Title: From George Washington to Samuel Huntington, 10 July 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Huntington, Samuel

						Sir
						Head qrs near passaick [N.J.] July 10th 1780

					I now beg leave to inform Congress that since my Letter of the 4th, I have attended to their dispatches of the 25th Ulto by General Lincoln.
					At this time I do not think that the circumstances of the Campaign would admit, at any rate, an enquiry to be gone into respecting the loss of Charles Town, but if it were otherwise, I do not see that it could be made, so as to be completely satisfactory either to General Lincoln or the public, without some Gentlemen could be present, who have been acting in that quarter. This it seems, would be necessary on the occasion, and the more so as I have not a single document or paper in my possession, concerning the Departmt, by which the Court could be enabled to form a right conclusion in the case. Whenever the business can be undertaken, I should apprehend it will be requisite for the Court to have before them, such papers as Congress may have respecting the Department, and a Copy of the Instructions and orders they may have been pleased to give Genl Lincoln from time to time, and of their correspond⟨ences⟩ and besides these reasons against the enquiry at this time, General Lincoln being a prisoner of War, his situation it appears to me, must preclude one, supposing every other Obstacle were out of the question, untill he is exchanged. If Congress think proper, they will be pleased to transmit me such papers &c. as they may have, which may concern the matters of enquiry, that there may be no delay in proceeding in the business when other circumstances will permit.
					With respect to an exchange of prisoners—I most earnestly wish that Congress, apprised of our affairs in the fullest manner and of the prospects of the Campaign, had been pleased to determine the point themselves. But as they have not done it, and they have thought proper to refer it to me, I cannot but observe if motives of policy are ever to prevail over those of humanity, they seem to apply at present against a general exchange. As to Officers—their Exchange either on the

principle of equal rank or that of composition, where the former will not apply, confining the exchange on that of composition for Officers only, is favoured both by policy and humanity, and ther⟨efore⟩ in every point of light it is to be desired—and there is now a negotiation on foot between Us & the Enemy on the subject in consequence of a late proposition from them, for the exchange of all their Officers who are prisoners of War and for such of those of the Convention (Generals Phillips & Riedesel & their families excepted) as are in New York on parole, for an equal number of Ours of their rank and in order of their captivity, which if carried into effect will give relief to a few. But the exchange of the privates, tho strongly urged by humanity, would certainly be against us in a political view. It would throw into the Enemy’s hands a very respectable permanent augmentation to their present force, already great, while it would add but inconsiderably to ours; as no small proportion of the men we should receive, would not belong to the Army and Many who should at the time, would probably be soon released from it, by the expiration of their Inlistments. This is one among the innumerable ill consequences that result from short inlistments. Indeed if the case were otherwise and the whole of the privates the Enemy have to exchange were inlisted for the War, the advantages derived from an Exchange would not be equal at this time. These would be on the side of the Enemy, on the supposition that offensive operations will be prosecuted on our part; as every Man given them would in such case, be equal to Two received by us, on the lowest scale of calculation. These considerations seem to make the release of the privates ineligible for the present; but Congress will decide themselves with respect to the business. If they think that their exchange should be deferred, or if we should not be able to effect that of the Officers, I should hope every exertion our circumstances will authorise, will be made to render their situation easy and comfortable. They have a claim to this—and nothing in our power should be omitted to effect it.
					General Lincoln informed me when he arrived here, that from some correspondence which had passed between him & Sir Henry Clinton, he hoped his exchange might be effected for One of the Major Generals of the Convention, and for this purpose he wrote to him just before his departure for Boston with my approbation. The proposition falls within the principle of equality of rank by which exchanges between us hitherto have been conducted—and his release will not be injurious to the claims of any other Officer of Ours in captivity, and therefore it appeared to me, not objectionable. I hope it will be considered in the same light by Congress. I have the Honor to be With the greatest respect & esteem Yr Excellency’s Most Obedt servant

						Go: Washington

						P.S. I forgot to mention above, that one of the Enemy’s late propositions extends to an exchange of the Privates in New York. This I could not effect in the severe weather in the beginning of February; but a change of circumstances has since disposed them to think it expedient and to make the offer. They affect to place it on the mere footing of humanity.


Title: To George Washington from the Maryland Council, 10 July 1780
From: Maryland Council
To: Washington, George

						Sir,
						Annapolis 10th July 1780 In Council

					In consequence of the Resolutions of Congress; Letters from your Excellency and the Committee of Co-operation relative to Men, Money and the Supplies of Provisions, Horses and Waggons allotted to be furnished by this State, the General Assembly impressed with an adequate Idea of the Wants of the Army and the indispensible Necessity of providing in the most ample Manner for their Relief, feeling the Difficulties, that surround and embarrass your Excellency and impelled by that patriotic Zeal and Love of Independence which have actuated their Conduct upon every trying Emergency and anxiously Solicitous to free you from your peculiarly distressing Situation and to enable you to concert and execute a proper plan of Operations have passed the following Laws “An Act to procure Recruits &ca.[”] [“]a Supplement to the Act to procure Recruits &ca” [“]An Act to expedite the raising an Additional Battalion of Regulars[”] “An Act to procure a Supply of Salt Meat for the Use of the Army,[”] and [“]An Act to procure an Extra Supply of Provisions of the Bread kind also Waggons & horses &ca[”] Copies of which we have the Honor to transmit.
					We have appointed fit persons in the several Counties to carry these Laws into full Execution and have directed them to apprize the people of our Intention to make use of the Extraordinary Power of Seizure with which We are vested if they do not readily and chearfully furnish those

Articles so necessary for the Army. It is not in our power precisely to ascertain and explicitly advise you what will be the Effect of our Endeavors under these Laws; but we can with Confidence assure you that if the Abilities of our People and our utmost exertions are competent to the purposes intended to be effectuated by them, every thing required will be supplied as expeditiously as possible. We do not Apprehend a failure in our undertaking to raise an Additional Regiment within the time limited in Lieu of the Militia required but if it should happen they are to be ordered out to make up the Deficiency in the Manner directed and then We shall have it in our Power to assist Your Excellency with a Troop or more of Light horse composed of some of our most respectable Citizens.
					You will percieve by the enclosed Copy of “An Act to encourage the raising a Volunteer Troop of Light Horse &ca[”] that a number of Gentlemen in Baltimore Town have offered to form themselves into a Troop of Light Horse, and to furnish themselves at their own Expence; This laudable and disinterested Conduct, we hope will be emulated by the Gentlemen of the several Counties in this State.
					We shall constantly correspond with and inform your Excellency of the Success in the Execution of the enclosed Laws and give you full and speedy Intelligence of all Matters that may tend to promote the Interest of the United States and assist the Operations of this Campaign. We have the Honor to be, with the highest personal respect and Esteem, Your Excellency’s Mo. Obedt & Mo. Hble servt

						Tho. S. Lee


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General Samuel Holden Parsons, 10 July 1780
From: Parsons, Samuel Holden
To: Washington, George

						Dear General
						Danbury [Conn.] 10th July 1780

					I this Day receivd your Excellency’s Letter of the 29th of June; previous to which I had orderd the Drafts from the Troops of Horse within the State to join Sheldon’s Regiment until your Excellency’s Pleasure should be known, assuring them at the same Time that they were not to expect to act on Horseback unless the Service requird more Cavalry than were mounted already, and that I had no Reason to beleive that would be the Case. they expres’d their Willingness in every Respect to be treated as Dragoons mounted or dismounted and have no Objection to be armd as Infantry and doing that Duty in Case the dismounted Dragoons were orderd to the same Duty; under this Idea of their Duty I hope your Excellency’s Intentions have not been essentialy departed from.
					I really conceivd it necessary to take this Measure at the Time to prevent Consequences very disagreable; I was obliged to consult the Genius of my Countrymen lest I should damp that Ardor which seem’d to inspire all Ranks of Men to forward the Service; and as the Law of the State exempts the Cavalry from doing Duty as Infantry I found I should give great Disgust to the whole of the Horsemen (which are nearly Two Thousand) should the Drafts from them have been orderd to be incorporated in the Battalions of Foot—I therefore tho’t myself under a Degree of Necessity of ordering them to Sheldon’s Regt where they will be contented to be armd and do Duty as Infantry if necessary—under these Circumstances I hope to meet your Excellency’s Approbation in what I have done; they can still be orderd to join the Regiments of Foot, but I beleive it will be a Measure very disagreable to them.
					some unexpected Delays have prevented the Arrival of so many of the Recruits as I expected by this Time, having yet forwarded but about Two Hundred, but from the Information I have receivd I beleive the greatest Part of the first Draft of 1500 Men are now on their March for Danbury. I am with the greatest Respect yr Excellency’s Obed. Servt

						Saml H. Parsons


Title: From George Washington to Nathaniel Shaw, 10 July 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Shaw, Nathaniel

						Sir
						Head Quarters Bergen County 10th July 1780

					It is more than probable that we shall, in the course of our expected cooperation with our Allies, have occasion to make use of the Navigation of the Sound, for which reason we should have some of the most expert and trusty pilots engaged. I am recommended to apply to you Sir to undertake this business, which I am convinced you will cheerfully execute. You will have only need for the present, to fix upon certain Characters, and engage their promise to repair, at a moments [warning] either on board the Fleet, or to any place to which they may be

directed. They shall be amply paid for their time, should they go upon service. I am convinced I need make no apology for giving you this trouble. The occasion will be sufficient. I am with great Respect Sir Your most obt Servt

						Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Jonathan Trumbull, Sr., 10 July 1780
From: Trumbull, Jonathan Sr.
To: Washington, George

