An Act To Clarify Ranked-choice Voting Laws
Maine Legislature, Session 129, LD 1663
Committee: Veterans and Legal Affairs
Sponsors: LUCHINI, SCHNECK, CHIPMAN, FARRIN, ACKLEY, GIDEON, HICKMAN, MARTIN, MAXMIN, STROM
Amends: 21-A MRSA §1, 21-A MRSA §601, 21-A MRSA §605-A, 21-A MRSA §696, 21-A MRSA §700, 21-A MRSA §711, 21-A MRSA §723, 21-A MRSA §723-A, 21-A MRSA §737-A

Legislative Document
No. 1663
S.P. 540
In Senate, April 30, 2019
An Act To Clarify Ranked-choice Voting Laws
Submitted by the Secretary of State pursuant to Joint Rule 204.
Reference to the Committee on Veterans and Legal Affairs suggested and ordered printed.
DAREK M. GRANT
Secretary of the Senate
Presented by Senator LUCHINI of Hancock.
Cosponsored by Representative SCHNECK of Bangor and
Senators: CHIPMAN of Cumberland, FARRIN of Somerset, Representatives: ACKLEY of 
Monmouth, Speaker GIDEON of Freeport, HICKMAN of Winthrop, MARTIN of Eagle Lake, 
MAXMIN of Nobleboro, STROM of Pittsfield.
Be it enacted by the People of the State of Maine as follows:
Sec. 1.  21-A MRSA §1, sub-§27-C, as repealed and replaced by PL 2017, c. 316, 
§1, is amended to read:
27-C.  Elections determined by ranked-choice voting.  "Elections determined by 
ranked-choice voting" means any election described in paragraph A or B in which 3 or 
more candidates have qualified to be listed on the ballot for a particular office or at least 2 
such candidates plus one or more declared write-in candidates have qualified for that 
particular office:
A.  Primary elections for the offices of United States Senator, United States 
Representative to Congress, Governor, State Senator and State Representative; and
B.  General and special elections for the offices of United States Senator and United 
States Representative to Congress; and.
Sec. 2.  21-A MRSA §601, sub-§1, as amended by PL 1993, c. 473, §11 and 
affected by §46, is further amended to read:
1.  Arrangement.  The ballots must be arranged in a manner that is as consistent and 
uniform as possible throughout the State, except that ranked-choice contests must be 
grouped together and presented either on a separate ballot from contests other than 
ranked-choice contests or on one side of a 2-sided ballot.
Sec. 3.  21-A MRSA §601, sub-§2, ¶A, as amended by PL 2013, c. 131, §15, is 
further amended to read:
A.  Instructions must be printed on the ballot informing the voter how to designate 
the voter's choice choices on the ballot.  Specific instructions must be presented 
above or next to the first contest of each type, such as ranked-choice contests, 
contests other than ranked-choice contests or referenda.
Sec. 4.  21-A MRSA §601, sub-§2, ¶J, as amended by PL 2017, c. 316, §3, is 
further amended to read:
J.  For elections determined by ranked-choice voting, the ballot must be simple and 
easy to understand and allow a voter to rank candidates for an office in order of 
preference.  A voter may include a write-in candidate only if that candidate is a 
declared write-in candidate for that office pursuant to section 722-A and may include 
no more than one write-in candidate among that voter's ranked choices for each 
office.
Sec. 5.  21-A MRSA §605-A, sub-§2, ¶A, as enacted by PL 2011, c. 342, §15, is 
amended to read:
A.  The voting instruction poster must include information on how to mark the ballot, 
including how to mark a write-in vote; how to replace the ballot if the voter makes a 
mistake; and how to receive assistance in marking the ballot.  It may include other 
voting information.  The Secretary of State may design separate instruction posters to 
instruct the voters on how to mark a ballot for elections to be determined by 
ranked-choice voting and those to be determined by plurality.
Sec. 6.  21-A MRSA §696, first ¶, as enacted by PL 1985, c. 161, §6, is amended 
to read:
The counting of ballots is governed by the following provisions, except as provided 
in the laws and rules governing ranked-choice voting.
Sec. 7.  21-A MRSA §700, as enacted by PL 2015, c. 146, §1, is amended to read:
§700.  Posting unofficial results
As soon as practicable after the election return is prepared under section 711, if a 
secure place is available at the voting place or municipal office where the public may 
view a paper copy of the unofficial election results even when the voting place or 
municipal office is closed, an election official shall post a paper copy of the unofficial 
results of the election.  For elections determined by ranked-choice voting, the unofficial 
results include only the first choice votes cast.
Sec. 8.  21-A MRSA §711, first ¶, as amended by PL 2009, c. 253, §34, is further 
amended to read:
As soon as the results of the election have been declared, the election return must be 
prepared.  The warden at each ward or precinct shall fill out the election return form 
provided by the Secretary of State, showing the number of votes cast for each candidate 
or question and recording the total number of state ballots cast in that ward or precinct.  
For elections determined by ranked-choice voting, the warden shall report on the election 
return only the first choice votes cast.  The warden and one other election official shall 
sign the return and immediately deliver it to the municipal clerk.  The form provided by 
the Secretary of State must include the names of all candidates, including declared write-
in candidates as determined by section 722-A.
