Title: To George Washington from Wilhelm von Knyphausen, 17 May 1781
From: Knyphausen, Wilhelm von
To: Washington, George

                            Sir
                            New York May 17th 1781

                        The enclosed Papers, express the treatment which Lieutenant Sobbe received in Philadelphia, although
                            furnished with Your Passports: from the Public letter addressed to this Gentleman, I have reason to think that the Sick
                            Hessian Soldiers now Prisoners there, are not to be supplied with Medicines; should this be the case, I request that Your
                            Excellency will grant a Passport for a Hessian Surgeon to go to Philadelphia with Medicines for their relief, and that he
                            may be permitted to remain and to attend upon Them, under such restrictions as you think requisite. I have the Honor to be
                            Sir, Your Excellency’s most obedient humble Servant

                            Knyphausen

                     Enclosure

                                Sir,
                                Philadelphia 24th April 1781.

                            The treatment I receive as a Flag Officer is very different from what I expected. I am here under the
                                sanction of a passport signed with His Excellency General Washington’s name. An expression in this Passport says, that
                                I am to be considered as an Officer on parole. Judge by Yourself, Sir, how surprized I was to see myself, by the
                                direction of Mr Breadforth a prisoner under the care of an American Officer, and confined to my lodgings not suffered
                                to execute the business on which I was sent. Not satisfied with this my corporal is taken up, and put in the guard
                                without my knowledge. Conscious that neither I, or my Corporal, has done any thing contrary to the commission I bear,
                                therefore I take the freedom, Sir, to address You on the subject, and beg the favour to lay the matter before the
                                Board of War; I am so well acquainted with the justice of this Board, that I not only flatter myself with an
                                explanation of the indifferent treatment I have received, but with a speedy redress of the Grievances I have mentioned
                                to You in this letter. I am to answer for my conduct as well, as to every thing, which happened to me to His
                                Excellency General de Knyphausen. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your most obedient humble servant

                                Sobbe

                     Enclosure

                                Gentlemen,
                                Philadelphia 28th April 1781.

                            The business, on which I am sent, is nearly executed, but before I leave this place, I must beg leave to
                                execute His Excellency General de Knyphausen’s order, which is to recommend the protection of the Hessian Prisoners to
                                the honourable Board of war, in particular the sick. I am wholly convinced, that as soon as the Board is informed of
                                the disadvantage in keeping them in Goal, they will soon be removed, if not, an infection will take place, and the city
                                may suffer. I am at the same time ordered to beg leave to go to Lancaster, to provide for the prisoners there, and return
                                by the way of Reading to discharge the debts of the Hessian Officers  left there when
                                exchanged. But having met with Captain Heer in the Goal, I have agreed to go with him to Reading and deliver the
                                necessaries for the prisoners in his hands, and he will send them to Lancaster, provided I can get a List of the
                                prisoners names, their number, and different regiments they belong to, which Colonel Attlee has not been able to
                                furnish me with in this city.
                            If I obtain the Board’s leave to go, I shall send an express to Lancaster, which will meet me at Reading.
                                I have the honour to be The Board’s most obdt hble servant

                                Sobbe

                     Enclosure

                                Sir,
                                War Office April 28th 1781.

                            We have been honoured with Your letter relative to the Hessian Prisoners. We very sincerely wish to have
                                them accommodated in the best manner possible. Their sickness has been in a very great degree owing to their want of
                                necessaries which depended upon Yourselves to supply, and we hope, as they are now supplied, their disorders will
                                cease. It will be requisite that You provide the means of supplying them with medicines and Hospital Stores. They are
                                certainly not crowded in the place of their confinement; but We are about taking measures to have most of the
                                prisoners at this place removed. We should be happy to comply with Your wishes as to going to Reading and Lancaster,
                                but we do not think it proper at this time. We have directed the Commissary General of Prisoners to take Order as to
                                Your return, and he will assist in any measures for forwarding monies or supplies to the Prisoners at Lancaster or
                                Reading. We have the honour to be very respectfully Your obedient servants

                                Richard Peters By Order.

                     Enclosure

                                New York May 10th 1781

                            On the 22d of April five o’clock in the afternoon Quartermaster Hartzog and myself arrived at
                                Philadelphia with the cloathing for the Prisoners entrusted to our care.
                            We alighted at the house of Mr Bradford Commissary of Prisoners, and acquainted him with our business. He
                                desired to see our Pass, which after reading it, he locked up in his bureau. We asked him to return it, and he laughed
                                at us, saying that we should have in due time; He then conducted us to our intended lodgings, where he delivered us to
                                the care of an American Officer, without whose knowledge we were directed not to do any thing.
                            Surprizing as this treatment appeared to us, we acquiesced in it till  next day, when we asked the
                                Officer to go out with us. The Officer consented, but we had not sooner got into the street, then we were met by the
                                above mentioned Bradford, who sent us back to our lodgings, and directed the Officer to consider us as prisoners not
                                allowed to stir till further orders. We desired an explanation of this order, but it was not given. An hour after this
                                my servant informed me of the non commissioned Officers, that came with us, being carried off by a guard and put under
                                arrest. I complained to the Officer of it, but to no purpose. I therefore wrote to the Board of War, but nobody being
                                allowed to come to us, the letter remained on the table for four and twenty hours, when the Officer
                                was so good as to forward it.
                            Though I received no answer to that letter, it had, I conceive, the good effect to occasion a message to me
                                from the Board of War by Colonel Nicola, who promised the Sergeants should be released, sent to our lodgings, and
                                permission should be given to us to distribute our cloathing to the prisoners. This promise was performed, but we were
                                treated like prisoners to the moment we left Philadelphia.

                                Sobbe
                            Lieut. Regt of Knyphausen


Title: From George Washington to Anne-César, chevalier de La Luzerne, 17 May 1781
From: Washington, George
To: La Luzerne, Anne-César, chevalier de

                        Sir

                            Head Quarters New Windsor 17th May 1781

                        The inclosed dispatches have just been sent to me with a request that I would forward them immediately to
                            your Excellency. Count Charlus mentions that the packet for the Marquis de la Fayette is of good
                            consequence and wishes it may be transmitted to him by a safe conveyance. I have the honor to be with very great Respect
                            and Esteem Your Excellency’s Most obt Servant

                            Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from John Paterson, 17 May 1781
From: Paterson, John
To: Washington, George

                            Dear General
                            West Point May 17th 1781

                        I have just received the inclosed. The Detatchments on the lines are very uneasy in their present situation,
                            the Croton being very low and consequently fordable in many places. They conceive it highly
                            inexpedient to remain in their present Situation, and from my own knowledge of that Country, think it very unsafe to lay
                            more than twenty four hours in any one place. Some instructions relative to them will be very acceptable. I am Your
                            Excellency’s Most obt Servant

                            John Paterson

                            P.S. It appears by the best information the Enemy are directing works between Croton-Landing and Fort
                                Lee. Their numbers consist of between two and three hundred. Said to be refugees, beg leave to hint that an
                                opportunity presents to retaliate Col. Greens unhappy fate. It is also reported that the Garrison at Fort Worthington
                                is ordered to hold themselves in perfect readiness to assist them should they be attacked.


Title: To George Washington from Richard Peters, 17 May 1781
From: Peters, Richard
To: Washington, George

                            Sir
                            War Office May 17. 1781

                        We have received a Letter from the Judge Advocate General respecting the Pay of Mr Edwards & Mr
                                Strang Deputy Judge Advocates who complain that their Appointments are not sufficient or settled by
                            the Act of the 10th of Novr 1780. In seems they wish to be put in the same Footing with the Assistants to the AjutantGeneral whose pay is agreed to that of Lieut. Colonels. The Board wishing to preserve a due Relation among the Officers
                            according to their Services & Employments request the Favor of your Excellency’s Opinion as to the Propriety of
                            encreasing the Additional Pay of the Dy Judge Advocates & to which Amount. We have the Honour to be with great
                            Respect your very obedt Servants

                            Richard Peters
                            By Order


Title: To George Washington from John Sullivan, 17 May 1781
From: Sullivan, John
To: Washington, George

