Title: To George Washington from Friedrich Wilhelm Ludolf Gerhard Augustin, Baron [von] Steuben, 21 April 1783
From: Steuben, Friedrich Wilhelm Ludolf Gerhard Augustin, Baron [von]
To: Washington, George

                            Sir
                             April 21, 1783

                        I have the honor to present Your Excellency with my thoughts on a peace Establishment for our interior
                            defence; how far my plan is adapted to the circumstances of the United States & whether it will agree with the
                            principles of our Goverment, I am not able to determine.
                        This I am Certain of that we have need of a regular force for the protection of our partners, that our
                            Militia ought to be on a regular footing, & that the Establishment of military, schools & manufacturing
                            will be the best means of providing for our security in future. and that a system of this nature will make us more
                            respectable with the powers of Europe than if we should keep up an Army of fifty thousand men. with the greatest respect I
                            have the honor to be Sir, Your Excellencies Most Obedient Servant

                            Steuben
                            Maj. General

                     Enclosure

                                    c.21 April 1783

                            Among the advantages which the United States have to hope from the present glorious peace, this certainly
                                is the greatest that their situation will secure them from the insults of Ambitions European powers without their
                                being obliged to Keep up an expensive Military establishment.
                            A Chain of small posts along the Frontiers as well for the protection of trade as to be check upon the
                                Indians, a well organized militia, & the establishment of military schools & manufactories is all that
                                will be necessary for our security. As long as our ambition is confined to promoting the happiness of our citizens
                                within our limits, we can spare the enormous expence which a large land and Sea force would subject us to. As our
                                Commerce increases we shall undoubtedly excite the jealousy of the maritime & trading powers of Europe, this
                                jealousy may produce quarels: & we may probably be obliged to form & keep up an expensive navy for the
                                protection of our Commercial rights; but as this is a matter which does not demand our immediate attention, neither in
                                my sphere, I shall confine myself to trace the measures we have to take, & the arrangements necessary for our
                                present & Future security.
                            They are reduced to three Objects.
                            1st The number & organization of troops necessary to guard the different posts to be mentained on
                                the Continent.
                            2d The formation of our Militia on a uniform & well regulated footing.
                            3d The Establishments of Military schools & manufactories.
                            The first Object is for the present moment & demands a prompt decision. The greatest part of our
                                Army is engaged for the War, their inlistments expire on the publication of
                                Peace, & they wait with impatience the moment in which they shall return to the rank of Citizens.
                            The number of those who would engage on a peace establishment is, so inconsiderable that I shall not
                                calculate upon them.
                            About 4000 men will remain who have one or two years to serve, it is with those that
                                we must form our first Continental Peace establishment, it remains to be examined how many of those
                                we shall retain, how form, & employ them for immediate service.
                            By the following plan for the defence of the United States, we shall not want less than 4982
                                NonCommissioned Officers & soldiers for the Infantry Artillery Cavalry &c.-&c. The 4000 who
                                will remain after peace is declared will be  sufficient for the foundation of this new Continental Line; I give it this appellation, not having any idea of a military
                                establishment in the united States which is not federal.
                            These troops to be assembled at West Point, where they might be formed into Regiments, Battalions
                                & Companies. Each Company to consist of

                                    One Captain

                                    One Lieutenant

                                    Infantry

                                    One Ensign

                                    five Sergeants

                                    three Corporals

                                    two Drums & fifes

                                    sixty privates

                            Then four Companies form a Battalion, & eight Companies a Regiment. That the light Infantry
                                company be abolished in this establishment. That a Company of Artillery consist of

                                    One Captain

                                    One Captain Lieutenant

                                    One first Lieut.

                                    One 2d Lieutenant

                                    Six sergeants

                                    Six Bombardiers

                                    Six Gunners

                                    One Drum

                                    One fife

                                    forty Matrosses

                            That one Company of sixty artificers of different kinds should be annexed to the Artillery to be
                                Commanded by the Officers & non Commissioned Officers of that Corps, and that they be distributed as the good
                                of the Service may require.
                            That the Northern army should furnish these regiments of Infantry, two Companies of artillery and two
                                Compys of artificers to be formed on the above plan immediately. Five of those regiments with the necessary
                                detachments of artillery & artificers to be destined to garrison the posts on the frontiers begining at
                                Penobscot & forming a chain to the mouth of the Ohio; There the third Regiment remain at the General
                                Rendezvous (West Point) until other arrangements shall take place.
                            That General Greene should be charged with forming Regiment from the Southern army exactly on the same
                                footing, which should be destined to hold the posts along the Mississippi which are necessary, to the frontiers of
                                Georgia; a Company of Artillery & one of Artificers to be also furnished from the So. Army to be employed in the same
                                manner as the others.
                            This Decision intended for Garrison service is to consist of 4 Regt of Infantry

                                    each to consist of 560 non Comd officers and soliders2240

                                    3 Companies of Artillery at 60 pr Compy180

                                    3 Companies of Artificers at 60180

                                    2600

                            That the Officers of the division should be choosen by the Commander in Chief—and appointed by
                                Congress. Their pay & emoluments must not be less than they have enjoyed during the war.
                            The pay of the Non Comd Officers & soldiers of this first formation must remain as it is untill
                                the expiration of their inlistments, but the pay of those who engage again, & of the recruits after the war
                                must be regulated for a peace establishment.
                            Each of those Regiments will occupy such posts as shall be assigned to them.
                            The Principal post which each Regiment holds in the chain, will be the residence of the
                                    Colonel and staff of the Regt. If it is possible to prevent it, duty should never be done by
                                    detachments in those Regiments, where the posts require it one or two, Companies compleat ought
                                    to garrison them, where they are small a Company must be divided to two posts, nothing will
                                accelerate the ruin of a Corps so much as doing duty by detachment. An ordinance for the service of troops in
                                garrison must be annexed to our present regulations, which will always serve for the Basis of
                                discipline for Continental Troops notwithstanding this military establishment is on a very small scale, it must be
                                conducted with the greatest regularity, this will absolutely depend on the manner in which it is organized.
                            Each Colonel must not only be responsible for the administration of his Regt but as he is the Commanding
                                Officer of each post garrisoned by his regiment, he must require an exact monthly report from each the particular
                                commander informing of the situation of the troops, magazines, ordnance, fortifications & administration of
                                each post, and at certain appointed times he must visit each post himself as he will give an exact account of those
                                objects above mentioned to the General Officer in whose department he shall be & from whom he will receive his orders
                                & instructions. The number of troops proposed by this plan is certainly not so considerable, but that one General Officer
                                would be sufficient to command them; but their extent will be too great to permit one person to conduct the direction
                                with that exactness which the importance of the Object requires; therefore the military establishment of the Continent
                                should be divided, if not into three, not into less than two departments or Generalities a Certain part of the chain of
                                posts, & of the interior military establishment to be assigned to each General Officer, for which he must be
                                accountable.
                            He will Receive the reports for the Colonels in his departments, communicate to them his orders &
                                instructions, Visit at certain periods himself the different posts, & give an account to the Capt. General or
                                minister of War, of the situation of each military branch in his department.
                            The pay of the different ranks of Officers with their other emoluments and advantages must be regularly
                                furnished, the necessary assurances will be seen by Congress to this purpose.
                            The Officers who desire to be placed in the new military Line of the United States, might be desired to
                                send their Names & dates of Commission to the adjutant General.
                            In time of War there are certain attracting objects which engage men of spirit & ambition to
                                prefer a military life to any other; such as occasions of distinguishing themselves by heroic actions, &c.
                                rapid & extraordinary promotion ceases in time of peace & the service is without variety, especially in
                                Garrisons on the frontiers seperated from society & more or less from inhabitants; these disagreeablenesses will
                                prevent officers of merit engaging in this establishment without these appointments & advantages are such as
                                to counter ballance them.
                            The formation of our Militia is the second essential object for the security of the United States.
                            It is not of great consequence what scale they are formed on or what denomination the Corps are under,
                                provided they are equal in their numbers & subdivisions, if this is the case the exercises and manoeuvres may
                                be adapted to their formation which must not only be uniform in the militia, but exactly the same with the Continental
                                Troops, thus when they are joined the same exhibitions & manoeuvres may serve alike for
                                both.
                            The formation of a Regiment without a Light Infantry Company appears to me the most simple formation for a
                                Regt of Militia, & with little alteration our regulations will serve for the basis of their discipline.
                            That each Regt should be formed in two Battalions, each Battln to form four Companies, each Company
                                composed as follows—
                            Formation of a Compy of Militia