Sec. 9.  21-A MRSA §723, sub-§1, as amended by PL 2017, c. 248, §5, is further 
amended to read:
1.  Primary election.  In a primary election, the person who receives a plurality of 
the votes cast for nomination to any office, as long as there is at least one vote cast for 
that office, is nominated for that office, except for write-in candidates under paragraph A 
and elections determined by ranked-choice voting under section 723-A.
A.  A write-in candidate who complies with section 722-A and who fulfills the other 
qualifications under section 334 may be nominated at the primary election if that 
person receives a number of valid write-in votes equal to at least twice the minimum 
number of signatures required under section 335, subsection 5 on a primary petition 
for a candidate for that office.
B.  The Secretary of State shall immediately certify by mail the nomination of each 
person nominated by the primary election.
Sec. 10.  21-A MRSA §723-A, sub-§1, ¶¶F and G, as enacted by IB 2015, c. 3, 
§5, are amended to read:
F.  "Last-place candidate" means the candidate with the fewest votes in a round of the 
ranked-choice voting tabulation count.
G.  "Mathematically impossible to be elected," with respect to a candidate, means 
either:
(1)  The candidate cannot be elected because the candidate's vote total in a round 
of the ranked-choice voting tabulation count plus all votes that could possibly be 
transferred to the candidate in future rounds from candidates with fewer votes or 
an equal number of votes would not be enough to surpass the candidate with the 
next-higher vote total in the round; or
(2)  The candidate has a lower vote total than a candidate described in 
subparagraph (1).
Sec. 11.  21-A MRSA §723-A, sub-§1, ¶H-1 is enacted to read:
H-1.  "Ranked-choice voting count" means the ranked-choice counting process 
described in this section and in rules adopted by the Secretary of State.
Sec. 12.  21-A MRSA §723-A, sub-§1, ¶J, as enacted by IB 2015, c. 3, §5, is 
amended to read:
J.  "Round" means an instance of the sequence of voting tabulation vote counting 
steps established in subsection 2 and in rules adopted by the Secretary of State.
Sec. 13.  21-A MRSA §723-A, sub-§2, as amended by PL 2017, c. 316, §8, is 
further amended to read:
2.  Procedures.  Except as provided in subsections subsection 3 and 4, the following 
procedures are used to determine the winner of an election determined by ranked-choice 
voting.  Tabulation The ranked-choice voting count must proceed in rounds.  In each 
round, the number of votes for each continuing candidate must be counted.  Each 
continuing ballot counts as one vote for its highest-ranked continuing candidate for that 
round.  Exhausted ballots are not counted for any continuing candidate.  The round then 
ends with one of the following 2 potential outcomes.
A.  If there are 2 or fewer continuing candidates, the candidate with the most votes is 
declared the winner of the election.
B.  If there are more than 2 continuing candidates, the last-place candidate is defeated 
and a new round begins.
Sec. 14.  21-A MRSA §723-A, sub-§3, as enacted by IB 2015, c. 3, §5, is 
amended to read:
3.  Ties.  A tie under this section between candidates for the most votes in the final 
round or a tie between last-place candidates in any round must be decided by lot, and the 
candidate chosen by lot is defeated.  The result of the tie resolution must be recorded and 
reused in the event of a recount.  Election officials may resolve prospective ties between 
candidates before the election A tie between candidates for the most votes in the final 
round must be decided as provided in section 732.
Sec. 15.  21-A MRSA §723-A, sub-§4, ¶A, as enacted by IB 2015, c. 3, §5, is 
amended to read:
A.  The number of allowable rankings may be limited to no fewer than 6 5.
Sec. 16.  21-A MRSA §737-A, 3rd ¶, as amended by PL 2007, c. 515, §9, is 
further amended to read:
A candidate who is the apparent loser and who desires a recount must file with the 
Secretary of State a written request for a recount within 5 business days after the election, 
except that in an election determined by ranked-choice voting, only a candidate who 
received one of the top 3 rankings at the end of the penultimate round of ranked-choice 
counting may request a recount.  The recount is held under the supervision of the 
Secretary of State, who shall allow the candidate's representatives or counsel to recount 
the ballots.  The candidate may not act as a counter of ballots.
SUMMARY
This bill clarifies that "elections determined by ranked-choice voting" only occur 
when there are 3 or more candidates for an office.  This bill specifies additional layout 
requirements for ballots containing ranked-choice contests.  This bill allows the Secretary 
of State to create a separate voter instruction poster for ranked-choice voting.  This bill 
provides that municipalities count and report only the first choice votes cast for elections 
determined by ranked-choice voting.  This bill substitutes the word "count" for the word 
"tabulate" in reference to ranked-choice voting.  This bill removes an inconsistent 
provision regarding ties in ranked-choice contests and changes the permitted restriction 
on the number of rankings allowed on the ballot in a ranked-choice voting contest from 6 
to 5.  This bill limits who can request a recount of a ranked-choice voting contest to the 
candidates receiving the top 3 rankings in the penultimate round of ranked-choice 
counting.