Title: From George Washington to The States, 24 May 1781
From: Washington, George
To: The States

                            Sir
                            Weathersfield 24th May 1781

                        In consequence of a conference held between His Excellency the Count de Rochambeau and myself at this place,
                            the French Army will march as soon as circumstances will admit and form a junction with the American upon the North River.
                        The accomplishment of the object which we have in contemplation, is of the utmost importance to America, and
                            will in all probability, be attained, unless there should be a failure on our part, in the number of men which will be
                            required for the operation; or the enemy should withdraw a considerable part of their force from the Southward—It is in
                            our own Power, by proper exertions, to prevent the first—and should the last take place, we shall be amply repaid our
                            expences, by liberating the southern States, where we have found by experience we are only vulnerable.
                        Upon the Calculations that I have been able, in concert with some of the most experienced French &
                            American officers, to form, the operation in view will require, in addition to the French Army, all the Continental
                            Battalions from New Hampshire to New Jersey inclusive to be completed to their full establishment. You must be sensible
                            that the measures taken for that purpose, in consequence of the last requisition of Congress, have been very far from
                            answering the end, as few Recruits, comparatively speaking, have yet been sent forward and, of those, many have been
                            discharged on account of  inability. You must also take into consideration, that a number of those Men who were
                            returned when the requisition was made, have since been taken off by the various Casualties incident to an Army—I
                            estimate about one sixth of the number and therefore provisions must at this time be made to replace them.
                        From what has been promised, you will perceive, without any urging further reasons, the necessity I am under
                            of calling upon you in the most earnest manner, to devise means to send into the field, without delay, the numberof Men
                            which have been already voted for the completion of the Battalions of your State and the further deficiency of one sixth
                            just mentioned. The term of three Years or for the War would undoubtedly be preferable to any shorter periods; but if they
                            cannot be obtained on those conditions, necessity must oblige us to take them for the Campaign only, which ought to be
                            reckoned to the last  of December.
                        I should hope, that by proper exertions in collecting and sending forward the Men that have been already
                            raised, and compelling by vigorous and decisive methods, the delinquent Towns to furnish their quotas, the greater part of
                            the Men may be collected by the 1st of July.
                        Arguments surely cannot be wanting to impress the Legislature with a due sense of the obligation which they
                            are under of furnishing the means now called for—The Enemy counting upon our want of Ability or upon our want of energy,
                            have, by repeated detachments to the Southward, reduced themselves in New York to a situation which invites us to take
                            advantage of it—and should the lucky moment be lost, it is to be feared that they will, after subduing the Southern
                            States, raise a force in them sufficient to hold them, and return again to the Northward with such a number of Men as will
                            render New York secure against any force which we can at this time of day raise or maintain—Our Allies in this Country
                            expect and depend upon being supported by us in the attempt which we are about to make, and those in Europe will be
                            astonished should we neglect the favourable opportunity which is now offered.
                        As it is probable that some Militia, in addition to the full complement of Continental Troops may be
                            necessary, to support communications and other purposes, you will be pleased to direct  Men to be held in readiness to march within one Week after I shall call for them—to
                            serve three months after they have joined the Army. and I would take the liberty of requesting, that, the Executive may be
                            vested with full powers, during the recess, to comply with any further requisition I may make for Men, Provisions or for
                            the means of transportation;which last may be most essential in the course of our operations, should it become necessary
                            to bring provisions or stores from a distance.
                        I shall be glad to be favoured with an answer, as soon as possible, with an assurance of what I may depend
                            upon; that if I do not clearly see a prospect of being supported, I may turn my views to a defensive instead of an
                            offensiv plan and save the States & our Allies the expence which would be needlessly incurred by any but an
                            ample and effectual preparation. I have the honour to be &c.

                            Go: Washington

                            To Meshech Weare Esqr. Presdt &c. New Hampshire (Circular)
                            The same to Governor Hancock. Massa: Bay.
                            The same to Governor Greene. Rhode Island.
                            The same to Governor Trumbull. Connecticut.

                            P.S. to the State of Rhode Island.
                            As the defence of the Island of New Port may be assigned to the Militia of the State, I shall not for
                                that reason call upon any from thence to join the Army.
                            The requisitions of Militia are as follow

                                    Pennsylvania

                                    1600

                                    Jersey

                                    500

                                    Connecticut

                                    1500

                                    Massachusetts

                                    2200

                                    New Hampshire

                                         400

                                    6200


Title: To George Washington from Ezekiel Cornell, 24 May 1781
From: Cornell, Ezekiel
To: Washington, George

                            Dear Sir
                            Providence May 24th 1781

                        I am sorry to find my self obliged to inform your Excellency that it is the opinion of the best Gun smiths in
                            this place that the Arms here are not worth repairing after a sufficient number are Culled out to Arm the Recruits raised
                            in this state which is and will be done (“and I find in this place Eighty Markers wall and Horse mens Tents mostly new about
                            One Hundred & Twenty Common Tents fit for service about half new all which I expect will go from this place for
                            Head Quarters on the first munday in June”) as will allso 100,000 Musket Carteridges which is all that is fit for the use of
                            the Army the remainder being from 26 to 36 to the pound. I have furnished the A.D.Q.M. with money to enable him to execute
                            this business.
                        I left Boston yesterday where I hope business is in such a Train as not to suffer. Colo. Hatch the D.Q.M.
                            appears to be a man of Integrity and business. he hath sent forward since I left Head Quarters 102 C. 2
                            qrs 9 lb. of Lead there yet remains in Boston to be sent forward the following
                            articles (viz.) In the case of Mssrs Otis & Henley 1465 Blankets 666 wollen Overhauls 96 vests 2595 shirts 3061
                            pair of Hose. In the case of Mr Lamb Commissary of Hide 4000 pair of shoes. In addition of the above there is arrived at
                            Boston and Salem; from Spain, purchaisd by the order of Mr Jay 2000 Suits of Soldiers Cloathing compleat, It is British
                            Cloathing and as the Coats Are Red I have ordered them to remain untill your pleasure could be known and all the Other
                            articles to be forwarded to the Cloather General—50,000 Musket Carteridges and Three Tons of lead in addition to what is
                            already gone is orderd to Head Quarters. Colo. Hatch hath undertaken to send  the whole forward in three weks at
                            furthest the greatest part will go by Teams ingaged for the Campaign The Colo. Hath in his own department In Cloath and
                            New Tents about sufficent to compleat 900 Tents 7000 yds of half worn Sails for the Craft on the North River Thirty Both
                            of heavy duck for waggon Covers &c. and about 6000 Canteens part of a Contract of 20000 all which he expects will
                            be compleat and forwarded with the above mentioned articles by the afore said time and One Hundred Ream of writing paper
                            which he hath receivd money to pay for.
                        I expect to be at Springfield by the first of June to see that all Stores are properly forwared to the Army,
                            And shall be happy to receive and Execute any Commands you may have—I have no news to write have Just heard of the
                            unhappy fate of Colo. Greene and Majr Flag and can only lament their Loss. I shudder for the fate of the Alliance and the
                            Store Ship, but supposd er this the dye is cast and must wait the event. I have the honor to be with every sentiment of
                            respect & esteem your Excellencys most obedt and most Hum. Servant

                            Ezek Cornell


Title: From George Washington to William Greene, 24 May 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Greene, William

                            Sir
                            Weathersfield 24th May 1781.

                        By the plan of operations settled between His Excellency the Count de Rochambeau and myself, the French Army,
                            except a Guard over Stores at providence, is to march as soon as circumstances will admit and form a junction with the
                            American upon the North River: But as it has been deemed of importance to keep possession of the valuable Works which have
                            been thrown up upon Rhode Island for the security of the Harbour and Road of Newport, I have stipulated to furnish 500
                            Militia for that service. The exact time at which the French Army will march cannot be fixed and consequently the Militia
                            cannot be called in by any certain day. I must therefore request that the first tour of duty which will probably be short
                            may be performed by Men intirely from the State of Rhode Island and that they may assemble whenever called for by the
                            Count de Rochambeau, from whom the Commanding Officer will take his orders as to the particular distribution of them to
                            the several posts. I shall in due time write to the State of Massachusetts to send a proper releif—I could wish that care
                            might be taken to make choice of an Officer of intelligence and spirit. I have the honor to be &c.

                            P.S. As the deposit of French Stores at providence is extremely valuable it is hoped that every
                                assistance will be afforded by the Militia of the Country should the Enemy make any attempt to destroy them.