						Sir
						Lebanon [Conn.] 10th July 1780

					Upon the requisition of Congress and their Committee of Cooperation at Head Quarters, this State ordered 2500 men to be raised to compleat our battalions in the army to the number of 504 each—to join by the 15th inst. and to serve for the war, three years or six months—and in case that number should not be raised by voluntary enlistment—the compliment to be made up by peremptory detachment—to serve untill the last day of December next—Also have ordered 2520 men including the two State Regiments, commanded by Colonels Wells and Bebee, to be raised by voluntary enlistment—or peremptory detachment from the militia—to rendezvous at Danbury by the 15th instant, and to serve for three months from the time of their arrival there, as by the enclosed Acts of the General Assembly, and Resolves of the Governor and Council will be seen. The raising of the men is nearly compleated—and a great part on their march to join the army.
					This State, it is well known, is not a Country for grain, yet being desirous that nothing should be wanting on our part, that might possibly be done to promote the common cause, has resolved to comply with the requisitions, and are exerting ourselves to that purpose—Have ordered an illustration to be made of all the grain, flour &c. within this State, in order to know the quantity, and where it may be had; yet I would not have Congress depend on our supplying the whole quantity of flour and grain that is called for from us, for I fear, after all, we may fall short. The horses we shall purchase—shall procure the teams by hiring. The beef, rum, and bacon required of us monthly we shall probably be able to supply. Whether we shall be able to procure the whole quantity of Salt—cannot certainly determine—On the whole Congress may be assured this State hath, and will exert themselves to yield

punctual compliance with the requisitions, and that nothing but want of ability will occasion a failure in any particular.
					When writing the foregoing—I am honoured with yours of the 3d instant—Shall consult our Powder Manufacturers and give you notice of what they can do—This State have probably forty or fifty Tons of Musket and Cannon Powder in the whole on hand—how far may be spared on a full investigation of what we have, will inform soon. I have the Honour to be with every Sentiment of Regard and Esteem Your Excellency’s most Obedt & Very humble Servant

						Jonth; Trumbull


Title: From George Washington to Francis Van Dyke, 10 July 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Van Dyke, Francis

						Sir
						Head Quarters [Preakness, N.J.] 10th July 1780

					I have recd yours of the 22d 28th and 29th [of] last month—the intelligence contained in the two latter is very vague and uncertain, and so far as respects the Enemys ships of War at New York, exceedingly incorrect—If you cannot open a correspondence with the person in New York, it will not answer my purpose—for I can every day hear the Stories of ignorant people who come out and only bring such information as the enemy propagate with intent to decieve us—I have sent you three Guineas by the Bearer—& beg you will exert yourself in endeavouring to obtain intelligence from M. I am &ca.


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General Anthony Wayne, 10 July 1780
From: Wayne, Anthony
To: Washington, George

						Sir
						Camp at Totoway [N.J.] 10th July 1780

					It was but the evening before last that I had the honor of first seeing the General state of facts your Excellency was pleased to lay before the Council of War on the 6th Ultimo which I have given as mature a Consideration as time & Circumstances would permit.
					I find by a comparitive view of our present force with that of the Enemy after making proper allowances, for the change of Affairs by the reduction of Charles town & the reinforcement already arrived from that Quarter under Sr Harry Clinton—that they have a decided majority in their favor, the force of the enemy being nearly 11,000 effective rank & file of Regular troops & about 5,000 Militia refugees &ca &ca amounting in the whole to 16,000 rank & file—exclusive of Marines & sea men.
					the present strength of your Army taking in the Garrison of West Point is not more than 7,000 Effective’s—being reduced (in killed & wounded expiration of Inlistments, Desertion & other casualties—Incident to all armies) at least 1,000 men since your last estimate, so that Sr Harry Clinton has at this period in New York & it’s vicinity a land force more than double your numbers, in this estimate I have not taken in any of the recruits or Drafts that are expected from the respective States—but from the best Intelligence that I have been able to collect the number that may be expected under that description as a reinforcement to this Army will not exceed 7,000 men I ground this calculation upon the following proportion viz. New Hampshire 500[,] Massachusetts—2,500[,] Rhode Island. 300[,] Connecticut—1500 [,] New York—600[,] New Jersey—600[,] Pennsylvania 600[,] Dalewar State 200[.] a very great part of which will be extreme raw troops & arrive too late for us to Introduce a proper discipline before they may be called to Action—to counter balance this defect—the tories refugees & Militia with the enemy at New York will be nearly on an equal footing—so that our Number⟨s⟩ will then stand as 14,000 to 16,000 which leaves a balance still in favor of the enemy of at least 2,000 men.
					The assurances that his most Christian Majesty & the Court of France have given of their generous Intention of sending a respectable Land

& Naval force to act in conjunction with your army—& intirely under the Influence of American Councils, opens a most flattering prospect—which by a proper exertion of these States may produce a very Glorious Campaign—but the point to which we ought to direct our Operations, requires some reflection.
					there are three capital Objects that Immediately present themselves i.e. Canada, New York & Charles town, admit Canada to be the first—we are then to consider what force will be necessary for us to furnish in addition to the French fleet and Army—soposing the navy to consist of Eight sail of the Line with a few frigates—& the Land force of Seven thousand effective rank & file, well appointed and completely provided with all the proper Apparatus for such an Army—this force is not adequate to the reduction of that Country—it will require an addition of at least three or four thousand men from this Army—which ought to be sent on every motive of prudence & Policy—& those of the regular standing troops, who if fortunate would also be necessary to remain in Garrison there during the Winter which could not be expected from the Drafts, their time of service expireing in January—these must March by Land entering Canada near the conf[l]uence of the river Sorell with the St Laurence—the enemy being in possession of the Lakes will reduce us to the necessity of a long & tedious Land carriage—great part of the way thro’ a broken uncultivated & barren Country—which present, almost Insurmountable difficulties in the transportation of Cannon, Baggage, Provision & Stores absolutely necessary for such an expidition—it may be said that these are easily got over by sending them round by Water with the French fleet—to this may be Objected the state of our Magazines, which I believe are such as not to afford any large supply—as we are dependant upon the grain now growing for our Support in the fall—nor have we any right to expect meeting with provision in Canada—for altho’ the Canadians raise a considerable Quantity of Summer wheat, there are not Mills sufficient in that Country to manufacture it into flower—neither have they any more Cattle than what are absolutely necessary for their own consumption.
					these are facts, not founded upon heresay, or the Opinion of Others, but from my own knowledge & experience—I beg leave also to premise that we have little to expect from the Defection of the Canadians—those people will be very cautious how they Irritate the British a second time (i.e. the few that joined us in 75 & 76) especially whilst matters remain the least doubtful—with a powerful army in the heart of our own Country, & the possibility of the arrival of a superior fleet from England to that of France, during a seige that may be procrastinated longer than we expect—the Intervention of a fleet is also a matter of very serious

consequence to us—I well recollect the difficulty we experienced in Effecting a retreat from that Country in 76, when we had the entire possession of the Lakes—& have we nothing to apprehend from the exertions of Sr Harry Clinton—will he remain an Idle spectator at the Head of 16,000 men whilst we are Operating in a Distant Country—will he not rather push his fortune against a Debilitated army, & endeavour to possess West Point—destroy our Magazines & Desolate every part of the Country within his reach. & may he not attempt this with too great a probability of Success.
					for these reasons I am decidedly of Opinion that Canada is not the most eligible Object.
					some of these reasons, particularly the last, will Operate in full force—against an attempt for the Recovery of Charles town—until a more favorable Opening presents itself—I shall therefore only consider it a secondary, for the present.
					The greatest & most capital in its consequences is New York—an Object worthy the utmost exertions that America is capable of producing—& which from it’s happy position affords the most inviting Oppertunity of concentering our force—and by one great effort giving liberty to this Country, without hazarding those disagreeable consequences attending a misfortune in an Other Quarter.
					could the eyes of America be once opened to her true Interest—could the States be effectually rouzed from the Unworthy torpidity into which they have sunk—the reduction of the Garrisons of New York & it’s dependancies—Would not be attended with much difficulty—but from present appearances I fear our mode of Operation will be very circumscribed as it must be governed in a great degree by the Numbers we have in the field.
					I will suppose for the present that the Drafts & recruits, together with the french troops have formed a junction with the other part of Your army—we may then lay our whole force at about 20,000 rank & file—this number, tho’ sufficient to prevent an Insult—will not be equal to an Investiture, we therefore can’t do with less than 12,000 good Militia in addition, & those engaged for a certain term, not subject to a fluctuation which has too often, and may again commit us at a very critical juncture—and even this force will not be adequate to a Complete Investiture—for unless we had two Armies—each superior to the foe—the enemy by Concentering their force might find an opening to strike us in a divided state which they dare not attempt if we were united.
					I have not so just a knowledge of the Country immidiately in the vicinity of New York as to justify me in giving a Decided Opinion as to the most proper & exact point of attack—that will require a minute & close

Inspection—but from the General knowledge I have of Staten & Long Islands—& the probable strength we may have at the commencement of our Operations—I don’t think either very Eligible, altho’ they may have many real as well as appearant advantages—which the Intervention of a fleet from Europe might render very hazardous in the end.
					I therefore am of Opinion (grounded upon prudencial as well as Military principles) that we ought to begin our Operations against York Island by the way of [] and after Establishing ourselves on that Island & securing a safe retreat in case of accident—we may as circumstances present effect a lodgment on Long Island & take such a position as will facilitate the reduction of the Garrison by a combined attack from different points after securing a proper chain of Communication.
					I have given this Opinion on the presumption that our force will not exceed 30,000 or 32,000 Effectives—should we fortunately reach as high as 40,000 I would advise two Approaches to commence at the same time i.e. by the way of [] & Staten Island.
					I have only to add that whatever may be your decession—you will alway command the best services of your Excellency’s Most Obedt & very Hume Sert

						Anty Wayne


Title: General Orders, 11 July 1780
From: Washington, George
To:

						Head Quarters Pracaness Tuesday July 11th 1780

							Parole Hanover.
							 Countersigns Haerlem. HullWatchword Be Alert

					[Officers] Of the Day Tomorrow[:] Brigadier General Maxwell[,] Major Trescott[,] Brigade Major Bradford
					The General Court martial whereof Colonel Butler is president to sit tomorrow morning 8 o clock at the Place mention’d in yesterday’s after orders: The members are desired to be punctual in their Attendance.
					Mr Pomeroy Quarters at Mr Peter Doreamus’s on the Pumpton road.
					Major Reid is appointed Field officer of the Day for this day vice Major Torrey absent.