                            Dear General
                            Philadelphia May 17th 1781

                        I was last Evening honored with Your Excellencys favor of the 11th Instant. I am sorry that the Report
                            respecting promotions has been so long Delayed. but this delay has not been Occasioned by any Difference in Sentiment
                            between Your Excellency and the Committee. Your reasonings were attended to & there remains no Difference of
                            Sentiment between us, though, perhaps Congress may make some alterations disagreeable to us all.
                        The Report has Long Since been made to Congress two days have already been Spent in Considering it
                            & I flatter myself that this Day will bring it to a Conclusion. The Situation of Colo. Tilghman and other
                            Gentlemen of that Line has opened a Field Extensive Enough, & Occasioned Much delay. I hope however to obtain Such
                            a determination as will do Justice to the feelings of Those Gentlemen who have merited so much from the public.
                        I Lament exceedingly the Distresses of our Army the deplorable Situation of our Public affairs and tremble
                            for the Event. Mr Robert Morris has accepted the office of minister of finance upon which I Sincerely congratulate Your
                            Excellencey & my Country. The appointments of the other officers is delayed, for reasons which I cannot comprehend.
                            The ostensible one, respecting a Minister of war, is that There is no man Existing upon whom Congress can agree. Many of
                            the members Say that if Your Excellency or the principal officers, would recommend any person, they would immediately
                            proceed to the Choice of that officer, & I presume that of Marine as also that of Foreign affairs would follow
                            of Course. We have no News worthy of Your Excellencys attention. I have the honor to be with the most perfect respect
                            Dear Genl Your Excys most obedt Servant

                            Jno. Sullivan


Title: General Orders, 18 May 1781
From: Washington, George
To:

                            Head Quarters New Windsor Friday May 18th 1781
                            Parole
                            Countersigns

                        The Commander in Chief having occasion to be absent from the Army for a few days Major General St Clair will
                            command untill his return, or ’till an officer superior to himself shall arrive.


Title: To George Washington from Armand-Louis de Gontaut Biron, duc de Lauzun, 18 May 1781
From: Lauzun, Armand-Louis de Gontaut Biron, duc de
To: Washington, George

                            Monsieur
                            A Paris le 18. May 1781.

                        Je suis très flatté que le Marquis de La Rouerie m’ait procuré la lettre que vous m’avez fait l’honneur de
                            m’écrire et me donne l’occasion de vous dire moi-même ce que j’ai répété bien des fois, dans des assemblées très
                            nombreuses sur l’idée que j’avois de vos rares talens, sur votre patience, sur votre fermeté raisonnée et sur ce courage
                            d’esprit qui ne se rencontre pas toujours avec la valeur du corps qui vous a confirmé l’estime de tous ceux qui ont servi
                            sous vos ordres. Je n’entrerai pas dans un plus grand détail. Je ne ferois que répéter ce que toute l’Europe a dit de vos
                            talens et de votre mérite.
                        Les éloges que vous faites du marquis de La Rouerie me font le plus grand plaisir et je vois que je ne me
                            suis pas trompé sur son compte. Il est homme de condition, a une fortune honnête, est fort désinteresse et fort estimé de
                            son Chef et de ses camarades dans le Régiment des Gardes. Il a été fort regretté, quand il en est sorti. Ils sont tous
                            très flattés de ce qu’il a mérité vos bontés et votre estime. Il auroit aprésent le rang de Lieutenant Colonel et pendant
                            la guerre avec ses talens et sa volonté, il n’en seroit pas resté là. Il part d’ici pour aller vous rejoindre avec une
                            joye incroyable. Il a fait les plus grands efforts pour rassembler chez ses parens et ses amis tout ce qu’il a pu pour
                            mettre la légion que vous lui avez confiée; en état de servir. Il avoit la plus grande impatience d’aller rejoindre son
                            général. Il a pour ce général beaucoup de respect et toute la confiance possible. Je prends donc,
                            Monsieur, la liberté de vous le recommander et de vous remercier de la protection que vous lui accordez. J’ai beaucoup
                            raisonné avec lui sur les affaires de l’Amerique Il m’a rendu un compte très fidel et par son récit
                            j’ai encore plus admiré son général et j’ai vu que je ne m’étois pas trompé dans le jugement que j’en
                            avois porté.
                        Je n’ai point laissé ignorer au Roy ce que vous m’avez fait l’honneur de me mander au sujet du Marquis de La
                            Rouerie et sur le compte que je lui en ai rendu, le Roy vient de lui accorder une grande distinction en le décorant de la
                            Croix de St Louis qu’il n’auroit pu encore obtenir étant dans le Regiment des Gardes; mais le bien que vous m’avez mandé
                            de lui a décidé le Roy à lui accorder cette grace et à lui continuer son rang dans le Service, comme s’il avoit fait la
                            guerre en france. Il a avec lui un officier de sa légion qui s’est très bien conduit ici et qui paroit un fort bon sujet.
                            Ils sont venus souvent chez moi.
                        Je n’ignore pas que vous avez eu à surmonter nombre de difficultés, combien d’obstacles se sont rencontrés pour
                            la formation de votre armée, ce que vous avez eu à combattre. c’est dans ces occasions ou les grands hommes se font
                            connoitre, de ne rien faire de douteux, de ne rien hazarder sans être sûr de réussir, d’en imposer à ses ennemis nombreux
                            par une contenance qui a dérangé leurs projets; Enfin, Monsieur, voila ce que j’ai aperçu et je prends la liberté de vous
                            parler comme un militaire à qui vous avez inspiré tous ces Sentimens. Voila toutes les qualités qu’on doit
                            desirer à un Général; mais il n’est pas toujours maitre des circonstances et dans bien des occasions je
                            sai que vous l’avez éprouvé. Je sai que tous les françois qui sont avec vous pensent comme moi. Je serois
                            charmé si la guerre finie pouvoit vous amener en france. Vous eriez bien reçu par toute la nation et
                            le Maréchal de Biron ne seroit pas des derniers à vous prévenir et à vous assurer
                            lui-même de toute l’estime et la consideration avec lesquelles il a l’honneur d’être Monsieur Votre
                            très humble et très obéissant serviteur

                            Le maréchal de Biron


Title: From George Washington to George Clinton, 18 May 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Clinton, George

                            Dr Sr
                            Hd Qrs N. Windsor May 18th 1781

                        Just as I was preparing to set out to meet the Count De Rochambeau at Weatherfield I
                            recd Your Exys favor of Yesterday.
                        I am extremely unhappy at the intelligence from Ft Schuyler—What I have thought advisiable to be done at
                            this moment, Your Excellency will see by my Letter to Gen. Clinton, which I have left unsealed for your perusal. I have
                            &c.


Title: From George Washington to James Clinton, 18 May 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Clinton, James

                            Dear SirHead Quarters New Windsor 18th May 1781.

                        I recd your favor of the 16th Just as I was setting out for Connecticut to meet the Count de Rochambeau. I am
                            exceedingly sorry for the unfortunate accident at Fort Schuyler—that with the destruction of the Works by Rain seem to
                            make it necessary to abandon that valuable post. I however leave the determination upon that point to the Governor and
                            yourself, as I do every measure which the necessity of the moment may dictate. I hope at the intended interview with the
                            French Commanders something definitive in regard to the Campaign will be settled—After that we shall know with certainty
                            how to apply our force. I am Dear Sir Yr most obt Sert

                            Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette, 18 May 1781
From: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de
To: Washington, George

