Title: From George Washington to Joseph Jones, 24 March 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Jones, Joseph

                     Dear Sir,
                     New Windsor Mar. 24th 1781

                  On my return from Newport 4 days since I found your favors of the 21st & 27th Ulto at my Quarters.
                  I do not see that it is in my power to give any immediate relief to Doctr Lewis—If he is considered as a prisoner of War (and the circumstances of the case only, which are unknown to me, can determine this) you must be sensible that a resolve of Congress and the invariable practice of the Army are opposed to his being exchanged out of turn—If on the other hand he is viewed in the light of a Passenger and Citizen I know not at this time (but will enquire of the Comy of Prisoners) of any character in our possession who will apply in his Exchange even if priority of Capture, in this case also, should not be opposed to it.  Upon a full view of the circumstances, as far as I have knowledge of them, it appears to be one of those cases which come more properly before the State of Virginia than the United States, till the whole business of Exchanges goes through one channel; which is far from being the case at present, as the States individually give up no advantages they obtain by captures to the United States though they are very frequently applying for them—especially in difficult cases.
                  It is a much easier matter for Congress, conformably to the wishes of distressed States, to call upon me to afford them aid, than to furnish me with the means of doing it.  The report of the Comee alluded to in your letter of the 21st, may be adduced in proof of it; I had however, previous to the receipt of the resolve of Congress (consequent of Colo. Harrisons representation of matters to the Southward, or knowledge of his being at Philadelphia) adopted the temporary relief which is now in operation—But.
                  Private
                  It is a misfortune which seems to attend all  our measures to do things unseasonably—or rather to neglect the critical moment to do them.  Had the French Commanders at Rhode Island complied (in the first instance) with my request to send the whole Fleet; and a detachment from their Land force to Virginia, the destruction of Arnolds Corps must inevitably have been compleated during the debilitated State of the British Fleet.  The enterprize now is bold, and precarious—rendered more so by an unfortunate, and to me unaccountable delay of twenty four hours in their quitting Newport after it was said they were ready to Sail.  The Wind & Weather being as favourable to them, and as adverse to the Enemy in Gardners bay, as the powers of the Air could devise.  but—it ought to be our policy to make the most of their assistance without digusting them by our censures, or reminding them of their mistakes.  for this reason it is I inform you, in confidence that upon the first certain advice of the injury sustained by the British fleet I proposed the Expedition to Portsmouth, to consist of the whole fleet and a detachment of Land forces from both Armies; assuring them that nothing could be done to effect without th co-operation by Land & Water—accordingly, that no time might be lost in waiting their Answer I set about the formation of my own detachment, & had marched it off before I knew that a ship & two frigates only without Land Troops had left Rhode Island; & which had it not been for the accidental meeting of The Romulus & the Vessels under its Convoy, wd have returned as they went.

                     End of private section

                  The critical situation of affairs in Virginia, and North Carolina, produce anxious moments; and we wait impatiently for decisive accts—God grant they may be favourable to us—but the face of things is much changed since my first proposing the Expedition to Portsmouth; at that time the French were decidedly superior in their Navy—now they are unquestionably inferior—& should they get first into the Capes, & be able to maintain a position in Hampton Road they will not have it in their power to prevent succours landing at Lynhaven bay—or Willoughbys point; if Clinton can afford such a detachment as will be able (with the cooperation of Arnold to force its way from thence to Norfolk in spite of the opposition which can be given by the French Troops and Militia) for their Frigates will stop all water transportation in the bay; consequently fix the Marquis’ detachmt at Annapolis or compel them to a long & tedious Land March.
                  I was very glad to hear of Mr Morris’ appointment, & wish he may accept it; but cannot by any reasoning I am master of acct for the postponing of the choice of the Minister of war; which, in my opinion, is of all others the most essential; and ought least to be delayed.
                  I was much pleased to hear that Virginia had given up her Claims to the Land West of Ohio—that the confederation was compleated—and that the States seem’d disposed to grant more competent powers to Congress—Without a controuling power in that body, for all the purposes of war, it will be impossible to carry on the War—the reasons are many, & conclusive—but the want of room will not allow me to enumerate them, at this time—Tho most importt are obvious—the non compliance with the recomns of Congress in some States—the unseasonable compliance in time & manner by others—the heavy expence accumulated thereby to no purpose—the injury to some, & the jealousy of all the States, proceeding from these causes; wth the consequent dissatisfaction in people of every class from the prolongation of the War, are alone sufficient to prove the necessity of a controuling power.  without it, and speedily—we shall be thirteen distinct States; each pursuing its local interests till they are all annihilated in a general crash of them.  The Fable of the bunch of Rods or sticks, may well be applied to us.  I am sincerely & affectly Yrs

                     Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from John Laurens, 24 March 1781
From: Laurens, John
To: Washington, George

                     My dear General.
                     Passy near Paris 24th March 1781.

                  Upon my arrival here, I found that our Minister plenipotentiary had received the instructions &ca transmitted to him, and commenced the negotiation with which we were charged—and that he had received the followg communication from the Count de Vergennes.
                  "It is impossible for His Majesty to favor a loan in this kingdom—because it would prejudice those which he has occasion to make himself for the support of the war—but His majesty to give the United States a signal proof of his friendship, grants them under the title of a donation Six millions of livres tournois.
                  As the American Army is in want of Arms, Clothing, &ca Mr Franklin will be so good as to give a note of those articles—they will be procured of the best quality and at the most reasonable price—General Washington will be authorised to give draughts for the remaining sum—but the draughts must be at longsight, in order to facilitate the payments from the Royal Treasury.
                  The Courts of Petersburg & Vienna have offered their mediation—The King has answered that it would be personally agreeable to him—but that he could not as yet accept it; because he has Allies whose concurrence is necessary—Mr Franklin is requested to communicate the Overture and Answer to Congress, and to engage them to send their instructions to their plenipotentiaries—It is supposed the Congress will accept the mediation with eagerness."
                  After my first interview with the Count de Vergennes, I presented him a memorial in which I transcribed the principal part of the letter Your Excellency delivered me at New Windsor—& represented the insufficiency of the succour proposed by His Majesty—I have since given in an Extract of the Estimate of the board of war, accompanied with a letter urging the necessity of dispatch in furnishing those essential supplies—My personal sollicitations have not been wanting to induce a prompt and favorable answer—but Mr de Maurepas and Count Vergennes both inform me that nothing can be determined until the return of Mr de Castries, who is expected the day after to morrow—that the matter must be deliberated, and they will consider what can be done—Mr de Neckar will be consulted to day—Mr de Vergennes complains very much of the excessive demands of Congress—and seems to entertain an idea that they wish to throw too much of the burthen of the war on their Ally—he says that the exertions and expence with which france supports the war in different parts of the world fully employ her means—that her public credit has its limits—to surpass which would be fatal to it.

                     Upon the whole My expectations are very moderate—the Naval dispositions were made before My arrival—five Ships of the line for the East Indies with troops—Twenty commanded by de Grasse for the W. Indies—twelve of which are to proceed to America they will probably arrive on our Coast in July.

                  We have no news yet of their departure.  Your Excellency will see that I have written in a great hurry—in my next I hope to be able to give you more particular intelligence of our affairs—In the mean time I take the liberty of troubling you to present my respects to Mrs Washington, my love to the family and the Marquis de la fayette, the want of whose letters is a great disadvantage to me.

                     My only hope of obtaining additional succor is founded on the exalted opinion which the Ministers have of your Excellency and every thing which comes from you.  I have the honor to be with the greatest respect and most tender attachment Your Excellencys most obedt servt

                     John Laurens.

                        Portions in square brackets are translations, in GW’s hand, of code.


Title: From George Washington to John Pierce, 24 March 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Pierce, John

                     Sir
                     Head Quarters New Windsor March 24th 1781

                  It is but three days since I received your Letter of the 15th of Febry requesting to be informed whether the Extra Ration issued to the Officers of the Army since the 1st of Novr was to be deducted from their subsistence, or considered as a gratuity.
                  Altho I do not conceive myself authorised to make any addition to the number of Rations established by Congress, yet the same pressing necessity which dictated the Order for issuing two Rations in kind, instead of one, will be a strong reason for considering the Extra Ration as an indulgence gratuitously given, to make good the deficiencies of Rations, parts of Rations, and to afford a partial releif for the want of pay, and the means of obtaining the necessaries of life.  I therefore give it clearly as my opinion, that this Extra Ration ought not to be deducted from the subsistence.  Nor do I believe, it will in common, more than supply the deficiency of the retained Articles to which the Officers are entitled.
                  Before you proceed to the settlement of the Subsistence of the Army, you may take the proper Measures for obtaining the sense of Congress on this subject—and you will be at liberty to make such use of this Letter as you think best.  I am Sir Your Most Obed. Servant

                     Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to James Wilkinson, 24 March 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Wilkinson, James

                     Sir
                     Head Quarters, New Windsor 24th March 1781

                  I have so repeatedly, but without effect, called upon you to attend the Business of your Department, near Head Quarters, that I have been under the disagreable necessity of representing the matter to Congress.  It is with them therefore to determine whether your general place of residence shall be at Philadelphia or with the Army.  I am Sir Your Most Obedient Servant

                     Go. Washington

                     A true Copy
                       James Wilkinson


Title: From George Washington to Robert Hanson Harrison, 25 March 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Harrison, Robert Hanson

                      25 March 1781

                  I certify that Robt H. Harrison Esqr.—Lieutt Colo. in the Continental Army—entered the Service in the Month of October 1775 as one of my Aid de Camps, and in May following became my Secretary; the duties of which Offices he discharged with conspicuous abilities—That his whole conduct, during all the interesting periods of the War has been marked by the strictest integrity and the most attentive & faithful services while by personl bravery he has been distinguishd on sevl occasions.  Given at head Quarters this 25th day of March 1781.

