Title: IV. From Captain Ezekiel Porter Belden, 20 April 1780
From: Belden, Ezekiel Porter
To: Washington, George

              sir
              Wethersfield [Conn.] April 20th 1780

            It is with the greatest reluctance, I address your Excellency on a subject which I am sensible must be disagreable, & which you have been already too frequently troubled with viz. Applications to resign Commissions in the Army. For this purpose I now address your Excellency.
            since the commencement of the present Contest, I have had the honor to serve in different capacities, both in the Infantry, and Cavalry, in the service of the United States of America. A service which I reverence and esteem, & which nothing but necessity could induce me to leave.
            In October last, I had the misfortune to loose my only Brother—soon after which I informd Colo. Sheldon, that I expected I must be obliged to leave the Regiment. knowing that my Father would not be able to manage his Business, without my assistance; My Father has from the begining of the War, fill’d some Civil or Military Office, (or both) that

has, for a very considerable part of the time call’d him into the Field, or from attention to his own Business to that of the Public; which has much impaired his Estate, & must continue to, unless your Excellency is pleas’d to grant me Liberty to leave the service.
            This Application I should have made earlier, but when I mentioned my intention to Colo. Sheldon, at the close of last Campaign, he desired me to wait untill the Regiment should be fixed in Winter Quarters—In consequence of which, I went to Wethersfield before the Regiment, to prepare Stables for their reception; & afterwards by Colo. Sheldons order march’d them to Colchester: indeed the Regiment was marching from Place, to Place, for, & did not get settled in Quarters, ’till the eleventh of February. soon after which, I again intimated my intention of resigning, but was advised to wait untill the Committee from the State, & Army, should come to some agreement concerning the depreciation of the Currency; as the State of Connecticutt were determined to allow their Officers who had, or should resign, before the Settlement nothing for past services.
            I since receivd Orders to attend a Genl Court Martial to sit at Springfield on the 15th inst. which I attended ’till the 18th when I returned to this Place, with an intention of getting relieved from the Court, for the purpose of waiting on your Excellency with this request; but finding I could not be relieved, consistent with the present state of the Regiment. I thot proper (lest you should be surprised at my calling at so late an hour,) thus to make known my intention of waiting on your Excellency, with the necessary Certificates as soon as I can be dismised from the Court Martial. I am with every sentiment of esteem, and Respect. Your Excellency’s Most Obedt Servt

              Ezekl P. Belden Capt. 2d L. D.


Title: V. To Colonel John Bailey, 30 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Bailey, John

              Sir
              Head Quarters Morris Town 30th April 1780

            I have been favd with yours of the ——inst. and am sorry to find that the particular circumstances mentioned by you lay you under the necessity of quitting the service—Having made it a rule whenever applications of a similar nature have been made to me by Officers of your Rank to refer them to Congress, I must request you to signify your intentions to them and await thei[r] determination.
            Should it please Congress to accept your resignation, I hope you will obtain by a retirement from the fatigues of a military life, a perfect recovery of your health. I am &.


Title: VI. From Colonel Return Jonathan Meigs, 10 May 1780
From: Meigs, Return Jonathan
To: Washington, George

              Sir,
              Westfield [N.J.] 10th May 1780.

            By the desire of Capts. Joseph Mansfield & Eleazer Claghorn of the Regiment under my command, I apply to your Exellency for their dissmission from Service. Capt. Mansfield has been incapable of performing any Service in the Regiment on Account of ill health for a year past—Capt. Claghorn pleads the necessity of attending to his private affairs. I think it my duty to mention that neither of these Gentlemen request their dismission on account of any disgust to the Service. Their Accouts are Settled and closed with the Regimental Pay Master & the Auditors. Both the Gentlemen are absent from the Regiment Settling their Accots with the Committee of the Paytable of Connecticut, & do not Return to Camp again. I wish their dismission may be Effected this day (the time agree’d on with them) that the Officers who Succeed them may be doing duty & the Size of the Regiment requiring its complement of Officers. I am with the Greatest respect Your Excellencys most Obedt servant.

              R. J. Meigs Colo. 6th Connt Regt


Title: From George Washington to Major Henry Lee, Jr., or the Officer Commanding His Corps at Burlington, N.J., 30 March 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Lee, Henry Jr.

            Sir
            Head Quarters Morris Town March 30th 1780.

          You will be pleased, upon the receipt of this, to take the most expeditious measures for putting the whole Corps both Horse and Foot in readiness to march. If you move, your destination will be South Carolina. The Horse will go the whole way by land—the Foot will go down Chesapeak Bay by Water and meet the Horse at Petersburg—As soon as you have given the necessary orders at Burlington you had best repair to Philada and apply to the Board of War, to whom I have written on the subject, for the Articles wanting to equip the Corps for so long a march—Be pleased to acknowledge this—send your answer to the Qr Mr at Trenton; who will forward it to me. I am Sir Yr most obt Servt.


Title: From George Washington to John Mitchell, 30 March 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Mitchell, John

            Dr Sir,
            Hd Qr Morris-town 30 Mar. 1780

          Your Letter of the 25th did not come to my hands till yesterday Afternoon.
          I will take the Chariot at the price of Two hundred and ten pounds in gold, provided you have examined it yourself with a critical eye or will get some good judge or judges to do it and they shall be of opinion that it is made in the present taste—well fashioned—composed of seasoned wood well put together. and also that it either has, or is to have a proper lining &ca.
          My reason for being so particular I shall mention—some days ago I was told of an elegant chariot of exquisite workmanship belonging to Captn Kennedy that was for Sale—I got a Gentn in the neighbourhood to view it, who made so favourabl[e] a report that I sent down to buy it, when upon a second inspection, (or the Inspection of a second Gentn) it was found to be so old fashioned & uncouth that the Gentn did not incline to take it. I wish you had mentioned the makers name of the one offered you—if it is a common sale Chariot, & the workman does not stand much upon his character it may be of little worth from the slightness of it.
          It will not be in my power to insure payment in less time than It would take me to draw the money from my own home in Virginia which by the common chances of conveyance I could not, with certainty fix at less than 8 weeks from the receipt of your notice of its want—If it does not suit the workman to wait so long, & you could borrow that much Specie I will engage to replace it with interest in the time.
          In case you should purchase, please to have my Arms & crest properly

disposd of on the Chariot I send them for this purpose. I am Dr Sir Yr Most Obedt

            G. W——n

            P.S. Mr Tilghman tells me that Genl Dickenson if in town & would be so obliging as to take the trouble would be an excellent judge of the Chariot in its pres[en]t state & director with respect to the finish of it. In doing wch neatly & in taste I should not begrudge adding to the price fixed.


Title: General Orders, 31 March 1780
From: Washington, George
To:

            Head-Quarters Morristown friday March 31st 1780.
            Parole Magazine—  C. Signs Niveous. Novel.

          By a Division General Court Martial held by order of Brigadier General Clinton—Lieutent Col. Huntington Prest.
          Ensign Spoor of the 3rd New-York regiment was tried for, “Scandalous and ungentlemanlike behaviour towards Captain Pell on the evening of the 29th of January last, with several others and forcibly putting him out of the room of a public house in which he had passed the evening”—and plead “Not guilty.”
          The Court after considering the evidences and the Prisoner’s defence are of opinion that the prisoner is guilty of a breach of the 21st article, 14th section of the Articles of War and adjudge that he be discharged from the service.
          The General confirms the sentence against Ensign Spoor, because there was a shameful combination of a number against a single Person, who appears to have given no provocation.


Title: To George Washington from Samuel Allinson, 31 March 1780
From: Allinson, Samuel
To: Washington, George

            Respected Friend.
            Burl[ingto]n [N.J.] 31st 3d Mo: 1780.

          Thy Character, in the station appointed thee, at this singular and difficult period, having obtained the general esteem of Mankind, I am encouraged to address thee on a matter, which, it is apprehended, ought not to be buried in obscurity, until the action is properly noticed by those in superior command.
          On the 21st instant, Lieut. Kearns of Major Lees Choir of light horse, seeing me take a walk to the outskirts of the town, watch’d my motions and way laid me into my Orchard, where he approached and seiz’d me

by the wrist (for being conscious I had never given him just occasion of Offence I was thoughtless of his design, and did not avoid him[)]; He knew my quiet resistless principles, and also found me unarm’d—He is a lusty strong man, and I was perfectly in his power. He required me to promise that he should have a Room and a bed at my House, and threatned vengeance on my refusal. I desired him to forbear his intention, and reasoned with him on the unmanly attempt, until he found that he could not frighten me to a compliance; he then gave me, with all his strength, about half a score blows with a hickery Cane, abt ¾ of an inch diameter, in the middle (as near as I could judge) and shivered it on my head & shoulders, which swell’d them, left marks on both & threw me into a fever—By this usage I was rendered incapable of pulling off my Cloaths for some time without great pain. I had never given him any provocation, but expect the cause was as follows. In the beginning of the 1st mo: when the light horse came to Burln he, without any billet, forced himself against my consent into my house, and as my Wife had then lay in but a few days, of which they were aquainted, we took some trouble to remove a bed into the only convenient room the house aforded, that, for my wifes benefit, we might be as still as possible; here he stayd abt 5 Weeks, another officer mostly with him, and then went away, without giving us any notice, but left his baggage in the room, and his servant had access to it when he pleased. In his absence, havg great occasion of the room & bed, my Wife was at the expence of cleang both, and removed the latter into another appartmt, where it was wanted, and the spring advancing I had frequent use for the room on business, my papers & many other things, to which I often wanted access, being there. Two days before he beat me he returned to Burln, and in a very ungenteel manner ordered me to remove my writing desk out, or he would throw it into the street, and to bring back the bed, set it up &c. I reasoned quietly with him desiring him to be satisfied with his past use of my house, aquainting him with the reasons why he could not come in again, and declined giving him the Key of the room (which he demanded tho’ the door was always left open) or furnishing him with a bed, puting him in mind of the billeting Law of this state, by which a forfeiture of his Commissn was the consequence of quartering on private houses without consent, and the Justice of the Peace was so sensible of this that he refused billets, there being plenty of good room in the Barrac’s, (which were just put in order for the purpose) several large quiet Taverns as well as private lodging houses, the owners whereof were not only bound by Law but willing to furnish them for pay; and no reason, I believe, can be given for thus intruding on private houses but an expectation of being supplied for nothing, it being a little remarkable that this violence by the Officers was only commited

