercepted in his retreat fully justifies his conduct and the court do acquit him with honor.
        The Court having considered the 7th charge are of opinion that perfect military order was preserved in the retreat of the troops in the rear where Major Lee commanded in person; That the enemy made an attempt to intercept his retreat which he subverted by his activity and judgment, and do acquit him with honor.

        The Court having considered the 8th and last charge are of opinion that Major Lee’s conduct was uniform and regular, supporting his military character with magnanimity and judgment and that he by no means acted derogatory to the Gentleman and the Soldier which characters he fills with honor to his country and the Army.
        The Commander in Chief confirms the opinion of the Court. Major Lee is released from his arrest.


Title: From George Washington to the Board of War, 11 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To: Board of War

          Gentn
          Head Qrs West point Septr 11th 1779

        I do myself the Honor to transmit you the Copy of a Letter of the 16th Ulto which I received from Wm Gardner Esq. Agent Cloathier at portsmouth, and of the foot of the Invoice to which he refers. I don’t know the terms on which the Cloathing Agents act; but there appears to me to be something obviously wrong in the present instance—and which has induced me to trouble the Board with this Letter. It is said by Mr Gardiner, that the Articles contained in the Invoice are part of the Continental moiety of the prizes taken by the Warren, Queen of France & Ranger. If so, and the Continent was intitled to a moiety of the Goods, I cannot perceive any necessity there was for Mr Langdon’s turning the Sterling amount into currency—or at any rate for doing it at an Advance of 3900 ⅌Cent. On this and 33:6:0£ paid for Casks & packing the Goods, Mr Gardner charges a Commission of £341:9:5 lawful money—so that he is to receive within a mere trifle, 20/ lawful for every 20/ Sterling Cost in the Invoice—barely for his trouble, in sending the Goods off for Camp. And, even unwarrantable as this appears to me, it is possible that it may not be the only Commission with which the public may be burthd on account of these Goods; for Mr Gardner, according to his Letter, is the second Agent through whose hands they passed. If Mr Langdon, who he says is the Agent for prizes and made the advance of 3900 ⅌Cent and delivered the Goods to him, receives a like commission, the States will pay about 679 or 80£ lawful—for the mere charges of commission on 340:12:9 Sterling Cost of Goods taken by their own Ships—exclusive of the

future charges of transportation—Storage & delivery. I am the more at a loss to account for the necess⟨ity⟩ which led to this advance and discount into Currency, as it could never be supposed that the Army, after Congress had so decidedly and so justly declared that Officers & Soldiers should have Cloathing on reasonable terms proportioned to their wages, that they were to pay such exorbitant prices. But whatever were the reasons with Mr Langdon profits to Mr Gardner strike me as insufferable. I have the Honor to be with great respect & esteem Gentn Yr Most Obedt sert

          G.W.

          P.S. If the Massachusetts arrangement has been committed to the Board—they will be pleased to forward the Commissions as soon as they can—as the Officers are frequently applying for them.


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General Jedediah Huntington, 11 September 1779
From: Huntington, Jedediah
To: Washington, George

          Dr Sir
          7 OClock P.M. 11 Septr [1779]

        Just now Captain Stevens of my Brigade came into Camp from Killingsworth—he says that two Vessels arrived at New London last Wednesday, who sailed in Company with a French fleet from the West Indies of 70 Sail, that in the latitude of Bermudas they left them—That 40 sail had parted and gone to France, the rest were bound to this Coast—that there were in the fleet several men of War. I am Yr Excellency’s Most Obedt sert

          J: Huntington


Title: From George Washington to John Jay, 11 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To: Jay, John

          Sir
          Head Quarters West Point 11th Sepr 1779

        I do myself the honor to inclose your Excellency two of the latest York papers that have come to my hands.
        The Count de la Luzerne reached Springfeild the Evening of the 7th and may be every hour expected here. I have the honor to be with the greatest Respect Yr Excellency’s Most obt and humble Servt

          Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Conrad-Alexandre Gérard, 12 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To: Gérard, Conrad-Alexandre

          Sir,
          West-point Sepr 12th 1779

        The Baron de Kalb did me the honor some days ago to communicate a letter he had received from your Excellency which flattered us with the hopes of seeing you at the Army before your departure for France. I am since told by the Baron that you have changed your intention of coming this way. In this I feel myself deprived of a great pleasure—I cannot however permit you to leave these States without giving you a fresh testimony of my cordial attachment and esteem, at the sametime that I offer my sincere congratulations on the glorious and important successes of his most Christian Majesty’s arms under the direction of Count DEstaing—and my most fervent wishes for the continuance of them.
        America is indebted to your early & zealous offices in her favour—To that generous and uniform attention to the interests of both Countries by which your administration is distinguished. You carry with you the affections of a whole People, and leave behind you a

reputation which will have the peculiar fortune to be every where admired by good men.
        Permit me now to wish you a safe & agreeable passage and a happy meeting with your Lady & friends—and I pray you to do me the justice to believe that no man is more deeply impressed with these Sentiments than I am—nor none who entertains a higher esteem, respect, & regard for your Excellency than Sir Yr Most Obedt & Most Hble Servt

          Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Major General Nathanael Greene, 12 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To: Greene, Nathanael

          Dear Sir
          Head Quarters [West Point] September 12th 1779

        I am not sure that I rightly understood you when you talked of the Boats at Albany. If you did not say that, you had already ordered a number from thence, it is my wish that you should do it immediately; and of such kinds (if there are more than one kind) as will answer the purposes we were talking of. It may be necessary also, to turn your attention a little to the proper kind of plank for like purposes. I am Yrs Sincerely

          Go. Washington

          P.S. I have forgot the report you made me respecting the Boats in Connecticut River & elsewhere please to repeat it.