Title: To George Washington from Samuel Huntington, 24 May 1781
From: Huntington, Samuel
To: Washington, George

                            Sir,
                            Philadelphia May 24, 1781

                        For your Excellency’s Information, I have herewith enclosed several Resolves of the 22d Instant on the Report
                            of the Committee to devise further Ways and Means to carry on the present Campaign &c. I have the Honor to be with
                            the highest Respect Your Excellency’s Most obedient & most humble Servant

                            Sam. Huntington President


Title: To George Washington from Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette, 24 May 1781
From: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de
To: Washington, George

                            Dear General
                            Richmond May 24th 1781

                        the jonction of Lord Cornwallis with the other Army at peters Burg was an Event that from local Circumstances
                            and from thier so Great Superiority it was Impossible to prevent— it took place on the 20th and Having lost Every Hope to
                            Operate a timely stroke in Conjunction with the pennsylvanians, My ideas were Confined to defensive Measures—I therefore
                            Moved up to Richmond where precautions were taken to Remove every valuable property Either public or private.
                        By an officer that Was in Hallifax after Lord Cornwallis I find He Has not left any post at that place—it
                            Appears His Sick and Wounded Remained at Willmington and were Reimplaced by that Garrison. Reports Concerning His Numbers
                            are so Different that I cannot trust any thing But my Eyes—Untill such an Oppertunity offers, this is the Order of March in
                            Which it is Said His Lordship Crossed Roanoke—Clel tarleton’s Legion, Clel Hamilton’s Corps, 23d, 71st, 33d British
                            Regiments, 200 tories, an Hessian Regiment, the Light Infantry and Guards with six field pieces—I am told General Leslie
                            and General OHara are with Him.
                        I Have Received Successive and Repeated Accounts that a British Fleet of transports was Arrived at Hampton—they were Said to consist of 14 large Vessels, and 16 smaller ones under Convoy of three frigates—Mr Day D.Q.M. at
                            Williams Burg writes that on the 22d 12 Sails of large Ships a Sloop and a Schooner got under way opposite james town.
                            Those ships full of men, and some Horses on Board the Sloop—We Have no Accounts of Any Fleet having Sailed from Newyork.
                        Yesterday After Noon we Had an Heavy Rain which Colonel tarleton Improved in Surprising Some Militia in
                            Chesterfield County thirty of whom fell into His Hands.
                        this Morning at Nine ‘clock the Ennemy Moved from peters Burg toward City point And Burned the Bridge they
                            Had lately Constructed Over Appamatox—I have just Received Accounts that A Body of them Has Landed at Westover. These are
                            Said to Be the Men who Came up the River from Hampton, previous to which General Arnold Had Received a Small Reinforcement
                            from Portmouth.
                        To My Great Mortification I Have Heard this Morning that the pennsylvanians Are not so Near as I Had Been by
                            every account positively Assured—General Waïne writes me He will Hasten to our Support and I am
                            Confident He will Not Loose time at this Critical Moment—But Before He Arrives it is Impossible that 900 Continentals and
                            40 Horse with a Body of Militia By no Means so Considerable as they were Reported to Be and Whom it is so difficult to Arm,
                            Be with Any Advantage opposed to such a Superiority of forces such a Number of Cavalry to Which May Be added their very
                            prejudicial Command of the Waters.
                        Our Handfull of Men Being the point to which Militia May Be Collected, and the only Check However Small it is
                            that the Ennemy May Have in this State, it aught I think to Be Managed With a great deal of prudence As its preservation
                            is so very important to the fate of operations in Virginia. With the Highest Respect I Have the Honor to Be Your
                            Excellency’s Most Obedient Humble Servant

                            Lafayette


Title: To George Washington from Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette, 24 May 1781
From: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de
To: Washington, George

                            My Dear General
                            Richmond May 24h 1781

                        My official letter a Copy of which I Send to Congress will let you know the Situation of Affairs in this
                            Quarter—I ardently wish My Conduct May Meet with Your Approbation—Had I followed the first Impulsion of My temper, I
                            would Have Risked Some thing More—But I Have Been Guarding Against My Own Warmth, and this Consideration that a General
                            defeat which with Such a proportion of Militia Must Be Expected would involve this State and our Affairs into Ruin, Has
                            Rendered me Extremely Cautious in My Movements—Indeed, I am more Embarassed to Move, More Crippled in My projects than we
                            Have Been in the Northern States.
                        Had the Pennsylvanians Arrived Before Lord Cornwallis I was determined to attak the Ennemy and Have no doubt
                            But What we would Have Been Successfull—Their unaccountable delay Cannot Be too Much Lamented, and will make an Immense
                            diference to the fate of this Campaign—Should they Have Arrived time Enough to Support me in the Reception of Lord
                            Cornwallis’s first Stroke, I would Still Have thought it well Enough—But from an Answer of General Waïne Received this day
                            and dated the 19th I am affraid that in this Moment they Have Hardly left York town.
                        Public Stores and private property Being Removed from Richmond this place is a less Important object—I don’t
                            Believe it would Be prudent to Expose the troops for the Sake of a few Houses most of which are Empty—But I am Wavering
                            Betwen two inconveniences—Was I to fight a Battle I’ll Be Cut to pieces, the Militia dispersed, and the Arms lost—Was I to
                            decline fighting the Country would think Herself given up—I am therefore determined to Skarmish, But not to Engage too
                            far, and particularly to take Care against their Immense and excellent Body of Horse Whom the Militia fears like they
                            would so many wild Beasts.
                        A letter from General Grene to General Sumner is dated 5th May seven Miles Below Camden—the Baron is going to
                            Him with some Recruits and will get Some more in North Carolina—When the Pennsylvanians Come I am only to keep them a few
                            days which I will improve as well as I Can—Cavalry is Very necessary to us—I with Lauzun’s
                            Legion Could Come. I am sure He will Like to Serve with me, and as General Greene Gave me Command of the troops in this
                            State Lauzun might Remain with me in Virginia—if not Sheldon’s dragoons Might Be Sent—as to
                            Moylan I do not Believe he will be Ready Before a long time.
                        Was I any ways equal to the Ennemy, I would be extremely Happy in my present Command—But I am not Strong
                            Enough even to get Beaten. Governement in this state has no Energy, and laws Have no force—But I Hope this assembly will
                            put Matters upon a Better footing—I Had great deal of trouble to put the departements in a tolerable train. Our Expenses
                            were enormous, and yet we Can get Nothing. Arrangements for the present Seem to put on a Better face But for this
                            superiority of the Ennemy which will chace us where they please—They Can Over Run the Country and Untill the
                            Pennsylvanians arrive we are Next to Nothing in point of opposition to So Large a force—This Country Begins to Be as
                            familiar to me as Tappan and Bergen—our Soldiers are Hitherto very Healthy and I Have turned doctor to Regulate their
                            diet.
                        Adieu, My dear general, let me Hear Some times from you. Your letters are a great Happiness to your
                            affectionate friend

                            Lafayette

                            My Respects if you please to Mrs Washington and compliments to the family.
                            As I am for the present fixed in the command of the troops in this State, I Beg it as a great favor that
                                you will please to send me Clel Gouvion. Should a jonction Be made with General Greene He will act as my aid de
                            camp.


