Title: To George Washington from Major General Lafayette, 23 February 1778
From: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de
To: Washington, George

dear general
[Albany] the 23d february 1778

I Meet with an occasion of wraïting to your excellency which I wo’nt miss by any means, even schould I be affraïd of becoming tedious and troublesome—but if they have sent me far from you for I do’nt know what purpose, at least I must make some little use of my pen to prevent all communication be cut of[f] betwen your excellency and me—I have writen lately to you my distressing, ridiculous, foolish, and indeed nameless situation—I am sent with a great noise at the head of an army for doing great things, the whole continent, france and europe herself by in by, and what is the worse, the british army are in expectations—how far they will be deceived, how far we schall be ridiculized, you may judge very well by the candid account you have got of the State of our affairs.
there are things, I dare say, in which I am deceived—Colonel Troop is not here for nothing—one other gentleman became very popular before I went in this place—arnold himself is very found of him—every part I mean to look at, I am Sure a cloud is drawn before my eyes—however there are points I can not be deceived upon—the want of monney the disatisfaction among the soldiers, the disinclination of every one (except the canadians who mean to stay at home) on this expedition, are conspicuous and as clear as possible—however I am sure I will become very ridiculous, and laughed at—my expedition will be as famous as the Secret expedition against rhode island—I confess, my dear general, that I find myself of very quick feelings whenever my reputation and glory are concerned in any thing—it is very hard indeed that such a part of my happiness without which I ca’nt live, would depend

upon the schemes of some fools which I never knew of but when there was no more time of putting them in execution—I assure you, my most dear and respected friend, that I am more unhappy than I ever was.
my desire of doing Some thing was such that I have thaught of doing Some thing by surprise with a detachement—but it seems to me rash and quite impossible—I schould be very happy if you was here to give me some advises—but I have not any body to consult with—they have sent to me more than twenty french officers—I do’nt know what to do with them—I beg you would give me the line of conduct you advise me to take on every point—I am at a loss how to act, and indeed I do’nt know what I am here myself.
however as being the eldest officer (after general arnold Has desired me to take the command) I think it is my duty to mind the business of this ⟨p⟩art of america as well as I can—general gates holds yet the title and power of commander in chief of the northen departement—but as 200000 dollars are arrived I have taken upon myself to pay the most necessary part of the debts we are involved in—I am about sending provisions to fort schuïller—I’l go to see the fort—I try to get some cloathes for the troops, to buy ⟨some⟩ articles for the next campaign—I have directed some monney to be borrowed upon my credit to satisfy the troops who are much discontented—in all I endeavour to do for the best tho’ I have no particular authority or instruction and I’l come as near as I can of general gates’s intentions—but I want much to get an answer to my letters.
I fancy (betwen us) that the actual scheme is to have me out of this part of the continent, and general connway in chief under the immediate direction of general gates—how they will bring it up I do not know—but be certain some thing of that kind will appear—you are nearer than myself, and every honest man in Congress is your friend, therefore you may foresee and prevent if possible the evil hundred times better than I can—I would only give that idea to your excellency.
after having wrote in europe (by the desire of the members of Congress) so many fine things about my commanding an army, I’l be ashamed if nothing can be done by me in that way—I am told general putnam is recalled, and goodell is expected on that part—but your excellency knows better than I do what could be convenient; therfore I do’nt want to mind those things myself.
the young british officer I came with do not seem a very good subject—after he left me, he was met by mister du plessis in a tavern where he got drunk and made such a noise, and told So many indecent things, that du plessis arrested him till he could hear from me—I have writen to him that he could go to boston—that little fellow is the greatest lyar I ever saw.

I have heard of a robbery from my late landlord which if it is true deserves he schould be hanged.
will you be so good as to present my respects to your lady; with the most tenderest affection and highest respect I have the honor to be Your excellency’s the most obedient servant

the marquis de lafayette


Title: From George Washington to the Pennsylvania Recruiting Officers, 23 February 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Pennsylvania Recruiting Officers

Gentlemen.
Head Quarters Valley Forge 23d Feby 1778

I recd yours of the 18th from Lancaster, in behalf of yourselves and others appointed to superintend the recruiting Service.
If, upon the representation which you intend to make to the Assembly when they meet, you do not get such an allowance as will defray your necessary Expences, it cannot be expected that you will continue upon a service, by which you will be losers. The Bounty of eight dollars for each Recruit would in my opinion be fully sufficient if there was any chance of the Business going on with success. But I fear it will not upon the Terms held forth by this State. I am Gentn Yr most obt Servt

Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Thomas Wharton, Jr., 23 February 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Wharton, Thomas Jr.

Sir
Head Quarters Valley Forge 23d Feby 1778

I have the honor of yours of the 17th inst: The Militia from the Westward, who had been detained by the badness of the weather, have arrived at Genl Laceys Camp, and those from Northampton have, I hope, come in by this time. Their presence had become exceedingly necessary, as the insolence of the disaffected in Philadelphia and Bucks Counties had arisen to a very alarming Height. They have seized and carried off a number of respectable inhabitants in those Counties, and such Officers of the Army as fell in their way, among others, Major Murray of the 13th Pennsylvania Regiment, who was at Newtown with his family. What adds to the misfortune is, that they carried off near 2000 Yds of Cloth which had been collected in the County and was making up for the Regiment. In the last Paragraph of your letter you say, that the Cloathing coming to Camp is for the 3d 6th 9th and 12th Regiments, as you expected that the 13th would be otherwise supplied. You probably had the Cloth in Newtown in View when you wrote, but that being lost, you will undoubtedly make proper provision for that Regiment.
I am exceedingly sorry to hear, that a difference, between the Officers and Men of the Continental Troops and those of the Militia, should damp the exertions of the latter. It has been my constant endeavour, since I have had the honor to command the Forces of the united States, to prevent all animosities and Jealousies between the Troops of different States whether Regular or Militia, by exercising the most impartial line of conduct towards all. I very well know, that except there is a mutual Confidence and good understanding between all the component parts of an Army, that the Service must be manifestly injured, and therefore you may depend, that I will take particular care when the Army takes the Feild in the Spring, and when we shall more than probable be obliged to call upon the Militia to act in conjunction with us, to endeavour to remove the causes of complaint.
I hope the unhappy dispute, that arose at the Sign of the Compass between a few Officers of the Continental Army and the Militia, will rather be looked upon as an accidental matter, than as the effect of a general and fixed hatred between those two Bodies of Men embarked in the same Cause, and who ought to afford a mutual support to each other, and to turn their Arms against the common Enemy, rather than upon one another. I also hope that all prejudice, upon the part of the Country, may be laid aside upon this occasion, and the most impartial enquiry made into this matter.
Inclosed you have a Copy of a representation sent to me by Captains

Scull, Patterson & Wilson in behalf of themselves and the Officers sent to superintend the recruiting Service. As they mean to address the legislature upon the same subject, I take it for granted that they will explain themselves more fully, and point out the reasons for demanding a greater Sum than allowed in the recruiting instructions. As the expence of riding about the Country at this time is very heavy and certain, and the chance of procuring Recruits very uncertain, perhaps they may think a reasonable allowance ⅌ day a more equitable Mode.
I shall have another Officer appointed in the room of Lieut. Hammond, and four more for the County of Philada and two for the County of Bucks. The blank Instructions shall be properly filled up for them. I have the Honor to be Sir Your most obt Servt.


Title: From George Washington to Colonel Joseph Ellis, 24 February 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Ellis, Joseph

Sir
Head Quarters Valley Forge 24th Feby 1778.

I have sent over ⟨Captn Lieut. Symonds⟩ to take the charge of some peices of heavy Artillery; with which I have directed him, to give the Enemy’s shipping near the City all the annoyance in his power, while the rivers continues in its present situation. He will stand in need of a body of infantry to cover the Artillery in this opperation and to Aid in throwing up some little work that may be necessary to give them greater security and inable them to act with more effect. I have therefore to request, you will give him all the assistance you can afford, from the militia

under your command. He may possibly have it, in his power to do something to advantage by means of red hot shot, or otherwise. I am Sir Your Most Obedt servant

Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Major General Horatio Gates, 24 February 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Gates, Horatio

Sir,
Valley-forge Feby 24th 1778.

I yesterday received your favor of the 19th Instt.
I am as averse to controversy, as any Man, and had I not been forced into it, you never would have had occasion to impute to me, even the

shadow of a disposition towards it. Your repeatedly & solemnly disclaiming any offensive views in those matters, which have been the subject of our past correspondence, makes me willing to close with the desire, you express, of burying them hereafter in silence, and, as far as future events will permit, oblivion.
My temper leads me to peace and harmony with all Men; and it is particularly my wish, to avoid any personal feuds or dissentions with those, who are embarked in the same great national interest with my self; as every difference of this kind must in its consequences be injurious. I am Sir Yr Most Obedt Servt

Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Colonel Stephen Moylan, 24 February 1778
From: Moylan, Stephen
To: Washington, George

Sir
Camp 24th February 1778

agreeable to your Commands, I have with attention perused the proposals for procureing Horses and Sadles for the Cavalry—as you was pleased to desire that I woud give you my Sentiments thereon, I must beg leave to tell you, that I totally disapprove of the measure it is arbitrary and cannot be attended with the Success expected from it—the mode proposd for putting it in execution must counteract its intention—for however facile it may appear in theory, for an officer to go into a district to find out the disaffected who have got horses, I believe when it is put in practice, it will be found impossible to Keep his business a Secret, his attempting to purchass their best horses and Saddles at a reasonable price, will give the alarm, every man will put his horse out of the way or perhaps move him off to the enemy, So that when the time appointed for Seizeing them comes, few or none will be found, the ill consequences of a very arbitrary act will remain and no good effects acrue from it.
if notwithstanding you shoud think proper to put the plan in execution, I will order the officers of my Regiment upon that duty, tho I am very certain that they woud much rather be orderd to charge a Superior number of the enemy, than go upon this disagreeable Service, indeed it is that Sort of duty that in my opinion the Cavalry Shoud be exempt from, they Shoud Conciliate the minds of the inhabitants, not exasperate them as that Corps is more immediatly in their power, than any other, they must be out in Small parties, and depend upon them in a great measure for their Security, it may be Said that those persons from whom, horses are intended to be taken are such, from whom no freindship may be expected, but I apprehend that there is a great

difference between those Tories made So thorough fear, and those who are actuated by resentment, the former will not act against us, the later will.
Why not Sir, call upon each State for a quota of horses, as well as of men, and an officer or any other person appointed who is a proper judge, to receive the horses, a place of Rendevous Shoud be appointed to which the Recruits of men and Horses Shoud repair with the rideing masters of each Regiment, under the Care of experienced officers, in order to exercise and form them for the field, when perfect to be Sent to their respective Regiments, this I think Sir woud be the most effectual and most eligible method of mounting the Cavalry—Submitting it to your Excellencys Consideration I have the honor to remain Sir Your most Humble Sevt

Stephen Moylan


Title: General Orders, 25 February 1778
From: Washington, George
To:

Head-Quarters V. Forge Wednesday Feby 25th 1778.
SunderlandSullivan. Stirling.