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General Jedediah Huntington, 12 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To: Huntington, Jedediah

          Dr Sir,
          Head Quarters [West Point] Sepr 12th 1779

        I received your letter of yesterday last night—The intelligence from New London is interesting—I wish it had been more particular and distinct. I am to request you will immediately endeavour to procure a discreet sensible officer to go to that place with all dispatch, and by inquiries of the Captains themselves endeavour to ascertain the following particulars—The number and sizes of the Vessels of war—the number of the others and their contents whether they have troops on Board or not—from what port in the West Indies they came and to what port on this coast they were bound—who commands &c.
        I wish the greatest expedition to be used in going and coming and the greatest prudence in avoiding suspicion, that no alarm may be given; in case it should be the approach of a fleet to cooperate with us. I am Dr Sir Your most obed. ser.

          P.S. The officer will keep a particular account of his expences which shall be paid.


Title: From George Washington to John Jay, 12 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To: Jay, John

          Sir
          Head Quarters West Point Septr 12th 1779

        Since I had the honor of addressing you yesterday I have received the inclosed pieces of intelligence, thro Genl Gates and Genl Huntington. Genl Gates’s letter inclosing Mr Prouds was dated at Providence the 6th instant whence we may conclude that Sunday the date of Mr Prouds was the 5th—Though these accounts differ as to the number of Ships of War, they seem clearly to indicate a french fleet of some kind standing towards our Coast—It is more than probable that the intelligence above referred to may appear in the Eastern prints, but as advantages may accrue by keeping it from the enemy in New

York as long as possible, I have not communicated it publicly. Congress will judge of the expediency of doing the same.
        I do myself the honor of inclosing your Excellency four English prints though not of a very late date, they contain parliamentary debates somewhat more at large than we have seen them. I have the honor to be With the greatest respect & esteem Your Excellency’s Most Obet, servant

          Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Major General Lafayette, 12 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de

          My Dear Marquis
          West-point Sep: 12th 1779

        Often, since you left this Country have I written to you, but have not been favoured with a single line from you since you lay in Boston harbour. this I shall ascribe to any cause rather than a decline of friendship. I feel my own regard for you so sensibly, that I shall never suspect a want of it in your breast.
        I intended to have wrote you a very long letter by Monsr Gerard whom I have been expecting at this place on his way to Boston for two days past but am this instant informed that he either has imbarkd or is upon the very point of Imbarking at Philadelphia—not choosing that he should go without carrying some testimony of my constant remembrance of you I do in much haste scribble these lines.
        Most sincerely my dear Marquis do I congratulate you on the great & glorious exploits of Count D’Estaing in the West Indies—the bright prospect of European affairs—& our little successes in America the last of which though small on the great scale will nevertheless weigh in the ballance by our little successes I mean the storming of Stony point & surprize of Paules hook (within Cannon shott of the City of New York) and capture of the Garrisons—the first amounting to Six hundred Men—the other to two hundred. driving the enemy out of South Carolina & defeat of the Indians which last event I have within these few days received an Acct of from General Sullivan

who is now in the heart of their Country with 4000 Men and informs me that on the 29th Ulto he advanced to their Intrenchments at a place called Newtown, where the Warriors of Seven Nation’s some regulars—& Tories commanded by the two Butlars—Brandt—& a Captn McDonald had been assembled eight days to oppose him. the position was well chosen and their disposition well made but on finding themselves hard pushed in front and their left flank in danger of being turned they fled in great confusion & disorder, & with much precipitation leaving their packs, Camp kettles, Trinkets, & many arms on the ground & eleven Warriors which they could not get off dead. The prisoners of which a few were taken, say that their slain & wounded were carried off during the action on horses & in Canoes—our loss was trifling—in the whole to the date of his Letter under a hundred killed & wounded although he had advanced to & destroyed 14 Towns, large & most flourishing Crops of Corn, pulse &ca. He was proceeding in his plan of chastisement & will convince them it is to be hopd of two things—first, that their cruelties are not to pass with impunity—& secondly that they have been instigated to arms, & acts of Barbarizm by a Nation which is unable to protect them & of consequence has left them to that correction which is due to their villainy.
        The Bostonians have made an unfortunate Expedition to a place called Penobscot, where a body of about 800 Men from Hallifax under the command of Brigr Genl McLean had made a lodgment as is supposed for the purpose of getting Masts & Spars for their shipping. this Armament from the Massachusetts bay (consistg altogether of Militia) went their to dispossess them but were so dilatory in their operations that Sir George Collier with a superior naval force to theirs appearing occasioned the destruction (by themselves) of all their Shipping & the Troops to get off as well as they could by land. This and the conflagration of Fairfield, Norwalk, & New haven by the intrepid & Magnanimous Tryon who in defiance of all the opposition that could be given by the Women & Children Inhabitants of these Towns performed this notable exploit with 2000 brave & generous Britons adding thereby fresh lustre to their arms & dignity to their King.
        Admiral arbuthnot with about 3 or 4000 Troops are arrived at New York, & will, it is to be presumed, afford Sir Henry Clinton an oppertunity of displaying his intentions, or orders.
        I every moment look for the Chevalier de la Luzern on his way from Boston to Congress. by him I please myself with the hope of receiving a letter from you—if I am disappointed in this I shall assuredly hear of you.