                        Dear General

                            Wilton Northside of Jms River May 18th 1781

                        Having been directed by Genl Greene to take Command of the Troops in Virginia, I have also received Orders
                            from him, that every Account from this Quarter be immediately transmitted to Congress and to your Excellency; in obedience
                            to which I shall have the honour to relate our Movements, and those of the combined Armies of the Enemy.
                        When Genl Phillips retreated from Richmond, his project was to stop at Williamsburg, there to collect
                            Contributions which he had impos’d; this induced me to take a position between Pamunky & Chickahominy Rivers,
                            which equally cover’d Richmond & some other interesting parts of the State, and from where I detached Genl Nelson
                            and some Militia towards Williamsburg.
                        Having gott as low down as that place, General Phillips seemed to discover an intention to make a Landing but
                            upon advices received by a report from Portsmo. the Enemy weighed Anchor, and with all the Sail they could croud hastened
                            up the River; this intelligence made me apprehensive that the Enemy intended to manoeuvre me out of Richmond, where I
                            returned immediately & again collected our small force. Intelligence was the same day received that Lord
                            Cornwallis (who I had been assured to have embarked at Wilmington) was marching thro’ N. Carolina. This was confirmed by
                            the landing of Genl Phillips at Brandon So. side of Jms River—apprehending that both Armies would move to meet at a central
                            point. I marched towards Petersburg and intended to have established a Communication over Appamatox & Jas River,
                            but on the 9th Genl Phillips took possession of Petersburg, a place where his right flank being covered by Jas River, his
                            front by Appamatox, on which the Bridges had been destroyed in the present Invasion, and his left not being attackable but by a
                            long circuit through Fords that at this Season are very uncertain I cou’d not (even with an equal force) have gott any
                            chance of fighting him, unless I had given up this side of Jas River and the Country from which reinforcements are
                            expected.
                        It being at the Enemy’s choice to force us to an Action, while their own position insured them against our
                            Enterprises I thought it proper to shift this situation, and marched the greater part of our troops to this place, about
                            ten miles below Richmond-- Letters from Govr Nash, Genl Sumner & Genl Jones are possitive as to the arrival of Col.
                            Tarleton, and announce that of Ld Cornwallis at Hallifax. Having received a request from N. Carolina for amunition I made
                            a detachment of 500 Men under Genl Muhlenburg to escort 20,000 Cartridges over Appamatox, and to direct the Enemy’s
                            attention Colo. Gimat with his Batn & 4 field pieces Cannonaded their position from this side of the River. I hope
                            our Ammunition will arrive safe, as before Genl Muhlenberg returned, he putt it in a safe road with proper Directions. On
                            the 13th Genl Phillips died and the Command devolved on General Arnold--General Wayne’s Detachment has not yett been heard
                            of, before He arrives it becomes very dangerous to risk any Engagement whereof either of the British Armies being vastly
                            superior to us, We shall certainly be beaten, and by the loss of Arms, the dispersion of Militia, and the difficulty of a
                            junction with Genl Wayne We may loose a less dangerous chance of resistance.
                        These Considerations have induced me to think that with our so very great inferiority, and with the advantage
                            the Enemy have by their Cavalry & naval superiority, there would be much rashness in fighting them on any but our
                            Grounds, and this side of the River, and that an Engagement which I fear will be soon necessary ought if possible be
                            deferred ’till the Pensylvanians arrive, whom I have by several letters requested to hasten to our assistance. No report
                            has lately come from near Halifax tho’ a very active officer has been sent for that purpose but every Intelligence
                            confirms that Ld Cornwallis is hourly expected at Petersburg, it is true there never was such difficulty in getting
                            tollerable intelligence as there is in this Country, and the immense superiority of the Enemy’s Horses render it very
                            pracarious to hazard our small parties. Arnold has received a small reinforcement from portsmouth. Dr General Your most
                            Obedient Humble Servant

                            Lafayette

                            P.S. In Justice to Major Mitchell and Capt. Muir who were taken at Petersburg, I have the honour to
                                inform your Excellency that they had been sent to that place on public Service. I have requested Genl Lawson to
                                collect and take commd of the Militia south of Appamattox—local impediments was thrown in the road from Hallifax to
                                Petersbe. and precautions taken to remove the horses from the Enemy’s reach. Shou’d it be possible to get arms some
                                more militia might be brought in to the field. But Genl Greene & myself labour under the same disadvantage.
                                The few militia we can with great pains collect arrive unarmed and we have not a sufficiency of weapons to putt into
                                their hands.


Title: To George Washington from James Robertson, 18 May 1781
From: Robertson, James
To: Washington, George

                            Sir
                            New York 18 May 1781

                        Permit me to offer you my thanks for the obliging & polite manner in which you have conveyed to me an
                            Admiralty Commission, which has saved me the trouble and expence of applying for a new one. I have the honor to be Sir
                            Your Excellencys Most Obedient humble Servt

                            James Robertson


Title: To George Washington from Abraham Skinner, 19 May 1781
From: Skinner, Abraham
To: Washington, George

                            Sir
                            New Windsor May 19th 1781

                        In Obedience to your Excellency’s Commands of the 12th April, I have proposed the Exchange of General
                            Burgoyne and the Ballance of Privates due from the Enemy, for the Officers contained in Mr Loring’s Proposal of the 3d
                            March, which was heretofore transmitted you. This they will not accede to and pointedly refuse to pay the ballance of
                            Privates, notwithstanding their former Engagements.
                        I inclose for Your Excellency’s perusal a Copy of my Letter to Mr Loring and his answer (No. 1. and 2), by
                            which you will find they are desirous of opposing General Burgoyne against the Prisoners taken at the Cedars, tho’ they
                            have waived that Claim since the meeting of Commissioners at German Town in 1776.
                        The Enemy appear very desirous of Sending a Flag of Truce from Charles Town to Philadelphia with our
                            Prisoners, and to receive a Number of their Men in return as you will find by the inclosed proposal No. 3.
                        I have given no Answer to any of those proposals, but have endeavoured to get the Privates out of their hands
                            which they refuse to Release and Assign the most trifling reasons for their Conduct. I shall thank you Sir for your
                            further Commands, as the Prisoners in the Sugar House in New York begin to feel the effects of the hot weather, and as I
                            think the Enemy ought to be pressed to a performance of their Engagements. I am Sir Your mo. Obt Huml. servt

                            Abm Skinner Comr Genl Prisrs

                     Enclosure

                                Sir
                                New York May 15th 1781

                            I am not Authorized to assent to your proposal of the 3d of March last, but am again to propose to You
                                the Exchange of Lieutenant General Burgoyne and the ballance of Privates due to me, against and for the American
                                Officers unexchanged and Prisoners with you as contained in that proposal; for many reasons this Exchange ought
                                certainly to be carried into Execution previous to any other Exchanges whatever; Shou’d you consent to it you will
                                find that there will be Still a Ballance due from you which I am to propose may be applied to the relief of our
                                Officers to the Southward.
                            I hope you will think this proposal is by no means unreasonable, as the former Objections respecting the
                                Exchange of Lieutt General Burgoyne cannot now be made-- And as you cannot pay us the Ballance of Privates you may
                                give us equivalent in Officers. I am sir Your Mo. Obt Huml. Servt

                                Abm Skinner Comy Genl Prisrs

                     Enclosure

                                sir
                                New York 15th May 1781

                            In answer to your Letter of this date respecting the Exchange of Lieutt General Burgoyne I beg leave to
                                repeat the proposal made you on the 29th April for this Gentleman’s Exchange Viz.
                            Prisoners taken  at the Cedars

                                    Valued as ⅌ Tariff

                                    747.

                                    One Brigadier General Charlestown Prisr

                                    200

                                    One Colonel

                                         100

                                    1047

                                    Ballce in our favr to be

                                    hereafter accounted for

                                         3

                                    1044

                            I am with due respect Sir Your most Obedient & most humble Servt

                                Josa Loring Comy Genl Pris.

                     Enclosure

                                New York 17th May 1781

                            Mr Loring British Commissary General of Prisoners proposes to Mr Skinner American Commissary General of
                                Prisoners to send a Cartel Vessel or Vessels from Charlestown South Carolina in Order to Convey from thence a Number
                                of American Prisoners of War to Philadelphia, provided that on their arrival there, Mr Skinner will engage to deliver
                                a like Number of British and German Prisoners of War as shall be nominated by Mr Loring in Exchange for them, and who
                                are to be (within Eight days after the arrival of said Vessels) Embarked and dispatched with proper passports to
                                proceed to New York.
                            Mr Skinner will of course Obtain General Washington’s acquiescence to this Proposal & if it
                                should be approved of by him to be ratifyed on his part, and that he will grant the necessary Passports that such
                                Vessels as may be sent from Charles Town on the purposes before mentioned may be Considered as under the sanction of
                                Flags of truce.

                                Josa Loring Comy General Prisoners.


Title: To George Washington from George Rogers Clark, 20 May 1781
From: Clark, George Rogers
To: Washington, George