& persisted in upon 3 or 4 Families whose relig[ou]s principles it was well known would give no opposition but ⟨in⟩ a peaceable way, which on this occasion has been shamefully ⟨contemn’d⟩. But here justice to some of the Officers requires an Acknowledgmt that they have paid a proper regard to the rights of others and generously purchased their quarters by contract.
          It does not become me to enumerate the particular grievances of others, but to show that I am not the only abused person, which might induce a supposition that the cause was something amis pecular in myself, it may be proper just to mention, that several Families have received similar usage. One thing deserves to be noticed—Stables are built here at a most extraordinary expence to the public, yet a great part of this Winter they have not been half filled tho’ convenient, when near or quite one half the horses were kept in private Stables, and some of the Creatures belonging to the owners, by that means, were turned out of doors, and compel’d to bear the severity of the Season, hence private hay has also been consumed; and the Owners creatures are now starving, when there was & might have been plenty at the public stable. These are facts, the truth of which may be easily attested, and this is but a short Acct of the grievances which the inhabitants of this place have suffered this Winter by the light horse. Great things are small when greater rise in view, Altho’ the dam[age] sustained in private property by the light horse during their stay here in the Winter & Spring of 1778 & 9 amounted to several hundred pounds antient Value, which might easily & ought to have been prevented, the inconvenience then was nothing, & the behavior of several in command was complaisant & courteous compared with the present, and if a like progressn is made in the violation of Liberty & property when no necessity impels it, may we not expect still greater abuses in advanced outrage, unless an effectual stop is speedily put to it by a well disposed exertion of superior influence?
          General Washington will, I hope, apologise for this Letter, from, such, a stranger, when he considers its import. The particular injury done myself would have been enormous to the meanest inhabitant; a severe punishment to a Malefactor (the effect of the blows being still upon me) and must be much more sensibly felt by one who, with approbation, has executed several of the foremost offices in civil & religious society, but I forbear and hope to be excused for thus speaking of myself; Govr Livingston & Elias Boudinot, with some other persons of distinction in the eastern division of New Jersey are well aquainted with me.
          My motives for laying the conduct of Lieut Kearns before thee are not ill will, revenge or a desire of punishmt, and as I am conscious that anger nor any other passion ever drew an indecent word or Action towards

him, from me, I shall submit to Genl Washington whether a behavior so Cowardly & disgraceful in an officer intitles him to hold a Commissn or wear a sword. War indeed is fraught with evils which seem inevitable, these ought not to be voluntarily increased by bad men. Happy will it be for mankind when the conquest of ourselves & a christian observance of every virtuous precept shall produce & establish a genl disposition for peace, until then, the misbehavior of the military must greatly augment the horrors of hostility. Every man of true bravery will confess that nothing but a fixed attention to civil liberty & the rights of property, at all times, when real necessity does not call for a temporary suspension of them can render the Military character truly respectable, thy own warrants this observation. I should have aquainted Major Lee with the abuse I have met with but he has not been here since it happened, and it is with more satisfaction that I refer it to thee, having a confidence in thy attention thereto, and no desire for any thing that may not appear to thee necessary for the good of the people and the honor of thy command. “Righteousness exalteth a nation, but sin is a reproach to any people,” it is by the exercise of the former that America must prosper, but licentiousness of every kind will ultimately tend to produce her downfall. I am thy real Friend.

            Saml Allinson


Title: To George Washington from the Board of War, 31 March 1780
From: Board of War
To: Washington, George

            Sir
            War Office [Philadelphia] March 31. 1780

          The board have recd a letter from Col. Wood at Charlotteville, wherein he mentions “that he is well assured that the Offering pardons to all deserters from the Virg. Line who will surrender themselves at that post by a given time, would be productive of good effects; & that we should recover a great number of Men by it, who otherwise may probably seek an asylum in the New Country.”
          The board submit the propriety of the measure to your Excellencys determination. I have the honor to be With the highest respect Yr Excellencys Most obed. Servt

            Ben. Stoddert Secyby order


Title: From George Washington to Philip Schuyler, 31 March 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Schuyler, Philip

            My dear Sir,
            Hd Qrs Morris-town 31st Mar. 1780

          I was about to fulfil the promise made to you in my last—of writing fully on the subject of your letter of the [ ] Instt & other matters—when your obliging favr of the 22d came to hand. The hint contained in it was too seasonable & striking for me not to derive a lesson of use from it. I shall therefore, as there is danger attending written communications of private Sentimts & my letters to the body of which you are a member will convey every occurrance & information of a public nature within my sphere of action content myself with ackno⟨w⟩ledging & thanking you for the letters you may do me the favor to write.
          I am much indebted to you for your communications from the Southward—I feel many anxious moments on acct of the Carolinas which are increased by the daily diminution of our force in this quarter—the little prospect of getting it augmented in tim⟨e⟩ to answer any Valuable purpose—and other obvious embarrassments.
          We are now beginning to experience the fatal consequences of the policy which delayed calling upon the States for their quota of Men to a period when they ought to have been joined, that there might have been time for arranging & preparing them for the duties of the field—What to do for the Southern States without involving consequences equally alarming in this quarter I know not—The enemy are certainly preparing for another embarkation (from present appearances of abt 2500 Men) but as I expect a more particular acct of this matter by tomorrow I shall defer writing to Congress till then. With the most sincere regard & Affectn I am Dr Sir Yr Most Obedt

            G. W——n


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General William Woodford, 31 March 1780
From: Woodford, William
To: Washington, George

            Dear Genl
            Camden [S.C.] 31st March 1780

          We arrived here last evening in twenty three Days from petersburg, & have only left thirteen sick upon the Road, which an officer is bringing up—we have a few sick to leave here, the rest well & in good Spirits.
          My artilery & Stores are about five or Six Days March in the rear—they will halt here till General Lincolns pleasure is known.
          My last letter from the Genl was dated the 17th but I have seen private letters here to the 28th, when all was well—the Enemy go on Slowly in their approaches, they have got some of their Ships over the bar the last spring tide, & have advanced their Works to a place called Warpoo cutt, distant from Town, one Mile & a quarter—they have fortified several places upon Ashly River, which (as far as I can be informd) they have entire possession of.
          Our Ships are to be sunk to obstruct the channel, & their men & guns added to the Garrison.
          Colo. Washington had a successfull skirmish the other Day with an equal number of the Enemies cavalry near Bacon’s bridge—he killed six & took seven with the loss of one Man killed & an Officer missing—he has taken a number of prisoners upon their lines, among them a Colo. Hamilton who commanded the N. Carolina Loyalists, & was within a few Minutes of takeing Sr Harry Clinton.
          These letters allso mention the arrival of our packet boat from the Havannah with an acct that the Spaniards are gone against pensecola, & that some Ships were prepareing to come to the assistance of Chs Town.
          I hope we shall still be there in time to be usefull, as we march upwards of Twenty Miles every day that we are not plagued with a Ferry.
          I sent Lt Colo. Nevill forward (who would be in C. Town last Night) to inform Genl Lincoln every particular respecting the Troops, & to take his directions for my conduct in marching them into Town; I expect him to meet me at least fifty Miles on this side.
          By the Enemies delay, they certainly have met with greater damage at Sea then we know of, the loss is said to have fallen cheifly upon the Transports with their Cavalry & heavy Artilly—those at their batteries being taken from their Ships.
          My last to your Excellency was from Petersburg of the 8th—which I hope came safe to hand.
          I wish this to find your Excellency & Family in good Health. I have the honor to be with the highest Respect & esteem Your Excellencies Most Obedt humble Servt

            Wm Woodford


Title: General Orders, 1 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To:

            Head-Quarters Morristown saturday April 1st 1780.
            Parole Nectar—  C. Signs—Oracle. Optics.

          The State Cloathiers and regimental Cloathiers of the Additional Battalions are desired to call upon the Cloathier General tomorrow for their respective proportions of shoes.


Title: Council of War, 1 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To:

            [Morristown, 1 April 1780

          At a Council of War held at Head-Quarters at Morris Town the 1st of April 1780.

            PresentThe Commander in Chief

              Major Generals

              Brigadier Generals

              Lord Stirling

              Clinton

              St Clair

              Maxwell

              De Kalb

              Knox

              Hand

              Huntington

              Gist

          The General states to the Council that since they met on the 27th of last month, he has received further accounts from New York, which appear authentic, that Lord Rawdon’s Brigade, said to consist of his own Regiment & of Brown’s, Fannings & another Corps; also Two Hessian Regiments & the 42d & another British Regiment, estimated at about 2500 rank & file, were preparing to embark and it was generally believd to reinforce the Army under Sir Henry Clinton at the Southward. Under this information, and supposing that this embarkation should actually take place—The General requests the Council to advise him, whether a Detachment & to what amount should be sent from this Army to re-info⟨rce in⟩ the Southern States & at what period they should commence their march.
          We would advise under a further & a full consideration of all circumstances, in case the above mentioned detachment of the Enemy is made from New York or one nearly equal to it, that about Two Thousand Men should be sent from hence to reinforce the Southern States. Their movement to be proceded by the sailing of the Enemy’s detachment.

              James Clinton B. Gl

              Stirling M.G.