                     Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to William Heath, 25 March 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Heath, William

                     Dear Sir
                     Head Quarters New Windsor March 25. 1781

                  I have received your Letter of Yesterday, and enclose the Discharge of Major Cartwright.
                  The Deserter from Robinsons Regt is sent back, to be delivered to the Civil Authority, of West Chester County, to which he belonged.  I am Dear Sir With great esteem Your Most Obed. Servt

                     Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Wilhelm von Knyphausen, 25 March 1781
From: Knyphausen, Wilhelm von
To: Washington, George

                     Sir
                     New York March 25th 1781

                  The present sufferings of the Hessian Prisoners of War confined in the Goals of Philadelphia, determine me to address myself to you upon this occasion.
                  The Papers which accompany this letter, point out in the fullest manner, the many attempts which have been made for their relief; the little success which has attended them; and they exhibit some proofs of distress, which men of feeling must ever condemn.
                  Despairing of obtaining the indulgence, usually shewen to Troops, in their circumstances by the common mode of application, I request that permission may be granted for an Officer "attended by a Non Commissioned Officer" to Proceed from New York to Philadelphia, with Money, Clothing and Necessaries, for their immediate relief; persuaded you will meet me in Sentiment, that the adding to the misfortunes of Individuals so circumstanced, can answer no good purpose whatever.  I have the Honor to be Sir Your Excellency’s most obedient humble Servant

                     Knyphausen

                Enclosure

                        Extracts of letters from Josa Loring Esqr. to Major Skinner
                           19 August 1780-14 March 1781

                     19th August 1780  His Excellency Lieutenant General Knyphausen request permission for Lieut. Sobbe & Serjeant Ruebenkoenig to come into New york for a fortnight to take out some Necessaries & Money for their prisoners, if this Indulgence can be granted, we should be glad it might take place as soon as possible as our Prisoners are suffering for the want of them.
                     26 Septr 1780  I wrote you on the 19th Augt last requesting leave for Lieut. Sobbe & Serjeant Ruebenkoenig to come into New York to take out some Necessaries and Money for their Prisoners, let me beg your Attention to the above request and Your Answer thereto, as soon as possible, as the prisoners are suffering for want thereof.
                     14th Novr 1780  I was in hopes to have received the several Passports requested viz. a Pass for Capt. Bartling to proceed in a Vessell or two if necessary from hence to Providence with Cloathing for the Prisoners, & to have brought back such as were exchanged—Another for Ensign Von Kovan to have gone to New London or Hartford for the purpose of carrying Cloathing & one for a Quartr Master & two Serjeants to have proceeded to Phila. & Lancaster with Cloathing &c. for the Prisoners that remained there, as the Season is so far advanced I must beg that no further delay be made to this Request.
                     28th Decr 1780.  As the Season is severe I must beg your Attention to sending in a list of all our Privates Prisoners of War describing the Regts they belong to, & where stationed, & further to request General Washington’s Pass for a British & German Subaltern Officer to go from hence with Cloathing, Money & other Necessaries & deliver it to them at the different places of their Confinement.
                     25 Jany 1781  I hope on your return from Philadelphia I shall be finished with Lists of our Prisoner specifying the Corps they belong to & place of Confinement, also with a pass or passes for a British & German Subaltern or Quarter Master with two Serjeants if thought necessary to proceed from New York to the different places of their Confinement with Cloathing, Money & other Necessaries—the consequence to the suffering Individuals at this Season of the Year must be too fatal to admit of any further delay.
                     6th Feby 1781  I am waiting with great Impatience for the Lists of Prisoners specifying the Corps they belong to & where Confined, & General Washington’s Pass for a British & German Subaltern or Quarter Master with a Serjeant or two as may be thought necessary to proceed from hence with Cloathing Necessaries Money, and deliver it to them at the different places of their Confinement.
                     14th March 1781  I must beg your Attention to the sending in the proper Passports for Qr Master Hartzog of the 19th Regt Lt Sobbe of the Regt of Knyphausen, two British & one German Serjeants to proceed from hence to Phila. & such other places where our Prisoners may be confin’d, with Cloathing, Money &c. for their Use, to see the same delivered to them & to return to New York these Gentlemen will consider themselves on Parole, and will be Subject to any restrictions you may please to lay them under the great delay there has been in obtaining this reasonable request, has reduced our Prisoners to a wretched Condition and I hope it will be a consideration with you to forward it now with all Possible dispatch.

                        Josa Loring
                        Com. Genl Prisrs

                         Extracts of letters from Major Skinner to Josa Loring Esqr.
                        "Augst 24th 1780  I have reported your request for Lieut. Sobbe to go in to New York at Head Quarters & shall do every thing in my power to have your request complyed with."
                        Major Skinner came into New York 24th Octr but brought no Pass to send our Prisoners Cloathing, when he went out the 4th Novr I gave him the following Memorandum in writing.
                        "General Washingtons Pass for a Quarter Master & a Serjeant or two as may thought necessary to proceed from hence to Phila. with Cloathing Money &c. for the Prisoners.
                        He came into New York 6 Decr to settle an Exchange of Prisoners but brought no Pass, he went out on the 20th and I then pressed him very hard to send it in on his return, which he promised to do on the 10th Jany 1781 I received a letter from him of which the following is an Extract "I am in hopes to furnish you with a Return of the Prisoners at Phila. for whom You are desirous to send Cloathing" & on the 9th Feby I received the following.
                        "Inclosed is a list of Prisoners in Phila. Goal agreable to your request; I will apply for the Passes you require for their relief & forward them by the first Opportunity."
                        On the 28th Feby He came into New york again to settle an Exchange of Prisoners still without the Pass so repeatedly asked for, I remonstrated against the great Inattention to so reasonable a request, he replied that he could not obtain it & desired I would write him a letter on the Subject & mention the Officers Names, which I did on the 14th March.

                        Josa Loring
                        Com. Genl Prisrs

                Enclosure

                              8-17 March 1781

                           Philip Rauthe; non-commissioned Officer of His Excellency Lieutenant General Knyphausen’s Regiment, being duly sworn, deposeth:
                        That he, with a number of others was made prisoner of war at sea on the 29th of Sept. 1779, and carried to Philadelphia, where he was confined in the Goal for six months.
                        That he, and the other prisoners, British as well as Hessians, when no Salt meat was issued to them, received four pounds of bread for three days, and water; the established allowance of a prisoner being 10 Ounces of meat, and 10 ounces of bread per day, without any pease, rice, butter or other species of provisions.
                        That one or more barrels of Salt meat were delivered to them from time to time of weight in proportion to their number and above mentioned allowance. But that the meat was found seven times to be cured with Heckery askes so much tainted, that nothing but the violence of hunger could have obliged them to eat it.
                        That no difference was made in this respect between the sick and the healthy.
                        That, in stead of bread, they were furnished five different times, as far as the Deponent recollects, with two kinds of Biscuit, the one quite black, and the other full of worms, which also they were forced to eat by extreme hunger, and to the prejudice of their health.
                        That after many and pressing entreaties half a pint of salt, taken from the salt-meat barrels, was delivered to 22 men for three days.
                        That all, not even the lowest of their sick excepted, were obliged to lay on base boards, without any blankets, none being furnished, unless paid for by the prisoners.
                        That the attendance of the American Physicians to the sick was very loose, and unfrequent, their visits often being at more than a week’s distance from each other, which rendered the situation of the sick the most miserable, that could be imagined, and the Deponent was pretty sure of five men having died merely from neglect, and bad victuals.
                        He added, that they were not allowed to buy bread in the city, a certain baker only having the exclusive permission to come to the Goal, and sell his bread there, for a loaf of which, of about one pound weight, they were obliged to pay four dollars of Paper money, while in the City they might have bought twice that quantity for the same money.
                        That he was exchanged with a number of men of the same regiment, and came to New york the 22d of December last.

                                                 Volpert Ch: de Seelhorst PlumqueCapt.LieutenantJudge Advocat
                        Continued New York March 17th 1781
                        Three privates, viz. Henry Peter, Balthasar Schmeiss, and Eckhard Kaufmann, also of his Excellency Lieut. Genl Knyphausen’s Regimt taken, and exchanged at the same time with the former, being duly sworn and separately examined by this Committee, their evidence was found perfectly conformable to that of Philip Rauthe in every material circumstance.
                         Volpert C. de Seelhorst  PlumqueCapt.LieutenantJudge Advocat


Title: To George Washington from Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette, 25 March 1781
From: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de
To: Washington, George

