Title: To George Washington from Jonathan Trumbull, Sr., 1 September 1777
From: Trumbull, Jonathan Sr.
To: Washington, George

Sir
Lebanon [Conn.] 1st Septr 1777

I acknowledge the Receipt of your Letter of the 31st July ult: and am happy to congratulate you on the Success of General Stark near Benington and Colo. Gansevoort at Fort Stanwix—Events which demand our highest Gratitude to the Supream Director for his mercifull Appearance for us at that critical Juncture—This ought not to lessen our Desires that a thorough and impartial Enquiry be made into the Grounds and Reasons for the Evacuation of Tyconderoga and Mount Independance and that there was no Ground to stand upon for our Defence until the way was left open to the Enemy near down to

Albany—That it may prove satisfactory to the Public—it is necessary that Time and Care be taken to procure every Document and Evidence needfull fully to elucidate the Matters of Fact with their attending Circumstances that the Determination may appear to be thorough candid and impartial.
Your several Requisitions made through Majr General Putnam have been duly attended to.
I have to acknowledge the Honor of your two Letters of the 4th of Augt—On that respecting the recruiting Men and taking up Deserters—This State is divided into six Brigades of Militia—The Limits of each is made a District—The Officers and Place of Rendezvous shall be soon appointed and you noticed thereof in my next.
On the other have to observe that previous to our receiving General Gates’s Letter from Philadelphia of the Same Date—Our General Assembly ordered about 100 or 150 light Horsemen and two Regiments of our Militia consisting of 728 Men each to continue in Service for two Months after they joyn the northern Army unless sooner dismissed—Immediately after receiving his Letter we wrote to him to know whether he desired us to send only the Number he had requested and received for Answer—That he requested the whole that were ordered by the Assembly—The light Horsemen and many of the Foot are doubtless arrived before this the Residue are marching on—Our Militia are not about to give up their Country’s Cause—I depend on their vigorous Exertions at this Season and hope for some Thing notable from them—I received from Majr General Putnam a Copy of yours of the 22nd of August to him with Wm Bardley’s Intelligence—Copies of them are forwarded to the eastern States—and proper Attention will be paid to your Requisition—The two Brigadiers O. Wolcott & Silliman are ordered to furnish Majr General Putnam with Men from their Brigades answerable to his Requests—Measures are taking to find the Causes of our Deficiencies in filling our Quota of the Continental Army that a proper Remedy may be provided agreeable to what may appear to be right for making them up.
My near Connections with the late Commissary General is the Occation that I forbear to mention my Fears and Concerns for that Department—The whole Matter with its Causes and probable Consequences are better known to you than to me. I am, with Esteem and Regard—Your Excellency’s Most Obedient and most humble Servant

Jonth; Trumbull


Title: From George Washington to Lieutenant Colonel Anthony Walton White, 1 September 1777
From: Washington, George
To: White, Anthony Walton

Sir
Head Quarters Wilmington [Del.] 1st September 1777

A Letter just received from Brigadier Genl Maxwell informs me of the desertion of one of your light horse—this disagreeable Circumstance will naturally put you upon your guard—but I desire that you will farther make very particular Scrutiny into the Characters of your Men and if you shall find any more suspicious ones among them that you will immediately dismount them and order them to Head Quarters—the loss of a worthless Soldier will occasion less regret, when it is not accompanied with that of a Horse and Accoutrements. I am Sir Your most obedt hble Ser.


Title: General Orders, 2 September 1777
From: Washington, George
To:

Head Quarters, Wilmington [Del.] Septr 2nd 1777.
Haverhill.Andover. Bradford.

The Honorable the Congress having desired the Commander in Chief to detach from the militia, as soon as possible, such a number of workmen, as he should think necessary, to repair with dispatch, the arms now in the city of Philadelphia; The Brigadiers of the militia are earnestly desired to make immediate enquiry, in their several brigades, for such workmen, and without a moments delay, detach, under the care of proper officers, all who are not wanted to repair the arms of their brigades, to Philadelphia, there to receive directions from the board of war.
The Commander in Chief approves the following sentences of a General Court Martial held the 30th & 31st of August last, whereof Col. Johnston was president, and orders them to be put in execution immediately.
Serjt Dickinson, of Capt. Gibbs Jones’s company of artillery, charged with “Desertion”—found guilty, and sentenced to be reduced to a matross.

John Adair, a Corporal in the same Company, charged with “Desertion,” found guilty, and sentenced to be reduced to a matross.
John Donnelly of the 5th Pennsylv: regt charged with “Insulting, and charging his Bayonet on Capt: Ashmead”—pleaded guilty—sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back.
James McCracken, of Col. Proctor’s regiment, charged with “Desertion from Trenton Camp”—The court released the prisoner from confinement for want of evidence.
George Leard of Capt. Bower’s Company in the 6th Pennsylvania regiment, charged with “Desertion”—pleaded guilty—sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back, and to be sent on board one of the Continental frigates, to serve during the war.
Matthew Smith Esqr. is appointed Deputy Adjutant General in the Continental Army; and he is to be respected and obeyed as such.
A General Court Martial is to sit to morrow morning at nine o’clock, at Newport, at Conradt Gray’s tavern, for the trial of all prisoners which shall be brought before them—Col. Lawson is appointed president of this court.


Title: To George Washington from Colonel Armand, 2 September 1777
From: La Rouërie, Armand-Charles Tuffin, marquis de
To: Washington, George

My General
[c.2 September 1777]

The Complaints made to you against my Corps, are the more personal as I derive the Command of it from Your Excellency, as I love and respect this Corps in the light of a Gift which comes to me from you, and as it is my constant Attention to render it as well as myself worthy of your Favour; if Your Excellency previous to casting Reproaches upon me, with respect to which from my Ignorance of the English Tongue, I could not justify myself as publickly as I was accused, had done me the honour to ask me if the Object of them was true, I would have answer’d, that notwithstanding my Care which I do not make to consist simply in what my Rank requires of me, but in every inferior Duty—it was possible that some Soldiers had eluded the Vigilance of three Sentries, and the Guard of an Officer with nine Men, whose Duty their only Countersign, is wherever we are to suffer no Soldier nor even Officer to go out, without written Permission from me—and above all to prevent the slightest Violation of any private property whatever. and unless I am guilty of it myself among the persons where we are lodged, it is almost impossible that they should have any right to complain. I am ever attentive not only to prevent such Disorders as I have been reproached with, but likewise to make amends for them. Upon my Arrival at any place where we only halt to refresh ourselves, I tell the Inhabitants if any of your Effects are stolen, or if you are troubled or insulted in any way whatever, come and complain, the person found guilty shall be immediately punished and I will pay you what you shall require—This has happen’d—I have punish’d, and I have paid; it is not sufficient to punish and to pay—there should be exemplary Punishments, but these do not depend upon me. I have further had the honour of informing Your Excellency that I have sent Deserters to Court Martial and that very Criminal ones have been sent back to me without any Sentence for punishment, that the Men however upon their Return to the Corps have received punishment when I have found other motives for it than that of Desertion as for instance Theft. that I have deliver’d two Officers to this same Court Martial one of

them did not deserve to be cashier’d, he is a worthy Man—The other had deserved it to my knowledge five or six times, was a person who gave trouble wherever he went. I explain’d the motives for my Complaints, I went in person to make them before the Court Martial when sitting—Well—the Result was nothing at all—not the least Punishment—Hence, from such Abuses, arises what would trouble, ruin and destroy perhaps intirely an Army which had been disciplined ten Years—Hence, the Soldiers comparing the Inconveniencies of their Condition with the Slightness of Punishments affixed to Desertion Or any other Crime, prefer infinitely to run the Risk—hence, no Difference between the Grades—no Subordination of the Major to the Colonel, of the Captain to the Major, and so on to the lowest Drummer—The Officer who fails not only in the Duty of his Condition, but likewise in that of an honest Man, is the first to demand a Court Martial; and sometimes against one whom Your Excellency has appointed to command and punish him, and who is only wrong in giving an account of his Conduct—Under different pretexts some Deserters are shelter’d from all punishments by withdrawing themselves even in the bosom of the Army. lately I took one from the Master Butcher who had taken him under Guard, he has even been redemanded from me, and there has been an Attempt to prove that there was nothing irregular in it. I answer’d that I should keep him until Orders were given by Your Excellency to restore him—Twelve days ago, one of my Soldiers who was making our Bread went away without Permission, this I call Desertion, nevertheless the Head Baker of the Army who desired him to go away, keeps him, and I am deprived of a Soldier—With respect to the Trouble I return to say we are the Troop from whence the least proceeds, and that to the Knowledge of Genl Connay [Conway] Strange Officers have raised Disturbances among us—going so far as to wish to make a Regiment march with charged Bayonets against us—it is true that this Officer was a Quarter Master dead drunk and that the Officers of the Regiment behaved with propriety—the Attempt was to turn us out of the Quarters which had been assign’d me by Genl Connay—the matter was the more difficult as I had the honour to command the Regiment in that moment—even now after having quitted those Quarters and paid all that was demanded—an Officer who had remain’d on account of business which he had at Head Quarters, is come to tell me that the Man at whose House we were, had complain’d of Robberies committed of his Poultry and other Animals—as my Troop had never been more narrowly watch’d I was very sure that the Men were not guilty—I immediately dispatchd an Officer with thirty Dollars to pay the Damages—praying the Man at the same time to give Receipt and specify the Loss—and to declare if he was sure we were the Offenders—he wd receive Nothing, saying that he had no Complaints to

make, and that many other Soldiers had come into his House during our Stay—I stop’d to day three Drummers at a mile and a half from their Camp, and who had been at the distance of three miles—they were returning with a Hen and Eggs, they said they had been sent by their Drum Major to fetch the Hen and Eggs, I know their names, and to what Regiment they belong. As to my Serving under the orders of Genl Sterling, I did it as being sent by Your Excellency there for the purpose of fighting—and when that Brigade should lie by—to pass into any other which shd happen to be in action—in asking Your Excellency for the privilege of Independence, I expected to derive from it, that of having more frequent opportunities to merit Your Excellencys Esteem—I have seen that it is impossible for me to arrive at it under the orders of Lord Sterling, Notwit[h]standg his Bravery, notwithstanding the Rashness which I have seen in him. I desire to benefit by the Title of Liberty which I hold from Your Excellency and to avoid as much as You will permit me the Command of a General who not only has no Gratitude for the manner in which one labours for his Glory and the Success of your Arms—but on the contrary diminishes as much as possible the good that a man has been able or desirous to do, and the ill which he has suffer’d who after having given me some Testimony of Esteem, lays me under the necessity by causeless and insupportable Affronts, as well as all my Officers to offer Resignation, which he refuses to accept because we must apply to Your Excellency Upon our Return we should have had the honour to resign to Your Excellency if I had not hoped from Your Justice that you would have facilitated my Progess in the Road of Honour, from which happily I have never stray’d, and in which I shd make more rapid Advances under Your Excellencys Orders if you would be pleased to be persuaded that there is no Person in the world who respects them more than I do. If Your Excellency does me the honour to restore me to your Favour which I flatter myself I have never forfeited—I will have the honour of offering You means for augmenting my Troop, if on the contrary you neither believe my Reasons nor my Innocence—I shall entreat Your Excellency to try me upon those motives which my Accusers and myself shall offer, either to ruin me or confound them—I shall be all my Life with Respect and Submission Your Excellencys Most hble and most obedt Servt.