                                    One Captain

                                    One Lieutenant

                                    One Ensign

                                    Five Serjeants

                                    three Corporals

                                    1 Drum

                                    1 fife

                                    60 privates

                            To simplify the formation two Battals should form a Regt, five Regts a Brigade, & two Brigades a
                                division. To each division two troops of Cavalry should be annexed consisting of one Captain. One Lieutenant. One
                                Cornel. 5 Serjeants. 3 Corporals. one trumpet or beagle horn. & 60 Dragoons each.
                            Those two troops to be Commanded by a major.
                            That to each division two Companies of artillery be annexed, each to consist of

                                    One Captain

                                    6 sergeants

                                    One Capt. Lt

                                    16 Cannoneers

                                    One 1st Lt

                                    2 Drums & fifes &

                                    One 2d Lt

                                    40 Matrosses

                            The two Companies of Artillery & in the same line artificers to be commanded
                                by a major.
                            That each Division should have four field pieces.
                            The Militia should not take the field in smaller bodies than the following.
                            Infantry in Battalions, Cavalry & Artillery in Companies.
                            When a County or district is not sufficient to form Battln then quota must be formed
                                to another County or district until they have the number required, the Battln will then be properly arranged &
                                forwarded to the general rendezvous. Whatever rules Congress are pleased to give for the
                                formation of the militia, it will be of the greatest consequence that they are the same throughout
                                the United States, not only the regulations for their service, but also the Militia Laws if possible ought to be the
                                same.
                            All Volunteer Corps & independent companies ought to be abolished, they are
                                absolutely the destruction of an army, & never of any service.
                            The Regulations for the formation & service of the Militia after having received the authority of
                                Congress, ought to be printed & distributed to the different States.
                            The third Object for the safety of the United States & for rendering them respectable is the
                                establishment of Military schools & manufactories, a plan for the erection of which I have presented to the
                                Minister of War.
                            This is the moment in which we could choose among our officers those proper for such an establishment.
                                This is the moment in which we might retain several excellent engineers &
                                good artillery officers for the instruction of our young volunteers. This the
                                moment in which we might engage a number of artificers & tradesmen for our Manufactories.
                            The Establishment such as I have proposed in my propit, will require an augmentation
                                of 1800 noncommissioned Officers & soldiers the 2600 calculated for the
                                Garrisons on the frontiers, & the Regt de Reserve at West point as the general place of
                                arms, added will make 4982 non commisd Officers and soldiers, this body could be immediately formed from those engaged
                                for longer than the war.
                            The number necessary of Artificers and horse men for the manufactories might be
                                engaged on the conditions I have proposed, numbers of which could be found among the German
                                prisoners, those men would be actually happy to be retained on such a footing, but if they are ever dispersed they
                                will hardly be collected again.
                            As for the present West point is the place most proper for collecting the Stores of all kinds artillery
                                &c. belonging to the United States, there must immediately be a number sufficient to arrange them. The
                                Regiment de Reserve & all the others whose enlistments do not expire
                                till after peace is declared may be instantly employed in those works which will be most for the
                                advantage of the united States.
                            General Plan for the establishment of troops to be kept in the Service of the United States.

                                    One Capt. in General or minister of War

                                    3
                                    Generals

                                    Officers of the Infantry

                                    7
                                    Colonels

                                    7
                                    Lt Colonels

                                    10
                                    Majors

                                    56
                                    Captains

                                    63
                                    Lieutenants

                                    56
                                    Ensigns

                                    204
                                    Serjeants

                                    168
                                    Corporals

                                    126
                                    Musick

                                        3360

                                    Privates

                                    3948
                                    non Commisd & privates

                                    Cavalry

                                    6
                                    Captains

                                    6
                                    Lieutenants

                                    6
                                    Cornels

                                    30
                                    Serjeants

                                    18
                                    Corporals

                                        240

                                    Dragoons

                                    288

                                    Artillery, Sappers, Miners & Artificers

                                    Officers of Artillery & engineers

                                    6
                                    Field Officers

                                    12
                                    Captains

                                    12
                                    Capt Lieutts

                                    12
                                    first Lieuts

                                    12
                                    second Lieuts

                                    36
                                    serjeants

                                    36
                                    Bombardiers

                                    36
                                    Cannoniers

                                    6
                                    Musick

                                    244
                                    Matrosses

                                    18
                                    Master Miners

                                    18
                                    Master Sappers

                                    84
                                    Pionniers

                                        268

                                    Artificers

                                        746

                                    Total 4982

                            How far this plan is adapted to the Circumstances of the United States, or the principles of their
                                goverments Your Excellency will be able to determine.


Title: To George Washington from John Armstrong, 22 April 1783
From: Armstrong, John
To: Washington, George

                            Dear General
                            Carlisle 22d April 1783

                        In March, I was honored with the receit of your Excellencys letter of the 10th of January—and the
                            interveneing intelligence has at once prevented my earlier acknowledgments, and the use of observation, the then important
                            contents being now beyond Suspence.
                        At lenth, not only the emblem, the Olive branch; but the Salutary thing it self Peace and independance hath reached this militant and weary land! but why should we say at length, since the period
                            of War is Shorter than our Situation & merits entitled us to expect—nor is it obtained on contracted ground, but
                            commensurate to our wishes, and as honourable as were the means employed to procure it.
                        Let me therefore Sir most cordially congratulate your Excellency, on the Stupendous, the Divine event! but as
                            it exceeds all our powers of description, what have we to say, but to ascribe glory to God—and exercise good will
                            & good deeds to one another. these excellent morals were alwais incumbent upon us, but at present we have them
                            peculiarly enforced by an astonishing national blessing—which expands the free mind, and invites the
                            mutual joy of every candid breast. To our Army heroick tho’ often Suffering, to brave & faithful Allies—to wise
                            Senators & virtuous Citizens, are our great tributes due—their instrumentallity is highly honored of God, they
                            therefore deserve honour & compensation from men; but should the latter fail, which we believe will not be the
                            Case, virtue has her inseperable reward.
                        You have Sir in particular had many prayers asending for you in time past, not only in regard to your high
                            trust & arduous command; but that your life & health might be preserved, they are explicitly answered in
                            the affirmative I now wish their continuence for your better part, lest the bane of indigested and profuse panegyrick,
                            should wound the man, so long invulnerable by the grosser engines of death. I hope dear General, the time is at hand when
                            a Calm and honorable retreat, will afford you leisure with humble gratitude & placid admiration, to revolve the
                            various & unexpected Scenes thro’ which you have been carried, and the retrospect prove consolatory to your selfe,
                            as it also must to many of your distant friends. But you are not entirely discharged from the publick Service of this
                            generation—now are these States independant, but how are we to improve this new Situation? Wisdom & virtue,
                            internal grace & harmony, can only conduct the great concern. An honorable Settlement with, and discharge of the
                            Army calls for immediate attention—Extensive States Should Submit their boundaries to Congress, and that body have greater
                            powers at least for a limited time. the Indians also gives matter of consideration—but the highest
                            matter of national concern, in my Opinion, is the preservation & regular Settlement of the
                            Western Country. That Country in a certain ratio, is equally the property of every State in the Union,
                            and if properly guarded from avericious & claimants and vagrants, may at a very moderate price in process of time be sold
                            out to a large amount indeed—It is also under proper government a solid fund, for the Security or discharge of National
                            debt—and good titles there, must induce the emigration of men of Charactor & wealth from foreign
                            parts. A proper republican plan for this great purpose, is not very easily laid, but neither the plan, nor the execution
                            of it I hope will be thought impracticable—if that Country is Settled or taken up in an irregular
                            & loose manner, these States will Sustain an unknown loss and the regular establishment of
                            government will be greatly impeded, or perhaps Something worse. I cannot consider that country in the same light we
                                used to do other back lands clearly belonging to individual States—it is the priunited blood & treasure, and ought neither to be partially ingrossed, neglected, nor lavished
                            away. Should these thoughts happen to concur with yours, an early hint to Congress may call this matter in to
                            contemplation—and I shall Shortly write some members of that body to the Same effect, as no time Should
                            be lost in takeing up a Subject of so much general importance. I have with perfect respect & esteem the honor to
                            be, your Excellencys Affectionate humbl. Servt