						After Orders
						The Order of the 12th of May last relative to exercising and Disciplining the Troops is to be strictly observed till further orders except the morning exercise to begin at 4 o clock and the Troops to exercise in the morning by regiments instead of Companies.
						The greatest Attention to be paid to the instruction of Recruits and

drafts agreeable to Chapter 5th of the regulations also the manœuvring Battalions instead of being detach’d from the Line to be furnish’d by Brigades in Battalions The 2d Pennsylvania and Hand’s brigades each give a Battalion of 96 files to be paraded half past 4 tomorrow morning at the usual place.
						Two Field officers from each of those brigades for this Duty. General Maxwell will command.
						Lieutenant Colonel Harmar is requested to attend the Discipline.


Title: To George Washington from Clement Biddle, 11 July 1780
From: Biddle, Clement
To: Washington, George

						Sir
						Camp Perackness July 11. 1780.

					I have applied to the Justices & to the Contractor appointed by the State for this County, to furnish pasturage and meadow Grounds for Cuting Grass in the Vicinity of the Army to subsist the horses, but I have received very little Assistance from them altho’ the Forage Masters have attended on them for many Days for the purpose.
					The Justices now declare to me that they cannot subsist the horses in this Neighbourhood any longer and it will be the same Case at every place where we may have Occasion to halt for some Time, as they conceive that they have no right to take more than each Farmer can conveniently spare and they commonly Consult the Owner on the Quantity.
					I have proposed to them to replace in hay from other parts of the County what may be taken from the Inhabitants near Camp, above what they can reasonably spare, or that they be allow’d an extra price equal to the hawling the same from where it may be had, but they say that the Inhabitants will not consent to this unless they see it must be taken from them without their Consents.
					The Forage Masters are now with me from several of the Brigades for directions how to act—Pasturage & Grass may be had within a few Miles of Camp to serve the horses for a week & leave the Farmers a part.
					If your Excellency should think it proper to issue a warrant for taking Pasturage Grass and Hay for the use of the Army within a limited

distance of the Encampments, it will be necessary to assure the Forage Masters who are to execute the same that they shall be justified in doing it, as many of them have been sued, confined and put to considerable Expence the last fall and Summer when acting under your Excellencys warrant.
					As the difficulties we now feel will frequently occur during the Campaign & we must for some time rely on the Grass and hay in the Country where we encamp for the Chief Subsistance of our horses I beg to have your Excellency’s directions thereon.
					I have already given a short state of the Grain Forage we may expect to General Greene which he has transmitted you a Copy of. I have the honour to be with great respect Your Excellencys Most Obedient & Very humle servt

						Clement Biddle C.G.F.


Title: To George Washington from the Board of Admiralty, 11 July 1780
From: Board of Admiralty
To: Washington, George

						Sir
						Admiralty Office Philadelphia 11th July 1780

					The Board have been duely honored with your Excellencys letter of the 29th May by Captain Van dyke which they deferred answering ’till an Opportunity offered for carrying your request into effect—they have now the pleasure to inform your Excellency that Captain Van dyke is appointed to command the Marines on board the Continental Armed Ship Saratoga. On the 6th of May the Board sent to your Excellency two pipes of Maderia Wine, should be glad to know if they have been received.
					On the 10th instant Congress directed the Board to deliver Colo.

Blaine 2 pipes Maderia with a quantity of french Wine for your Excellencys use—we have Accordingly delivered one pipe & 2 hogsheads of Maderia and Colonel Blaine has undertaken to procure the french Wine. I am yr Excellencys very Obedt & most Hble servant

						(Signed by order) Fras Lewis


Title: From George Washington to Patrick Dennis, 11 July 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Dennis, Patrick

						Hd Qrs Col. Deys house [Bergen County, N.J.]11th July 1780
						Sir

					Upon receipt of this you will be pleased to repair, to the station of rendezvous for the pilots in Monmouth, to which place Major Lee is ordered with his horse. Perhaps you may fall in with him. It is essential that no time be lost, as it comes from New-York, from tolerable authority that the French-fleet is near the coast. You will take with you the pilots which are near you. I am

						G. W——n


Title: From George Washington to William Dobbs, 11 July 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Dobbs, William

						Head Quarters 11th [July] 1780 Col. Deys house[Bergen County, N.J.]
						Sir

					Its coming from New-York, and from tolerable authority, that the french fleet have been seen, and are hourly expected, you will be pleased to repair to this place, with all practicable dispach, bringing with you, such pilots, as may be acquainted with the navigation into the Harbour of New-York. If these are not at hand or in perfect readiness you will not delay on this account, but direct them to follow you. I am sir your obt & hble servt

						Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Major General William Heath, 11 July 1780
From: Heath, William
To: Washington, George

						Dear General
						Providence July 11th 1780

					I was a few days Since honored with a Letter dated Head quarters Ramapaugh 29th June 1780 which from it’s Contents I apprehend to be from your Excellency although the Letter is Without Signature.
					I thank your Excellency for the assurances of Support in the Expences of my command here, and Shall pay due attention to your instructions respecting Colo. Green’s Regiment and the recruits.
					Every thing Seems now to be in a fair way for the reception and accommodation of the Fleet and Army of our illustrious Ally—Monsieur de Corny appears to be very much pleased.
					Your Excellency’s ordering me from Boston to this place prevented my pursuing those further measures which I intended for ascertaining the precise Situation of the Enemy at Halifax especially the Sending a person there for that purpose, which I was looking out for. On my leaving Boston I requested the Honorable Mr Bowdoin to make all further enquiry in his powe⟨r⟩ as he would have the best opportunity my removal preventing my doing of it. I think it necessary to mention this to your Excellency that you may know how the matter Stands as far as I have knowlege of it. I have a List of a number of good pilots for the Eastern Coast Should they be wanted. I have the honor to be With the greatest respect Your Excellency’s Most obedient Servt

						W. Heath


Title: To George Washington from Major General William Heath, 11 July 1780
From: Heath, William
To: Washington, George

						Dear General—
						Providence July 11th 1780

					A little before one o’Clock this morning an express arrived here from newport with advice that yesterday afternoon the long expected fleet of our illustrious Ally appeared off that place—that the Signals were all made and the fleet Standing in to the harbour when he was Sent off. I thought it my duty to give your Excellency this instant notice—As Soon as a particular Account can be obtained it shall be transmitted. I have the honor to be With the greatest respect Your Excellency’s Most obedient Servt

						W. Heath


Title: To George Washington from Colonel Alexander Scammell, 11 July 1780
From: Scammell, Alexander
To: Washington, George

						Sr
						Camp pracaness July 11nth 1780.

					I understand Major Edwards has prefer’d a Complaint against me, on which he has requested I should be orderd in Arrest; and as it regards my official Capacity, I must beg to be indulg’d with an Opportunity to have the matter fully inquir’d into, and determin’d upon by a general Court Martial of the Line. I have the Honor to be with The utmost Respect Yr Excellency’s Most Obedt Humble Servt

						Alexd. Scammell


Title: From George Washington to Major Benjamin Tallmadge, 11 July 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Tallmadge, Benjamin

						Dear Sir
						Head Quarters Bergen County 11th July 1780

					As we may every moment expect the arrival of the French Fleet, a revival of the correspondence with the Culpers will be of very great importance. If the younger cannot be engaged again, you will endeavour to prevail upon the elder to give you information of the movements and position of the enemy upon Long Island—as whether they are all confined to the post at Brooklyn, or whether they have any detached posts, and where, and what is their strength at those posts—in short desire him to inform you of whatever comes under his notice and which seems worthy of communication. You will transmit your letters to General Howe, who will forward them to me. I am Dear Sir Yr most obt Servt

						Go: Washington

						P.S. desire him to attend particularly to the provision which they are making of Wood and Forage—& whether they drive any stock within their lines.


Title: From George Washington to Jonathan Trumbull, Sr., 11 July 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Trumbull, Jonathan Sr.

						Head Quarters near Passaick Falls [N.J.]July 11th 1780
						Dr Sir,

					I beg leave to suggest to Your Excellency that it is a matter of great importance for me to be acquainted with our several Harbours—their depth of Water within and leading to them and all the difficulties & circumstances attending their navigation. at present this knowledge is more peculiarly essential with respect to the Eastern Ports & particularly in the instance of New London. In the course of our operations this Campaign and indeed immediately—this may be of the greatest use. I have therefore to entreat the favor of Your Excellency to furnish me by the earliest opportunity, with a correct map of that Harbour, in case you have one, describing in a particular manner the channel leading to it, from the Sound, with its depth & width and such obstacles & Shoals as may attend the navigation. If your Excellency should not be in possession of a map that will answer, I request that you will be so obliging as to procure me one as soon as it can be done—and if it should be requisite, even by an actual survey & sounding. I feel myself under no difficulty in asking this favor of Your Excellency, as you will perceive at once the necessity there is for my possessing the information, & as I know there is nothing in your power which will not be done with the greatest chearfulness that may in the least promote the Public cause—I have the honor to be with the most perfect esteem & regard—Dr Sir Your Mo. Obet Servant

						Go: Washington


Title: General Orders, 12 July 1780
From: Washington, George
To:

						Head Quarters Pracaness Wednesday July 12. 1780

							Parole Salem
							 Countersigns O: E.Watchword Prepare.

					[Officers] Of the Day Tomorrow[:] Brigadier General Hand. Major T. L. Moore[,] Brigade Major from Maxwell’s brigade
					A Collier from each Brigade except the 1st Pennsylvania to be sent to Major Bruen this Afternoon.
					The Post office is kept near the two Bridges.
					A Noncommissioned officer or Trusty soldier to be sent from each Guard that is included in the general Details to the Grand Parade at

Guard mounting every morning with a Report of the same and to serve as Guides to the New Guards.

						After Orders
						Captain McGowan is to do the Duty of brigade Major in General Hand’s Brigade ’till Lieutenant Colonel Commandt Butler’s health permits him to join his Regiment.