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General John Cadwalader, 2 September 1777
From: Cadwalader, John
To: Washington, George

Sir
Head of Sassafrass [Md.] 2d Sept: 1777½ past 11 O’Clock A.M.

I recd your Letter of the 28th last, in consequence of which I have taken the Command of the Militia on this Shore—If the Gentlemen arrive here to take the Command, agreeable to the resolution of Congress, I shall pay you a Visit at Head Quarters—The want of arms in these upper Counties dispirits the Inhabitants very much—Every thing has been done to collect the Companies, but from their scattered Situation we have not as yet been able to muster more than two hundred & fifty men—these are pretty well equipped & in good Spirits—I have great Confidence in the men & am sure they will do their duty if they come to action—The Inhabitants in general shew a great readiness to turn out, but many of those in the lower part of Cecil have been engaged in driving off their Stocks & securing their other property—No Troops have yet arrived from Queen Anne’s County or those below, but I am informed they are making preparation—I have men constantly out for Intelligence but cannot ascertain the number of the Enemy near the Head of Bohemia; but from all accounts there is a very formidable Body—They have plundered middle Neck of all the Stock; & the neighbou[r]hood within several miles—I shall now be able to surprize a small Party if they detach themselves any distance from the main Body—If the Delaware State Militia can be spared I think something might be attempted, with their Assistance.
Every exertion of mine shall be used to strengthen the opposition & take every advantage that may offer—I shall acquaint you from time to time if any extraordinary occurrances happen.
I have ordered all the Stock to be drove out of Sassafrass Neck; & from the number that have passed this place, tis thought there cannot be much left—Guards are posted at proper places to prevent the disaffected from trading with the Enemy.
Several Deserters have come in from the Army & Navy—Two from the 46 regiment inform that five thousand men were detached from the main Body & landed on this Side of Elk, commanded by the Hessian General—The general Report is from all the Deserters, that the Army only wants for Horses to begin their march to Philada—On Sunday Evg 8 men made their escape from the Vigilant (Floating Battery)—they were warping down & had got near the lower part of Turkey Point, & when they got to the end of the warp & had thrown over the Anchor, they secured the Midshipman & pushed to the Shore—they say the flatbottom-boats are all drawn up on Shore to receive the Troops in case of a Retreat—One of these men (a very intelligent Fellow

who has a family at Christeen Bridge & was taken last April) says the Vigilant & Roe-buck are ordered round to Delaware & to post themselves opposite Wilmington—The Deserters from the Vigilant were all Prisoners & they say that ¾ of the Crew are Prisoners. I am with great respect & esteem your Excellency’s most obt very hble Servant

John Cadwalader


Title: To George Washington from the Continental Congress Intelligence Committee, 2 September 1777
From: Continental Congress Intelligence Committee
To: Washington, George

Sir,
Philadelphia 2d Septr 1777

We have the honor to send your Excellency herewith a number of hand bills published by order of Congress, in that form, for the more easy dispersion thro the army, that the troops may be made acquainted with and emulate the conduct of their brave northern and eastern brethren. Wishing you health and success we are with much esteem and regard your Excellencies most obedient humble servants

            Richard Henry Lee
            Jona. D. Sergeant

            Thos Heyward Junr
            Wm Duer

            Committee of Intelligence


Title: To George Washington from Major General Nathanael Greene, 2 September 1777
From: Greene, Nathanael
To: Washington, George

Dear Sir
Camp [Red Clay Creek, Del.] Sept. 2d 1777

Inclosd is a letter from Mr Levi Hollingsworth relative to the situation of the Stores in that quarter—General Mughlenburg has marched with his detachment to cover the removeal of the Stores—If your Excellency thinks any additional force is necessary it shall be sent immediately—I wait your further Orders and am your Excellencies Most Obedient & very humbl. Servt

N. Greene


Title: From George Washington to Lieutenant Colonel James Hendricks, 2 September 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Hendricks, James (Lieutenant Colonel)

Sir
Head Quarters Wilmington [Del.] 2d Septr 1777.

Your Letter of the 31st Ulto to Mr Harrison has been laid before me. My motive for wishing you to continue in the Sixth Regiment was founded on a report that you could readily engage All or most of the Privates in it to serve dureing the War. This I considered as a happy circumstance; But as it may make little difference Whether you remain in that, or have the First, and as Colo. Elliot has been appointed in Orders to the former, you may repair, as soon as you Please to the latter and take the command of it as Colonel. I am Sir Your Most Obedt Servt

Go: W——n


Title: To George Washington from Brig. Gen. William Maxwell, 2 September 1777 [letter not found]
From: Maxwell, William
To: Washington, George

Letter not found: from Brig. Gen. William Maxwell, 2 Sept. 1777. GW wrote in his first letter to Maxwell of this date: “I have your two favs. of this date,” and in his second letter to Maxwell of this date, GW wrote: “I am just favd with yours of this Evening.”


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General William Maxwell, 2 September 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Maxwell, William

Sir
Head Quarters Wilmington [Del.] 2d Sept. 1777

I have your two favs. of this date. In consequence of the remonstrance from the Inhabitants near Elk I have commanded Armands Corps to repair immediately to this place. If any of the people who have been injured can point out the particular persons either Officers or Soldiers they shall be made Examples of—As several accounts seem to agree that the Enemy mean to come out tomorrow Morning, I beg you will be prepared to give them as much trouble as you possibly can, you should keep small parties upon every Road that you may be sure

of the one they take, and always be careful to keep rather upon their left Flank, because they cannot in that Case cut you off from our main Body—We have certain accounts that the Enemy raised the Seige of Fort Schuyler upon the approach of Genl Arnold, they abandonned their Camp, a considerable quantity of Baggage and four Royal Howitz. Genl Arnold and Colo. Gansevoort had detached light parties after them in hopes of overtaking their Rear and recovering the rest of the Cannon and Baggage. I gave the Map that I promised you to the Engineers to Copy but they have not yet done it. I am &ca.


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General Thomas Nelson, Jr., 2 September 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Nelson, Thomas Jr.

Dr Sir
Wilmington [Del.] Septr 2d 1777

By Yesterday mornings post, I received Your favor of the 22d. Ulto. It gave me great pleasure to hear of your Appointment, and I wish you to accept my Congratulations upon the occasion. The want of Military experience, you mention, is no Ob[s]tacle to your serving your Country

in the Capacity in which you have undertaken. In our infant state of War, it cannot be expected, we should be perfect in the business of it; But I doubt not, that your zeal and assiduity will amply supply any deficiency, your diffidence of yourself leads you to suppose, you labour under in that respect. It is without doubt a disagreable task to command Militia, but we must make the best of circumstances, & use the means we have. That they are ill armed, too, is a matter of great concern; every attention should be paid to putting them upon as respectable a footing as possible, It is of the first importance.
I observe you are directed by the Governor to pay particular attention to the fortifications in the State and that in consequence of that you propose to garrison Portsmouth with 1200 men and to divide the remainder of what troops you may have among the posts at York, Hampton & Williamsburgh. The reasons you assign for having a garrison at Portsmouth are good; but I can by no means think it would be prudent to have any considerable stationary force at Hampton and York. These by being upon a narrow neck of land, would be in danger of being cut off. The enemy might very easily throw up a few ships into York and James’ river, as far as Queens Creek; and land a body of men there, who throwg up a few Redoubts, would intercept their retreat and oblige them to surrender at discretion.
As to the Idea of Preventing Ships from passing up & down Rivers, Our own experience has proved it wrong. It is scarcely possible, and I am satisfied, it is not to be effected by Forts and Batteries, unless the Water is narrow—and there are an immense number of Heavy Cannon, near which they are obliged to run from the course of the Channel.
I should think it proper to keep light parties down at those places, merely to prevent the insult of small parties of marines or the like; who could expeditiously withdraw themselves, on any appearances that should make it necessary; but I would not recommend any thing more.
You will have heard of the enemys landing near the head of Elk, and of their moving since from their first position and extending their van to Greys Hill, a piece of high ground, about two miles on this side of Elk Town. They still continue in this posture, preparing I suppose for some more capital operation. The want of horses sufficient to transport their baggage artillery and stores, I imagine, will retard them some time, as every information agrees, they have lost several, and that many of those they now have are much reduced. We have light parties constantly hanging upon them to harrass them & prevent their incursions into the Country, between whom and theirs, there have been some skirmishes—but with little loss to either side—We have made 70 or 80 prisoners since they landed & have had several Deserters.

In addition to what I have written, I congratulate you on our further Success at the Northward. On the 22d Ulto, That part of Genl Burgoyn’s Army which had invested Fort schuyler, raised the seige on the approach of Genl Arnold, who was pushing hard to releive the Garrison; They went off with great precipitation, leaving their Tents—Provisions & Ammunition—A party detached from the Fort made several prisoners and took a good deal of Baggage & Four Royals. This is an interesting event & in all probability will prevent another invasion in that Quarter this Campaign. They had suffered before in an action with Brigadr Herkamer at the head of part of the Militia of Tryon County, who behaved with the greatest spirit & bravery. I am with much regard & esteem Dr Sir Yr Most Obedt servant

G.W.