                            John Armstrong


Title: To George Washington from Richard Butler, 22 April 1783
From: Butler, Richard
To: Washington, George

                            Sir
                            Lancaster Aprl 22d 1783

                        I with much pleasure congratulate your Excellency on the happy conclusion of the War the Advantages to this
                            country are Amazing & the Teritory great.
                        Should any Garisons be kept in the Frontier & any regular peace Establishment in this state a
                            recommendation from your Excellency I am confident, aded to the good Opinion the State have of me would be sufficd to
                            Establish me in command, how far your Excellency may think this proper I refer entirely to yourself I pray you will not
                            think it hard for an old Soldier to Apply to his General at the close of A War for A recommendation—I have Also to request
                            Your Excellency to be so kind as have the bearer Lieut. Pratt of the 3d P. Regt & Lieut. Beaty of Same Regt
                            Appointed in General Orders the former as quarter master, the latter as pay master he being balloted for by the Officers
                            of the Regt —may your Excellency enjoy health & happiness is the Sincere wish of your
                            Excellencys most Obedt & very Hbl. st

                            R. Butler Col.
                            3d P. Regt Comdg


Title: From George Washington to James Madison, 22 April 1783
From: Washington, George
To: Madison, James

                            Sir
                            Newburgh 22d April 1783

                        Major McHenry—formerly an assistant Secretary to me, & afterwards Aid de Camp to the Marqs de la
                            Fayette, informs me that Congress are about to appoint Official Secretaries for their Ministers abroad, &
                            expresses a wish to go in that character to the Court of Versailles—or London.
                        Justice, if I could divest myself of the inclination to serve this Gentleman, would compel me to represent
                            him as a Man of Letters & abilities.of great integrity, sobriety & prudence—In a word—a Man of strict
                            honor; possessing all those good qualities (without a bad one with which I am acquainted) necessary to fit him for such an
                            office—He would, I am perswaded, render the Minister to whom he should be appointed Secretary, very happy in such  a
                            connection; as he is of an amiable temper—very obliging, and of polished manners. His Interest too lyes in this Country.
                        I have now to entreat your excuse for the freedom of this recommendation; a desire to serve a Man who has
                            followed my fortunes, and shared in my perplexities, has prompted me to it; but I never have, nor never will, from these
                            considerations alone recommend a person to an Office of trust who I am not morally certain is fully competent to the
                            duties of it. I have the honor to be Sir, Yr Most Obt & Hble Serv

                            Go: Washington

                                On the draft, in DLC: GW, GW notes "A Similar Letter was written to Mr Livingston Secretary of F:
                                Affairs."


Title: From George Washington to Jacob Morris, 22 April 1783
From: Washington, George
To: Morris, Jacob

                            Sir,
                            Newburgh 22d Apl 1783

                        I have lately received a Letter from Miss Lee—Sister to the deceased General Lee—requesting me to obtain for
                            her, an authentic copy of his Will. this I have promised to do, & know no way so likely to effect it, soon, as by applying to you. May I therefore entreat the favor of you to procure, & send to
                            me an attested Copy thereof? any expence that may attend it, I will pay.
                        If I knew in what Office the Will was recorded I would have made a direct application to it without giving
                            you any trouble. As I do not, this must be my apology for the application from Sir Yr Most Obt & Hble Servt

                            Go: W——n


Title: To George Washington from Timothy Pickering, 22 April 1783
From: Pickering, Timothy
To: Washington, George

                            Sir,
                            Newburgh April 22. 1783

                        You was pleased to ask my opinion of the military establishments proper to be adopted by the United States,
                            on the conclusion of the war. As it is a subject of the first consequence, I have considered it with attention: and now
                            submit to your Excellency my thoughts upon it.
                        In order to form a just judgment of the military institution necessary for the safety of a State, we must
                            consider the principles of its government—its relative situation, and its ability.
                        That form of government which has for its sole objects the security of the lives, the liberties and happiness
                            of the people, being fixed in the United States; and all military establishments being burthens on the people, these
                            should be admitted so far only as they are necessary to secure the former.
                        A standing army would endanger our liberties; and fortunately our relative situation does not require one.
                            The same circumstance which so effectually retarded, and in the end conspired to defeat the attempts of Britain to subdue
                            us, will now powerfully tend to render us secure. Our distance from the European States in a great degree frees us of
                            apprehensions from their numerous regular forces.
                        But if our danger from those powers were more imminent, yet we are too poor to maintain a standing Army
                            adequate to our defence: and were our country more populous and rich, still it could not be done without great oppression
                            of the people. Besides, as soon as we are able to raise funds more than adequate to the discharge of the debts incurred by
                            the revolution, the surplusses should doubtless be applied in preparations for building and
                            equipping a navy; without which, in case of war, we can neither protect our commerce, nor yield that assistance to one
                            another which, on such an extent of sea coast, our mutual safety requires.
                        For these reasons we must have recourse for one general defence by land, to the only palladium of a free
                            people—a well regulated and disciplined militia. I say for our general defence, because some permanent establishments, for
                            the protection of our frontiers and the security of our magazines will be necessary, independent of the militia.
                        The troops requisite for the frontiers will be determined by the objects which these naturally present
                            themselves to our view. These are—the securing the capital passes between the United States and the neighbouring powers,
                            the protection of the trade and intercourse of our frontier settlements with one another and with the Indians, especially
                            by the waters of the rivers and lakes which form our northern and western boundaries—and by posts. far advanced into the
                            Indian country to awe the savages, and check any hostile dispositions.
                        With these views it may be proper to fix a small post, with a subaltern’s guard, at such a place on the river
                            St Croix as will give the greatest facility to the Indian trade in that quarter; and this perhaps less for the profits of
                            the trade than for securing their friendship by a constant intercourse, and giving them opportunities of obtaining
                            regularly all the supplies of goods their wants shall require.
                        The lake Champlain forming the great communication between Canada and the United States, but at the same time
                            easily admitting of reinforcements, a captain’s command, and no more, may be requisite at Ticonderoga.
                        The communication with lake Ontario, by Oswego, may require a subaltern’s command.
                        Niagara being the most important pass in America, commanding the extensive communications opened by the river
                            St Lawrence, Hudson’s river and lake Ontario on the east—and the counties, British & American, bordering on the
                            large and numerous lakes and the river Mississippi on the west—and being so situated in respect to the Indian tribes, the six
                            nations particularly, that a military force there would form a very influential check upon them—will require a body of
                            troops as respectable as a Major’s command.
                        The like reasons operate, in a degree, in relation to the post of Detroit; which therefore will require a
                            Captain’s command.
                        It is said that the most beneficial fur trade was fomerly carried on by the waters beyond Detroit, even as
                            far as the Lake of the Woods. To protect this trade, and at the same time thereby secure the friendship of the Indians, it
                            will be expedient to fix two or three posts in that country, in places which shall be found best adapted to answer the
                            purposes here mentioned.
                        The southern boundaries on the Floridas will also require some posts by way of security against the
                            Spaniards, and to protect our traffick with, and influence the Indians.
                        There will be several deposits of military stores, at each of which only a subaltern’s guard will be
                            necessary, except at West Point; where, as the grand depository, and a fortification of consequence, one hundred men may
                            be required. The other deposits may be in Massachusetts—in Pennsylvania—Virginia—and South-Carolina. These guards may with
                            most advantage be composed of, or trained as Artillery men; who should also learn all the duties of infantry. In raising
                            these guards the recruiting officers may be instructed to engage gunsmiths, blacksmiths and carpenters in preference to
                            other men. The officers should certainly be artillerists; who, besides the command of the guards, should have charge of
                            the magazines—of the cleaning & repairing of Arms—and of mounting the artillery. These services to be performed by
                            the guards, with the aid of such additional workmen as shall occasionally be judged necessary.
                        Each state will probably choose to garrison with troops of its own all its forts on the seacoast. The troops
                            necessary for the purposes before mentioned, may be thus stated.