Title: To George Washington from Alexander Scammell, 24 May 1781
From: Scammell, Alexander
To: Washington, George

                            Sr
                            Clarks Town May 24th 1781

                        I was honor’d with your Letter of the 17tenth the 18tenth in the afternoon. I proceeded without delay to
                            Dobb’s Ferry leaving orders for the detachment to be form’d at King’s Ferry. Saw Capt. Lawrence the morning of the 19tenth
                            concerted measures with him. Return’d to the detachment and found the connecticut Troops had but just arrived, and that
                            the whole had no provision a major part having been destitute two days. I with difficulty obtain’d one days meat from the
                            magazine at Stoney Point & sent a Boat immediately to west point for a supply. march’d that evening below
                            Haverstraw. The next morning reached Nyack. My intelligence would not justify a further movement that day. On the Evening
                            of the 21st marched and from my Intelligence and the precautions taken had a very great prospect of success. But
                            unfortunately was overtaken by a violent storm of rain which oblidg’d me to put the Troops under cover at Closter, where
                            the incessant rain oblidged me to remain all Night. The mens arms being in very bad order the next morning and the
                            possibility of the enemys having recieved Intelligence of our movements, Induced me to fall back to the upper part of
                            Tapan towards Clark’s Town holding out an appearance of returning to King’s Ferry. Last Evening I divested my men of their
                            Packs and got under march when I receivd Intelligence from a gentleman sent for the purpose that the refugees had
                            abandoned their works and had fell down with their Craft opposite to the place where their old block house stood,
                            & that a very considerable number of ships lay in the North River above the City. I immediately retired to this
                            place. The Refugees it seems had repaird part of old fort Lee Viz. the west Face, and part of the north & south
                            sides something in this form. diagram of vertical rectangle They had abbated the western side and the
                            two ends, and had begun to freize the work. The eastern side which was most securely assailable was very incomplete. The
                            militia and yearmen are about destroying the work. I am extremely sorry that their unexpected departure prevented my making
                            the 2nd attempt, as I had a very great prospect of success. By information from Capt. Lawrence who was on the spot, and saw
                            several persons who were with the Refugees when the order came for them to abandon theie post. It appears that the Order
                            was very unexpected to Ward & his men some of whom flew into a violent passion and broke their Guns. It is
                            reported that they have taken off six or seven of the worst Tories in the english Neighbourhood, and carried them on bord
                            in irons. Various rumors (as is usual on such occasions) prevaild amongst them, one was that the body of french Troops had
                            landed on the back of Long Island. I have sent a Subaltern with a small reconnoitring party to go down the west side of
                            the River for Intelligence. It is not improbable that the refugees are going to reestablish themselves at their old
                            position. I should be exceeding happy if an Opportunity should present for a third attempt. I am very much mortify’d that
                            I have hitherto been prevented from giving them a blow. They are amphibious animals, keep on board their craft by night
                            and come on shore every morning with great precaution. I beg leave to make you my most grateful acknowledgements for
                            honoring me with this Command, and wish to render every service in the power of Yr most respectful, oblidged &
                            Obedt Servt

                            Alex. Scammell

                            P.S. The guard boat left the lower Closter this morning 7 oClock. No movement of Boats or Ships. By
                                Information from Tarry Town, all passing to or from York Island is stop’d. we can procure no late papers from the
                                City—I forgot to mention that Capt. Lawrence is not in service, he has declin’d the State appointment.


Title: General Orders, 25 May 1781
From: Washington, George
To:

                            Friday May 25th 1781
                            Parole
                            Countersigns

                        Peter McBride Matross in the 2d regiment of Artillery charged with "mutinous behavior," Joel Wilmot and Elmer
                            Russell matrosses in the same regiment charged with "Desertion" were tried by the General Court martial whereof Lieutenant
                            Colonel Stephens is president convicted and sentenced as follows vizt Peter McBride to receive one hundred lashes on his
                            bare back with hiccory rods: Joel Wilmot and Elmer Russel to receive one hundred lashes each on their bare backs.
                        Major General St Clair approves the above sentences and orders them to be executed as soon as convenient.


Title: To George Washington from Caleb Gibbs, 25 May 1781
From: Gibbs, Caleb
To: Washington, George

                            Sir
                            Hutts near West Point May 25th 1781

                        Lieut. Mitchell of the 2d Massachusetts Regiment, who will have the honor of delivering your Excellency this
                            applies for a discharge from the service.
                        Whatever Mr Mitchells reason may be, I cannot ascertain. I have endeavoured to use my influence to dissuade
                            him to the contrary, but it is of no avail. It being his first determination to leave the Army, I recommend him to Your
                            Excellency for a discharge. I have the honor to be With the greatest respect Your Excellencys Most Obedt humb. Servant

                            C. Gibbs Major Comdt 2d Massts Regt


Title: To George Washington from William Grayson, 25 May 1781
From: Grayson, William
To: Washington, George

                            Sir
                            War Office May 25th 1781

                        The Board have the honor to transmit you, the copies of Letters from the Governor of Virginia and Colonel
                            Wood on the subject of the Convention Prisoners, also the resolutions of Congress which was adopted upon this occasion.
                            Since this, the Board have thought it adviseable to direct the Non commissioned Officers & Privates to be sent to
                            Rutland in Massachussetts bay, and the Commissioned Officers to East Windsor in the State of Connecticut.
                        The reasons which goverend them upon this occasion, were
                        1st The danger of their remaining in States where our regular forces are inferior to those of the Enemy.
                        2d The impolicy of suffering them to consume those provisions, which eventually may become of the greatest
                            importance to the subsistence of our own Troops.
                        3d The impropriety of placing them in any State whose supplies are convenient to the Northern or Southern
                            Armies.
                        4th The great security of the Prisoners at that place.
                        It is true, it may be supposed, that the want of Bread may be an objection to Rutland, but this however may
                            be obviated by observing that if the British Command will not suffer a few transportations from the flour Countries, the
                            prisoners must be deprived of this necessary Article of subsistence.
                        The Board will be glad of your Excellency’s advise upon this subject, that if it shall be thought improper to
                            send them as far to the Northward, the point of destination may yet be changed; your knowledge of the plan of the
                            Campaign, and in what States there will be the greatest demands for provisions, will enable you to decide upon this
                            matter, with greater precision, than it is in our power to do.
                        We have taken measures for guarding and supporting the prisoners no farther than Easton, that if your
                            Excellency should think proper to alter their route, or detach some Troops as Guards, you may be pleased to do it. If you
                            cannot spare Troops from the Army, we request you will call on Jersey for a sufficient number of Guards of the Milita, and
                            take such measures for their progress to Rutland as you shall think proper.
                        The Board have the honor to enclose you, copies of the orders to Colonels Wood and Blaine, and of the Letter to
                            the Governor of Massachussetts. We have the Honor to be with the highest respect Your Excellency’s Most obed. Hble
                            Servant By order of the Board

                            Willm Grayson

                     Enclosure

                                Sir
                                In Council April 23rd 1781.

                            Colo. Wood has applied to us to take measures for furnishing provisions and building Barracks for the
                                Convention prisoners at Winchester. Neither of these can be effected without considerable sums of money either
                                advanced or to be paid within some reasonable time, and I am sorry to be obliged to inform you it is not in our power
                                to do either. Such are the calls on us for money for the Southern Army, and for the Army in our Country, that our
                                efforts are exhausted in comply with a part only of these and I am firmly persuaded that could our advances and
                                exertions for the Continent be stated to you, you would be sensible that no call either for men, money or provisions
                                on account of these prisoners should be made on us. While we were in tolerable quiet and our neighbours under
                                difficulties we chearfully took on us the support and guard of these Troops: but when we have a war on our Western,
                                Southern and Eastern quarters which keeps our existence in daily question we cannot withdraw from that a single
                                exertion, nor deceive you by giving you hope of our being able to support those prisoners in which we should surely
                                fail. I am with much respect &c.

                                Tho. Jefferson

                     Enclosure

                                Sir,
                                Frederick Town 17th May. 1781

                            I did not receive your letters by Mrs Marks till about two Weeks ago then on my Return from the Executive
                                of Virginia soon after which I was taken extremely ill and detained on the Road for ten days so that I have but just
                                now returned to this post. Since my Arrival I am honoured with your letters of the 12 and 13 Ultimo With respect to
                                the flag of truce I have received no information of her coming up to Potomack when I do your Orders shall be strictly
                                complied with. The Officer who commanded here in my Absence was at a great loss whither it was your intention that the
                                British Officers should remain untill they received their money & necessaries from the flag he thought as well
                                as I do at present, that altho not expressed it was implied they should have this indulgence. they are still here and
                                although I have received by Mr Marks 15000 Continental dollars yet I am utterly unable to send an Officer to
                                Connecticut with them as no person on the Road will receive either Continental or Money of this State. I am really
                                greatly embarassed; the Executive of the State urge me to remove the Troops at Fort Frederic, but have not made any
                                preparation for their Reception—I have hitherto kept them confined to the Barracks with Sentinels round them but from
                                the remissness of Militia Guards they have suffered 59 to escape most of whom we have heard are at Work in the Country
                                and expect to retake—I purpose to send off the whole non Commissioned and Privates for Fort Frederic on Monday next,
                                but am apprehensive as there is no place to secure them and no other than Militia Guards that many of them will
                                escape—The German Troops at Winchester have been pretty well supplied with provisions hitherto and none of them have
                                attempted to escape. the money in the hands of the Virginia Commissary is nearly exhausted and the Executive of that
                                State have determined to furnish no more money they have no Objection to the troops remaining if money can be procured
                                elsewhere and agree with me in Opinion that Provisions may be purchased in that part of the Country less Injurious to
                                our own Troops than any other place in the State in short nothing is wanting but Money. The Commissary here is not
                                furnished with Cash and is unable to supply the Troops with Meat they have drawn nothing but bread for two Weeks past
                                and I see no prospect of Supplies. I sent forward immediately on my Return to Philadelphia the unconditional
                                prisoners of War. the Commissary of Prisoners informs me that about 600 were received at Lancaster and that about 70
                                who escaped on the March have been retaken and are now in Winchester Goal. Pray inform me what I am to do with the
                                British Officers are they to wait any longer for the flag? how am I to get money that will answer to bear the Expences
                                of an Officer to be sent with them or would it do to take their paroles and send them to the Executive of Virginia?
                                May I beg your further Instructions by the Return of the Bearer who will come to this place—It will not be in my power
                                to procure provisions for the Germans longer than two Weeks without a Supply of Money. I have the Honor to be
                                &c.