Title: From George Washington to Major General Joseph Spencer, 2 September 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Spencer, Joseph

Sir
Head Quarters Wilmington [Del.] Septemr 2d 1777.

I have duly received your favour of the 15th of last month.
The frequent captures you make with your little parties have a very good effect and ought to be encouraged.
With respect to the exchanges you propose, it is not in my power to interfere in the matter. Elias Boudinotte Esqr. has been appointed Commissary General of prisoners and every thing relating to them must pass through his hands. He is not at present at Camp, or I should communicate your letter to him: for the future you will make all applications of a similar nature to him: But you may inform the Gentlemen concerned, that there is a general rule established for the exchange of all prisoners in their turn according to the time of their captivity; and that this rule cannot be departed from in favour of any person whatsoever; but every one will be liberated, in course, when it falls to his turn, and not sooner.
It is natural for every man to wish his friends and connections first released, and I have accordingly had frequent solicitations to forego the rule I have mentioned but I have never given my authority to the least deviation from it, in any instance. I am Sir Your most Obedt servt.


Title: General Orders, 3 September 1777
From: Washington, George
To:

Head Quarters, Wilmington [Del.] Septr 3rd 1777.
Oxford.Norton. Nottingham.

John Parker Esqr. is appointed paymaster to the 8th Pennsylvania regt in the room of John Boyd Esqr. resigned.
As the enemy’s motions will be sudden, and perhaps rapid, the General positively orders the commanding officers of corps to keep their men in camp, by no means suffering them to ramble about, out of the verge of it—The discharge of two field pieces is to be considered by the Brigadiers and officers commanding brigades as an alarm, and as a signal for getting the men under arms; and to the waggon-masters for putting to their horses—Upon the firing the alarm guns, the general officers, after giving the necessary orders for parading their men, are to repair immediately to Head Quarters.
The division commanded by Genl Wayne, is immediately to incamp on the left of Genl Sullivan—Genl Nash to encamp, on the left of Genl Wayne, and Lord Stirling’s division on the left of the whole—Genl Knox will fix on a proper place for the park of artillery in this encampment—The Quarter Master General and Engineers will mark out the whole without loss of time. All the waggons that are not absolutely necessary are to be kept on the east side of the Brandewine.
A subaltern and 25 men are to mount guard daily at the Fort at Christiana—Genl Knox will see what artillery men are necessary to place there and give orders accordingly.
It is expected that the officers of every Corps will immediately inspect the men’s arms and ammunition, to see that every thing is in order—If any of the Continental troops are without arms, the commanding officer of the Corps to which they belong, is to apply to the Adjutant

General, for orders on the Commissary of military stores, for such as are wanted.
 A detachment of men properly officered are to parade at sun sett this afternoon at  with at least twenty four rounds of ammunition two day’s provision ready dressed and their blankets.
The officers appointed to overlook the fatigue parties are earnestly exhorted to keep the men to their duty and see that the work goes on briskly.
The Commander in Chief approves the following sentences of a General Court Martial, held August 30th—31st and Sept. 2nd whereof Col. Johnston was president.
Peter Linch a Matross in Capt. Gibbs Jones’s company of artillery, charged with “Desertion”—found guilty and sentenced to have the hair on the front part of his head shaved off without soap, and a quantity of tar and feathers fixed on the place as a substitute for hair, then to run the Gauntlope in the company to which he belongs, provided nevertheless that the stripes which he shall receive while running the gauntlope, shall not exceed one hundred; and then to be sent on board one of the Continental frigates to serve during the war.
Daniel Fennel of Col. Proctor’s regt, charged with “Deserting from the said regiment”—found guilty, and sentenced to receive one hundred [lashes] on his bare back, and to forfeit one month’s pay for the use of the sick.
Daniel Hailey of the 11th Virginia regt charged with “Abetting the cause of a deserter from Col. Proctor’s regiment of artillery, and with collaring Col. Proctor”—found guilty, and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back.
James Martin of the 2nd Pennsylv: regt charged with “Being drunk and asleep on his post while sentinel over prisoners”—found guilty, and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back; and to have the hair from the front part of his head shaved off without soap, and tar and feathers substituted in the room of the hair.
Henry Hargood charged with “Desertion from the German regiment”—found guilty, and sentenced to suffer death: But for the reasons mentioned by the court, they recommend him to the Commander in Chief’s clemency and mercy—The Commander in Chief pardons the offender.
Godfrid Oxford of the 14th Virginia regt charged with “Desertion—getting drunk and loosing his arms”—found not guilty of desertion; but guilty of getting drunk and losing his arms; and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back, and to pay for his arms lost.
After Orders. The several divisions of the army are to remain in their encampments, as they were this morning, but to hold themselves in

readiness to march at a moment’s warning; and neither officer nor soldier is to be out of hearing of the drum of his brigade, And the more certainly to get and keep the men in their quarters, the rolls are to be regularly called, and all absent men looked up, & brought to their regiments.


Title: From George Washington to the Continental Congress Intelligence Committee, 3 September 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Continental Congress Intelligence Committee

Gentn
Head Quarters Wilmington [Del.] 3d Sept. 1777

I have the Honor of yours of Yesterday with a Number of Hand Bills giving an account of our successes to the Northward. They shall be distributed among the Soldiery, and I doubt not but they will answer the good End which is intended by them. Every peice of favorable News circulated in this manner thro’ the Camp will certainly inspirit the Troops. I refer you to my letter to Congress for the transactions of this day and have the Honor to be Gentn Yr most obt Servt

Go: Washington

P.S. The Substance of the raising of the Seige of Fort Schuyler was published in general Orders, but having the Matter in full is a further Gratification.


Title: To George Washington from John Hancock, 3 September 1777
From: Hancock, John
To: Washington, George

Sir,
Philada September 3d 1777.

I have Nothing in Charge from Congress at this Time, but to transmit the enclosed Resolves, to which I must refer your Attention.
General Sullivan’s Expedition on Staten Island having ended in the Loss and Defeat of a considerable Number of the Troops under his Command; the Congress have directed a Court of Enquiry to be instituted relative to the Expedition.

You will please to order Colonel Richardson[’s] Battalion on such Duty as you may judge most proper.
Your two Favours of the 1st inst. I have been duely honoured with.
I forward herewith a Number of blank Commissions for the Use of the Army in two Bundles, and have the Honour to be, with the utmost Respect Sir, your most obed. & very hble Servt

John Hancock Presidt


Title: From George Washington to John Hancock, 3 September 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Hancock, John

Sir
Wilmington [Del.] Septr 3d 1777. 8 oClock P.M.

I this minute returned to Head Qrs, where I found your favor of this date with the Resolves respecting Genl Sullivan and Colo. Richardson’s Battallion.
I had conversed with Genl Sullivan upon the Subject and observed to him, that it was necessary an inquiry should be had relative to the Affair of Staten Island, as his conduct was censured & much dissatisfaction prevailed. He was sensible of the propriety of the measure, and expressed a desire, that it should take place, provided he could have the benefit of Genl Smallwoods Testimony, who was on the expedition. That Gentleman happens at this time to be in Maryland, which must necessarily delay the inquiry, Unless some mode can be agreed upon, for obtaining his Sentiments upon the matter.
This Morning the Enemy came out with considerable force and three peices of Artillery, against our Light advanced Corps, and after some pretty smart skirmishing obliged them to retreat, being far inferior in number and without Cannon. The loss on either side is not yet ascertained. Our’s, tho not exactly known, is not very considerable; Theirs, we have reason to beleive, was much greater, as some of our parties, composed of expert Marksmen, had Opportunities of giving them several—close—well directed fires; more particularly in One instance, when a body of Riflemen formed a kind of Ambuscade. They advanced about Two miles this side of Iron Hill, and then withdrew to that place, leaving a picket at Coach’s Mill, about a mile in Front. Our

parties now lie at White Clay Creek, except the advanced pickets which are at Christiana Bridge.
On Monday a large Detachment of the Enemy landed at Cecil Court House, and this morning I had advice of their having advanced on the New Castle Road as far as Carson’s Tavern. Parties of Horse were sent out to reconnoitre them, which went Three Miles beyond the Red Lion, but could neither see nor hear of them, Whence I conjecture, they filed off by a road to their left and fell in with their Main body. The design of their movement this morning seems to have been to disperse our Light Troops, who had been troublesome to ’em, and to gain possession of Iron Hill to establish a post most probably for covering their retreat in case of Accidents. I have the Honor to be with great respect Sir Yr Most Obedt servt

Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Thomas Johnson, 3 September 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Johnson, Thomas

Sir
Wilmington [Del.] Septr 3d 1777

The late Resolution of Congress for sending Genl Smallwood and Colo. Gist from this Army, to arrange and command the Militia of Maryland, now called to the Feild, and the frequent applications I had, before the arrival of those Gentn at this place, to send Officers to the Eastern Shore to take the direction of the Militia assembling there, give me reason to beleive, that the regulations, in this line, are not so good, as either you, or I wish them to be; and, that there is a want of Officers in that part of the State, or at least of a Head, to conduct Matters properly, and in the best manner that circumstances will admit.
Under this persuasion, If you have not already appointed a General Officer—or have no particular Gentleman in view for the purpose, I would beg leave to mention John Cadwalader, Esqre, for your consideration. This Gentleman I know to be a judicious—valuable Officer, and I have often regretted, that he did not hold a high command in the Army of the States. If you should entertain the same Opinion of him, and there is no Objection to appointing him, I am satisfied he would render essential services at the Head of the Eastern Shore Militia, if he will accept the command, which I am inclined to think would be the case.
Before Colo. Gist went on this business on Monday, on account of the Applications I have mentioned, and not knowing, who the Militia Officers were on the Eastern Shore, I wrote to Mr Cadwalader and requested his Good Offices and exertions in assembling and arranging the Militia, which, I find, have been employed with great assiduity; and if Arms could have been procured, that he would have collected a respectable body of Men. My interfering in this matter was the result of necessity—I thought the situation of our Affairs required it, and I trust I shall have your excuse upon the Occasion. I would also observe, If Mr Cadwalader is appointed, Colo. Gist’s services there may be dispensed with, and he may join his Regiment again.
I sincerely congratulate you on our late success at the Northward in

raising the seige of Fort Schuyler, and obliging the Enemy to go off with great precipitation, leaving their Tents—provisions & Ammunition, and with the loss of Several prisoners & Deserters & Four Royals. I have the Honor to be with great respect Sir Your Most Obedt sert

Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Brig. Gen. William Maxwell, 3 September 1777 [letter not found]
From: Maxwell, William
To: Washington, George

Letter not found: from Brig. Gen. William Maxwell, 3 Sept. 1777. GW wrote Maxwell on this date: “Yours of three oClock this morning, I have received.”