                            Sir
                            Fort Pitt 20th May 1781

                        Reduced to the necessity of taking Every step to carry my point the Ensuing campagn, I hope your Excellency
                            will Excuse me in taking the liberty of troubling you with this Request, The Invasion in Virga put it out of the power of
                            the governor to furnish me with the number of men proposd for the Enterprise to the west but informd me he had obtaind
                            leave of the Baron Stuben and agreeable to your letters for Colo. John Gibson and Regiment together with Hieths
                                Heth’s company to Join my forces, an addition he suposd of more worth than the malitia we were
                            disapointed of, On consulting Colo. Broadhead he could not Conceive that he was at liberty to Suffer them to go as your
                            Instruction was pointed Respecting the troops & Stores to be furnished by him, From your Excellencies letters to
                            Colo. Broadhead I conceivd him to be at liberty to furnish what men he pleasd, convinc’d he did not think as I do or
                            otherways he would have had no objections, as he apeard to wish to give the Enterprise every aid in his power—The hopes
                            of obtaining a grant of those troops has Enducd me to address your Excellency myself as it is too late to consult Governor
                            Jefferson farther on the Subject, Wishing to set out on the Expidition Early in June as our Stores of provisions are
                            nearly compleat, If our force should be Equal to the task proposd I cant Conceive that this post with a very small
                            garrisson Even of malitia will be in any danger as it is attach’d to a popular country and during our time in the Enemies
                            McIntosh and weelin will be useless or might also be garrissoned by small parties of malitia, Those I
                            know to be your Excellencies Ideas, If you should approve of the troops in this department Joining our forces tho they are
                            few the acquisition may be attended with great & good consequences as two Hundred only might turn the Scale in our favour,
                            The advantages that must derive to the State from our proving successfull is of Such Importence that I think deservd a
                            greater preparation to Ensure it, But I have not yet lost Sight of Dutroit, nothing seem to threaten us but the want of
                            men, But Even should we be able to cut our way thro the Indians and find they have Receivd no Reenforcements at Dutroit we
                            may probably have the assurance to attack it though our force may be much less than proposd which was two thousand as
                            defeating the Indians with inconsiderable loss on our side would almost Ensure us Success, Should this be the case a
                            valuable piece with them will probably Ensue. But on the contrary shoud we fall through in our present plans and no
                            Expedition takes place it is to be feard that the consequences will be fatal to the whole frontiers as Every Exertion will
                            be made by the brittish party to Harrass them as much as possible and disable them from giving any succours to our Eastern
                            or Southern forces, The Indian war is now more general than Ever, any attempts to appease them Except by the Sword will be
                            fruitless, Capt. Randolph waits on your Excellency for an answer to this letter which I flatter myself you will honour me
                            with Immediatly, Colo. Gibson who Commands in the absence of Colo. Broadhead will keep the troops ready to move at an
                            hours warning conducting myself as though this Request was granted—Impatiently waiting for the happy order. It is with
                            gratitude I thank your Excellency for the honour you have done me in your Several letters, The greatest Earthly happiness
                            I could possibly Enjoy would be to conduct myself with such propriety as to be Instilled to your Esteem. I have the Honr to
                            be Your Excellencies most Devoted & Humble Servt

                            G.R. Clark B.G.


Title: General Orders, 21 May 1781
From: Washington, George
To:

                             Monday May 21st 1781
                            Parole
                            Countersigns

                        A General Court martial composed of officers of Artillery (Lieutenant Colonel Stephens President) to assemble
                            at the Artillery Park at ten ô’Clock tomorrow morning for the trial of such prisoners of that corps as may be brought
                            before them--all evidences to attend.
                        The Quarter masters of Brigades and corps are forthwith to make returns to the Quarter master General of
                            every Species of public property in their hands and in possession of the Several brigades and Corps including in the
                            Returns all Waggons or other Carriages with their horses and Geers.
                    	A Cooper to be sent to attend the Commissary Weed’s Stores at New Windsor untill further Orders.


Title: To George Washington from George Rogers Clark, 21 May 1781
From: Clark, George Rogers
To: Washington, George

                            Sir
                            Pittsburg 21st May 1781

                        I this moment Recivd yours of the 25th of april the Intelligence is by no means alarming to me, it
                            corresponds with my former suspicion.
                        I have for several years past kept up a constant chain of Intelligence from the Lakes through the channell of
                            the Illinois inhabitants. And a few hours after yours I Recevd dispatches from the missisippi St Vincent River &
                            the whole a confirmation of your Excellencys Hints Except that part of thier coming by the way of the allegany River—But
                            Rather through the western pass as more Immediately among the Indian nations, whom they could wish to have with them, And
                            what greatly favours the Idea is that upwards of one thousand Ouabash Indians have again declard themselves in our favour
                            and of course will draw their attention that way for some time, for fear that our troops in that Quarter Reinforcd by
                            these Indians should make a diversion on the lakes which they had drawn of their forces to pittsburg, For in fact it has
                            been the Influence of our posts in the Illinoise and Ouabash that have savd the frontiers and in a great measure baffled
                            the designs of the Enemy at Detroit, If they get possession of them they then Command three times the number of Valuiable
                            warriors they do at present and be fully Enabled to carry any point they aim at Except we should have a formidable force
                            to oppose them.
                        I am well acquainted with Colo. Connely and should be happy to meet him on Equal terms, If his dependence is
                            principally on Indians and we shou’d fortunatly git into the field before him he will probably meet with a disapointment.
                            But should he be Independant of them since our circumstances will be truly deplorable, Excep we had other measures of
                            drawing the Inhabitants of this country to the field besides perswasive arguments which is too much our dependence at
                            present, I wrote to the governor of pensylvania on this Subject but Recevd no answer, I cant think any thing of
                            Importance is to be Expected by the way of winango but much to be apprehended from the other Quarter, I Refer you to Capt.
                            Randolph for the news of this Quarter. I have the Honr to be yr Excells. Devoted Servt

                            G.R. Clark, B.G.


Title: To George Washington from Henry Clinton, 21 May 1781
From: Clinton, Henry
To: Washington, George

                            Sir,
                            New York May 21st 1781.

                        I have received Your two Letters upon the subject of Lieutenant General Burgoyne’s Recal, and also that dated
                            the 16th Instant; the second of which fortunately reached me, before I had an opportunity of Communicating to him the
                            Contents of the first.
                        In answer to that of the 16th, I am to acquaint you that altho’ I was willing to allow Certain Articles (as
                            mentioned in a proposal carried out by Colonels Irvine, Ely and Mathews,) to be sent to this place for the benefit of the
                            prisoners in our possession, to whose Situation I am always happy to extend every Indulgence that propriety will admit,
                            yet, as the same reasons which then occasioned an objection to a permission of this kind for Tobacco, still subsist, I
                            cannot therefore acquiesce to the proposition, contained in Your said Letter, with regard To sending a Quantity of that
                            Article to Charlestown in South Carolina. I am Sir Your most humble Servt

                            H. Clinton


Title: To George Washington from Arthur St. Clair, 21 May 1781
From: St. Clair, Arthur
To: Washington, George

                            Sir
                            New Windsor May 21st 1781

                        A gentleman is just now arrived here who left New York last Thursday. He says that the British, from every
                            thing he could learn, are certainly about to evacuate that Place—that he is pretty well assured there are not more than
                            eight hundred Troops there, and another Embarkation on foot; that he actually saw some Vessels with Horses on Board, and
                            some of the Troops with their Knapsacks on ready to go on board. Their marine Force consists of four Frigates and a fifty
                            Gun Ship the last lying abreast of Sir Henry Clintons Quarters and on which, it is said, his Baggage is already put. Major
                            Skinner is also at Head Quarters who says he had lately a Conference with Genl Skinner, and that he told him he was
                            directed by Sir Henry Clinton to make the Enquiry of him—whether there was any probability that Congress would listen to
                            Terms of Accommodation separately from France. I cannot form an Opinion on these Matters, but I thought it of Consequence
                            that your Excellency should be informed of them as soon as possible, as their quadrating with or contradicting the
                            Intelligence you may have received will enable You to judge of their probability. I have the Honour to be Sir Your most
                            obedient humble Servant

                            Ar. St Clair


Title: To George Washington from Philip John Schuyler, 21 May 1781
From: Schuyler, Philip John
To: Washington, George

                            Dear Sir
                            Saratoga May 21st 1781

                        I had the honor to write Your Excellency about two hours ago since which the person whose
                            Intelligence was transmitted me with their letter of  the 15th inst., has sent me the Inclosed No. 1. and No.
                            2, the deserter mentioned in the latter is the one whose Information I transmitted this Morning-- Besides what he said to
                            Bell and Partlo, who are both Tories I find that he has been with one other notoriously disaffected and with one whom he
                            beleives to be so, to both of which he has declared that the British & Royalists at Crown point and Tyondaroga
                            amounted to four thousand and that they would shortly appear here and on the Mohawk river.
                        No. 3 is an original letter from Ethan Allen; there is little probability that the Enemy would declare any
                            Intentions they might have with regard to me & the persons he mentions, and It appears to me only as an
                            Introduction to the last paragraph of his letter, whether he is sincere to whether he Intended to  me relax from any enquiries which he may inspect I am prosecuting I know not. I am
                            Dear Sir with perfect respect and affection Your Excellencys Obedt Humble Servant

                            Ph: Schuyler

                            A man who has found as he say’d four Brass mortars asked me what reward he might
                                Expect, unable to Inform him and he unwilling to discover without some certainty, I promised him twenty five dollars,
                                and any thing more your Excellency might allow, he has since taken up one of five Inches which will be sent down and
                                expects to raise the others as soon as the waters (which are now very much out) shall Subside, as I
                                have no money permit me to Intreat Your Excellency to order him payments, the man
                                    thinks he shall be able to find three brass feild pieces of which he also had
                            Information.