                     My Dear General
                     Williams Burg March the 25h 1781

                  My Letter of the 23d to Your Excellency will, I Hope, Be Safely transmitted, and the Bearer of it Mjr McLeane Assured me that in case He was obliged to loose the Dispatch Boats, He Could find Means to Get a Shore and forward the Dispatches By Land.
                  In this Letter I Gave to Your Excellency an Account of what Had past Since I Left Annapolis, and Communicated the Intelligence of a British fleet Having Anchored in Lyn Haven Bay.  This Account However, You will Have Sooner Received from the Governor of Virginia, than You Might Possibly from me, As My Position with the troops Near Porsmouth Being Intended to Reconnoitre the Works and get on Board of ships in Hampton Road Intelligences from the Capes Were More Speedily forwarded through Williamsburg than they Might Have Been in Going arround to Suffolk.
                  My Surprise at Not Hearing of the french fleet Was, I Confess, Very Great, Nor Could I Reconcile My Mind to this Uncertainty.  But Intelligences Received Yesterday Have Put it out of Doubt that they Have Done their Best Endeavours towards the Cooperation, and My Accounts Being Gathered from Many Quarters and from Men Who Were at the first Engagement Your Excellency May Depend Upon their Veracity.
                  On the Sixteenth Int. Both fleets fell in Near Capes With Each other.  They Both Consisted of 8 ships of the Line fifties Included with the Difference of twenty guns in favor of the Ennemy.  Each Ship of the line and Each frigat singly Engaged a partner, and the Action lasted During three glasses.  The Ennemy Had two 74 Much Worsted (one of them Had 65 Men killed).  The London Suffered in Her Rigging, and the British fleet Sheered off for Chesapeak While the french Stood in a Line formed in Good order.  The Ennemy Have sent their wounded up to Porsmouth, taken all the sailors and Marines at that place and Refitted their Damaged Ships.  They were also Reinforced from Porsmouth By the Charm a 44 that Can Be made a fifty, and two Large frigats.
                  But it Appears that our Allies are determined to Carry the point, and that the Addition to the British force Has not prevented them from Appearing Near the Capes.  Last Morning the Whole British fleet With the Reinforcement went to Sea, and about Eleven o’clock we Heard a furious Canonade Which Lasted More than three Hours.
                  The Action Must Have Been Bloody and obstinate.  Upon its Event, depends the fate of our Expedition.  I Wish it Had Been in My power, Not to Make Your Excellency A Partaker of our Anxiety Untill I Might Have Known on What Side Victory Has Been.  But the fresh Winds that Blew last Night Make it Impossible to Have Any Account this Morning.  I shall therefore Send off these present Intelligences Which Have Come Last Night to Hand, and as Expresses with proper officers Are stationned at Hampton, I Shall Speedily forward Every Account that Appears to Be Certain and Interesting.
                  I Have Directed that Arnold Be Circumscribed Within His works on Both Sides of the Dismal Swamp.  The Water is Still oppened to Him, But Every armed Vessel in the Rivers is getting Ready to Do what little Service Can Be expected from them.  The Detachement at Annapolis is Also ordered to Be in the Most perfect Readiness.  With the Highest Respect I Have the Honor to Be Your Excellency’s Most obedient Humble Servant

                     Lafayette


Title: To George Washington from Jean-Louis Aragon de Sibille, 25 March 1781
From: Sibille, Jean-Louis Aragon de
To: Washington, George

                     Sir,
                     Newport , March 25th 1781

                  The fear I am in, lest the Little notice taken of General de Rochambeau’s Secretary, in comparison of those who fill that honorable place about your Excellency, should be misconstrued in your Excellency’s mind, shall be my Apology for this Letter.
                  The Little regard shewn for a man, who by his post, should Seem intitled to some consideration, must be ascribed to the customs of a monarchical State, where the highest honors are rendered to the Military part of it, and to that part only: all those out of the Line of the Army, and even those who being in it, act in a double capacity, are looked on as below their notice, by Low prejudiced minds, of which unhappily, there is most in the highest Stations.
                  The Count de Rochambeau, Sir, has an entire confidence in me, and has proved me worthy of it.  I know that objections have been made against my youth.  they did not consider that, then, when Probity, discretion, honor and Sensibility have been early inculcated into the mind, they are necessarily in their force, not being yet tainted with the various corrupted scenes of the World.
                  The Count de Rochambeau has taken me with him, upon the recommendation of some of the most respectable and highest in office in France.  Neither Ambition nor the prospect of Fortune influenced me in my determination to accompany him.  The first being an utter stranger to me, I have more than enough of the Second.
                  had I the least idea, Sir that my being in a place which I hope, I will always fill with honor, could any ways be prejudicial to the common cause, I would Look upon it as my duty to abdicate it; I would think myself under that obligation if I was the cause that either your Excellency or Congress did not communicate freely your Secretest and most interesting plans to Count de Rochambeau.  This comes Sir, from an honest, too sensible heart, proud of its consciousness that there is no reproach can be made to it, but that cannot even support the thought of being reckoned unworthy the place of Secretary.  I am with great respect, Sir, Your Excellency’s Most obedient humble Servant

                     De Sibille


Title: From George Washington to John Armstrong, 26 March 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Armstrong, John

                     Dear Sir,
                     New Windsor Mar. 26th 1781

                  Your favor of the 8th from Carlisle came to me safe, as did the letter alluded to in it; which I should have thanked you for long ’ere this if the public business in which, I am engaged wd yield obedience to my inclination, & indulge me more frequently in the gratification of an epistolary & pleasing intercourse with my friends—I received with much pleasure the acct of your recovered health, and sincerely wish it may be of long continuance & much usefulness to yourself & Country.
                  We ought not to look back, unless it is to derive useful lessons from past errors—& for the purpose of profiting by dear bought experience—To enveigh against things that are past & irremediable, is unpleasing—but to steer clear of the shelves & rocks we have struck upon, is the part of wisdom—equally incumbent on political, as other men, who have their own little bark; or that of others to navigate through the intricate paths of life, or the trackless ocean to the haven of secury & rest.
                  Our affairs are brought to an awful crisis, that the hand of Providence, I trust, may be more conspicuous in our deliverance.  The many remarkable interpositions of the divine governmt in the hours of our deepest distress and darkness, have been too luminous to suffer me to doubt the happy Issue of the present contest—but the period for its accomplishmt may be too far distant for a person of my years, whose Morning & Evening hours—and every moment (unoccupied by business)—pants for retirement; & for those domestic & rural enjoyments which in my estimation far surpasses the highest pageantry of this world.
                  We wait with anxious sollicitude, advices from the Southern army; our last accts from that quarter were less gloomy than the former, but not less equivocal and distressing. I have heard nothing from Genl Greene since the 28th of Feby, nor of him (with precision) since the 2d Inst.  Matters were so critically circumstanced at that time as to add pain to impatience—equally ignorant & equally anxious am I with respect to the French fleet undr the comd of the Chevr Destouches no acct of whom have I received (but vague ones through the channel of Rivington’s Paper) since he left Newport—at Yorktown in Virga (24 Miles from Hampton Road the place of his destination) there was no intelligence of him on the 15th.
                  Private.
                  It is to be lamented, greatly lamented, that the French Commanders at Newport did not adopt the measure of sending the fleet & a detachmt of their land force to Chesapeake bay when I first proposed it to them (in the moment I received the first certn information of the damage done to the British fleet at Gardners bay)—Had the Expedition been undertaken at the time, nothing could have saved Arnolds Corps during the weakened State of the B. Ships, from destructn—instead of this, a small detachmt only was sent from the fleet; which as I foretold, would have returned as they went, had it not been for the accidental Meeting of the Romulus & the Vessels under her Convoy—but as (I have observed before) there is no rectifying past errors—and as it is our true policy to stand well with friends, on whom we so much depend, I relate this in confidence.

                     end of private portion

                  I am sorry to hear that the Recruiting business in your State is clogged with so many embarrassments—It is perhaps, the greatest of the great evils attending this contest, that States as well as individuals had rather wish well, than act well—had rather see a thing done, than do it; or contribute their just proportion to the doing it.  This conduct is not only injurious to the common cause but in the end most expensive to themselves—besides the distrusts & jealousies which are sown by such conduct—To expect brick without straw, is idle—& yet I am called upon with as much facility to furnish Men & means for every service & every want as if every Iota required of the States had been furnished, & the whole was at my disposal; when the fact is, I am scarcily able to provide a garrison for West point, or to feed the Men that are there.  This, & ten thousd reasons which I could assign, prove the necessity of something more than recommendatory powers in Congress.  if that body is not vested with a controuling power in matters of common concern, & for the great purposes of War, I do not scruple to give it, decidedly, is my opinion, that it will be impossible to prosecute it to any good effect—Some States are capitally injured, if not ruin’d by their own exertions and the neglects of others while by these irregularities the strength & resources of the Country never are, nor can be employed to advantage.  but I have exceeded the bounds of a common letter & shall trespass no longer than while I can assure you that I am with every sentiment of estm regard & Affectn Dr Sir Yr Most Obedt Servt

                     Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Henry Babcock, 26 March 1781
From: Babcock, Henry
To: Washington, George

                  General Washington SirStonington 26th March 1781

                  I hope your Excellency is arrived safe at your Head Quarters in Windsor—Last Wednesday a British Officer (who was in Newport in Disguise when Your Excellency was there, and had a Party in Connecticut to have seized you, and carried You Prisoner to long Island) was carried by a whale Boat from Groton to long Island: the Persons who carried the British Officer over, were pursued by two of our Boats, but as he went up the Bank at Sag Harbour, our Boats were within 1/4 of a Mile of him, so that he but just escaped—Tho’ I should have been abundantly happy to have been honoured with your Excellencys Presence at my House, but as it now appears your Person would have been in Danger—I am happy that you did not.
                  The Persons from Groton that carried the British Officer over are taken into Custody.
                  I am told by one Mr Hazard who returned last Week from wrecking the Culloden Man of War, from which they have taken some Thousands £ mony in Cordage, Sails, Provisions, & a vast Quantity of Copper that the Inhabitants of Long Island assured him, that the Bedford Man of War, after being dismasted, sunk with all her Guns & Stores—I have this Day wrote Count Rochambeau mentioning the Affair to him, & imagine She may be weighed by two large Transport Ships.  I have the Honor to be with every Sentiment of the highest Esteem & profoundest Respect your Excellencys most obedient & most humble Servant