The Brigadiers General & officers commanding Brigades in pursuance of yesterdays orders have made a distribution of Cloathing—The Commanding officers of Regiments & Corps may receive their respective proportions accordingly by applying to the Commissary of Cloathing.
At a General Court Martial whereof Coll Cortlandt was President February 16th 78, Lieutt Tipton of 12th Virginia Regiment tried for gaming and behaving unbecoming the Character of an Officer or Gentleman and acquitted of the charge exhibited against him.
The General cannot perceive upon what principle the Court acquitted Lt Tipton having been clearly convicted of gaming, which is a palpable breach of the general orders prohib[it]ing it in every form and is therefore obliged to disapprove the sentence yet as Lieutenant Tipton has undergone his trial it would be improper to bring him to a second; he is of course to be released from his arrest.


Title: To George Washington from Timothy Matlack, 25–26 February 1778
From: Matlack, Timothy
To: Washington, George

Sir
Lancaster [Pa.] February 25[–26]th 1778

This morning I received a letter from James Young Esquire waggon master general of this state and laid it before Council. I am directed by them to send you the following extract of it, which I suppose will need no comment vizt

Sir
Reading 23d February 1778

I beg leave to represent to the honourable Council the difficulties I meet with in assisting the army with waggons as I wish to do in their want. On the eighteenth instant Colonel Jonathan Mifflin one of the superintendants appointed by the Board of War to lay up the magazines applyed to me that as the waggons of this county did not come in so quick as was necessary to supply the army and that they the superintendants, had provided loading for fifty waggons, and therefore requested a number should be immediately impressed, I directly applied to Henry Christ Esquire for a press warrant for twenty waggons nearest this town On the 20 a number of them were brought here, I ordered the waggoners to apply to Colonel Mifflin for their loading, he wrote me he had the night before received a letter from General Gates informing him that the Congress had resolved that the commissioners appointed by the General Assembly of this state were sufficient to lay up the magazines to be formed on the East side of susquehanna and that the superintendants be directed to act no longer, he would therefore transfer the business over to Messrs Lesher and Eckhart, and that I would please to order the Teams impressed by Mr Crists warrant, as I should think proper; as he could take no further direction in the matter. I then requested Mr Reed W.M. and Mr Lesher one of the commissioners

to wait on Colonel Mifflin, and request he would inform them where the loadings were, that was provided for those waggons, they returned to me, and told me the only answer he was pleased to give them was, that he had no further to do with the matter; so circumstanced, I was under the disagreeable necessity to order the impressed waggons to be discharged, and wait untill the commissioners should receive their instructions, and the waggons ordered ⟨br⟩ought out by law should come in.

I have the honor to be with great respect your Excellencys most obedient humble servant

T. Matlack secy

26th. His Excellency the President has just now received Your Excellency⟨’s⟩ letter of the 19th instant inclosing an address to the People of New Jersey &c. and has laid it before the Council—The bearer going off will not allow time for an answer to Your Excellency.


Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Rush, 25 February 1778
From: Rush, Benjamin
To: Washington, George

Sir,
Princetown [N.J.] Feby 25th 1778

I should think myself inexcusable in leaving the army by resigning my commission without informing your Excellency that I was compelled to that measure by the prevalence of an opinion among some people that the distresses and mismanagement of the hospitals arose from a “want of harmony” between Dr Shippen, and myself. next to the conviction of my own mind that this was not the case, I wish to have it known to your Excellency that none of them originated in that cause. So anxious was I to cultivate harmony with Dr Shippen while in Office with him, that I laid none of the Abuses which prevailed in the hospitals directly at his door, But as my Obligations to living in harmony with him upon that Account have now ceased, justice to my country—a regard to the honor of the army, as well as duty to your Excellency call upon me to lay the following facts before you.

    Bethlehem hospital Feby 17.
This is to certify that the wine allowed to the hospital at Bethlehem under the name of madeira was adulterated in such a degree as to have none of the qualities or effects of madeira.
That it was a common practice with the commissary general to deduct one third—sometimes more—sometimes less from the orders for wine—Sugar—molasses—and other Stores ordered for the sick by the Surgeons.
That none of the patients in the hospital under our care eat of Venison—poultry—or wild fowl—(Unless purchased by themselves) and that large quantities of those Articles were bought by Mr Hassè the assistant Commissary of the hospitals by Order of the Director general.
That the Director general never entered the hospital but once during About six weeks residence in the Village of Bethlehem Although the utmost distress, and mortality prevailed in the hospital at that time.
That a putrid fever raged for three months in the hospital—and was greatly encreased by the sick being too much crouded, and by their wanting blankets—Shirts—Straw—and Other necessaries for sick people.
That so violent was the putrid fever in the hospital, that 9 out of 11 Surgeons were seized with it one of whom died, that out of 3 Stewards 2 died with it and the 3rd narrowly escaped with his life, & that many of the inhabitants of the Village caught & died with the said putrid fever.
That there have died in this place 200 Soldiers (8/10 of whom with a putrid fever caught in the hospital) within the Space of 4 months.

            Signed.
            Wm W: Smith

            (copy)
            Saml Finley

            James E: Finley

            Robt R: Henry

This is to certify that the return for the hospital at Bethlehem for the month of December was 420 patients, and that there died within the said month Above 40 patients.

            (copy)
            Saml Finley

Vouchers of the same kind have been collected from several other hospitals all of which tend to shew the negligence and injustice of the Director general, and of some of the Officers connected with him.
I am not acquainted with the number of the deaths in all the hospitals in the department for these last four months. In Reading there have died 180—In Lancaster 120—In Princetown between 80—& 90—(60 of whom died in Decr & Jany). These returns are only from one fourth of the hospitals which have existed within the four last months. I think from the best general Accts I can collect, that the number of deaths in the hospitals from which I have obtained no returns, cannot amount to less than seven or eight hundred more. This Acct will appear to be the more distressing when I add that the mortality was chiefly artificial, and not the consequence of diseases contracted at camp. Eight tenths of them died with putrid fevers caught in the hospitals.

In the height of the calamities & mortality which have been enumerated, the Director general wrote a letter to the congress with the following declaration “no fatal disease prevails in the hospitals—very few die—and the hospitals are in very good order.” This letter was dated on the 18th of Jany last.
This extraordinary mortality among our Soldiers is not necessarily entailed upon military hospitals. Dr Potts lost only 203 men between the 1st of march and the 10th of December last, inclusive of all those who died of wounds. He suffered his patients (who were at one time very numerous) to want for nothing. The putrid fever never made its appearance in any one of his hospitals.
What Satisfaction can be made to the United States? What consolation can be offered to the friends of those unfortunate men who have perished—or rather who have been murdered in our hospitals, for the injustice and injuries that have been done to them? One half the Soldiers who have been thus sacrificed might have proved hereafter the price of a Victory that might have established the liberties of America.
While our brave countrymen were languishing and dying from the total want, or scanty allowance of hospital Stores, I am sorry to add that the Director General was employed in a manner wholly unbecoming the dignity of his Office, and the liberality of his profession in selling large quantities of madeira wine—Brown & loaf Sugar &c. &c. which had been transported through the country in hospital Waggons, & secured as hospital Stores under the name of private property.
I have only to congratulate your Excellency upon the change which the Congress have made in the medical System whereby the business of providing for the Sick is put into the hands of Dr Potts a gentleman of established character for integrity—humanity—& capacity in the management of that part of the duty of a director of a hospital.
I beg your Excellency’s Acceptance of the enclosed little pamphflet, and am with the warmest Sentiments of regard, and Attachment your Excellency’s most Affectionate humble servant

B: Rush

P.S: I beg your Excellency’s pardon for not acknowledging before this time your ready attention to my application for guards, and a military inspector for each hospital. The instructions given by your Excellency to the inspectors are excellent, & have already produced the most salutary effects in the hospitals.


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General William Smallwood, 25 February 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Smallwood, William

Dear Sir
Head Qrs Valley Forge Feby 25th 1778

I yesterday received your Two favors of the 15th and 21st Instant.
I thank you much for the trouble you took in procuring the several Articles, which came by Serjeant Sprigg. The Caledonian pistols and both Swords I return—The latter are too small. I wish to be informed

by the earliest opportunity of the prices of the other Articles, that I may transmit you the Money.
I will order the Directors of the Hospitals to furnish medicine & supplies for the Sick at Newport—In the mean time the Quarter Master of the division will accomodate them, as well as it may be in his power. I approve of your proposal for innoculating, and wish the business to go on as fast as possible.
I am sorry to find that you are under inconveniences with respect to provisions, and seem to apprehend that bad consequences may result from the supplies we are drawing from below for the use of this Army. This is the result of an irresistible necessity, and such as, under the present circumstances of Affairs, cannot be avoided. I have been obliged to exert every nerve to keep the Troops here together, and I trust you will spare no pains in your power to accomodate those with you. I should hope sufficient supplies may be drawn for them from the Country below, and from the adjacent Counties in Maryland, notwithstanding what we are getting. The conduct of Mr Huggins has been much complained of—Colo. Blaine who is about Wilmington or the Head of Elk had been spoken to about him—I wish you to represent to him his conduct again, and get him removed—If he neglects to do it, you will appoint Captn Rumford to act in that line, and I’ll direct Colo. Blaine to supply him with money. I approve your seizing Canby’s Flour, as I have not the smallest doubt from your information, but it was designed for the Enemy. You will keep an account of the quantity, and also of the quality.
I wrote you by Colo. Blaine respecting Mr Rutherford and about sending Officers to Maryland.
I must request you to make me Regular returns every week of the Troops under your command. It is a necessary duty, and unless it is done, it is impossible to know the state of the Army, or how to regulate many Essential matters.
With respect to the board of the Officers wives, It is a matter, you must determine yourself. I imagined they had been sent to Philadelphia soon after the prize was taken. I do not know that the public will suppose themselves liable for it, as they do not consider them as prisoners, and it might be deemed ungenerous, to make the Ladies pay it themselves after so long a detention. As you and Your Officers only, have had the pleasure of their company & conversation, I believe you must adjust the matter among you, as well as you can. But it were to be wished, the Ladies may be sent in to their Friends without further delay, as their continuance, where they are, can only serve to increase the expence and the difficulty of getting rid of them.
I can not find from inquiry that Patrick McCord belongs to any Regiment

here & therefore send him back according to your request. I am Dr Sir with great esteem & regard Your Most Obedt servt

Go: Washington

P.S. Upon consideration of the situation of New port, I think if a more interior place could be conveniently got, proper for a Hospital, it were to be wished—Tho it is not immediately on the Delaware, yet it lies rather too much exposed.