              Wm Maxwell B.G.

              Ar. St Clair M. Gl

              H. Knox B.G. Artillery

              The Baron de Kalb M. Gl

              Edwd Hand B.G.

              J. Huntington B.G.

              M. Gist B.G.


Title: From George Washington to Major General Robert Howe, 1 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Howe, Robert

            Dear Sir
            Head Quarters Morris Town 1st April 1780

          Inclosed you have Duplicates of my letters of the 30th ulto—the originals of which having been sent by a soldier on foot, I am apprehensive he may have been detained by the Weather—I have since recd your favr of the 28th March—The intelligence communicated in it, urges the necessity of drawing down poors Brigade as expeditiously as possible, and also points out the expediency of endeavouring to get a supply of provision within the Garrison. I am well aware of the difficulties you will meet with in accomplishing the last, but I am convinced you will leave no means unessayed. I am Dear Sir Yr most obt Servt

            P.s. Pay particular & proper attention to the Signals for alarming the Country.


Title: To George Washington from Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Weissenfels, 1 April 1780
From: Weissenfels, Frederick
To: Washington, George

            Sir
            Philips-Town Dutches County [N.Y.] apr. 1st 1780

          I have been flattered by vain promisses from time to time, that a Provision for my Family, Schould be made, by allowing them the Enjoiment and priviledges of the Place they now posses, but the affair being not decided, and rather turns against my Expectation, I beg your Exellencys indilgency untill the Eight of this Mon⟨th⟩.
          The Strugle between my Duty and my affections towards my Family—Which are Kindled when I See them opprest by an ungratefull Country, makes me verry un happy.
          but your Exellencys Exalted Sense of humanity, leaves a pleasing impression upon my Mind, that I Schall be in no Danger, of loosing your Exellencys undeserved Esteem by this Delay. I am with the greatest Respect Your Exellencys Most Obiedent most humble Servant

            Fredk Weissenfels


Title: General Orders, 2 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To:

            Head-Quarters Morristown sunday April 2nd 1780.
            Parole Privado—  C. Signs Powers—Protect—

          By a division General Court Martial held by order of General Gist March 27th 1780—Major Deane President, James Stinson of the Delaware regiment was brought before the court charged with “Promoting and encouraging discontent among the men, and making use of language that tended to countenance desertion” and plead “Not guilty.”

          The Court having duly considered the charge against the prisoner, with the evidence are of opinion, he is guilty of the 3rd article 2nd section of the Articles of War and do sentence him to suffer death.
          The Commander in Chief approves the Sentence.


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General Duportail, 2 April 1780
From: Duportail, Antoine-Jean-Louis Le Bègue de Presle
To: Washington, George

            Sir,
            Philadelphia 2d of April 1780

          I have received the letter, with which Your Excellency was pleased to honor me together with that addressed to the President of Congress.

I delivered this at the instant of its receipt, and in the evening I received a resolution of Congress to go to Charles Town. Mr De Castaing has since brought me your letters for General Lincoln. I cannot refuse myself the pleasure of testifying to Your Excellency, how sensible I am to the manner, in which you have had the goodness to speak of me in your letters. It is the greatest recompence I can receive to my efforts for serving the United States, as nothing can excite me more to those efforts than a desire of justifying the favourable opinion Your Excellency is kind enough to entertain and to give of me. May I in the present occasion answer your expectation! May I not arrive too late! Conformably to your orders I will render your Excellency an account of our operations as often as it shall be possible.
          Though in the present circumstance I go to the Southward with pleasure, because I hope I may be useful, nevertheless I think it my duty to testify to Your Excellency, that in case Charles Town should be taken, or out of danger, in a word that Carolina be not the principal seat of the war, I wish to return to this Quarter. My station, my veneration and my devotion to your person, attaches me to the army which you command, and only circumstances similar to the present circumstances of Carolina would permit me to quit it, without the greatest repugnance; and it is to me a very great pleasure to think that I may see the fate of South Carolina secured and open the Campaign this way.
          During my absence I have the honor to propose to Your Excellency to call Mr De Gouvion to the army to replace me, and as we have companies of Sappers and Miners to form, I propose equally, to charge Mr De Gouvion with the care of these companies. The Board of War has assured me, that the men we should want were comprehended in the demands of Congress to the different states; consequently there will be nothing to do, but to take the men in proportion as the recruits arrive.
          I have sketched out a plan of instruction for the officers and soldiers of these companies, but it is not in a condition to be presented. I shall have the honor of sending it to your Excellency from Carolina.
          Col. Gouvion wrote me lately that General Howe who commands at West Point asked him for a plan of the works. It appears to me very just that he should have one; but I should think the plan when it is done should always remain with the officer who commands at that post, without his having a right to take it away. There would it seems to me be great inconveniences in having this plan multiplied. I have the honor to be With profound respect Your Excellys Most Obedt & hum. st.


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General Mordecai Gist, 2 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Gist, Mordecai

            Dr Sir
            Hd Qrs Morristown 2d April 1780

          Under the present situation of things it appears necessary to place the Maryland division under your command in the most perfect state of readiness to move at the shortest notice. It will be indispensible that all guards at a distance should be drawn in—All soldiers that may be servants with officers not belonging or attatched to the troops recalled, and every other previous arrangement in your power made for this purpose. You will be pleased to inform the Adjutant general, of the parties on command that they may be withdrawn and replac⟨ed,⟩ and be in readiness with your division to move at a moments warning. I shall consult with the quarter Master Genl on the score of waggons. I am D. Sir &.

            G.W.


Title: From George Washington to Major General Nathanael Greene, 2 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Greene, Nathanael

            Dear Sir
            Head Quarters Morris Town 2d April 1780

          Since I wrote to you on the 26th ulto I have received information which does not seem to admit of doubt, that the enemy are preparing another embarkation, the destination of which is said to be to the Southwd. In consequence of this I have determined, if the measure meets the approbation of Congress, to detach the Maryland division to that quarter, and have also submitted the Route of the troops to their decision. I have desired them to communicate their determination on these points to you and the Commy General that you may take the earliest opportunities of making the necessary provision should there be occasion. The number of Men to be accommodated on the March will amount to about what I mentioned in my last—Baron de Kalb who will command the detachment will set out for Philada to morrow or next day and will be at hand to concert with you the necessary arrangements.
          Should a passage down Chesapeak be determined upon in preference to a march the whole way, the more the motive for preparing Vessels at the Head of Elk can be covered the better, as the enemy may, if they have sufficient notice, endeavour to interrupt the communication. I am &.


Title: To George Washington from Major General Nathanael Greene, 2 April 1780
From: Greene, Nathanael
To: Washington, George

            Sir,
            Philadelphia April 2d 1780

          I am sorry it has not been in my power to give your Excellency an earlier answer to your letter of the 26th Ulto.
          The subject is a matter of such moment, that although it required dispatch, yet the delay must be Less injurious than a want of full information to decide with certainty.
          It is not less mortifying to me than unhappy for the public interest and national security that circumstances oblige me to confess myself unable, for want of sufficient support either to make the proper provision in my department necessary for marching the troops to the Southward, or for putting the Army in motion in these No[r]thern States. There would be no difficulty either in the one case or the other, could the treasury furnish the proper supplies of cash. But in it’s present exhausted state, with the enormous demands upon the Department, the Agents have neither credit nor influence equal to the business.
          Orders were seasonably issued for an ample provision for the opening Campaign. Many are in part executed, and might be easily compleated, were the Agents enabled to fulfill their contracts. But the manufacturers for want of payment, will neither go on with the business, nor deliver what they have compleated. And though the loss of these articles will be a capital injury to the public as well in point of saving in expence, as that of accomodating the Army, yet there is not the remotest prospect of obtaining cash seasonably to prevent the misfortune.
          I have given general and particular orders to the Agents, to collect from the manufacturers as many of the articles contracted for as possible, and to hold them in readiness for further orders. But the people have suffered so much by the depreciation of the money that they will not part with their property without immediate payment. In this predicament are the stores manufacturing for public use: what part we shall be able to obtain is difficult to determine.
          The public horses which are quartered about in different parts of the country, are suffering for want of forage, and I am afraid many will perish before the States under the new requisition, will provide

amply for their support. But could the whole be made fit for service at the opening of the Campaign, which will by no means be the case; the number would be very insufficient to answer the demands of the Army. I am with great respect your Excellency’s Most Obedt Humble Servant.

            Nath. Greene Q.M.G.