                                At the post on the river St Croix

                                30 men

                                Ticonderoga

                                70

                                Oswego

                                40

                                Niagara

                                120

                                Detroit

                                60

                                The posts above Detroit

                                100

                                The posts on the southern boundary

                                200

                                West Point

                                100

                                The four other depositaries

                                     80

                                rank and file

                                800

                        I have not distinguished them into infantry and artillery tho’ a proportion of the latter will be necessary
                            at every post. But I see nothing that forbids the infantry to acquire at least all the practical knowledge of artillery
                            men, and it would doubtless be useful.
                        In this estimate I have considered only the efficient force requisite for the peace establishment of the
                            United States. The invalids will still be kept a distinct corps; and form an addition to the garrison of West point. If
                            they shall exceed the numbers that post shall require, the surplus may be distributed among the arsenals; where, as
                            artificers, labourers or guards, they may find sufficient employment.
                        The forts or block houses which are to be built at the posts which shall be fixed on the frontiers, will of
                            course be adapted to the strength of the garrisons which shall be assigned for them respectively. Where any forts are
                            already built, but on plans too extensive to be guarded by the small garrisons here proposed, interiour works, or
                            citadels, may be erected proportioned to those garrisons.
                        For the purpose of fixing the posts on the frontiers, it will be necessary to retain two or three engineers;
                            each of whom, having a separate duty, should be accompanied, on this service, by an officer of ability. These may be field
                            officers, and vested with the Command of the standing troops; who may be formed into one regiment of four battalions; the
                            regiment to be commanded by a colonel or lieutenant colonel, and each battalion by a lieutenant colonel or major. In order
                            to raise these troops, the states may be divided into four districts, each of which should furnish a battalion. To erect
                            these posts in the first instance, a competent number of the three-years-men will doubtless be retained in service; unless
                            others can be engaged on cheaper terms.
                        As many as two engineers will probably be always found necessary, for visiting the posts and repairing
                            fortifications, or erecting new ones, as circumstances shall require.
                        It is hardly to be expected that the arsenals will be constantly kept in proper order, unless they are
                            subject to visitations, at least annually. The visitor may most properly be an artillerist, who is both practically and
                            scientifically acquainted with his profession. He may be one of the field officers of the regiment. For I see no necessity
                            of keeping the infantry and artillery distinct. The officers of each, employed in time of peace, will have sufficient
                            leisure reciprocally to acquaint themselves with the duties of the other. The visitor will make his reports, as well as
                            estimates of all needed supplies, to the war-office.
                        All supplies for the garrisons & posts can best be furnished by contract; which will render it
                            unnecessary to retain any staff officers in service.
                        Neither will it be necessary, or even prudent, to continue in service any officers of rank, other than those
                            required by the foregoing propositions. I recollect to have seen it remarked as an instance of the policy of the Switzers,
                            that they left the appointment of their general officers to the occasion which should require them; when, unembarrassed by
                            men already in office, they would elect those whose talents and skill promised the greatest advantage to the state.
                        These are all the permanent military establishments which appear to me necessary for the public good.
                        The foregoing observations perhaps extend to all the objects relative to which your excellency expected my
                            opinion. But the military establishments therein proposed being inadequate to the general defence of the country (which
                            doubtless must engage your attention as well as that of Congress) I have thought it would coincide with your views to lay
                            before you my sentiments respecting a militia; which are therefore subjoined.
                        As the militia must form the bulwark of the United States, it ought to be put on a most respectable footing.
                            This, I am aware, will be difficult to accomplish; because most men are disposed to shift off burthens of which the
                            immediate use and necessity are not apparent to their senses. It will therefore behove Congress to make the more serious
                            and pointed efforts to form this great establishment.
                        By the articles of confederation each state is bound to keep up a well regulated and disciplined militia: but
                            how this provision may be rendered effectual, merits the most attentive consideration.
                        The militia of England is divided into classes, each of which is to serve three years. Each class contains
                            about thirty thousand men, including Wales. Scotland was not comprehended. For the purpose of disciplining the militia
                            with the greater facility, at its original formation in 1757, it was provided that serjeants should be drawn from the
                            regular troops. The plan met with great opposition in some counties: but at length it generally prevailed; and the classes
                            were well disciplined. During each year they were assembled at different times for exercise, in the whole to the amount of
                            about one month; part of the time in battalion. But substitutes were admissible indefinitely; which must tend to defeat
                            the design of forming the body of the citizens into soldiers. They were liable to be classed from eighteen to fifty years
                            of age. Each man was armed & cloathed, and, when assembled for exercise, fed & paid by the public: his pay
                            was a shilling sterling a day.
                        The militia of Switzerland was formerly reputed the best in the world. That of the great canton of Berne was
                            on the most perfect establishment. The men were uniformly armed and cloathed. They were exercised every sunday after
                            divine service. They were divided into classes: but only of old and young, or married and unmarried. The latter were
                            always to be in readiness to march whenever the defence of the state demanded their service. Besides that every citizen
                            was armed as above mentioned, in every district (or bailiwick) was a second complete set of arms for all the militia of
                            the district; and a third set was lodged in the arsenal at Berne. These two sets were the property of the public. This
                            account of the militia of England & Switzerland I give from memory; tho’ I believe ’tis tolerably accurate. The
                            acts of parliament for regulating the former may be seen in Burn’s Justice of the Peace, digested with his usual
                            precision.
                        In the United States the discipline of the militia should be every where the same. It is almost essential
                            that they be uniformly armed. And it is greatly to be wished they might be uniformly cloathed.
                        As men advanced in life are averse from militia services, & discover great stiffness and awkwardness
                            in all their motions; as, besides, the youth of these states are become numerous; the former may be exempted from all
                            ordinary musters.
                        The general ignorance of militia officers, even of the first rudiments of discipline, would prevent any good
                            effects from the most salutary regulations. Some remedy for this evil must therefore be provided.
                        Few men are willing to spend as much time in military exercises as would give them a proper knowledge of
                            discipline. Therefore some encouragement to attention, and high penalties for neglect, will be requisite.
                        Having made these observations, I will now mark the outlines of a militia establishment; which, while it is
                            practicable, may be competent to our defence.
                        Some officer, by the appointment of congress, must frame a plan of military discipline, particularly adapted
                            to the use of a militia. It must contain all the essential parts of discipline; and nothing more. And the whole must be
                            conceived in language perfectly intelligible to men unskilled in the military art. The Baron Steuben’s regulations for the
                            army may be the groundwork of the plan; and on a revision he would readily see what alterations would be necessary to
                            adapt them to a militia.
                        Such a plan being framed, let it be recommended by Congress to the governments of the several states; and to
                            facilitate its introduction, it may be advisable to print it at the expence of the United States; and to send to the
                            executive of each state such a number of copies as will furnish every general and field officer, captain &
                            adjutant with one.
                        With this plan of discipline every militia officer should make himself acquainted within a limited time, or
                            forfeit his commission. This requisite may be objected to; but as the ignorance of the officers is an invincible bar to
                            the improvement of the men—if any government will not make & enforce a regulation of this kind, it may as well drop
                            the idea of ever forming a disciplined militia.
                        The plan being adopted, a sufficient time must be allotted for the instruction of the militia. To muster them
                            only three or four days in a year is doing nothing. Twenty five days in a year, if diligently improved, may suffice. If during
                            part of this time the militia were to assemble in battalion, & part of the time in brigade, in the latter case
                            forming a camp, their improvement in discipline would be greatly forwarded; and their ideas raised as near as possible to
                            real service. The twenty five days may be thus appropriated. Fifteen days for training by squads, half companies and
                            companies; five days in battalion; and five days in brigade.
                        By the confederation, each state is bound "to have constantly ready for use, in public stores, a due number
                            of tents and camp equipage." These may be deposited in the hands of the quarter masters of brigade, under the orders of
                            each brigadier, and drawn out for the purpose above mentioned. And being thus lodged, they will always enable the militia
                            promptly to engage, and to continue, for a time, in real service, whenever the defence of the
                            country shall require it.
                        That the militia may be uniformly armed and accoutered, both arms and accoutrements must be provided by the
                            respective states, sufficient for all their youth from eighteen to twenty four years of age, and lodged with the captains
                            of companies, to be used only on days of exercise.
                        To render militia duty as little burthensome as possible, and to encourage the men to diligence in learning