                                James Wood

                     Enclosure

                                Sir
                                War Office May 25. 1781

                            The Board have the honour of acknowledging your letter of the 17 and in consequence of that and Governor
                                Jeffersons letter and some other Circumstances—Congress have determined on the removal of the Convention Troops from
                                the States of Virginia and Maryland to such places as the Board of War shall direct the Resolve for this purpose is
                                enclosed. The Board have concluded to send them to Rutland in Massachusetts The Reasons which led them to this
                                determination was first the danger of their continuing in places where the Enemy have a greater regular force than we
                                have and where the Militia are in a great measure unarmed—It was also thought impolitic to suffer them to remian in a
                                Country which from present appearances is likely to become the Theatre of the War for some time. The Provisions which
                                they would consume may eventually be of great importance to the subsistance of our own Troops. If the Board however
                                had the inclination they have not the ability of maintaining them in Virginia as it is not in their power to
                                appropriate any of the public Money for that purpose such is the distressed Situation of our finances. it is true that
                                it may be thought that Rutland is liable to one Objection which is the want of Bread however this is easily obviated,
                                because if Sir Henry Clinton will not permit supplies to be sent them by Water from the flour Countries they must
                                learn to live without.
                            The Route of the Troops is to be through York Town, Andersons Ferry Reading Bethlehem Easton Sussex Court
                                House New Burgh Springfield to Rutland—There is a sufficient quantity of flour already at most of those places and
                                the Commissary General has Orders from the Board to lay in whatever else may be wanted for the subsistance of the
                                Troops on their Route a Copy of the Boards Instructions to Colonel Blaine is herewith inclosed—If however you could
                                procure forty or fifty head of Cattle to set out with it would greatly facilitate your March as by that means the
                                other States would have time to lay in provisions at the different posts within their respective limits. With regard
                                to Waggons the Board wish you to be as sparing as possible none to be allowed for the Baggage of the Soldiery and if
                                the Officers are desirous of any they must be procured at their own Expence and provided for on the March in the same
                                manner.
                            The Board desire you will send off immediately and previous to the March of the Soldiery all the Officers
                                both German and British to East Windsor in Connecticut to effect this the Board have sent

                                 which they expect will be adequate for this purpose. The Board are of Opinion that Six hundred Militia
                                will be sufficient for guarding the Soldiery on their march but you are at liberty to augment or diminish them as you
                                think proper. It would be adviseable to march the Virginia Militia as far as York Town in this State as by that means
                                great delay may be prevented. By the Time they arrive at that post it is expected the Pennsylvania Guard will be ready
                                to receive them and to escort them through that State any of the present Guard who are obliged to march out of the
                                State if required must be made use of and the Militia Guard lessened in proportion.
                            The Board have the greatest confidence in your prudence on this Occasion and desire you will use your
                                discretion in matters not mentioned as it is impossible to point out every thing necessary to accomplish this Object.
                            Your orders to the several quarter Masters on the Route we expect will be sufficient but timely Notice
                                should be given to them to have in readiness whatever is required of them and no doubt you will think it necessary to
                                send an Officer forward from post to post to have in preparation both transportation forage and provisions.
                            The Board have directed Captain Vanherr to detach an Officer and fifteen dragoons to York Town there to
                                wait your Orders to assist in escorting the prisoners. I am Sir &c.

                                William Grayson By Order

                     Enclosure

                                Sir,
                                War Office May 25. 1781

                            We have the Honour to enclose a resolution of Congress directing us to remove the Convention prisoners
                                and in Consequence have ordered the Non Commissioned Officers and privates to be removed from Virginia to Rutland in
                                the State of Massachusetts. The Officers are separated from the Men and to reside at East Windsor in Connecticut—The
                                Theatre of the War being in the Southern States it was impossible to support the prisoners in Virginia and it became
                                dangerous and impolitic to suffer them to remain there on every Account—The Enemy have a superior Army there and the
                                Militia of the Country are in a great degree unarmed—The middle States have a large proportion of prisoners and their
                                Supplies will be wanted both for the Southern and Northern Army—We are aware that difficulties will arise let the
                                prisoners be stationed wheresoever they may—They will however be safe in Massachusetts tho in that State there is a
                                Scarcity of flour there are equal difficulties in the Article of Meat in other States—We will on this head desire the
                                Commander in chief to inform the Enemy that unless a free transportaion of flour is permitted from the States
                                abounding in this Article their prisoners must learn to live without it—It will be necessary in the meantime that
                                provisions both of Meat flour or Indian Meal equivalent be laid up at Rutland for the Use of the prisoners whose
                                Numbers amount to about two thousand two hundred.
                            Their Route being thro’ Springfield five or six days provisions should be in readiness there and we ask
                                the favour of your Excellency to give Orders for this being done in part of the quota of provisions called for by
                                Congress from your State—It will be necessary to keep up a sufficient Guard at Rutland for the safe keeping of the
                                prisoners. Altho we have in the first Instance fixed upon Rutland for the place of their destination yet if it is more
                                convenient for the State to disperse them in different places thro the State and shut them up in Jails or other places
                                of Confinements we request your Excellency and the honorable Council that it may be done and leave this matter to
                                your Judgment as these prisoners are by a former Resolve of Congress considered as unconditional prisoners of War. We
                                have given your Excellency early Notice of the matter that you may be pleased to direct timely preparations for their
                                Reception Safekeeping and Maintenance to be made—Part of the Guards may be composed of the Invalids at Boston who we
                                shall order to Rutland for the purpose. We have the Honour to be yours &c.

                                Richard Peters


Title: From George Washington to John Hancock, 25 May 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Hancock, John

                            Sir,
                            Weathersfield 25 May 1781

                        The great demand we shall have for powder in the proposed operations of the campaign constrains me to request
                            a loan of this article, of the States who are possessed of it, to supply the deficiency of the Continental magazine. I
                            therefore, Sir, earnestly request as great a loan of powder of the State of Massachusetts as can possibly be spared, and that the State would take most
                            speedy and effectual measures to transport it to Fishkill.
                        If the measures which have been taken to provide an ample supply of powder from Europe shall prove
                            successful, the Continent will soon have ability to repay any loan which may be furnished on his occasion. I beg a speedy
                            and explicit answer on this subject. I have the honor to be, with the greatest respect, Your Excellency’s most obed. hum.
                            Servt

                            Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Bartholomew von Heer, 25 May 1781
From: Heer, Bartholomew von
To: Washington, George

                            Sir,
                            Reading May 25th 1781.