Title: To George Washington from Major General Robert Howe, 2 April 1780
From: Howe, Robert
To: Washington, George

            Dear Sir
            Highlands [N.Y.] 2d April 1780

          The Expiration of inlistments have so weaken’d our Regiments that we really have not men Enough to do the Duties of this Post, and we are momentarily growing weaker—Poors Brigade would be a Comfortable addition to our strength at this Post, and I wish if service does not forbid it I should be happy to be empowered to Call them down. I should not Mention this to your Excellency did I not think it Essentially necessary—I have from Agents I think I can Confide in, information that several Regiments are Embarkd and are Embarking for south Carolina, and that pressing letters have been written by sir Henry Clinton to hasten them up. this I have heard some days since, but did not think it important Enough to require being sent by a special Express. I have also heard that the Enemy are Certainly preparing for Enterprise, and that their preparations Indicate movements of importance—This letter will be Conveyd by major Beauman of the Artillery, Whose particular situation as to his Domestic affairs, has induced him to Ask, and me to grant, him a short leave of absence which was requested and Granted with Reciprocal Reluctance. I think it Sir but justice to add, that the majors Conduct in his department has Benifitted service and obliged me I am Dear sir with Every sentiment of Respect and Esteem Your Excellency’s Most obt hum. servt

            R. Howe


Title: From George Washington to Samuel Huntington, 2 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Huntington, Samuel

            Sir
            Head Qurs Morris Town April 2d 1780

          Since I had the Honor of addressing Your Excellency on the 28th Ulto, I have received intelligence, which seems to place it beyond doubt, that the Enemy are about to make a further imbarkation of Troops from New York, and the common opinion is, that they are going to reinforce Sir Henry Clinton. Lord Rawdon’s brigade, said to consist of his own Regiment & of Brown’s, Fanning’s & Another corps: Two Hessian Regiments and the 42d & Another British, estimated in the whole at about 2500 rank & file, are the Troops which will, according to report, make the imbarkation. This intelligence—the probability there seems to be that the Enemy will endeavour to push their operations with vigor at the Southward—the weak state of our force there and unhappily in this quarter also, have laid me under great embarrassments, with respect to the conduct that ought to be pursued. In considering the point a choice of difficulties occurs to our view. The Southern States it is to be apprehended may require much support, & while we attempt to afford it from hence, we run a serious risk in this quarter, from the facility with which the Enemy by the help of their fleet can unite their force at any point, where they find us weak. Congress will the better conceive in how delicate a situation we stand, when I inform them, that Our whole operating force present, on this & on the other side of the North River—amounts to only Ten Thousand four Hundred rank & file, of which about Two Thousand Eight Hundred will have completed their term of service by the last of May (Two thirds of it by the end of this Month) while the Enemy’s regular force at New York and it’s dependencies must amount upon a moderate calculation to about Eleven Thousand rank & file. I inclose Congress a List of the Corps at New York after the Detachment which sailed with Sir Henry Clinton, taken from Gaine’s Register for the present Year. Our situation too is the more critical from the impossibility of concentring our force, as well for want of the means of taking the Field, as from the early period of the season. The want also of a Magazine of flour & Salt provision at West point renders it the more necessary, that our Covering force should be respectable, as from this unlucky circumstance which could not be prevented, the post in case of investiture, might be exposed to great risk at least, if it’s relief depended

much on a force to be collected. And indeed a Militia without they are well supported, are not calculated, nor can they be from the nature of things, to make a regular disciplined Army abandon Enterprizes of such a nature.
          But notwithstanding these Objections perhaps something should be hazarded here, relying on the internal strength of the Country, for the purpose of giving further succour to the Southern States, where there is not the same dependence. I shall therefore put the Maryland line and the Delaware Regiment under marching Orders immediately—and have directed provision to be made for transporting them as far as philadelphia, and propose their march, if practicable, should commence on the sailing of the Detachment from New York. But before the measure is carried into execution, I shall be happy to know the sense of Congress on it’s expediency. The consequences may be very important either way, and I wish to have their instructions for my government.
          In case the detachment is to march, it’s ulterior proceedings and rout from philadelphia will depend upon the Orders which Congress or the Honourable the Board of War by their direction shall give; for it is impossible for me under our circumstances, to give directions upon the occasion. The Qr Master & Commissary General are both at Philadelphia, and will exert themselves I am persuaded to carry into execution, any plan for the transportation and accomodation of the Troops that may be judged most eligible, as far as it may be in their power. Baron de Kalb, who ⟨is⟩ now at the head of the Maryland division, will command the Detachment in case it proceeds, and will set out to morrow or next day for Philadelphia to assist & expedite the arrangements for it’s future movements. If the Troops could embark without delay at the Head of Elk and arrive safe in James River, it would not only be a great ease to them; but it would expedite their arrival at the Southward, and prevent many Desertions which will probably happen, if they march through their State. But how far this mode of proceeding may be eligible, I will not pretend to determine; as the Enemy in case they should be advised of it, which every precaution of secrecy would be necessary to prevent, might by sending Armed Vessels into the Bay, attempt to intercept them in their passage.
          Major Lee’s Corps is under marching Orders for the Southward, of which I advised the Honourable the Board of War on the 30th and the Commanding Officer is directed to proceed with it, as soon as he adjusts with them the proper arrangements.
          I inclose Your Excellency an Extract from Robertson’s New York American Gazette of the 28th of last Month. The intelligence if true, is very important & interesting. I have the Honor to be with the greatest respect Your Excellency’s Most Obedt servant

            Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Major General Arthur St. Clair, 2 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To: St. Clair, Arthur

            Dr Sir
            Head Quarters Morristown 2d April 1780.

          I have considered the several objects of the two letters from Major Genl Phillips of the 22 and 29 of last month, which you put into my hand; and would summarily observe for your gover[n]ment so far as my opinion is concerned.
          General Phillips may be informed that the American Commissary of Prisoners will be instructed to signify my permission for Major Harnage and Capn Hawker of the 62d B. Regt to go to New-York on their paroles.
          The proposition in favor of Governor Hamilton and the other

persons described by Genl Phillips cannot be acceded to. Altho’ their release would have been considered in a general exchange, I do not think myself at liberty to make them the objects of a particular parole exchange, they being claimed as prisoners belonging to the State of Virginia; and besides the proposition appears to be very unequal.
          The terms which we have proposed respecting the violators of parole appearing just and reasonable, I do not think we should change our sentiments on this head; nor can the exchange of the violators of parole, still residing in the States be made a previous measure to a general exchange of prisoners.
          I shall take the necessary order that Lieut. Lord Torphichen of the 62d British Regt and secd Lt Hadden of the British artillery, go into New-York on parole; and shall consider Lt Randolph and Mr Fitzhugh as opposed to them for the present. But Genl Phillips is to understand in this case that when these two gentlemen return into New-York, that it is expected (if the British officers should not be recalled) that two other American officers of the rank of Lt Lord Torphichen and Hadden, and the oldest in captivity be immediately liberated on the same condition. I shall on this account limit the stay of Lt Randolp[h] and Mr Fitzhugh to a certain period, that their brother officers may have a similar indulgence. I wish Gen: Phillips to be fully acquainted with this intention.
          Mr Beatty shall have my instructions to interchange a certificate with Mr Loring assenting to the proposal that chaplains belonging to either army when taken are not to be considered as prisoners of war, but immediately released.
          Inclosed is a passport for Lieut. Bibby to proceed to Sir Henry Clinton. It restricts him you will observe to a passage by water, and to return in the same way, and only exempts his person and Genl Phillips’s dispatches from capture, but not the vessel.
          I return your letters and am Dr Sir Your obt & hble sevt

            Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Major General Steuben, 2 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Steuben, Friedrich Wilhelm Ludolf Gerhard Augustin, baron von

            My Dear Baron
            Morris Town April 2d 1780

          I duly received your letter of the 15th of March, which hurry of business has prevented my acknowleging sooner. Last night brought me your favour of the 28th—The propositions made by you to Congress for the arrangement of the Army this campaign appears to me upon the whole best adapted to our circumstances; and especially since so much of the season has elapsed without entering upon it I am glad the proposed incorporation has been suspended. I doubt however the practicability at this time of augmenting the cavalry or recruiting the additionals, from the circumstance you mention—the extreme distress of the treasury—which seems to be totally exhausted and without sufficient resources for the current demands of the service. The present crisis is indeed perplexing beyond description and it is infinitely difficult to devise a remedy.
          When I approve your plan for the additional regiments, it is with one condition that Congress can find means to provide for the officers so as to put them upon an equal footing with the other parts of the army. If this cannot be done, they cannot continue in the service. I have incessant applications to this effect and have just written again to Congress on the subject. If the situation of the officers cannot be made more tolerable, it will be preferable to dissolve those corps—incorporate the men with the state lines and let the officers retire to be intitled to pay—subsistence and the emoluments decreed at the end of the war. This will be a very bad expedient if it can be avoided; but it is better than to leave the officers in such a state—that they must be miserable while

they stay in the army—obliged in a little time the greatest part of them to quit—while the corps for want of care will rapidly decline and a number of good men be lost to the service.
          Your anxiety on the score of Southen affairs cannot exceed mine. The measure of collecting the whole force for the defence of Charlestown ought no doubt to have been well considered before it was determined. It is putting much to the hazard—but at this distance we can form a very imperfect judgment of its propriety or necessity. I have the greatest reliance on General Lincoln’s prudence; but I cannot forbear dreading the event. Ill as we can afford a diminution of our force here and nothwithstanding the danger we run from the facility with which the enemy can concenter their force at our weak points besides other inconveniences I have recommended it to Congress to detach the Maryland division to reinforce the Southern States. Though this detachment cannot in all probability arrive, in season, to be of any service to Charles Town it may assist to check the progress of the enemy & save the Carolinas.
          My sentiments concerning public affairs correspond too much with your⟨s⟩—The prospect my Dear Baron is gloomy and the storm thickens—Not to have the anxities you express at the present juncture would be not to feel that zeal and interest in our cause, by which all your whole conduct shows you to be actuated. But I hope we shall extricate ourselves, and bring every thing to a prosperous issue. I have been so inured to difficulties in the course of this contest that I have learned to look upon them with more tranquillity than formerly—Those which now present themselves no doubt require vigorous exertions to overcome them—& I am [far] from dispairg of doing it.
          Though I shall be happy to have the honor of seeing the Minister in Camp as soon as it may be convenient to him; your reasons for persuading him to defer his journey awhile were good. I wish it were in my power to save him the trouble of the journey by paying him my respects in Philadelphia; but our present military situation joined to other reasons will not permit me to have that honor. I am very sensible my Dear Baron to the obliging assurances of your regard; and I entreat you to believe there is a perfect reciprocity of sentiments and that I am with great consideration and the truest esteem Your most Obedt servt.


Title: General Orders, 3 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To:

            Head-Quarters Morristown Monday April 3rd 1780
            Parole Paradox—  C. Signs Quaff Quake—

          At a division General Court Martial of the Maryland line, held by order of Brigadier General Gist, March 28th 80—Major Deane President—Mr Edmiston Waggon Master of the Maryland Division appeared, charged with, “Defrauding the waggoners of said division by neglecting to pay them for the month of August when he had drawn money for that purpose”—and plead “Not guilty”—The Court after considering the charge against Mr Edmiston the evidence and his defence are of opinion he is not guilty and therefore do acquit him.
          The Commander in Chief approves the sentence.