                            the exercises, let their attendance be regulated by their improvement; and common militia services cease at twenty four
                            years of age. At present the laws usually subject a man to be dragged into the training field from the time he is sixteen
                            until he is fifty or sixty years of age.
                        In the first instance let all the youth from eighteen to twenty one years of age be inrolled in the militia,
                            and regularly trained the appointed days. At the close of every year let there be an inspection of this militia. Such as
                            shall then be found to be masters of the exercises prescribed in the plan of discipline, should be exempted from all
                            musters except those in brigade. Such as manifest a certain other, but lower degree of skill, should be excused from all
                            musters save those in battalion & brigade. The residue should attend all musters; but be kept at the drill.
                        When the militia assemble in battalion and brigade, it is to be wished they might appear in uniforms. And as
                            these musters will be most convenient in the mild seasons of the year, a uniform may be provided by each state at very
                            little expense. It may consist only of a hat, linen frock or coat, and linen overalls. These articles may be lodged with
                            the regimental quarter masters, and drawn out for use only at the regimental and brigade musters.
                        So much of the time of every youth from 18 to 21 being devoted to the public, their parents or masters will
                            think (and not without reason) the tax too heavy. But cannot they be thus relieved?
                        It is customary for every youth, at twenty one years of age, to receive of his parent or master a suit of
                            cloaths; called his freedom suit. Now, instead of paying the militia in cash, let each man at
                            twenty one, or, in the first instance after three years service, receive from the public a suit of cloaths. This suit, I
                            presume, may be purchased for a less sum than his pay would amount to in seventy five days, at a shilling sterling a day.
                            But none should be intitled to this suit, save such as were admitted to exercise in battalion and brigade.
                        From twenty one to twenty four years of age, these men would be exercised in battalion or brigade, or both,
                            from fifteen to thirty days in the whole; the value of which, at a shilling sterling a day, would, upon an average, be
                            equal to the purchase of uniform arms and accoutrements. At twenty four, therefore, instead of paying each man in money,
                            let the same arms and accoutrements with which he has been trained during the three preceding years, become his property.
                            In this way the whole body of the people will at length be uniformly armed; and, with much truth it may be said, without
                            any expense to the public.
                        But altho’ every man will be discharged from the trained band at the age of twenty four years; yet seeing in
                            a country so extended as the United States, this disciplined militia will be unequal to oppose a sudden and powerful
                            attack, by reason of the dispersed situation of their places of abode, every man, from twenty four to forty years of age,
                            must be subject to military service upon an alarm; and should therefore keep himself constantly provided with arms and
                            accoutrements; which should be inspected annually by the officers of the company to which he belongs: for as these men
                            will constitute the most numerous body of the militia it will doubtless be expedient to form them into companies and
                            regiments, under officers of their own, who should make the inspection just mentioned, & command them in case of
                            their being called into actual service.
                        Several advantages will result from requiring so many days service from the militia under twenty one years of
                            age. To youth in general military exercises are agreeable. The time so spent is no loss to them. It is rather a relief to
                            be called from their usual labours. Hence they may be expected to attend, not only without reluctance, but with pleasure.
                            And parents & masters will have reason to be satisfied, by being eased of the expense of freedom suits for their sons & servants, in proportion to the loss of their services.
                        The penalties for non-appearance at militia musters must be high enough to induce a general attendance; and
                            substitutes be inadmissable. No republican can think it a dishonour to serve in a militia formed and disciplined on the
                            principles before mentioned.
                        A small troop of dragoons & a small company of artillerists may compose a part of every brigade.
                        I do not know how many men the terms of years before stated for militia services would comprehend. If so many
                            that the expense of the cloathing would be too burthensome to the states; and if it shall be found that any part of the
                            time proposed for military exercises can be dispensed with, then the uniforms may comprehend fewer articles, so as to
                            proportion the expense to the wages which it may be judged reasonable to allow the militia. Or in other words—Whatever
                            sums it shall be thought right & necessary to allow the militia, to compensate for their expense of time in
                            attending militia musters from the ages of 18 to 21, let them receive in cloathing. This will so far give uniformity to
                            the appearance of the militia, and at the same time satisfy their parents or musters.
                        To preserve an exact adherence to the regulations, in every part of discipline, and, where necessary, to
                            communicate instructions to the officers, an inspector general will be highly useful, and perhaps indispensable. He must be
                            appointed and paid by the United States. The adjutant generals of militia and their deputies would act as his assistants.
                        Besides causing the militia to be armed in the manner above described, each state should form an arsenal,
                            and furnish it with military stores and apparatus adequate to the equipment of its whole trained band. The continental
                            arsenals should contain the like stores & apparatus sufficient to equip the whole trained bands of the United
                            States.
                        I will take the liberty to add a page or two on the subject of military academies, which have been mentioned
                            as proper to be created where the continental arsenals shall be established. At the same places, also it has been supposed
                            that founderies and manufactories for all kinds of military stores may be established to advantage. But if these plans are
                            not impracticable, I am clear that at present they are inexpedient.
                        Whence are to come the students at these academies? We have not (and God forbid we ever should have) either a
                            nobility or noblesse. And our laws of inheritance will save us from elder brothers to whom business will be unnecessary,
                            as well as from younger sons bred in too much indolence or delicacy to acquire a living by their own industry. And without
                            a standing army, none will find an interest in studying the military art as a profession. The few (and in a country of
                            husbandmen, merchants and mechanics they will be very few) whose genius shall prompt & whose fortunes shall enable
                            them to pursue extensively the study of the military art—can travel; and find in Europe schools already established on the
                            most perfect plans, where they may acquire, with the greatest facility all that knowledge of the military art of which
                            they are capable. All the arts and sciences which form the basis of, or are connected with the military art, are already,
                            or will be taught in the American universities, as soon as the respective states shall be able properly to endow them.
                        If any thing like a military academy in America be practicable at this time, it must be grounded on the
                            permanent military establishment for our frontier posts and arsenals; and the wants of the states, seperately, of officers
                            to command the defences on their seacoasts.
                        On this principle it might be expedient to establish a military school, or academy, at West Point. And that a
                            competent number of young gentlemen might be induced to become students, it might be made a rule that vacancies in the
                            standing regiment should be supplied from thence: those few instances excepted where it would be just to promote a very
                            meritorious serjeant. For this end the number which shall be judged requisite to supply vacancies in the standing regiment
                            must be fixed; and the students who are admitted with an expectation of filling them limited accordingly. They might be
                            allowed subsistance at the public expense. If any other youth desired to pursue the same studies, at the military academy,
                            they might be admitted; only subsisting themselves. These students should be instructed in what is usually called military
                            discipline, tactics, and the theory & practice of fortification and gunnery. The commandant and one or two other
                            officers of the standing regiment, and the engineers, making West Point their general residence, would be the masters of
                            the academy; and the inspector general superintend the whole.
                        In regard to manufactures carried on by the public—this war has afforded too many
                            expensive proofs of its inexpediency. The states, moreover, are not in a situation presently to bear the expense of the
                            mere establishment. Or if they were, the amount would go far towards replenishing the public arsenals with all the
                            military stores necessary to be deposited during many years. And as to cartridge boxes and other leathern accoutrements,
                            saddles & other furniture for dragoons, and harness for artillery and waggon horses, all which are in their nature
                            so perishable, I would not provide an article of them until there was a prospect of a war. For harness for waggon horses
                            might at once be purchased with the teams & waggons and all the other leathern apparatus, sufficient to equip an
                            army of fifty thousand men, might easily be procured in less than six months. Or if the inattention of the individual
                            states duty to arm and accoutre the militia, should determine Congress to provide and deposit in the arsenals any quantity
                            of leathern apparatus; it might be done by contracts at half the expense of the proposed public manufactories.
                        Thus, sir, with freedom as you requested, I have given my sentiments respecting a military establishment for
                            the United States during peace. If they should throw any light on a subject so interesting to the future safety &
                            happiness of this country, I shall think myself fortunate in the opportunity of communicating them. On reflection I have
                            found reason to depart materially, in many instances, from my first sketches on the subject. In like manner, on farther
                            deliberation and discussion, I should doubtless be induced to alter my opinion on divers propositions contained in this
                            letter. Nevertheless, imperfect as they are, they may aid the general design, by suggesting ideas which may lead to the
                            formation of a system in the best manner adapted to our government, situation and ability. I have the honour to be with
                            great respect, your Excellency’s most obedt servant

                            Tim: Pickering
                            Q.M.G.