                        Confident of Your Excellency’s Patience and Inclination to redress Grievances, I submit the inclosed to your
                            particular Attention.
                        By Copies of the papers here inclosed, your Excellency will see by number one, The Resolve of the Honourable
                            Congress, appointing That all The Troops, I should inlist, were to be deemed, as the Quota of the state, in what they were
                            inlisted. And when I had inlisted a Number of Men in Pensilvania, I immediately made Application to his Excellency the
                            President and Executive Council of the state for the Bounty, which was to be granted by the state, according to said
                            Resolve; But received none; Although at the same Time I gave into the Council a Return of the Number of Men, inlisted in
                            the state & particularized, in what County they were inlisted. The Answer, I received, was, That They could do
                            nothing in the Case, & That Congress must be answerable for, what they had done, on which I proceeded with the
                            Troop to Camp, to do the Duty incumbant on me.
                        By Number Two, a Resolve will be seen of the Supreme Executive Council of Pensilvania in Answer to a Memorial
                            of mine in Behalf of myself & Troops, which was rejected. By Number Three, a Memorial, which I referred to the
                            Honorable Congress & their Reference of it to the Board of War will appear & I inform your Excellency,
                            That The Honourable Board verbally told me, That nothing could be done in the Case for want of money, & That they
                            would inform your Excellency, and Communicate the Answer to me; But Since I cannot hear what was done concerning the same.
                        Number four, is a Letter of mine To the Honourable Board of War for Clothing, respecting Breeches due to the
                            men as the inclosed Return demonstrates. Number Five, an Answer to mine of Number four. Number six is an Answer to me from
                            the Dep. Q.Mr Grl, when I applied & hurried on for Horses & Accoutrements.
                        I beg further Leave to inform Your Excellency, That the second of April 1779 I went to Philada by your
                            Excellency’s permission & represented the affair contained in Number Two To the Board of War & I was
                            desired to draw a Memorial to the Supreme Executive Council of Pensilvania therein representing the Resolve of Congress
                            as in Number one, & after the Rejectment from that Board I was verbally advised by them to petition to the House
                            of Assembly, which was accordingly done & also rejected, on Account as it’s said That no Return had been sent to
                            their House, & they did not know my Troop. And was verbally ordered by the House to give in the Return of my Troop
                            at Head Quarters These to be approved & from thence sent to the Board of War, there to be certified, from which it
                            was to go to Council there to be examined, & then to the House of Assembly, All, which was done, & no Answer
                            received.
                        Now I beg Leave to inform Your Excellency also, That agreable to Order I presented my Return of Want of
                            Horses at the War Office on the Ninth of January last & received Orders from them to deliver all unfit Horses to
                            the assistant Q. Mr at Reading; With which I immediately complied; But no fresh Horses have been procured for the Troop to
                            mount & Thirty are wanting, which disables me to mount the Dragoons, & to take the field. As also many of
                            the Dragoons who would willingly remain in the Service, must shortly be discharged, their Time of Inlistment being expired
                            & no Encouragment given them to reinlist.
                        The Melancholy Situation That I am therefore brought in, especially if Considered as a friendly stranger who
                            fought & was allways willing to bleed for American Liberty, I leave to your Excellency to judge & beg an
                            Advise how to do in my present Case, & in particular would recommend to your Excellency’s Consideration my Case as
                            represented in the Memorial to the honourable Congress and also that neither Pay nor the Depreciation of pay has been
                            settled with me, my Officers, nor Troop, which makes the men very uneasy-- I hope, Your Excellency will look on my Case to
                            be difficult & distressing as neither myself nor my Officers have received any Cloathing nor money, so as to
                            enable us to proceed on the Campaign.
                        I beg the aid & Assistance, That your Excellency shall be pleased to deem the necessary. I remain
                            with the greatest Respect Sir your most obediant most humble servant

                            Bartholomew von Heer Capt. L. Dn


Title: To George Washington from Richard Peters, 25 May 1781
From: Peters, Richard
To: Washington, George

                            Sir
                            War Office May 25th 1781

                        You will lay up, at the following Posts, Provisions for Three Thousand Men for five Days at each Post. These
                            Provisions, are for the use of the Convention Prisoners & their Guards on their Route from Virginia to Rutland in
                            Massachusetts Bay. If the Magazines of the United States will not afford the Supplies, you will call on the Executives of
                            the Several States for Provisions in Part of their Quotas to the Amount required. The Route of these Troops is directed to
                            be thro’ Frederick Town in Maryland, York Town in Pennsylvania, Reading by the Way of Anderson’s Ferry, Bethlehem
                            & Easton in the Same State; Sussex Court House in New Jersey, Fishkill, New berg in New York, Springfield in
                            Massachusetts. Rutland being the Place of their Destination two Months Provisions should be laid up at this Place
                            & Supplies kept up from Time to Time during their remaining at the Post. You will take immediate Measures for
                            carrying these Orders into Execution & appoint a proper Person to Superintend the laying up the Provisions at each
                            Post in due Season that no Delays may happen on the March. You will give to the Person, so appointed, proper Instructions
                            for his conduct thro’ the whole of the Route & inform Colo. James Wood now at Frederick Town in Maryland, who is
                            appointed to Command the Guards & take charge of the Prisoners, of the Person appointed & the Measures you
                            take for the Supply of the Troops. If any of the Posts on the Route should be found inconvenient you are at Liberty to
                            vary the Route with the Concurrence of Colo. Wood. If live Cattle could be had it will be best to procure a Number to
                            drive on with the Troops to be used in Cases of Exigency. We are Sir, Your obed. Servts

                            (Signed) Richard Peters By order


Title: From George Washington to Jonathan Trumbull, Sr., 25 May 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Trumbull, Jonathan, Sr.

                            Sir
                            Weathersfield 25th May 1781

                        It having been represented to me that some powder has been made by your Excellency’s directions, at
                            Glassenbury & New Haven in this state, of materials belonging to the Continent, I take the liberty earnestly to
                            request that such measures may be taken by the State as will transport it to Fishkill with the utmost expedition— great
                            care being had that it should not be injured by the weather on its route.
                        The great demand we shall have for powder in the proposed operations of the campaign obliges me to apply to
                            the respective States who have any for a loan to supply our deficiency. I therefore request of your Excellency as great a
                            loan of that necessary article as the State of Connecticut can possibly spare, and that it be transported by the State to
                            Fishkill.
                        If the measures which have been taken to procure an ample supply of powder from Europe shall prove
                            successful, the Continent will soon have ability to repay any loan which may be furnished on this occasion. I beg a speedy
                            and explicit answer on this Subject. I have the honor to be, with the greatest respect, Your Excellency’s most obedient
                            huml. Serv.

                            Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Richard Varick, 25 May 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Varick, Richard

                            Sir
                             25 May 1781

                        By Virtue of Authority committed to me by Resolution of the Hone Congress of the United States of America—I
                            do hereby appoint you my recording Secretary at Head Quarters—You will therefore enter upon the Duties of your office, and
                            proceed therein agreeable to my Instructions herewith given you, conforming yourself at all Times to those Instructions,
                            together with such others as may hereafter be added to them by me.In the Execution of your Duty, which will be extensive,
                            you will employ such Number of Clerks to assist you, as you may find necessary to each of whom; you are hereby authorised,
                            In Behalf of the United States, to promise for his Services, the Sum of fifty Dollars in Specie per month: with the
                            Addition of Ten Dollars more per month, to the Person whom you shall appoint as your Head Clerk.
                        For yourself, you are hereby authorized to receive from the United States, One Hundred Dollars per month in
                            Specie for your Services—with Warrant to call on the Quarter Master General, or his Deputys, for Office Room Fire
                            & Candles—and the necessary Requisites of Pen Ink & paper for the Use of your Office—as also Forage for
                            two Horses for yourself, when found necessary. All which the Quarter Master General is hereby required to furnish upon
                            your Application. Given at Head Quarters New Windsor 25th of May 1781.

                            Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Richard Varick, 25 May 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Varick, Richard

                            Head Qrs N. Windsor 25 May 1781

                        Instructions to the Recording Secretary at Head Quarters.
                        A. 1. All Letters to Congress, Committees of Congress, the Board of
                            War, Individual Members of Congress in their public Characters and American Ministers Plenipotentiary at Foreign Courts,
                            are to be classed together and to be entered in the Order of their Dates.
                        B. 2. All letters, Orders and Instructions to Officers of the line,
                            of the Staff, and all other Military Characters, to compose, a second Class, and to be entered in like manner.
                        C. 3. All Letters to Governors, Presidents and other Executives of
                            States, Civil Magistrates and Citizens of every Denomination, to be a third Class and entered as aforementioned.
                        D. 4. Letters to foreign ministers, Foreign officers, and subjects of
                            Foreign Nations not in the immediate service of America, in Virtue of Commissions from Congress, to compose another Class.
                        E. 5. Letters to Officers of every Denomination in the service of the
                            Enemy, and to British subjects of every Character with the Enemy, or applying to go in to them.
                        F. 6. Proceedings of Councils of War in the Order of their Dates.
                        The Secretary is to assort and prepare these papers to be registered by different Clerks. He is to number and
                            keep a List of his Deliveries of them to those persons, takg recets for them. The Lists are to specify the Dates, and to
                            whom the Letters are directed; by which the papers after they are registered are to be carefully returned by the Clerks to
                            the secretary, who is to compare them with the Books of Entries, and to have them neatly filed in the Order they are
                            registered, or in such other manner, as that references may be more easily had to them. Clerks who write a fair Hand, and
                            correctly, are to be employed; and that there may be a similarity and Beauty in the whole execution, all the writing is to
                            be upon black lines equidistant. All the Books to have the same Margin, and to be indexed in so Clear and intelligent a
                            manner, that there may be no difficulty in the references. The Clerks must be sworn, or be upon their Honour, to be
                            careful of the papers. To give no Copies without permission, or suffer any thing be taken with their privity or Knowledge.
                        Letters to me are to be Classed, in the same order as those from me, indorsed and filed in neat Order, and of
                            easy access.
                        All Files are to be upon Formers of the same size, that the Folds may be the same, and the Storage (in proper
                            Boxes) close and compact.
                        All Returns are to be properly assorted, arranged and treated in the same way. So are papers of every other
                            Class, and the whole to be organized in such a manner, as that easy references may be had to them.
                        If you are not already furnished with a sufficient number of Books, you will apply to the Quarter Master
                            General for as many more as you shall find necessary to compleat your Entries. All the Books are to be of the same size.