Title: To George Washington from John Beatty, 3 April 1780 [letter not found]
From: Beatty, John
To: Washington, George

          Letter not found: from John Beatty, 3 April 1780. GW wrote Beatty on 4 April: “I have reced your letter of the 3d Inst.”


Title: From George Washington to the Board of War, 3 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Board of War

            Gentn
            Head qrs Morris Town April 3d 1780

          I had Yesterday afternoon the Honor to receive Your Letter of the 30th of March, and agreeable to your request I inclose a permit for the Goods in charge of Captain Bowman. This mode of obtaining supplies is certainly justifiable from the unhappy situation of our affairs & the necessity of having them; but at the same time, for reasons which will readily occur to the Board, I very much wish that the business could have been conducted without an interference on my part.
          With respect to the supplies which the Board have it in contemplation to procure by the way of the North River—nothing occurs to me to advise, which would either facilitate or effectually secure their transportation to our posts—or which would certainly keep the matter a secret after they arrived. It appears to me however, that it will be necessary for the Board as they have observed, to communicate the Affair to the Commanding Officer of the Highland posts, under restriction of secresy—with any circumstances, such as the time when the Vessel or Vessels may probably arrive—a description of them—of any Signals which may have been concerted &c., which may enable him the better to act upon the occasion. The Vessel or Vessels will probably approach our posts with a flag in nature of a Truce. Our lowest post on the River is at King’s ferry—and if the Commanding Officer could have her or them boarded there, by a prudent—discreet Officer apprised of the business—the importance of keeping it a secret, with a permit to run her up to Newburg & land & store the Goods at once, it would best prevent the Affair becoming a matter of notoriety. After passing King’s ferry he might haul down his flag & send a Boat a head with a line to the Commanding Officer above to inform him of the Vessels arrival, that she might not be stopped at West point. I also think it might be expedient for the Board by a private Letter to communicate the Affair to Governor Clinton, who in case it should leak out, will endeavour I am persuaded to prevent the circulation—and if it cannot be done, he will give the business a proper turn, so as to prevent jealousies & uneasiness. I fear there will be some difficulty in the Vessel’s passing by Fort-Washington or a little above, as the Enemy generally have a Ship of War or some Gallies stationed there; but these circumstances being known I presume to the persons employed in the business, they will of course take every practicable precaution to elude them. I have the Honor to be with great respect Gentn

            G.W.


Title: To George Washington from the Board of War, 3 April 1780
From: Board of War
To: Washington, George

            Sir
            War office [Philadelphia] April 3rd 1780.

          The board have the honor of transmitting to your Excellency, the copy of a letter from Maj. Lee. At the instance of Baron Steuben, & considering that enlistments went on but slowly, the board consented that the dismounted Dragoons of his Corps, should be increased to three Troops, because they were taught to believe that the Corps would be more perfect in its formation; and that its reputation would induce Men to enlist who probably would not enter into other Corps, & thereby increase the Strength of the Army. At that time they conceived matters, as to the Officers, would either remain as they were, or fall in with any general regulation which might be adopted. Maj. Lee, however seems to think otherwise, & wishes to have promotions both of Capt. McLain & Capt. Peyton—the one Majr of Infantry, the other of Horse, & the consequent promotions of other Officers. The board wish to be favored with Your Excellencys opinion of the propriety & necessity of this measure, as soon as possible. They will do all in their power to forward the March of these Troops agreeable to your request. I have the honor to be with the highest respect, Yr Excellency’s Most Obed., & Most Hble Servt.

            by ord. of the board.Ben. Stoddert secy


Title: From George Washington to Colonel Elias Dayton, 3 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Dayton, Elias

            Sir
            Head Quarters Morris Town 3d April 1780.

          The Assembly of this State, at their last sitting, passed a law for the payment of the provision which the Army were under the necessity of taking from the inhabitants during the scarcity in Camp and between the 15th Decemr and 15th January—The law directs that no provision seized as aforesaid shall be paid for, unless upon a Certificate signed by the Commander in Chief, or by some person authorised by him—That justice may be done to the public and to individuals I have appointed you to meet two Magistrates at this place on Wednesday Morning next to affix the Value of the several Articles taken—You will therefore be pleased to attend accordingly. I am &.


Title: To George Washington from Major General Nathanael Greene, 3 April 1780
From: Greene, Nathanael
To: Washington, George

            Sir
            Philadelphia 3d April 1780

          This will be accompanyed with a letter in answer to that of your Excellencys of the 26th Ultimo. Your Excellencys letter to me and the Answer I have given are both laid before Congress, with a request if they have any prospect of giving me such supplies of money, as will enable me to provide for the march of the Troops to the Southward, or to put the Army in motion, that they give me notice thereof, that I may communicate the same to your Excellency.
          I have always made it a rule, never to promise more, than I had a good prospect of performing. At present things are in the most disagreeable train; and I am much afraid there will be great difficulty in supporting the Army in the most favorable positions, and utterly impracticable to put them in motion. Could the Treasury furnish the means, the business might be done at this time on better terms, according to the state of the money, and with more dispach, than it ever has been, since I have been in the Department.
          The taxes has a favorable affect upon all Orders of men. Every body is willing to serve the Army, or furnish supplies, if they could but receive payment. But without payment nothing can be done. Credit in the critical state of our Money is not to be expected. Many of those that have trusted the public largely are in a manner ruined. The complaints of the injured are loud and numerous; and however they may be put off now, they will be heard by and by.
          The new system for regulating the Quarter Masters department, is now debating before Congress, and as the members are generally unacquainted with the nature of the business, I am perswaded it will pass. I foresee the disagreeable consequencs that it will produce; and have only one consolation upon the matter; which is it will open a door for me to get out of the Department.
          I have advised many Members of Congress to send a committee of the best informed Members of their body to Head Quarters; and there with the Heads of the Departments and such General Officers as it may be necessary to consult in the business, fix upon a plan properly adapted to the service, and the nature of the Country. But I am perswaded it will

have no effect, as I am convinced the plan now before the Congress, is connected with other designs, of a private and personal Nature.
          I am very unwell; and almost incapable of business; but never had more of it [to] do. As soon as the Congress decide upon the great point, I shall return to Camp, when I will give your Excellency a more full, and particular history, of the politicks of the City, and the public bodies.
          It is said the Irish rebellion is at an end, and the people ready to join the Ministry in support of all [it]s measures. The Holker Ship arrived yesterday from St Estatias in 15 Days; and brings accounts of the arrival of 12 Sail of French men of War, and of their blocking up St Lucia. She also brings some European news, respecting the British fleet, taking and carrying into Port, several Duch vessels bound to a French Port. I think little credit is to be given to the last article of intelligence. Should the late plan of finance fail, and the States prove tardy in providing supplies for the support of the Army, I cannot conceive how your Excellency is to keep the Army to gether, or cover the Country from the Enemies ravages; and yet I have heard a project started for the purpose, as the last resort.
          We have no news from the Southard but many are under great apprehensions for the City and Army. I wish no capital misfortune may attend us in that Quarter.
          Major Lee is orderd to the Southard with his flying party; and is not a little mortified at the order.
          I see by your Excellencys letter of the 31st to the President, that the Spannish fleet has met with a crush before Gibraltar; and that the Savages upon our Frontiers are begining to ravage the Country and Massacre the Inhabitants again. I wish we may not have more business this Campaign, than we have hands to execute it.
          Please to make my respectful compliments to Mrs Washington, and the Gentlemen of the family. I am with great respect Your Excellencys Most Obedient humble Ser.

            Nath. Greene


Title: From George Washington to Samuel Huntington, 3 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Huntington, Samuel

            Sir,
            Head Quarters Morris Town 3d April 1780

          I have frequently had the honor to address Congress on the subject of those Corps; which are unconnected with the lines of particular States. Satisfied of the numerous perplexities, under which they labour; it is with pain and reluctance I trouble them with repeated representations of the same nature; but in the present case it is so indispensible something should be done, that I cannot forbear the repetition, however disagreeable.
          The situation of the Officers of these Corps is absolutely insupportable. Unless something effectual can be done to make it more comfortable, it is impossible they can remain in the service. The resolution of Congress for making them part of the State Quotas has rather been a disadvantage, than an advantage. It has had a very partial operation, and the benefit resulting to a few has only served to establish a contrast that embitters the sufferings of the rest. Nothing can be conceived more chagrining, than for an Officer to see himself destitute of every necessary, while another, not only in the service of the same Government, engaged in defending the same cause, but even in the same regiment and sometimes standing by his side, in the same Company, is decently, if not amply, provided. Enthusiasm alone can support him in a moments perseverance; but even this principle must give way to a necessity so