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General Anthony Wayne, 25 February 1778
From: Wayne, Anthony
To: Washington, George

sir
Haddenfield [N.J.] 25th Feby 1778

I landed in New Jersey the 19th and proceeded to salem the same Evening—the next Morning I sent out several Detachment to Collect Cattle &ca pursuant to the within Order; at the same time Dispatched the enclosed Letter to B. Genl Ellis.
It was difficult to meet any Cattle, Altho the Country abounded with them; as the Inhabitants had Secreted all such as were fit for our use in the swamps—however I have got together upwards of One hundred and fifty Head, which will be at Mount holly this day at 3 oClock—there is a Number more in the Vicinity of Coopers ferry & the River between this and Dunck’s ferry, which we shall also drive, and doubt not but I shall send to Camp in the course of four days more at least 250 head exclusive of about thirty Capital Horses for Lee’s Troop—Upon hearing that the Enemy were about to land at Burlington, I attempted to pass the Cattle over at New Castle with Capt. Barrys Boats, but this failing have sent them by the way of Mount holly—passing with the Main Detatchment between them and the River; and In order to amuse the Enemy and Effect the Destruction of the Forage on the River—I Directed Capt. Barry with a Detatchment in Boats to execute the Order, of which the Enclosed is a Copy—he began the Business yesterday at the Mouth of Racoons Creek at 10 oClock in the morng falling down with the tide—this drew the Attention of the Enemy that way—and at one oClock this Morng twenty flatt bottomed Boats with a Number of other craft full of Troops, rowed down the River by Glochester Point—but where they have landed, I am not yet Informed—but expect every moment to here—as I have Detatched horse Men both up and down

the River—leaste they should amuse us below, whilst they are passing at Dunck’s ferry, in this Case I shall out flank them.
If the Jersey should not be their Object I fear for smallwood—he is in a feeble Condition—he has not Carriages, sufficient to move his Baggage.
I shall push the Cattle for Trent town, and in Case the Enemy have landed in this State will Remain, with the Militia and part of the Detatchment to prevent the Enemy from Maroding too farr—until I receive your Excellencies further Orders on the Occasion—General Ellis the Commanding Officer here Informs me that the whole of the force he can Collect dont exceed three Hundred. I am Your Excellencies most Obt and very Humble servant

Anty Wayne B.G.

N.B. I have sent you the Originals—not having time to Copy the Different Orders.


Title: General Orders, 26 February 1778
From: Washington, George
To:

Head-Quarters Valley-Forge Feby 26th 1778.
Tartary—Titcomb. Tubbs.

Captain Daniel Duval & Adjutant Haskell are to act as Brigade Majors, one in General McIntosh’s the other in General Paterson’s, Brigades ’till the return of Major’s Berrien and McClure.


Title: To George Washington from Captain John Barry, 26 February 1778
From: Barry, John
To: Washington, George

Sir
Port penn [Del.] Febry 26th 1778

According to the Orders of General Wayne I have Destroyed the Forage from Mantua Creek to this Place the Quantity Destroyed is about four Hundred Tons & Should have Proceeded farther had not a Number of the Enemies Boats appeared in Sight & Lining the Jersey Shore Deprived Us of the Opportunity of Proceeding Farther on the Same purpose, Shall Remit to Your Excellency the Names of the Persons Whose property was Distroyed & Likewise the Quantity of Each, have thought Proper to Detain four of Your Men to assist in Getting the Boats away as Some of my Men ar Rendered Incapable of Proceeding thro Fatigue But shall again Remit by the First Order Of Your Excellency having no farther Occasion for the Remaini[n]g Part of the Detatchment under my Command have thought Proper to Discharge them & am Sir With Due Respect Your Excellencys Most Obt Humle Servant

John Barry


Title: To George Washington from the Pennsylvania Supreme Executive Council, 26 February 1778
From: Pennsylvania Supreme Executive Council
To: Washington, George

Sir
In Council Lancaster [Pa.] February 26th 1778

I take the liberty to trouble your Excellency with the enclosed papers respecting Mr Joseph Simons, one of Mr David Franks’ agents for supplying the British Prisoners with provision in this state—I conceive there would be great impropriety in council to grant his request under our present circumstances and therefore beg leave to refer him to your Excellency, being with great respect Your Excelly’s Most obedient servant.


Title: From George Washington to Major General Israel Putnam, 26 February 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Putnam, Israel

Dear Sir,
Head Quarters Valley Forge Feby 26th 1778

I duly received yours of the 13th instant, and am happy to learn the works on the north river are getting into some train for execution, though I could wish circumstances had permitted them to be in greater

forwardness, as I consider them of the last importance: For if the enemy next campaign should be able to open a navigation up the north river—to mention no other ill consequence, that may ensue—I see not how we shall be able to conduct the affairs of this Army, under the uncertainty and difficulty, which will attend drawing supplies, from the Eastward.
I am concerned at the inconveniences, you suffer from a scarcity of money, but is a common subject of complaint; and we experience it as much as you do. I am informed there is a supply on its way to you; but lest this should not be the case, or the supply should not be adequate to your wants, I have represented your situation to Congress, and urged the necessity as far as possible, of affording you relief.
The Clothier General shall be directed to furnish a proportion of Cloaths for the use of the men under your Command. In the prohibition I made, some time since, I only meant to hinder any breach being made upon the Clothing intended for and coming on to this Army, which is productive of much confusion and inconvenience. But I did not suppose, the Clothier would have been inattentive to the wants of the troops with you, or would have neglected ordering proper supplies, purposely for them.
With respect to the number of men, necessary for the defence of the Posts, in your charge, it is to be observed, that it will depend upon circumstances, and be relative to the number the Enemy can bring against them. With their present force in the vicinity of your command, a smaller number than you mention wi⟨ll⟩ be sufficient, for defence, but should they be able to draw together a much larger force, ⟨it⟩ would be requisite to increase yours in proport⟨ion.⟩ But it is impossible to say what number of troops, it wi⟨ll⟩ be in our power actually to station in your department: This must be governed by the general amount of our strength and the strength of the Enemy. At present we are very deficient every where; but if the States will exert themselves as they ought to do, we may be enabled to make liberal provision, for all our Posts. I am Dr sir Your most Obed.


Title: From George Washington to George Read, 26 February 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Read, George

Sir
Head Quarters Valley Forge 26th Feby 1778

Capt. Lee and several Officers who are sent to apprehend Deserters inform me that there are numbers of disaffected Persons in your State,

who make a practice of harbouring those people. They are encouraged to do this, knowing there is at present no law to punish this crime, which is most pernicious to the Service. I have for this Reason taken the liberty to address the Legislature of your State through you, and I hope you will use your influence with them to endeavour to procure a law adequate to the remedy of this abuse. The necessity is so evident that I trust they will not hesitate to do it. If such a law can be procured, it will add much to the utility of it to have it done speedily, because Officers are now waiting who would carry it immediately into execution and the Men brought into the Feild by the opening of the Campaign. I am informed that there are not less than three hundred deserters in your three Counties. I hope you will afford Capt. Lee all necessary assistance, and countenance in the execution of the Business which he is upon, in doing which you will render essential Service to the public Cause and confer an obligation upon Sir Yr most obt Servt.


Title: To George Washington from Maj. Gen. John Sullivan, 26 February 1778 [letter not found]
From: Sullivan, John
To: Washington, George

Letter not found: from Maj. Gen. John Sullivan, 26 Feb. 1778. GW wrote Sullivan on this date: “In answer to yours of this morning.”


Title: From George Washington to Major General John Sullivan, 26 February 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Sullivan, John

Dear Sir
Head Quarters Valley Forge [26 February] 1778

In answer to yours of this morning, I think it adviseable, that a couple of Officers, one from the New Hampshire and one from the Massachusetts troops should be immediately sent on by different routs, in quest of the Clothing; with directions to proceed on towards fish Kill ’till they meet it. As from other information, besides what you now communicate, I have reason to believe there is a large quantity of Cloathing on its way from Massachusetts, which it is of great importance to secure from any accident; let the Officers be directed, if either of them overtake it near the North river to apply to General Parsons for an escort in proportion to the quantity; and give it a rout directly towards Easton, and when it reaches, or is near that place, to advise me of it by Express, that I may send an escort to meet it there and relieve the other. If the Cloathing from either State should be found on the other side Coryells-Ferry, it must be turned up towards Easton, cross there, and come to Camp by an upper road. If it should have already crossed the Delaware, it must in that case strike up into the country, and take

a circuitous rout to camp. It is better, there should be some delay, than to risk their loss. Wherever the Massachusetts Cloathing may be overtaken, as the quantity will probably be large, I should wish to be advised of it by Express, that measures may be taken to give it proper security, by an escort or covering party—I am with regard Sir your most Obet

Go: Washington

P.S. In our present uncertainty where the Clothing may be I do not think it would be proper to send a detachment of men in search of it; which might be to fatigue them to no purpose—It will be well to caution the officers sent to keep their business a secret.