                     Henry Babcock

                     P.S.  I have just received a Letter from Oliver Wolcott Esqr. Member of Congress from the State of Connecticut that the coining the Plate is now under Consideration—If your Excellency would just mention it in a Letter to the President I dare Say Congress would recommend it to the different States, the lower House of Connecticut have voted it.
                     If you have any Accounts from Monsieur Detouche’s Squadron will be extreamly obliged to your Excellency to desire Major Humphrys or some Gentleman of your Family to write me an Account of the same—Please to give my Compliments to Mr Harrison & Major Humphrys.  I am as mentioned above your tres humble et tres obeisant Serviteur

                     H. Babcock


Title: To George Washington from Elias Dayton, 26 March 1781
From: Dayton, Elias
To: Washington, George

                     Sir
                     Chatham March 26th 1781

                  In my former letter I acquainted your excellency with the difficulty which attended the sending any persons to the city.  Those difficulties & indeed greater still subsist, no one within a fortnight haveing been admited to go their & return, very few of the inhabitants of Staten Island are suffered to cross & not even those without a particular permission from the commandt.
                  The fleet which I made mention of, in several late letters, have twice put to sea & returned as often, the day before yesterday they lay at the hook & as I have reason to believe that Genl Clinton has lately left new york I am suspicious that they sailed some course or other yesterday, if to the southward the weather will oblige them to put back this day.
                  I have a prospect of doing something to Advantage upon staten Island with twenty men which with your excellencys permission I will attempt—A letter for your Excellency which I have just received from Elizabeth Town accompanies this, & I have directed that it should be forwarded with all possible dispatch.  I am with the greatest respect Yr Excellencys most obediet Hbl. Servant

                     Elias Dayton


Title: To George Washington from Edward Hand, 26 March 1781
From: Hand, Edward
To: Washington, George

                     Sir
                     Head Quarters N. Windsor 26 March 1781.

                  It appears that when an Invalid Corps was formed it was intended to answer a Twofold purpose—vizt.
                  To Afford a comfortable Maintenance to men who by Wounds received or Disorders contracted in the Service were rendered for ever incapable of serving in the Field or gaining a Livelyhood if discharged the Service entirely; and as a Nursery for the Reception and Instruction of Recruits destined for the Army.
                  Though the Mode pointed out and Directions given for Transferring men from other Regiments to the Corps of Invalids are in my opinion sufficiently plain yet I have Reason to think that from the difficulty, indeed the impossibility in some instances, of distinguishing between Men whose Cases were Irremediable and those whose Inability for Field Duty would continue for a certain time only—or from a supposition that all those who were at the Time unfit for Field duty, were proper Subjects, many have been Transferred who have since recovered and are now fit for Service in the Field.
                  Would therefore Advise, if your Excellency approves, that an immediate and accurate Inspection of the Invalid Corps by a skilfull Surgeon and a Military Officer of distinguished Rank should take place, and that every Man found capable of Field duty should be sent to the Regiment or State Line to which he originally belonged and if any Recruits have been inlisted by the Officers of the Invalid Corps, that they be forwarded to the Line of the State they belong to, if fit for service if not that they be discharged—and that a like Inspection be made at the Commencement of every Campaign—and that in future no man be transferred to the Invalid Corps untill it is ascertained as far as may be that he is for ever unfit for Field Duty, and that his Inability was Contracted in the Service of the United States.  I have the Honor to be with much Respect Your Excellency’s Most Obedient Humble Servant

                     Edwd Hand
                     Adjt & A. Inspector Genl


Title: From George Washington to William Heath, 26 March 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Heath, William

                     Dear Sir
                     Head Quarters New Windsor March 26th 1781

                  I recollect there was a Gun Boat employed on the River, which was withdrawn at the setting in of Winter, and which is again necessary for the same service, I wish therefore you would have it refitted, & stationed as formerly, for the same purposes.
                  In answer to your Letter of the 25th respecting inoculation, you will be pleased to observe; it was under the idea of the New Hampshire Troops being continued at West Point, that I consented to have the Huts of that Line made use of as Hospitals, because I was unwilling to have any other Troops mix with those under inoculation, so as to spread the infection by ordinary duty, or in case of Detachment; and because I wished to be able to put a stop to it, at any period: If it can be done, in this manner, I still think it adviseable, and that the greater Number can be accomodated, at one time, the better.
                  In the mean time, I have instructed the Director of the Hospitals, to make the necessary preparations, as perfectly, and as soon as practicable.  I am Dear Sir With very great esteem Your Most Obedt Servant

                     Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from William Heath, 26 March 1781
From: Heath, William
To: Washington, George

                     Dear General,
                     West point, March 26. 1781.

                  As justice is undoubtedly a duty we owe to ourselves as well as our country, and to which I think the officers at present serving in the army have a call to pay some attention, I am induced to trouble your Excellency with this, and assure myself your just way of thinking will give it that consideration which it deserves.
                  My journey from Rhode Island to this place the last October, was attended with expence—to the reimbursement of which, or to my rations during the time I drew nothing from the public stores, common justice seems to entitle me; with either I shall be satisfied.  Before Major-General Greene’s departure from this place, he informed me it was a post attended with an unavoidable expence (as I had by experience found before without any consideration)—that it was his design to render it as moderate as possible—when he had so done, he expected a reimbursement—and advised me to pursue the same mode of conduct, and keep an account of extra expences, for the purpose.  This I did, until your Excellency arrived at New Windsor in the month of December—and I cannot but flatter myself you will judge a reimbursement reasonable.  Since that time, I have found this post to continue, not only a very busy and fatiguing one, (for if a public officer can be a slave, I have this winter been one) but expensive also.  If our military establishment is such that in a post like this, the commanding officer can have no allowance or consideration more than one of the same rank who commands a single brigade or division, it must be submitted to, but the latter seems to be the most fortunate.  If I am fairly entitled to any consideration in the foregoing instances, I cannot but wish to have it; if I am not; shall chearfully submit to that, of which, if just, I have no right to complain.
                  At the commencement of the last campaign I was in hopes it would be the last—and that at the close, if I lived to see it, I might return to the private walks of life with honor and satisfaction.  Finding my expectations disappointed, I was at uncertainty, whether to retire from service to pay some attention to my domestic affairs, which have long and loudly claimed it; or apply for leave to visit my family to put my affairs in temporary train, and prepare myself for another campaign.  The then distresses and uneasinesses of the troops forbid my applying for either; your Excellency’s late absence continued the objection.  It is now almost ten months since I came out—if I cannot be absent a short time now, the campaign will soon open, and it will be inadmissable until the next winter.  If the service would admit of my being absent a short time between this and the opening of the campaign, I wish it; if any movements of the enemy, plan or intention of your Excellency forbid it, I must wave it.  I will never, while in the service, ask leave of absence for the sake of pleasure or amusement.  I have the honor to be With the greatest respect, Your Excellency’s Most obedient servant,

                     W. Heath


Title: To George Washington from Samuel Huntington, 26 March 1781
From: Huntington, Samuel
To: Washington, George

                     Sir,
                     Philadelphia March 26. 1781

                  Congress have been pleased to refer to your Excellency the enclosed Letter of the 21st Instant from Colonel Wood, soliciting in Behalf of Lt Colonel Hill the Liberty of being indulged his Parole to go to England, as also the Letter of the 20th Instant from Lt Col. Dubuyson, desiring that a similar Favor for himself may be made the Condition on which Lt Col. Hill’s Request should be granted; if obtained.
                  The Circumstances of Lt Colonel Dubuyson, from the Wounds he received at the Battle of Camden, seem to entitle him to an equal Indulgence with the other Officer.
                  I have been honored with two of your Letters of the first Instant & one of the 21st, with the several Papers to which they refer; am happy to be informed by the Latter, of your Excellency’s safe Return to the Army; am also to acknowledge your Attention in forwarding the Letter from Governor Trumbull which fell under your Care by Miss-Address.
                  It is probable the Letters which accompany this will give your Excellency the latest Intelligence I have received from the southern Army, & the British Fleet now in the Chesapeake, yet as the Intelligence is  important, have thought proper to transmit the enclosed Extracts of Letters from Governor Jefferson & Mr Barron.
                  The Minister of France will give you the Particulars of the Action between the two Fleets on the 16th Instant with more Exactness than I have been able to collect—No Vessel captured on either Side—the french Fleet I suppose are gone to Newport.  I have the Honor to be with the highest Regard your Excellency’s most obedient & most humble Servant

                     Sam. Huntington  Presidt


Title: To George Washington from Richard Peters, 26 March 1781
From: Peters, Richard
To: Washington, George

                     Sir
                     War Office March 26. 1781

                  The Board have the Honour to transmit for your Excellency’s Information the inclosed Instructions to Col. Wood relative to the Convention Troops & a Copy of the Report of a Comittee of Congress on the Subject which being referred to us to take Order & expressive of the Sense of Congress was the Foundation of the Instructions given to Col. Wood.  We have the Honour to be with the highest Respect & Esteem Your very obed. Servts