Title: From George Washington to Colonel David Forman, 12 July 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Forman, David

						Dear Sir
						Head Quarters Bergen County 12th July 1780

					I have recd your favr of the 9th and am obliged by your remarks and observations upon the most probable places of the enemy’s endeavouring to obstruct the passage into the harbour of New York—My accounts from thence announce the approach of the French Fleet, in consequence of which Maj: Lee moved down to Monmouth yesterday with his whole Corps of Horse to protect the pilots and to keep open the communication between me and the French Admiral and General upon their arrival—This will render the hiring of the persons you mention unnecessary. I am with great Regard Dear Sir y.


Title: To George Washington from Colonel David Forman, 12 July 1780
From: Forman, David
To: Washington, George

						Sir
						Freehold [N.J.] 12th July 1780

					I was Hond with your Ecelencys favr of the 10th This Morning Together with dispatches for His Excly the Count de Rochambout & the Chavelier de Turnay—Your Excly may depend on my takeing the Earliest opportunity of delivering the dispatches to His Excly The Count de Rochambout after Sending forward to Your Excellancy & Capt. Dennis An Acct of the Fleets Arrival.
					It would give me grate pleasure to have it in my power to give to Our Allies any Assistance—In the present situation of Affairs in this Country I fear little will be in my power.
					Should the Admiral stand in need of a Supply of Fresh provision and

Water—I do Imagine a Very pointed order from your Excly to Impress Provisions and Teams to draw Water will be absolutely Necessary—When Count de Estang Lay off shrewsberry he was exceedingly Imposed on in point of price & at best drew a Very small supply—the disaffection in Shrewsbury is Since that time grately Increased & Consequently will make the people more backward in furnishing Supplies than they ware in 1778—Yet I am Convinced that Several Hundred Sheep and Some Cattle might be taken from a Set of People who have at all times withheld Supplies from the American Army & are strongly suspected of sending provision to the Enemy.
					Since my letter of the 9th of this Inst. I have recd No Accts from the shoar—from which I take it for granted there is No appearance at Sea of any Fleet.
					I mentioned to your Excely when I was at Camp that Flags, Permits or pasports were frequently given from this County—I have now to add that the Militia Officers have Lately gone into Exchange of prisoners taken by them when on duty—for the Inhabitints that the refugee parties Take from there owen Houses or whilst about there Usual busines⟨s⟩.
					The Measure appears to me so replete with Evil That I should be wanting in my duty should I pass it unnotaced.
					To me it appears every Exchange made in that way is an Encouragement to that British mode of Man Stealing—and if once gone into will allways enable them to hold a large Ball[anc]e of prisoners against us. I have the Honr to be with Great regard Your Excellancyes Most Obdient Humble Servt

						David Forman


Title: To George Washington from Major General William Heath, 12 July 1780
From: Heath, William
To: Washington, George

						Dear General—
						Newport [R.I.] July 12th 1780

					I arrived here the last Night & this morning had the honor of congratulating Monsr le Compte de rochambeau, and monsieur le

chevalier de Terney on their Safe arrival in this harbour. The Fleet consists of Seven sail of the line—the duke de Burgogne of 80 Guns. le Neptune and le Conquerant of 74—le Jazon L’Eville—L’Ardent and Le Provence of 64—le Fantasque Hospital Ship of 64—mounts 40 Guns—two frigates and two Bombs—with about 5000 Land forces and 1000 marines. The inhabitants appear disposed to treat our Allies with much respect. The Town is to be illuminated this Evening by a vote of the Inhabitants—for myself, I am charmed with the officers. I have promised them every assistance in my power. Monsieur Rochambeau has desired me to publish an advertisement inviting the inhabitants to bring Small meats Vegetables &c. &c. to market & that they shall receive hard money in payment—this, the Compte intended with a good view to our Currency—I have told him it will have a different effect, and that even at a distance—I shall therefore only assure the farmers that they will receive a handsome price. I have the honor to be with the greatest respect Your Excellencys Most obedient Servant

						W. Heath

						P.S. Enclosed is Copy of a resolve of the General assembly of this State. I have ventured to grant a pardon to Such deserters from Colo. Green’s Regt as return by the first of Septr Next, (& hope it will meet your Excellencys approbation)—as some of the deserters are at a distance.

							W.H.


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General Henry Knox, 12 July 1780
From: Knox, Henry
To: Washington, George

						Dear Sir,
						Prakenis [N.J.] 12 July 1780.

					I take the liberty to transmit to Your Excellency the enclosed return, by which you may be enabled to see the number of artillery men wanting from each State, at one view.
					The service of the artillery, in case of a siege, will be so evidently extensive, that it would be unnecessary to say any thing to Your Excellency on the importance of having the corps filled up from the recruits that are expected from the respective states. To have a proportion of the recruits from the states assigned to the companies, previous to their being incorporated into any regiment, will prevent that disgust which will certainly arise if the regiments should be drafted to make up the deficiencies of the corps. I have the honor to be with the highest respect and attachment Your Excellency’s most obedient servant

						H. Knox.


Title: To George Washington from the Massachusetts Council, 12 July 1780
From: Massachusetts Council
To: Washington, George

						State of Massachusetts BayCouncil Chamber Boston July 12. 1780
						Sir,

					Your Letter of July 4th is now under Consideration & are not a little mortified that such is the State of the public Magazines with respect to Powder an Article so essential to our Operations. We are disposed to afford every Degree of Aid in our power, The Quantity now in our Magazines that we can reasonably supply is Ten Tuns. There are in this State three powder Mills which can Manufacture upon an Average Two Tuns ⅌ Week ’till our Materials are exhausted which are only sufficient to manufacture about Thirty Tuns—The Quantity in the Hands of the Merchants amounts to about fifteen Tons, should it be needed, Your Excellency will give Orders for the immediate purchase thereof.
					Should it be thought expedient that the powder Mills should Manufacture the Materials on hand into Powder for the United States Your Excellency will give the necessary Information that there may not be any delay in a Business that may be important.
					We have been thus particular in stating our Circumstances with respect to Powder & Materials for the Manufacture thereof that Your Excellency might be fully possessed of the Aid that Can be drawn from this State on Occasion so interesting to This & the United States.
					We have not been able with the greatest exertion to procure Returns from the several Towns in this extended State ascertaining the Numbers marched to fill our Battalions, yet we again assure You that no endeavours have been wanting to compleat the Number; & e’er this reaches You, large Numbers must have arrived in Camp, The Militia also as requested are on their March to Claverack from many Towns in the State, & we cannot doubt of the Arrival of the whole there before the 25th of the currt Month. Your Excellency will not fail to fix your Plan of Operation, as tho’ our Men & supplies were this moment under your Command, for be assured they shall be supplied & furnished, & that with the greatest Expedition.
					This Board have taken every step Time would afford, to inform You what Number of Seamen could be obtained from this State, & on what Terms, but as yet cannot satisfy You on that Subject. The Continental Frigates lost at Charlestown were manned from this State, which have drained us of Seamen, The Dean Frigate now in this Harbour unmanned, Should you state the Terms & instruct the Continental Navy Board to procure Seamen That Board could soon inform You of the Prospect of Success. In the Name & behalf of the Council I am, With the highest Esteem, Your Excellencys Most Obedt & very humble Servt

						James Bowdoin Presidt

						P.S. We have the Satisfaction to announce the Arrival of the French Fleet in the Harbour of Rhode Island—Intelligence thereof being this Moment received from Genl Heath now in Providence.


Title: From George Washington to John Mercereau, 12 July 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Mercereau, John

						Sir
						Head Quarters Bergen County 12th July 1780

					I last night recd yours of the 8th with the two letters from your correspondent in New York—desire him to enquire very particularly into the truth of Allens having been in, and if he finds it to have been so, to endeavour to find out the plan of operations concerted between him and the enemy in New York—Inclosed you have the several matters which I would wish to be informed of just now—The following is what the person who goes over may communicate to General Skinner—That the Army lays here and at West point—that their numbers at both places are now between 8 and 9000 as Recruits begin to join, but that they do not come in so fast as we wished and expected—That the pilots give very discouraging accounts of being able to carry the heavy french ships into the Hook—If that cannot be effected either Canada or south Carolina will be immediately attempted—Certain accounts are received from the West Indies of the arrival of twelve spanish and four french ships of the line with 12000 land forces—their object was not known, but they were to rendezvous at Martinico—I do not at present recollect any further. I am &.

						P.S. There seems to be a doubt whether there is more than one ship of the line at New York the Europa of 64 Guns—Be pleased to know with certainty whether there is another.