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General Caesar Rodney, 3 September 1777
From: Rodney, Caesar
To: Washington, George

[Noxonton Sepr 3d 1777]

Yesterday morning I took Post at this place between two and three miles from Middleton. I have kept my Light-Horse, about seventeen or eighteen in number, out beating up the Enemy’s Quarters ever since and gaining what intelligence I could of the Enemy’s movements. Last

night a little after dark they were close in with the Enemy at Carson’s Tavern where they encamped exchanged some shott and allarmed their whole camp.
From the best information I can get, they are moving up toward Christiana Creek. A person was with me this day who went to the Manor-Church and below it, on purpose to make discoveries, and say, they have all left that place. I have one prisoner and two deserters brought this day. They also confirm this Acct. I should have sent them to head Quarters, . . . I have now three hundred and seventy of the Militia all from Kent and with them am determined to maintain the Post as long as I can and continue to give the enemy all the trouble in my power in hopes still of being reinforced [from] some Quarter. I am just now informed the Enemy’s ships have all fell down, as if returning, except two ships of War that lay near the Ferry.


Title: General Orders, 4 September 1777
From: Washington, George
To:

Head Quarters, Wilmington [Del.] Septemr 4th 1777.
Culloden.Cumberland. Colchester.

As a full supply of hard bread cannot at present be obtained, all that now is in, or shall come to, the hands of the regimental quarter masters, is to remain there, and not be distributed, but upon the most pressing exigency, and when the troops are about to march, and then not without orders from their Brigadier. In the mean time the army is to be furnished with soft bread, or flour, which the Commissaries are enjoined to supply with more punctuality than they have done—The Commander in Chief can no longer excuse the neglects in that department.
Much injury having been done to the soldiers, and some lives lost, by their being taken by their officers from the hospital too soon, and without the concurrence of the superintending physician—that practice is absolutely forbidden; and henceforward not a man is to be taken from the hospital, ’till regularly discharged by the directing physician, in writing under his hand.
Notwithstanding all the cautions—the earnest requests, and the positive

orders, of the Commander in Chief, to prevent our own army from plundering our own friends and fellow citizens, yet to his astonishment and grief, fresh complaints are made to him that so wicked, infamous and cruel a practice is still continued—and that too in circumstances most distressing—where the wretched inhabitants, dreading the enemy’s vengeance for their adherence to our cause, have left all, and fled to us for refuge! We complain of the cruelty and barbarity of our enemies; but does it equal ours? They sometimes spare the property of their friends: But some amongst us, beyond expression barbarous, rob even them! Why did we assemble in arms? Was it not, in one capital point, to protect the property of our countrymen? And shall we to our eternal reproach, be the first to pillage and destroy? Will no motives of humanity, of zeal, interest and of honor, restrain the violence of the soldiers, or induce officers to keep so strict a watch over the ill-disposed, as effectually to prevent the execution of their evil designs, and the gratification of their savage inclinations? Or, if these powerful motives are too weak, will they pay no regard to their own safety? How many noble designs have miscarried—how many victories been lost—how many armies ruined, by an indulgence of soldiers in plundering? If officers in the least connive at such practices, the licentiousness of some soldiers will soon be without bounds: In the most critical moments, instead of attending to their duty, they will be scattered abroad, indiscrim[in]ately plundering friends and foes; and if no worse consequences ensue, many of them must infallib[l]y fall a prey to the enemy—For these reasons, the Commander in Chief requires, that these orders be distinctly read to all the troops; and that officers of every rank, take particular pains, to convince the men, of the baseness, and fatal tendency of the practices complained of; and that their own safety depends on a contrary conduct, and an exact observance of order and discipline; at the same time the Commander in Chief most solemnly assures all, that he will have no mercy on offenders against these orders; their lives shall pay the forfeit of their crimes. Pity, under such circumstances, would be the height of cruelty.
After Orders. The tents of Genl Sullivan’s—Lord Stirling’s and Wayne’s divisions, and Nash’s brigade, are to be struck and packed by five o’clock to morrow morning (if the weather permit) these corps, together with Genl Potter’s brigade, are to hold themselves in readiness to march at a moment’s warning afterwards upon receiving orders. For which purpose, each brigade should be paraded, their arms grounded, and the men ready to take them up at the first call—The Quarter Master General will shew the ground they are to encamp upon, in the following order—Genl Sullivan’s on the right, Lord Stirling’s on the left—Genl Nash’s on the left of Genl Sullivan’s; and Genl

Potter’s on the right of Lord Stirling’s; but as General Potter’s brigade is without tents, it will be quartered in Newport—Genl Stephen’s division and Genl Irvine’s brigade, when it leaves this place, are to form a second line—Stephen’s on the right[.] The division commanded by Genl Wayne is to form a third line—Genl Greene’s division remains where it is.
General Knox will fix upon a proper spot for the park of artillery, in this encampment, and direct such spare ammunition as he shall think absolutely necessary, to attend the park & respective divisions; the residue to be left, together with all the baggage that can possibly be spared, on the east side of Brandywine, under a small guard from each brigade, with proper officers; the whole of these guards to be under the care of the colonel.
General Armstrong will recall the troops posted at the different fords on Brandewine, and order them to join their respective brigades.
General Irvine’s brigade is to remain in Wilmington ’till further Orders; and to expedite the works there carrying on, as much as possible.
One Colonel from Genl Nash’s brigade will take the command of the baggage guard—This guard is to be composed of the most indifferent men, and supplied with the arms least fit for service—The Colonel will cause all the baggage waggons left behind, to be collected on the east side of Brandywine, in the most convenient place, and ranged (those of each brigade by themselves) in regular order.
The men ordered for guard and fatigue will attend that service, but carry with them their arms and ammunition, and all the baggage they intend to take with them to the new encampment, to which they are to march to morrow night, except the guards, who are to remain ’till relieved.


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General Edward Hand, 4 September 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Hand, Edward

Sir,
Head Quarters Wilmington [Del.] Septemr 4th 1777.

Colonel Broadhead of the 8th Pensylvania regiment has represented to me, that several of his officers sent to Westmoreland with large sums of public money, for the purposes of recruiting men for his corps & recovering others who had deserted from it, were detained by your influence and countenance from their regiment. I know not what foundation he may have for this assertion; but if the fact be true, it is a piece of conduct of a very unwarrantable and injurious nature; and I must desire, that on receipt of this, you will not only order those officers to proceed immediately with their men to join their corps, but will take pains, to see that they punctually comply with that order.
It is probable before this reaches you, you will have heard of For⟨t Sta⟩nwix being relieved on the approach of General Arnold. The enemy retreated precipitately leaving all their baggage, tents and four royals behind them, which fell into our hands. A number of prisoners were also taken, and many deserters came over to us. I am Sir Yr most Obedt.

P.S. the Officers Perticularly mentioned are—Captn Samuel Miller Lieut. Richard Richardson Lieut. John Hughes.


Title: To George Washington from Brig. Gen. William Smallwood, 4 September 1777 [letter not found]
From: Smallwood, William
To: Washington, George

Letter not found: from Brig. Gen. William Smallwood, 4 Sept. 1777. GW wrote Smallwood on 9 Sept.: “I received your favor of the 4th Inst.”


Title: General Orders, 5 September 1777
From: Washington, George
To:

Head Quarters, Wilmington [Del.] Septemr 5th 1777.

The Commissary General of prisoners informs the commanding officers of regiments and other corps, that notwithstanding the orders heretofore issued for that purpose; he has received but one small return of prisoners, taken by the enemy, since his appointment; in consequence of which neglect, it will be impossible for him, in case of an exchange, to pay proper attention to the order of the different captures, as to time—He further informs them, that in future, the prisoners will be exchanged according to the returns hereafter made to him.
As baggage waggons are at all times a great incumbrance to an army, and would be particularly so, in a day of battle; they are in the latter case to be driven off the field, that the army may not be in the least incommoded by them. Tis besides a measure which common prudence dictates: And whenever an action is expected, the Quarter Master General will immediately wait on the Commander in Chief, to receive his directions respecting them.
From every information of the enemy’s designs, and from their movements, it is manifest their aim is, if possible, to possess themselves of Philadelphia. This is their capital object—’Tis what they last year strove to effect; but were happily disappointed: They made a second attempt at the opening of this campaign; but after vast preparations, and expence for the purpose, they abandoned their design, and totally evacuated the Jersies—They are now making their last effort; To come up the Delaware it seems, was their first intention; but, from the measures taken to annoy them in the river, they judged the enterprise, that way, too hazardous. At length they have landed on the eastern shore of Maryland, and advanced some little way into the country: But the General trusts, they will be again disappointed in their views—Should they push their design against Philadelphia, on this route, their all is at stake—they will put the contest on the event of a single battle: If they

are overthrown, they are utterly undone—the war is at an end—Now then is the time for our most strenuous exertions—One bold stroke will free the land from rapine, devastations & burnings, and female innocence from brutal lust and violence—In every other quarter the American Arms have, of late, been rapidly successful & still greater numbers have been made prisoners—The militia at the northward, have fought with a resolution, that would have done honor to old soldiers; they bravely fought and conquered, and glory attends them. Who can forbear to emulate their noble spirit? Who is there without ambition, to share with them, the applauses of their countrymen, and of all posterity, as the defenders of Liberty, and the procurers of peace and happiness to millions in the present and future generations? Two years we have maintained the war and struggled with difficulties innumerable. But the prospect has since brightened, and our affairs put on a better face—Now is the time to reap the fruits of all our toils and dangers! If we behave like men, this third Campaign will be our last—Ours is the main army; to us our Country looks for protection—The eyes of all America, and of Europe are turned upon us, as on those by whom the event of the war is to be determined. And the General assures his countrymen and fellow soldiers, that he believes the critical, the important moment is at hand, which demands their most spirited exertions in the field. There glory waits to crown the brave—and peace—freedom and happiness will be the rewards of victory. Animated by motives like these, soldiers fighting in the cause of innocence, humanity and justice, will never give way, but, with undaunted resolution, press on to conquest. And this, the General assures himself, is the part the American Forces now in arms will act; and thus acting, he will insure them success.