        I have spun my letter to a much greater length than I expected & as Monsr la colombe is waiting I will only detain him while I can add that with every sentiment of esteem regard & Affecte.—I am My dear Marqs Yrs most sincerely

          G. W——n


Title: General Orders, 13 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To:

          Head-Quarters Moore’s House [West Point]Monday Septr 13th 1779.
          Parole  C. Signs

        The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to appoint James Wilkinson Esqr. Clothier General who is to be considered and respected accordingly.
        The Sub—or State and regimental Clothiers will pay a strict and pointed attention to the ordinance of the 23rd of March for regulating the clothing department published in the General Orders of the 27th of June last.
        Lieutenant Daniel Shaw and Lieutt Thomas Pasteur of the 1st North-Carolina regiment are appointed the 1st Quarter Master from the 1st of June 78, and the 2nd Adjutant from the 26th of June 1779—Also Lieutenant Thomas Evans & Ensign Stephen Slade of the 2nd North-Carolina regiment are appointed the 1st, Adjutant from the 22nd of July 1778—and the 2nd, Quarter Master from the 1st of January 1778.


Title: From George Washington to Vice Admiral d’Estaing, 13 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To: Estaing, Charles-Hector Théodat, comte d’

          Sir,
          Head Quarters West Point 13th Septr 1779

        Having received intelligence which made it probable that a Squadron of his Most Christian Majesty was approaching our coast, I thought it my duty to meet you with the earliest advice of the situation of the Enemy in this quarter. Admiral Arbuthnot arrived at New York the 25th of last month with a reinforcement under his convoy, consisting from the best accounts I have been able to obtain of about three thousand men, mostly recruits and in bad health. This makes the land force of the Enemy at New York and its dependencies near fifteen thousand men, distributed in the following manner—on the Island of New York about 7,000—on Long Island about 5,000—on Staten Island about 1,000 at Kings ferry up the north river 45 miles from new York about 2,000—and a small garrison at Powles Hook a fortified peninsula on the Jersey Shore opposite the City—This distribution is agreeable to the last advices; but the Enemy’s disposition undergoes very frequent changes and may have since altered—They have been for some time past drawing a line of works across new York Island and have lately fortified Governors Island near the City—They have also works on Staten Island & are said to have begun a strong Fort at Brooklyn on Long Island.
        The information of the naval force in the harbour of new York makes it, one seventy four—one sixty four—two fifty’s & two or three frigates with a few small armed Vessels. The land force at Rhode Island is estimated between three and four thousand—There may be one or two frigates there.
        Sir George Collier sailed some time since on an expedition to the Eastward of Boston—The force with him was composed of one Vessel of the line, one fifty four gun Ship and several smaller frigates and armed Vessels—He has completed his object; but I have not heard of his return.
        If it is your Excellency’s intention to operate against the Enemy at new York it will be infinitely interesting that you should immediately enter the harbour and make such dispositions as will be best calculated to prevent a reunion of their force at a single point, which would make their reduction a matter of no small difficulty. If your Excellency has a land force you will be able to judge in what manner it may be most usefully employed to intercept the detachments on Long and