Title: To George Washington from Lieutenant General Rochambeau, 12 July 1780
From: Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de
To: Washington, George

							Monsieur.
							A Newport, rhode-island. 12 juillet. 1780

						Les ordres du roy mon maitre m’ammenent aux ordres de votre excellence, j’y arrive avec toute La Soumission tout Le zele et toute La

veneration que j’ai pour votre personne et pour Les talents distingués que vous montrez a Soutenir une guerre a jamais memorable.
						Depuis Le depart de Mr De La Fayette, il nous est arrivé beaucoup de contradictions. Le Depart de Mr De Guichen avoit degarni Le Port de Brest de vaisseaux de Transport. Les ordres ont été donnés des Le mois de Fevrier de Les remplacer par des convois du Havre, de St. Malo, et de Bordeaux. Les deux premiers ports ont été bloqués par une petite escadre Anglaise, celui de Bordeaux a eu Les memes vents contraires qui nous ont retenu si longtemps en rade. Le roy s’est decidé a me faire partir avec une premiere division, dans Laquelle j’emmenerois tout ce qu’il seroit possible d’embarquer a Brest. La Marine royale m’a aidé de tous ses moyens, et nous sommes parvenus a etre en rade Le 14. avril, avec 5. mille hommes, artillerie de campagne, artillerie de Siege et autres effets en proportion. Les vents contraires ne nous ont permis de sortir que Le 2. may, et pour Les details de notre route, permettez moi pour ne pas allonger cette Lettre de vous prier de Lire copie du compte que j’en rends aux ministres de France, cy joint. No 1.
						Nous voila, Monsieur, arrivés a vos ordres. j’y ai reçu Les differentes Lettres du 19, 23 may et 23 juin de Mr De la Fayette. Les circonstances du retour de Clinton et d’Arbuthnot ayant changé depuis Les premieres, je Suivray Les derniers ordres que vous m’adressez par celle du 20. juin et m’occupe de mon debarquement a Newport dans rhodeisland. Le Ch. de Ternay a desiré qu’en attendant Le moment ou nous pourrons operer, nous nous soutenions respectivement dans ce poste ci. J’y vais camper Newport derriere moi occupant toute La pointe de l’isle du coté de L’ennemi, Le Ch. de Ternay mouille dans Le port et va etablir un poste et des batteries dans l’isle de Connenicut. Dans cette position, nous y defierons toutes Les forces Anglaises. Un Long sejour en rade a Brest, une Longue traversée nous à donné bien des maladies, mais fort peu de dangereuses, et trois semaines de sejour a terre nous Les rendra sains et bien portans. Dans Le meme temps, je m’occupe avec Mr De Corny, qui d’apres Les ordres de votre excellence a fait tous Les preparatifs qu’il a pu, a faire arriver Les Chariots pour Les vivres, pour Les bagages Les chevaux pour monter quelques officiers, et s’il est possible du moins, une centaine de houzards de Lauzun, et j’espere que dans un mois, nous serons en etat d’operer suivant Les ordres de votre excellence. Dans cet intervale, j’espere que La 2de division de France sera arrivée, ou que nous aurons du moins nouvelle de son depart. Le roy m’a charge personnellement d’assurer votre excellence qu’il secourrira ses alliés de tout son pouvoir, que cette avant-garde cy sera soutenue de toute sa puissance, et La preuve La plus forte que je puisse vous en donner, est, que toute L’armée etoit prete a embarquer a Brest Le 1er d’avril, si Les vaisseaux de transport eussent eté en assez grand nombre, que Lors de mon depart, Mr du Chaffault etoit en rade

avec beaucoup de vaisseaux et que L’on n’attendoit que L’arrivée du convoy de Bordeaux pour nommer La 2de escadre qui escortera La 2de division. il est superflu de dire a votre excellence que japporte Les fonds pour payer argent comptant tout ce qui sera necessaire a L’armée du roy, et qu’elle y vivra en aussi bonne discipline que sous Les murs de Paris. Le General Heath m’a rejoint ce matin ici. Je trouve ceci fort degarni de toutes especes de provisions, et Les habitants y etoient toujours en crainte d’y voir revenir L’ennemi. Le General heath a envoyé partout dans Le Continent faire part de notre arrivée, de La discipline que nous tiendrons et du payement en argent comptant, je ne doute pas que d’ici a quelques jours, il ne s’etablisse ici un marché abondant, je joins a cette Lettre copie de mes instructions, meme de mon instruction secrette ne voulant avoir aucun secret pour mon General. Je suis avec respect, Monsieur, de votre Excellence, Le tres humble et tres obeissant Serviteur.

							Le comte de Rochambeau

						Je joins ici L’ordre de Bataille de cette iere division.


Title: To George Washington from Major General Arthur St. Clair, 12 July 1780
From: St. Clair, Arthur
To: Washington, George

						Sir
						Camp at Parckeniss July 12th 1780

					The Fleet having entered the Bay of New York, and that City being the Object, it appears necessary to pass some Vessels of Force through the Narrows in order to oblige the Ennemy to discover their Intention with regard to Staaten Island. If they do not mean to keep Possession of it the Garrison will be instantly withdrawn. But it may be that they may chuse to sacrifice some Part of their Troops on that Island with a View to retard your Operations. In either Case, I think, the Island must be taken Possession of, and a Junction formed upon it with the French Troops; the Debarkation of which may, if the Ennemy keep Possession be so regulated as to be made at the same Instant that such a Part of this Army as your Excellency shall think proper crosses to it; which will

necessarily induce a Division of their Force, and render the Resistance feeble against both, or reduce them to suffer you to Land without Opposition.
					The commencing our Operations from Staaten-Island will save so much Transportation that it is an Object of Consequence. The Passage from thence to Long-Island is not often difficult; and its Shores are, in many Places suited to the landing of Troops, particularly along the Bay side from New-Urecht by Gravesend and Flat-Lands to the Bottom of Jamaica-Bay, when the Wind is at or betwixt the North and West.
					The Army being once established upon Long Island the Investing the Ennemys Post at Brooklyn, and its Reduction, follows of Course if they do not previously give you Battle; which, from whatever Quarter the Operations proceed, I am persuaded they will endeavour to do; But this is a Reason why I would prefer throwing the Army, or at least the greatest Part of it, over from Staaten-Island to Long-Island, as that Country does not present many Advantages to them, and you may possess yourself of the most favourable Position, (if my Recollection of that Country is right) on the high Grounds from Flat-Bush across to the East River by Bedford—If they give you Battle there, and are worsted the Reduction of all their Posts is forwarded—and I believe the City may be very much annoyed during the Operations against Brooklyn—the Works there carried, it is no longer tenable.
					Another Reason why I would prefer operating upon Long-Island is, that there is not so great a Probability of a vigorous Resistance at the entering upon it, as upon York Island; for there are so many landing Places that the Ennemy may be held in great doubt about those you mean to make use of, supposing they have discovered your general Design; and the Country is by no means so favorable to them as York Island. and in order to prevent them from opposing it with their whole Force a Body of eight thousand Men, or more as Circumstances shall require, may be drawn down towards Morrisiana, which will oblige them to keep a Force in that Quarter sufficient, at least, to resist any Undertaking they may suppose them equal to; or leave open the principal Passage to York Island. These together with the Garrison of Paulus Hook and Brooklyn cannot be less than five or six Thousand, which deducted from their gross Numbers, will so much reduce them as to give little probability of Success to an Attempt upon your main Body acting on Long Island. Besides if Boats are collected in the East River, which, were it only to amuse the Ennemy, there must be, any Part of that Force about Morrisiana may occasionally be thro⟨wn⟩ over. At any Rate a Body sufficient to restrain their Forage⟨rs⟩ must be posted somewhere thereabouts.
					But suppose the Post at Brooklyn carried, Possession is still to be obtained of York Island—It will however then be easier, as the Ennemy

must of Necessity abandon the City, and we shall have the Command of the Shores of both Rivers. from thence they will probably retire to the high Grounds in front of Mr Watts’s House where an exceeding strong Camp may be formed, and there wait, in hopes of Relief, untill the most irresistible of all Assailants, Famine, humbles their Pride and obliges them to sue for Terms.
					It is not improbable that in Course of our Operations the City of New York will be destroyed—indeed I have very little Doubt that it would be the most speedy way of reducing them as the greatest Part of their Magazines must go with it; and it may be worthy Consideration if it should not be aimed at.
					These are my general Ideas on the Subject supposing the Command of the Water certain—but it is easy to take Towns upon Paper—Should there be any probability that the Command of the Water may be lost, The Army should not be ventured upon long Island. It will be necessary that some Frigates be in the Sound. I have the Honour to be Your Excellencys most obedient Servant

						Ar. St Clair


Title: From George Washington to Abraham Skinner, 12 July 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Skinner, Abraham

						Sir
						Head Qrs [Preakness, N.J.] July 12. 1780

					Inclosed You will receive a Copy of a Letter from Mr Loring, the British Commissary of prisoners, to Yourself, of the 21st of last Month, which was transmitted me by Major General Phillips while You were absent from the Army. You will perceive by this, that Sir Henry Clinton has proposed, an exchange of All the British and German prisoners of War in our hands (by which I understand from the subsequent part of the Letter that Officers are only meant) according to the certified Lists

settled between Mr Loring & Mr Beatty at Amboy—and also of such Officers of the Troops of Convention as are in New York on parole, except Major General Phillips & Major General de Riedesel and such Officers of their Families as they may chuse to retain with them, for an equal number, rank for rank, of the prisoners of War in their hands on Long Island, including such as are at home upon their paroles and who have violated their paroles, in due order of their capture; and that Sir

Henry Clinton has agreed to exchange Lt Colo. Ramsay for Lt Colo. Conolly. I accede most chearfully to these propositions under the restrictions after mentioned—and regret that Your business at Philadelphia has delayed for some days, the necessary measures being taken to carry them into execution. You will therefore pursue immediate Steps for bringing forward All the Officers, prisoners of War in our hands, to Elizabeth Town, and will effect their exchange as well as that of the Convention Officers in New York, save those excepted above, on the terms proposed. You will inform Mr Loring immediately of our agreeing to their proposal on this head—and that their Officers will be sent in as soon as possible.
					With respect to the proposition for the exchange of privates—You will request Mr Loring to favor You with a List of their names—of the Corps & Regiments to which they belong—and of the place and manner of their capture, after which You will receive further instructions on the subject.
					The Exchange of Lt Colo. Ramsay may not perhaps be in the order of Capture, but the State of Maryland insisting on it for Lt Colo. Conolly whom they took & claim as their prisoner, it must be made.
					That there may be no misunderstanding in this business—transmit Mr Loring in time, A List of Our Officers whom we are to receive from them in exchange, in which You will take care not to mention Any of those for whom we do not consider Ourselves accountable, either because they have not been determined Violators of parole, or been allowed as proper Subjects of Military capture.
					Lt Governor Hamilton & the Officers taken with him at Detroit can’t be comprehended in the exchange, as his rank is not settled, and they are under the direction of the state of Virginia.
					With respect to the Officers taken in the Eagle packet—the former propositions concerning them must be adhered to. Colo. Webb must be released for them the first on the proper ratio—and the remainder be applied to the relief of Others as formerly directed. I am sir Yr Most Obedt St

						Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Jonathan Trumbull, Sr., 12 July 1780
From: Trumbull, Jonathan Sr.
To: Washington, George