                     Enclosure

                                Sir
                                Bennington 15th May 1781

                            A flag which I sent last fall to the British Commanding Officer at Crown point and which were there
                                detained near one month on their Return gave me to understand that they at several different times threatned to
                                Captivate your person, said that it had been in their power to have taken some of your family the last Campain, but
                                that they had an Eye to your self.
                            I must Confess that Such Conversation before my flag, seams rather flummery than real premedicated
                                design. However that there was Such Conversation I do not dispute which you will make such Improvement of as you see
                                fitt.
                            I shall Conclude with Assuring your Honor that Notwithstanding the late reports or rather Surmises of my
                                Corrisponding with the Enemy to the prejudice of the united States it is wholly without foundation. I am Sir with due
                                Respect your Honours Most Obet Hume sert

                                Ethan Allen

                     Enclosure

                                Sir
                                Saratoga 21 May 1781

                            on my Return to the frontier I found to my Surprise that Mr Serwood was not Gone but one Gillerew
                                    Conducted the Recrutes then Colected seven in Number of them and one Day last week 1 Skout and
                                Thomas Loveless who had been to Palmertown met in the Scotch pattin and went off with their Recrutes 23 in Number both
                                parties went by the west side of Lake George Sherwood Expected to march the same Road last Night his Number
                                    Unknown whether John Gillis is Going with him or not I Cant still understand I was Informd
                                yesterday by a friend to goverment that there is a party of 4 or 500 Loialests and Indians that is gone to the South
                                west of albany to begin this burning and that there is fifteen hundred More now at Ticonderoga
                                which are to Come in by the way of Palmertown on the same business and that Albany and Skenestown
                                is thier main Object Saratoga Barracks Included this last Inteligence was brought to Kingsbury by one Mr Shipman from
                                Cambridge who says he knows of 3 boats Landing men Since Sherwood some of which parties are gone to
                                    Livingston Mannor and the Rest pretty well Downwards all Recruiting matters are said to goe
                                on with the grants in the same Stupid Road they Did.
                            the Desarter that Come in last Night I Understand has told many Diferent Stories on the Road to
                                    Some Bell, he says there is 4 Sail of Shiping at Crown point and a Draft from Every Core in
                                Canady and their Troops and Loialists Amount to 7 or 8000 and to Partlo a Much Less Number and to Others I Larn he
                                tells quite Different.


Title: To George Washington from William Stephens Smith, 21 May 1781
From: Smith, William Stephens
To: Washington, George

                            Sir
                            Philadelphia May 21st 1781

                        I was honored with your Excellency’s Letter of the 14th instant and am fully convinced of the propriety of my
                            requests not being comply’d with.
                        In my last of the 22d of April I requested your Excellency’s Orders concerning my movements for the ensuing
                            campaign, as your Excellency has been silent upon that subject, I think an appology necessary for my being still in this
                            place, which I can with truth assert is far from being agreable & nothing but the severest attacks of three
                            different fevers in the course of the last five weeks could have render’d any ways Justifiable I am at length however
                            flatter’d with the prospects of a perfect recovery, and shall loose no time in joining the Southern Army provided a few
                            necessary preliminaries can be settled with Congress which with the assistance of Genl Sullivan I am in hopes may be
                            effected in the course of a few day’s.
                        But should I be so unfortunate as to be disappointed, I shall be under the disagreable necessity of turning
                            my back upon the active scenes of the War which appear to be in the Southern department & which I flatter my-self
                            your Excellency will not consider a puff when I assert it is the contrary to my wish and
                            inclination was not my private purse injured by repeated draughts I should not trouble congress upon the subject, but I
                            dare risk it no further & am obliged to rest upon their determination. With the most profound respect I remain
                            Your Excellency’s Obliged Servt

                            Wm S. Smith Lt Col.


Title: To George Washington from George Burr, 22 May 1781
From: Burr, George
To: Washington, George

                            Fairfield 22d May A.D. 1781
                            May it Please Your Excellency

                        We have it from good Authority that Thomas Langley Collier of Fairfield is Under the Sentence of Death by a
                            Court Martial of Your Excellency’s Appointment for crimes Committed within and against this and the United States We do
                            not Undertake to call in Question the Propriety of this Proceeding, nor do we pretend to say any Thing to justify the
                            Conduct of the Man we Suppose him to be Unfriendly to the Rights of America and wish to have him and every other Person of
                            his Character so far Confined and restrained as to be Unable to injure the Country. at the same Time we are in general
                            averse to the Shedding of Blood yet not Universally so. We Consider this Collier to be a man whose Capacity is not
                            Competent to Execute great Schemes or influence any Persons of Consequence, he is Connected by Marriage with some
                            respectable Families whose Attachment to the Cause of America is unquestionable. and who are Shock’d at the Idea of this
                            Proceeding Considered as bringing in some Sense of Disgrace on them, or at least exposing them to the Censure of the
                            Undiscerning and inconsiderate Part of Mankind he is Husband of an amiable Woman and Father of two lovely Children by
                            diverse Wives which Children should he die will still keep up the Connection & relationship before mentioned his
                            Distress’d Wife Starts at every Noise as being that of the messenger who brings the dreadfull Story. we fear the
                            Consequences of such News will prove fatal to her. we mean not to give any high Colouring to your Excellency but Simply
                            relate Facts and at the same Time impress our earnest desire that the Life of this deluded Man may be spared and that for
                            the sake of his disconsolate Wife, poor Children and worthy Connections instead of being put to Death he may be Confined
                            in such Place and for such Time as your Excellency Should think will most subserve the Cause of the Country. We are with
                            Every Sentiment of Respect & Esteem your Excellencys most obedt & very humle Servts

                            George Burr Juse Peace
                            Increase Bradley Justice peace
                            Abram Andrews Jus. Peace
                            Saml Squier Jus. Peace
                            Saml Wakeman jus. Peace
                            James Johnson Minister of the Gospel
                            Robert Ross Minister of the Gospel
                            Andrew Wakeman Capt.
                            Ezekiel Hull Capt.
                            Ebenr Still Capt.
                            Jabez Wheeler Capt.
                            Najah Bennitt Capt.
                            Daniel Benitt Capt.
                            David Hawley Capt.
                            Samuel Thorpe Leut.
                            David Silliman Lt


Title: To George Washington from Joseph Carleton, 22 May 1781
From: Carleton, Joseph
To: Washington, George

                            Sir
                            War Office May 22d 1781

                        This Board beg leave to enclose for your Excellency’s opinion thereon, a Letter of the 2d Instant from
                            Captain Swan, respecting his rank in the Army. I have the Honor to be with the highest respect yr most obed. Hble Servt By
                            order of the Board

                            Jos: Carleton Secy


Title: To George Washington from James Clinton, 22 May 1781
From: Clinton, James
To: Washington, George

                            Sir
                            Albany May 22d-23 1781.

                        I have been honoured with your Excellencies favour of the 18th Inst. agreeable to the Governors Advice I
                            consulted Generals Rensselaer and Gansevoort, the Mayor in Council, and several other Gentlemen whom I could confide in
                            respecting the abandoning Fort Schuyler, and establishing a Post at the German Flatts, who were unanimous in opinion that
                            under our present Circumstance the Fort Should be evacuated and the Garrison removed to Fort Herkermer. I have this day
                            given over accordingly as will appear by a Copy of a Letter herewith inclosed to Colo. Cochran --If we errect works at the
                            German Flatts an Engineer will be much wanted for that Purpose. Last night I received an Express from Genl schuyler which
                            contains all the news I have at present from the Northward; for the information of which I refer your Excellency to his
                            Letter.
                        I am confident the Enemy intend something serious against our Frontier. we have but few men to the Northward,
                            as Colo. Cortlandt’s Regiment with part of the new Levies will be for a Considerable time employed to assist in the
                            evacuation of Fort Schuyler. I would wish to have the other six Companies of the Brigade which are at west Point could I
                            see any prospect of Supplying them with Provisions. I have been able to procure a Quantity of Flour by
                            impress, the Chief of which appears to be purchas’d for the use of the French Army which is
                            Considerable amounting to near three thousand Barrels. I have not been able to procure one Barrel of Beef
                            or Fish. the Flour I have not yet removed but the Purchasers have promised not to send it off without
                                my Notice or Consent.