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General Anthony Wayne, 26 February 1778
From: Wayne, Anthony
To: Washington, George

Sir
Mount Holly [N.J.] 8 OC[l]ock P.M. 26th Feby 1778

The flat Bottomed boats which I mentioned to have passed down the River landed yesterday Morning about two OClock at Billings Port—about Two thousand in Number—fifteen Hundred of which Encamped last Night within Seven Miles of Selem—and I doubt not but that they are now Employed in Collecting the Cattle &ca which the Inhabitants in that Quarter took great pains to hide from us—finding means at the same time to give the Enemy exact Intelligence of our Numbers and Rout in Consequence of which that body were thrown over below—but in Order to leave nothing to chance, and in full Confidence of securing my Detatchment and the Militia under Col. Ellis—they landed about Two Thousand more at two OClock this Morning at Coopers Creek, Coopers ferry, and Glocester point, with four pieces of Artillery and a Considerable body of Light Horse—and Surrounded Haddonfield in all Quarters before day Light—I had been at the ferries Opposite the City the preceeding Evening—and from their Motions Apprehended a Manoeuvre of this Nature—which was also Mentioned to me by an Old friend—who Observing me through his Glass A Cross the River—found means to Convey the Intelligence.
The Militia having made a Custom of beating tattoo at Nine OClock—I made it answer for the Signal to Decamp—sending off all the publick Stores at the same time to this place—where I also found Forty Barrels

of Powder &ca &ca. these I have sent on to Trent Town with One Hundred and Fifty Head of Cattle taken from Selem—under the Conduct of Lieut. Col. Sherman with about 140 men who will be at Trent Town tomorrow afternoon.
It’s probable they will now Effect a Grand forage—a prodigious Number of Cattle and Horses can be had from the Country that they now possess from Haddonfield to Selem—the forage Immediately on the River is for the most part Destroyed and I intend to Effect the Destruction of that Situate on Mantua, Timber and Coopers Creeks.
But we shall not be able to prevent them from passing thro’ the Country at pleasure—their Numbers being Eight to one—but in Order to Circumscribe them as much as possible—I have taken the Liberty to Call on Genl Polaskie for such part of His Horse as can Conveniently be spared and fitest for duty.
The Country being in a naked Condition and abounding with Cattle &ca has Induced me to use every exertion to Cover it as much as possible until I receive your Excellencies further Orders.
I this Moment learn that four or five Waggon belonging to the Commy which were on a back Rout from Selem loaded with Spirits Brandy &ca have fell into the Enemies hands—and in all Probability we have lost a small guard of Seven men left to Conduct them.
From the Supiness and Disaffection of every part of this State (which I have passed through on my present tour)—I don’t expect a Single man of the Militia to turn out more than those alrea⟨dy⟩ under Col. Ellis, which don’t amount to three Hundred—the people in this Quarter being (if possible) more toriestically Inclined [than] those in the State of Pennsa. I am with every Sentiment of Esteem Your Excellencies Most Obt & very Hume Sert

Anty Wayne


Title: To George Washington from Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin Flower, 27 February 1778
From: Flower, Benjamin
To: Washington, George

Sir
Allen Town [Pa.] 27 Feby 1778.

I have just receivd the inclos’d Letter from the Hone Board of War, with Orders & Instructions relative to procureing Leather—“Which Order’s I am directed to Communicate to your Excellancy and request your Concurance and Assistance therein.” I have sent a Coppy of the Orders with Instructions to Mr Gostelowe the Comy M[ilitar]y Stores at Lebanon, to the end that he might obtain Leather in that quarter, and should I meet with any in my Journey to the Jerseys & Return shall endeavour to take the propper steps to procure it agreable to these Instructions which I hope will meet with your Aprobation.
I have allso inclos’d a return of all the M[ilitar]y Stores now remaining at this post, which only wait for Waggons, and Horses for the Cannon,

which come in very slow—the Grape Shott, Musket Cartridges (3 Boxes only) and a small quantity of Powder I propose to leave til further Orders the Powder and Cartridges will be left in the Care of the Lieut. of the County for the use of the Militia at his request as this State have no Amunition but what is in my possession since our removal from Phila.—I have the Honor to be your Excellancys most Obedt Hume Sevt

Benjn Flower Coln.C.G.M.S.


Title: From George Washington to Major General Horatio Gates, 27 February 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Gates, Horatio

Sir
Head Quarters Valley Forge 27th Feby 1778

The frequent complaints of the Brigade Majors and Adjutants for want of writing Paper obliges me to call the attention of the Board to the procurement of that necessary article. Colo. Pickering can inform them how much the service suffers on that account, from his experience while in the Office of Adjutant General. I know it properly belongs to the Quarter Master Generals department to provide paper,

but the Deputy who has attended the Army has not been able to furnish any thing like the proper quantity. I fear it is not to be obtained on the Continent, as all the Mills are fully employed in making Cartridge and printing paper. I would therefore wish that orders may be given to the purchasers of military Stores to buy what writing paper may fall in their way, and that the secret Committee or whatever Body has the management of importations from abroad may be desired to include paper among other Articles. If they were also desired to import a parcel of blank Books proper for Orders, it would be very convenient. I have the Honor to be Sir Yr most obt Servt.


Title: To George Washington from Maj. Gen. Horatio Gates, 27 February 1778 [letter not found]
From: Gates, Horatio
To: Washington, George

Letter not found: from Maj. Gen. Horatio Gates, 27 Feb. 1778. On 9 Mar., GW wrote Gates: “I have been this day favd with yours of the 27th February.”


Title: From George Washington to Major General William Heath, 27 February 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Heath, William

Dear Sir
Head Quarters Valley Forge 27th Feby 1778

I have been regularly favd with yours of the 13th 18th 19th and 25th January and 10th current. As these letters principally respect your transactions with General Burgoine, you will be guided by the directions of Congress in every point that relates to him. If they consent to the Exchange of Colo. Anstruther and Lord Napier I have not the least objection. I only desire that the exchange may not be carried into execution untill Mr Boudinot the Commy General of Prisoners informs you what Officers you are to demand in return for them. If the matter takes place be pleased to mention Lord Napier’s rank.
Considering Genl Learneds ill state of health I think his resignation had better be accepted of, more especially as from the nature of his complaint it does not appear that he can ever be able to bear the fatigues of a Campaign. I would therefore advise him to make his resignation, with the reasons for so doing, to Congress, who are the proper Body to receive it. I am Dear Sir Yr most obt Servt

Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General John Lacey, Jr., 27 February 1778
From: Lacey, John Jr.
To: Washington, George

Dear General.
Camp Cross Roads [Pa.] Feb. 27th 1778

I have now under Confinement Twelve persons all taken going into Philada at Different times with small parcels of Marketing on their Backs. I have Just reason to Suspect the Greatest part of them, (as they are Young fellows) are going to join the Enemy, in Capt. Thomas Company of Refugees, as they call themselves. I am informed that parties are now out in Bucks County Collecting as many of that Stamp as they can find, which in my Opinion will be no inconsiderable Number.
The best way that I can Conceive to put a Stop to that practice and to Apprehend the Villians, is to Confine every person found going with Marketing, to the City and Send them to Eastown or Some Other Distant Jail there to Remain During the War, or untill Exchanged for those Inhabitants the Enemy have Stolen out of their Houses—a few Examples of this kind would in a Great Measure Stop the Intercourse between the Country and City. Whiping Only Aggravates.
If your Excellency should approve of this proposel I should be glad you would Give me Notice, as I may Act Accordingly.
A party of the Enemys Light Horse came into the Country last Monday night and took a Number of Cattle going to Head Quarters and drove them into Philada next Morning. Inteligence came to me about 10 oClock in the morning. I immediately Marched all the Men that had Arms and Ammunition which was Delivered them but the day before to Major Rights, the Enemy had passed One Hour before me, a part of Capt. Newmans Company of Chester County Militia whose times were Expired, where On their way home fell in with the party and having no Arms Several of them were made Prisoners. the bad weather has hindered my not Approaching nearer the City. I Remain Your Excellencys Most Obedient Humble Servent

John Lacey jur


Title: From George Washington to Henry Laurens, 27 February 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Laurens, Henry

Sir
Head Qrs Valley Forge Feby the 27th 1778

I am now to acknowledge the Honor of your several Favors of the 18–19 & 21st Instant, which with their respective Inclosures have been duly received.
In compliance with the Resolution of Congress of the 5th Inst., transmitted in your Letter of the 7th—I was about to take measures for appointing a Court Martial and bringing on the Trials, which they direct; But on recurring to the papers, you were pleased to send me, I do not find that the Committee have made any particular charges against the Officers, who are to be the Objects of trial. It was probably the intention of Congress, that these charges should be laid by me, but as I might err in doing it, and not fully correspond with their views in the

matter, especially as it would require considerable time and thought to make myself sufficiently acquainted with It, from the papers collected, I should think it would be most adviseable, for Congress to state explicitly the charges they wish to have exhibited against the Officers respectively; and then the business may be proceeded on with propriety.
Besides the above reasons, which operate generally against my exhibiting the charges, in the particular instance of General Schuyler, it is impossible for me to do it, as I do not know what instructions he had received from Congress from time to time as to the objects of his command—nor precisely what these were. Those appear to me necessary to be known, and essential to carrying on a prosecution against him. When Congress shall have arranged these points and are pleased to honor me with them, I will pursue the speediest measures to bring on the Trials. The sooner this can be done, the better, as some of the parties are extremely anxious and strongly importune it.
Baron Steuben has arrived at Camp. He appears to be much of a Gentleman, and as far as I have had an opportunity of judging, a man of military knowledge and acquainted with the World.
The inclosed Extract of a Letter from Genl Putnam will shew, how great the distresses are in that Quarter for want of Money—He has described their necessities so fully, that it is unnecessary for me to add upon the subject. I shall only observe, that his account is more than justified by many other Letters & that I am persuaded the earliest possible supply will be forwarded, that the very important and interesting works carrying on there may not be the least retarded.
I am under some embarrassments respecting the 13th Virginia Regiment. It was raised on the West side of the Alleghaney and towards Pittsburg with assurances from the Officers, it is said, that the Men would not be drawn from that Quarter. This circumstance, added to the disturbances by the Indians & the exposed situation of their families, has been the cause of great desertions, and is at present the source of much uneasiness; and the more so as part of the Regiment was never marched from thence. I think the whole should be united, either here or there, and wish Congress to direct me upon the subject. At the same time that their case, if truly represented, seems to be hard, and to merit the indulgence they claim, I would observe that the 12th Regiment from the Western parts of the same State, and the 8th & 12th Pensylvania from the Frontier Counties of this have similar pretensions, and might become uneasy and apply for a like indulgence.
Agreable to the directions of Congress, I shall send a Major General to Rhode Island—Though the number of Officers here of this rank, from one cause & another is greatly reduced and more so than it ought to be in point of policy.