                     Richard Peters
                     By Order

                Enclosure

                           22 March 1781

                     The Committee to whom was referred the reports from the Board of War of the 17th March with sundry other papers relating to the prisoners under the Convention of Saratoga, and the Cowpen prisoners &c. &c.
                     Find that it is provided under the 2d & 3d Articles of the Convention of Saratoga, and recongnised in the 9th Article of the said Convention that unless a Cartel should take place, by which the Army under Lieut. General Burgoyne, or any part of it may be exchanged, Those troops are not to serve again in North America during the present Contest; notwithstanding which your Committee are well informed, that great desertions have taken and do daily take place among the British Troops prisoners under the aforesaid stipulations, who after being encouraged thereto by the Enemy, are immediately drafted into their Regiments, now in actual Service against these United States.  Your Committee cannot but think it highly expedient to take effectual measures, to prevent such mischevious consequences as do or may arise from such an unjustifiable prosidure on the part of the Enemy, to the welfare of these United States, in which it is notorious that every effort is made by them to evade the most solumn stipulations.  Your Committee beg leave farther to report, that from a strict adherence to the tenor of the aforesaid treaty, a very considerable balance is due to these States for rations and transport furnished the said troops who have been supplied with full rations of provisions more than what is usually allowed to prisoners of War under any discription, for which no payment has been made for more than two Years altho frequently demanded.  In order therefore to prevent future desirtions from the British Troops of Convention, your Committee are of opinion that it is necessary, the New commissioned Officers and soldiers of the said Troops be forthwith closely confined and effectually guarded so as to prevent them from going to the Enemy.  That such of them as shall escape in future, be treated as Prisoners holding no faith, that such of their Officers as may attempt to hold any correspondence with the Enemy or others or take any steps to promote their Escape, shall be deemed and treated as having forfieted their paroles.
                     That unless immediate payment is made for provision and transports heretofore furnished, the said prisoners under the Convention of Saratoga according to rates stipulated in Article the 5th, no more or other provision shall be issued to the said prisoners, but such as are issued to prisoners in other circumstances.
                     Your Committee are of opinion, that for the security and providing the unconditional prisoners of War and the prisoners under the Convention of Saratoga, they should be disposed of in the following manner. Viz. that the Cowpen prisoners and all the unconditional prisoners of War in Virginia and Maryland, be immediately removed to pennsylvania under a strong Guard, that the British prisoners under the said Convention remain at Frederick Town in Maryland, and be closely confined, except the Officers who should have their parole, and be sent to Simsbury in Connecticut, where they can be more conveniently quartered than at present.  That the German Troops under the said Convention, shall remain near the Town of Winchester in Virginia and be confined to the Barracks,    built there
                         by order of the State of Virginia, and the guard now there, added to such guards as the State of Maryland shall furnish at Frederick Town, and be employed in guarding the prisoners at that place.  That the Regiment of guards, raised by the State of Virginia, be appointed to guard the German Troops under the said Convention & that Colonel Wood be continued in the Command & Superintendancy of the Convention Troops both German and British, Where upon your Committee submits the following resolutions.
                     Resolved That the unconditional prisoners of War in Maryland and Virginia, be immediately removed under a strong guard into the State of Pennsylvania, where they are to be confined, under the direction of the Board of War.
                     Resolved That that Board take immediate measures, for furnishing a sufficient Guard for their Escort and safe keeping.
                     Resolved That the german Troops under the Convention of Saratoga be confined to Barracks, built by the State of Virginia near Winchester, and that the Regiment raised by the sd State for guarding the prisoners of Convention be assigned as a guard for the said german Troops.
                     Resolved That the non-commissioned Officers and privates of the British prisoners under the said Convention be forthwith closely confined at or near Frederick Town in Maryland, or in such other place or places within that State as the Governor and Council shall direct, and unless immediate payment is made on the provisions and transport heretofore furnished the prisoners under the said Convention, that no more or other provisions or transport be furnished or allowed them, but such as are furnished to unconditional prisoners of War by order of Congress.
                     Resolved That the Officers of the german Troops be paroled to a district in the County of Frederick in Virginia, not exceeding ten Miles in Circumference, and that the Officers of the British Troops of the Convention, be ordered to Simsbury in Connecticut, stationed there or at such other place, as the Executive of that State shall think proper within the said State, and be paroled to a District, not exceeding six Miles in Circumference, and that the Executive of the said State of Connecticut, be required to appoint a proper person to superintend their Conduct and to report thereon to Congress or the Board of War.
                     Resolved That no transport be allowed to the prisoners under the Convention, in future at the expence of the United States, and that the commanding Officers having the care of the said Troops, have full authority to limit the Number of waggons & Horses to be hired by them, for the purpose of transporting baggage &c., or the Number of Horses to be kept by the Officers, and the price to be by them given for forage to support their own Horses, or of provisions for themselves.
                     Resolved That the Board of War take immediate measures for carrying into execution the aforesaid resolutions.

                Enclosure

                        Sir
                        War Office March 24, 1781

                     The very considerable desertions which have prevailed among the Conventions prisoners, and the repeated neglects on the part of the British Generals to pay for their support have long been matters of serious consideration and furnish undeniable proofs of a System, the evils attendants on which, require our immediate remedy.
                     You are therefore hereby directed to cause the Non-commissioned Officers and Soldiers of the british Convention Troops to be forthwith closely confined and effectually guarded so as to prevent them from escaping to the Enemy.  It is hoped that none of their Officers will attempt to hold any correspondence with the Enemy or take or connive at any steps to promote the escape of the Non commissioned Officers and privates.  But should such conduct be discovered, the Officer or Officers so demeaning him or themselves, are to be deemed and treated as having broken their paroles.  Until you are informed of payment being made for provisions and transport heretofore furnished these prisoners, as stipulated in Article 5th of the Convention, you will issue no more of their provisions than are usually issued to prisoners of War.
                     The Officers of the British are to be put on their parole, and sent to Simsbury in Connecticut, where they can be more conveniently quartered than at present.  The Non-commissioned Officers and privates are to remain at Frederick Town in Maryland and be closely confined.  But if there are any other places of security in that State, wherein any part of them may be safely kept, you have liberty of seperating them into such Detachments for this purpose, as you should think proper.  If the Governor and Council of Maryland (with whom you will consult)  should deem any other place or places proper for the confinement of the prisoners within that State, you will accommodate your orders to their views and directions.
                     The german Non-commissioned Officers and privates, are to remain near the Town of Winchester in Virginia, and be confined to the Barracks built there by order of the State of Virginia, and their Officers are to be on parole, within the County of Frederick in that State, and to be limited to a District not exceeding ten Miles in circumference.
                     No transportation at the expence of the United States, is to be hereafter allowed these Troops, and you will take care to limit the Number of Waggons & Horses to be hired by them for the purpose of transporting themselves or their Baggage, and also the number of Horses to be Kept by the Officers, and the prices to be by them given for forage for their Horses or provisions for themselves.  It has been alledged, that the best Horses in the Country, have been purchased by the Officers, and on their being exchanged, have been carried in to the Enemy in considerable Numbers.  This practice has a dangerous tendency, and you will take every measure in your power, to discontinue and prevent it.
                     We rely on your discretion for any thing not perticularly directed & make no doubt that you will in concurrence with the Executive of the States of Virginia and Maryland (to whom we shall write on the subject) take the most effectual Measures for the Superintendance and safe keeping of the prisoners committed to your care.  You will also assemble all the Cowpen and other unconditional prisoners of War in these two States, at some convenient places, and send them under proper guards to Lancaster in Pennsylvania where they will be received by a Militia Guard of that State.  It is better for the Virginia guard to go the whole way, for reasons obvious to you.  We are Sir with much esteem & regard Your Most obed. Hble Servts

                        Colonel James Wood
                        Superintending the Convention prisoners


Title: To George Washington from Moses Ashley, 27 March 1781
From: Ashley, Moses
To: Washington, George

                     Sir
                     Garrison West Point March 27th 1781.

                  Upon the reasons given, by Lieut. Jno. Soule, of the 5th Massachusetts Regiment, I am induced to recommend him to Your Excellency for a discharge; at the same time unwilling to say it will be no damage to the Regiment; he having fill’d his Post with Honor.  I am Sir your Most Obedt Humle Servt

                     Moses Ashley  Majr Comdt
                     5th Massts Regt


Title: From George Washington to Elias Dayton, 27 March 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Dayton, Elias

                     Sir
                     Head Quarters New Windsor March 27th 1781

                  Your several Letters of the 9th, 15th & 18th Inst. were duly received, while I was absent from this place, on my journey to Rhode Island, I have now to thank you for the intelligence communicated in them.
                  It gives me great uneasiness, to find that the irregular & improper mode of receiving & treating British Flags at Elisabeth Town, should open a channel of intelligence for the Enemy, and promote that illicit intercourse which ought to be totally eradicated—You will be pleased therefore, to communicate to the Commanding Officer from me, the Instructions formerly given to you, when Commanding at that Post.  You will also impress upon him, the absolute necessity of enforcing the strictest obedience to those Orders.  I am Sir, with great regard Your Most Obedt Servt

                     P.S.  Since writing the foregoing, I am favor’d with yours of the 26th.  I have such a confidence in your prudence as well as zeal for the service, that I cannot hesitate, to give my permission for employing the 20 Men, in the Manner you propose.


Title: From George Washington to Udny Hay, 27 March 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Hay, Udny

                     Sir
                     Head Quarters New Windsor March 27. 1781

                  I have just received your Letter of the 25th Inst.On the subject of which I have to observe that, it was my intention The Indians in question should be supplied with the same Ration which is issued to our Troops; but you will now be pleased to leave the determination of this Matter to the Commissioners of Indian affairs, agreeably to the Resolution of Congress of the 24th of March 1779.  I am Sir


Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 27 March 1781
From: Knox, Henry
To: Washington, George

                     Sir,
                     New Windsor 27th March 1781.