Staten Islands—From the situation of the former relatively to new York, it will not be easy to intercept the troops there because the Enemy can throw their Troops from one to the other at pleasure; and your Ships could not conveniently lie in the East river to cut off the communication. It is not improbable the Enemys fleet will endeavour to take shelter in this river. It will also be of importance to run two or three frigates up the north river into Haverstraw Bay to obstruct the retreat of the garrisons at Kings ferry by water; and I should be happy these frigates may announce themselves by firing a number of guns in quick succession which will put it in my power to push down a body of troops below the garrisons on the East side to intercept a retreat by land to Kings Bridge—This will also answer the purpose of giving me earlier advice of your arrival than I could obtain in any other way. But some caution will be necessary in the passage of these frigates up the River, as there have been some cheveaux de frise sunk opposite Fort Washington which has given a partial obstruction to the channel—Your Excellency will probably be able to capture some Seamen who will be acquainted with the navigation of the river in its present state.
        To prevent the retreat of any part of the Enemy through the Sound it would be useful to detach a few ships round to take a convenient station there—These may answer another object, to hinder the evacuation of Rhode Island—either to form a junction with the main body or withdraw to a place of security & avoid falling into your hands—The detachment for this purpose need not be greater than to be a full match for Sir George Collier.
        I have taken the liberty to throw out these hints for Your Excellency’s information & permit me to intreat that you will favor me as soon as possible with an account of your Excellency’s intentions and the land force under your command which will help me to judge what additional succour it may be expedient to draw from the country and what other measures ought to be taken for a perfect co-operation—I also intreat your Excellency’s sentiments on the manner of this cooperation and you may depend upon every exertion in my power to promote the success of an enterprise from which such decisive advantages may be expected to the common cause—I sincerely congratulate you on your glorious victories in the West Indies, in which no one takes greater interest than myself as well as from motives of personal attachment as a concern for the common cause. I have the honor to be With the most perfect respect & esteem Your Excellencys Most obedient & Very hum. Servant.


Title: From George Washington to Honour Harnage, 13 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To: Harnage, Honour

          Madam.
          Head Quarters West-point 13th Sepr 1779.

        I have been honored with your letter of the 25th of August.
        You will beleive me, that my wishes and endeavours have been uniformly directed, to remove those obstructions which stood in the way of a general exchange of prisoners. I have only to regret their having heretofore proved unsuccessful. There is now a meeting of the respective commissaries of prisoners at Elizabeth Town, which I flatter myself will be attended with better fortune. But in case a general exchange cannot be effected my commissary has been particularly

instructed to propose Major Harnage and Capn Hawker for a parole exchange.
        I shall inclose your letter to his Excellency Sir Henry Clinton by the first flag to his lines, which I suppose will be to-morrow. I am Madam, with great respect, your most obt and very hble servt.


Title: From George Washington to Major General Robert Howe, 13 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To: Howe, Robert

          Dr Sir
          Head Quarters West Point 13th Sepr 1779.

        We have accounts by vessels arrived at different places which make it probable a French fleet is approaching our coast—If this should be

the case, it will be of importance to prevent the retreat of the troops at Kings ferry to their main body—The French Commandant will probably do his part to obstruct it by water and our business is to make such dispositions as are calculated to obstruct it by land—For this purpose you will be pleased to march with the troops under your command towards Pine’s Bridge, where you will take such a position as is best adapted to your security—This appears to me from the recollection I have of the ground, to be on the South side of the bridge but I leave the choice to yourself—You will be joined in your new position by General Nixons brigade—Great vigilance and caution to prevent a surprise will be necessary as the enemy can conveniently manœuvre on your flank and towards your rear; but with the help of your cavalry you may avoid the danger.
        You will keep patroles and look outs constantly along the river to advise you punctually of every movement in it that you may have the earliest notice of the appearance of our friends; of which the moment you have good intelligence you will without waiting orders from me move with all dispatch towards the River (informing me of your movement) and endeavour if you can to gain the new bridge at the mouth of Croton before the enemy passes it—This will enable you to interrupt their passage and they will of course fall into our hands.
        The reason of your movement to Pines Bridge must remain a profound secret, because it would give an alarm to the enemy which may defeat our purpose if the French fleet does appear, and would expose us to ridicule if they do not.
        I have received your letter of the 12th and inclose you the only edition of the articles of war in our possession and the resolve of Congress which affects the case of your prisoner. You will send the proceedings of the Court Martial to Hd Qrs for confirmation. I am with the greatest regard Your most Obed. serv.


Title: From George Washington to Major Henry Lee, Jr., 13 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To: Lee, Henry Jr.

          Dear Sir
          Head Quarters West Point 13th Sepr 1779

        From several circumstances there is reason to beleive that a French Squadron may be expected upon this Coast. As it is of the utmost consequence that Count D’Estaing or the Officer commanding this Squadron (should such an one arrive) should as soon as possible receive some necessary information from me, I desire that you will immediately move with the remainder of your Corps to the County of Monmouth and take a position as near the Coast as you can, without making yourself liable to a surprize. You are to keep up a constant communication with the shore, and should the squadron have arrived, or should it hereafter arrive, you are immediately, after being assured that it is a french fleet, to proceed yourself with the inclosed letter and deliver it to the Admiral Count D’Estaing or the commanding Officer. You will indeavour to inform yourself as well as possible of the Enemy’s naval strength in the Harbour of New York and what

defences they have made at the entrance of it—whether any ships arrive—and what number and of what force go out—These particulars you will communicate verbally to the Admiral or commanding Officer, with any others that may come under your observation. You are to keep this a profound secret even from your own Officers, making your move under the colour of going to a better forage Country, and your look Outs upon the Coast may be said to be for your security from a surprize. I would advise you to keep up a communication, across south River, with Lt Colo. Taylor at Elizabeth town—forwarding your dispatches to him and desiring him to send them by Express to me. Desire him also to give you any information which he may obtain from Staten Island. The detachment from your Corps under Capt. Eggleston will have order⟨s⟩ to join you when they have performed the duty upon which they at present are.
        You will give me the most instantaneous information of the fleet should it arrive after or be arrived when you get down to Monmouth. I am &c.