Our loss of Matrosses the last Campaign in killed and wounded was considerable, and it has been not a little encreased this winter by desertions from Colo. Proctors Corps. From these circumstances we are very weak in this line, and I request that Congress will be pleased to order Colo. Harrison’s Regiment of Artillery to march from Virginia as early as the Roads will admit and join this Army. I have the Honor to be with great respect Sir Your Most Obedt Servant

Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to James Mease, 27 February 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Mease, James

Dear Sir,
Head Quarters Valley Forge feby 27th 1778

General Putnam writes me, that the men, under his command, have been totally neglected, in the article of cloathing—and that since my prohibiting him to break in upon those parcels, which were on their way to this camp—he has had no cloathing at all for the use of his department. At the same time, that I wish to prevent irregularity and confusion by an exercise of such a power; it cannot be my intention to exclude the troops under him, more than others, from such a share of necessaries, as circumstances will justify. I must request your attention to this matter, and that you will leave no just room for complaint; but will order on to fish-kill, from time to time regular and proportionable supplies of cloathing. I am Sir Your most Obdt servt

Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General Casimir Pulaski, 27 February 1778
From: Pulaski, Casimir
To: Washington, George

Sir
Trenton le 27 Fevr. 1778.

Je renvois La Letre du General Wayne qui m’a honoré de Son Ordre pour Le joindre a Mount Holly je L’ais repondû que çela ne se pouvoit pas vû que la Cavalery restente avec moi forme un peti nombre pour Les Services et quentout je ne trouverais pas plus de 18 Homs de quels jais envoie Les melieurs sur Le chemins de Philadelphie pour assurè les passages du Transport des Beuvs qui marche pour LArmè Je suis biein aise Mon General de Vous demender Si etant le General Brigadie plus Jeune que les autres je suis Soumis à leurs ordres particuliers çet eclaircicement m’est necessaire je sais que dans L’autres Services celui qui Comende La Cavalerie nest Soumi qu’a Chef de L’Armé. Ainsi entrant aux Services j’ais crû de Vous Seul de prendr Si ce autrement il m’import que je Sois instrui. Je suis avec Respect de Votre Excelence le tres humble et tres obessent Serviteur

C. PulaskiGn. of Cav.

La Partie aupre Germenton que V. Ex. mordoner de rélevé devoit etre remplaçe par les Milicieins de cette Province Le Gouverneur m’a amusé jusque au dernieur moment apresent il doit encor tenire la Conseille pour doné la dernieure resolucion ainsi le retard ne vieint de moi et Sil faudra cette releve de notre Cavalerie elle lassemblira tres fort vu que l’Enemi a pris deja un Mesure et conoissant tous Les environs et notre faible trouvera toujour le Moyeins de se deffaire de Nou Cavaliers ce qu’il decourage boucoup Le Notre et enhardi l’Enemi jauserais representer a V. E. qu’il serait mieux de faire retirer notre Cordon jusque a une distance et tenire differentes partie de La Milice Sur les differentes Routs quelles se post⟨ent⟩ en ariere anveroient plus pret de La Ligne de Lenemis ses patrouils, onpourra meme faire quon aj à chaque partie 3 ou 5 Milicieins à cheval ce nest pas difficil pa⟨rceque⟩ il y a peu de Milicieins quils n’⟨illegible⟩ Leurs chevaux, et chaqun aime mieux Montér à Cheval que Marche a pied, j attends toujours les ordres de V. E.


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General William Smallwood, 27 February 1778
From: Smallwood, William
To: Washington, George

Dear Sir,
Wilmington [Del.] February 27th 1778.

On Wednesday Evening the Enemy in a Sloop of war, one Galley, and about 40 Boats fell down the Delaware, and Anchor’d off this Place at

Dusk: The Boats were full of Troops & upwards of 30 said to be flat Bottomed from the best intelligence I received, cou’d not distinguish from this Place, as they came down under cover of this shore, and at Dusk made over to the Jersey Shore, & came to an Anchor opposite to some Fires which had been made there in the afternoon, The Stores & Baggage were immediately sent a small distance on the Lancaster Road, and the Garrison rested on their Arms all night prepared to receive them, the Morning proving hazy the Boats were not discernable, but the Ship & Galley moved down with the Tide, some light Horse who had been ordered the Evening before to scour & Patrole on the Shore above & below Newcastle, to discover their Motions, brought Intelligence the Boats had gone up Salem Creek, but this is not to be depended on, as I think it was too hazy for them to be seen; nor have I yet discovered whether they have Land⟨ed⟩ in Jersey, or gone down below, tho I have had several Scouts out for that purpose, but no Boats can be had here proper for such discoveries.
as it was not improbable but their Views might be extended towards the destruction of our Stores at Dover, I immediately upon the first notice of them, dispatched two Expresses to Capt. Lee, & Hollingsworth, desiring they might be on their Guard, and avail themselves of the Intelligence, by removing & forwarding all the Stores in their Power.
I have exerted my best endeavors to exchange Hides for Shoes, and find it ineffectual, Commissary Ewing had contracted for 1000 pr for this division, and the hides from it, since it came here, have been delivered upwards of 100 on that Contract, and only 80 pr of Shoes received, & they as is too common in such Contracts, not fit to wear, being mostly too small for any Man, & otherways very sorry.
I am afraid we shall never be able to Shoe our People in the way you direct, and in the way the Commissaries of Hides have fallen on, for such Shoes as I have seen recd under such Contracts, are not calculated to answer any purpose, and our distrisses will seldom admit of their being returned on the Makers hands. however I shall follow your direction, and sincerely wish it may succeed.
I did not mistake your meaning, I only found I cou’d not supply the Troops under that Mode with Shoes, which induced me to think of setting our own People to work, and I am persuaded this will be the only certain method of getting well supplied—The Shoe Tools and other Materials purchased for this purpose, shall be disposed of to the best advantage immediately.
please direct whether the Wives of the British Officers, pay their Board, or the Continent, they complain of the want of Money, and are anxious to be sent in, & I know of no other obstacle, I have the Honor to be with sincere Regard Your Excellencys most obedt Hble Sert

W. Smallwood


Title: General Orders, 28 February 1778
From: Washington, George
To:

Head-Quarters V. Forge Saturday Feby 28th 1778.
Warsaw—Washington Woodford.

A return of the drums, drum-heads, Snares cords &c.—and Fifes wanting in the several Brigades to be made immediately.
At a General Court Martial whereof Coll Cortland was President (Feby 25th) Thomas Booth of 4th North-Carolina Regiment tried for desertion found guilty and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to be put in execution tomorrow eight ôClock at the head of the Regiment to which he belongs.


Title: To George Washington from Timothy Bigelow, 28 February 1778 [letter not found]
From: Bigelow, Timothy
To: Washington, George

Letter not found: from Timothy Bigelow, 28 Feb. 1778. On 1 Mar., Richard Kidder Meade wrote Bigelow: “I am commanded by his Excellency to answer your favor of yesterday.”


Title: To George Washington from Ephraim Blaine, 28 February 1778
From: Blaine, Ephraim
To: Washington, George

Dover [Del.]28th February 1778
May it Please Your Excellency

On my Arrival at the Head of Elke, thought it prudent to look out if a place more remote, and secure from the Enemy, could not be found upon the Head of Chesepeak Bay to store what Provision might come from the Eastern shore & the Southward, I proceeded from thence to Johnstons Ferry, at the Head of the Tide on this side the River Susquehannah, no conveniency of Wharfe or Store Houses, Opposite at one Smiths, there is three Stores, but no Mills Convenient. Stephens or Harrisons Ferry large Ships may lay Opposite, & no Ware Houses, at Charles Town a large building & Wharfe, there I have Appointed a Person to receive such Stores as may be directed to his care. North East is a poor & inconvenient Place, no Wharfe or Stores of any kind.
At a place called Oxford Meeting House fourteen Miles from Elke, the same distance from Charlestown and those other Places, have fixed as a proper place to remove the Stores to as they arrive at Elke & Charlestown provided your Excellency approves of the same. Capt. Lee and

some of my People have collected a considerable number of Cattle, great part but ordinary—the Cattle in this Country in general are very small but numerous, if no danger from the Enemy it’s almost a pity to remove any untill they have the advantage of the Marsh Pasture in the Spring which would make them early Beef.
There is great Quantities of Wheat in this neck or Penensula, & make not the least doubt, but sufficient to maintain your Excellencys Army one Year—I found at Cantwells Bridge in Store, near Ten Thousand Bushels wheat & Two hundred & fifty Barrels of Flour, which the inhabitants inform me has lain there since last Summer, besides large parcels in sundry other places, some Farmers have Two Years Crops in Stacks.
A Mr Canby who has a Mill upon the Head of Sassafrass River, in partnership with a Mr Stephens have Five Hundred Barrels Flour, a Number of Empty Barrels, & three thousand Bushells of Wheat. this can be sent up Chesepeak Bay to Charlestown, I think it is prudent to remove every Barrel of Flour from this County it being so Convenient to the Delaware that the Enemies Boats may come up to the Mills Tail—would wish your Excellency to order all the Waggons which Possibly can be spared from Camp for that purpose, Mr Howell will stay at Middletown & direct the loading of them—every Measure is Adopted to forward the Salt Provisions from this Country—Mr McGarmont of this Place has been exceeding industrious, & procured a considerable Quantity of Pork. when I arrive at Baltimore shall be able to inform your Excellency what supplies you may expect from the Southern parts of my District—I have the Honor to be with great respect Your Excellencys most Obedient & most Hble Servt

Eph. Blaine D.C.G.


