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Getting to space is hard.
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Right now it's like going up a mountain on a unicycle with a backpack full of explosives.
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Incredibly slow, you can't transport a lot of stuff and you might die.
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A rocket needs to reach a velocity of about 40,000 km an hour to escape from Earth.
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To get to that speed, rockets are mostly containers for fuel with a tiny tip of payload.
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This is bad if you want to go to other planets, because you need a lot of heavy stuff if you want to survive and maybe even come back.
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So is there a way to get to space with less fuel and more payload?
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A nice thing that solved most of our transport problems on Earth is what you call infrastructure.
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Whether it's roads for cars, ports for ships or rails for trains, we've made it easier to get to places.
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We can apply the same solution to space travel.
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Space infrastructure will make getting into orbit and out to the Moon, Mars and beyond easier and cheaper.
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Great, but what exactly is space infrastructure?
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there is a simple yet promising technology that does not require new science, magic materials or huge investments and that has been tested successfully in orbit already.
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The concept is so simple, it's surprising.
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This concept is known as the skyhook.
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It works even better if we make it spin.
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A counterweight holds a long cable in place while it rotates around a circle.
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A rotating tether slows down its tip relative to the ground at the bottom and speeds it up at the top like a catapult.
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This means that you can transfer energy from the tether and get a massive boost when released, more or less for free, equal to twice the tether's rotation velocity.
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Specialized fibers already exist that can survive the extraordinary stresses a skyhook would be faced with.
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To protect against cuts and collisions from debris and meteorites, we can thread our tether into a web of redundant fibers.
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Since our skyhook would pass over the same spot many times a day, this would allow small, reusable shuttles to catch up with it.
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Of course, it's not that easy.
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At its lowest point, the tether's tip is dashing through the atmosphere at around 12,000 kilometers per hour.
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Because of Earth's atmosphere, we can't lower the skyhook too much or it will get too hot from air friction.
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So it will dip to a height of 80 to 150 kilometers and no lower.
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To match this, we'll need specialized spacecraft that can get to the tether.
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While this isn't exactly easy, it's still much cheaper than getting a big tin can filled with rocket fuel to go 40,000 kilometers an hour.
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Catching the tip will be a challenge too.
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There's only a short time window of 60 to 90 seconds to find a tiny thing in the sky moving at Mach 12.
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To make this easier, the tip could have a sort of fishing line, a kilometer long, with a navigation drone that helps the spacecraft connect.
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Another challenge is keeping our skyhook in orbit.
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As more and more ships latch onto it and pull themselves up, they use up the momentum that keeps it in place.
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If we don't do anything, it will slow down and crash into the atmosphere.
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And here, we can cheat the universe a bit.
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The skyhook is a battery of orbital energy.
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It's possible to balance the payloads coming in and being sent off.
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Arriving ships bringing humans and materials home to Earth add energy to the tether, which it can give to other ships departing into space.
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This way, the tether doesn't lose any energy.
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The more we use it, the cheaper it gets.
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If we're still losing energy with each boost, we can recover it with small electric or chemical engines that regularly correct the tether's position.
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A set of tethers, one around Earth and one around Mars, could make trips between the planets fast, straightforward, and low-cost compared to rockets.
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The Earth tether would sit in low Earth orbit to grab people and payloads and fling them off to Mars.
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The Mars tether catches them and slows them down for a landing on the surface.
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In the opposite direction, the tether could pick up a vehicle traveling through Mars' thin atmosphere at only about 1,000 kilometers an hour,
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The tethers could shorten trips between both planets from nine months down to five or even three, and reduce the scale of the rockets required by between 84 and 96%.
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Even better, people may be able to travel in relative luxury as we could afford to invest in passenger comfort.
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Tether travel would be first-class seats to Mars.
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Together, tethers around Earth and Mars could provide the rapid and cost-efficient transportation backbone that would make space travel affordable.
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But let's go further.
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Starting from low Mars orbit, a tether could boost ships to the asteroid belt.
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The first craft sent to a new asteroid would need rockets to slow down at its destination.
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Subsequent arrivals might find a tether waiting to catch them and send them back for free.
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Getting to asteroids cheaply is a major factor in opening up the resources of the solar system.
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Precious metals and valuable minerals could be delivered to Mars just weeks after they were cut out of their asteroid.
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They would be the perfect building blocks for our interplanetary civilization.
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Mars' moons are very convenient.
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Phobos is so heavy that we don't need to worry about slowing it down, making it the perfect attachment point for super tethers just under 6,000 km long.
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The lower tip would fly just over the surface of Mars and be very easy to catch.
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The upper tip can fling ships all the way to Jupiter and Saturn.
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The same super tether can also bring the inner solar system closer.
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Venus and Mercury are a single swing away.
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Unlike Mars, they're bursting with solar energy and are rich in minerals.
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In the long term, nothing is stopping humanity from constructing a zero-propellant transport network for the terrestrial planets centered on the Martian moons.
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Tethers are a comparably cheap and sustainable solution to making space travel affordable and the rest of the solar system accessible for exploitation and exploration.
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Considering that we have the technology to build them today, there's really no good excuse to wait any longer.
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Parts of the solar system are far away, but they could be very close.
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Our friends from Brilliant can hook you up to a universe full of explosive ideas and fun courses.
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Brilliant is a website that helps you tackle science in a practical way with interactive problem-solving courses and daily problems in maths, logic and engineering.
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Each problem gives you all the tools you need to crack complex topics all by yourself.
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It's learning by doing, but with your brain instead of your hands.
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Use your curiosity to get to the bottom of puzzles and courses about things like classical mechanics, astronomy, gravitational physics and much more.
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If you click the link in the description or visit "brilliant.org/nutshell", you can sign up for free and learn more things than you can imagine.
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And there's an extra perk for Kurzgesagt viewers.
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The first 688 people to use the link get 20% off their annual membership, which lets you view all the daily problems in the archives and unlock every course.
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Brilliant helps you end your day a little smarter.
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You might get hooked on the experience.
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It's unclear how precise those tests were, however.
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But how high is the risk of psychosis for the general population?
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The risk of marijuana-induced psychosis remains the highest
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For them, it seems more likely that marijuana speeds up the development of their condition
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So the reasoning goes, if fewer people have access to marijuana,
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But actually, you could argue that precisely because marijuana is illegal,
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more people will end up with psychosis.
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Prohibition makes illegal drugs stronger and more potent,
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because this way you can ship more product in a smaller space and sell it at a greater profit.
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This is what happened during the prohibition of alcohol in the US,
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And the same is happening with marijuana now.
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Imagine a world where liquor is the only alcohol available.
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You have the choice of either not drinking at all or getting much drunker than you would like to.
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This is the situation for many marijuana smokers today.
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People didn't stop drinking during prohibition
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and the numbers show that laws don't deter people from using marijuana.
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We can't make marijuana go away, but we can make it safer.
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If marijuana were legal, there would be more options for consumers
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and regulators could, for example, insist on a high level of CBD.
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Just like most people don't drink an after-work bottle of vodka,
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many people would gladly consume the after-work beer version of marijuana.
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Argument 2. Marijuana is a gateway drug.
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If it's legalized, there will be a spike in the use of much more dangerous drugs.
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