Title: From George Washington to Major General Stirling, 13 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To: Stirling, Lord (né William Alexander)

          My Lord
          Hd Qrs West-point 13 Sepr 1779.

        Some circumstances having made it necessary to station Major Lee’s corps at Monmouth, your Lordship will have his post at Paramus occupied by Lt Col. Washington—Inclosed is a letter directing him to take your orders on this occasion. I am my Lord Your Lordships

          G.W.


Title: From George Washington to John Hoskins Stone, 13 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To: Stone, John Hoskins

          Dr Sir
          West point Septr 13. 1779

        I have received Your Letter of the 1st of August, but it did not come to hand till yesterday. Your situation will not permit me to refuse your request and I have only to regret, that any circumstance should exist to deprive the States of the service of so good an Officer. I inclose you your Commission with a Certificate of your resignation indorsed, which bears the date of your Letter. Wishing you every happiness and a more perfect recovery of your wound—I am with great regard Dr Sir Yr Most Obedt servant

          Go: W.


Title: From George Washington to James Wilkinson, 13 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To: Wilkinson, James

          Sir
          West point Septr 13th 1779

        I have received Your Letter of the 12th with a transcript of the Resolution of the 24th of July appointing you to the Office of Cloathier General, which had been previously announced to me, by His Excellency the president of Congress.
        As the duties of the Department are generally delineated in the Ordinance of 23d of March last, established by Congress—with whom & the Honorable the Board of War, you have had communications upon the subject since your appointment—there remains but little for me to give you in direction at this time. However, I think it proper for me to inform you of the following points.
        That Springfield & Philadelphia appear to me, in our present circumstances, to be well calculated as proper places of Deposit in the first instance, for All articles of cloathing to be procured or already provided for the Army. Springfield for all the supplies imported or purchased by the Agents at the Eastward—Philadelphia for all imported or purchased there or in the Neighbouring States. From those Two places—the Supplies can be occasionally ordered & drawn.
        From the approaching season of the year—the Uniform and Other Winter Cloathing ought to be prepared and transported as fast as possible to the Town of Newburg on account of it’s contiguity to the Army and the probable places of operation for the present campaign, that it may be ready to deliver to the Troops entitled to receive it, in the course of next month if it be practicable.

        But the most particular and instant attention should be paid to the state of Blankets, Shirts and Shoes and not a moment lost in having supplies brought to the last place. The condition of the troops in a variety of instances for want of the first is already distressing—and if they are not very speedily relieved—it must of necessity, become far more disagreable and indeed miserable. In like manner, if there are not proper supplies of the two last immediately obtained and constantly kept with the Army—and of which there is now a great deficiency, especially in the Article of Shirts, the Soldiers will be rendered unfit for duty and it will be impossible for them to perform even the most common services. My uneasiness for the distresses of the Troops with respect to Blankets induces me to advise that you send Expresses to the several Agents and urge them to forward without the least possible delay, all that they have or can procure. They can not get too many as a large proportion of the Army is destitute.
        I also think it proper to mention that if there is any Cloathing in the hands of public purchasors or Agents fit for Officers, it should also be brought on. The condition of many of them in this respect is at least disagreable.
        Your attention will naturally go to all the Troops, and will lead to a proportionate distribution of Articles for those at providence. My motive for mentioning this is, that it may possibly happen, that their proportion may be more conveniently carried in the first instance to that place.
        The Quarter Master’s department will of course forward the transportation of cloathing; however, as it is a point very interesting—it may not be amiss for you to mention the subject to Genl Greene, who, I am persuaded, will do all in his power, to facilitate the transportation by instructions to his Deputies.
        I have now mentioned such points as have occurred to me as most material to give you in charge at this time—and after adding One thing more I shall have done. The inconvenience and load of business which has been heretofore thrown on me for want of system and arrangement in this department, and from the Cloathier’s having been very seldom with the Army, induces me to hope, and I persuade myself that it will be the case, that you will use your best exertions to put matters in a proper train, and after you have done it, that you will employ as much of your time with the Army as will be consistent with the great Objects of your appointment.
        Your conduct in the measures you have taken appears to be perfectly right and the Objects you have in view do you great credit. I hope the duties of your Office will be discharged in a manner that will be satisfactory to yourself—to the Army and to the public. Any assistance that

I can afford, which will be advancive of this, you may rely shall not be witheld. I am Sir with esteem & regard Yr Most Obedt sevt

          G.W.


Title: General Orders, 14 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To:

          Head-Quarters Moore’s-House [West Point]Tuesday Septr 14th 1779.
          Parole Savoy—  C. Signs Mago Munster.