                  There being no established principles to govern the appointments to the vacancies of officers in the artillery, some doubts have arisen since the last regulation of the army, whether the right of appointment is in Congress, as generally has been the case, or in the States on which the regiments of artillery are apportioned, as part of their quotas.  This uncertainty has operated to the prejudice of the service, by keeping vacant many second Lieutenancies which are highly necessary to be filled, as there is a great deficiency of officers of that rank.
                  The regiments of artillery having different origins, the appointments of course have been derived from different authorities.  Colonels Lamb’s and Crane’s regiments were raised, and the officers appointed, by virtue of powers given your Excellency in Dec. 1776.  Colonel Harrisons regiment was raised and appointed by the State of Virginia, under the authority of Congress.  Colonel Procters was originally raised by Pennsylvania, as a state regiment, and afterwards taken upon the Continental establishment by a resolve of Congress.
                  The new appointments which have taken place, since the first formation of the regiments, have been made by Congress, in consequence of the request and certificates of the officers commanding regiments, countersigned by the General Officer commanding the Corps.
                  The promotions have been regimental to and including the rank of captains, and to field officers in the line of the corps at large.  It is this principle which connects the regiments of artillery and forms them into one corps, and which, if taken away, will reduce it to so many distinct regiments independent of each other, without cement, or any other quality which will enhance its utility and reputation.
                  If the States interfere in the appointments, it is apparent the connexion between the different regiments will be destroyed: for the same power which has a right to appoint will claim a right to promote in case of vacancies—one is the consequence of the other—the distinction between the right of appointment and promotion is too nice to be observed, or rather it cannot be made.
                  We have the experience of own service, in addition to that of others, that rank is esteemed an unalienable right, and the acquisition of it the highest reward of military virtue.  The principles of promotion therefore ought to be fixed and certain, and so clear as not to be liable to be misunderstood.
                  The artillery, being composed of troops from different States, no one state can have the direction of the promotion of the whole or even a part; as a single promotion must affect the whole line.  Congress only, with propriety can make the appointments and promotions.
                  The qualifications requisite for an officer of artillery being materially different from those for an officer of infantry, great care ought to be taken that none are appointed but such as possess a proper proportion of knowledge of the mathematics, and other necessary abilities for the nature of the service.  It is from the talents of the officers of artillery, improved by experience, that America may expect to derive an essential part of her military character.
                  That the greatest caution should be observed in making the appointments, I would humbly propose, that they should originate with the colonels of the regiments, who shall certify that the person recommended appears possessed of a proper proportion of mathematical knowledge and such other qualifications as to make a good officer of artillery.  And that this certificate should be countersigned by the general officer commanding the corps, and by him transmitted to Congress.  That the promotions should be regimental to captains and to field officers in the line of the corps at large.  And that the principles of the appointments and promotions be expressed in the most explicit terms.
                  I am persuaded that, unless the honorable Congress immediately establish a system for the appointments and promotion of artillery, the corps will soon be involved in the utmost confusion.  The best of the officers, seeing the uncertainty of promotion, will be disgusted and leave the service—and the present state of the artillery, which has been the work of years, may be ruined in an hour, by premature promotion of an individual state.
                  If Your Excellency should view this matter in the same point of light, I beg You would be pleased to make such a representation to Congress as may prevent the evils apprehended.  I have the honor to be with the highest respect and esteem, Your Excellency’s most obedient servant

                     H. KnoxBrigr Genl Artillery


Title: To George Washington from Anne-César, chevalier de La Luzerne, 27 March 1781
From: La Luzerne, Anne-César, chevalier de
To: Washington, George

                     Monsieur
                     A Philadelphie le 27. mars 1781.

                  J’ai l’honneur d’envoyer à Votre Excellence un paquet ouvert pour M. le Cte de Rochambeau.  Vous y trouverez copie d’une lettre que M’ecrit M. Destouches.  Je suis peiné du manque de succès d’une expédition; qui, si elle eut reussi, nous auroit été doublement agréable par l’utilité dont elle auroit été à nos alliés et par l’honneur qui devoit en rejaillir sur les armes du Roi.  Au reste il paroit que nos généraux ont complettement rempli ce dernier point et tout le monde est d’opinion qu’ayant des forces supérieures en tete, la maniere dont ils on combattu est très honorable pour eux.  J’attens des circonstances plus heureuses, Monsieur, de la Campagne qui viens de s’ouvrir et je ne doute pas que M. le Cte de Rochambeau ne sois entré dans les plus grands détails avec vous sur les nouvelles qu’il a reçues de france.  J’ai l’honneur d’etre avec le plus sincere et le plus respectueux attachement Monsieur De Votre Excellence Le très humble et très obéissant serviteur

                     le chr de la luzerne


Title: To George Washington from Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau, 27 March 1781
From: Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de
To: Washington, George

                     Sir,
                     Newport March 27th 1781. 8th AM.

                  Our fleet entered yesternight and the Chevalier Destouches has the honor to give your Excellency an account of his engagement, by duplicata, as he already wrote to your Excellency the Hermoine which he sent to Philadelphy, I join here a copy of the Letter which I received from the Baron de Viomenil, and a return of the Loss of our detachment of Land forces.  All that has yet reached my knowledge, is that on the 14th, after having reconnoitred Cape charles, the unluckily contrary winds, made them tack all that day and the next, on the 16th, the wind having changed, they got much nearer, and found in a very thick fogg the British fleet between them and the Capes of Virginia, the engagement begun at one o’clock P.M. and Lasted till four, it has been very warm, specially between 4. of our ships in the van, and 4. of the British, which British ships being very ill used, and having the advantage of the wind did Lye by, and deferred fighting, our fleet continued and then went under very little sail, and at night Lighted all their fires, the next morning one of our frigates saw the British fleet entering Chesapeak bay, which made our fleet take the resolution to come back here, and as one of our Ships has been very much damaged.  The Land and naval armies have renewed on this occasion their union by the courage which they have shewn in this encounter but It is very unhappy that all the chances should have been against us, and that the principal object has miscarried.  I hope that our Allies will at least be persuaded that every thing in our Power has been done.  Humanity cannot command to the Winds.  I am with respect, Sir, Your Excellency’s Most humble & most obedient servant

                     le cte de rochambeau

                     The Loss of the Seamen has been considerable The 2d captain of the Conqueror has been killed, and another officer whom I much Lament. Tomorrow all the wounded will be Landed.  I do not know their number.


Title: General Orders, 28 March 1781
From: Washington, George
To:

                      Wednesday March 28th 1781
                     Parole
                     Countersigns

                  Untill further Orders Colonel Hughes Deputy Quarter Master General has permission to pass the Guards and Ferries; also his Assistants and others in his Employ having his written passport.


Title: From Edward Hand to Elias Dayton, 28 March 1781
From: Hand, Edward
To: Dayton, Elias

                     Sir
                     Head Quarters New Windsor 28th March 1781

                  His Exy is much surprized that no Returns of your Line have been transmitted to Head Quarters since the late Arangement of the Army has taken place, he therefore desires me to inform you that it is his positive Orders that a Monthly state of the Jersey Line be transmitted to the Orderly Office, so as to reach it by the 25th—or at farthest by the last Saturday of every Month.  I am Sir


Title: From George Washington to William Heath, 28 March 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Heath, William

                     Dear Sir
                     Head Quarters New Windsor March 28th 1781

                  I have no objection to Austin’s having permission to go to Morris Town, if nothing unfavorable has been discovered of him, while employed as you Mention.  I am Dear Sir With great esteem Your Most Obed. Servt

                     Go: Washington


Title: From Edward Hand to Stephen Moylan, 28 March 1781
From: Hand, Edward
To: Moylan, Stephen

                     Sir
                     Head Quarters New Windsor 28th March 1781

                  His Excellency surprised & much displeased that Monthly Returns of the state of your Regiment are not transmitted to the Orderly Office, has commanded me to desire that in future you may be punctual in making and forwarding your returns so that they may reach my Office by the 25th or at least by the last Saturday of every Month—and to assure you at the same time that it is his determined Resolution to Arrest the Commandg Officers of Corps who neglect a regular compliance with Genl Orders requiring returns to be made Monthly when Corps are at too great a distance to do it Weekly—You can never whilst at Lancaster want oppertunities of sending your Returns to the post Office in Philada Thro which Channel if directed to me, I shall receve them—herewith I inclose a number of Blank returns.  I am Sir Yr &ca


Title: From Edward Hand to Thomas Proctor, 28 March 1781
From: Hand, Edward
To: Proctor, Thomas

                     Sir
                     Orderly Office New Windsor 28th March 1781

                  His Exy desires me to inform you it is his Orders that you transmit a Return of the State of your Regt to the Orderly Office as soon as possible, and that Monthly Returns of it may be regularly made out and forwarded so as to reach this Office by the last Saturday in every Month agreable to former Genl Orders.  I am Sir &ca


Title: To George Washington from Abraham Skinner, 28 March 1781
From: Skinner, Abraham
To: Washington, George

                     Sir
                     Commissy Prisrs Office Camp March 28th 1781

                  I have this day seen Lieutenant General Knyphausen’s Letter of the 25th instant to your Excellency inclosing Extracts of Sundry Letters from Mr Loring some on the Subject of Passports being furnished to certain British and Hessian Officers for the purpose of Visiting their Prisoners and furnishing them with Cloathing &ca.
                  In Answer to which, I have to inform your Excellency, that an application being made for those passports, they were granted to Captain Bartling and Ensign Van Koven agreable to Mr Loring’s request and in consequence thereof they proceeded agreable to their wish to the places where the Prisoners were confined; they executed the Business they went on and as I am informed have since returned to New York.
                  The application for Lieutt Sobbe and Quarter Master Hertzog to go to Philadelphia was made as appears by Mr Loring’s Letter on the  instant, at which time your Excellency was absent from New Windsor.  I am Sir with the highest respect Your Excellency’s Mo. Obedt Hum. servt

                     Abm: Skinner
                     Com. Gen. Pris


Title: From George Washington to Lund Washington, 28 March 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Washington, Lund

                     Dear Lund,
                     New Windsor Mar. 28th 1781.