Title: To George Washington from Henry Champion, Sr., 28 February 1778
From: Champion, Henry Sr.
To: Washington, George

State of Connecticut HartfordFebr. 28 1778
May it please your Excellency—

I Receivd yours of the 17th Instant informing of the Melancholy & Alarming situation of the Army for want of Provisions of the Flesh kind.
I have forwarded (since my appointment) to head Quarters about 160 good heavy Oxen ⅌r week, for four Weeks past besides keeping up the supplies for our Troops & Genl Burgoins Army at the Eastward, which amounts to about 190 ⅌r Week More—I have exerted myself to the utmost to encourage the Making beef Cattle immediately in these States, which I have effected to my wish; & should been able to Enlarge the quantities sent forward to head quarters Immediately, if needed, if the report of the Commissioners convend at Newhaven for regulating the price of Stall fed Beef with other Articles was not adopted by the Assembly of this state to take place so sudden—But as the regulated price is to take place the 20th of March I much fear it will cause an immediate scarcity of that Article after that time; Unless the Honbe Congress will remove the impediment; which I earnestly hope they will do, for a short time—Our Assembly would have Suspended the opperation of the Act on that article, if not the whole, for the space of two or three Months, did they not fear an infraction on the Measures adopted would break the union—I should have reliev’d the wants of the Army 8 or 10 days sooner & more regular had Hudsons River been Passable—I can amply supply about 4 or 5 weeks Longer; & am Confident I should been able till grass fed Cattle could have been obtaind, had not the regulating Act been past at the most dangerous and critical hour that has happend since the Commencement of this war: (it is the Time only of its taking place I lament)—The salted provision in this Department is Small—perhaps not more than One tenth part what it was last year: But am confident I can amply supply the Deficiency in case the regulating Act can be suspended a short Time. His Excellency Governor Trumbull has this day wrote to Congress something Similar to this—I have wrote to Col. Buchanan the C. G. of Ps my sentiments and desired they may be laid before Congress; & would it not be well for your Excellency to write the Honbe Congress your sentiments on the Occasion—Am sorry I have occasion to Trouble your Excellency with Affairs so much out of your Department, but necessity must Apologize. I am your Excellencies Most Obedient Hume Sert

Henry Champion D.C.G.P.E.D.


Title: To George Washington from Colonel Ann Hawkes Hay, 28 February 1778
From: Hay, Ann Hawkes
To: Washington, George

Sir.
Haverstraw [N.Y.] February 28th 1778.

I hope your Excellency will excuse the Liberty I take with troubling you with this Scrawl.
We have at this Place a large Quantity of Forage collected, which I am apprehensive will fall into the Enemy’s hands unless it is very speedily removed or a proper Guard sent over from Peek’s Kill to protect it.
Several applications have been made to Genl Putnam to send a Guard over, or to order it to a place of more safety, both which he has neglected to do, the Inhabitants are much dissatifyed and say that insteed of the Army at Peek’s Kill being of any Service to them that it is rather a disadvantage, it is laying up Stores in the Country to invite the Enemy among them, & then they will be left to shift for themselves as it has ever been the Case since Genl Putnam command at Peek’s Kill—The Inhabitants here are mostly good Whiggs, and I have always found them ready to turn out, when there is an Occasion, but at this season they think it rather cruel to be ask’d to turn out as both their Business and Families must suffer very much, all the Young Men have either inlisted in the Army or as Ferry Men, and there are now only heads of Families & but one Man in a Family, they have their Grain to thrash out, Cattle to fodder and provide fire wood for their Families.
I have received intelligence the some Row Gallies & other Vessels are now on their way up to this Place to carry off the Forage we have collected, Genl Putnam has the like notice but no Guards are sent to protect it—I have ordered my Small Regt to be mustered and shall do my utmost to save the Forage, but unless we have some Assistance from Peek’s Kill I dread the Consequence.
I shall be very sorry if your Excellency should think me impertinent if I inform you that the Inhabitants have lost all Confidence in Genl Putnam, therefore I am affraid he will be of little use to us—they have a great Opinion of Genl Sullivan, and with Submission to your Excellency,

he might be of infinite Service to his Country at this most important Post—I am your Excellency’s Most Obt Humble Servt

A. Hawkes Hay.


Title: From George Washington to Thomas Montgomerie, 28 February 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Montgomerie, Thomas

Sir
Camp Valley forge Feby 28: 1778

I yesterday received your favor of the 16th Instant.
I am sorry to hear your indisposition still continues, and that it is such, as to make a change of your situation necessary. Under these circumstances I cannot but consent to your request, and shall willingly grant you a permit, to go either to philadelphia, or to New York, as may be most expedient, when you are pleased to apply for it. I do not know, whether the Legislature of Virginia has prescribed any Regulations in cases of this sort—But If it has, I am persuaded, they will be pointedly observed by you. I am Sir Your Most Obedt servt.


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General Casimir Pulaski, 28 February 1778
From: Pulaski, Casimir
To: Washington, George

Sir
Berlington [N.J.] le 28 Fevrie à Minuit 1778

Jais l’honeur de Vous rapporter qu aiant rassemble toute La Cavalerie du Regiment Blan et de detachement que jais eu avec moi jais trouvè 44 Cavalie 5 bas Officiers pour les Services et quoique ils ne sont

pas dans le melieur etat jais marchè avec eux vers L’Enemi mais come le chemin est insuport⟨able⟩ je suis force de Passe la Nui a burlington de demain je Comte de reconoitre L’Enemi et jagirais de Consequence. je verrais le General Wayne et je concetrais avec lui je ne negligerais rieins que le biein du Service exigera mais pour etre sou Ses ordres je ne m’attends pas, je servirais neenmoins à mon prejudice à linteres Publique.
Aprè quois je tacherais Mon General de diminuer Vos embaras sur mon Comte me demetant de ma charge dont Le Congres ma honoré par Votre recomendacion.
J’envoiais d’ici deux batots armes sur Ancokes krik pour observé par la Riviere L’approche de LEnemi qui se trouvait a deux Heures apre midi sur quatres differents Batiments à L’endroit quon apele Sene Merize.
Je repets à V. Excelence la plus grande Necessité de Soigne les besoins de La Cavalerie Elle manque dé tout j’aurais desire de faire aumoins bieins equipé Le Regiment de Blan avec les Lenceurs mais come cela mest deffendû il faut quon prene d’autres Mesures sans s’abandone trop sur les Colonels quis certainement seront hors d’Etat de remplire Leurs Objet, ce nest pas pour moi que je parle, je ne Comte davoire Lhoneur d’etre a la tete de cet Corps la Campagne Prochaine, mais Come je Serais toujours ami de L’interes des Ameriqueins, je suis forçe de dire ma façon de Pensè plus si apre Moi Le Comendement sera doné au Colonel Moilen, toute la Cavalerie sera en meme Etat que Son Regiment, Le Colonel Blan est un Activs Officier il Lui Convieidra cette charge, et Monsieur Moilen pourra etre contenté d’une autre chose je dis ce que je crois etre necessaire et jais Lhoneur d’etre avec respect de Votre Excelence Les tres humbl et tres obeissent Serviteur

Casimir Pulaski


Title: From George Washington to Captain Lieutenant Jonas Simonds, 28 February 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Simonds, Jonas

Sir,
Head Quarters Valley Forge feby 28th 1778

As the thaw has, in all likelihood, destroyed the ice in the Delaware, the plan of annoying the shipping near the city will probably be frustrated. I have written to General Wayne on the subject, who will direct

you what to do; You are therefore to act agreeable to his orders. I am Sir Your most Obed. servt

Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Brigadier General William Smallwood, 28 February 1778
From: Smallwood, William
To: Washington, George

Dear Sir
Wilmington [Del.] Feby 28th 1778

By return of a Party of Dragoons who I had detatched for that purpose, I have just received Intelligence of some of the Enemys Movements, & have inclosed the Ltrs for your perusal & satisfaction, from which it will appear (tho these Views are not absolutely demonstrated) they have intended to intercept General Wayne, & his collected supplies, and that they have had & may still have a design upon our Stores at Dover, which they can go within two Miles off by Water, but as I immediately apprized Colo. Hollingsworth, & Capt. Lee thereof, I hope their Designs will be obviated, & I think it not improbable but they meditate a Descent here, after their junction, & upon their Return, & upon this Supposition am making every necessary disposition for a vigorous Opposition, I have the honor to be Yr Excellency’s most Obedt & very Hble Sert

W. Smallwood


Title: From George Washington to Lund Washington, 28 February 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Washington, Lund

[Valley Forge] 28th Februy 1778.

If you should happen to draw a prize in the militia, I must provide a man, either there or here, in your room; as nothing but your having the charge of my business, and the entire confidence I repose in you, could make me tolerable easy from home for such a length of time as I have been, and am likely to be. This therefore leads me to say, that I hope no motive, however powerful, will induce you to leave my business, whilst I, in a manner, am banished from home; because I should be very unhappy to see it in common hands. For this reason, altho’ from accidents & misfortunes not to be averted by human foresight, I make little or nothing from my Estate, I am still willing to increase your wages, and make it worth your while to continue with me. To go on in

the improvement of my Estate in the manner heretofore described to you—fulfilling my plans—and keeping my property together, are the principal objects I have in view during these troubles; and firmly believing that they will be accomplished under your management, as far as circumstances and acts of providence will allow, I feel quite easy under disappointments; which I should not do, if my business was in common hands, liable to suspicions. I am &c.