        The North Carolina brigade to be held in readiness to march on the shortest notice; The routine of fatigue, guards &c. to be continued as usual ’till further orders.
        At a Brigade General Court-Martial the 4th instant Lieutenant Colonel Davidson President, Jeremiah Beaman of the 2nd North-Carolina regiment was tried 1st “For repeated desertion” and secondly, “For speaking words tending to sedition prejudicial to good order and military discipline” found guilty of a breach of the 1st Article, 6th Section, and 3rd Article of the 2nd Section of the Articles of War and sentenced (two thirds of the Court agreeing thereto) to suffer death.
        The Commander in Chief confirms the sentence of the Court.


Title: From George Washington to the Board of War, 14 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To: Board of War

          Gentlemen
          Head Quarters West Point 14th Sepr 1779

        I have been honoured with yours of the 31st Augt and 3d instants. Hallet was safely delivered to me by Lt Colo. Washington and I sent

him up to Govr Clinton, with an account of his conduct, similar to that which you have transmitted to me.
        I agree with you in opinion, that the Standard, with the Union and Emblems in the Centre, is to be preferred—with this addition, the number of the Regt and the State to which it belongs inserted within the curve of the serpent, in such place, as the painter or designer shall judge most proper.
        Lt McCallister, who brought me your favr of the 3d, informs me that you desired him to tell me, that you had recd an Acct, after sealing, that the Vessel with powder had arrived in the Delaware. This is a most agreeable peice [of] intelligence, and General Knox will inform the Board what quantity of the powder it will be necessary to have sent forward immediately to the Army.
        Inclosed you have the Return of Major Gibbs Corps of Guards agreeable to the Resolve of 15th March last. I have the honor to be &c.


Title: From George Washington to General Henry Clinton, 14 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To: Clinton, Henry

          Sir
          Head Quarters West-point 14th Sepr 1779.

        You will herewith find a passport for the safe conveyance of the money and necessaries for the use of the troops of Convention, which your Excellency requested in your letter of the 8th instant.
        I inclose the within letter at the desire of Mrs Harnage. I have the honor to be your Excellency’s most obt servt

          Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Major General Horatio Gates, 14 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To: Gates, Horatio

          Sir
          Head Quarters West Point 14th Sepr 1779

        I have been favd with yours of the 5th and 6th instants. I sincerely hope, that the intelligence communicated in the latter may prove true. It is corroborated by two other arrivals at New London; and four sailors, who deserted a few nights ago from a Sloop of War in the North River, declare that advice had been received of the arrival of a French Fleet at the Hook; but having heard nothing of it from below, I conclude they are mistaken.
        I have no official account of any such intended movement in the French Fleet; but I think we ought, at all events, to be prepared for a co operation with them, should they arrive, especially, when it can be done, without deranging our general plan. I would therefore wish you to hold the Continental Troops, under your command, ready to act as circumstances may require. Since I wrote to you last, I have received

a letter from General Sullivan of the 30th Augt. He had been met the day before, by the collected force of Indians and Tories under the command of the two Butlers—Brant and Mcdonald, at a place called the Newtown, upon the Cayuga River. The enemy were very advantagiously posted and intrenched behind a masked line, but this being discovered in time, by the Rifle Men in advance, Genl Sullivan made his dispositions, and attacked them in front and flank nearly at the same time. Upon this, they abandonned their works with great precipitation, leaving eleven Warriors dead upon the feild, with a number of Arms—packs—Blankets and most of their Baggage. We had 3 Killed and 39 wounded; among the latter, Major Titcomb and Capt. Clause of New Hampshire. Two prisoners, taken after the action, reported that the enemy had collected their principal force, consisting of the Warriors of seven tribes and five Companies of Whites, and that they had been waiting eight days to receive our Army. I hope this stroke may be decisive in its consequences, and give General Sullivan an almost uninterrupted progress thro’ the Indian Country. I am with great Respect and Esteem Sir Your most obt Servt

          Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Major General William Heath, 14 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To: Heath, William

          Dr Sir
          Head Quarters—West-point 14th Septr 1779.

        It is my intention that General Nixon shall form a junction with General Howe at Pines’ bridge Croton River. This you will communicate to him, and send to Genl Howe to know, when he espects to be there; and let General Nixon begin his march so as to arrive there nearly at the same time with him. You will give General Nixon your instructions accordingly, and advise him to be cautious in his march lest the enemy at Kings ferry should attempt any stroke upon him which however is not very probable. I am Dr Sir your most obt servt

          Go: Washington

          P.S. I have written to General Howe on this subject yesterday. When Gen: Nixon moves you will provide for the security of your own camp by proper pickets &c.


Title: From George Washington to Major General Stirling, 14 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To: Stirling, Lord (né William Alexander)

          My Lord
          Head Quarters West Point 14th Sepr 1779.

