Title: To George Washington from Samuel Huntington, 4 October 1780
From: Huntington, Samuel
To: Washington, George

                     Sir,
                     Philadelphia October 4. 1780

                  Your Excellncy will receive herewith enclosed the Copy of an Act
                     of Congress of the 3. Instant, containing a new Arrangement of the Army.
                  You will please to observe, that, if in your Opinion there shall
                     appear no material Objection to this Plan of Arrangement, it is the Pleasure of
                     Congress that the same be carried into immediate Effect.
                  Congress are extremely anxious, not only to avoid the
                     Embarrassments heretofore experienced, by Delays in recruiting the Army until
                     the Opening of the Campaign; but to establish a permanent Army, of Troops
                     engaged for the War, to consist of such Numbers as may probably be adequate to
                     the Service; and at the same Time not exceed the Ability of the States to
                     raise, recruit and constantly maintain, fit for Service. To accomplish this
                     desirable Purpose, it is but too obvious, that every practicable Retrenchment
                     of Expences, and the greatest Oeconomy is indispensably necessary.
                  Under these Considerations, having but a Choice of Difficulties,
                     Congress have adopted the Plan enclosed, as subject to the least Objections of
                     any that could be devised.
                  Should your Excellency’s Opinion coincide therewith, the Returns
                     of Deficiencies in each State may be laid before their respective Assemblies;
                     most of which meet before the End of this Month, which may enable them to
                     facilitate the recruiting Service in proper Season, to comply with the
                     Intentions of Congress. I have the Honor to be with the highest Respect your
                     Excellency’s most obedient humble servant

                     Sam. Huntington President

                Enclosure

                        In Congress Octr 3rd 1780

                     Congress took into consideration the report of the committee
                        on the letters from genl Washington, and thereupon came to the following
                        resolutions.
                     Resolved, That such of the sixteen additional regiments as
                        have not been annexed to the line of some particular State and all the
                        seperate light corps of the army both of the horse & foot, and also
                        the german battalion be reduced on the first day of Jany next: that the
                        noncommissioned officers and privates in those several corps be incorporated
                        with the troops of their respective States and that such of them as do not
                        belong to any particular State be annexed to such corps as the commander in
                        chief shall direct.
                     That the regular army of the United States from &
                        after the first day of January next consist of
                     4 regiments of cavalry or light dragoons
                     4 regiments of artillery
                     49 regiments of infantry exclusive of Colo. Hazen’s regiment
                        hereafter mentioned
                     1 regiment of artificers
                     That each regiment of cavalry or light dragoons consist of six
                        troops and that each troop consist of 64 non commissioned officers &
                        privates with the same number of commissioned officers as at present.
                     That each regiment of artillery consist of nine companies and
                        that each company consist of 65 non commissioned officers
                        & matrosses with the same number of commissioned officers as at
                        present.
                     That each regiment of infantry consist of nine companies and
                        each company of 64 non commissioned officers & privates.
                     & That the regiment of artificers consist of eight
                        companies & each company of 60 non commissioned officers &
                        privates.
                     That the several States furnish the following quotas, viz.
                      New Hampshire 2 regiments of Infantry.Massachusetts Bay10 regiments of infantry
                        &  one of artillery.Rhode island &c.1 regiment of
                        infantryConnecticut5 regiments of infantry
                        & one of cavalry.New York2 regiments of infantry &
                        one of artilleryNew Jersey2 regiments of infantry.Pensylvania6 regiments of infantry one  of artillery one of cavalry and one of artificers—Delaware1 regiments of infantryMaryland5 regiments of infantryVirginia8 regiments of infantry one of artillery two of
                        cavalryNorth Carolina4 regiments of infantrySouth Carolina2 regiments of infantryGeorgia1 regiment of infantryThat the States select from the line of the army a proper
                        number of officers to command the several regiments to them respectively
                        assigned, taking notice that no new appointment is to be made of a higher
                        rank than that of Lieutt Colo. Commandant.
                     That the States be and they hereby are called upon in the most
                        pressing manner to have their regiments compleated and in the field by the
                        first day of January next at furthest.
                     That it be recommended to the States to fill up their
                        respective regiments by inlistments for and during the war but in case the
                        full quota of any of the States cannot be compleated with such recruits by
                        the first day of December next that it be recommended to such State or
                        States to supply the deficiency with men engaged to serve for not less than
                        one year unless sooner releived by recruits inlisted for the war which they
                        are requested to exert their utmost endeavours to obtain as speedily as
                        possible and in order thereto it is farther recommended that the officers at
                        camp be empowered & directed to use every prudent measure &
                        improve every favorable opportunity to inlist for the continuance of the war
                        such of the men belonging to their respective States as are not engaged for
                        that period whether now in the field or hereafter from time to time joining
                        the army and that a recruiting officer from each corps be kept in the State
                        to which the regiments respectively belong to inlist recruits for the war as
                        well to releive those who are engaged for a shorter or limited term as to
                        supply casual deficiencies.
                     That two dollars be granted to the recruiting officer for
                        every able bodied soldier he shall inlist for the war who shall join the
                        army & that a sum not exceeding fifty dollars be allowed as a bounty
                        to every such recruit.
                     That the commander in chief be & hereby is directed to
                        cause returns to be made as speedily as possible to the several States of
                        the number of men they will probably have in the field on the first day of
                        January next that the States may take immediate measures for compleating
                        their respective quotas as above recommended by that time.
                     That the commander in chief be & he is hereby directed
                        to make a return annually to Congress on or before the first day of Septr of
                        the number of troops from each State in order that Congress may be enabled
                        to make their requisitions from the several States with certainty &
                        in season.
                     That the cloathing be furnished & regularly served out
                        to the troops as it becomes due and that a full compensation be made for any
                        arrearages of cloathing.
                     That the regiments of cavalry & artillery and of
                        artificers as they now stand be considered as belonging
                        to the States respectively to which they are or may be
                        assigned which States shall compleat them to the full complements supply
                        them with necessaries and in every respect treat them as if originally
                        raised therein: and that such other States as now have noncommissioned
                        officers or privates in any of the regiments aforesaid be credited in their
                        quotas for such men according to their numbers from time to time for which
                        purpose the commander in chief is hereby directed to specify such non
                        commissioned officers & privates & the States to which they
                        formerly belonged in the returns which he shall make to the States and in
                        his annual return to Congress.
                     That the regiment commanded by Colo. Hazen be continued in its
                        present establishment & that all non commissioned officers &
                        privates being foreigners belonging to any of the reduced regiments
                        & corps be incorporated therein and all volunteers from foreign
                        States who are now in the service or may hereafter join the American army be
                        annexed to the said regiment.
                     And whereas by the aforegoing arrangement many deserving
                        officers must become supernumerary and its proper that
                        regard be had to them.
                     Resolved That from the time the reform of the army takes place
                        they be entitled to half pay for seven years in specie or other current
                        money equivalent and also to grant of land at the close
                        of the war agreeably to the resolution of the 16th Septr 1776.
                     Ordered
                     That a copy of the aforegoing arrangements of the army be sent
                        forward to the commander in chief for his opinion thereon and that if there
                        shall appear no material objection the same to carried into immediate
                        effect.
                     Extract from the minutes

                        Chas Thomson Secy


Title: From George Washington to Samuel Allyne Otis, 4 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Otis, Samuel Allyne,Henley, David

                     Gentlemen,
                     Head Quarters Orange Town 4th Octobe.
                     1780.

                  I would fain hope, that part, if not the whole of the Baize,
                     purchased with intent of having it milled and cut into Blankets, may be by this
                     time ready for use.—The season calls for them, and I very much fear, that the
                     troops in the field and the sick in Hospitals will be exceedingly distressed
                     for want of them, before they can possibly be got to hand. I however trust that
                     no means will be left untried to get them forwarded as they are ready. If you
                     find any difficulty in the Quarter Master department, be pleased to apply to
                     the State for assistance, and represent to them the pressing necessity which
                     the Army labors under for Blankets.—If three or four thousand could be hurried
                     on speedily_ they would perhaps supply the wants of the most needy, and make
                     the delay of the remainder more tolerable.—I do not know whether you have any,
                     or what stock of other Winter Clothing: But whatever you may have should be
                     forwarded without loss of time. Woolen Overalls and Stockings in preference to
                     other Articles. If the whole could be packed in tight Casks, or well jointed
                     Cases, it would probably prevent the damage which may be occasioned by the
                     goods being exposed to the Weather during the Transportation.
                  I shall be glad to know what forwardness the Blankets are in, and
                     what quantities and kinds of other Articles you have on hand. I am, Gentln,
                     Yr most obt Sert

                     P.S. Be pleased to forward the Goods to New Windsor by
                        way of Litchfield.