						Sir
						Lebanon [Conn.] 12th July 1780

					Majr Murnan hath been preparing Fascines Gabions &c. at Stamford and Norwalk—he came to me the 9th—have thought best to instruct him to come to Connecticut River; at several places on the river to go on with the Work—and have order’d about One thousand men of the new raised militia—viz. of the 1520 go to the work at Chatham, Chester, and Hadlime on that river ’till further Orders.
					Congratulate Your Excellency on the appearance of the French Fleet off Block Island & standing into the harbour of Newport. I am, with Esteem & Regard Your Excellency’s Most Obedient humble Servant

						Jonth; Trumbull


Title: From George Washington to the Committee at Headquarters, 13 July 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Committee at Headquarters

						Gentlemen,
						Head Quarters [Preakness, N.J.] July 13 1780

					We have received intelligence through different channels from New York, that The Guadaloupe had arrived there on sunday morning, and brought an account that she had fallen in with a large French fleet consisting of several sail of the line and a number of transports between the Capes of Virginia and Delaware. This intelligence has every appearance of authenticity; and, if true, the arrival of the fleet on the coast may instantly be looked for. This indeed must be the case at any rate from the time, they are said to have sailed.
					It cannot be too much lamented, that our preparations are still so greatly behind-hand. Not a thousand men that I have heard of have yet joined the army; and in all probability the period for commencing our operations is at hand. I am happy to learn, that a spirit of animation has diffused itself thoughout the states, from which we may expect the happiest consequences. But the exigency is so pressing that we ought to multiply our efforts to give new activity and dispatch to our measures—levying and forwarding the men, providing the supplies of every sort required: forage and transportation demand particular attention. After what had been precon[c]erted with The Honorable The Congress, after two month’s previous notice of the intended succour; if our allies find us unprepared and are obliged to wait several weeks in a state of inaction, it is easy to conceive how unfavourable the impressions it will make of our conduct. Besides this, the season is exceedingly

advanced—a decisive enterprise, if our means are equal to it, will not permit us to lose a moment of the time left for military operations, which, if improved with all the vigor in our power, is less than were to be wished for an undertaking of so arduous and important a nature. So much is at stake—so much to be hoped—so much to be lost—that we shall be inexcusable, if we do not employ all our zeal and all our exertion. With the highest respect and esteem, I have the honor to be Gentlemen Your most Obedt & humble servant

						Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Major General Nathanael Greene, 13 July 1780
From: Greene, Nathanael
To: Washington, George

						Sir
						Precaness July 13th 1780.

					There are two points at which the operations may commence, Mor rissiana and Staten Island both of which have some peculiar advantages. Morrissiana is well situated to form a regular communication, by a chain of batteries, either with Long Island or York Island; and also for collecting our force, ⟨a⟩s the greater part of it is expected from the Eastward. It has this other advantage, that as the advances may be made with certainty, a retreat will be provided for with security. But the approaches this way, from the nature and make of the country must be slow, and from the chain of batteries which we shall be obliged to erect, will furnish the Enemy with the clearest evidence which way ⟨we⟩ intend to direct our operations, and consequently ⟨g⟩ive them every advantage of opposing us in our ⟨a⟩pproaches.
					Collecting our force at Morrissiana will naturally produce a consumption of all the forage in the surrounding country, which will be a distressing circumstance in the progress of our after operation⟨s⟩ as there must necessarily be a great land transportation, and as all things coming from the eastward must move upon this very route, where we shall destroy the forage. It will be difficult also to collect a sufficient number of boats in the eastern sound to convey the troops to the Islands, unless we cart those on the North river to Morrissiana o⟨n⟩ carriages; which will be a difficult and tedious piec⟨e⟩ of business should the Enemy run up one or two of their vessels near to King’s ferry and oblige us to move the boats from that place by land. Even the boats which we may expect from the eastward, there may be a difficulty in getting through the sound, should the Enemy station two vessels of force near new-city-Island. The rapidity with which the tide runs through hell-gate will be another difficulty attending these operations. The transportation of Cannon and other heavy articles where there is such a quick current interspersed with whirl pools, will be attended with no small danger. Could our shiping clear the North river, and the eastern sound as far as hell gate, it would remove many embarrassments which I foresee will otherwise retard, and may by some unluky accident frustrate our operations.
					Should the Enemy determine to oppose us in our approaches upon Long Island as well as upon York Island, it will be somewhat difficult to effect a landing even under cover of our batteries, as they may erect counter works, and the navigation being so difficult & only practicable at particular periods of the tide, they will have great advantages over us in the operations. I make no doubt these difficulties may be

surmounted, but it will be attended with delay, and perhaps with the loss of some men.
					For these reasons I would prefer making our approaches by the way of Staten Island and landing under cover of our Shiping upon Long Island. But to warrant this plan of operations there ought to be a decided superiority in the Navy, and our land forces should also be quite superior to the Enemy’s collective force. For tho’ the Enemy may not draw out all their strength to attack us on our landing, yet it is possible they may put it to the hazard.
					If we make good our landing this way, it will draw off the Enemies force from the uper part of York Island, and give us an opportunity to establish ourselves before their lines many days sooner than if we were to begin by the way of Morrissiana. The greater part of our supplies coming from the Southward this plan will also lessen the expence of transportation.
					As we cannot determine positively before the arival of the fleet, what shiping we shall have, or whither it will be superior to that of the Enemy, and as we shall also be in suspence for a long time respecting our land force; I would recommend so soon as we can collect sufficient strength, taking a position near Closter and establishing a good redoubt and battery there, to form a communication across the North-river, should we be obliged to operate on the Morrissiana route. It is possible by establishing batteries on each side of the river, the Enemy’s shiping may be kept at such a distance as to enable us to cross both our troops and stores coming from the Southward, which will be a great point gained. Before I determined upon this plan I would send persons of judgment to view the river and ground upon this side.
					If the plan is found practicable we shall be in an eligible situation for beginning our operations either at Morrissiana or Staten Island, as the strength of the Navy and number of land forces may direct our choice hereafter. I am with great respect Your Excellency’s Most Obedient Humble Servant

						Nath. Greene


Title: To George Washington from Major General Robert Howe, 13 July 1780
From: Howe, Robert
To: Washington, George

						Dear Sir
						Highlands [N.Y.] 13th July 1780

					The Returns of the Connecticut Brigades were not sent because Genl Huntington said he had given in a Field Return just before He set off for this Post—& that of the first Massachusetts was left out in making up the Packet by Mistake—some small Alterations having happened in that Regiment, a fresh Return is now transmitted.
					No Recruits have as yet arrived but from the States—of Massachusetts

& Connecticut—A Report of the Former I inclose you, & of the latter about one Hundred & twenty are come on.
					I am much dissapointed, & I doubt not you Sir will be concerned that so few old Soldiers have returned to us—they do not as yet bear a greater Proportion than of one to thirty—This Sir strongly impresses the Necessity of immediately training & disciplining them—& if that is done, to put them on Fatigue will be impossible, indeed, Sir I find such a general Want of maneuvring in the Soldiers of every Sort, that if every Kind of Fatigue but that of Fascines, Picketts, Gabions & offensive Apparatus was suspended, I persuade myself Service would be benefitted by it—The Baron & every Genl Officer at this Post are strongly of that Opinion—& indeed I coincide with them so Heartily that I have ventured to mention it to your Excellency—To take the Field with Troops who have had no Discipline, or with those who have in great Measure lost it would not be so eligible—& as this Post can be in no Danger while we are in Advance & may be completed slowly by those who are to Garrison it, I hope my Proposal may not be disapprov’d by your Excellency.
					I have directed Col. Lamb to call for two or three thousand Stand of Arms from Albany, as they will I hope be almost immediately wanted here & if not may be removed to those Places where they are—I have ordered Col. Jackson’s Officer to have his Proportion of Men, when weaker Regiments are brought up to the Level of his, & have promised every Measure to hasten up Recruits.
					Having had an Account not very flattering respecting the Activity of the Militia & State Troops of Connecticut in getting Fascines I shall write to Governor Trumbull upon the Subject—requesting him to spirit up his Officers to exert themselves in assisting Major Mornon which will have probably more Effect, than writing to them myself. An Emissary from Long Island informs me, that ’tis currently talk’d that more than one Dispatch Vessel had arrived at New York, giving Notice of the Approach of the French Fleet—which corroborates the Account of the Frigate.
					Deserters are continually coming in, who say that a pretty general Desire to desert prevails among the Troops of all Sorts—& some likely British having come in, I am induced to believe it true.
					I hear the Enemy have not been very successfull in their Forage Scheme. I am Dear Sir with the highest Respect your Excellency’s most obedient

						Robt Howe

						P.S. since I wrote the above, a few Recruits have arrived to the Connecticut Division & I inclose a Return of the whole.


Title: From George Washington to Lieutenant Colonel Jonathan Johnson, 13 July 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Johnson, Jonathan

						Sir
						Head Quarters near Passaic Falls [N.J.] July 13. 1780

					I have received yours of the 8th Inst. together with the resignations of Capt. Lacey & Lieut Palmer.
					At such a period at this, after the Army has actually taken the field, when the Battalions will probably be recruited to the establishment, and officers of experience & reputation will be extreamely necessary; No reasons, but those arising from the most absolute necessity can justify any one in asking a dismission from the Service.
					Under these circumstances I wish you to use your utmost influence with the Gentlemen in question, not to insist on a discharge before the conclusion of the Campaign—The situation of affairs, the good of the service, and their own personal reputation will strongly enforce your request.
					If after all that can be said they persist in their resolution of leaving the service—their resignations will be accepted. I am Sir Your Most Obedt Servt.


Title: To George Washington from Caesar Rodney, 13 July 1780
From: Rodney, Caesar
To: Washington, George

						Sir,
						Dover [Del.] 13th July 1780.