        Your removal from Ramapough to your present position was on account of the Arrival of the enemy’s reinforcement—but that having been found from its numbers, and their situation in respect to health, inadequate to an attempt upon these posts, I think you may with safety return to your old ground near Sufferans. This you will do immediately afte the Receipt of this. I have another Reason for this move—which is—that a Report, by several channels, has announced a french fleet of Men of War and transports standing for this Coast. I have it not officially, but we ought to be prepared for a co operation—especially when we can make the necessary dispositions without deranging our general plan. I would wish your Lordship therefore to hold your division in the most perfect readiness, and upon receiving certain intelligence that a french fleet has arrived, without waiting further orders from me, move down and take such a position, as will enable you to intercept the Garrison of Stoney point, should circumstances render it necessary for them to make their retreat by land upon this side the River. Should you move on this account, you are to inform me of it.
        I must request your Lordship to keep this matter a profound secret. Should the report of the Fleet turn out to be true, the less the enemy are apprized, the more will be their confusion and derangement upon its arrival—If there should be nothing in it, we should appear ridiculous to have made preparations without reason.
        Be pleased to direct a Feild officer and two good Captains to repair to Morris Town ⟨to⟩ hold a Court of Enquiry upon some matter respecting the conduct of Colo. Abeel D.Q.M.G. Genl Greene will furnish your Lordship w⟨ith⟩ the subject of the enquiry and the necessary papers. The reason for holding the Court at Morristown is that most of the Witnesses are at that place and in the Neighbourhood and cannot be conveniently collected elsewhere. I am &c.


Title: From George Washington to Lund Washington, 14 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To: Washington, Lund

          Dear Lund,
          West-point Sepr 14th—1779.

        Your letter of the 25th Ulto which ought to have come by the last Post, & the one of the 1st Instt, both came to my hands yesterday.
        Two reasons induced me to except the Mercers when I desired you to decline receiving payment of any more old Bonds—the one was, a presumption that theirs actually were paid—the other that you might be under obligation or promise to receive them, & I never choose to be worse than my word—what has passed between you and Mr James Mercer on this subject, and how far it is obligatory on me you are the best judge—What were the precise words of my answer to your quære, concerning Mr Mercer’s proposition, I cannot at this time say—the idea which filled my mind at the time I perfectly well recollect—and it was this—If Mr Mercer possessed so little honor—I may say honesty—as to attempt paying me two Shillings in the pound for a debt he was greatly endulged in (—the depreciation at the time he made the offer not exceeding this)—I must be content; for knowing nothing of your Laws, & being unwilling that any act of mine should injure the currency, I chose to make no difficulties in the case if the loss of the whole debt should be the consequence of it. but why he should with-hold payment from that time to this when less than a shilling in the pound will pay it, he can acct better than I. might he not with the same parity of reason—if the depreciation is still going on—wait Six Months longer & pay me with Six pence, or even a penny in the pound? surely yes, & the palpable & obvious injustice of it needs no comment. though I will give an instance in proof. about the time he offered you this money Marshalls Land was bought for £12 pr Acre, & I presume Barrys might then have been had for the same—If Marshall was in possession of his Land again could I get it for that money? Is Barry’s to be had for it? This proves at once the difference between paying the money at the time he offered it and now—You say he may think it hard to receive money in one way and pay it in another. in other words to receive at the nominal, & pay at the real value. This may, or may not be so according to the time these debts were contracted, & the circumstances attending them, for if they are of recent date, both parties knew what they were about, so far at least as to

make it a mere matter of judgment between themselves; each having equal knowledge of the depreciation at the time of the contract & forming their own judgment of the consequences of it. If the Sales which you speak of his having made of his Fathers Estate for the purpose of paying this debt of mine, and others, are of old standing, how cames he to be without the money at this day? He cannot have had it by him, because he would have paid it to me at the time proposed, and stopped interest if this had been the case—and if it is not why did he not receive the money in time & why will he receive nothing (I may say) for something now? Besides, I make some distinction between a bond given for payment of a sum of money at a future period, and money lent to be returned upon demand—the first is subject to the contingencies which may happen between the periods of contracting and paying—the other being on demand, puts it in the power of the lender to call in his money upon any unfavourable appearances, or have it secured to him in any manner he likes; and Mr Mercer cannot but be sensible that letting his Fathers bond lay, & at length taking his own bond for payment of a certain sum instead of pressing payment of the whole, was a matter of mere favor & endulgence; how well requited I shall be for these, his own feelings must determine if I am to receive a shilling or 8d. pence in the pound. But in all matters of this kind as I mentioned to you in a former letter. I had much rather you would advise with, & pursue the advice of, some sensible Whigs who are known to be Men of discernment, & of honor & probity (that are acquainted with the laws & practices of the state in like cases) than to consult, & refer things to me, who am totally unacquainted with both.
        My last would inform you of the arrival of the re-inforcemend and admiral.