Title: From George Washington to Samuel Blachley Webb, 22 April 1783
From: Washington, George
To: Webb, Samuel Blachley

                             Tuesday 22d April 1783

                        General Washington presents his Compliments to Colo. Webb—& begs the Favor that he, with Eight or Ten
                            Officers of his Regt, will Dine with him Tomorrow 3 oClock.


Title: From George Washington to Marinus Willett, 22 April 1783
From: Washington, George
To: Willett, Marinus

                            Sir
                            Head Quarters 22d April 1783

                        I have your favor of the 14th—Apprehending the same Delay, which you mention, in the Conveyance of the News
                            of Peace by Way of Quebec—I have written to B. Genl McLean, commandg at Niagara, giving him the Information as I had
                            received it from Sir Guy Carleton—This Letter was inclosed to your Care, more than a Week ago—I hope it has been received,
                            transmitted agreeable to my Desire—This Notice gives to the Western posts, altho not official,
                            yet will I hope, be received with some Attention, & serve to prevent the Mischiefs which we have been led to
                            apprehend from the late Disposition of the Indians.
                        Your Congratulations on the great Event of peace, I accept with much pleasure, & beg you to be
                            assured that I make you a Return of mine, with equal satisfaction.
                        Your request to go to N. York, I shall gladly indulge as soon as Matters are a little more settled than at
                            present—I am &c.


Title: General Orders, 23 April 1783
From: Washington, George
To:

                             Wednesday April 23d 1783
                            Parole Newyork.
                            Countersigns Connecticut, Jersey.

                        For the day tomorrow Brigr Genl Dayton
                         Brig. Q.M. Jersey Brigade
                        The Maryland Detachment gives the Guards and the 4th Massachusetts regt the fatigues tomorrow.
                        In future the Troop shall beat at 8 o’clock in the morning and the Tattoo at 9 in the evening.


Title: From George Washington to Elias Boudinot, 23 April 1783
From: Washington, George
To: Boudinot, Elias

                            Sir
                            Head Quarters 23d April 1783

                        I have just received a very pressing Letter from Baron De L Estrade requesting me to interest myself in
                            procuring for him from the Court of France a Command in the Island of St Domingo—He has likewise sent me a similar
                            Memorial to be presented to Congress—and which I now do myself the Honor to inclose.
                        I put under this cover, for your Excellency’s perusal, my Letter to Doctr Franklin on the Subject, which I beg
                            you to seal & forward. I have the Honor to be With great Regard & Respect sir Your Excellency’s Most
                            Obedient and humble Servant

                            Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Antoine-Jean-Louis Le Bègue de Presle Duportail, 23 April 1783
From: Washington, George
To: Duportail, Antoine-Jean-Louis Le Bègue de Presle

                            Dear sir
                            Head Quarters 23d April 1783

                        I have received your favor of the 16th instant.
                        The case of Mr Reckless I have referred to the Secrety at War, who will take care to fulfill his wishes.
                        In answer to your Questions respecting the Engineers, I can only say, that a Peace Establishment is now under
                            consideration, in which it is recommended that Congress should form Military Academies & Manufactories, as a part
                            of this Establishment; should this Idea be adopted, and the Plan carried into execution; it will doubtless, be necessary
                            for us to retain some of the French Engineers now in America, for the first beginning of the Institution—The particular
                            Number or persons cannot now be pointed out—I am persuaded that none will be more agreeable than those Gentlemen of your Corps who
                            have distinguished themselves in our Service with so much Ability & Satisfaction. Your Most Obedient Humble Servant

                            Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Benjamin Franklin, 23 April 1783
From: Washington, George
To: Franklin, Benjamin

                            Sir
                             23 April 1783

                        I have the honor to inclose to you, a Letter and Memorial I have just reced from Baron De L’Estrade—an Old
                            Veteran who served with us at the Seige of York—from my acquaintance with this Officer, joined to the general good
                            Character he had—I feel strongly inclined to serve him but there may be many Reasons to render such an interference as he
                            Requests improper—all I can do therefore is to submit the matter to you, with a wish that so far as Circumstances and the
                            rules of propriety will admit, you may interest yourself in his favor.


Title: From George Washington to Anne-César, chevalier de La Luzerne, 23 April 1783
From: Washington, George
To: La Luzerne, Anne-César, chevalier de

                            Sir
                            Head Quarters 23d April 1783

                        I have been honored with your Excellencys Letter of the 10th instant.
                        Congress having, by several Arrangements, given me reason to believe, that their sense of the prelimininary
                            Articles is such, that there is no doubt but they will terminate in a definitive Treaty; I cannot suppose that these will
                            be a Necessity of the further Continuance of the French Troops in the United States. Nor can I have a Wish that those
                            brave Men, Officers & Soldiers, who have served so nobly, & deserved so honorably from these States,
                            should meet with One moments unnecessary Delay in their return to their native Country & Friends—But the desire
                            of my Heart is, that they will be pleased to carry with them, an Idea of the high veneration I have conceived of their
                            services, and the particular Attatchment I shall always entertain for their Persons. With the highest Respect &
                            Consideration I have the Honor to be Sir Your Excellency’s Most Obedient and Most humble Servant

                            Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Claude-Amable-Vincent de Requeplan, baron de L’Estrade, 23 April 1783
From: Washington, George
To: L’Estrade, Claude-Amable-Vincent de Requeplan, baron de

                            sir
                            Head Quarters, 23d April 1783

                        I have received your Letter dated St Domingo 25th of March—requesting my Interposition with Congress,
                            & the Ambassador from the United States at the Court of France, for your obtaing a Command in that Island.
                        Sensible of your merit as an Officer, & willing to Interest myself in your favor as far as
                            circumstances will permit, I have forwarded your Memorial to Congress—& have communicated your Request &
                            pretensions to Dotr Franklin—with a Desire that he will be pleased to use his Influence in France, as far as the Rules of
                            Propriety will admit, towards obtaing for you, the Object you so earnestly wish. I am &ca.


Title: From George Washington to Benjamin Lincoln, 23 April 1783
From: Washington, George
To: Lincoln, Benjamin

                            sir,
                            Head Quarters 23d Aprl 1783

                        You will recollect the Case of Mr Reckless, a Volunteer in the Corps of Sappers & Miners, which was
                            mentioned to you at Ringwood, in Consequence of a Letter from Genl Dportail.
                        The Young Gentleman havg served a long Time in the Corps with an Encouragement of a Commission, I think it very
                            proper that his Expectations Should be fulfilled, agreeable to the Ideas expressed by the Genl. I have the Honor to be.