					I heretofore informed you that the several Matters recommended by your Excellency and the Committee of Co-operation, as well as those recommended by Congress were laid before the General Assembly, and since they adjourned wrote your Excellency how far they had complied with the several Requisitons, but I find by your Letter of the 30th Ulto I have not been sufficiently explicit with Respect to filling up the State Regiment to the Number of 504 Rank and File. I am sorry to inform you that the Legislature have no[t] otherwise complied therewith than by appointing Persons within the State to the Recruiting Service, owing, as I am informed by some of the Members, to the Regiment’s being to the Southward.
					I have appointed the Officers and issued Orders for assembling the Regiment directed to be raised from the militia of this State, and am in Expectation that they will be at the Place of Rendezvous by the Time assigned in your Letter of the 30th Ulto; however I am of Opinion that the great Bounties given for men to fill this will effectually prevent our recruiting in future the State-Regiment, which I am persuaded is of much more Importance.
					You will find by the Act for furnishing Suppl⟨ies⟩ of Provisions, Forage &c., the General Assembly have invested me with certain Powers for the more speedy obtaining the same, which Powers your Excellency may be assured I shall vigorously and steadily exert for the Good of the Service. I am, Sir, with every Sentiment of Esteem & Respect, Your Excellency’s most obedient humble Servant

						Cæsar Rodney


Title: General Orders, 14 July 1780
From: Washington, George
To:

						Head Quarters Pracaness Friday July 14th 1780

							Parole Tartary.
							 Countersigns Tweed: Wolfe.Watchword Bravery.

					[Officers] Of the Day Tomorrow[:] Colonel Jackson[,] Lieutenant Colonel De Hart[,] Brigade Major McGowen
					Colonel Spencer is appointed to superintend the Hospitals in Jersey He will call at the Orderly Office for Instructions.
					Two Battalions of Eighty files each to parade at the usual time on the

manœuvring Parade from Maxwell’s and Stark’s Brigades under the command of Brigadier General Hand. Two Field Officers from each of these Brigades for this Duty Lieutenant Colonel Barber to attend the Discipline. The Sub Inspectors will in future attend the Discipline in Turn.
					No more Rum to be drawn for the Guards or Picquets except in rainy Weather.
					It was omitted in the General Order of the 18th of June last to mention that the Adjutant General and his Assistants are to wear a Red and Green Feather in their Hats and the uniform of their Corps.
					It is expected that the Order referred to above will be carried into immediate execution.


Title: From George Washington to Major General Nathanael Greene, 14 July 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Greene, Nathanael

						D. Sir
						Hd Qrs [Preakness, N.J.] 14th July 1780

					You will be pleased to send Mr Olney to New London to receive the arms Cloaths and ammunition which is expected there by the French fleet. They will probably be convoyed by a frigate, or two—to the Captain of which Mr Olney will apply with the Inclosed Letter. He will take measures to have them fowarded to the army with all possible expedition, by applying to the Magistrates to impress waggons and by every other expedient He can employ. I send you a letter to Gr Trumbull requesting the assistance of His authority; but Mr Olny should be doing every thing he can in the mean time—You will send on the letter by an express with orders to make all the dispatch possible that the Governor’s orders may meet Mr Olney on his arrival at New London. I consider it as of very great importance that these articles should arrive with the army as soon as possible—Mr Olney in his way may call upon General Parsons for his advice and ⟨a⟩id. I am Sir Yr most Obedt ser.

						P.S. I wish the ready made Cloaths and about ten thousand of the arms to be first forwarded—the materials for cloathing can succeed & lastly the remainder of the arms.


Title: From George Washington to Samuel Huntington, 14 July 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Huntington, Samuel

						Sir
						Head Quarters Bergen County July 14th 1780

					I have the honor to inform Congress that I have this moment received a letter from Major General Heath dated Providence the 11th informing that the afternoon of the 10th the French fleet arrived off Newport—that the signals of recognizance had been made and the fleet was standing in to the harbour when the express came away.
					I congratulate Congress on this important event, and entreat them to press every measure in their power to put us as soon as possible in a Condition to begin the intended cooperation with vigor and efficacy.
					I inclose a plan which in conjunction with the Inspector General I have framed for the consideration of Congress—It is indispensable the department should be put in full activity without loss of time—the speedier the decision the better. A large additional allowance at least nominally for the Inspectors is proposed but it is a very imperfect compensation for the additional trouble, and unless some extra privileges and emoluments attend the office it will not be undertaken by Officers of Rank and abilities. I have the honor to be With the highest respect Your Excelleny’s Most Obedt humbe servant

						Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Esther De Berdt Reed, 14 July 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Reed, Esther De Berdt

						Madam,
						Head Qrs in Bergen Cty [N.J.] 14th of July 1780.

					I have received with much pleasure—but not till last night—your favor of the 4th specifying the amount of the subscriptions already collected for the use of the American Soldiery.

					This fresh mark of the patriotism of the Ladies entitles them to the highest applause of their Country. It is impossible for the Army, not to feel a superior gratitude, on such an instance of goodness.
					If I am happy in having the concurrence of the Ladies, I would propose the purchasing of course Linnen, to be made into Shirts, with the whole amount of their subscription. A Shirt extraordinary to the Soldier will be of more service, and do more to preserve his health than any other thing that could be procured him; while it is not intended, nor shall exclude him, from the usual supply which he draws from the public.
					This appears to me, to be the best mode for its application, and provided it is approved of by the Ladies I am happy to find you have been good enough to give us a claim on your endeavours to compleat the execution of the design. An example so laudable will certainly be nurtured, & must be productive of a favourable Issue in the bosoms of the fair, in the Sister States.
					Let me congratulate our benefactors on the arrival of the French fleet off the harbor of New-Port on the afternoon of the 10th. It is this moment announced, but without any particulars as an interchange of Signals had only taken place.
					I pray the Ladies of your family to receive with my compliments, my liveliest thanks for the interest they take in my favor. With the most perfect respect and esteem I have the honor to be Madam, Yr Obedt & Hble Servt

						Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Major General Steuben, 14 July 1780
From: Steuben, Friedrich Wilhelm Ludolf Gerhard Augustin, baron von
To: Washington, George

						Dear General
						Fishkill [N.Y.] July 14. 1780

					I am just returned from West Point where I have been making some necessary arrangments towards preparing for an Offensive Campaign I have represented to Genl How the absolute necessity of exempting the Recruits from fatigue Duties that they may be renderd as serviceable as the short time we have for this business will allow.
					We have in the 8 Brigades in this Department about 3000 Old soldiers, allowing 500 for Guard Piquet &c. & 500 for makeing fascines & other necessary preparations we shall have two thirds of our old Soldiers and all the Recruits to exercise Daily.
					As your Excellency expressed a desire of having the Light Corps formed as quick as possible I have consulted the Generals & Feild Officers & agreed with them on the annexed Plan—provided it meets your Excellencys approbation.
					The New York Line are not certain of receiving recruits, tho they expect some, they have however agreed that in case they do not receive recruits enough to enable them to furnish their Light Companies, they will give one of their Batallions as their proportion of Light Infantry.
					Your Excellency will see by the enclosed Extract the other arrangements I have made which I hope will meet your Approbation. I am with the greatest esteem & respect Your Excellencys most Obedt Servant

						steuben


Title: From George Washington to Jonathan Trumbull, Sr., 14 July 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Trumbull, Jonathan Sr.

						Dr Sir
						Head Quarters [Bergen County, N.J.] 14 July 1780

					There is expected a quantity of clothing arms and amunition in the French fleet for the united States, which I have requested might be forwarded to New-London under convoy of a frigate or two—I shall send Mr Olney to receive it, and expedite it to the army. But as the Quarter Master General has no means in his power which could procure a sufficient number of waggons or teams in time, I beg leave to request your Excellency to interpose your authority to furnish them. We cannot commence our operations before we receive these articles, and with all the exertion that can be made they will scarcely arrive in proper time so as not to delay us considerably. I therefore request your Excellency will have the goodness to give the matter a particular attention, that it may be conducted with all the dispatch the nature of the case will admit. I presume your Excellency will think an impress necessary to obtain the waggons or teams with the expedition the exigency requires, and will give your orders accordingly.
					The succour of our generous ally being now arrived, I doubt not will give a new spring to our operations—Relying upon the zeal of the States I shall hazard arrangements with the officer commanding his most Christian Majesty’s troops for commencing our operations at a very early period. A regard to our national character obliges me to it, and I hope the same motive will stimulate the States, to exert their utmost activity to comply with those engagements which circumstances compel me to enter into in their behalf—The success of our measures

not less than our honor demand it. With every sentiment of respect and attachment I have the honor to be Your Excellency’s most obt & hble servt

						Go: Washington

						P.S. Mr Olney goes directly to New-London, where I shall be happy, the person your Excellency shall authorise to impress the waggons may meet him.


Title: General Orders, 15 July 1780
From: Washington, George
To:

						Head Quarters Pracaness Saturday July 15th 1780

							Parole
							 CountersignsWatchword.

					[Officers] Of the Day Tomorrow[:] Colonel Angell[,] Lieutenant Colonel North[,] Brigade Major Bradford

						After Orders
						Captain Thomas Campbell of the 4 Pennsylvania Regiment appeared before the Court martial whereof Colonel Butler is President charged with unofficerlike behavior in taking a number of Men belonging to the 6th Pennsylvania regiment and refusing to give them up when Demanded.
						It appearing to the Court that the only Cause of this Trial was to determine the Property in the Men said to belong to the 6th Pennsylvania Regiment; as a dispute had happened respecting it the Court thought it best to recommend to the Parties to have three officers chosen not belonging either to the 4th or 6th Pennsylvania Regiments and leave it to them to determine to which Regiment the Men belong—It being agreed to by the Parties the Court recommend a releasement of Captain Campbel from his Arrest.
						The Commander in Chief approves of the Mode recommended by the Court & Capt. Campbel is released from Arrest.