                            G.W.


Title: To George Washington from Richard Peters, 26 May 1781
From: Peters, Richard
To: Washington, George

                            Sirs
                            War Office May 26. 1781

                        The enclosed Letters were communicated by Congress to the Board for their Information & Copies of
                            them not having been taken either by Congress or the Board I am to request the Favour of your Excellency to order Copies
                            to be taken & sent to Congress. I have the Honour to be with great Respect your very obed. Servt

                            Richard Peters
                            In Behalf of the Board


Title: To George Washington from Alexander Scammell, 26 May 1781
From: Scammell, Alexander
To: Washington, George

                            Sr
                            Clarke’s Town May 26th 1781

                        Lt Miller has just returnd from the place where the Refugees old block house stood, about six miles below
                            Fort Lee. By every Account he could collect, they had taken post again on Bergen Point. A company from Delanceys Corps, he
                            understood, had joind Ward. He discoverd but very few Vessels in the North River.
                        I omitted mentioning in my last the willingness and capacity of Capt. Lawrence to render me every service in
                            his power. He has declined his state appointment, & wishes to obtain a Commission in the Corps of sappers
                            & miners. I presume that he would be emulous to distinguish himself, and would be agreable to Genl Du Portail in
                            case he could obtain a Commission in that Corps.
                        Ward has requested another Interview with Capt. Lawrence which will take place in a day or two when I hope to
                            obtain some of the latest N. York Papers. I do not yet relinquish The hopes of a good opportunity presenting itself.
                        I beg leave to mention whether it would not be expedient to have a number of Boats kept at Kings Ferry or
                            occasionally at N. york under the Care of Capt. Pray, sufficient to transport this detachment. A party of Troops might be
                            thrown across which could have a better opportunity of annoying Delancys Corps, and march with greater secresy to beat up his
                            quarters, than by any other Route. The enemys boats come up the River but a very little distance above Spiten Devils
                            Creek, so that a party could cross over to Philips’s undiscoverd.
                        Enclosed I send a New York Paper of the 23d Inst. I have the Honor to be Yr Most Obedt & Very Humble
                            Servt

                            A. Scammell


Title: General Orders, 27 May 1781
From: Washington, George
To:

                             Sunday May 27th 1781
                            Parole
                            Countersigns

                        The Commander in Chief is pleased to order that in future only such Men as are not expected to do duty with
                            arms vizt General, Field and Staff Officers servants, Waggoners, butchers, bakers, Commissaries, Quarter masters and
                            Forage masters assistants and one armourer for each regiment in every brigade to which a travelling Forge is attach’d be
                            returned on Extra service.
                        That all others on duty in Camp or Garrison, whether with arms, on Fatigue or occasionally employed as
                            Artificers (except guards placed for the security of Magazines of Ammunition cloathing or provisions not in Garrison be
                            returned Present on duty, and comprized in the number fit for Action.
                        That men detached beyond the ordinary limits of camp or garrison duty whether the service they are ordered on
                            is to be perform’d with or without arms and all guards for Magazines not in Garrison be returned on Command.
                        That the men On duty, Command and Extra service be accounted for with the utmost precision specifying where
                            they are; what duty they are on; Time of absence; and by whose order.
                        "That the troops on the lines and such as are on duty from the Continental Village to Fishkill and from Fort
                            Montgomery to Newburgh inclusive except Magazine guards be considered fit for Action."
                        That as the regulated camp and garrison duty of every Brigade will in ordinary cases be comparatively the
                            same the Adjutant General will not give Credit in his details for men on duty by any other than General Orders.
                        That the commanding officers of regiments and Corps cause Advertisements to be immediately inserted in the
                            public newspapers requiring such of their men as are Sick absent in different parts of the Country where military
                            Hospitals are not established--or return’d absent under other heads and cannot be particularly accounted for to join their
                            respective corps or give information where they are and the cause of their detention within a reasonable limited time on
                            pain of being treated as deserters.
                        That no Physician or surgeon shall furlough a soldier on any pretences except within the vicinity of the
                            Hospital where they may at any time be called upon. When a change of air may contribute to re-establish the health of a
                            convalescent patient or when a more than ordinary length of time is required to bring it about, the Physician or surgeon,
                            having the direction of the hospital where such patient may be is to certify his case to the officer commanding the
                            Brigade regiment or corps to which he belongs who may transmit him a Furlough provided his former Character merits the
                            indulgence. That every sick soldier whose complaint requires his being removed from his corps or command be sent to the
                            Hospital if there be one within a convenient distance.
                        The brigade and regimental returns will be made in future agreeably to the Forms given out this day.
                        All absent officers not on public duty by order of the Commander in Chief or not appointed by proper
                            authority under him to receive and forward on the recruits are to join their respective corps immediately no other excuse
                            can be admitted.
                        No more furloughs are to be given ’till the end of the Campaign but in very extraordinary cases of which the
                            General officer commanding the corps is to be the judge.
                        All soldiers upon furlough are to be immediately order’d to join their respective regiments.
                        The Commander in Chief does in pointed and positive terms forbid under any pretence whatever commanding
                            officers of regiments discharging soldiers before the term for which they are engaged is expired and he is equally pointed
                            in forbidding the exchanging of men unless both are produced to the General officer commanding and his approbation
                            obtained which is to be certified in the discharge.
                        No more recruits are to be discharged such as are thought unfit for Service by the Inspectors of the
                            different State lines with the army are to be sent to the Adjutant General for further examination.


Title: To George Washington from Jacob Bayley, 27 May 1781
From: Bayley, Jacob
To: Washington, George

                            Sir
                            Newbury 27th May 1781

                        Your Excelency will be Tried to Read so many Letters from me at once however I cannot but Inform what I hear
                            and is Probable to be True last evening come in a Diserter from Canada Deserted from a Party on Hazens Point the Day
                            before 10 o Clock he says the on the Twelvith of May orders were Resd at St Johns from the Commander at Quebeck that the
                            Immigrant Regt Sr John Johnson Regt the three Cores of Rangers and a Detachment from the other Regts together with three
                            Nations of Indians were to assemble at St. Johns the 10th June where Every Provitions were made for them, 150 Battaux five
                            gun Boats &c. that Spies and Small Partys were out for Mischiaf, a Flag is now at Canada from Vermont, I am afraid
                            to agree to a Neutrality (Ira Allen Commands it) if so the Enemy will be at Albany, or try for it.
                        if Six or Eight men were from the grants it would be well for they Decive the Innocent. I am Your Excelencys
                            Most Obedient Humble Sert

                            Jacob Bayley


Title: From George Washington to Samuel Huntington, 27 May 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Huntington, Samuel