continued and so hopeless. Dayly applications are made to me to know whether there is a prospect of relief, always accompanied with a declaration, that it is impossible any longer to endure the extremities to which they are driven.
          I intreat the attention of Congress to this matter. If there is no way to make provision for the Officers, it would be better to dissolve the Corps—incorporate the Men with the regiments belonging to the State lines; and let the Officers retire with pay and subsistence and such other emoluments as may be enjoyed by others after the War. In their present state, they are actually suffering every inconvenience, in fruitless expectation of a remedy, that will perhaps never come—Those who have less resource otherwise—less zeal, or less fortitude are resigning from day to day—a relaxation of care in the interior of the regiments must be a necessary consequence and many valuable men will be gradually lost to the service who might be saved. It is much better therefore that the expedient suggested should be adopted than that things should remain as now circumstanced—But if it were possible to obviate the necessity for it, it were much to be wished; as it would preserve many of our best Officers to the Army, who would with infinite reluctance quit the field while the defence of their Country called for their services.
          Before I conclude I think it my duty to touch upon the general situation of the Army at this juncture. It is absolutely necessary Congress should be apprised of it—for it is difficult to forsee what may be the result—and as very serious consequences are to be apprehended I should not be justified in preserving silence—There never has been a stage of the War in which the dissatisfaction has been so general or alarming—It has lately in particular instances worn features of a very dangerous complexion. A variety of causes has contributed to this—The diversity in the terms of enlistments—the inequality of the rewards given for entering into the service; but still more the disparity in the provision made by the several States for their respective Troops. The system of State supplies, however, in the commencement, dictated by necessity, has proved in its operation pernicious beyond description. An Army must be raised, paid, subsisted and regulated upon an equal and uniform principle, or the confusions and discontents are endless. Little less than the dissolution of the Army would have been long since the consequence of a different plan, had it not been for a spirit of patriotic virtue both in officers and men of which there are few examples; seconded by the unremitting pains that have been taken to compose and reconcile them to their situation. But these will not be able to hold out much longer against the influence of causes constantly operating and every day with some new aggravation.
          Some States from their internal ability and local advantages furnish

their Troops pretty amply not only with Cloathing; but with many little comforts and conveniences—others supply them with some necessaries, but on a more contracted scale—while others have it in their power to do little or nothing at all. The Officers & Men in the routine of duty mix dayly and compare circumstances—Those who fare worse than others of course are dissatisfied and have their resentment excited, not only against their own States, but against the confederacy. They become disgusted with a service that makes such injurious distinctions. No arguments can persuade an Officer it is justice he should be obliged to pay £[ ] a yard for Cloth and other things in proportion while another is furnished at a [ ] part of the price. The Officers resign, and we have now scarcely a sufficient number left to take care even of the fragments of Corps which remain. The men have not this resource—they murmur—brood over their discontents, and have lately shown a disposition to enter into seditious combinations.
          A new scene is now opening which I fear will be productive of more troublesome effects than any thing that has hitherto taken place—Some of the States have adopted the measure of making good the depreciation of the money to their Troops as well for the past as the future—If this does not become general, it is so striking a point, that the consequences must be unspeakably mischievous—I enter not into the propriety of this measure in the view of finance; but confine myself to its operation upon the Army. Neither do I mean to insinuate that the liberality of particular States has been carried to a blameable length. The evil I mean to point out is the inequality of the different provisions—and this is inherent in the present system. It were devoutly to be wished a plan could be adopted by which every thing relating to the Army could be conducted on a general principle, under the direction of Congress. This alone can give harmony and consistence to our Military establishment—and I am persuaded will be infinitely conducive to Public œconomy.
          I hope I shall not be thought to have exceeded my duty in the unreserved manner in which I have exhibited our situation. Congress I flatter myself will have the goodness to believe that I have no other motives—than a zeal for the Public service—a desire to give them every necessary information, and an apprehension for the consequences of the evils we now experience. I have the honor to be With the highest respect Yr Excellencys Most Obet & hum. servant

            Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from William Livingston, 3 April 1780
From: Livingston, William
To: Washington, George

            Dear Sir
            Morris Town 3d April 1780

          The inclosed is from a Delegate of this State in Congress. Orders to the Effect which he mentions, should doubtless be given without delay. But as it is an affair wholly relating to the Army, it seems most proper that the pass port should come from Your Excellency. If however your Excellency thinks that any Concurrence of mine is necessary, I shall chearfully do every thing in my Power that may be thought necessary to facilitate the safe transportation of the Blankets—I have the Honour to be with the greatest Respect Dear Sir Your Excellency’s most humble & most Obedient Servant

            Wil: Livingston


Title: From George Washington to John Beatty, 4 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Beatty, John

            Sir
            [4 April 1780]

          You will be pleased to signify to Major Harnage and Capn Hawker of the 62d British Regt my permission for them to repair to New-York on their paroloes, and take the usual and proper steps on the occasion.
          Mr Loring the British Commissary of prisoners is to send you out a writing declarative on the part of the enemy that no chaplains belonging to the American Army when taken shall be considered as prisoners of war but immediately released. As an interchange of writings is to take place between you and Mr Loring, you will send me his and a draught of the one you mean to return him, that both may be examined before they are confirmed by a mutual interchange. I am Sir Your Obt Sert.

            P.S. Should Harnage and Hawker come by land to New-York it will be necessary to give him a route—by the way of Kings bridge—in order to avoid as much as possible the army. If there is any flag vessel coming to New-York it will be a good opportunity should this mode be preferd.
            I have reced your letter of the 3d Inst. You have my leave of absence to go to Philadelphia.


Title: To George Washington from David Finney, 4 April 1780
From: Finney, David
To: Washington, George

            Newcastle County [Del.] April 4th 1780.

          David Finney, (One of the Justices of the Delaware State,) presents his most respectful Compliments, to his Excellency General Washington. and hath taken the freedom to transmit to his Excellency (by Lieutenant McKennan,) a few Yards of Dimity, manufactured in his Family. as a small token of his grateful esteem. and flatters himself, that his Excellency, will so far honor him, as to accept it.


Title: To George Washington from Fielding Lewis, 4 April 1780
From: Lewis, Fielding
To: Washington, George

              Dear Sir,
              April the 4th 1780

            I wrote you about eight Days since before I recd yours of the 1st & 2d March which came by the Post last Fryday, You judged right with regard to our paper Currency as I find by a late resolution of Congress that it’s reduced to one fortieth part of it’s nominal value, this regulation I suppose was necessary however unjust it may appear to the world; after the assurances lately given by Congress in their publication, I did not expect so great a discount as forty for one would have so soon taken place altho’ I expected something of the sort must have happened for the preservation of the Landed Interest which never could have paid the enormous debt we now are involved in & daily increasing, I cannot say but I shall be among the sufferers on this occasion alltho’ I have in some measure lessen’d it by the purchase of thirty Thousd Acres Land to the Westward where my Son John now is in order to locate and secure it for me, I have some thoughts of purchasing Twenty Thousd acres more before our Assembly meets alltho’ I am apprehensive that Warrants have allready issued sufficient to secure allmost the whole of the valuable Lands in that Country from Pittsburg to the Green River I suppose five Million of Acres are allready granted, never was so fine a Country sold for so trifling a Sum as those Lands will bring into the Treasury, beside the great injury this State will sustain by the great numbers of our most active Men going there who should have remained here for the defence of the State and assisted in the present dispute with G. Britain. We have a report here that a Vessel is just arrived from the Havanna the Capt. of wch reports that six days before he sailed a Fleet with 4000 Soldiers had sailed from thence either for Pensicola or S. Carolina, we have no late news from the Southward.
            I wish it was in my power to render any service to Colo. Fairfax by superintending his business. my bad state of health prevents my paying that attention to my own that it requires, therefore cannot undertake his, as it would not be in my power to do him any tolerable justice, I beleive little has been done for the Colonel since he left the State, and I am fearfull that it will be a difficult matter getting that Estate under good management; from the Carector of Mr Francis Whiting (who managed Mr Fitzhughs Est. at Ravensworth) if he will undertake the matter I think that Estate would soon be brought under better management, and Colo. Fairfax paying a generous price for such service will be

for his advantage, I do not know another Man that I think will answer the purpose so well if he will undertake it, being a good judge of those matters, if I can be of any service in prevailing on Mr Whiting or any other person that You, or I may think capable of serving Colo. Fairfax I will cherefully undertake the matter, at present I don’t know but it may be necessary to change those who have at present the direction of that business if it can be done at this late season for another Crop. Mrs Lewis joins me in our Love to you & Mrs Washington she is obliged to Mrs Washington for the trouble in sendg her Muslin to Bethlehem. I am Dr Sir Yr Affecte Humble Servant

              Fielding Lewis

            I shall mention to Mr Gallebert your opinion with regard to his Fathers business.


Title: From George Washington to Juan de Miralles, 4 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Miralles, Juan de

            Sir
            Hd Qrs Morristown 4 April 1780

          I have been favored with your respective letters of the 14th and 22d of last month.
          For some time past the arrangements of the enemy at New-York and in their shipping, have looked towards another embarkation of troops, and my recent intelligence on this subject is strongly confirmative of the former. The troops said to be destined to this embarkation may be calculated at about 2500 including cavalry. The general report is that

they are intended for the Southward. From the effects of the storm on the fleet which sailed with Gen: Sir Henry Clinton, and the inactivity of the enemy since their arrival in Carolina, it would appear that military succours were thought necessary to the success of their operations; and that the present embarkation at New-York is designed to co-operate at least in the first instance with Sir Henry Clinton. I thought it expedient to give you this information as the knowlege of any new addition of force in that quarter may have an influence on the suggested movements of his Catholic majesty’s arm’s in the Floridas. I am with great respect Your ob. & hble svt.