Title: From George Washington to the Board of War, 15 July 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Board of War

						Gentn
						Head Qrs [Preakness, N.J.] July 15th 1780

					I was yesterday honoured with your Favor of the 8th Instant. Major Jameson is entitled to the Lieutenant colonelcy in Sheldon’s Regiment by the resignation of Lt Colo. Blagden and to rank from the time this event took place. It happened the 1st of August last & The Board will be pleased to make him out a Commission accordingly. I have the Honor to be With great respect & esteem Gentn Yr Most Obedt st

						Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Corny, 15 July 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Corny, Dominique-Louis Ethis de

						Sir
						Head Quarters Bergen County 15th July 1780

					I had yesterday morning the honor of receiving your favors of the 6th and 11th instants—Give me leave sincerely to congratulate you on the important intelligence communicated in the latter—I am anxiously waiting the arrival of a second express to inform me of the health and condition of the Army and Navy, both of which I flatter myself are good, from the shortness of the passage.
					I am exceedingly chagrined at the account you give me of the trouble you have met with in the establishment of Hospitals—The conduct of the persons you mention was highly reprehensible and justly merits the censure of every friend of the Alliance: But I am convinced you will not draw general conclusions from the behaviour of a few ungenerous and interested individuals.
					I have written to General Heath and have directed him to take effectual measures to have the Roads and Ferries from providence to Newport put into repair.
					I am happy to find that the arrangements made by Docr Craick meet you approbation. He will I am confident think himself amply repaid by your favourable sentiments of him, and by the honorable manner in which you promise to mention him to His Excellency The Count de Rochambeau. I have the honor to be With respect consideration & attachment ⟨illegible⟩.


Title: From George Washington to Major General Nathanael Greene, 15 July 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Greene, Nathanael

						Dr Sir.
						Head Quarters [Preakness, N.J.] 15th July 1780

					The moment for commencing our operations is so near that no time is to be lost in bringing forward to the North-River, a proper proportion of intrenching tools for an operation against New York with all the tents which can be procured. To you it would be wholly unnecessary to recommend expedition. I am Dr Sir &.

						P.S. have you intrenching tools in this quarter, or how soon could they be had in case we should have occasion for them.


Title: From George Washington to Major General William Heath, 15 July 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Heath, William

						Dr Sir
						Head Quarters [Preakness, N.J.] 15th July 1780

					I received yesterday your two favors of the 11th instant. The latter announcing the appearance of the French fleet off New-port harbour. We wait anxiously for further particulars which we expect to day.
					Mr Corny mentions the bad state of the road of communication between Providence and New-port. It appears essential, as the intercourse may be great on this route, to have it attended to. I would wish you therefore to take the most effectual and immediate measures for its repair. You will be pleased to forward Col. Greens Regiment to the army as soon as possible agreeably to my letter of the 29th of June. I am Dr Sir Your obt & hble sert

						Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Samuel Huntington, 15 July 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Huntington, Samuel

						Sir
						Head Quarters Bergen County 15th July 1780

					Doctor Cochran, Physician and Surgeon General of the Army in the Middle Department, will have the honor of presenting this to Your Excellency, and of explaining to you the distressed situation of the

Hospitals for necessary Stores, even at this time, when the number of sick are exceedingly few.
					From present prospects of the operations of this Campaign, we must expect to have a considerable number of Wounded in Hospital, and when we reflect upon the composition of the Army, which will be almost intirely made up of Recruits and Militia, both unused to a military Mode of life, and consequently subject to the disorders of a Camp, we must count upon being much encumbered with sick, tho’ accommodated with the best regulated and best provided Hospitals: But should we unluckily enter upon the Campaign without an ample supply of those necessaries and comforts, which ought to be introduced in aid to Medicine, and without which Medicine is of little avail, I plainly perceive that we shall again experience the same Calamities and miseries which prevailed in 1776 and which destroyed so many hundred Men—This is a matter of so much importance, that I beg leave to sollicit the immediate attention of Congress to the point. With every exertion, the Stores can scarcely be brought on in time to the proper places of deposit. Doctor Cochran will remain in Philada as long as his business with the Army will possibly admit, and will give every possible assistance in procuring the necessaries. I have the honor to be with the greatest Respect Sir Your Excellency’s most obt and humble Servt

						Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Samuel Huntington, 15 July 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Huntington, Samuel

						Sir
						Head Quarters Passaick Falls [N.J.] July 15th 1780

					I have the honor to transmit your Excellency, in Two packets, the proceedings of the Court Martial in the case of Doctr Shippen, Director General of the Hospitals, for the approbation or disapprobation of Congress. The trial having taken place in consequence of their order,

this circumstance and the Doctor’s station in the Army have induced me to think it most proper to refer the matter to their decision. I would beg leave to observe however, that the Medical department is in much disorder already, and that it is of great importance that the affair should be brought to a conclusion in whatever way Congress, may think proper, as soon as possible. I have the honor to be With the greatest respect Your Excellency’s Most Obedient humble servant

						Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Samuel Huntington, 15 July 1780
From: Huntington, Samuel
To: Washington, George

						sir,
						Philadelphia July 15. 1780

					At seven P.M. this Day I am honored with your Excellency’s Favour of yesterday announcing the Arrival of the French Fleet at New Port, believe that Congress will press every Measure in their Power to put the Army in a Condition to begin the intended Cooperations with Vigour and Efficacy.
					Your Letter proposing a Plan to obtain Supplies of Tents &c. from the Merchants to the eastward &c. hath been duly received and laid before Congress. I have the honour to be with the highest regard your Excelly’s most obedt & hbble servt

						Sam. Huntington President


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General Henry Knox, 15 July 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Knox, Henry

						Dr Sir
						Head Quarters [Preakness, N.J.] July 15th 1780

					The period for commencing our operations is so near, that, not a moment is to be lost in bringing forward all the cannon and stores in our possession proper for a siege, and necessary for the service of the campaign—to the North river. New-York will be the object, with an army of 30,000 men, which you will receive in confidence. I request you will take immediate measures for the above purpose, and apply to the

Board of war, to the Quarter Master Genl, and to the Executives where the cannon and stores now are, for the requisite assistance. The exigency of the moment, in a matter which is essential to the commencement of our operations, will, I am persuaded, induce the States to give you instant and effectual aid. I am Dr Sir Your most obt & hble servt

						Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Major General Lafayette, 15 July 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de

						Head Qrs Bergen County 15th July 1780.

					The Marquiss de la Fayette will be pleased to communicate the following Genl ideas to Monsr the Count de Rochambeau and the Chevalr de Terney as the Sentimts of the underwritten.
					1st In any operation—and under all circumstances a decisive Naval superiority is to be considered as a fundamental principle—& the basis upon which every hope of success must ultimately depend.
					2d The advantages of possessing the Port of New York by the Squadron of France have been already enumerated to Monsr the Count de Rochambeau—& the Chevr de Terney—and is so obvious, as not to need re-capitulation—delay in the execution of this enterprize may defeat all our projects. & render the Campaign inactive, & inglorious.
					3d To render our operations nervous & rapid, it is essential for us to be Masters of the Navigation of the No. River & of the Sound. Without this our Land transportation will be great—our expences enormous—& our progress slow—if not precarious—for want of Forage &ca &ca.
					4th With these Ideas, & upon this grd, it is conceived that many advantages will result from the French Squadrons taking possession of the inner of the harbor between Staten Island & the City of New York; & detachg a frigate or two above the Cheveaux de Frieze, in the North River opposite Fort Washington for the purpose of opening the Navigation of the river—shortening the Transportation by Land on the upper & lower communication—and bringing the enemy to an explanation respecting Staten Island. Shipping so near the Town would, at the same-time they coverd the frigates in the N. Rivr keep the Garrison in Check. & be more likely to facilitate other movements of the Army than if they were to remain at the hook or below the Narrows.
					5th Our operations against the Enemy in the City of New York may commence from two points—to wit—Morrissania (or the heights near

Kings-bridge)—or Staten Island; both have their advantages & disadvantages; but under a full view of all circumstances the preponderancy is in favor of Morrissania—especially since the generous aid of his most Christian Majesty has come by the way of Rhode Island instead of Cape Henry, as it was expected they wd do & touch at Sandy hook in consequence of advices lodged there.
					6th As the means for carrying on our operations are not yet sufficiently appreciated—nor is the time by which our aids will arrive sufficiently ascertained—it is impossible to be precise as to the time the American Troops can, with safety, Rendezvous at Morrissania—but as it is necessary to fix some Epoch to it, and it is hoped that it may happen by the 5th of August—I would propose this day for the reembarkation of the French efficient force at New London (if they should have come there) & that they proceed up the Sound to Whitstown on Long Island—or to such other place on that Island, or on the Main as circumstances may require, & the Count shall be advised of. for the operations against the enemy depending very much upon their holding all or dismantling some of their present Posts, & upon contingencies within ourselevs, it is not possible, at this time, to mark out a precise plan—or determine whether our approaches to the City of New York shall be by the way of York Island—Brooklyn—or both. numbers must determine the latter & circumstances of the moment the former.
					7th It must be clearly understood and agreed between the parties that if any capitol operation is undertaken the French fleet & Land Forces will at all events continue their aid untill the success of the enterprize or until it is mutually determined to abandon it.
					8th In all Matters of arrangement—accomodation—&ca not repugnant to the foregoing ideas the Marquiss (in behalf of the United States) will consult the convenience & wishes of the Count & Chevalier & will be pleased to assure them of the disposition I possess to make evy thing as agreebe to them as possible & of my desire to manifest on all occasions the high sense I entertain of their merits & of the generous aid they have brought us.

						Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General William Maxwell, 15 July 1780
From: Maxwell, William
To: Washington, George

						Permit me Sir
						Pracaness 15th July 1780

					To lay a few observations before Your Excellency Viz. I earley enterd the Service of my Country in the present dispute with the King of Great Britain upon such princeples as I am confident will bear the strictest scrutiny and have exerted my self to promote it’s interest to the utmost of my abilities which I hope was not without some good effect; however I find at length that my command is disagreeable to the Corps with which I am serving and therefore must beg a removal or permission to retire from the service. I should be happy in serving this campaign as the prospects appears so glorrous should Your Excellency point out a mode where I might be of service to my Country; but be ashured whether in a civil or millitary Line no exertions in my power shall be wanting to promote the interest of my Country. I am Sir with the utmost respect Your Excellencys Most Obedient Humble Servant

						Wm Maxwell