                            23d May

                            Since yesterday I have detain’d my Letter expecting to receive farther intelligence from the Northward.
                                    Last Night Hagenbottom the pretended deserter, and, Meaker of the first New
                                York Regiment were brought to Town. they are both in Irons and Close Confined; at the sametime a Second Letter for your
                                Excellency from Genl Schuyler was received which was left open for my Perusal, and contains all the news at present
                                from that Quarter. I have the honor to be Your Excellency’s most Obedt Humbe servt

                            James Clinton

                     Enclosure

                                Sir
                                Albany May 22d 1781

                            My Express has returned from Head Quarters. I have thought proper to abandon Fort Schuyler, you will
                                therefore immediately on receipt hereof convey down the Magazine, Stores &c. with all possible dispatch to
                                Fort Herkermer, demolish the works, march down the Garrison, and take post at Fort Herkermer. I have ordered Colo.
                                Cortlandt to return with his Boats who will give You all the assistance in his power. I suppose the Boats will not be
                                able to convey the stores all in one Trip they must therefore continue untill they have compleated the evacuation. the
                                most valuable stores you’ll send off first with some of the provisions the remainder you will detain untill the last.
                                I shall order up some Tents and advise post to be taken on Franks Hill, on the South side of the River
                                where I recommend works to be thrown up and Cannon mounted. as there will be a
                                Quantity of Ammunition I wish you to send down some of them together with the most valuable
                                artillery, to schonectady untill the works can be made Tenable; as I have reason
                                to apprehend the Enemy will make an incursion on our Frontier perhaps both from the west and North.
                                After you have removed the stores you will make an entire demolishment of the works, march the Garrison to Fort
                                Herkermer, as first directed, and wait for further orders. I am &c.

                                James Clinton


Title: Estimate of Forces, 22 May 1781
From: Washington, George
To:

                            Weathersfield May 22d 1781

                                New Hampshire

                                2

                                Massachussetts bay

                                10

                                Rhode Island

                                1

                                Connecticut

                                5

                                New York

                                2

                                New Jersey

                                    2

                                 22

                                400

                                8,800

                                Hazens Regiment

                                200

                                State Regiment of Connect

                                2

                                600

                                Regiments of Artillery

                                2

                                800

                                A legionary Corps Sheldon

                                    .300

                                Deduct from the above

                                10,700

                                For garrisons West point

                                750

                                Now with the Marqs de la

                                Fayette—Light Infantry

                                1200

                                For the Northern & Western

                                Frontier of New York which it

                                is supposed will be much harrassed

                                500

                                _____

                                     2,450

                                Which leave of Continental Troops

                                that are engaged, some for the War—

                                some for three years only— almost

                                the whole of them Raw Men but under

                                good Officers

                                8,250

                                This not only possible, but

                                probable that the above 8250 Men

                                if New York shd be the declared, or

                                apparent object might be increased

                                    2,000

                                10,250

                                This is also presumed, that under

                                the like knowledge or expectation

                                there would be want of Militia

                                The Enemy’s strength at New York

                                consists of Regular Troops

                                4,500

                                Refugees

                                1,000

                                Militia

                                    2,000

                                7,500


Title: To George Washington from Charles Pettit, 22 May 1781
From: Pettit, Charles
To: Washington, George

                            Sir,
                            Philadelphia 22d May 1781

                        I find myself so far delinquent that I hardly know in what way to appologize to your Excellency for my
                            seeming neglect. The neglect, however, is merely in form & not in substance, as the business was executed, as far
                            as it could be executed, immediately after I was honored with your Excellency’s letter of the 19th of February, but before
                            I had a proper opportunity of answering it I was called out of Town for some days which induced me to lay by the letter
                            with some other papers which a course of little perplexities kept me from resuming till this day.
                        On the 24th of February I paid Mr Cottringer’s Bill for which he was contented to take the new emissions of
                            paper, indeed that was his idea, I therefore sold the 15 half Joes at 120 for one & took the new paper at 75 for
                            one, that being the mode of estimating exchange & the rate then prevalent. I paid Mr Starr’s bill in hard money.
                            After paying these sums & discounting the little I had advanced before, there still remained a small balance in my
                            hands unappropriated of near seven pounds hard money for which I remain accountable.
                        I have not received the money from Mr Mitchell. He offered to pay me the value in paper, but as I had no
                            orders for the appropriation of it, and the value of paper was changeable, I chose to let it rest in it’s ascertained state
                            till he could give me the specie, or till I should have an opportunity of investing it in some article of coequal value.
                        I should think the circumstances I have mentioned a better appology to almost any other person than Your
                            Excellency, whose punctuality, amidst the most important concerns, puts the excuse I have made out of countenances; but you
                            have other atributes which induce me to hope for pardon. I beg leave to assure your Excellency of an ardent desire to
                            contribute to your conveniency by any means in my power, and that from the motive, independant of the honor of being your
                            correspondant I shall receive with great pleasure any intimation of the means by which I may render you acceptable
                            service. I have the honor to be with perfect respect Your Excellency’s most obedt & very humble servant

                            Chas Pettit


Title: From George Washington to Jonathan Trumbull, Sr., 22 May 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Trumbull, Jonathan, Sr.

                            Dear Sir
                            Weatherfield May 22 1781

                        I have the honor to enclose to your Excellency a Resolution of Congress respecting mounting and equipping the
                            Corps of Dragoons raised by this State of Connecticut. I am the more induced to wish this may be done, as Colonel
                            Sheldon’s is now the only Regiment of Cavalry destined to act with the Army under my immediate command, and as the number
                            of men in that Regiment now mounted are totally unequal to the Services which must be expected & required of them.
                            Being impressed with the importance of the subject, I take the liberty therefore to recommend it to the earliest &
                            most effectual attention of Your State. I have the honor to be Your Excellency’s Most Obedt Servt

                            Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Paul-François-Jean-Nicolas, comte de Barras, 23 May 1781
From: Washington, George
To: Barras, Paul-François-Jean-Nicolas, comte de

                            Sir
                            Weathersfield 23d May 1781.

                        I am sorry that the unexpected appearance of the British Fleet off the Harbour of New port deprived me of the
                            pleasure of meeting you at this place—I must refer you to His Excellency the Count de Rochambeau for the plan of
                            operations which has been settled between us and have the honor to be with very great consideration Yr Excellency’s Most
                            obt Servt.


Title: Conference at Wethersfield with Rochambeau, 23 May 1781
From: Washington, George,Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de
To:

                            Wethersfield 23rd May 1781

                        Having given communication to the Count de Barras of my instructions, I have observed to him
                        1st
                            Rochambeau That General Washington in the last conference we had here six Weeks ago, desired
                            earnestly that the Squadron should transport all the French Corps, with all its Artillery, Baggage, and munitions to
                            Chesapeake Bay, and that I did not doubt but His Excellency would desire it again as the Enemy continued in the offensive
                            to the Southward; Upon which observation having asked the Count de Barras if he had the means of it and if, in case there
                            was a possibility of it, he looked on his Squadron as in a condition to escort a convoy, before the Enemy’s fleet, which
                            being already superior in the engagement on the 16th march, had been reinforced, as the report goes, by a junction of 50s
                            and 44 Gun Ships, and some frigates that were at Charles Town, and on the southern Coast. Mr de Barras has made answer:
                            that it was not possible to his squadron to escort a convoy with any surety with the french Army on board, its Artillery
                            & Baggages, by reason of the superiority of the British fleet, that the English had recalled and assembled since
                            the engagement all the 50 Gun Ships they have, & all their 44 Gun frigates, that as soon as they would know that
                            the Army is embarking (there is not the least doubt of their being informed of it, the very first movement we should make)
                            they would assemble yet a great number of frigates, that our Squadron, if it meets with the Enemy would engage him, that
                            all that can be expected from the officers who have lately covered themselves with glory in defeating a superior fleet, is
                            to fight them again. But what would become in the mean time of the Vessels that shall transport the Army? The Enemy shall
                            detach the four 44 Gun ships with their frigates, and shall make themselves masters of them. Mr de Barras says, that he
                            can oppose only one frigate to these, that were he happy enough to defeat the British fleet, which seems very doubtful to
                            him, considering its superiority, he would nevertheless have the sorrow to see the Enemy either take, sink or scatter the
                            Vessels, that would transport the Kings Army, that this proposition is not admittable, and that it cannot be executed in
                            the state of our Squadron.
                        Observations by Genl Washington
                        1st Washington However desirable such an event might have been, the reasons now assigned
                            by the Count de Barras are sufficient to prove its impracticability.
                        2nd Proposition Rochambeau If General Washington asks, that at the beginning of June, at
                            which time the pastures will be forward enough to permit a Land march the totality of the french Corps should go to join
                            him upon the North River, that he may be in a condition to send by his right Corpses from his Army to defend Virginia, in
                            that case, will the squadron be thought in great enough security at Rhode Island under the guard of a Corps of Americas
                            Militia? It must be observed that in my secret instruction given me last year, and confirmed by the one I have received
                            this year, I am forbidden to seperate the french Corps, except it be for detachments of short duration, that are to join
                            again in a few days the principal Corps, a consequence natural to the little consistence of the small Corps that I
                            command, and that will in to first march upon the North River be removed 80 Leagues from New Port. The Count de Barras has
                            answered me; that the Squadron would not certainly be secure, if the Enemy took possession of Rhode Island, that I could
                            judge better than he, what defence Militia of all Nations are capable of, that, besides, the instructions from the King of
                            which I had given him communication, say that if the land Army marches into the Continent, the King’s squadron, which he
                            commands shall go to Boston, that the Marquis de Castries Minister of the Navy has confirmed verbally the same order,
                            before his departure from Brest, so that if the Army commanded by the Count de Rochambeau marches into the Continent, he
                            shall get under sail to conduct his squadron to Boston.
                        2d Washington It is General Washingtons opinion that the plan of Campaign will render it
                            necessary for the French Army to March from New port towards the North River as soon as possible, and that consequently it
                            will be advisable for the Count de Barras (agreeable to his Instruction in that case provided) to seek the first favorable
                            moment of removing the Squadron under his Command to Boston.
                        3rd Proposition Rochambeau What in that case does General Washington propose about Rhode
                            Island? Does he intend it should be kept by a General Officer, and a Corps of American Militia? It must be observed, and
                            it is suitable that it should be expressly remarked, that if in the hurricane Months the french fleet of the West Indies
                            should come to stay more or less in these Seas, then the harbour of Rhode Island might be of use to the operations of our
                            Squadrons, either for their reunion, if New York was so uncovered that something might be attempted against it, or for
                            their retreat, in case of misfortune.
                        3d Washington As the Harbour of Rhode Island may be useful to the Fleet of His Most
                            Christian Majesty, it is General Washingtons opinion, that a force should be left for the security of New port, but as the
                            enemy will not be in condition, from the present circumstances of their Affairs, to detach any considerable body of Men to
                            reposses the Island—It has been agreed upon between His Excellency Count de Rochambeau & Genl Washington, that 500
                            Militia under a good officer for the Guards for the Works but in case of an enterprise against them a greater force shd be
                            called for their defence.
                        4th Proposition Rochambeau If General Washington resolves absolutely to leave Rhode
                            Island & consequently to destroy its works, does he look on the Artillery of seige and the Powder Magazines as
                            likewise the other Big Stores of the French Army, that cannot follow it in a land March, does he look on them as being in
                            security at Providence under the Guard of 200 french men which with the Country Militia is all that we can leave? Because
                            if the English never went there, whilst they had possession of Rhode Island we must not infer from that, that a deposite so
                            precious, and so very important, would not tempt them, and give them the desire to make an expedition to surprize it;
                            Besides, then, Providence was in a war like situation against the English at Rhode Island which made the expedition very
                            difficult. Unless then General Washington be willing to keep there a Corps of Militia that is to be permanent; to join the
                            200 frenchmen in the defence of the Post, of which the works that need at least 1000 Men to keep them, might be mended,
                            and unless he looks on it as absolutely necessary and indispensable that the deposite of Artillery, Powder and Munitions
                            should remain at Providence; the Count de Rochambeau would look on them as more secure at Boston with the fleet, whose
                            transports will always be necessary whatever operation may be done, when the circumstances may give us the naval
                            superiority & means of undertaking.
                        4th Washington In the former communications between His Excellency Count de Rochambeau
                            and General Washington, it was understood that the French Fleet was to have remained in the Harbour of New port after the
                            removal of the Army, and therefore Providence was fixed upon as a safe and proper deposit of the heavy Artillery &
                            spare Stores—It now being determined that the Fleet shall embrace the first oppertunity of going round to the Harbour of
                            Boston it is to be wished that the heavy Artillery & Spare Stores should be sent round also; But General
                            Washington being informed by His Excellency Count de Rochambeau that they have been already deposited at Providence, and
                            that it will be impossible under the present circumstances of the Fleet and want of Transportation to remove them to Boston,
                            he is of opinion that they may safely remain there under the Guard of 200 French Troops, who will be aided by the Militia
                            of the Country in case of need. The possession of New port will add to their security.
                        5th Proposition Rochanbeau In this last case; and that of the arrival in these Seas of
                            the West Indies Squadron, which in all probability would be announced before hand by a Frigate, what are the operations
                            that might have in view at that Epocha—General Washington, upon the combination of his forces being united to the french
                            Army.
                        5th Washington The Enemy by several detachments from New York having reduced their force
                            at that Post to less than half of the number which they had at the time of the former conference at Hartford in September
                            last—it is thought advisable to form a junction of the French & American Armies upon the North River as soon as
                            possible, and move down to the vicinity of New York to be ready to take advantage of any oppertunity which the weakness of
                            the enemy may afford. Should the West India Fleet arrive upon this Coast—the force thus Combined may either proceed in
                            the operation against New York, or may be directed against the enemy in some other quarter, as circumstances shall
                            dictate. The great waste of Men (which we have found from experience) in the long Marches to the Southern States, the
                            advanced season now to commence there in—and the difficulties and expence of Land transportation thither, with other
                            considerations too well known to His Excellency Count de Rochambeau to need detailing, point out the preference which an
                            operation against New York seems to have, in present circumstances, to attempt sending A force to the Southward.

                            P.S.Rochambeau The 17th May after the Memorial was signed, the Count de Barras
                                wanting to put to sail in order to give protection to the Convoy, applied to Count de Rochambeau for seven hundred Men
                                to fill the deficiency in his crew: this was agreed directly. The 18th May, as the land forces were embarking aboard
                                the ships, the English Squadron was seen off Block Island. That squadron being stronger than the french Naval forces,
                                this event will necessarily stop for some time the sailing of the fleet: this being the case, the Count who is bound
                                by his instruction not to abandon the fleet, shall be constrained to stay at Rhode Island, he thinks it a duty to give
                                notice of it, to His Excellency that he might not depend upon the marching of the french forces, but in the hypothesis
                                that the fleet is gone to Boston.
                            2nd The fourth proposal is entirely out of the purpose, since there is no possibility to send the heavy
                                Artillery to Boston. The transport that should be wanting for such a transportation being rather an incumbrance for the
                                fleet, if it has an opportunity to put to sail. Not speaking of the time that such a like transportation should
                                require, whilst the fleet is to take the first opportunity to get out. So that in the supposition of the fleet’s being
                                gone we must stick at the plan to guard Rhode Island with a body of Militia or to repair the Works at Providence, and
                                defend them with 200 french Soldiers and so many Militia.

                            le Cte de Rochambeau

                            Answer to the P.S. Washington The observation upon the 4th head sufficiently
                                answers this, as the 500 Militia proposed to be Stationed at New port may be dispersed of in any manner which His
                                Excely Count de Rochambeau may think proper.

                            Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from William Crawford, 23 May 1781
From: Crawford, William
To: Washington, George

                            Dr General
                            May the 23d 1781

                        Som time ago I wrote you relative to your round bottom Tract of Land. I can never find out what has bin don
                            about it wheather Thomas Lewis has returnd it or not. If you can give me any Direction About it I will do any thing in my
                            Power for you, the survay Aught to be returnd to the Office if it has not bin returnd This I will have don if it has not bin returnd, as I can have it don Emeditly.
                        I intend out with General Clark on the Present Expedition if my Health will Permit but I am very unhealthy
                            latly haveing got much cold on the two Last Expeditions they being made in the Winter or at Least in cold weather. Any
                            Directions you may want to give me you can send by Mr Randolph he come to my house on his way to General Clark. I am Sir
                            your Very Humle Obedt Servant

                            W. Crawford


Title: To George Washington from Samuel Huntington, 23 May 1781
From: Huntington, Samuel
To: Washington, George

                            Sir,
                            Philadelphia May 23. 1781

                        I do myself the Honor of transmitting for your Excellency’s Approbation, the enclosed Copies of Despatches
                            from General Greene, from No. 1 to 6, if the Information hath been already communicated (which is probable) by General
                            Greene, the Trouble of perusing these Papers will be unnecessary, the Expence of transmitting them is inconsiderable.
                        By the latest Accounts from Virginia & North Carolina, General Phillips was near Petersburgh and Lord
                            Cornwallis at Hallifax. I have the Honor to be, with the greatest Regard Your Excellency’s most obedient & most
                            humble Servant

                            Sam. Huntington

                            P.S. Your Excellency’s Despatches of the 17th have been duly received.