Title: To George Washington from Samuel Holden Parsons, 4 October 1780
From: Parsons, Samuel Holden
To: Washington, George

                     My Dear General
                     Camp Tapan 4th Octr 1780

                  If I should remain silent on the Subject of General Smallwoods Promotion, my Conduct would receive
                     Constructions very different from the real Motives; I therefore feel myself
                     under a Necessity of troubling your Excellency on the Subject.
                  I do most sincerely acquiesce in the Promotion of that Officer,
                     the strong existing Necessity at the Time as well as his own distinguishd Merit
                     in saving our Southern Army I think are Reasons sufficient to have induced the
                     Measure; and the apparent Necessity of an immediate Attention to that
                     Department may serve at least for an Apology for not taking up the Matter on a
                     larger Scale—but I cannot feel myself reconcil’d to a consequent Disgrace I may
                     be involved in; I have serv’d in my present Rank more than four Years and am
                     conscious of having at all Times honestly endeavourd the Promotion of the best
                     good of my Country. though many of my Brethren have obtaind a greater
                     Brilliancy of military Character than I have had Opportunity to acquire—more
                     than half this Time I have commanded a Division of the Army; not so much from
                     accidental Causes, as a Deficiency in Numbers of Officers of a Superior Rank to
                     do that Duty, and had the same Principles actuated the Councils of our States
                     as have been the Rules of Proceedings in other Nations I should have had the
                     Rank due to the Command, long since conferd on me, however as no promotions
                     took place by which I could see myself neglected & consequently renderd
                     contemptible I made myself contented. but my own Honor, the Rights of my
                     Brethren & every Feeling which can most sensibly affect an Officer,
                     forbid my continuing to serve in my present Rank longer than a Time sufficient
                     after such representation as you will make for Congress to consider my Rights
                     as well as that worthy Officers Merits: I know there are Difficulties in
                     leaving Service before the Close of the Campaign, these must have there weight
                     to prevent me till that Time. but I must own I should feel myself less
                     obnoxious to the Contempt of my Brethren could I be removed to any command
                     detachd from the Army until that Time should arrive. I am too sick to continue
                     my Letter, I have very little Expectation of being better soon or I should have
                     deferd writing you, I hope my poor State of Health will be a
                     Sufficient Apology for any Inadvertancys which may have fallen from me. I am
                     dear General with every Sentiment of affectionate Esteem & Respect yr
                     Obedt Servt

                     Saml H. Parsons


Title: From George Washington to John Cadwalader, 5 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Cadwalader, John

                     Dear Sir,
                     Head Qrs Tappan Octr 5th 1780

                  I have to acknowledge and thank you for your obliging &
                     friendly letter of the 20th Ulto—It came to this place in my absence from the
                     Army, and during my necessary detention at West point on a very interesting but
                     disgraceful incident in our Military occurrences.
                  Altho’ I have but little leizure for the gratification of private
                     corrispondencies, I beg you to be assured, that from a warmth of friendship,
                     any letters of yours will be gratefully accepted. and it is with much pleasure
                     I receive fresh assurances of your regard & attachment to me.
                  We are now drawing an inactive Campaign to a close. The beginning
                     of which appeared pregnant with events of a favourable complexion. I hoped, but
                     hoped in vain—that a prospect was displaying which would enable me to fix a
                     period to my Military pursuits, and restore me to domestic life.
                  The favourable disposition of Spain—The promised succour from
                     France—The combined force in the West Indies—The declaration of Russia (acceded
                     to by other powers of Europe—humiliating to the naval pride & power of Great
                     Britain)—The superiority of France & Spain by Sea in Europe—The Irish
                     claims—and British disturbances, formed in the agregate an opinion in my
                     breast—which is not very susceptable of peaceful dreams—that the hour of
                     deliverance was not far distant, for that however unwilling Great Britain might
                     be to yield the point, it would not be in her power to continue the contest.
                     But alas! these prospects, flattering as they were, have proved delusory, and I
                     see nothing before us but accumulating distress. We have been half our time
                     without provision & are like to continue so. We have no Magazines, nor
                     money to form them. And in a little time we shall have no men, if we had money
                     to pay them. We have lived upon expedients till we can live no longer—In a word
                     the history of the War is a history of false hopes and temporary devices,
                     instead of system & œconomy.
                  It is in vain however to look back—nor is it our business to do
                     so—Our case is not desperate if virtues exists in the people, and there is
                     wisdom among our rulers; but to suppose that this great revolution can be
                     accomplished by a temporary army—that this Army will be subsisted by State
                     supplies—and that taxation alone is adequate to our wants, is, in my opinion
                     absurd, and as unreasonable as to expect an Inversion in the order of nature to
                     accomadate things to our views.
                  If it was necessary, it could easily be proved to any person of a
                     moderate share of understanding, that an annual Army—or an Army raised on the
                     spur of the occasion—besides being unqualified for the end designed, is, in
                     various ways which could be enumerated, ten times more expensive than a
                     permanent body of men under good organization and military discipline, which
                     never was, nor never will be the case of new Troops—A thousand arguments
                     resulting from experience & the nature of things might also be adduced
                     to prove, that the Army, if it is to depend upon State supplies, must disband
                     or starve; and that taxation alone (especially at this late hour) cannot
                     furnish the mean to carry on the War—Is it not time then to retract from error,
                     and benefit by experience?—or do we want further proof of the ruinous system we
                     have pertinaciously adhered to.
                  You seem to regret not having accepted the appointment of
                     Congress to a command in the Army—It is a circumstance that ever was sincerely
                     regretted by me—and it is the more to be lamented as we find an Officer high in
                     Rank and military reputation, capable of turning apostate and attempting to
                     sell his Country—Men of independent spirit and firmness of Mind, must step
                     forth to rescue our affairs from the embarrassment they have fallen into, or
                     they will suffer in the general wreck—I do not mean to apply this more to the
                     Military than civil line—We want the best and ablest men in both.
                  To tell you, if any event shd ever bring you to the Army, and you
                     have no command in it equal to your merit, nor place more agreeable than being
                     a member of my family, that I should be happy in seeing you there would only be
                     repeating what I have often said before, and you want no proof of.
                  My best respects attend Mrs Cadwalader; and compliments of
                     congratulation await you both on the Increase of your family. With sentiments
                     of the most sincere regard & affection, I am—Dr Sir yr most Obedt Servt

                     Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Nathanael Greene, 5 October 1780
From: Greene, Nathanael
To: Washington, George

                     Sir
                     Camp October 5th 1780

                  A new dispisition of the army going to be made, and an officer
                     appointed to the command of West Point and the district on the East side of the
                     North River; I take the liberty just to intimate my inclinations for the
                     appointment. your Excellency will judge of the propriety and determin as the
                     honor of the Army and the good of service may require.
                  I hope there is nothing indelicate or improper in the
                     application, I am prompted to the measure from the feelings incident to the
                     human heart, as well as encoraged in the hope that it would meet your
                     approbation, from the flattering manner in which you have been pleased to speak
                     of my conduct upon different occasions.
                  I shall make use of no arguments being
                     perswaded my pretentions and inclinations will have their full operation; and
                     that nothing short of the public good or Military propriety, will contravene my
                     wishes.
                  My first object is the freedom and happiness of my Country. With
                     these your Excellencys reputation and glory are inseperably connected; and as
                     it has been my constant wish, so it shall be my future indeavor to promote the
                     establishment of both. I am with great respect and regard your Excellencys Most
                     Obedient humble Sert

                     Nath. Greene


Title: From Richard Kidder Meade to Moses Hazen, 5 October 1780
From: Meade, Richard Kidder
To: Hazen, Moses

                     Sir,
                     Head Quarters Tapan Octor 5th 1780

                  His Excellency, anxious to prevent the desertion (among the
                     Canadians) which has lately taken place in your Regiment and to recover those
                     that are gone, consents to an Officer or two, if necessary going in pursuit of
                     them—They will use the strictest œconomy in the execution of this business,
                     & procure accounts & vouchers agreeably to the Genl order on
                     that head—They will produce this when they present their accounts for payment.
                     Yrs &c.