Title: To George Washington from John Mitchell, 4 April 1780
From: Mitchell, John
To: Washington, George

            Dear Sir
            Philada 4th April 1780

          Your ⟨Excellen⟩cys favor of the 30th Ultimo was handed me on Saturday Evening. on Monday Morning I got Mr Meridith (Ginl Dickinson was not in Town) and several other Gentlemen to go to look at the Chariot who all agreed it was good Work & neatly finished in the present Teaste the Wood has been well seasoned, the only Objection apears to be the size wch is 3 feet 4 Inches high from the Seat to the top, and 3 feet 6 Inches wide in the inside if those dementions will do, the Carriage will I believe please you, the Cloth is not a good second, but looks pretty well.
          This day I went to Germanton & have prevailed on Mr Bringhurst to let you have a Chariot he has in hand—it apears to be good Work & well seasoned timber, the Size is 3 feet 6½ Inches high and 3 feet 10 Inches wide—& will have a very good Second Cloth or better if to be got this will be ready in Six Weeks, the former in Ten days, the price the same,

Mr Ceaner is the Maker of the first, Mr Barret Paints both both men want their money as soon as possible.
          If your Excellency will determine which and let me know, I will see it finished in the best Manner—and will pay them part of the money Immediately, & send a carefull person to your seat in Virginia if you think proper.
          have sent you the Mop, two Stone Jars & a large Stone Jug, by a Waggon that sett off three days ago, I dericted them and some Boxes from Don Juan De Marillias to the care of Mr Jacob Wiess with orders to send them to Head Quarters Immediately hope the[y] will get safe, I can not get a Punch Bowl under 180 Dollars, & 50 Dollars for a Wash hand ⟨mutilated⟩ Bason if you aprove of those prices they shall be sent Immediately—The Chamber Pott goes by the Bearer, who will return with your answer. I have the Honor to be with great respect Your Excellencys Most Obedt hume Servt

            Jno. Mitchell D.Q.M. Gl


Title: From George Washington to Jonathan Trumbull, Sr., 4 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Trumbull, Jonathan Sr.

            Dear Sir
            Head Quarters Morris Town 4th April 1780.

          Immediately upon the Rect of your Excellency’s favor of the 22d ulto, I desired Brigadier General Huntington to send as many Officers, as could possibly be spared from the Connecticut line, to take your instructions relative to the Business of recruiting. The number, from our circumstances at this time, will fall infinitely short of your Excellency’s requisition, but you may be assured that every expedient has been fallen upon, to make it as large as possible.
          Not having seen a Copy of your late law, I have not been able to inform the Officers going upon the recruiting service, to what emoluments they will be intitled, to compensate them for their trouble and necessary and unavoidable Expences. The travelling Charges only of a subaltern Officer to and from Connecticut, at this time, will amount to nearly his year’s pay. I make no doubt but the state will take the matter into consideration, and make a reasonable provision, if it has not been already done. I hope the endeavours of your State, and of every other in the Union, to compleat their quotas of Troops, will be attended with the desired success—than which nothing will contribute more to put an end to the Contest in which we are engaged, and which, from its weight,

bears hard upon our Abilities to continue it. I am with very sincere Respect and Esteem Your Excellency’s Most obt and humble Servt

            Go: Washington


Title: General Orders, 5 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To:

            Head-Quarters Morristown Wednesday April 5th 1780.
            Parole Remember—  C. Signs Secrecy—Silence—

          The Picket guard at Head-Quarters will be relieved ’till further orders daily, by Lord-Stirling’s Genl St Clair’s and General Clinton’s divisions, in rotation—The officers are not to be absent from this guard during their tour of duty; They are to receive their orders respecting the disposition &c. from Majr Gibbs—This is to be considered as a standing order until countermanded—Lord Stirling’s division furnishes the Picket tomorrow.
          All General and Staff officers not immediately connected with the line, are requested to inform the Adjutant General, what guards, fatigue parties, artificers or assistants they have, or may want, from the army, that they may be furnished on or before the 8th instant, as all troops belonging to the line; however employed, will be called in immediately after that day.
          At a division General Court-Martial held March 30th by order of Major General Lord Stirling of which Majr Edwards was President—Thomas Brown of the 2nd New-Jersey regiment was brought before the court charged with “Desertion” and plead guilty—The Court on considering the charge against Thomas Brown and finding him to be an old offender, guilty of repeated desertion, do unanimously sentence him to be hanged by the neck until he is dead.
          The Commander in Chief approves the sentence.


Title: To George Washington from Burwell Bassett, 5 April 1780
From: Bassett, Burwell
To: Washington, George

            Dear Sir
            M. Vernon 5 April 1780

          I have waited thus long without writeing to you in hopes that I should been able to inclosd you and Accot of the settlement of your affairs below but Posey has not yet finishd the business he has paid to Mr Washington £1009 as soon as it settle’d I will send you the best Accot that I can get made out but what I can learn from Posey Hill has kept his Accot in such a manner that will be very little satisfaction to you.
          Mr Custis has not yet paid for the stock he says that Posey shall put the Money in the loan office when he sell his Corn & that he will allow intrest for it till is paid.
          The only news we have from the southward is that the British Troops are in possesion of James Iland & that they ware waiting for General Clinton who was missing I am certain that this is true I am Dr Sr Yr Mo. Affnate Hble Servt

            Burl Bassett


Title: From George Washington to George Clinton, 5 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Clinton, George

            Dear Sir
            ⟨Head Quarters Morris Town 5th April 1780.⟩

          I have lately ⟨been concerting measures⟩ with Governor Livingst⟨on for the arrangement⟩ and disposition of the Mili⟨tia of this State, in⟩ case the enemy, thinking to ⟨take advantage⟩ of the reduction of our num⟨bers by the expirations⟩ of the times of service of ⟨our troops and from⟩ other causes, should move ⟨out against us—⟩Should such an event take p⟨lace, I would wish⟩ that the commanding Offic⟨ers of the Militia⟩ of the County of Orange, in ⟨your state had⟩ orders to assemble at Clarks Town ⟨and Kakeate⟩ to watch the motions of the Enemy⟨’s Right⟩ and to give them all possible annoy⟨ance—⟩I make no doubt but General Howe ⟨has already⟩ concerted a plan with your Excellency fo⟨r assem⟩bling the Militia of the upper part ⟨of the⟩ State at the shortest notice, should the ⟨Enemy⟩ operate suddenly against the posts in the ⟨High⟩lands—Another embarkation is certainly preparing at New York, supposed to be a reinforcement ⟨for General Clinton—but as a measure of this⟩ kind will more than probable ⟨occasion a fu⟩rther detachment from this ⟨Army, the⟩ force remaining in New York ⟨will be⟩ proportionably stronger than ours⟨—Our la⟩test accounts from Charlestown are ⟨of the 4⟩th March, tho’ it seems from a pub⟨lication⟩ in Rivingtons paper that the Enemy ⟨had made⟩ no material progress upon the ⟨11th—at⟩ which time Genl Robertson left ⟨south⟩ Carolina.
          I was duly honored with your Excellen⟨cy’⟩s favors of the 21st Feby and 10th March. I have the honor to be with very great Esteem Yr Excellency’s Most obt and humble Servt

            Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Azariah Dunham, 5 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Dunham, Azariah

            Sir
            Head Quarters Morris Town 5th April 1780.

          By a return made to me this day by the Asst Commy of Issues, I find that there are not more than four days Meat in the Magazine—This is a circumstance so alarming, that I request you to make me an immediate return of the quantity of Meat within your district, more particularly of what is within a short distance of Camp, and I must further request you to make use of every exertion to have it brought forward—The necessity of this measure speaks for itself. Our supply of Flour being very scanty, I must desire you to still pay an attention to that Article and not suffer the Magazine of Bread to fail, by turning your endeavours towards the supply of Meat. I am &.


Title: From George Washington to Colonel Stephen Moylan, 5 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Moylan, Stephen

            Dear Sir
            Head Quarters Morris Town 5th April 1780

          I have recd yours of the 28th March. As the Court Martial on Docr shippen will be under the necessity of adjourning for a few Weeks, it is lucky that you did not set out. You shall have notice of the time of their meeting again, which I imagine will suit that of your attendance upon Mrs Moylan to Jersey—In my letter of the 27th March, I informed you of what preparations were making for equipping the Cavalry.
          Lt Colo. Temple, who goes to your Regt, was here a few days ago, but was under the necessity of returning to Virginia on account of his

private concerns. I think it probable that he will bring on some Recruits for the Regt.
          Mrs Washington joins me in Compliments to Mrs Moylan and in condolance on your late misfortune. I am &.

            P.S. The Court Martial is adjouned to the 15 May you will therefore come down about that time if no material duty in the line of your command should prevent you.


Title: General Orders, 6 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To:

            Head-Quarters Morristown thursday April 6th 1780.
            Parole Syntax—  C. Sign—Tanner. Thrasher.

          At a General Court Martial whereof Major General Howe was President held on the 1st of June last at Middle-Brook and afterwards at Morristown from the 23rd of December to the 26th of January in consequence of a resolution of the Honorable the Congress, for the trial of Major General Arnold on the following Articles contained in the proceedings of the Executive Council of the State of Pennsylvania at the City of Philadelphia the 3rd of February 1779—Vizt.
          First—“That while in the Camp of General Washington at Valley-Forge last spring, he gave permission to a Vessel belonging to persons then voluntarily residing in this City, with the enemy, and of disaffected characters to come into a Port of the United States without the

knowledge of the authority of the state or of the Commander in Chief tho’ then present.[”]
          2nd “In having shut up the Shops and stores on his arrival in the City, so as even to prevent officers of the army from purchasing, while he privately made considerable purchases for his own benefit as is alledged & believed.[”]
          3rd—“In imposing menial offices upon the sons of Freemen of this state, when called for by the desire of Congress, to perform militia duty, and when remonstrated to hereupon, justifying himself in writing upon the ground of having power so to do—‘For that when a citizen assumed the character of a soldier, the former was intirely lost in the latter, and that it was the duty of the militia to obey every order of his Aids (not a breach of the laws and constitution) as his (the General’s) without judging of the propriety of them.’[”]
          4th “The appropriating the waggons of this state, when called forth upon a special emergency last autumn, to the transportation of private property and that of Persons who voluntarily remained with the enemy last winter and were deemed disaffected to the Interests and Independence of America.[”]
          The Court passed the following sentence.
          The Court having considered the several charges exhibited against General Arnold, the evidence produced on the trial and his defence are of opinion with respect to the first charge—That he gave permission for a vessel to leave a port in possession of the enemy, to enter into a port in the United States; which permission, circumstanced as he was, they are clearly of opinion he had no right to give, being a breach of article 5th section 18th of the rules and articles of war.
          Respecting the 2nd charge, that altho’ it has been fully proved that the shops and stores were shut by General Arnold’s orders on his arrival at Philadelphia, they are of opinion that he was justifiable in the order, by the resolution of Congress of the 5th of June 1778—and His Excellency, the Commander in Chief’s instructions of the 18th of June 1778—And with respect to the latter part of the same charge, “The making considerable purchases while the shops and stores were shut,” they are clearly of opinion that it is entirely unsupported and they do fully acquit General Arnold of it.
          They do acquit General Arnold of the third charge—Respecting the 4th charge, it appears to the court that General Arnold made application to the Deputy Quarter Master General to supply him with waggons to remove property then in imminent danger from the enemy; that Waggons were supplied him by the Deputy Quarter Master General on this application which had been drawn from the state of

Pennsylvania for the public service; and it also appears that General Arnold intended this application as a private request, and that he had no design of employing the waggons otherwise than at this private expence, nor of defrauding the public, nor injuring or impeding the public service; but considering the delicacy attending the high station in which the General acted, and that requests from him might operate as commands, they are of opinion the request was imprudent and improper and that therefore it ought not to have been made.
          The Court in consequence of their determinations respecting the first and last charges exhibited against Majr General Arnold, do sentence him to receive a reprimand from His Excellency the Commander in Chief.
          The Honorable the Congress have been pleased to confirm the foregoing sentence by the following resolution lately received.