Title: To George Washington from Colonel Mordecai Gist, 5 September 1777
From: Gist, Mordecai
To: Washington, George

Sir
Camp at the Head of Sassafras [Md.] 5 septr 1777

I have to Inform Your Excellency that I arrivd here the 2d Instant, where I found General Cadwalader with about 300 Militia, in very confusd order. their complaints of being called out contrary to law has become very general Among them, which has Induc’d me to promise

them to adopt the rule of calling out only the three first Classes as orderd by the Assembly of this State, for the better regulation of the Militia. this Appears to be satisfactory to the Whole and will put me upon a more respectable footing in Command, as I can afterwards compel them to pay due attention to order. I expect Mr Paca to my Assistance in the Morning, when I make not the least doubt, that a few days will Supply me with the Number recommended by Congress.
the principal division of the Enemies fleet consisting of about 150 sail have fallen down to the Mouth of this River and Stretch their line from Grove point to Howels point—the Isis, the Roebuck, and a 40 Gun ship lay off Colo. Loyds a little below Pooles Island, the Sphynx still continues at Anchor at Elk. a 50 Gun ship has been some time fast aground on Stony point, where she still lays in that Condition. I have this Information from such Authority as I think may be depended on.
I learn from a Midshipman of the Swift Sloop of War who we took prisoner Yesterday, that he understood when he left the ship (on Saturday last) that the whole of the Fleet was preparing to go round to Delaware.
I am Just Informed that some few ships past Annapolis yesterday—We have sent 14 Deserters & 4 prisoners to Chester.
Colonel Richardsons Battalion Arrived here to day, and has Joind the Militia under my Command.
as I Apprehend, the design of the Fleet is to Rob & plunder the defenceless Inhabitants on the Coast—I have detachd a party to Howels point to drive of the Stock—I have another party in pursuit of a Tory Company in Arms agt the State, as will Appear by the Inclosed. I expect a good Account of them to morrow, and shall be glad you would advise me how to dispose of such prisoners. I have the Honour to be Sir Your Most Obdt H. Servt

M. Gist


Title: From George Washington to John Hancock, 5 September 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Hancock, John

Sir
Head Quarters Wilmington [Del.] 5th Sept. 1777

Since I did myself the honor of writing to you the Night before last, the Enemy have remained intirely quiet. A person who came express from Genl Rodney informs me that the Enemys shipping fell down from Cecil Court House on Tuesday last, but how low he does not know. I have desired Genl Rodney to inquire into this matter, and if it be true, to send persons along the Bay shore to see where they lay. Genl Maxwell who is just come up from the lines confirms the account of the Shipping having fallen down Elk, but it is thought to be with an intent of going up the other Arm of the Bay for the convenience of watering near the Mouth of Susquehannah. I have the honour to be with great Respect Sir Yr most obt. Servt

Go: Washington

P.S. We have not been able to ascertain the Enemy’s loss in the late Action any other way than by a Woman who came from their Camp yesterday. She says she saw Nine Waggon loads of Wounded. I think this probable because we had about forty killed and wounded, and as our Men were thinly posted they must have done more damage upon a close Body than they received.


Title: To George Washington from Patrick Henry, 5 September 1777
From: Henry, Patrick
To: Washington, George

Sir.
Williamsburgh [Va.] Septr 5th 1777

Edmund Randolph Esqr. communicated to me that part of your last Letter to him, in which you are pleased to take Notice of your Ladys Reception at this place. I beg you to be assured that every Expression of Regard, falls short of that which I feel, & shall retain thro’ Life, for such distinguished Merit.
You are pleased also to observe that you have not recd any Answer from me to your two Favors of the 13th April & 17th May last. The latter has never been received. The former would have been answer’d, but really when I have considered the Extent Variety & Importance of the Things which occupy your Attention, I have been afraid of pestering you with Letters. The Scheme of embodying Volunteers was no more thought of after the Receipt of yours in which it appeared to be against your Wishes. In that, as in every military Measure I shall be solely guided by your Opinions.
Upon the Appearance of the British Fleet, about three thousand Militia were embody’d. They have Shewn great Alacrity. A third part of the Militia of P. William, Loudoun, Fairfax, Culpepper, Fauquier, Berkley, Dunmore & Frederick, is ordered to rendezvous at Frederick Town in Maryland & there to await your Orders. I have thought it of great Consequence to throw some Troops on the eastern Shore. But it ’tis rather disagreable to the Militia & for want of more Regulars two Companys only are gone there. Colo. N. Gist with seventeen Cherokees being here, chose also to go over & is gone.
Altho a good peace is made with the Cherokees, yet our Southwestern Frontier is much harassed with Small partys of Indians. General Hand expects pretty warm Work about Pittsburgh.
Could any particular Assistance to you be render’d by Virginia at this Juncture, I should be made happy. Early Intelligence of the Enemy’s Motions may be of the highest Moment should they come down the Bay.
I beg Leave to assure you of that perfect Esteem & high Regard with which I have the Honour to be Sir yr most obedient & very humble Servant

P. Henry


Title: From George Washington to General William Howe, 5 September 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Howe, William

Sir
Head Quarters of the Army [Wilmington, Del.] 5th Sept. 1777.

I did myself the honor to write you on the 16th of July upon the subject of an Exchange of Major Genl Prescot for Majr Genl Lee.
As I can only attribute your Silence upon a matter so personally interesting to both those Gentlemen to your not having received my former Letter, I am induced to transmit you a duplicate of it, to which I

beg leave to request an Answer. I have the Honor to be with due Respect Sir Yr most obt Servt.


Title: From George Washington to Christopher Ludwick, 5 September 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Ludwick, Christopher

Sir,
Wilmington [Del.] September 5th 1777

Mr Stewart Comy Genl of Issues has shown me a letter from him to you of yesterday’s date, desiring you to repair to Camp, leaving the ovens at Morristown under the direction of some other person if you can find a proper one; and directing you also in your way to call at Pitstown and Coryells, and forward all the bread from those places by water to Camp, or near it. It is my wish, you should punctually comply with these instructions, and use all the dispatch you can in coming yourself & in sending on the bread, for which there is an indispensible necessity. And When you come to Philadelphia, I would have you set as many ovens as you can procure to work in baking hard bread. I am Sir Your humble servt.


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General William Maxwell, 5 September 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Maxwell, William

Sir
Wilmington [Del.] Septr 5th 1777

I send you herewith two letters for Lord & General Howe, which you will immediately transmit by a flag to the latter. Let Some decent officer go with the flag.
I have heard a report of one of our militia parties firing upon a flag that came from the enemy; I wish you to inquire into the matter, and if you find it true, make a proper apology for it to General Howe; and strictly forbid any similar infringement of the rules of propriety for the future; provided these steps have not been already taken. As you have given me no information of such an incident, I suppose the report must have been without foundation, but I mention this lest it might

have happened, as I should wish of all things to avoid giving any cause of complaint in this way.
I should be glad to hear how the enemy are situated and what they seem to be about. Send out reconnoitring parties, under good intelligent officers to inspect the different parts of their camp, and gain as exact an insight as possible into their circumstances, and let me know the result of their observations. Endeavour also to procure some of the Country people in the neighbourhood, in whom you can repose confidence to go into their lines, and make what discoveries they can: As an inducement to this they must be properly rewarded. I am Sir Your most Obed. serv.
P.S. You should always have small advanced parties towards the enemy’s lines about the hour of morning you expect them to move, as it is of essential importance to us, to have the earliest intelligence of it.
Several persons have mentioned that there is a Hessian General quartered at one Fishers, covered only by a small guard. This is well worth your attention and may afford a glorious opportunity for a partisan exploit. Any of the country people can direct you, I suppose, where Fisher’s is.


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General William Maxwell, 5 September 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Maxwell, William

Dear Sir,
Wilmington [Del.] Septemr 5th 1777

Let me know by the bearer whether you have received such information, as to enable you to make the intended attempt to night (or rather in the morning) if you have—the parson will be an excellent hand to accompany you.
I am persuaded, I need not impress upon you the necessity of secrecy: the success of the enterprise totally depends upon that, and the precautions you use, to prevent the disaffected from carrying intelligence of your march after it is began, and this to be done by waylaying all the roads leading to the enemy. I would not advise you to communicate your scheme to any of your officers, ’till just as you are ready to put it into execution. Things leak out surprisingly, and if any intimation should be given of the scheme the tables may be turned upon you. You may rely upon it, that if you have entrusted many officers with a knowledge of this matter, that it has, or will soon descend to the men.

In returning, you had better come in upon our right, lest any attempt should be made to intercept you on either of the other roads. Take care to provide good guides, and with proper precaution, or else the attempt to do this will betray your design. I am Dr Sir Yrs &c.

G.W.