                     R. K. Meade
                     A.D.C.


Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Timothy Pickering, 5 October 1780
From: Hamilton, Alexander
To: Pickering, Timothy

                     Dr Sir
                     Hd Qrs Octr 5 80

                  I am directed by The General to inform you in confidence, that
                     the army will march from its present groundas soon as the weather permits—You
                     will make your arrangements accordingly—When the weather clears, if you will
                     call at Head Quarters, you will be informed of the particular disposition. I am
                     Dr Sir Yr Obed. Serv.

                     A. Hamilton
                     Aide De Camp


Title: To George Washington from Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau, 5 October 1780
From: Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de
To: Washington, George

                     Sir.
                     Newport Octr 5th 1780

                  In our Last conference, your Excellency asked me and took a note
                     of the artillery of the army; I thought you would have proposed to me the
                     asking our Government the Double of the artillery of Siege, to undertake that
                     of Newyork. As your Excellency appeared satisfied with it, I dared not make
                     any questions about the Artillery of Our Allies, and I thought it was
                     sufficient, to stand in room of what we wanted. But after a conversation I have
                     had with the Ch. de La Luzerne, our chief Engineer having demonstrated to me
                     that 60 Guns of siege at Least would be necessary to undertake two attacks upon
                     Newyork, and we having only 20 not to reckon the fire
                     pieces, 12 pounders, that are too short to be imploed in the
                     Embrasures, I think there can be no great risk in asking as
                     many guns of siege and mortar as we have already. I beg of your Excellency to
                     give me an answer directly, and to tell me, if it be necessary to ask for more;
                     in regard to the means that you have in your possession. The person you know,
                     will set off on the 15th inst., and the Ch. De Ternay proposes making all his
                     frigates go out. The Ennemy is always riding on his anchors at Gardner’s Island
                     with a great many sick a board, and thinking it very tiresome; The
                     reinforcement that Adm. rodney sent them makes their fleet to be 13 men of war
                     strong, besides the 50 Guns ships. The arrival of our Frigate has brought here
                     a cruizer, who stayed two Days, and that we have not seen yesterday. I am with
                     respect Sir, Your Excellency’s most obedient, most humble servant
                  le cte De Rochambeau
                  I make bold to beg of your Excellency to send to Philadelphy
                     with the Greatest speed the inclosed Letter from the Ch. de La Luzerne to Mr Price all our sea officers think that Mr De Guichen
                     cannot be returned to France without a positive order; they believe
                        that he is gone to Cadix, from where he
                     will send the 13 french men of war that are come to occupy his place in these countries and that with
                     his fleet joined to the Spanish Squadron now at Cadix he will go to deliver the
                     french fleet which is blocked up in Brest by Adm. Geary


Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Tupper, 5 October 1780
From: Tupper, Benjamin
To: Washington, George

                     Sir
                     Camp Octr the 5th 1780

                  In the begining of the present war my mind was some taken up in
                     some small Interprises by water, and however I might fail in some attempts yet
                     my mind is often taken up upon those matters.
                  as the project of Mr Bushnell was a matter of speculation for a
                     considerable time, at present it seems to be out of every bodys thought (for
                     aught I know) but my own—I never was satisfied but his plan with some
                     Improvments might prove affectual for the distruction of a number of the
                     Enemies Ships, and as another experiment of that Nature would be of no great
                     expence, would humbly propose the folowing method, (taking this as granted that
                     25 or 30 lb. of power Blown off six feet under water along side of a ship will
                     sink her) as the only difficulty has been in fixing the magazian of power in a
                     proper position for that purpose would beg leave to propose the following
                     Stratagem, let an officer be orderd to recruit a number of men (perhaps 50 or
                     60) for the purpose of Guard boats, let it be their orders always to be on the
                        sea-coast as nigh the Enemies ships as he can with
                     safty at least with six light boats well mand, let it be publickly known that
                     his orders are to watch the enemis motions especialy to prevent their landing a
                     party in the night to destress the Inhabitants, while this is prepairing let
                     there be prepaird six Machines, for blowing up ships which I think might be
                     made for 60 dollars each in good money, when all is ready let the officer take
                     post agreeable to the known orders, as soon as this is affected let him
                     acquaint the Commanding officer of the British fleet what his orders are, and
                     that some circumstances has made it necessary for him to Act in a different
                     manner from what he has done, and that he has long saught for the present
                     opportunity to serve the thing (I mean a shipping trick he
                     is now exchanging his paper money a way for provisions which he would be glad
                     to supply the fleet with as fast as he can colect it, and not be suspeted
                     provided his boats might come along side of the ship and return at a proper
                     hower to prevent suspision that he might be able to turn his paper into hard
                     let the officer be provided with such things as would best sute their tastes
                        & untill he is prity well established in their
                     minds, then having his Machines ready as the time may best serve to fix under
                     the botom of his own boats, one to each who shall have a proper ship assignd
                     him, and to have them fixt in such a manner that by sticking in a small tack
                     to the side of the Ships with the boat-hook which must be so fixt as to be
                     easily disingagd from the boat hook—at the same time a Wier must be made fast
                     to the forementiond tack and to the Machien which is still under the boat when
                     this is done he must have a screw fixt runing through the boat which all this
                     time has secured the Machine and the screw must be so fixd that by a little
                     exartion with his heel may turn the screw so as to disingage the whole at the
                     same time set the clock work going which may run from one to ten hour at the
                     masters pleasure let them be all fixd at a certain hower to run the same time,
                     and if it should succeed might perhaps destroy a number of the British ships in
                     a moment, if the scetch or out-lines here drew should not be agreeable to your
                     Excellency yet I hope that my officiousness will be excused when I assure your
                     Excellency that if it proceeds from an Enthusiastic head it is from an honest
                     Intent of your Excellencys most obedent humble Servant

                     Benj. Tupper


Title: General Orders, 6 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To:

                     Head Quarters Orangetown Friday October 6th 1780
                     Parole Tarinton
                     Countersigns Take: Care
                  Watchword Tatoo

                  For the day Tomorrow
                  Brigadier General GloverLieutenant Colonel Commandant ShermanLieutenant Colonel HuntingtonMajor MorilBrigade Major OliverThe General will beat at seven ô Clock tomorrow morning—the
                     Assemblé at half past eight—and the march will commence at nine precisely_the
                     Quarter master General will furnish the route and order of march.
                  A detachment from the fourth Massachusetts” regiment to Garrison
                     the works at Dobb’s ferry to be sent at sunrise tomorrow morning.
                  The sick to be sent to the flying hospital near the Magazine this
                     afternoon.
                  After Orders
                  The General expects the strictest conformity to the regulations
                     and the greatest attention to preserve regularity on the march and particularly
                     where the Army halts to prevent the wanton destruction of fences.
                  The Officers which compose the General Court Martial whereof
                     Colonel H. Jackson is President are to march with the right Column.
                  A Field Officer from General Howe’s division with a Commissioned
                     officer from each division in the Army are to take the superintendency of the
                     sick which are sent to the Flying hospital.
                  The Van Guard of the right column to be formed on the Grand
                     Parade at seven ô clock precisely. the brigade and regimental Quarter masters
                     are to attend at the same time and place.
                  The Camp Color men and the Invalids under proper officers are to
                        be brought on the Grand Parade with the Van Guard
                  The Rear Guard to be paraded nine ô clock at the same Place.
                  Brigadier General Glover with Lieutenant Colonel Commandant
                     Sherman will command the Van—Lieutenant Colonel Commandant Smith with
                     Lieutenant Colonel Whiting and Major Wiley take Command of the Rear Guard.
                  The Baggage will begin to file off at eight ô clock.


Title: From George Washington to Nathanael Greene, 6 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Greene, Nathanael

                     Dear Sir,
                      6th Octr 1780

                  There is no disposition that can be made of the Army at this time under our present
                     uncertainties that may not be subjected to material change (as you will be
                     convinced by recurring to the conversation I held with you on Wednesday
                     last)—It is as I observed to you on that occasion, a matter of great question
                     with me, whether West-point will not become the head quarters of the Army when
                     we go into Cantonments for the Winter—I am very apprehensive that the
                     diminution of our present force, & little prospect of recruiting the
                     Army in Season—The importance of West-point—& œconomical motives will
                     compel us to concenter our force on the North-river, keeping light parties only
                     in our Flanks—If under this information you should incline to take the
                     immediate Command of the Detachmt which is about to march for West point—and
                     the general direction of matters on the East side of Hudsons River—it will be
                     quite agreeable to me that you should do so—but candor has led me to a
                     declaration of the uncertainty of that Post’s being long Removed from my
                     immediate Command. I am with much esteem & regd Dr Sir Yr Obt Ser.