Title: To George Washington from George Reid, 23 April 1783
From: Reid, George
To: Washington, George

                            Sir
                            Camp 23d Apl 83

                        The Indisposition of Lieut. Saml Adams of the N. Hampr. Regt is such, that he is renderd unfit for any kind
                            of duty—If your Excellency thinks it Consistent I wish he might be Indulg’d with leave to visit his
                            Friends. Colo. Dearborn will represent his case more particularly. I am Sir Your most Obedt Hble
                            Servt

                            Geo. Reid


Title: General Orders, 24 April 1783
From: Washington, George
To:

                            Head Quarters Newburgh Thursday April 24th 1783
                            Parole Philadelphia
                            Countersigns Newyork Boston

                        For the day tomorrow Brigadier General Putnam
                        B.Q.M. from York brigade
                        The 8th Massachusetts regiment gives the Guards of the 5th regt the fatigues tomorrow.
                        Lieutenant John Blair of the Jersey regt is appointed Paymaster to the same vice Lt Martin promoted. This
                            appointment to take place the 6th January last.
                        As it may happen that guards or Detachments not detailed when a regiment is warned for duty may be called for
                            on the Grand parade, or even the whole regt sent on immediate duty, it is to march to the Grand parade prepared for such
                            an event. The Platoons are to be told off and  the regt completely formed for exercise on its own parade previous to
                            its marching—having arrived on the Grand parade, formed the Line and dressed the ranks, the Commanding officer of the regt
                            is to inform the General of the day that the regt is ready for exercise.
                        If the General orders the Guards to be turned off without any exercise, the Colo. or commandg officer is to
                            order the Adjutant to form the Guards and then take post together with all the other Field officers of the regt as
                            officers of the day. The Adjutant shall then order the officers and men warned for immediate duty to advance to the
                            front, face to the right, march and draw up on the right of the regt; The reserve shall then by order from the senior
                            Captn, close up to the left, dress ranks—order their arms and remain perfectly steady untill the Adjt has examined and
                            formed the Guards agreably to the Regulations.
                        When the Guards are formed the Adjutant shall order the Reserve, to sholder—the whole to present arms and
                            inform the General of the day that the Guards are ready.


Title: To George Washington from Guy Carleton, 24 April 1783
From: Carleton, Guy
To: Washington, George

                            Sir,
                            New York 24th April 1783

                        It is with great satisfaction that I receive notice, by your letter of the 21st instant, of arrangements
                            being taken for the immediate release of the prisoners, and I am to acknowledge with thanks the different options you have
                            been pleased to give me as to the more convenient execution of this measure; but considering the quantity of tonnage
                            necessary for the evacuation of this place, and that most part of what we have at hand is now actually employed in this
                            business, and in the removing incumbrances which must be sent off previous to our departure, I am reduced to the necessity
                            of adopting the march of those prisoners by land, and I shall accordingly avail myself of your Excellency’s passport, and
                            acquaint the Minister at War of the choice I am obliged to make, and the reasons of it.
                        I cannot decline the personal interview proposed by your Excellency, and purpose being in a frigate, as near
                            Tappan as may be, where I understand you mean to lodge. If I hear nothing from you to occasion an alteration, I intend
                            being up on the 5th of May, accompanied by a smaller vessel or two, for the accomodation of Lieutenant Governor Elliot,
                            Chief Justice William Smith, and part of my family; but I am to apprize your Excellency, that I have for some time
                            expected Sir Charles Grey, who has been appointed to this command, and I have reason to think he has been detained only to
                            bring out the final arrangements. My letters were hastened out to announce the ratification of the preliminary articles,
                            and to put an end to all hostilities, so that I submit it to your Excellency’s choice, either to let the interview take
                            place on the 5th of May, or to defer it until after the next arrival from England. I am with much consideration Your
                            Excellency’s Most obedient and Most humble Servant

                            Guy Carleton


Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Lincoln, 24 April 1783
From: Lincoln, Benjamin
To: Washington, George

                            Dear General
                            War office Apl 24. 1783

                        The inclosed are forwarded by order of Congress.
                        I have not yet heard from Sr Guy Carleton. I have the honor to be your Excellencys most Ob. servt

                            B. Lincoln


Title: To George Washington from Jeremiah Olney, 24 April 1783
From: Olney, Jeremiah
To: Washington, George

                            Sir
                            Saratoga 24th April 1783

                        Since my arrival at this post I have Convened the Officers of the Rhode Island Regmt on the Subject of Half
                            pay—& have the Honor to Transmit Your Excellency their unanimous opinion to accept the Commutation of Five years
                            Full pay offer’d by Congress—by their Resolve of 22nd March 1783 instead of the Half pay promis’d by a Resolve of Congress
                            of 21st Octr 1780 for Life. I have the Honor to be with all possible Esteem & Respect—Your Excellency’s Most Obed.
                            Hume Servt

                            Jereh Olney Lieut. Colo. Comd.


Title: Proceedings of the Board of General Officers, 24 April 1783
From: Greaton, John
To:

                            Cantoonment New Windsor April 24th 1783

                        Proceedings of the Board of Officers appointed in the General Orders of the 17th Inst. for the purpose of
                            investigating the several pretentions of the Candidates for the badge of Military merit.
                        Brigr Genl Greaton President
                        Members
                        Colo. Stewart Major Fish
                        Lt Colo Sprout Major Trescott
                        The Board being met agreeably to order proceeded to an examination of the Certificates and papers laid before
                            them relating the several facts on which the respective pretentions are founded, and thereupon.
                        "Report.
                        1st—That Serjeant Elijah Churchill of the 2d Regiment of Light Dragoons, in the several Enterprizes against
                            Fort St George and Fort Slongo on Long Island in their opinion acted a very conspicuous and singularly meritorious part;
                            that at the head of each Body of attack he not only acquitted himself with great gallantry, firmness and address; but,
                            that the surprize in one instance and the success of the attack in the other, proceeded in a considerable degree from his
                            conduct and management.
                        2d—That Serjeant Brown of the late 5th Connecticut Regiment in the Assault of the Enemy’s left Redoubt at
                            York-town in Virginia on the evening of the 14th of October 1781. conducted a forlorn hope with great bravery, propriety
                            and deliberate firmness, and that his general character appears unexceptionable.
                        The Board are therefore of opinion that Serjeant Churchill of the 2d Regiment of Light Dragoons, and Serjeant
                            Brown of the late 5th Connecticut Regiment are severally entitled to the badge of Military merit—and do therefore
                            recommend them to His Excellency the Commander in Chief as suitable Characters for that honorary distinction."

                            J. Greaton B. Genl Presdt


Title: To George Washington from John Stark, 24 April 1783
From: Stark, John
To: Washington, George

                            Sir
                            New Hampsr. Cantonments Aprl 24th 1783

                        Agreeable to Genl Orders I have consulted and advised with the officers of the N. Hampshire Line respecting
                            compensation for their past Services. as Congress have left at their option to choose half Pay for life or five years full
                            Pay, they do Unamimously, prefer the Latter with sentiments of Esteem & respect I am Sr your Most Obedt Humble
                            Servt

                            John Stark B.G.


Title: From George Washington to Tench Tilghman, 24 April 1783
From: Washington, George
To: Tilghman, Tench

                            Dear Sir,
                            Newburgh 24th April 1783

                        I received with much pleasure the kind congratulations contained in your letter of the 25th Ulto from
                            Philadelphia—on the honorable termination of the War. No Man, indeed, can relish the approaching Peace with more heart
                            felt, and grateful satisfaction than myself. A Mind always upon the stretch, and tortured with a diversity of perplexing
                            circumstances, needed a respite—and I anticipate the pleasure of a little repose & retirement. It has been happy
                            for me, always to have Gentlemen about me willing to share my troubles, & help me out of difficulties. to none of
                            these can I ascribe a greater share of merit than to you.
                        I can scarcely form an idea at this moment, when I shall be able to leave this place. the distresses of the
                            Army for want of money—the embarrassments of Congress—and the conseqt delays, and disappointments on all sides, encompass
                            me with difficulties; and produce—every day—some fresh source for uneasiness. But as I now see the Port opening to which I
                            have been steering, I shall persevere till I have gained admittence. I will then leave the States to improve their present
                            constitution, so as to make that Peace & Independency for which we have fought and obtained, a blessing to Millions
                            yet unborn—but to do this, liberallity must supply the place of prejudice—and unreasonable
                            jealousies must yield to that confidence, which ought to be placed in the sovereign Power of
                            these States. In a word the Constitution of Congress must be competent to the general purposes of
                                Government; and of such a nature as to bind us together. otherwise, we may well be compared to a Rope of Sand, and
                            shall as easily be broken—and in a short time become the sport of European politics, altho’ we might have no great inclination to jar among ourselves.
                        From the intimation in your Letter, & what I have heard from others I presume this letter will find
                            you in the State of Wedlock. On this happy event I pray you, and your Lady, to accept of my best wishes, &
                            sincerest congratulations in which Mrs Washington joins hers most cordially. With the most affectionate esteem &
                            regard I am—Dr Sir Yr most obedt Servt

                            Go: Washington


Title: General Orders, 25 April 1783
From: Washington, George
To:

                             Friday April 25th 1783
                            Parole Providence.
                            Countersigns Portsmouth Hartford.