Title: To George Washington from Richard Peters, 5 September 1777
From: Peters, Richard
To: Washington, George

Sir,
War Office [Philadelphia] Septr 5th 1777

I have the Honour of enclosing you Copy of a Letter which was addressed to a Member of Congress, & laid before the Board for their Consideration. It is sent to your Excellency for the Purpose of pointing out the Grievances complained of & which the Board are very willing to use their Endeavors to redress if they could be furnished with your Excellency’s Assistance in forming the Plan. It is said the Salt Meat & Bacon is consumed in some Part by the General Officers but chiefly by the Commissaries & Followers of the Army[.] If so the latter Instance is a great Abuse & ought by all Means to be checked. But how to keep so constant a Watch upon these People as to prevent their Mal Practices is a Question of some difficulty. A large Quantity of Vinegar has been purchased for the Use of the Army & yet it is said by many Officers that their Regiments have not had a Drop. The Board directed me to mention this Matter also that Enquiry might be made into it & Measures taken if possible to oblige the Commissaries more faithfully to discharge their Duty. I have the Honour to be with the greatest Respect your very obed. Servt

Richard Peters Secy


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General Caesar Rodney, 5 September 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Rodney, Caesar

Sir
Head Quarters Wilmington [Del.] 5th Sepr 1777

Your’s of yesterday reached me last Night. I hope as the Enemy have moved further towards the Head of Elk that the New Castle Militia will find an Opportunity of joining you with safety. I last night sent an Express to Colo. Richardson of the 5th Maryland Battalion to march up from Lewis Town & join you, but as there is a possibility that the Letter may have miscarried, I enclose you a Duplicate, which I beg you will be kind enough to forward to him. For the present you can do no more than keep scouts and Patroles towards the Enemy to watch their motions, but as soon as you are joined by more force from this State, by the Militia of the Eastern Shore of Maryland and by Richardson’s Battalion, I would have you move as near the Enemy as you can with safety, that you may, if they move on towards Philadelphia, get between them

& their Shipping and cut off their Communication with them or at least render it difficult. You will endeavour to check any parties that the Enemy may send out to collect Horses, Cattle or Forage; and give me intelligence of any Occurrences that may come to your Knowledge. I am Sir Your most obt servt

G.W.

P.S. The light Horseman who brought your letter informs me that the Enemy’s Shipping all fell down from Cecil Court House last Tuesday and were out of Sight, be pleased to inform me whether this be true, and if it is, endeavour to find out how low they have fallen down. If you advance towards the Enemy always keep your Baggage well in your Rear that you may not be incumbered by it.


Title: General Orders, 6 September 1777
From: Washington, George
To:

Head Quarters, Wilmington [Del.] Septr 6th 1777.

The General has no doubt, but that every man who has a due sense of the importance of the cause he has undertaken to defend, and who has any regard to his own honor and the reputation of a soldier will, if called to action, behave like one contending for every thing valuable; But, if contrary to his expectation, there shall be found any officers, or soldiers, so far lost to all shame as basely to quit their post without orders, or shall skulk from danger, or offer to retreat before order is given for so doing, from proper authority, of a superior officer; they are to be instantly shot down, as a just punishment to themselves, and for examples to others—This order, those in the rear, and the Corps of reserve, are to see duly executed, to prevent the cowardly from making a sacrifice of the brave, and by their ill example and groundless tales (calculated to cover their own shameful conduct) spreading terror as they go.
That this order may be well known, and strongly impressed upon the army, the General positively orders the Commanding officer of every regiment to assemble his men and have it read to them to prevent the plea of ignorance.
The General begs the favor of the officers to be attentive to all strange faces and suspicious characters which may be discovered in camp: and if upon examination of them no good account can be given why they are there, to carry them to the Major General of the day for

further examination; this, as it is only a necessary precaution, is to be done in a manner least offensive.
The General officers are to meet at 5 O’Clock this afternoon at the brick house by White-Clay creek, and fix upon proper picquets for the security of the camp.
John Laurens and Peter Presly Thornton Esqrs. are appointed Extra-Aids-du Camp to the Commander in Chief: all orders therefore thro’ them in writing, or otherwise, are to be regarded in the same light as if proceeding from any other of his Aides-du-Camp.
Notwithstanding the orders relative to slaughter houses, they are still often great nuisances to the army—The Quarter Masters of divisions therefore are to see that they are fixed at proper distances, and that all offal be well buried once a day—The Commander in Chief will look to, these Quarter Masters for the execution of this order, and no excuse can be admitted for the neglect of so necessary a duty.
After Orders. Information has been given that many of the waggon horses are suffered to go loose in the fields: The Commander in Chief strictly orders, that every night, all the waggon-horses be put to the waggons, and there kept, and if it be necessary at any time for them to go to grass, that, it be only in the day time and then the waggoners must stay by them constantly; that they may be ready to tackle at the shortest notice—The waggon masters are required to see this order carefully executed—The enemy have disincumbered themselves of all their baggage, that their movements may be quick and easy—It behoves us to be alike ready for marching at a moment’s warning: And for the same reason it is absolutely necessary, and the Commander in Chief positively orders, that both officers & men remain constantly at their quarters—Tattoo is no longer to be beat in camp.


Title: To George Washington from a Committee of the Continental Congress, 6 September 1777
From: Committee of the Continental Congress,Lee, Richard Henry,Folsom, Nathaniel,Gerry, Elbridge
To: Washington, George

sir
Philadelphia 6th Sepr 1777

The Representation made to your Excellency by a Board of General officers, touching the Inconveniences arising from the Mode in which regimental officers have drawn their Rations, having been committed to Us by Congress, We propose to report the inclosed Resolve, upon which We previously wish to have your Sentiments.
We are not to consider the proposal for drawing more provissions than are allowed by the Establishment, which appears to be attended

with many Difficulties, & have therefore confined our Veiws to the Removal of the Inconveniences complained of, being with much Esteem sir your very hume Servts

Richard Henry Lee
Nathel Folsom
E. Gerry


Title: To George Washington from John Hancock, 6 September 1777
From: Hancock, John
To: Washington, George

Sir,
Philada Septr 6th 1777.

You will perceive from the enclosed Resolves, that Congress, desirous of reinforcing the Army at this critical Period, have recommended to the States of Pennsylvania and New Jersey to order out immediately a considerable Part of their Militia; and I have no Doubt of their Compliance.
I have wrote to Govr Livingston on the Subject, and informed him that should he think proper to appoint Genl Dickinson to the Command of the three Thousand requested from that State, it will be extremely agreeable to Congress. That Gentleman has, I understand, signified his Readiness to act whenever called upon; and as he posesses the Confidence of the Militia, and has Talents equal to the Task, I am persuaded the Appointment will give general Satisfaction.
Your Favour of the 3d Inst., and likewise of yesterday by the Hands of Genl St Clair I have been duely honoured with. The latter I shall lay before Congress this Morning. I have the Honour to be, with the greatest Respect, Sir, your most obed. & very hble Servt

John Hancock Presidt


Title: Lieutenant Colonel Tench Tilghman to Major General William Heath, 6–10 September 1777
From: Tilghman, Tench
To: Heath, William

Dear Sir
Head Quarters Wilmington [Del.]6[–10]th Sepr 1777

I am to acknowledge the receipt of your favs. of the 13th and 20th August. I should have answered the former before this time, but as I recd it upon my march to this place I had not an opportunity of doing it sooner.
As the Expedition to St Johns was set on foot by order of Congress, you should apply to them for directions about the payment of the Officers for the time they were engaged in that Service. I do not know any thing of the terms on which they set out, and therefore cannot properly give orders in the Matter.
If you will send a list of the Officers of Henley’s Lee’s and Jackson’s Regiments with the exact times of their appointments, I will have their Commissions forwarded to them. After Capt. Trescot was disappointed of a Majority by Cornels Regiment falling thro’, he agreed to accept of the eldest Captaincy in Henley’s by which means he would get the Majority whenever a vacancy should happen. More than this I cannot do, for if the Custom of granting Brevets is once introduced into the Army there will be no end to applications for them.
If the intrenching Tools that came in the Amphitrité are of so ordinary a quality, the expence of removing them to Springfeild will be more than their Value, you had therefore better have them carried for the present to some place in the Neighbourhood of Boston. The Grenades may be also left.

Since General Howes debarkation in Elk River, he has moved on about seven Miles. His main Body now lays at Iron Hill and ours near a Village called Newport. In this Position the Armies are from Eight to ten Miles apart. It is yet very uncertain what Genl Howe’s plan of Op⟨e⟩rations will be. Some imagine that he will extend himself from the Head Waters of Chesapeak to Delaware, and by these means not only cut off the Counties on the Eastern Shore of Maryland and two of those belonging to the Delaware State from affording us any Assistance, but will secure the Horses, Cattle and Forage of which there are considerable quantities in that Country. This in my opinion, considering how far the Campaign is already advanced, would take up more time than he could spare. For supposing him able to form such an extension, he would be full as far from Philad. as he is at present, and he would be subject to an attack upon some part of his line, which from its length could not be properly supported. A few days past he advanced two or three Miles forward, during which there was pretty smart skirmishing between our light Troops and his Van. We had about Forty killed and wounded, and I imagine the Enemy had considerably more as ours were thinly posted behind cover and they were in Column. I am Dear Sir Yr most obt Servt

Tench Tilghman

Chad’s Ford [Pa.] 10th Sepr 1777. His Excellency prevented from signing as he is called out to form the Troops, the Enemy being on the approach.


Title: To George Washington from General William Howe, 6 September 1777
From: Howe, William
To: Washington, George

Sir
Head Quarters [Aiken’s Tavern, Del.] 6th September 1777.

I am to acknowledge the Receipt of your Letter of yesterday’s Date, enclosing a Copy of another of the 16th July, the Original of which was received at Sea. In answer thereto I am to inform you that when you fulfill your Engagements by a general Exchange of the Officers in your

Possession, & have returned the Soldiers now detained as Prisoners, for those already sent in by me, I shall consent to your Proposition for the Exchange of General Lee. With due Respect I am Sir Your most obedient humble Servant

W. Howe


Title: To George Washington from Thomas Johnson, 6 September 1777
From: Johnson, Thomas
To: Washington, George

Sir.
Baltimore Septemr 6. 1777.

Some Time since I received a Letter from Mr Paca from Chester informing me of your Request to Mr Cadwallader which Mr Cadwallader very readily gave into—The Council and myself as our Affairs were circumstanced requested Colo. Richardson to move up in order to join the Militia before we knew that you had designed Mr Cadwallader should take the Command or that the Congress had fixed on Colo. Gist for that Service being persuaded it would be much better for Colo. Richardson to move up and take the Command of Course than to leave it to Accident or perhaps Dispute among the Militia Officers. I have just received a Letter from Mr paca—Mr Cadwallader is acting with Activity and Mr paca says the Militia are very fond of him—If we had had the power the Council and I on the first Intimation should have sent Mr Cadwallader a Commission but our Legislature have not allowed us to make any Officer higher than a Colonel in the Militia nor do I know how we shall certainly avail Ourselves of Mr Cadwalladers Abilities unless the Congress will give and he will accept a Brigadiers Commission—he will not I believe accept any Office under the Govt of Pennsylvania—From my Acquaintance with Mr Cadwallader I have been led to wish him in the Service but if he should not like to engage in it for any length of Time I should think that he could not refuse a Commission for this Occasion and that it would be consistent with Honor to decline it again within the Terms of his Accept[anc]e if you judge so I submit whether a Letter from you to Congress might not put every Thing right. I am sr With the greatest Respect & Regard Your most obedt hble Servt

Th. Johnson


Title: From George Washington to Captain Benjamin Pollard, 6 September 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Pollard, Benjamin

Sir
Head Quarters New Port [Del.] 6th Septem. 1777.