                     Go: Washington

                     P.S. The Army will march and seperate to morrow—your
                        immediate determination is therefore necessary that the orders may be
                        prepared accordingly.


Title: From George Washington to Nathanael Greene, 6 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Greene, Nathanael

                     Sir,
                      6 October 1780

                  You will take the command of the two divisions consisting of the
                     Jersey and York Brigades, and Starkes and late Poors Brigades with which you
                     will march by the directest route to West Point—The Troops will go all the way
                     by Land, sending their baggage and Artillery by Water from Kings ferry for the
                     security of which you will take effectual precautions. I wish the Troops to
                     arrive at their destination as soon as it can be done without fatigueing them.
                  The first Pennsylvania Brigade marches tomorrow to join the Army,
                     and General St Clair is directed, to move the second Pennsylvania Brigade and
                     Meig’s Regiment to the Army as soon as a sufficient Corps arrives to replace
                     them. I wish them to be enabled to begin their march as soon as it can be
                     conveniently done. St Clair waits till he is relieved by a Major General.
                  You will observe the instructions already given to the commanding
                     Officers of the Post, of which the inclosed are copies with the following
                     additions—So soon as you arrive with the Troops you will discharge all the New
                     Hampshire and Massachusetts Militia with my thanks for their services. You will
                     send off all the spare Waggon and riding horses, and use every other expedient
                     in your power to œconomise your forage, which you know is an article of the
                     greatest importance—You will exert your self to complete the works and put them
                     in the most perfect state of defence. This is essential, under the knowledge
                     the Enemy have of their present state, as a change in their situation, will not
                     only render them in reality more defensible, but will diminish the usefulness
                     of the information, Arnold has it in his power to give—The approaching
                     reduction of the Army adds to the necessity of having this important post in
                     the most respectable state of defence. Lieut. Colonel Gouvion has my orders to
                     join you for this purpose, with his Corps. You will keep such parties as you
                     judge safe and expedient advanced towards the Enemy on the East side of the
                     River for the purpose of restraining their depredations and protecting the
                     Country. You will begin to form winter covering at West Point and its
                     dependencies for a Garrison of about the number of your present command and you
                     will prosecute measures for ample magazines of wood.
                  Besides the four Brigades already mentioned, the Artillery and
                     the Corps of Sappers and Miners, you will have under your command, Livingstons
                     Regiment and Sheldons dragoons. There are also two Connecticut State Regiments
                     stationed on the Sound, which on an emergency you may call to your aid, and
                     with whom in the meantime you can communicate for intelligence of what passes
                     in the Sound.
                  You will inform General McDougal that his division, Starkes and
                     late Poors Brigades, are with you. His private affairs may demand his attention
                     awhile after which he will probably join you.
                  When you have made your disposition, you will report it to me—I
                     commit this important Post to your care in full confidence in your prudence
                     vigilance activity and good conduct. Given at Head Quarters Tapan Octr 6th
                     1780.

                            Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Samuel Huntington, 6 October 1780
From: Huntington, Samuel
To: Washington, George

                     sir,
                     Philadelphia October 6 1780

                  I do myself the Honor to transmit your Excellency Copies of two
                     Acts of Congress of the 4 & 5 Instant.
                  By the former the Board of War are directed to erase from the
                     Register of the Names of the Officers of the Army of the United States, the
                     Name of Benedict Arnold; which Order hath been executed.
                  By the latter you are directed to order a Court of Enquiry
                     respecting the Conduct of Major General Gates as Commander of the southern
                     Army; and to appoint an Officer to command the southern Army in the Room of
                     Major Gener. Gates until such Enquiry be made. I have the Honor to be with the
                     highest Sentiments of Esteem & Respect, your Excellency’s most obedient
                     servant

                     Sam. Huntington President

                     P.S. I am honored with your Letter of the first Instant.


Title: To George Washington from William Irvine, 6 October 1780
From: Irvine, William
To: Washington, George

                     Dear Genl

                        c.6 October 1780

                  My position—occasioned my taking the liberty of opening your
                     letter addressed to Arthur St. Clair—suspecting it might
                     concern me—I am Dr Genl yr Most obedt Servt

                     Wm Irvine

                     we will be up in the morning.


Title: To George Washington from Abner Nash, 6 October 1780
From: Nash, Abner
To: Washington, George

                     Sir
                     Newbern October 6th 1780

                  Confiding that your Excellency was constantly made acquainted
                     with whatever related to the Military affairs of this & the
                     neighbouring state of S. Carolina, I thought it unnecessary to increase your
                     trouble by opening a direct correspondence with you myself as Governor of this
                     State, But sir the distresses of this Country and the dangers we are now
                     exposed to, in consequence of the defeat of our Army under Genl Gates in Augt
                     last, oblige me in point of Duty to address my self to your Excellency, who I
                     know has an equal concern for the safety of every part of the united
                        States. I am to acquaint you sir that for want of an
                     early knowledge of the requisition of Congress for specific supplies, added to
                     the bad crops of Grain made in this state for two years past, the army under
                     Baron D. Kalb & our militia in the beginning of the
                     present Campaign suffered the greatest hardships &
                     were subsisted with the greatest difficulty—this difficulty however at length
                     was over come by our armys having made their march good to Pee Dee River about
                     the begining of August—But sir they fortunately recovered from the Enemy one of
                     the most fertile & plentiful settlements in the southern States
                     & obliged them in turn to take post in the barren
                     wretched County of Cambden where they were very soon reduced to short
                     allowance—South Carolina in the mean time, incouraged by this successful
                     advance of our aAmy, was revolting from their late masters in all quarters
                     & in great numbers—the militia of the two states had had nine several
                     skermishes with the Enemy & had been successful in every one, in short
                     the Enemys destruction was inevitable had not the General determined
                     unfortunately for us, to risk the fate of the Campaign & with it the
                     two Carolinas on the Event of a single Battle—I think I am justified in saying
                     he put all to risk I have mentioned because no previous effectual measures were
                     taken to save the baggage nor do I learn that any place was assigned for the
                     army to retreat to in case of misfortune, which in my opinion might have been
                     reasonably expected; our men by hard marches & bad living were
                        sickly & weak & much the greater part of
                     the army were militia who had never been in action; on the
                     other hand, the Enemy, whose numbers by the bywere
                     unknown, were fresh and had the sure advantage of engaging us when &
                     where they pleased, of course they chose their ground & time to good
                     Effect—the action no sooner commenced than as might have been dreaded, the center & left wing of the Line, composed
                     of Militia, and a great part of these Rifle men, got into confusion &
                     fled away—at this point of time had the Regulars been ordered to retreat to
                     Rugelys Mill five miles in their Rear possibly all might have
                     been saved—one hundred men there I am told would have defended the pass
                        against the whole British force—but it was not done
                     & the Enemy having nothing to oppose them on our Left of course turned
                     it & the General might well suppose, as it seems he did, that they were
                     all cut off, however by the supr bravery of those excellent Troops they at
                     length extricated themselves from their difficulties
                     & after making great havock among the Enemy came off in tolerable good
                     order & with less loss than could have been expected, but sir the loss
                     of these brave men was not our greatest loss—we had expended upwards of
                     25,000,000 of Dollars on this army, we had drained every sourse &
                     exausted every fund in purchasing Tents Waggons Horses Armes amunition
                     provisions Spirits Sugar Coffee Camp
                     Equipage of every kind in short every thing appertaining to an army &
                     in a single half Hour all is compleatly lost & the army in a manner
                     anihilated, for the militia fled chiefly to their respective homes spreading
                     terror wherever they went & the Regulars of course continued retreating
                     on after their General until they at length eventually collected at
                     Hillsborough 240 miles from the place of action where the General arrived the
                     third day after the action leaving all the Country behind
                     open to the incursion & ravages of the Enemy—at
                     this place sir the Regular Troops now remain  of Tents
                     Clothes & other necessarys whilst the Enemy are now making the alarming
                     advances into the richest & strongest part of this state—my last Letter
                     from Genl Davidson, who for the present commands the
                     Militia to the Westwards, dated the 26, ult. says this day at 11 OClock the
                     Enemy marched in force into Charlotte, his army retreating & meaning to
                     take post on the north side of the yadkin & sir I am to remark to you
                     that from the yadkin to within abt 20 miles of Hillsborough the inhabitants are
                     chiefly disaffected to our governmt so that if our militia shall not be able to
                     hold their post on the yadkin, a river fordable any where, their further
                     retreat will not only be difficult & precarious, but the Enemys army
                     will inevitably swell & grow more formidable & in such a case
                     what have we to expect but that Genl Gates will retreat with the shattered
                     remains of his regular army over the Roanoke wch he is now within about thirty
                     miles of; this sir is a true picture of our present
                     deranged & feble condition, the effects of the unfortunate affair of
                     the 16th of Augt I have acquainted congress with our defenceless state and of
                     the fatal consequences to the united States of loosing North Carolina—I have
                     told them in plain terms that our funds are exausted that our militia are
                     without tents badly armed & dispirited for want of regular troops to
                     form a proper basis of defence—that the unsetled state we are in, will render
                     precarious any dependence on us for a sufft supply of provisions & have
                     urged them in the strongest terms I am capable of to
                     some timely aid, and sir I also beg leave earnestly to call your Excellencys
                     attention towards the effectual defence of this part of the united States—I
                     know sir both you and Congress know the importance of these So. States and I
                     acknowledge you had made what seemed a very sufft provision not only for our
                     defence but for the recovery of at least the upper parts of So. Carolina, but
                     sir unfortunately for us we have lost all advantage from the former aid
                     & the force of our militia is also weakened & reduced by the
                     intire loss of our Field equipage & our incapacity to repair the
                     loss—to give your Excellency some Idea of the cruelties practised by the Enemy
                     over those who fall into their power, I inclose to you a copy of Ld
                     Cornwallis’s orders to an officer commanding at a seperate post—if you desire
                     of me sir a continuation of intelligence from this pt of America, I shall be
                     happy during my continuance in office in obeying yr orders and am with the
                     highest respect & esteem Sir yr Excellencys most obt & very
                     Hble servt