                            Sir,Head Quarters New Windsor 27th May 1781

                        I do myself the honor to inform Congress that I returned from Weathersfield yesterday Evening. I met only His
                            Excellency the Count de Rochambeau at that place (accompanied by the Chevr de Chartellux). The British Fleet having
                            appeared off Block Island, the Count de Barras did not think it prudent to be absent.
                        In consequence of the measures concerted at the late interview, all the French Troops, except about 200 to be
                            left as a Guard over their heavy Stores and Baggage at Providence, are to march as soon as circumstances will admit, and
                            form a junction with me upon the North River. Two hundred Militia are to be Stationed upon Rhode Island for the
                            preservation of the Works which have been erected and for the security of the harbour.
                        Upon a full consideration of Affairs in every point of view, an operation against New York has been deemed
                            preferable to making further detachments to the Southward, while they can only be sent by Land. The principal reasons which
                            induced to this determination are as follow—The difficulty and expence of Transportation—the lateness of the Season, which would throw the Troops into the extremity of the heat
                            of Summer—the great waste of Men which we have ever experienced in so long a march at the
                            healthiest Season—and above all, a strong presumption that the enemy, weakened as they now are by detachment, must either
                            sacrafice the valuable Port of New York and its dependencies, or recall a part of their force from the Southward to defend
                            them.
                        The Continental Battalions, from New Hampshire to New Jersey, inclusive (supposing them compleat) aided by
                            4000 French Troops and Such a reinforcement of Militia as the operation after its commencement would seem to require, have
                            been deemed adequate for the attempt upon New York with its present Garrison: But as the Battalions of those States are
                            still considerably deficient I have written in the most pressing manner to the respective
                            Legislatures to make up such deficiencies with Men for the Campaign only, if they cannot be obtained for a longer term—and
                            have desired the Government to hold certain numbers of Militia ready for Service, should I have a reason to call for them.
                            I am however determined to require no more than are absolutely necessary. I shall also call upon the State of Pensylvania
                            to hold 1600 Militia in readiness.
                        Congress have been made so fully acquainted with the difficulties of every kind under which the Military
                            department labors, that they must be sensible that nothing but the most vigorous exertions on the part of the States to
                            supply Men, Provisions and the means of Transportation, can enable me to prosecute to effect the operation which I have
                            agreed, in conjunction with the Army of our Ally, to undertake, or indeed any other. At the time that I made my
                            requisitions, upon them, I summed up every argument in my power to induce a compliance, but should I find any hesitation,
                            I shall hope for the countenance & support of Congress.
                        I am very apprehensive of a formidable Invasion of the Northern frontier, as the Enemy from Canada are
                            undoubtedly collecting in considerable force at Crown point. Should this be the case, it will cause a very unfortunate
                            diversion, & be very embarrassing just at this time when our whole force will be required below. The necessity
                            which I clearly foresee we shall be under of carrying every man, who can be spared from other duties, into the Field,
                            induces me to request an order that such men of the Invalid Corps at Philadelphia and Boston as are fit for Garrison duty
                            may be ordered to March to West point, where their Services will be the same as those upon which they are now employed,
                            & where they may be very useful.
                        There has been a necessity of abandoning the Post of Fort Schuyler and removing the Garrison and Stores to
                            the German Flats. The Barracks had been the beginning of this month consumed in fire, and the works so exceedingly damaged
                            by the heavy rain storm, that they were rendered indefensible, nor could they be repaired in any reasonable time by the
                            number of Men who can by spared as a Garrison. Brigr Genl Clinton recommended the evacuation of the Post as the only
                            alternative, to which I the more readily consented, as it had been for some time past the opinion of the Officers best
                            acquainted with that part of the Country that a post at the German Flats would be more easily supported, and equally
                            advantageous as to the security of the Frontier.
                        Upon my return I found your Excellency’s favors of the 17th & 20th and Mr Secretary Thompsons of the
                            15th. I shall pay due attention to their several contents. I have the honor to be with great respect & Esteem Yr
                            Exceley’s most Obedt Servt

                            Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Joseph Reed, 27 May 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Reed, Joseph

                            SirHead Quarters New Windsor 27th. May 1781

                        I beg leave to inform your Excellency that at a late conference between His Excellency the Count de
                            Rochambeau and myself it has been agreed that the principal part of the French Force shall march, as soon as circumstances
                            will admit, and form a junction with me upon the North River. The enemy have so exceedingly weakened themselves by
                            repeated detachments to support the War to the southward, that a favorable opportunity seems to present itself of
                            expelling them from New York or obliging them to recall part of their force to defend the extensive posts dependant
                            upon that Garrison—Could this last be effected, it would essentially relieve the southern States.
                        Upon the most accurate calculation that I have been able to make, an operation against New York with its
                            present Garrison will require all the Continental Battalions from New Jersey to New Hampshire inclusive fully compleated
                            and the French Force now at Rhode Island. But as we cannot count upon the Battalions being full and as a Body of Militia
                            will moreover be necessary for the investment of New York and its out posts, I have called upon the several States, from
                            Pennsylvania to New Hampshire, to hold certain numbers in readiness to move within a week of the time at which I may
                            require them, and to serve three months from the time they join the Army.The number allotted to Pennsylvania is 1600,
                            which is in proportion to the Continental Battalions which she furnishes. Your Excellency will be pleased to give the
                            necessary orders and to direct the necessary preparations of Arms and Camp Equipage.
                        I think it essential that the Legislature, at their present Session should vest the Executive, during their recess,
                            with powers of complying with such further requisitions of men as I may be under the necessity of making, or of provisions,
                            and the means of transportation.
                        Your Excellency must be sensible that our principal difficulty will lye in subsisting so great a number of
                            men as we shall be obliged to draw together, and as our dependance for Bread must be in great measure upon the State of
                            Pennsylvania, I must take the liberty to refer you to my letter of the 5th instant which will give you a true Idea of our
                            prospects unless very decisive measures are speedily taken. I shall be obliged by your letting me hear from you as soon as
                            possible upon the quantity of Flour which we may with a tolerable degree of certainty expect from the State. The
                            importance of the object which we have in contemplation ought and I hope will induce Government to exert their utmost
                            powers to procure a supply.
                        Applications for reinforcement to the southern Army no doubt have reached you thro’ another Channel, but I
                            cannot help mentioning the critical situation to which our affairs in that quarter are reduced for want of a permanent
                            force, and expressing my earnest wishes that measures may be fallen upon to make up the deficiency of the Pennsylvania
                            line. I have the honor to be &c.


Title: General Orders, 28 May 1781
From: Washington, George
To:

                            Head Quarters New Windsor Monday May 28th 1781
                            Parole
                            Countersigns

                        Each regiment in the New Hampshire Massachusett Rhode Island Connecticut New York and New Jersey lines is
                            ordered to furnish two able bodied men (engaged for three years or during the war) from the first recruits that join them;
                            to be incorporated with the Corps of Sappers and Miners on the same principles with those already draughted for that
                            corps.
                        That part of Colonel Van Schaick’s regiment stationed at West Point is to be held in readiness to move on the
                            shortest notice; all detachments or men on other duty from it are to be immediately relieved and called in.


Title: From George Washington to Elias Dayton, 28 May 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Dayton, Elias

                        Dear Sir

                            Head Quarters New Windsor 28th May 1781.

                        The late accounts from New York are mysterious and perplexing, but they at any rate demand that we should be
                            in readiness to move. You will therefore concentre, as much as possible, your Brigade and put them under marching orders.
                            The parties at the Clove are not to be immediately called in, but the Officers commanding them warned to be in readiness.
                        Should an evacuation of New York take place, as many strongly suspect, the troops under your command will be
                            next for detachment, you will therefore desire the Officers to make preparations for a move more than merely to fjoin the
                            main Body of the Army.
                        As I am very anxious to learn what they are really doing in New York, you will oblige me by obtaining and
                            sending me an accurate intelligence as possible. I am Dear Sir yr most obt Servt

                            Go: Washington

                            I recd your favr of the 16th.