By the time this reaches you, you will have made a considerable progress in blocking up the Bridge which you had begun to lay over the Brandywine and blocking up the Road leading to it—as soon as this business is effectually done; I should be glad to have a proper Bridge thrown over that part of the Creek and adjacent Mill Races which the Engineer pointed out to you this morning—provided the Execution of such a work would not require too long a time—this you will consider and let me know by the return of the Bearer in how little time you could undertake to perfect the Bridge in question. I am Sir Your most obedt hble Servt.


Title: From George Washington to Major General Israel Putnam, 6 September 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Putnam, Israel

Dr sr
Wilmington [Del.] Septr 6. 1777

In your letter of the 22d Ulto, you transmitted a memorandum requesting directions about repairing & building Barracks, and also my sentiments, as to the number of Troops that may probably winter at Peeks Kill.
In respect to the number of Troops, that may quarter there, it is dificult, if not impossible at this time to ascertain it, as a variety of circumstances may arise in the course of the Campaign to alter any estimate that might now be made; However, I suppose, there may be four thousand there & at the Forts above.
As to the Barracks, you will proceed on as saving a plan as you can, & build no more than what will be absolutely necessary. I immagine Quarters may be procured within a reasonable distance for many of the Troops—so that they wou’d be near enough to assemble in time, against any attack, the Enemy may attempt to make—And if so, that

Barracks need not be provided for the whole—or for more than will be fully sufficient to guard & defend the several passes. Care & attention should be had to placing them. They should not be fixd, where they will be exposed to the Enemy or be liable to be burnt by ’em on a sudden push, as they were at Peeks Kill in the beginning of the Spring. We must remember the event & profit by It.
Since the Enemy Landed, there have been several small Skirmishes between our light parties but without any great Damage to either side. We have made between seventy & eighty British Prisoners & have had several Deserters, chiefly from the Ships. Their main Body lies about eight or nine miles from ours but our parties are much nearer. I suppose in a little time, probably in the course of a few days, the scene will be more active and very interesting. I am Dr Sr &c.

G. W——n


Title: To George Washington from Major General Israel Putnam, 6 September 1777
From: Putnam, Israel
To: Washington, George

Dear Genl
Peeks Kill Septr 6th 1777

Inclosed I Send a return of the Corps under my Command at this & the adjacent posts[.] have no news more than what I believe you have heared—I understand Genl How has Set his face towards Philadelphia[.] I pray he may meet with the fate due to his evil intentions of torturing the Innocent & of Subjugating America to the most ignominious Slavery—have not received a line from you Since the 22nd ult: I wish to hear from you—in the mean time the best wishes of your most obedient humble Servant attend you.

Israel Putnam

P.S. wish for Some direction about building barracks for the Troops at Peeks Kill. in my next will be a return of the artillery.


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General Caesar Rodney, 6 September 1777
From: Rodney, Caesar
To: Washington, George

Dr Genl
Midd[1]etown [Del.] Septr 6th 1777

Immediately on the rect of your Letter of yesterday I dispached one of my Light Horse with yours to Colo. Richardson Who he fortunately found at the Head of Sassafrass—By the same had I wrote to Collo.

Gist to obtain and give me the best information of the movements of the Enemies Fleet and have inclosed you his Letter to me on that Head—He mentions the rising and imbod[y]ing of some Tories and refers to another Letter sent herewith as to those mentioned to be in Kent on Dalaware I am apprehensive it must be without foundation because I have very Good inteligence from that Quarter every day and have hear’d nothing of it—When I arrived here yesterday was informed by a number of people that four Hundred of the Enemy had Landed that morning at Town point—the farthest point of Land between Elk and Boheamy I immediately sent a party off that way—the officer has returned and Reports that he was down on the point and all through that neck and that there were none of the Enemy to be Seen—I have a party of foot just Setting Out to Take a view of the enemy about Aitkens Tavern where I am informed they Still Lye—I had forgot to Tell you that the Officer of the Horse informed me he Took a View of the Elk River, and that he saw but three or four Vessels Small Vessels of war—Before I Left Wilmington I Drew five boxes of Ca[r]tri[d]ges, Could not then Obtain a wagon to bring them—The President promised to have them sent immediately However by some means or Other they are not Come. for want of them I am much distressed not having more than four Rounds I think the New Castle Malitia now may & Hope they will join me. I am Sir Yr Most Obedient Humbe Servt

Cæsar Rodney

P.S. A person Just Come from Kent on Delaware Says, there is a Report there that a Number of Tories on the Borders of that County and Maryland have Embodied that Some of them are taken, and that it is believed they were Encouraged to it by the Methodists Many of whose preachers are in that Quarter.


Title: Lieutenant Colonel Robert Hanson Harrison to John Hancock, 7 September 1777
From: Harrison, Robert Hanson
To: Hancock, John

Sir
New port [Del.] Septr 7th 1777.

His Excellency being out a reconnoitring and busily engaged in the Affairs of the Army, I have the honor to acknowledge his receipt of your Letter of the 6th with the Resolutions inclosed, which came to hand Yesterday Afternoon.
In respect to the Militia requested of Jersey, his Excellency is doubtfull,

whether they can be obtained. For Governor Livingston, by a Late letter, informed him, that he had no expectation, that more than Three Hundred, of the Thousand called for to garrison the posts in the Highlands, would march, notwithstanding he had issued Orders for that purpose; And, that Three weeks would probably elapse before that Number went. If the requisition can be complied with, he has no doubt of Genl Dickenson’s exertions, and is satisfied of the propriety of appointing him to the command. This, he imagines, would have followed of course, as he is Major General of All the Militia in the State, and has given ample testimony, as well of his capacity, as of his firmness and bravery.
By deserters and Other intelligence, his Excellency was informed last night, that the Enemy’s whole Force left Elk yesterday, and advanced on the Road towards Christiana. The Deserters added, that they had disincumbered themselves of All their Tents and Baggage and had sent ’em back and reimbarked ’em. All their Ships, except Two or three, which are Ships of War, are said to have fallen down the Bay, below the Mouth of Sassafras. We have had no information to day of any further movements, and I beleive their main body lies about Iron Hill. I have the Honor to be with great respect Sir Yr Most Obedt Sert

Rob: H: Harrison

P.S. The deserters said, they had destroyed a good deal of the Corn &c., they found in Store.


Title: General Orders, 8 September 1777
From: Washington, George
To:

Head Quarters, Newport [Del.] Septemr 8th 1777.


Title: To George Washington from John Bubenheim Bayard, 8 September 1777
From: Bayard, John Bubenheim
To: Washington, George

Sir
Philadelphia 8th Septem. 1777.

At a Time when the personal Exertion of every friend to Liberty is so essentially necessary it is with the greatest reluctance that the General Assembly of Pennsylvania find themselves under the Necessity of calling for some of their Members from the Army. By the Constitution of Pennsylvania a certain Number of Members is necessary in order to constitute a Quorum of its representatives—that Number cannot be made up without the presence of some Gentlemen of the Militia now in actual Service We need not remind your Excellency that the utmost Exertion of the civil powers of Government is, at this Juncture, highly necessary to call forth the Military Force of this State. I must therefore at the request and in the Name of the General Assembly of Pennsylvania

desire that you will lay your Excellency’s Commands on the following Gentlemen immediately to attend their Duty in Assembly, They are Col. Robert Lollar Colo. Philip Marsteller Colo. Alexander Lowrey Colo. William Clark Colo. Daniel Hunter Col. Baltzar Gear and Colo. John Golden—We make Use of the Word Command in hopes that your Excellency also will use it with respect to those Gentlemen as their Spirit may perhaps construe a bare Licence not a sufficient Justification to leave the Army at this important Crisis. I have the Honor to be Your Excellencys most obedient & most humble servt

John Bayard, Speaker


Title: From George Washington to Jonathan Trumbull, Sr., 8 September 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Trumbull, Jonathan Sr.

Sir
Head Quarters Newport [Del.] 8th Sept. 1777

I was yesterday honored with yours of the 1st instant—you have my thanks for your ready compliance with my requisition, thro’ Genl Putnam, for a Reinforcement to the important [posts] at Peeks kill, and it is an additional pleasure to me to find that you have also sent a Reinforcement to the Army.
Since General Howe’s debarkation at the head of Chesapeak Bay he has made very little progress, having only moved five or six miles from the Shore with strong grounds in his front. Our advanced Parties have had a small skirmish with his, but the damage on either side is considerable—Genl Howe’s plans are yet very mysterious, a few days ago he sent all his Tents and Baggage on board again, and his Ships have fallen

some distance down Chesapeak Bay. This can be for no other purpose but to go round to Delaware, and meet him there, as he can easily extend himself across the Isthmus which is narrow—this will be a strange maneuvre indeed, as it will be exposing his Ships to some danger upon the Coast, at this tempestuous Season, and should an accident happen to the Fleet he must be ruined—A little time must unfold his true Designs, which I trust we shall be able to baffle, as the Troops are in good Spirits, and the people of the Country shew an universal good will to oppose the common Enemy. I have the honor to be with sincere Respect and regard Sir your most obedient Servant

Go: Washington


Title: General Orders, 9 September 1777
From: Washington, George
To:

Head Quarters, Burmingham [Pa.] Septemr 9th 1777.

Intelligence having been received, that the enemy, instead of advancing towards Newport, are turned another course, and appeared to have a design of marching northward—this rendered it expedient for the army to quit Newport and march northward also; which occasioned it’s sudden movement this morning.
Such of the troops as have not been served with Rum to day, are as soon as possible to be served with a gill a man.
The Major and Brigadier Generals of the day, accompanied by the Quarter Mr General, will immediately reconnoitre the environs of the camp; and fix on the proper places for the posting of picquets, for its security.