                     A. Nash


Title: To George Washington from Samuel Holden Parsons, 6 October 1780
From: Parsons, Samuel Holden
To: Washington, George

                     Dear General
                     Camp 6th Octr 1780

                  I am convinc’d ’twill be some Weeks before I shall be able to do
                     any Duty, if I should recover from my present Sickness. I beleive my Strength
                     would admit my going to my Family by slow Journey if I can obtain your Consent
                     for which purpose Mr Laurence waits upon you—from mine to your Excellincy on
                     the Subject of General Smallwood’s Promotion you see I cannot return in my
                     present Rank to the Service of another Campaign; and as the remainder of this,
                     after my Health will probably be restord, will aford little Time for doing
                     Duty after I shall join, I could wish if it was not inconsistant with Your
                     Excellency’s Plans that I may be appointed to the Command of the Troops near N.
                     Castle & Horseneck until their Service shall Expire which I imagine
                     will nearly end my own. I am Dr General your Obedt Servt

                     Saml H. Parsons


Title: From George Washington to Arthur St. Clair, 6 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To: St. Clair, Arthur

                     Dear Sir
                     Head Quarters Orange Town 6th October 1780

                  Four Brigades which are to compose the Garrison of West point
                     march from this Camp tomorrow Morning—As soon therefore as a sufficient number
                     of Men to relieve the 2d Pennsylvania Brigade and Meigs’s Regiment arrive, you
                     will direct those Corps to join the Army, which will lay near prekaness, by the
                     shortest Route. I have myself given orders to Genl Wayne to move tomorrow
                     morning with the 1st Brigade. You will be pleased to remain yourself untill
                     relieved by another Major General. I am with great Regard Dear Sir Your most
                     obt Servt

                     Go: Washington


Title: To George Washington from Joshua Hett Smith, 6 October 1780
From: Smith, Joshua Hett
To: Washington, George

                     May it please Your Excellency
                      October 6th 1780

                  The Debilitation both of Body and Mind, with which I find myself
                     affected by a long Quotidian Ague both before, and which has increased since my
                     Confinement, necessitates me to apply for being handed over to the Civil
                     Power—there to answer the Charges that are or may be exhibited against me; as I
                     find myself unequal to the Fatigue of being removed with the Army—in their
                     different Movements, or should your Excellency think it inexpedient to comply
                     with this Request, I hope your Excellency will indulge me the Priviledge of
                     Council to assist me in my Defence—This I hope is not unprecedented—and I know
                     is not inconsistent with those Sentiments of Humanity which marks your
                     Excellencies Character, where there is a Possibility of Innocence—I shall feel
                     some aliviation of my Distress, if I am indulged with the former or latter of
                     the above Requisitions, and shall ever gratefully remember the Favor—and am
                     with profound Respect Your Excellencys most Obedient humble Sert

                     Joshua H. Smith


Title: From George Washington to Anthony Wayne, 6 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Wayne, Anthony

                     Dear Sir
                     Head Quarters Orange Town 6th October 1780

                  You will be pleased to march tomorrow Morning at day light with
                     the first Pennsylvania Brigade by the shortest Route to Paramus, and from
                     thence to the Army, which will be in the neighbourhood of Prekaniss. I am Dear
                     Sir Your most obt Servt

                     Go: Washington

                     Be pleased to direct the Quarter Master at the Ferry to
                        forward Genl St Clairs Letter immediately to him.


Title: General Orders, 7 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To:

                     Head Quarters Paramus Saturday October 7th
                        1780
                     Parole Asia
                     Countersigns Brave; Best.
                     Watchword, Be, Ready

                  For the day TomorrowBrigadier General
                     PattersonLieutenant Colonel FurnaldMajor PriorBrigade Major AshleyIf tomorrow is fair the General and Assemblé will beat, the
                     baggage file off and the Army march at the same time as this morning—The Van
                     under command of the new and the rear Guard under command of the New, and the
                     rear Guard under Command of the old officers of the day will parade in the
                     Hackensack road where the Totowa road branches off.
                  The Connecticutt Division will mount the necessary Picquets on the
                     right: Baron Steuben’s on the left: General Howe’s a Sub and twenty at Head
                     quarters, the same in the rear on the Totowa road; a Corporal and six at the
                     Quarter Master General’s and the same Number at the Adjutant General’s.


Title: From George Washington to Henry Clinton, 7 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Clinton, Henry

                     Sir
                     Head Quarters 7th October
                     1780

                  I find by the report of our Commissary of prisoners of the
                     proceedings which lately took place between him and Mr Loving at Elizabeth Town
                     on the 21st ulto, that he was willing, on the part of Your Excellency, to
                     accede substantially to my propositions respecting an exchange of Officers,
                     provided the exchange should be extended to the privates, prisoners of War,
                     then in your hands at New York. This is perfectly agreeable to me, and I have
                     accordingly directed our Commissary to take the most immediate measures to
                     carry into execution, as well the exchange of those privates as of the
                     Officers. I have the honor to be with Respect Your Excellency’s most obedt
                     Servant

                     Go: Washington


Title: From George Washington to John Mauritius Goetschius, 7 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Goetschius, John Mauritius

                     Sir
                     Head Quarters Octr 7th
                     1780

                  Having Ordered a Captains Command from the Continental Troops to
                     Garrison the Block House at Dobbs’s Ferry—In addition to this—I request—You
                     will be pleased to detach a Subaltern and 20 Men from Your Corps, to join that
                     Garrison, and be under the Orders of the Commanding Officer: The Detachment to
                     be releived as often as you shall think necessary—And as the design of the
                     Post at Dobbs’ Ferry is to protect & cover the Country below as far as
                     practicable, the remainder of your Corp cannot be better employed than in
                     patroling, and guarding the Landing places and avenues leading to the Post, in
                     order to obtain early intelligence of any movement of the Enemy, prevent a
                     surprise & render every assistance in your power to the Garrison. I am Sir Your Ot He Servt

                     Go. Washington


Title: From George Washington to Samuel Huntington, 7 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Huntington, Samuel