                        For the day tomorrow Major Genl Heath
                        B.Q.M. Hampshire Brid.
                        The Jersey Battalion gives the Guards & the Jersey regt the Fatigues tomorrow.
                        Each Brigade in this Cantonment is to deliver at the Newbuilding tomorrow 12 o’clock, one piece of well hewn
                            Timber thirty feet long—& 7 inches square.


Title: To George Washington from Elias Dayton, 25 April 1783
From: Dayton, Elias
To: Washington, George

                            Sir,
                            Jersey Hutts April 25th 1783

                        The opinion of the Officers of the Jersey line was yesterday taken on the subject of the commutation and they
                            unanimously agreed to accept the five years pay as compensation for the half pay promised to them by Congress. I am Sir
                            with great respect Your most obedient & very humble servt

                            Elias Dayton
                            Brig. Genl


Title: To George Washington from David Fergusson, 25 April 1783
From: Fergusson, David
To: Washington, George

                            Sir,
                            London 25th April 1783

                        I hope, that the liberty I now take of writing will meet with the approbation of an honorable mind, impressed
                            with true sentiments of gratitude and susceptible of the tender feelings of humanity.
                        Far from thinking, that the Gentleman I now address stands in the least need of information or that his ideas
                            of things does not Keep the pace of that distinguished propriety which has allways throughout his life shown forth as a
                            bright luminary to the present age, as well as affording to succeeding ages a happy retrospect to a History of the present
                            century, wherein his name will be admired with reverence & applause.
                        My intentions are purely from freindship to a Hospitable Country, from whence I have often received many
                            specimens, of it’s natural Hospitality and freindship; Commerce is my sole view, without Interest, favour or countenance
                            more then others of my profession & to a promising rising Country I bend my course entirely to that of commerce
                            which I take to be the principal arcana of a Country, fraught from which, in itself, with Greatness and Power.
                        I shall beg leave to refer you to the Inclosed sketch of a plan, practicable I humbly conceive, in its nature
                            as well as being of general utility & service in it’s effects; If it should be found eligible by you. I shall be
                            happy in the pains I have taken & if not, I shall be equally so in the consolation I have of Knowing, that it
                            goes from me with a most hearty & sincere wish of doing good to a Country from which I have not only received
                            Kindness but every mark of freindship, which renders me justly indebted to it, as well as many acquaintances &
                            freinds I have happily the Honour of having in it.
                        I wish most Sincerely unto You & Your family long life & happiness; may god prosper your
                            endeavours in a publick & private life is the wish of one who hopes to see you in person, and for the present,
                            with all imaginable Secrecy I am Respected sir, Your Assured freind & hble Servt

                            Thirteen Freinds.

                            a letter directed for me & incloss’d to Collo. Edmund Taylor, Taylors Ferry, Roanoke River
                                Virginia.


Title: To George Washington from Edward Hand, 25 April 1783
From: Hand, Edward
To: Washington, George

                            Sir
                            New Windsor Cantonment 25th April 1783

                        In compliance with the Genl Orders of the 16th Instant I beg leave to signify my own and Assistants (Captains
                            John Carlile and Simeon Lord) acceptance of five years full pay in lieu of half pay for life, as offer’d by Congress in
                            their resolve of the Twenty second of March last

                            Edwd Hand
                            Adjutt Genl


Title: From George Washington to Le Grand, 25 April 1783
From: Washington, George
To: Le Grand

                            sir
                            Head Quarters. 25th Apil 1783

                        I have received your favor of the 10th instant—And am obliged by the Expresions of Congratulations which you
                            are pleased to make on the happy Event of a Peace.
                        You will pardon me, when I inform you, that I should gladly comply with your request of recommendg you to the
                            Minister of France, did I not conceive that such Interposition would involve an Idea of Impropriety—For me, a stranger, to
                            interest myself in Appointments to be made by another Nation, might perhaps appear officious—I am therefore obliged to
                            decline it—At the same Time I am persuaded, that your Character & Merits are so well known to the Minister, that
                            my Interposition in your favor, with the Chevalr will be unnecessary. I am &ca.


Title: From George Washington to Jean [de] Neufville, 25 April 1783
From: Washington, George
To: Neufville, Jean [de]

                            Sir
                            Head Quarters 25th April 1783

                        I have been very agreeably favored with your Letter of the 25th of febry dated from Germany.
                        The part your States have taken in the Causes of the United States of America, has inspired the Sons of the
                            Latter, with the happiest presages of a most beneficial Connection between the two Republics—Sister Republics—whose
                            similarity of Constitution’s, Interests & Religion bid fair to bind them together by the most lasting Ties—The Idea
                            gives me peculiar Satisfaction—And it is the Wish of my Heart, that the Union now commencing, may be as durable as it is
                            pleasing—nay—that, grounded in reciprocal Interest & Affection, it may be perpetual as Time.
                        The distinguished part you have taken in the great Events of the present Age, and your Affection for the
                            Interests of Happiness of our rising Nation, will endear your Character with the Sons of American Freedom, among whom you
                            have long been spoken of with Terms of particular Veneration & Respect.
                        For the Return of those worthy Characters the Baron Vander Capellon & Pensionary Van Berkel to the
                            Affection of their Countrymen, and their former Station & Usefulness in your Republic, I most sincerely rejoice
                            and beg leave, with great sincerity, to participate in your Joy on that happy Event—which is a Subject of my warmest
                            Congratulations to you.
                        If in any period of my Life, I can ever be serviceable by myself or Friends, to the particular Interest of
                            yourself or Family, you may be assured the Occasion will give me the highest satisfaction—and will be esteemed among the
                            most fortunate Circumstances that shall ever attend me.


Title: To George Washington from Philippe de Noailles, Duc de Mouchy, 25 April 1783
From: Mouchy, Philippe de Noailles, Duc de
To: Washington, George

                            General
                            Paris the 25th of April 1783.

                        Give me leave to congratulate your Excellency upon the glorious Peace the thirteen States have concluded with
                            England. after we have received in the new World examples of the military conduct, we will learn how a nation must be
                            conducted to be happy and Succesful. I desire every advantage to America and I make the most ardent
                            wishes for the particular Satisfaction of him who has opened a free Country to the World. I hope your Excellency will
                            allow me to repeat him Some time the Sentiments my heart is feell’d with. I have the honour to be Your Excellency the
                            most obedient and humble Servant

                            count de noailles


Title: To George Washington from Matthias Ogden, 25 April 1783
From: Ogden, Matthias
To: Washington, George

                            Sir
                            Elizth Town April 25th 1783

                        I have the honor to acknowledge the reciept of your Excellencys letter enclosing the certificate. Altho I
                            failed in the executions of certain plans proposed by myself; yet I am happy to find a generosity in your Excellency that
                            in some measure compensates, for my misfortune & mortification, in not succeeding; had the matter depended on my
                            own exertions only, I trust your Excellency would not have been disappointed.
                        The very honorable testimony your Excellency has given me, I esteem the most valuable acquisition of my life.
                            I thank your Excellency for the private advice contained in the Letter; I shall certainly adopt it & hope to
                            conduct myself so as to deserve your Excellencys further approbation. I have the honor to be with the
                            utmost esteem & respect your Excellencys obliged, very humble servant

                            M. Ogden