Title: To George Washington from John Hancock, 9 September 1777
From: Hancock, John
To: Washington, George

Sir,
Philada Septr 9th 1777.

I have the Honour to transmit at this Time Copies of two several Letters from Governor Livingston and Genl du Coudray to Congress. As Govr Livingston seems apprehensive of an Irruption from the Enemy on Staten Island, and says they are collecting there for this Purpose; the Congress have directed Genl Putnam to hold in Readiness fifteen Hundred Men under the Command of a Brigadier, to cross the North River when you may think proper to order it. A copy of the Resolve, I shall immediately forward to Genl Putnam.
The enclosed Letter from Monsr du Coudray contains a Proposal of forming a Camp between Wilmington & Philadelphia—the Propriety of which, the Congress have referred entirely to you.
Colonel Harrison’s Favour of the 7th Inst. was duely received.
I beg Leave to request your Attention to the Inclosures, and have the Honour to be, with the greatest Respect, Sir, your most obed. & very hble Servt

John Hancock Presidt


Title: To George Washington from Richard Peters, 9 September 1777
From: Peters, Richard
To: Washington, George

Sir
War Office [Philadelphia] September: 9th 1777

I have the Honour to enclose you a Resolve of Congress relative to providing proper Means for the speedy Communication of Intelligence. The Board have it not in their Power to provide suitable Persons for the Purpose or they would not lessen the Number of Combatants in the Army, but are obliged to request your Excellency to appoint a sufficient Number of Expresses out of either Blands or Sheldon’s Regt of Horse & to carry into Execution the Resolve of Congress with all convenient Speed. I have the Honour to be with the greatest Respect your very obedt Servt

Richard Peters Secy


Title: From George Washington to Brig. Gen. Caesar Rodney, 9 September 1777 [letter not found]
From: Washington, George
To: Rodney, Caesar

Letter not found: to Brig. Gen. Caesar Rodney, 9 Sept. 1777. GW wrote Rodney on 10 Sept.: “I wrote to you Yesterday to follow upon their Rear with all the Force you could collect.”


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General Caesar Rodney, 9 September 1777
From: Rodney, Caesar
To: Washington, George

Noxen Town [Del.] Septr 9th 1777

I am here in a disagreable Situation unable to Render you and the States those services I both wished and expected—A few days ago I moved from this to Middle-Town in Order to induce the New Castle Malitia in this Quarter, who had shewn great backwardness, to turn out, especially as by that move most of their Farms & property were covered—However all this Has Answered no purpose for tho’ I believe

 most of their Officers have been Vigilent but very few have Come in at all, and those few who made their appearance in the morning took the Liberty of returning contrary to their Orders in the evening—Their increasing the duty and setting so bad an example to the troops from Kent about four Hundred in number, and the Only Troops I had with me brought about so general discontent and Uneasiness, especially as they were more immediately defending the property of those people as Caused them in great numbers To leave me tho I must say the Officers did all they Could to prevent it—Finding this the Case paid Col. Gist a Visit my self to know his situation and when it might be possible for him to move forward with Coll Richardsons Battalion and the Malitia of the Maryland Eastern-Shore, who let me know he was doing all he Could to Collect them and would move forward as soon as he should have it in his power—The two uper Battalions of New Castle County have never even assigned a reason why they have not joined me—Under these Circumstances I Removed to Noxen Town where the Camp duty on the few I have with me is less Severe, Untill the other troops mentioned shall be ready to move forward and have wrote this day to Coll Gist on that Head—Yesterday Evening I sent a party of my Light-Horse to Take a view of the Enemy and gain inteligence—The officer with his men returned this morning and Reports that he was in Aitkens’s Tavern House, past some miles Through The late encampment of the enemy, Round about that place saw and was among the fires they had left burning, that the Extreme part of their Right wing was at Cooches Mill their left Toward Newark—This Inteligence makes me more anxious to Collect & move forward such a body as would be Able to Render you signal servises by falling upon & Harrassing their Right wing or Rear—Be assured All I can do Shall be done—But he that Can deal with Malitia may almost venture to deal with the —— As soon as I can set forward shall advise You God send you a Complete Victory. I am Dear Sir your most Obedt Humbe Servt

Caesar Rodney


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General William Smallwood, 9 September 1777
From: Washington, George
To: Smallwood, William

Sir
Wilmington [Del.] 9th Septr 1777.

I received your favor of the 4th Inst. and hope by this Time, that you have arrived at Nottingham. The Enemy advanced towards us Yesterday with a seeming intention of attacking our post near New port. We waited for them all day, but upon reconnoitring their situation in

the Evening, we judged they only meant to amuse us in Front, while they marched by our right flank and gained the Heights of Brandiwine. Viewing things in this light, and the consequences that would necessarily follow if such an event took place, It was thought adviseable that we should change our ground and gain the Heights before ’em. This we are attempting, and I doubt [not] shall effect. I must now request, as Generl Howe will strain every nerve to possess Philadelphia, and as it may be expected, that his Fleet, or part of it, will arrive in Delaware River in a few days to cooperate with him, that you will move on with all possible expedition with all the Force you have or can get. I will not mark out any particular line of conduct for you to pursue—but leave it with you, either to join me or to fall up⟨on⟩ the Rear of the Enemy as shall seem most eligible from circumstances. Your caution upon this occasion cannot be too great—Much is at Stake. I am Sir Yr Most Obedt Servt

Go: Washington


Title: General Orders, 10 September 1777
From: Washington, George
To:

Head Quarters, Burmingham [Pa.] septr 10th 1777.

It being with much concern that the General hears the frequent complaints of the farmers, on account of the destruction of their fences &c. by which means their fields of grain and grass are exposed to devastation and ruin—He wishes, that officers of every rank, for the sake of Justice and reputation of the American Arms, would exert themselves, to correct this species of abuse: And this he is persuaded they will do, when it is considered, that no stronger proof can be given, of inattention or want of authority, than to suffer such practices to prevail in a country, abounding with wood, and by men with hatchets in their hands—Besides this, the injustice which individuals, or the public must sustain, by such practices, when there is no kind of necessity for them, ought to strike every body in the most forcible manner.
No baggage is to be kept upon this ground that can possibly be dispensed with; and what cannot is to be loaded an hour before day, and

in readiness to remove—The Quarter Master General will have orders where to send it.
The Commissary General to have, at least three day’s provisions, always on hand, three or four miles, in the rear of the army; and draw in what biscuit he can, and salt meat, for occasional serving—The Qr Mr General must furnish waggons for these purposes.
The men are to be provided with cooked provisions, for to morrow at least; for two days would be still better, if they can get such kinds as will keep.
The light horse, except those on duty, may lay quartered a little in the rear of Head Quarters.
A total stop is to be put, to all loose, disorderly firing in camp, as, otherwise it will be impossible to distinguish guns fired for an alarm.
Two hundred and fifty men of Genl Greene’s, and two hundred of each other division, and one hundred of Genl Nash’s brigade, of Continental troops; and four hundred of Genl Armstrong’s division of militia, are to be drawn out daily, as picquets, and to assemble, those of Genl Greene’s, Genl Wayne’s, Lord Stirling’s and General Stephen’s divisions, and Genl Nash’s brigade, on the most convenient ground near the Artillery park. Genl Sullivan’s at the Centre of his division—From these picquets, all the necessary outguards are to be furnished; and the residue to remain at their respective places of assembling, ready to reinforce the out-guards, or other duty, until relieved by new picquets—At every new incampment, these out-guards are to be posted by the Major General of the day, and Quarter Mr General, aided by the other officers of the day—As soon as the guards are posted, a report is to be made to the Commander in Chief where they are—these picquets are to be under the command of the Major General of the day, & under him, by the Brigadier General of the day—Each division will furnish a field officer, and a proportion of other officers, to take charge of it’s own picquet—but Genl Armstrong’s division will furnish two such field officers—These picquets are to parade at five o’clock daily.


Title: Lieutenant Colonel Robert Hanson Harrison to John Hancock, 10 September 1777
From: Harrison, Robert Hanson
To: Hancock, John

Sir
Chads Ford [Pa.] Septr 10th 1777.

Yesterday Evening, I received the honor of your Letter of the 9th with its several Inclosures. I have written to Genl Putnam to detach the Fifteen Hundred Men mentioned by Congress, and inclosed my Letter upon the subject, which you will be pleased to forward to him by the earliest Opportunity.
In respect to the Subject of Monsr Du Coudray’s Letter, I would beg leave to observe, however eligible the measure might otherwise be, which he recommends, An attempt to carry it into execution at this time would answer no valuable purpose, as the work in all probability could not be more than marked out, when it would be wanted. I would also add, that I do not conceive any great advantages would be derived from it, supposing it would be compleated, as we are certain the Enemy will never attack Lines, which they can avoid. If they were obliged to approach Philadelphia, by a particular route, in such case, no exertions should be spared to erect works and the adoption of the plan would be highly expedient.
The Enemy are now lying near Kennets Square and in a tolerably compact body. They have parties advanced on the Lancaster Road and on those leading over this Ford & to Wilmington. Manuvring appears to be their plan; I hope, notwithstanding, that we shall be able to find out their real—intended route & to defeat their purposes.
By Light Horsemen this instant come in, the Enemy are in motion, & appear to be advancing towards us. His Excellency is giving the necessary Orders & getting the Troops under Arms which prevents him signing this himself as was intended at first. I have the Honor to be Sir Yr Most Obedt servt

Rob: H: Harrison

1, OClock. It is said the Enemy have halted.


Title: To George Washington from John Hancock, 10 September 1777
From: Hancock, John
To: Washington, George

Sir,
Philada Septr 10th 1777.

The great Desire of Congress to be informed of the Movements and Positions of the two Armies as early as possible, at this critical and important Period, has induced them to pass the enclosed Resolve, to which I shall only refer your Attention.
Your Favour of yesterday I was honoured with last Night.
With warmest Wishes, that Victory and Success may attend you, and that the Campaign may terminate in such a Manner as to encrease your Fame and Glory, I have the Honour to be with the greatest Respect Sir your most obed. Servt

John Hancock Presidt