                  Since my last, your letter of the 14th Instt is received.  If Mr Triplet has got as much Land as he has given, & you have paid him the cash difference with a proper allowance for the depreciation since the bargain was made, I am at a loss to discover the ground of his complaint—and if men will complain without cause, it is a matter of no great moment.  it always was, and now is my wish to do him justice, and if there is any thing lacking in it, delay not to give full measure of justice, because I had rather exceed, than fall Short.
                  We have heard nothing certain of the two Fleets since they left their respective ports—we wait with impatient anxiety for advices from Chesapeake, and the Southern army—God send they may be favourable to us—a detachment from New York has made two or three attempts to put to Sea (for the purpose, it is said, of reinforcing either Arnold or Cornwallis) and as often returned—My last accts from New York mention another attempt on the 25th; but whether with truth, or not, it is not im my power to say.  It was unfortunate—but this I mention in confidence—that the French Fleet & detachment did not undertake the enterprize they are now upon, when I first proposed it to them—the destruction of Arnolds corps would then have been inevitable before the British fleet could have been in a condition to put to Sea.  instead of this the small squadron, which took the Romulus & other Vessels was sent, and could not, as I foretold, do any thing without a Land force at Portsmouth.
                  How many Lambs have you had this Spring?  How many Colts are you like to have?  Is your covered ways done?  what are you going about next?  Have you any prospect of getting paint and Oyl?  are you going to repair the Pavement of the Piaza?  is any thing doing, or like to be done with respect to the wall at the edge of the Hill in front of the House?  Have you made good the decayed Trees at the ends of the House, in the Hedges, &ca.  Have you made any attempts to reclaim more Land for meadow?  &ca &ca—An acct of these things would be satisfactory to me, and infinitely amusing in the recital, as I have these kind of improvements very much at heart—As soon as you can conveniently do it after receipt of this letter, give me a list of the number and kind of Mares I possess.  the number of Colts from 4 years old (inclusive) to those of this Spring with the ages—colour—kind—and Sexes—Mrs Washington (from report only, I believe) has taken a fancy to a Horse belonging to Mr James Cleveland, brother to the one had from him before (and wch I think a fine horse)—if you can get him in the way of barter, provided he is as handsome, and as fine a horse as represented—& the colour of the set she drives—I shall be very well pleased with your doing it.  She joins me in best wishes for you Mrs Washington, and Milly Posey.  I am Yr Affecte friend & Servt

                     Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Elias Dayton, 29 March 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Dayton, Elias

                  Dear Sir

                     Head Quarters New Windsor 29th March 1781

                  I have never yet heard whether the Officers have had any or what success under the Law for recruiting. You will be pleased to inform me by the first oppertunity.
                  We have a report by the way of Kings bridge that there has been an action between the French and British Fleets, but no particulars.  If you hear any thing of it from Staten Island be pleased to let me hear from you.  I am Yr most obt Servt

                     Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Nathanael Greene, 29 March 1781
From: Greene, Nathanael
To: Washington, George

                     Sir
                     Head Quarters at Colo. Ramsays on deep River, March 29th 1781.

                  Inclosed I send your Excellency a Copy of my Letter to Congress for your information respecting the operations in this department.
                  The Marquis de la Fayette has arrived in Virginia; but I beleive his Troops are still in Maryland.  some Days since I sent Colo. Morris to confer with the Marquis, and see if he has your Excellencys permission to go farther Southward.  I received a Letter from him on the road acquainting me that there was an account from Richmond of Admiral Arbuthnots arriving in Chesapeak with 6 Ships of the Line, and upwards of thirty Transports with a considerable reinforcement.  If this report is true our flattering prospects are at an end in that quarter.  Nothing more can be expected than confining the Enemy in their fortifications.  It would afford me great releif if the detachment under the Marquis could proceed farther southward.  But I fear the state of the Northern Army will not admit of this, nor am I informed of the latitude your Excellency had given him on that subject. The regular Troops will be late in the field if they are raised at all.  Virginia from the unequal operation of the Law for draughting is not likely to get many Soldiers.  Maryland as late as the 13th of this Month had not got a Man, nor is there a Man raised in North Carolina or the least prospect of it.  In this situation remote from reinforcements inferior to the Enemy in numbers, and no prospect of support I am at a loss what is best to be done.  If the Enemy falls down toward Wilmington they will be in a position where it would be impossible for us to injure them if we had a force.  In this critical and distressing situation I am determined to carry the War immediately into South Carolina.  The Enemy will be obliged to follow us or give up their posts in that State.  If the former takes place it will draw the War out of this State and give it an opportunity to raise its proportion of Men.  If they leave their posts to fall they must lose more there than they can gain here.  If we continue in this State the Enemy will hold their possessions in both: All things considered I think the movement is warranted by the soundest reasons both political and Military.  The Manoeuvre will be critical and dangerous; and the troops exposed to every hardship.  But as I share it with them I hope they will bear up under it with that magnanimity, which has already supported them, and for which they deserve every thing of their Country.
                  I expect to be ready to march in about five Days, and have written to Genl Sumpter to collect the Militia to aid the operations.  I am persuaded the movement will be unexpected to the Enemy, and I intend it shall be as little known as possible.  Our Baggage and stores not with the Army I shall order by the route of the Saura Towns and shallow ford to Charlotte.  By having them in the upper Country we shall always have a safe retreat, and from those Inhabitants we may expect the greatest support.  I shall take every measure to avoid a misfortune; but necessity obliges me to commit myself to chance and I trust my friends will do justice to my reputation if any accident attends me.  I am with the greatest respect Your Excellencys mo. obt hble servt

                     Nath. Greene

                     P.S.  Inclosed I send you a general return of the Army.


Title: To George Washington from William Heath, 29 March 1781
From: Heath, William
To: Washington, George

                     Dear General
                     West point March 29th 1781 2 oClock P.M.

                  I have this moment received the enclosed from Major Trescott, I think the information given Mr Cushing by the British Officer, if true, is a circumstance from which we may conclude, that the British have met with a handsome drubbing.  I have the honor to be with the greatest respect your Excellencys most Obedient Servant

                     W. Heath

                Enclosure

                        Dear General
                        Crompond March 28th 1781

                     I was mistaken, in my oppinion respecting the detention of the Flag, as mentioned in my letter of last evaning,;Lieutenant Cushing having returned soon after I wrote it, he left the British Lines the morning of the 27th and was informedthe evaning before by a British Officer; that one of Arburthnots fleet had that afternoon arived from the Chesapeek with information that the British and French Fleets had an Action in or near the Chesapeek, this Britian concludes, by saying that it was a drawn Battle; by this we may Judge how the matter Stands If Good fortune favors me, I Shall be able to send you some papers soon, in which likely we shall have one of their pairticulair accounts.  I am Dear Genl with much respect your most Obedient servant

                        Lem. Trescott  Majr


Title: From George Washington to James Johnston, 29 March 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Johnston, James

                     Sir
                     Head Quarters New Windsor March 29th 1781

                  You will be pleased to deliver to the Pay Masters of the several Massachusetts Regts the Muster Rolls of the Regts for the Months of May, June & July last, in Order to take Copies of the same to make a settlement with the state, the Sd Pay Masters, having engaged to you to return the Rolls into the Office, as soon as the Copies are Made & Certified by you.


Title: From George Washington to Wilhelm von Knyphausen, 29 March 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Knyphausen, Wilhelm von

                     Sir
                     Head Quarters New Windsor 29th March 1781.

                  I have been honored with your Excellencys letter of the 25th instant—The complaint, as to provisions, contained in the depositions of the several Hessian prisoners lately exchanged, is the first that I ever heard respecting the quality of that delivered by the American Commissaries to their prisoners of War—Your Excellency will therefore pardon me, if I do not give entire credit to it—The very healthy condition, in which all prisoners have been returned by us since the commencement of the War, carries with it a conviction that they have been, uniformly, comfortably accommodated and fed on wholesome provisions—That the sick as well as the well have lately suffered in Philada for want of Cloathing and other necessaries is a point which I readily concede, but I must deny that the blame is to be imputed to us—That great attention has been paid to the sick, especially upon the late appearance of the putrid fever among them, needs no other proof than thatmalignant disorder was stopped almost as soon as discovered by the removal of the patients from the places of the confinement to the most roomy and convenient Hospitals near the City.
                  Mr Loring has furnished your Excellency with a number of extracts from his letters to our Commy of prisoners setting forth the frequent applications which he has made for passports for Officers to proceed with Cloathing and necessaries for your prisoners in different places, but he seems to have forgotten to inform you that the passports for Capt. Bartling and Ensign Van Kovan were granted and that those Gentlemen actually proceeded and transacted the business committed to them—This will appear by the enclosed Copy of a letter from Mr Skinner to me.  Mr Loring’s requisition for passports for Lieut. Sobbe and Qr Mr Hertzhog is only dated the 14th and it was presented to me a few days ago, and the passports were immediately made out and delivered to Mr Skinner who will forward them to Mr Loring There may have been particular times when it was inexpedient to admit Officers within in our lines, But I am confident that few instances are to be adduced where passports for Officers and others to visit and carry necessaries either to the Troops of Convention or to the prisoners of War have not been granted as soon as requested—indeed, so conscious have I been that the situation in which we always kept prisoners of War would bear inspection, that I have never been averse to having them visited by an Officer of their own, who might be a witness to the propriety of their treatment—A request of this nature was a very little time ago refused to us by the Officer commanding the British Navy in the Harbour of New York.
                  Your Excellency may be assured that no person can wish to alleviate the rigors of Captivity more than I do, and that attention shall be ever paid to complaints which are well grounded.  I have the honor to be with Respect Yr Excellency’s Most obt and hble Servt