Title: From George Washington to Anne-César, chevalier de La Luzerne, 23 May 1781
From: Washington, George
To: La Luzerne, Anne-César, chevalier de

                            Sir
                            Weathersfield May 23d 1781

                        The letter which I have the honor to inclose from the Count de Rochambeau will, I imagine, inform your
                            Excellency of the intended march of the French Army towards the North River and the destination of the Kings Squadron now
                            is the Harbour of New port, if circumstances will admit of the respective movements.
                        I should be wanting in respect and confidence were I not to add that our object is New York. The Season, the
                            difficulty and expenses of Land transportation and the continual waste of Men in every attempt to reinforce the southern
                            States are almost insuperable objections to marching another detachment from the Army in the North River, nor do I see how
                            it is possible to give effectual support to those States and avert the evils which threaten them, while we are inferior in
                            Naval Force in these Seas.
                        It is not for me to know in what manner the Fleet of His Most Christian Majesty is to be employed in the West
                            Indies this Summer, or to enquire at what Epocha it may be expected on this Coast; but the appearance and aid of it in
                            this Quarter is of such essential importance in any offensive operation, and so necessary to stop the progress of the
                            Enemy’s arms to the Southward that I am persuaded I shall be excused for endeavouring to engage Your Excellency’s good
                            Offices in facilitating an event in which so much depends. For this I have a stronger plea when I assure you that Count de
                            Rochambeaus opinion and wishes concur with mine, and that it is at his instance principally I make you this address.
                        If we are happy enough to find Your Excellency in sentiment with us, it will be in your power to inform the
                            Count de Grasse of the strength and situation of the Enemy’s Naval and Land force in this Country—the destination of the
                            French Squadron under Admiral de Barras and the intentions of the Allied Arms if a junction can be formed. At present the
                            British Fleet lies within Block Island and almost 5 leagues from Point Judith.
                        the Count de Rochambeau and the Chevalier Chattellux agree perfectly in sentiment with me that while Affairs
                            remain as they now are the West Indies Fleet should run immediately to Sandy Hook, if they have no concerted operations,
                            where they may be met with all the information requisite, and where they may be most likely shut in or cut off Admiral
                            Arbuthnot and may be joined by the Count de Barras.
                        An early and frequent communication from the Count de Grasse would lead to preparatory Measures on our part
                            and be a means of facilitating the operation in hand or any other which may be thought more advisable.
                        I know your Excellency’s goodness and your Zeal for the common cause too well to offer any thing as an
                            apology for this liberty and I persuade myself it is unnecessary to declare the Respect and Attachment with which I have
                            the Honor to be Your Excellency’s Most obt Servt

                            Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to Arthur St. Clair, 23 May 1781
From: Washington, George
To: St. Clair, Arthur

                            Dear Sir
                            Weathersfield 23d May 1781

                        I have recd your fav’r of the 21st: If it be reduced to a certainty that the enemy are making another
                            embarkation, I shall not think a total evacuation of New York is improbable, except they hold us in a light more
                            contemptable than I can suppose they do, or unless they look for speedy reenforcements, of which from the latest European
                            intelligences, there were no appearances.
                        I shall probably set out from hence on Friday Morning. But you will say nothing of it. I am with great Regard
                            yr &c.


Title: To George Washington from Friedrich Wilhelm Ludolf Gerhard Augustin, Baron [von] Steuben, 23 May 1781
From: Steuben, Friedrich Wilhelm Ludolf Gerhard Augustin, Baron [von]
To: Washington, George

                        Sir

                            At the Fork of James River 23d May 81

                        Being called by General Greene to the Southern Army, I have the honor to Report to your Excellency my
                            proceedings whilst in this State.
                        The unfortunate Affair of Camden having intirely broke up the remains of the Virginia Line, a few Officers
                            only remaining uncaptured—the State passed a Law to raise 3000 Men, some for 8 Months and others for 18, not more than
                            one half of this number ever came into the field, and of these only 500 were sent to the southard under Colo. Buford, the
                            remainder about 900 for want of Clothes remain’d at Petersburg till the invasion of the State by General Leslie, when they
                            were employed against him.
                        This was the nearly the State of the Virginia Line, when I arrived in this State, with General Greene in
                            Novr last the Assembly being then sitting.The General laid before them a State of the Supplies necessary for operating to
                            the Southard, and ordered me to remain in the State, to accelerate their being forwarded to him.
                        The quota fixed by Congress for this State agreeable to the new arrangement, was 8 Regt of Infantry, 2 of
                            Cavalry & one of Artillery, the whole amounting to 5,980 R & file, the Assembly however, after much
                            debate determined to raise only 3000 Men and these only for 18 Months the 10th of February was fixed for the Draft.
                        The Enemy under General Leslie leaving the State the beginning of December, I immediately ordered the 900
                            Men, who had been employed against him, to Petersburg, in order if possible to equip & send them immediately to
                            the Southard—But I found them so intirely destitute of every necessary, that it was, with the utmost difficulty I could
                            fit out 400 which I sent off under Colonel Greene about the middle of Decemr. The remainder, I ordered to the Barracks
                            at Chesterfield court house, and exerted myself all in my power to collect sufficient articles to fit them out. I had
                            however hardly entered into this Bussiness when the state, was again invaded by the Enemy under Arnold, the few articles
                            that were collected, were then either taken or dispersed, & this caused such a delay that it was the 25th of
                            March before I could equip the second detachment of 400 Men who marched that day, under Lieut. Colo. Campbell, nor would
                            they have been ready at that time, but for a Transport of Clothing, from Philadelphia, from which I took the necessary
                            Articles, which I afterward replaced, from those the State had provided for that Detachment.
                        My whole attention was then taken up in forwarding supplies to General Greene, and in collecting the
                            necessary Arms & Equipment for the new Levies.
                        The preparations which took place about this time, for an Attack on Portsmouth, gave a considerable
                            interuption to this bussiness.
                        By a Law of the State, while any part of the Militia of a County are in the field that County is not obliged to Draft and a large number
                            of Militia being called out for this Expedition, the Draft was put off till the 10th of April—the reinforcements brought
                            afterward by General Phillips, still obliging Government to keep these Militia in the field, it was at
                            last agreed to relieve them by Counties, in that the Counties might draft as they were relieved—in
                            consequence of which only the upper counties on the north side James River, have sent in any Drafts and in the whole only 450
                            are yet assembled—indeed if the Enemy continues to operate in this state, and are joined by Lord Cornwallis as is
                            expected, very few more Drafts may be expected, the whole may perhaps amount to 6 or 700 Men & this I believe will
                            be the utmost.
                        By the Last accounts from General Greene it appears that by the Excessive Desertion the Virginia Infantry
                            there, is reduced to less than 600—Colo. Washington’s Cavalry to 120. & Colo. White’s to about 80, the Latter are
                            now withe  Marquis—the Artillery are about 50 Men, add to these 700 Recruits, and the whole
                            Virginia Line, will not amount to more than 1,500 Men.
                        The arrival of the Marquis to command here, has induced Greene, to call me to the Southward with all the
                            recruits I can assemble fortunately the Arms are just arrived, so that without, waiting, for any thing else, I shall march
                            the moment, I get the Recruits together, which will be in about 8 Days.
                        I shall call Colo. Mathews to command the next Detachment and if Colo. Febiger can hasten his departure from
                            Philadelphia he might succeed Colo. Davies in the Bussiness, of Collecting and forwarding men & Stores—Colo.
                            Davies having with the consent of General Greene undertaken the Office of Commissioner of War in this State.
                        I will be necessary that Congress should interfere, in remounting the Cavalry—the State will do nothing in
                            it & the Continental Quarter Master pretends, he has neither the means or authority, necessary for the purpose.
                            with the greatest respect I have the honor to be Sir, Your Excellencies Most Obedient and very humble Servant

                            Steuben Maj: Genl


Title: To George Washington from Jacob Bayley, 24 May 1781
From: Bayley, Jacob
To: Washington, George

                            Sr
                            Newbury 24th May 1781

                        Since my Last some Deserters Came In and Confirm the former accounts of the Enemys Building a Block house or
                            Post on Masco also thier Preperation to Attack this Place large number of Battaux are Building at St Johns the French
                            remain very Friendly and that Bread is very Scarce in Canada they Pay at Some Places a guine pr Bushel at others less but
                            none less than Half a guine, we have no assistance here from any Quarter we have reason to fear this Country will be
                            attacked Soon. I am Your Excelencys Humble Servant

                            Jacob Bayley