G: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Brigadier General Anthony Wayne, 28 February 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Wayne, Anthony

Dear Sir
Head Quarters Valley Forge 28th Feby 1778

I was yesterday favd with yours of the 25th from Haddenfeild. The Cattle that you collect should cross the Delaware at Coryells Ferry, and then keep higher up the Country before they strike across. They should fall in with Schuylkill at Pottsgrove and cross the River there. A considerable escort should attend them. We lost a fine drove of 130 Head that were coming from New England a few days ago. Some of the disaffected in Bucks County gave information of them, and a party of light Horse pushed up twenty Miles and carried them off. When you come over with your detatchment, you should keep a good look out between you and Philada for you may depend that they will have information of you thro’ the means of their freinds with which the Country abounds.
I sent a party of Artillery men to attempt to annoy the shipping that lay at Philadelphia while there was Ice in the River, but as that must be all destroyed by the late thaw, and no great chance of any more during this Season, I think you had best order them to return to Camp, except you find they can be any how usefully employed. If you meet with any Cattle as you come thro’ Bucks County, I would have you drive them along. Those belonging to the disaffected will most certainly be sent in to Philada if we do not get them. I do not imagine there can be any worth speaking of below Newtown and the Cross Roads.
I shall be glad that you will, upon your return, visit Genl Lacey, and enquire of him what dispositions he has made and intends making. He will have a considerable body of Men with him, and if they are properly placed and the Officers alert, they may certainly check the parties of the Enemy’s light Horse that have frequently come out upwards

of twenty Miles and carried off the well affected inhabitants, Horses, Cattle and Forage. I am Dear Sir Yr most obt Servt.
P.S. You will, before this reaches you, have recd a letter from Colo. Biddle. You will be pleased to execute the Business recommended therein if possible. Inclosed is a letter for the Officer commanding the Artillery. I am informed that there are a number of Cannon belonging to the Continent, the State of Pennsylvania and private persons at Bordentown. Be pleased to enquire into the matter and see whether they cannot be carried further up the River while the waters are high or if that cannot be done back into the Country, that they may not fall easily into the Enemy’s hands. Capt. Symonds has two 18 pounders and one 12 pounder upon travelling Carriages. the Roads are too bad to bring them to this Camp at present, but before he leaves them he should put them into a place of security from whence they may be brought in better weather. these Cannon under the care of Symonds shou’d go to a place of perfect security as they are fine pieces & on trayelling Carriages—he is directed to obey yr Orders.

G. W——n


Title: General Orders, 1 March 1778
From: Washington, George
To:

Arnold—Ashford—Almbury.

Head-Quarters V. Forge Sunday March 1st 1778.

The Commander in Chief again takes occasion to return his warmest thanks to the virtuous officers and soldiery of this Army for that persevering fidelity and Zeal which they have uniformly manifested in all their conduct; Their fortitude not only under the common hardships incident to a military life, but also under the additional sufferings to which the peculiar situation of these States have exposed them, clearly proves them worthy the enviable privelege of contending for the rights of human nature, the Freedom & Independence of their Country; The recent Instance of uncomplaining Patience during the scarcity of provisions in Camp is a fresh proof that they possess in an eminent degree the spirit of soldiers and the magninimity of Patriots—The few refractory individuals who disgrace themselves by murmurs it is to be hoped have repented such unmanly behaviour, and resolved to emulate the noble example of their associates upon every trial which the customary casualties of war may hereafter throw in their way—Occasional distress for want of provisions and other necessaries is a spectacle that frequently occurs in every army and perhaps there never was one which has been in general so plentifully supplied in respect to the former as ours; Surely we who are free Citizens in arms engaged in a struggle for every thing valuable in society and partaking in the glorious task of laying the foundation of an Empire, should scorn effeminately to shrink under those accidents & rigours of War which mercenary hirelings fighting in the cause of lawless ambition, rapine & devastation, encounter with cheerfulness and alacrity, we should not be merely equal, we should be superior to them in every qualification that dignifies the man or the soldier in proportion as the motive from which we act and the final hopes of our Toils, are superior to theirs. Thank Heaven! our Country abounds with provision & with prudent management we need not apprehend want for any length of time. Defects in the Commissaries department, Contingencies of weather and other temporary impediments have subjected and may again subject us to a deficiency for a few days, but soldiers! American soldiers! will despise the meaness of repining at such trifling strokes of Adversity, trifling indeed when compared to the transcendent Prize which will undoubtedly crown their Patience and Perseverence, Glory and Freedom, Peace and Plenty to themselves and the Community; The Admiration of the World, the Love of their Country and the Gratitude of Posterity! Your General

unceasingly employs his thoughts on the means of relieving your distresses, supplying your wants and bringing your labours to a speedy and prosperous issue—Our Parent Country he hopes will second his endeavors by the most vigorous exertions and he is convinced the faithful officers and soldiers associated with him in the great work of rescuing our Country from Bondage and Misery will continue in the display of that patriotic zeal which is capable of smoothing every difficulty & vanquishing every Obstacle.
At a Brigade Court Martial Feby 27th whereof Lt Coll Burr was President Lieutt Blackall William Ball of 12th Pennsylvania Regiment tried for disobedience of orders, Insolence and ungentlemanlike behavior—The Court after mature deliberation on the evidence produced are clearly & unanimously of opinion that Lieutt Ball is not guilty and do therefore unanimously acquit him with the highest honor of all and every of the Articles exhibited against him—The Court do further agree & determine that the charges each and all of them are groun[d]less, frivilous and malicious, that Lt Ball’s behaviour was truly gentlemanlike, his attention and obedience to orders exemplary & his Conduct rather deserving applause than Censure.
The Commander in Chief confirms the opinion of the Court and orders Lieutt Ball to be immediately released from his arrest.
At a General Court Martial whereof Colonel Cortland was President, Feby 25th Philip Bocker an Inhabitant of this State tried for attempting to carry Provision in to the Enemy at Philadelphia and unanimously acquitted of the charge.
At the same Court Joseph De Haven, an Inhabitant of this State tried for repeatedly going into Philadelphia since the Enemy have been in possession of it and acquitted.
Also Michael Milanberger an Inhabitant of this State tried for supporting the Enemy with Provision and acquitted.
The Commander in Chief confirms the aforegoing opinions of the Court and orders the three last mentioned Prisoners to be immediately released from confinement.
At the same Court Jacob Cross an Inhabitant of this State tried for stealing Calves and carrying them into Philadelphia, found guilty of stealing two Calves one of which he carried into Philadelphia, the other he was carrying in when taken, being a breach of a resolution of Congress dated October 8th 77 extended by another dated december 29th—and do sentence him to receive two hundred lashes on his bare back well laid on.
The Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders it to be put in Execution on the Grand-Parade tomorrow morning at guard mounting.

At a General Court Martial whereof Coll Cortland was President Feby 24th 78, Joseph Worrell an Inhabitant of the State of Pennsylvania tried for giving intelligence to the Enemy and for acting as guide and pilot to the Enemy; The Court are of opinion the Prisoner is guilty of acting as a guide to the Enemy (and do acquit him of the other charge against him) being a breach of a resolution of Congress dated Octr 8th 77, extended by another resolution of Congress dated december 29th 1777, and they do (upwards of two thirds agreeing) sentence him to suffer death.
His Excellency the Commander in Chief approves the sentence and orders Joseph Worrell to be executed next tuesday at 10 ôClock in the forenoon.


Title: From George Washington to a Continental Congress Camp Committee, 1 March 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Continental Congress Camp Committee

Head Quarters [Valley Forge, 1 March] 1778

The Armoury department is in as bad a situation as it can well be, and requires measures to be immediately taken to put it upon a proper footing; otherwise the army must be greatly distressed on the score of arms, and the public will be at a great expence to little purpose. Mr Dupree, who has come from Lebanon, to represent the disordered defective state of the department, will give you full information on the subject and enable you to judge what is requisite to be done. I am with the greatest respect Gentlemen Your most Obedient servant

Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to a Continental Congress Camp Committee, 1 March 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Continental Congress Camp Committee

Gentn
Valley-forge March 1st 1778

As I do not recollect your determination respecting the resolve of Congress, in the case of Woodford &ca Mr Harrison waits upon you for that purpose; and to explain the matter so far as it relates to Weedon & Scott.
By him you will receive the proposals for collecting Cavalry—I also send, for your perusal, a Letter &ca just received from Genl Howe; which shews in a very conspicuous point of view, the advantage we give him, by suffering one power to counteract another; and taking things up through improper Channels, & upon hasty information, which was the case of that given by Mr Boudinot.
Will Putnam, or Heath do for the command at Rhode Island? If not, it is hard to furnish Tools that cannot be used, & yet expect work from them.
The appointment of Genl Officers cannot be delayed without injuring the Service—Our arrangements will be the more imperfect, & we less fit for the field, the longer they are delayed—however, as these are matters that cannot have escaped the Comee—I shall only add, that with sincere esteem and regard I am Gentn Yr Most Obedt Ser.

Go: Washingto⟨n⟩

P.S. Is it not the present expectation of the Comee that Genl Green will come into the Qr Mrs department? as Genl Portail is pressing to know the Comees decision relative to the Engineer recomd by him, and a real want of these People appear I should also be glad to know what to expect & say to him on this head.


Title: From George Washington to the Continental Navy Board, 1 March 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Continental Navy Board

Gentn
Head Quarters Valley Forge 1st March 1778

I am informed that a number of the continental flat Boats still remain at Bordentown. I wrote to Commodore Hazelwood to have them removed higher up the River, but why he has not done it I do not know. I am very apprehensive that the Enemy will one day or other make an excursion and destroy our Vessels Boats and Stores at that place. To prevent as much of this as possible I shall esteem it as a favor if you will, upon your return, have all the flat Boats sent up as far as Trenton and if Commodore Hazelwood has not hands enough with him to carry them up the Falls I will write to Coryell and desire him to

employ people to do it. These Boats may probably be of the greatest importance to us in the Course of the Campaign; and I therefore beg that your first attention may be paid to them.
As I see no great prospect of the Gallies being of any use to us while the Enemy have their ships of War at Philada I submit it to you whether it would not be better to have the Cannon and Stores taken out of them and the Hulks carried up the Creeks and sunk. From repeated misfortunes we have lost the greatest part of our heavy Cannon at our different posts and we ought therefore to be as careful as possible of the remainder. I am informed that the Cannon taken out of the Continental, State and private Vessels yet remain at Bordentown to a very considerable amount. I could therefore wish that means might be fallen upon to remove them from the Water Side, some distance back into the Country from whence they may be brought occasionally. I also think that every kind of public Stores should be removed from thence if possible, for as the Enemy have the command of the Water they may at any time destroy or carry them off. I make no doubt but the Gentlemen of the State Navy Board will chearfully co-operate with you in what respects their department. I have the honor to be Gentn.

P.S. If the Commodore carries the Boats no further than Trenton he should give Coryel notice that he may come down for them. It will be worth considering whether the Cannon cannot be carried up the River in the Boats.