Title: From George Washington to Antoine-Jean-Louis Le Bègue de Presle Duportail, 28 May 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Duportail, Antoine-Jean-Louis Le Bègue de Presle

                        Dear Sir

                            Head Quarters New Windsor May 28th 1781

                        As you are perfectly acquainted with the plan which has been concerted with His Excellency the Count De
                            Rochambeau at Weathersfield: I need not enter into a detail of particulars. but have only to request therefore, that you
                            will be pleased to make the Estimates of the Articles in Your Department necessary for the operation, and that the
                            previous Arrangements for the seige, as far as they are within the Limits of our ability, may be put in the best train
                            which the circumstances will hopefully admit.
                        In the mean time; as it has become necessary, from the decay of the Works, the demolition of the Barracks
                            & other circumstances, to abandon the Post of Fort Schuyler, and erect new Fortifications at or near Fort
                            Herkimar. I have to request that you will find an Engineer to superintend the Works in that Department. I am Dear Sir


Title: To George Washington from Samuel Huntington, 28 May 1781
From: Huntington, Samuel
To: Washington, George

                            sir,
                            Philadelphia May 28. 1781

                        Your Excellency will receive herewith enclosed, an Act of Congress of the 25th Instant containing the general
                            Principals to be observed in Promotions in the Line of the Army.
                        This Plan hath been adopted upon mature Deliberation, to be observed as a general Rule in Promotions, as
                            subject to the fewest Objections of any that could be devised (though not altogether free from them) under the peculiar
                            Situation & Circumstances of the federal Army raised & recruited from so many distinct sovereign States.
                        Your Excellency will also note the Promotion of Lieut. Colonel Tilghman and Major McHenry, as also the
                            Provision made for Officers who are Hostages & for Aids de Camp as specified in this Act.
                        For your Excellency’s Information I have also enclosed a Resolve of the 26th Instant, ordering a Copy of Major
                            General Greene’s Letter of the 22d of April to be transmitted to several of the States. I have the Honor to be, with very
                            great Respect Your Excellency’s most obedient & most humble Servant

                            Sam. Huntington President


Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 28 May 1781
From: Jefferson, Thomas
To: Washington, George

                            Sir,
                            Charlottesville May 28th 1781

                        I make no doubt you will have heard before this shall have the honour of being presented to Your Excellency
                            of the junction of Lord Cornwallis with the force at Petersburg under Arnold who had succeeded to the command on the death
                            of Major General Philips. I am now advised that they have evacuated Petersburg, joined at Westover a Reinforcement of 2000
                            Men just arrived from New York, crossed James River, and on the 26th Instant were three miles advanced on their way
                            towards Richmond; at which place Majr General the Marquis Fayette lay with 3000 Men, regulars and militia, that being the
                            whole number we could Arm till the arrival of the 1100 Arms from Rhode Island which are about this time getting to the
                            place where our public Stores are deposited. The whole force of the Enemy within this State from the best intelligence I
                            have been able to get, I think, is about 7000 Men, Infantry and Cavalry, including also the small Garrison left at
                            Portsmouth, a number of Privateers and small Vessels which are consistantly ravaging the Shores of our Rivers prevent us
                            from receiving any aid from the Counties lying on Navigable Waters, and powerful Operations meditated against our Western
                            Frontier by a joint force of British and Indian Savages have, as your Excellency before knew, obliged us to embody between
                            two and three thousand Men in that quarter. with Your Excellency will judge from this state of things and from what you know of
                            your own Country what it may probably suffer during the present Campaign. Should the Enemy be able to produce no
                            opportunity of annihilating the Marquis’s Army a small proportion of their force may yet restrain his movements
                            effectually while the greater part is employed in detachment to waste an unarmed Country and to lead the minds of the
                            people to acquiesence under those events which they see no human power prepared to ward off. We are too far removed from
                            the other scenes of War, to say whether the main force of the Enemy be within this State, but I suppose they cannot any
                            where spare so great an Army for the Operations of the field: Were it possible for this Circumstance to justify in you
                            Excellency a determination to lend us your personal aid, it is evident from the universal voice that the presence of their
                            beloved Countryman, whose talents have been so long successfully employed in establishing the freedom of kindred states,
                            to whose person they have still flattered themselves they retained some right, and have ever looked up as their dernier
                            resort in distress, that your appearance among them I say would restore full confidence of salvation and would render them
                            equal to whatever is not impossible. I cannot undertake to foresee and obviate the difficulties which stand in the way of
                            such a resolution; the whole Subject is before you of which I see only detached parts; and your judgment will be formed on
                            view of the whole. Shouldl the danger of this State and its consequence to the Union be such as to render it best for the
                            whole that you should repair to its assistance, the difficulty would then be how to keep men out of the field. I have
                            undertaken to hint this matter to your Excellency not only on my own sense of its importance to us, but at the
                            sollicitations of many members of weight in our legislature which is not yet assembled to speak their own desires. A few
                            days will bring to me that period of relief which the Constitution has prepared for those oppressed with the labours of my
                            office, and a long declared resolution of relinquishing it to abler hands has prepared my way for retirement to a private
                            station: still however as an individual citizen I should feel the comfortable effects of your presence, and have (what I
                            thought could not have been), an additional motive for that gratitude, esteem & respect with which I have the
                            honour to be Your Excellency’s Most Obedient & Most humble servant

                            Th: Jefferson


Title: From George Washington to Alexander Scammell, 28 May 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Scammell, Alexander

                        Dear Sir

                            Head Quarters New Windsor 28h May 1781.

                        I have recd your favors of the 24h and 26h instants. I am sorry that Capt. Ward did not give you an oppertunity
                            of meeting him. As the enemy seem to have removed themselves from the West Side of the River, your remaining down where
                            you now are will answer no purpose, you will therefore cross at Kings ferry and take post at any convenient spot between
                            Peekskill and Crown point.
                        If you can see Capt. Lawrence before you move be pleased to present him my thanks for the services he has
                            rendered you and desire him if he meets W—— not to make him any promises pardon or any thing else except he will engage
                            to render some essential piece of service or to bring off a Body of his Men. He himself is of no manner of consequence,
                            and I had rather he would remain with the Enemy than come off alone.
                        I do know that there is a want of Officers in the Corps of sappers, but should there be, it can only be in
                            the Rank of subalterns, in which I do not image Capt. Lawrence would serve.
                        When you have got to your new Ground you will let me hear from you. I am Dear Sir yr most obt Servt


Title: To George Washington from John Sullivan, 28 May 1781
From: Sullivan, John
To: Washington, George

                            My dear General
                            Philadelphia May 28th 1781

                        Though the Distresses of our Army, the Success of the Enemy in the Southern States; The certainty of the
                            Second Division not coming to America; and the Disposition of the Sovereigns of Russia, and Germany, to dictate a Peace;
                            when the uti possidetes if admitted would Operate to deprive us of very important parts of the
                            united States: Yet I would forbear congratulating Your Excellency on the general Compleation of our Affaires which in my
                            Opinion wear a more promising Aspect Than they have done for many Years.
                        The Reinforcement from France though far short of what was intended, will (I trust) Enable us to undertake
                            Offensive Operations by Land & Sea. the Generous Donation of his most Christian Majesty with the measures adopted
                            by Congress & by our Financier will Enable us to pay and Supply our Army. The Cloathing Arrived & now on
                            its passage will Enable us to Cloathe our Army. the Measures adopted by the French Court will furnish us with the
                            necessary Munitions of War. The Exertions of Mr R: Morris will in a few Days give You a permanent Supply of provisions
                            Independant of The Supplies Expected from the States. The Late important discoveries made by Congress have at Length
                            convinced them that Honesty is the best policy; This will restore our Lost credit. The prospects of a peace being Dictated
                            to us by an Armed neutrality will rouse Congress and the States to Exertions which may put us on a footing to negotiate on
                            Terms of Equality. The Scrupulous adherence of his Christian Majesty to the Terms of the Alliance; The favorable
                            Disposition of the Spanish Court; and the interest which the powers of Europe have discovered in our becoming an
                            Independant Nation promise us Every thing in a negociation which our Exertions & their political Interest may
                            Dictate. but Amidst all those flattering prospects we are now called upon to make our Last desperate Struggle to pave the
                            way to that peace and Independance for which we have so long contended. Congress do and I am convinced the States will
                            feel the necessity to Exert Every nerve at this critical moment and I do not Entertain a Doubt of the Success. The rule of
                            promotions has with much difficulity passed; which, though not in Every aspect agreable to my mind is much better Than any
                            thing yet adopted. The Committee fell in with Your Excellencys reasoning but the obstinacy of ignorant members in Some
                            degree mutilated the plan. The Arrangement of the Artillery and Cavalry was rejected because it was Supposed to militate
                            against the Confederation; other parts were rejected for different reasons and Some for no reason at all but I flatter
                            myself that as it now Stands it will answer our views in Some Degree. I should be more particular with your Excellency
                            upon European Intelligence but Your Late conference at Weathersfield Must have Superseaded the
                            Necessity. Though my own Domestic affairs will Soon compell me to Leave Congress Your Excellency may rely on Every
                            Exertion of mine during the Little time I shall remain, & upon all the Influence I may have with the State of N.
                            Hampsr. after my return. I have the honor to be with the most profound respect my Dear General Your Excys most obedt
                            & very Humble Servant

                             Jno. Sullivan