Barnes, Gina Lee. . Routledge, 2001. ISBN 0-7007-1323-9. Byington, Mark E. "Control or Conquer? Koguryǒ's Relations with States and Peoples in Manchuria," volume 4, number 1 (June 2007): 83-117. Gardiner, K.H.J. . Canberra, Centre of Oriental Studies in association with the Australian National University Press, 1969. ISBN 0-7081-0257-3. Gardiner, K.H.J. "The Kung-sun Warlords of Liao-tung (189-238)". 5 (Canberra, March 1972). 59-107. Gardiner, K.H.J. "The Kung-sun Warlords of Liao-tung (189-238) - Continued". 6 (Canberra, September 1972). 141-201. Henthorn, William E. . The Free Press, 1971. Hubert, Homer B. & Weems, Clarence Norwood (Ed.) Volume 1. Curzon Press, 1999. ISBN 0-7007-0700-X. Ikeuchi, Hiroshi. "The Chinese Expeditions to Manchuria under the Wei dynasty," 4 (1929): 71-119.