Title: To George Washington from the Continental Navy Board, 1 March 1778
From: Continental Navy Board
To: Washington, George

Sir
From Col. Nixon’s Continental Navy Board March 1st 1778

We are just now favoured with your’s respecting the flat Bottom Boats &ca supposed to be at Borden-Town. In Answer to which, we would inform your Excellency that all the Flat Bottom Boats we know of, being at or near Borden Town, were removed from thence up the River above two Months ago—if we find any there on our Return we

shall not fail punctually executing your Desire. With respect to the Gallies, we are so far from having any Command over them, that we do not know how even a Recommendation from us to Commodore Hazlewood would be received, but if your Excellency will be so good as to write a Line on the Subject to the Commodore; or, which we think would be more effectual, to the State Navy Board, we will take Care to convey it safe. We shall exert ourselves immediately for the Security of the Guns & Stores under our Charge, & use our utmost Influence with Individuals at Borden Town who have Guns or Stores there to remove them immediately. You may depend on our current Efforts to remove & secure every thing at that Place in the best manner we can—the procuring Waggons for this Purpose will be our principal Difficulty. We have the Honour to be with the utmost R[e]spect Your Excellency’s most obedient humble servants.

Fras Hopkinson
John Wharton

P.S. We propose proceeding on our Journey Tomorrow morning.


Title: From George Washington to John Coryell, 1 March 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Coryell, John

Sir
Head Quarters Valley Forge 1st March 1778

I am very anxious to have all the continental flat Boats below Trenton carried up the River as far as Easton or near it, that they may be intirely out of the Enemy’s reach—I have desired the Gentlemen of the Navy Board to order Commodore Hazelwood to collect all those and carry them up as far as Trenton and when he has got them there to let you know it. I shall therefore be exceedingly obliged to you if you will collect a proper number of hands who are used to carry Boats thro’ the Falls and go down for them when you have notice. Or if you do not receive such notice in a few days, the Men may as well go down to Bordentown where the Boats are and bring them up from thence. There are a number of Cannon and some Stores there which I want carried to a place of safety. If you think the Boats can be taken thro’ the falls with the Cannon in them, it will save much expence and secure them perfectly. You are to apply to Messrs Hopkinson and Wharton of the Continental Navy Board at Bordentown for the Cannon if they can be carried up in the Boats.
I see by a letter of yours to Colo. Lutterloh that you want Money for these purposes. You may hire the Men for doing this service upon an

assurance of their being paid the moment it is performed. And you will therefore make out the account when you have finished and apply directly to me for the Money when it shall be paid with thanks. I am &c.


Title: From George Washington to John Parke Custis, 1 March 1778 [letter not found]
From: Washington, George
To: Custis, John Parke

Letter not found: to John Parke Custis, 1 Mar. 1778. On 3 April, Custis wrote Martha Washington: “My Affecte Regards to the General. . . . I return Him many Thanks for his Letter of the 1st of which got to my Hands on Tuesday last” (Fields, Papers of Martha WashingtonJoseph E. Fields, ed. “Worthy Partner”: The Papers of Martha Washington. Westport, Conn., and London, 1994., 178–79).


Title: From George Washington to Bryan Fairfax, 1 March 1778
From: Washington, George
To: Fairfax, Bryan

Dear Sir,
Head Qrs Valley-forge Mar. 1st 1778.

Your favor of the 8th of Decr came safe to my hands—after considerable delay in its passage.
The Sentiments you have expressed of me in this Letter are highly flattering—meriting my warmest acknowledgements, as I have too good an opinion of your sincerity and candour, to believe that you are capable of unmeaning professions—& speaking a language foreign from your heart—The friendship I ever professed, & felt for you, met with no diminution from the difference in our political sentiments—I knew the rectitude of my own intentions & believing in the sincerity of yours, lamented, though I did not condemn, your renunciation of the creed I had adopted—nor do I think any person, or power ought to do it whilst your conduct is not opposed to the general Interest of the People, & the measures they are pursuing—The latter, that is our actions, depending on ourselves may be controuled, while the powers of thinking originating from higher causes, cannot always be moulded to our wishes.
The determinations of Providence are always wise—often inscrutable—and, thô its decrees appear to bear hard upon us at times, is, nevertheless meant for gracious purposes—In this light I cannot help viewing your late disappointment; for if you had been permitted to have gone to England, unrestrained even by the rigid Oaths which are administred upon those occasions, your feelings as a husband, parent, &ca must have been considerably wounded in the prospect of a long—perhaps lasting seperation from your nearest relatives—what then must they have been if the obligation of an Oath had left you without a Will?
Your hope of being instrumental in restoring peace, would prove as unsubstantial as mist before a Noon day Sun; and would as soon dispel;

for believe me Sir, G. Britain understood herself perfectly well in this dispute, but did not comprehend America—She meant as Lord Cambden in his late speech in Parliament clearly, & explicitly declares, to drive America into rebellion, that her own purposes might be more fully answered by it; but take this along with it, that this plan originating in a firm belief founded on mis-information, that no effectual opposition would, or could be made, they little dreamt of what has happened, and are disappointed in their views.
Does not every act of Administration from the Tea act to the present Sessions of Parliament declare this in plain & selfevident characters? Had the Commissioners any powers to treat with America? If they meant peace, would Lord Howe have been detained in England five Months after passing the Act? Would the powers of these Commissioners have been confined to mere acts of grace upon condition of absolute submission? No—surely No! they meant to drive us into what they termed rebellion, that they might be furnished with a pretext to disarm, and then strip us of the rights & previledges of Englishmen—If they were actuated by principles of Justice, why did they refuse, indignantly to accede to the terms which were humbly supplicated before hostilities commenced, and this Country deluged in blood, & now make their principal officers, and even the Commissioners themselves, say that these terms are just & reasonable; nay, that more will be granted than we have yet asked, if we will relinquish our claim to Independancy—what name does such conduct as this deserve? and what punishment is there in store for the Men who have distressed Millions—Involved thousands in ruin—and plunged numberless families in inextricable woe! Could that which is just & reasonable now have been unjust four years ago? If not, upon what principles I repeat, does Administration act? they must either be wantonly wicked & cruel or (which is only another mode of expressing the same thing) under false colours are now endeavouring to deceive the great body of the People by industriously propagating an Idea, that G. Britain is willing to offer any, & that we will accept of no terms; thereby hoping to poison, & disaffect the minds of those who wish for Peace, & create feuds and dissentions in consequence—In a word, having less dependance now on their Arms than their Arts, they are practicing such low, & dirty tricks, that Men of Sentiment and honor must blush for their fall. among other manœuvres in this way, they are forging Letters and publishing them as intercepted ones of mine, to prove that I am an enemy to the present measures of this Continent; having been deceived, & led on by Congress in hopes that at length, they would recede from their claims & withdraw their opposition to G. Britain.
I am sorry to hear of the indisposition of Miss Fairfax—I shd have been pleased, could I have congratulated you on a Marriage wch I

heard was in agitation between her & a Relation of mine Mr Whiting—My best respects to Mrs Fairfax & yr family & believe me to be Dr Sr Yr Most Obed. & Affe.

Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Henry Laurens, 1 March 1778
From: Laurens, Henry
To: Washington, George

Sir
[York, Pa.] 1st March 1778.

My last was on the 21st Ulto by Messenger Millet since which I have not been honoured with any of Your Excellency’s favors.
Under Cover with this Your Excellency will receive the following Acts of Congress—
1  of the 26th February—for filling up the Battalions of Continental Troops.

2  An Act also of the 26th ffebry—for ascertaining the Amount of demands for supplies of necessaries by the several States &ca for the use of British prisoners.
3  of the 27th—for the speedy punishment of any of the Inhabitants of these States who shall be detected in acting as Marauders & partisans on the part of the Enemy.
In a seperate packet I likewise forward six half quire of blank Oaths of Office & of Allegiance for the use of the Army.
I have the honour of being specially charged to signify to your Excellency that Congress highly approve of your Excellency’s conduct in support of the Civil authority of the United States as expressed in your Excellency’s Letters in answer to General Howes Letter of the 19th January & 25th February.
I am also directed to intimate to your Excellency as a recommendation from Congress that every proper precaution be taken against putting it in the power of the Enemy to take any unfair advantages in the Exchange of prisoners—& that Congress take for granted, Genl Lee is included in the late stipulation between Your Excellency & the British Commander & have therefore refrained from repeating a special demand for the restitution of that Officer. I have the honour to be with the highest Regard &ca.


Title: To George Washington from Major General Benjamin Lincoln, 1 March 1778
From: Lincoln, Benjamin
To: Washington, George

My dear General,
Boston March 1st 1778

I was honored with your Excellency’s favor of the 20th of Jany last a few days since, on my journey from Albany to this town; and the last evening, with your favor of the 9th ulto inclosing a copy of the former.
I have read the two resolves of Congress, in the operation of which, you suppose, I shall be effected. I find by the first that the officers of the Pennsylvania regiments are now to rank agreeable to the rank they held immediately preceding their present appointment; and that the rank of the three General officers mentioned in the second, is to be determined on the same principle. Your Excellency will permit me to ask how I can be particularly interested in the operation of either of them: They appear to be founded on this principle, that it is a violation of right ever to suffer an officer to be commanded by one who had been, in service, subordinate to him. I entered the service a Major General, & by the rules & Regulations of the army, at the time of my receiving my present commission & long before, I took rank of all the Brigadiers on the list.
Should it now be settled differently, would it not militate with those

very principles of justice, which induced Congress to resolve in General Arnold’s favor? If it should be said that he is an older Continental officer than I am, and therefore ought to take rank, I shall not object to the idea; but will it not exclude me from the service, as every officer almost would claim rank on the same principle.
It gives me pain to reflect, that I am diverting you one moment from the more important matters, which are always before, to that of my rank in the army; but, I trust, I shall be excused, as justice to myself, I think, evidently demands it of me; which I am sure you did not mean to exclude in those kind & friendly sentiments, for which I most sincerely thank you, that my wishes are to see every man in possession of his right: If I am not deceived, I most certainly do wish it, and for no settlement, but on those principles.
I am exceedingly unhappy to inform your Excellency that the state of my wound is such as will prevent my joining the Southern army so early as you had a right to expect from the tenor of my former letters, and my duty & inclination, in a different situation, would demand. But give me leave to assure you, as soon as I am able to take the field, I will do myself the honor of waiting on you, without further delay, and that I cannot but flatter myself that the period is not far distant. I am, my dear General, with the sincerest affection, regard & esteem, your most obedient humble servant,

B. Lincoln