            In Congress February 12th 1780
            Congress resumed the consideration of the proceedings of the Court Martial on the trial of Major General Arnold and on motion—Resolved that the sentence of the Court Martial be confirmed.
            The Commander in Chief would have been much happier in an occasion of bestowing commendations on an officer who has rendered such distinguished services to his Country as Major General Arnold; but in the present case a sense of duty and a regard to candor oblige him to declare, that he considers his conduct in the instance of the permit as peculiarly reprehensible, both in a civil and military view, and in the affair of the waggons as “Imprudent and improper.”
            The Honorable the Congress having been pleased by their proclamation of the 11th of last month to appoint wednesday the 22nd instant to be set apart and observed as a day of Fasting Humiliation and Prayer for certain special purposes therein mentioned, and recommended that there should be no labor or recreations on that day; The same is to be observed accordingly thro’out the Army and the different Chaplains will prepare discourses suited to the several objects enjoined by the said Proclamation.


Title: To George Washington from James Bowdoin, 6 April 1780
From: Bowdoin, James
To: Washington, George

            Sir
            Boston April 6–1780

          A new Constitution of Government being generally apprehended necessary for this State, a majority of the Towns, on recommendation of the Assembly, Some months ago appointed Delegates for the purpose of forming one: And they have lately in convention agreed upon one, which is to be laid before the people at large for their Consideration. They ordered a number of copies to be printed, two or three of which being at my disposal, I have the honour of enclosing one of them to your Excellency. If it should afford you any amusement I shall be much gratified.
          By a Letter in January from our Peace-Ambassador Mr Adams, So far as he then had the means of judging, he did not expect to have any thing to do in the business of his department, at least for this year: So that another Campaign Seems unavoidable. I wish it may be productive of Such happy events as to insure a lasting peace, established on American principles. I have the honour to be with the most perfect Esteem Sr Yr Excellency’s most obed. hble servt

            James Bowdoin


Title: To George Washington from Azariah Dunham, 6 April 1780
From: Dunham, Azariah
To: Washington, George

            Sir
            Morris Town April 6th 1780

          In obedience to your request of Yesterday I send you inclosed a return of what beef and pork is purchased in this state for the army as near as my returns will admit. also send the Acct of grain on hand about the 20th ult. what part has since been sent on to camp and to the lines and small post am not yet informd.
          I have wrote to every person who has grain, to send it all on to camp without delay. but they all complain of great dificulty in gitting teams to

do the service all the pork and a great part of the grain was purchased previous to this states appointing contractors and as the continental Treasury have now of a long time delayed payment, they who purchased have no money in hand either to pay the purchase or Transportation and on that Acct many who sold say they will not deliver it. some have taken it away from the mills where it was stored for the public. I send your Excellency some letters lately recevd which Justifies this representation. such conduct is truly allarming and may prove fatal to the army. I have used every argument in my power to diswade them from such practices. but when I assure your Excellency that I am about one Million of pounds in advance and in debt for purchases made in the eastern division of this state previous to my appointment to superintend the purchases made by the contractors and the rapid depriceation of money considered, it pleads something in their favour—I have sent and wrote to all the contractors to purchase and forward all sorts of provision and forrage and will chearfully attend to every part of my duty. I am your Excellencys most Obedient Humble Servent

            Az. Dunham Suprdt of Purchs.


Title: To George Washington from Samuel Huntington, 6 April 1780
From: Huntington, Samuel
To: Washington, George

            Sir
            Philadelphia April 6. 1780

          Your Excellency’s favors of the 2d & 3rd instant & 31st Ulto have been duly received and laid before Congress.
          Herewith you will receive a Copy of an Act of the Senate and Assembly of New York of the 2d of March, together with an Act of Congress of the 4th Instant; by which you will be informed that Congress in

Compliance with the Desire of that Legislature have approved of their raising a Body of Eight hundred Militia for the Defence of that State to be entitled to Continental Pay and Rations and employed under the Direction of the Commander in Chief of the Continental Army for that Purpose.
          By the Act of Congress of the 5th Instant herewith enclosd you will observe that they approve of the Measures taken by your Excellency to reinforce the southern Army. I have the honour to be with the highest respect your Excelly’s hble servant

            Sam. Huntington President


Title: General Orders, 7 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To:

            Head-Quarters Morristown friday April 7th 1780
            Parole Uncle—  C. Signs—Toby. Trim—

          The Main Guard is to be relieved daily by divisions in rotation ’till further orders, and care must be taken that all troops warned for duty be furnished with provisions before they go on parade.
          Lord Stirlings division furnishes the Main Guard tomorrow.


Title: To George Washington from Joseph Bellamy, 7 April 1780
From: Bellamy, Joseph
To: Washington, George

            Sir
            Woodbury Connecticut Ap. 7. 1780

          The Tories with us are privately assured by their friends in New York, The Tories in vermont are assured by their friends from Canada, That there is above 20,000 British Troops in Canada, ready to Come down upon us, as soon as the Ice is gone off the Lake—they Believe the story—This I am assured of, that they privately profess & appear to believe it. I am Your Very Humble Sevt

            Joseph Bellamy


Title: From George Washington to Ephraim Blaine, 7 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Blaine, Ephraim

            Sir
            Head Quarters Morris Town 7th April 1780

          I find myself under the painful necessity of writing to you on the subject of our Provision supplies. The inclosed return of today comprehends the whole the Issuing Commissary has. Colo Dunham according to a return of th⟨e 6th⟩ of the stores under his direction, makes th⟨e whole⟩ of the meat kind amount only to 218 Barre⟨ls⟩ of Pork 20 Cattle & 11,030 lb. of Beef—the last in the neighbourhood of Camp—the Cattle above 40 miles off in Sussex & the Pork distributed in not less

than six places from thirty to sixty miles distance, and without any good prospect of its being brought on, or at least in season. This is all the meat I can hear of, both in and out of Camp, except some Pork said to be at Burlington, the quantity unknown; so that from the best estimate that can be formed we have only a certainty of supplies for four days, taking into the account the 11,030 Beef in the vicinity of Camp & the 20 Cattle and supposing part of the meat last Issued to the Troops may still remain in their hands. It is possible that some part of the Pork may be got in, in the course of that time, but if this should fortunately be the case, it can be of little avail. I have said nothing on the subject of Bread because the prospect as to this for the present, is not quite so alarming; but our supplies of this also ⟨c⟩laim your most active exertions. I shall ⟨e⟩xpect to hear from you and to be informed ⟨o⟩f the prospects you have, and that you will ex⟨ert ev⟩ery nerve for the Armys relief. I am Sr Your Most Obet servant

            Go: Washingto⟨n⟩


Title: From George Washington to the Board of War, 7 April 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Board of War

            Gentn
            Head Qrs Morris Town April 7. 1780

          I take the liberty to transmit the inclosed letter for Colo. Blane to Your care, as I do not know with certainty where he is. It is on the state of our provision Supplies, which is most alarming. By the Issuing Commissary’s Return of today and the Return of the State Superintendent Colo. Dunham—It appears that the whole of the provision of the meat kind which they both have in & in collecting distance of Camp, & supposing the Troops to have a good part of the last issues on hand—will only afford a scanty supply for Four days. Nor can I find from any inquiries I have made, that there is any certain or even a probable prospect of getting more in season. The Issuing Commissary Mr Gamble has none but what he has on hand nor Colo. Dunham any that he knows of, besides what is comprehended in the Return, of which I inclose a Copy. The 20 Cattle and the 11030 lb. of beef in this are considered as part

of the supplies for Four days. Mr Gamble the Issuing Commissary—on the 17th Ulto supposed the quantity of meat then on hand, might by a Scanty & economical allowance be extended to serve for about Forty days; but his supposition it appears now was very illy founded. The mistake he says arose from his calculating on the number of Casks in which it was instead of the meat itself, which had been killed from necessity to save forage & prevent the Cattle from starving during the severity of the Weather, and which, being intended for immediate use was put up very lightly, and fell very short of the complement in issuing it, which Casks of the same size otherwise packed generally yield. Another cause for the deficiency is—that some of it proved to be too bad to use from its leanness & owing to its being frozen when put up. Our prospect of Bread for the present is not quite so alarming but this too will require the greatest exertions. I am convinced the Honble Board will do every thing in their power to promote relief—and I shall only add that I have the Honor to be with sentiments of great respect & esteem [Your] Most Obedt st.