Title: From George Washington to Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau, 29 March 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de

                     Sir
                     Head Quarters New Windsor 29th March 1781

                  I have been honored with your Excellency’s favor of the 21st: I have not received any intelligence from the Southward since the letter of the 15th from the Marquis de la Fayette, the substance of which I communicated to your Excellency in my last.  I cannot but look upon this as very unaccountable; for, I think, had either Fleet reached the Chesapeak by the 20th, I should have heard of it, unless a dispatch should have miscarried.  I can judge of your Excellency’s anxiety by my own, and shall therefore make you the most instant communication of what I may receive.
                  The transports with troops at New York had sailed twice and twice put back, and were yet within the Hook on the 24th instant.  This accounts for the seeming inconsistence of the intelligence which I have heretofore transmitted respecting them—Colo. Dayton, an Officer on whom I much depend, thinks it probable they sailed again on the 25th.  I have the Honor to be with great consideration and personal attachment Your Excellency’s Most obedient and very humble Servant

                     Go: Washington


Title: General Orders, 30 March 1781
From: Washington, George
To:

                      Friday March 30th 1781
                     Parole
                     Countersigns

                  A Sub, Serjeant, and twenty watermen to be sent immediately to Newburgh to assist Captain Nevins in floating the rafts to and stretching the chain at WestPoint.
                  Also a subaltern officer to be immediately sent to the same place to relieve the Subaltern now on command there.
                  A return to be made of all the oarsmen in the several regiments digested into Brigade returns and sent into the Adjutant General’s office by the 4th of April next.


Title: From George Washington to Board of War, 30 March 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Board of War

                     Gentlemen
                     Head Quarters New Windsor 30th March 1781.

                  I have been honored with your favor of the 22d instant inclosing the heads of two plans for the incorporation of the departments of Qr Mr General and Commissaries General of purchases and Issues and that of the Commissary of prisoners in some degree, the whole to be under the direction of the Quarter Master General—If there is an absolute necessity for such a reform, I do not hesitate in pronouncing in favor of the second plan, because, by it, the three great departments are united under one common head, whereas by the first, the Commissariate in some measure exists, which would lead to confusion and intricacy in transacting the business.
                  The Board are very justly pleased to observe that "all changes are not reformations, and that great caution should be used in making them, especially at the opening of a Campaign"—Colo. Pickering has, I should suppose, informed himself of the sentiments of his deputies upon the plan he has proposed, otherwise, should it be adopted it will be in their power to fix terms for themselves—or confusion would immediately ensue by the resignation of all those who would not undertake an additional trouble of office without an addition of salary—The effect of wch at the prest advanc’d season may easily be conceived.  Œconomy is undoubtedly the sole motive and end of the plan proposed—Now if that cannot be introduced, and in a very extensive degree too, it will be well to consider whether we had not best begin by the uniting, as formerly, the departments of purchasing and issuing Commissary under one set of Officers; for as the Board have again observed, double sets of Officers have been found productive of expence, but little or no check upon each other—By the second plan, an Officer under the Character of superintendant, who will be some thing similar in duty to the Commissary of purchases at present is instituted—He must be allowed it is presumed a certain number of Clerks or Assistants—The Quarter Master General is also to be allowed a suitable number of Clerks to enable him to transact the additional load of Business thrown upon him—Now before a determination is formed, let a calculation be made of the difference of expence between a Commy General of Purchases with his Assistants &ca both at fixed posts and with the Army and a superintendant of provisions with his Clerks and Assistants and the additional number of Clerks necessary to the Quarter Masr Genl should he undertake the management of all the departments—If the saving to the public should not appear very considerable, by the abolition of the Commissariate altogether, will it be worth while to risque the mischiefs which may arise from an attempt unknown in other services?  or will it be worth while to add, for a trifle, to the load of Business which, in the embarrassed state of our Affairs, presses upon the Quarter Master?  For although, as he observes, he already has the care and trouble if drawing from fixed Magazines all the provision deposited at them, yet he would find, upon experiment, a thousand little perplexities incident to the Commissary’s department, of which, perhaps, he is not aware—While I applaud the motives on which he offers to undertake the business, I cannot help expressing my fears, that he is about to undertake too much: For I very well know, that when our public affairs were in better train, the Quarter Master General found it sufficiently difficult to execute the Civil and Military duties of his Office—and an active campaign will give him much more of the latter than he has yet experienced, or may have an idea of from the inactivity of the last.
                  I have dwelled particularly on the incorporation of the Qr Mrs and Commissary’s department—I think the Dy Qr Masters, at posts where there are prisoners of War, may, without inconvenience, do the duties of Dy Commissaries of prisoners also, subject so far as the business respects prisoners to the directions of the head of that department.
                  I have recd your favr of the 26th inclosing the instructions to Colo. Wood relative to the management of the Convention troops and prisoners of War—in Virginia.  I have the honor &c.


Title: To George Washington from George Clinton, 30 March 1781
From: Clinton, George
To: Washington, George

                     Sir
                     Albany March 30th 1781

                  We do ourselves the honor to inclose your Excellency Copy of a Message from his Excellency the Governor with a Copy of the Letter referred to therein.  Could the Legislature have afforded immediate Relief, or was there the least prospect of procuring any Provisions of the meat kind in time to prevent the Evils, we should not have troubled you on the occasion: But altho’ we have impowered our State Agent to draw on our Treasury for Money to make purchases of Beef yet he cannot derive any advantage from it as the Treasury is entirely destitute of Money; nor is there the least prospect that any will come in until a new State Currency which we have directed to be issued can be prepared for emission, and that we cannot reasonably expect to be in less than two Months.  We are therefore impelled by the irresistable force of Necessity again to intreat your Excellency’s intervention and beg that Orders may be given for a continued Supply; for should the Troops be under the necessity of abandoning the Posts they now occupy, they will be instantly followed by all the remaining Inhabitants, occasion unspeakable Distress to them be productive of a very prejudicial Influence on the Minds of the People, afford an advantage to the Enemy and be extensively detrimental to the Army and the States in general.  The alarming Prospect before us can only appologize for this Intrusion, and we are persuaded it will be a sufficient one with a Gentleman who feels so sensibly for every part of the Country.  We are with great Respect & Esteem Your Excellency’s most Obedt Servants.  Signed at the Request of the Legislature

                     Geo: Clinton

                Enclosure

                        Sir
                        Albany March 29th 1781

                     I am again reduced to the disagreable Necessity of informing your Excellency that the Distresses which the Troops under my command experience for want of Provisions as represented in my Letter of the 27th Ulto still exists; and as the small Supplies we had then to depend upon are now exhausted I have been already obliged for want of Provisions to issue Orders to withdraw to Saratoga the Troops stationed at Fort Edward and I am hourly under Apprehensions that the remaining different Posts occupied for the defence of the Frontiers of this State will be abandoned and the Country left open to the Ravages of the Enemy unless some Means can be immediately taken to furnish them with Subsistence.  I am with great Respect Your Excellency’s most Obedt Servt

                        James Clinton

                        (Copy)

                Enclosure

                     "Gentlemen.Albany 29th March 1781.
                     In addition to my Message of the 28th Ulto with a Letter from Brigr General James Clinton I now transmit you another Letter from him of this Days Date which I have to recommend to your Attention.

                        Geo: Clinton"

                        (Copy)


Title: To George Washington from Elias Dayton, 30 March 1781
From: Dayton, Elias
To: Washington, George

                     Sir
                     Chatham March 30th 1781

                  By a person from New york 28th inst. it appears the british fleet were then laying at the hook with the troops on board, The enemy have again vissited Elizabeth Town but have gained little by the excurtion as appears by Capt. Scuders letter inclosed—I have also inclosed the New york account of an action between the french & english fleets by which I think it does not appear the english have any advantage.
                  I am very apprehensive my letters do not reach head Quarters as I have not received A line from the General since the Marquis passed Morris town.  I have the honor to be with the greatest respect Yr Excelleny most obt Hbl. servant

                     Elias Dayton

                Enclosure

                         Dear Coln.,Head Quarters Elizth Town March 28th 1781

                     I Inform you that yesterday Afternoon I Receivd Account that a party was Expected Over to Newark from Bargain point.  I in Consequence thereof. Ordered the geater part of my men out on Scouts & patroles. in order to prevent their Supprizing me. Should they bend their Expedition to this place. but unfortinately they Landed & marched up through. the woods back of the New ferry Road. & came in to the Town undiscovered. by any till the Senteries hailed them Near the Guard.  they had just Time to git out of the house. when the Enemy made a Charge upon them.  the guard all maid their Escape as most of the others did.  Lieut. Woodruff. & four men were Taken prisoners. belong to the State Regiment. Two Continental Soldiers. & About Ten Inhabitants of this Town.  the Enemy Left one Dead & one Taken prisoner. their force was About one hundred British. & as many Refugees they were Commanded by capt. Beckwith. this is the best Account I am Able to Give at present—I have Sent you for Some amunition as we are Very Scant.  if possible Disire youl. Help me to Some.  from your friend & huml. Servt

                        John Scudder
                        Capt. Commedt