                     Sir
                     Paramus October the 7th 1780

                  I had the honor on the 1st Inst to receive Your Excellency’s
                     dispatches of the 24th Ulto addressed to Major General Greene and since, your very
                     obliging Letter of the 29th for which I beg leave to return you my
                     acknowledgements. I have written to Sir Henry Clinton in consequence of the
                     former and requested him to make the desired communications. When these are
                     received they shall be transmitted.
                  I have the honor to inclose Congress a Copy of the proceedings
                     of a Board of General Officers (No. 1) in the case of Major André, Adjutant
                     General to the British Army. This Officer was executed in pursuance of the
                     opinion of the Board, On Monday the 2d inst. at 12 oClock, at our late Camp at
                     Tappan. He acted with great candor, from the time he avowed himself after his
                     capture, until he was executed. Congress will perceive by a Copy of a letter I
                     received from him of the 1st Inst that it was his desire to be shot, but the
                     practice & usage of War, circumstanced as he was, were against the
                     indulgence. At the bottom of the 6th page of the proceedings, an explanatory
                     note is added, to prevent any suspicions being entertained injurious to Colonel
                     Sheldon, who otherwise, from the Letter addressed to him, might be supposed to
                     have been privy to the measures between General Arnold & Major André. If it
                     should be the pleasure of Congress to publish the case, and which I would take
                     the liberty to suggest may not be improper; it will be necessary for the
                     explanatory note to be annexed.
                  Besides the proceedings, I transmit in the Inclosure No. 2, Copies
                     of Sundry Letters respecting the matter, which are all that passed on the
                     subject, not included in the proceedings. I would not suffer Mr Elliot & Mr
                     Smith to land, who came up to Dobbs’s ferry agreeable to Sir Henry Clinton’s
                     Letter of the 30th September. Genl Robertson was permitted to come on shore,
                     was met by Major Genl Greene, and mentioned substantially what is contained in
                     his letter of the 2d Instant. It might not perhaps be improper to publish the
                     Letter or part of them in the Inclosure, as an appendix to the proceedings of
                     the Board of General Officers.
                  I had the honor to mention in my Letter of the 24th of August,
                     that an interview was in contemplation between General Lincoln & General
                     Phillips, to take place at Elizabeth Town, and that I should direct Mr Skinner,
                     the Commissary, to attend and endeavour to affectuate an exchange of prisoners
                     on the principle & to the extent mentioned by Congress in their Act of the
                     7th. The Inclosure No. 3 contains my Instructions to Mr Skinner No. 4 & 5 his
                     areport & Major General Lincoln’s of the result of the meeting, which happened
                     on the 20th Ulto at the place appointed, and to which I beg leave to refer
                     Congress. As it is now become certain that we cannot operate against N. York
                     this Campaign, and it was the expectation of this event’s happening that
                     prevented the release of our private Prisoners, it appears to me that the
                     exchange of those in that place should be immediately attempted especially as
                     the liberation of a great many of our Officers is made to depend upon it and
                     is otherwise wholly rejected. From these considerations I have ventured to
                     close with the terms of Mr Loring’s Letter to Mr Skinner of the 22d of
                     Septr respecting the exchange of our Officers & privates at N. York &
                     Long Island and have written to Sir Henry Clinton accordingly. I hope Congress
                     will approve the measure. As to the exchange proposed between the Convention
                     & the southern prisoners, Congress will be pleased to decide on it
                     themselves. They have the fullest knowledge of the present and of what will be the
                     future situation of our Affairs, and can best judge of the conduct which the
                     public good & humanity require to be pursued in the matter. For a variety of
                     reasons I am, and profess myself wholly incompetent to determine in the case.
                  I have now the pleasure to communicate the names of the three
                     persons who captured Major André, and who refused to release him notwithstanding
                     the most earnest importunities and Assurances of a liberal reward on his part.
                     Their conduct merits our warmest esteem and I beg leave to add, that I think
                     the public will do well to make them a handsome gratuity. They have prevented
                     in all probability our suffering one of the severest strokes that could have
                     been meditated against us. Their names are John Paulding, David Williams and
                     Isaac Van Wert.
                  For the present I have detached the Jersey, New York & New
                     Hampshire Brigades with Stark’s to the Highland posts. They marched this
                     morning from Orange Town and will relieve the Pennsylvania line, which was
                     thrown in at the moment General Arnold went to the Enemy. Major Genl Greene has
                     marched with these four Brigades and will command at West-point and its
                     dependencies till a further disposition. The Main Body of the Army, the forage
                     about Orange Town and the lower Country being exhausted, also moved this
                     morning and is now arrived here. We have had a cold, wet and tedious March on
                     account of the feeble State of our Cattle, and have not a drop of rum to give
                     the Troops. My intention is to proceed with them to the Country in the
                     Neighbourhood of Passaick falls. I have the honor to be with the most perfect
                     respect Your Excellencys Most Obdt Servant

                     Go. Washington

                     P.S. I have added a note at the foot of Sir Henry Clinton’s
                        Letter of the 30th of Sepbr and one at the foot of Major André’s Letter
                        to me of the 1st of October, which are in the Inclosure No. 2, which, if the
                        Letters are published, I request may be published also.
                  Papers alluded to aboveInclosure No. 2 containedA Copy of a Letter from Major André, Adj. Genl to the B.
                     Army to Sir H Clinton K.B. of 29th Sepr 1780.
                  A Copy of a Letter from His Excellency Genl Washington to Sir
                     H Clinton Sepr 30th 1780.
                  A Copy of a Letter from Lt Genl Robertson to General Washington
                     29 Sepr 1780.

                      A Copy of a Letter from his Excy
                     Sir H Clinton to His Excellency Genl Washington 30th Septr 1780.
                  A Copy of a Letter from General Arnold for General Washington. Oct.
                     1 1780.
                  A Copy of a Letter of 2d Octr 1780 from Lt Genl Robertson to Genl
                     Washington, inclosing one from Benedict Arnold of the 1st of Octr.
                  A Copy of a Letter from Benedict Arnold to Genl Washington of the
                     1st of Octobr transmitted by Genl Robertson his Letter of the 2d of Oct.

                      A Copy of a Letter from Major André to his Excelly Genl
                     Washington of the 1st of October 1780.
                  Inclosures No. 3. 4. and 5 contained.
                  A Copy of General Washington’s Letter of Instructions to Abraham
                     Skinner 17 Sepr 1780.A Copy of  letter from him to G. Washington 24th of Septr.
                  A Copy of a Letter from Major Genl Lincoln to His Excellency Genl
                     Washington 25 Sepr 1780.

   To the Copy of the Letter from Sir
                        H. Clinton to Genl Washington of the 30th of Septr 1780 the following
                        note was added.

                  Lt Genl Robertson, Mr Elliot & Mr Smith came up in a flag
                     Vessel to Dobbs’s ferry, agreeable to the above Letter. The Two last were not
                     suffered to land. Genl Robertson was permitted to come on shore & was met by
                     Major Genl Greene, who verbally reported that Genl Robertson mentioned to him
                     in substance, what is contained in a Letter from him of the 2d of October to
                     General Washington.

   To the Copy of the letter from Major
                        André of the 1st of Octr to Genl Washington—the following note was
                        added.

                  The time which elapsed between the Capture of Major André, which
                     was on the morning of the 23d of Septr and his execution which did not take
                     place till 12 O’Clock on the 2d of October, the mode of trying him, His letter
                     to His Excellency Sir Hy Clinton, K.B. on the 29th of Septr
                     in which he said, "I receive the greatest attention from
                     his Excelly General Washington and from every person under whose charge I
                     happen to be placed"—not to mention many other acknowledgements which he made
                     of the good treatment he received—must evince that the proceedings against him
                     were not guided by passion or resentment. The practice & usage of War were
                     against his request and made the indulgence he solicited, circumstanced as he
                     was, inadmissible.


Title: To George Washington from William Livingston, 7 October 1780
From: Livingston, William
To: Washington, George

                     Dear Sir
                     Trenton 7. October 1780

                  I most heartily congratulate your Excellency on the timely
                     Discovery of General Arnolds treasonable Plot to captivate your Person,
                     & deliver up West Point to the Enemy; of which the Loss of the former,
                     had his infernal Machinations succeeded, would have been more regretted by
                     America, than of the latter. The remarkable Interposition of Providence to
                     frustrate the diabolical Conspiracy will inspire every virtuous American with
                     sincere Gratitude to the Great Arbiter of all Events; and I hope, not a true
                     Whig amongst us will ever forget the memorable Æra when we were, by the
                     peculiar Guardianship of Heaven, rescued from the very Brink of Destruction. I
                     have the Honour to be with the highest Respect Dear Sir your Excellencys most
                     humble Servt

                     Wil: Livingston


Title: To George Washington from Arthur St. Clair, 7 October 1780
From: St. Clair, Arthur
To: Washington, George