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General Anthony Wayne, 14 September 1779
From: Wayne, Anthony
To: Washington, George

          Dear General
          Fort Mont[gomer]y [N.Y.] Sepr 14th 1779

        Enclosed is a Letter from Mr Measam proposing the Clothing of the Light Corps in a Complete Uniform of Blue & Red—as many of them are very Ragged—especially the Virginia Line whose coats are so worn out that they are Obliged to Substitute Linnen hunting Shi[r]ts—and as the Corps is made up of Officers & men from each Line—it can’t be deemed partiallity to any One State when a proportion of their troops participate of the Advantage—Especially as these are the very men who stand most in need of Warm Clothing—as from the Nature of the Service they will always be most exposed (being frequently without tents or any Other Covering) to the Inclemency of the Wether.
        shou’d your Excellency think proper to approve of Mr Measams Proposition I will almost undertake to be answerable for the Health, & safe Return of every man—belonging to the Corps except such as may be kill’d wounded or taken in action.
        The Importance of an Elegant Uniform your Excellency has too just an Idea of for me to Attempt to say a Word more about it I shall therefore wait your Answer on the Subject of Mr Measam’s Letter.
        from the numbers of Gun’s fired yesterday & the day before towards New York—I am led [to] think that some Capital move has, or is about taking place in that Quarter—every thing remained last night in the same Situation at Kings Ferry as they were when I wrote you last. I am your Excellency’s most Obt Huml. Sert

          Anty Wayne


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General Anthony Wayne, 14 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To: Wayne, Anthony

          My dear Sir
          Head Quarters West Point Septr 14th 1779

        Your letter of this day is this moment received—I shall take pleasure in paying every attention to the comfort & convenience of the Light Infantry, which the nature of the service they perform may require and the establishment of the army permit, so far as may be consistent with propriety and the general good of the troops—But I do not think a compliance with Mr Measoms proposal would be adviseable on more accounts than one—The Light Infantry being only

considered as detachments from the line ought to bear the uniform of the Regiments from which they are taken—Though this from the diversity of our uniforms will not be so favourable to their appearance as might be wished, the contrary would be a deviation from common practice and would not fail to create uneasinesses, Besides whenever it should be found expedient to return them to their regiments it would then produce a more disagreeable diversity in the regiments to which they belong.
        So soon as the Cloathing for the Army can be brought on to camp a general distribution of uniforms will take place; to furnish a part sooner would excite jealousy and discontent.
        As there are rumours of a french fleet approaching our coast, though I have no expectation of such an event, I shall be obliged to you to be particularly attentive to any firing towards New York, or in this River; and if there should be any more than ordinary—I shall be glad of immediate information. I am with the greatest regard Yr Most Obet, servt

          Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Alexander Spotswood, 15 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To: Spotswood, Alexander

          Dear Sir,
          West-point Sepr 15th 1779.

        I shall be obliged by your informing me whether it has yet been in your power to provide another horse or Mare for me—Bleu-skin has been threatned with a fistula more than three Months, so that I have had no use of him. The Sorrel has, in no great degree altered in flesh or appearance since you saw him at Middle brooke. and the Mare is with foal—out of the three therefore I have scarce one for use.
        If you have not already purchased the fourth horse or Mare for me I shall be obliged to you for letting him or her (for it is indifferent to me which it is) be stouter than the other three—neither of which is compleatly master of my weight—and I shall be still more obliged to you for confining the colour to a good bay.
        Be pleased to present my love to Mrs Spotswood—& Compliments to Mrs Campbell—and be assured that I am Dr Sir Yr Most Obedt and Affecte Servant

          Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Major General John Sullivan, 15 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To: Sullivan, John

          Dr Sir,
          Head Quarters West-point 15th Sepr 1779

        I had the pleasure of receiving your letter of the 30th of August, and congratulate you sincerely on the success of the engagement at Newtown. I immediately transmitted your account to Congress.
        The advantages we have already gained over the Indians in the destruction of so many of their settlements is very flattering to the expedition. But to make it as conclusive as the state of your provisions and the safety of your army will countenance—I would mention two points which I may not have sufficiently expressed in my general instructions, or if I have, which I wish to repeat. The one is, the necessity of pushing the Indians to the greatest practicable distance, from their own settlements, and our frontiers; to the throwing them wholly on the British enemy. The other is, the making the destruction of their settlements so final and complete, as to put it out of their power to derive the smallest succour from them, in case they should attempt to return this season. I am Dr Sir Your most obedient & hble servt

          Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Joseph Wharton, Jr., 15 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To: Wharton, Joseph Jr.

          Sir,
          West-point Septr 15th 1779.

        Your favor of the 25th Ulto from Philadelphia came safe to my hands a few days ago—as did the letters you were so obliging as to bring from my old acquaintance and friend Colo. Mercer. A Gentn for whom I always had a sincere regard.
        What walk of life he has been in the last four or five years—and what line of conduct he has observed in this great contest I am totally uninformed of. but from the opinion I entertain of his honor—his justice—and his love to this Country I would feign hope that it has been altogether unexceptionable.
        I recollect with pleasure the civilities you did me the honor to confer on me in Philadelphia at the period you mention and shall be happy in an occasion to testify the sense I entertain of them being Sir Yr Most Obedt Hble Servt

          Go: Washington


Title: General Orders, 16 September 1779
From: Washington, George
To:

          Head-Quarters Moore’s-House [West Point]Thursday Septr 16th 1779.
          Parole  C. Signs

        The same number from the several brigades as settled in the last fatigue detail to go on at gun-firing in the morning, to be relieved at nine ôclock, which relief is to remain on duty ’till two in the afternoon; the third relief to work ’till twilight in the evening.