                     Sir
                     West Point October 7th 1780

                  I received your Excellencys letter of yesterday and am very glad
                     that you have ordered up the Troops which are to compose the Garrison, as it is
                     very necessary they should be here, that Things may be got into some kind of
                     order before the Winter. at present They are very much deranged. The laying in
                     a proper stock of fire wood is a very heavy, but a very essential Business, and
                     the Militia which have been employed in cutting it, I am told, has done little
                     more than supply the Post at Fish-Kill, and are very little ahead—I expect a
                     Report of the quantity to day from Colonel Hughes; to whom I have recommended
                     to allot them a moderate Task friday, as the best means to make them most
                     usefull.
                  The Magazine of Provisions is very nearly exhausted, but thirty
                     Barrells only of salted Meat on hand, exclusive of what is in the works (about
                     five Days for the Troops posted in them and no Cattle; and the Men have been
                     some days reduced to three Quarters of a pound of flour—I expect however two
                     hundred Barrels of that Article today, and have written to Colonel Hay; to be
                     laid before the Legislature of this State, very pressingly to have an immediate
                     and ample supply of Provisions, thrown in, as it may not be possible to do it
                     some time hence, from the State the River is frequently in about the beginning
                     of Winter.
                  I directed Collonell Livingstone to collect and send up here all
                     the Boats that were not necessary for the Ferry, provided they had not been
                     ordered there by your Excellency—for some particular Purpose—his Answer is,
                     that they were ordered there for transporting the Cannon in case it became
                     necessary to evacuate the Posts he commands; they will therefore remain there
                     unless I have your——directions to the contrary; but I must beg leave to suggest
                     to you Excellency, that after the Intention of the Ennemy becomes apparent with
                     repect to them, it will most probably be too late to evacuate them with any
                     probability of saving the Cannon and Stores—if they be evacuated before their
                     intention is discovered, it will be in their power to occupy them after they
                     may have failed in an attempt upon this Place. I find some heavy brass field
                     Artillery here, which is not I suppose intended for Garrison Use, and had
                     better be removed, some repairs have been making upon the Carriages, but that
                     might as well be done any when also.
                  The Pennsylvania Brigade shall march as soon as The other Troops
                     arrive.
                  The times of the Militia begin to expire on the 14th and will all
                     be expired on the 24th. I have not heard from Major Talmage nor have any
                     accounts from New York by any other Way. I am with the Greatest Respect Sir
                     Your most obedient Servant.

                     Ar. St Clair


Title: General Orders, 8 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To:

                     Head Quarters Paramus Sunday October 8th 1780
                     Parole Tadmor
                     Countersigns O:
                     Watchword Look about S.

                  For the day TomorrowBrigadier General HuntingtonLieutenant Colonels   PetersHullBrigade Major Darby.
                  If the weather is fair tomorrow the Army will march. the order
                     for marching the same as yesterday.
                  An officer from each brigade to be sent back this afternoon on
                     the road the Army marched to pick up stragglers and see that the Waggons which
                     may be left in the rear are brought on.
                  Half the Pioneers and a company of Artificers are to parade as
                     soon as possible near General Glover’s quarters—An officer from each division
                     will take charge of them, a serjeant from each brigade for this duty_Colonel
                     Tupper is requested to take the directions of the whole and see that they
                     repair the road between this and Totowa bridge.
                  The officers commanding regiments are desired to see that their
                     mens Cartridge boxes and ammunition are dried this afternoon.
                  After Orders
                  The first Pennsylvania brigade will lead the column tomorrow—The
                     light Infantry will march about one mile in the rear.
                  A General court martial to sit at Westpoint, on Monday the 23d
                     Instant for the Trial of Colonel Sheldon of the second regiment of light
                     dragoons—Colonel Hazen will preside—Lieutenant Colonel Temple—Major Wylly, two
                     Captains from the second regiment of light dragoons three Captains from the
                     fourth—and five Captains from the brigades of Infantry in the Highlands are
                     appointed Members.
                  All Witnesses and persons concerned will attend.


Title: To George Washington from George Clinton, 8 October 1780
From: Clinton, George
To: Washington, George

                            D’r Sir,
                            Pokeepsie 8 Oct’r 1780.

                  I am favored with your Excellency’s Letter of the 30th
                        1st Instant, and communicated the Contents of it to the
                     State Agent, who informs me that he has made use of every Means in his Power
                     for hastening on the Supplies from this State for the army and I have Reason to
                     hope they will arrive in Time to relieve your Necessities. The providing of the
                     Flour Casks your Excellency mentions, will greatly tend to hasten this Business
                     as it was not in the Power of the agent to procure them speedily as the
                     peculiar situation of the army required.

                        G.C.


Title: To George Washington from John Mauritius Goetschius, 8 October 1780
From: Goetschius, John Mauritius
To: Washington, George

                            May it Pleas your Excellencie
                            Closter oct. 8. 1780.

                  your Orders dated oct. 7. I have receaved am willing and ready to
                     Obey, but am sorrow to Inform your Excellencie that it makes a Great uneseniss
                     among the Inhabitants at the lines in this County. your Excellencie is not
                     unaquainted how the unhappy frinds of this county here at the lines must
                     suffer by our Cruel Ennemies. my detatchment is perticular listed for a Gaurd
                     at the frontiers of this County, to Compleat the number the Inhabitants at the
                     lines paid a large sum of money to the soldiery perticular to have rest them
                     selves and to follow their Lawfull Imploy. by me laying in this Quarter and
                     Garrisoning the Blockhouse at Dobbs ferry which lays in york state is little or
                     no Gaurd to this County there is Hakensack, where I was ordered to march too,
                     by the Law of this state, lays now open, besides the New bridge,  Neck and a number of other Places wher Horse theves and
                     robbers slip true to the ruin of the Inhabitants lay all open and my Corps is a
                     Gaurd to york state and very little to this County as we lay at Present,
                     besides our unhappy condition in regard of Provision. I must imploy a number of
                     my men to Collect provision in the country because we Cannot draw it from the
                     army it is true we have cheef of the time drawed flower from Commissary Gamble.
                     he absolutely now refuses to issue any more and says we are a state ridgment
                     and must draw from the state. the state purchaser or Contractor in this County
                     refuses, by saying, he has furnissed his Quota according to
                     Law. my men have been now nine days with out flower, or bread, but what they
                     Borrow from the Inhabitants. I have had whilst the army laid here about fifteen
                     different Commanders as a Piquet to the whole army yet Cannot receave supply
                     like the Continentle troops. I must now either take an arbitrary Power Contrary
                     to Law, or els may it Pleas your Excellencie to direct me how my troops must be
                     supplyed. Nothing more at Present but I am and remain with the Greatest
                     respects and submission your Excellencies Most obedient faithfull Subject

                     Joh. Mauritius Goetschius
                     Major Commandr state Ridment


Title: To George Washington from Nathanael Greene, 8 October 1780
From: Greene, Nathanael
To: Washington, George

                     Sir
                     Ver Planks Point Octr 8th 1780

                  The enclosed is an account given by a deserter just come to this
                     Post. It is probable, if the person is a spy, he will be in Camp to day, and
                     perhaps to morrow, as the army will be on the move and uncertain where it is
                     marching to. To fix that, may detain him a day longer & I have thought
                     it of sufficient importance to send an Express; as the detection of spies is an
                     interesting matter to the safety of an army: and the more hazardous the
                     business is rendered, the more difficult it will be for the Enemy to obtain
                     intelligence.
                  The troops under my command encamped last night at Haverstraw;
                     and this morning marched for West Point. Part of the baggage is gone up the
                     river, and the rest will go this evening. Most of the covered waggons are over
                     the river, and by to morrow morning the whole of the waggons will be over.
                  Genl Wayne marched last evening from Haverstraw. Genl St Clair
                     with the other brigade will march in the morning; but perhaps not until late,
                     as it will be difficult for me to give the order this evening, not knowing with
                     certainty whether the troops will arrive at West Point until the morning.
                  Mr Arthur Lee crossed King’s Ferry last evening; he purposes
                     calling at Head Quarters on his way to Philadelphia. I am with great respect
                     your Excellency’s most obdt hume Servt

                     Nath. Greene
                     M. General


Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette, 8 October 1780
From: Hamilton, Alexander
To: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de

                     D. Marquis:
                     Paramus Octr 8. 1780

                  The General is very anxious to hear from you and that your corps
                     should join the army. Your men must have suffered exceedingly yesterday and
                     last night, and your Baggage is here—Be with us as soon as you can; but send
                     the express back immediately with an account of your success. Yrs
                     Affectionately

                     A. H.


Title: To George Washington from William Malcom, 8 October 1780
From: Malcom, William
To: Washington, George

                     Sir
                     Albany Octr 8 1780

                  I had the Honour to write to you from Fort Renslaer—nothing
                     material hath Occurd Since, in this Quarter—I now Inclose a State of the
                     Garrison of Fort Scuyler—Your Excellency will thereby be enabled to give me
                     orders concerning it.
                  In my last letter I took leave to mention my opinion that the
                     principal post on the West Frontiers of this State ought to be nearer the
                     Settlements—I still think so—but Fort Scuyler is an important Situation,
                     & which I imagine the Enemy would Occupy if we left it—However, I am
                     certain the garrison ought to be either much greater, or considerably less—if
                     800 Strong—no Small body of the Enemy durst pass them from Niagara or
                     Bucks-Island—because they could hazard out half the garrison—if only to hold
                     the Ground. 150 or 200 men would be competent against any thing but regular
                     Troops & heavy Cannon—In Such a case I do not imagine that the Garrison
                     would be relieved by the Militia of this part of the stete.
                  It is pretty certain that a body of troops were Collecting at St
                     Johns about Three weeks ago—it is reported their design is against the
                     Grants—perhaps this might be connected with Arnolds negotiations—The Troops in
                     Niagara are Sickly—dying fast—Indians discontented and also very Sickly—It is
                     said that the Enemy intend to take post at Oswego this fall—not very probable.
                     I have Honor to be with the greatest Respect Your Excellencys most obt very Hb.
                     Servt

                     W. Malcom


Title: From George Washington to New York Officer Commanding at Dobbs’s Ferry, 8 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Officer Commanding at Dobbs’s Ferry, New York

                     Sir,
                      8 October 1780

                  In addition to the Continental troops under your command, I have
                     directed Major Goetschius of the Jersey State troops to send you from his corps
                     a detachment of a subaltern and twenty men to be periodically relieved; and for
                     your greater security to communicate with you and patrole the different landing
                     places in your vicinity; but I would not have you to rely upon this; but take
                     every precaution for your own security. You will find covering within the works
                     for your whole party—of which you will mount a third part as a guard every
                     night; and keep small patroles all round you, so as not however to weaken your
                     command too much—You will keep a regular look out towards the water by day and
                     night and when you are furnished with a piece of cannon, should a fleet be
                     going up the river, you will announce it by firing five discharges. I mean by a
                     fleet such a number of vessels as may indicate an attempt upon the posts
                     above—You will fire three pieces of cannon distinctly as a signal of a movement
                     in force against you—and you will send off an express instantly to Head
                     Quarters.
                  You will maintain the post to the last extremity should you once
                     find yourself surrounded, and for this purpose you will endeavour always to
                     have five or six days provision on hand; but should you discover appearances of
                     a serious attack in force and with artillery time enough to withdraw your men
                     you will do it, spiking up your cannon and setting fire to the works for which
                     you should make previous preparation—You will always recollect, that should you
                     be obliged to submit to superior force after a vigorous resistance you will do
                     honor to yourself; but should you be surprised, as it will denote a want of
                     vigilance, there can be no apology for it. But I rely intirely on your prudence
                     and bravery. Given at Head Quarters Tapaan 8th of October 1780

                     G. Washington

                     P.S. You will of course keep your instructions a secret.


Title: To George Washington from Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau, 8 October 1780
From: Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de
To: Washington, George

                     Sir
                     New port, October 8th 1780

                  A Very severe storm has yesternight been agitating our ships and
                     our Tents. This day which proves a fine one, will allow us to repair all the
                     Little mischiefs that it can have occasioned. It is thought that the Ennemy has
                     suffered a great deal more in Gardner’s bay. I will wait for Your Excellency’s
                     orders to put the Troops in New port in Winter quarters, when the houses will
                     be ready, and I will send to Providence the Duke De Lauzun
                     with his Cavalry, it is impossible to find forage for it here this winter.
                     Their Lodgings are all prepared, and the Duke will be well received there. he
                     hath every thing necessary to be with the inhabitants in great friendship. I
                     beg of your Excellency to permit me to make all these Dispositions, and to give
                     your orders for that. I wait for your Excellency’s answer as to the Demand that
                     I am to make to my court, about the Artillery of Siege. I am with respect sir,
                     Your Excellency’s most obedient humble servant

                            le cte de Rochambeau


Title: General Orders, 9 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To:

                     Head Quarters Totowa Monday October 9th
                        1780.
                     Parole Paramus
                     Countersigns Perth, Pell.
                     Watchword Pracaness.

                  For the day TomorrowBrigadier General GloverColonel WyllysLieutenant Colonel MellenMajor WallbridgeBrigade Major Pettingell
                  Colonel Moylan with his regiment of Cavalry will take post near
                     the little falls and Major Parr with his Corps at the Notch; and both will
                     patrole on the roads towards Newark and Aququakenung.
                  The Marquis de la Fayette will post Major Lee’s corps on his left
                     and take care of the Approaches to his encampment.
                  As the Army is incamped very conveniently for wood the
                     destruction of fences will be without excuse and must be prevented at all
                     events_The officers commanding divisions and brigades are particularly
                     requested to examine the present state of them that they may be the better able to
                     detect and punish the offenders against this order_The General wishes also
                     that all possible care may be taken to prevent injury to the Fruit trees in
                     which he includes the Chestnut, many of which he has seen cut down in order to
                     come at the nuts.
                  The Marechausie will perform the duties of the Camp and Captain
                     Bedkins Corps will furnish orderlies to Head Quarters.
                  The Grand Parade is assigned for the present near the great falls
                     where the guards and Picquets are to parade at five ô clock this afternoon.
                  The Troop to beat at eight ô clock ’till further orders and the
                     Guards to be on the Grand Parade at nine precisely.


Title: To George Washington from Henry Clinton, 9 October 1780
From: Clinton, Henry
To: Washington, George

                     Sir,
                     New York October 9th 1780.

                  Persuaded it is for the Interest of Mankind that a Correspondence
                     should exist between Generals Commanding adverse Armies, I do, without waiting
                     Your return to applications of an earlier date made on my part on a Subject
                     very interesting to me, answer without delay Your Letter of the 6th Instant.
                  I have heard the report you mention, that a number of persons
                     under the Capitulation of Charles Town, had entered into a plot for the
                     destruction of the place where they were protected—and that the Officer
                     Commanding there had found it necessary to interfere; I have this only from
                     common fame, no formal Report has been made to me on the Subject; But as I am
                     well acquainted with Lord Cornwallis’s humanity, I cannot entertain the least
                     apprehension that he will stain the lustre of the King’s Arms by Acts of
                     Cruelty. The friends of those persons, under the description you give of them,
                     need be under no fears for their safety. Lord Cornwallis is incapable of
                     straining the Laws to take away the lives or liberties of the innocent; If any
                     forced Construction be put upon the laws by his Lordship it will be in favor of
                     the Accused, and every plea their friends can offer for them will be humanely
                     heard and respected. I am Sir Your most humble Servt

                     H. Clinton


Title: From George Washington to Benjamin Franklin, 9 October 1780
From: Washington, George
To: Franklin, Benjamin

                     Dear Sir,
                     Bergen County in the State of N. Jersey Oct. 9th 1780.

                  I was very much obliged by the letter which you did me the honor
                     to write me by our amiable young friend the Marquis De La Fayette, whose
                     exertions to serve this Country in his own are additional proofs of his zealous
                     attachment to our cause, and has endeared him to us still more.
                  He came out flushed with expectations of a decisive campaign and
                     fired with hopes of acquiring fresh laurels, but in both he has been
                     disappointed; for we have been condemned to an inactivity as inconsistent with
                     the situation of our affairs as with the ardor of his temper.
                  I am sensible of all I owe you My Dear Sir for your sentiments of
                     me, and while I am happy in your esteem, I cannot but wish for occasions of
                     giving you marks of mine.
                  The idea of making a tour together, which you suggest after the
                     war, would be one of the strongest motives I could have to postpone my plan of
                     retirement and make a visit to Europe, if my domestic habits which seem to
                     acquire strength from restraint did not tell me, I shall find it impossible to
                     resist them longer than my duty to the public calls for the sacrafice of my
                     inclinations.
                  I doubt not you are so fully informed by Congress of our
                     political and Military State that it would be superflueus to trouble you with
                     any thing relating to either—If I were to speak on topics of the kind it would
                     be to shew that our present situation makes one of two things essential to us—A
                     Peace—or the most vigorous aid of our allies particularly in the article of
                     money. Of their disposition to serve us we cannot doubt; their generosity will
                     do every thing their means will permit.
                  With my best wishes for the preservation of your useful life and
                     for every happiness that can attend you which a sincere attachment can dictate.
                     I am—My Dear Sir—Yr Most Obedt Hble Servt

                     Go: Washington