An Act To Protect the Environment and Public Health by Further Reducing Toxic Chemicals in Packaging
Maine Legislature, Session 129, LD 1433
Committee: Environment and Natural Resources
Sponsors: FAY, FOLEY, INGWERSEN, SHEATS, SKOLFIELD, STEARNS, ZEIGLER, MILLETT
Amends: 32 MRSA §1731, 32 MRSA §1732, 32 MRSA §1733, 32 MRSA §1733-A, 32 MRSA §1734, 32 MRSA §1735, 32 MRSA §1737, 32 MRSA §1739

Legislative Document
No. 1433
H.P. 1043
House of Representatives, March 28, 2019
An Act To Protect the Environment and Public Health by Further 
Reducing Toxic Chemicals in Packaging
Reference to the Committee on Environment and Natural Resources suggested and ordered 
printed.
ROBERT B. HUNT
Clerk
Presented by Representative FAY of Raymond.
Cosponsored by Senator FOLEY of York and
Representatives: INGWERSEN of Arundel, SHEATS of Auburn, SKOLFIELD of Weld, 
STEARNS of Guilford, ZEIGLER of Montville, Senators: MILLETT of Cumberland, 
SANBORN, L. of Cumberland.
Be it enacted by the People of the State of Maine as follows:
Sec. 1.  32 MRSA §1731, as enacted by PL 1989, c. 849, §1, is amended to read:
§1731.  Purpose
The purpose of this chapter is to reduce the toxicity of packaging and packaging 
waste without impeding or discouraging the expanded use of post-consumer materials in 
the production of packaging and its components.  Under this chapter, reduction of the 
toxicity in packaging and packaging waste is accomplished by prohibiting the 
unnecessary addition of heavy metals, such as lead, mercury, cadmium and hexavalent 
chromium, and other chemicals of concern, such as PFAS and phthalates, in packaging 
and packaging components.
Sec. 2.  32 MRSA §1732, as amended by PL 1995, c. 656, Pt. A, §§7 and 8, is 
further amended to read:
§1732.  Definitions
As used in this chapter, unless the context otherwise indicates, the following terms 
have the following meanings.
1-A.  Department.  "Department" means the Department of Environmental 
Protection.
1-B.  Chemical.  "Chemical" has the same meaning as in Title 38, section 1691, 
subsection 2.
1-C.  Chemical of concern.  "Chemical of concern" means a chemical with 
hazardous properties that has been listed by the department pursuant to Title 38, section 
1693 or that has been designated a chemical of concern by rule by the department 
pursuant to section 1733-A.
2.  Distributor.  "Distributor" means any person, firm or corporation that sells a 
packaged product to a retailer in this State or any person, firm or corporation that receives 
a shipment or consignment of, or in any other manner acquires, packaged products 
outside the State for sale to consumers in the State.
2-A.  Incidental presence.  "Incidental presence" means the presence of a regulated 
metal or other regulated chemical as an unintended or undesired ingredient of a package 
or packaging component.
2-B.  Intentional introduction.  "Intentional introduction" means the act of 
deliberately using a regulated metal or other regulated chemical in the formation of a 
package or packaging component when its continued presence is desired in the final 
package or packaging component to provide a specific characteristic, appearance or 
quality.
The use of a regulated metal or other regulated chemical as a processing agent or 
intermediate to impart certain chemical or physical changes during manufacturing, when 
the incidental retention of a residue of the metal or chemical in the final package or 
packaging component is neither desired nor deliberate, is not considered intentional 
introduction for the purposes of this chapter.
The use of recycled materials as feedstock for the manufacture of new packaging 
materials, when a portion of the recycled materials may contain amounts of the regulated 
metals or other regulated chemicals, is not considered intentional introduction for the 
purposes of this chapter when the new package or packaging component is in compliance 
with section 1733.
2-C.  Food package.  "Food package" means a package that is designed for direct 
food contact.  "Food package" includes, but is not limited to, plastic disposable gloves 
used in commercial or institutional food service.
3.  Manufacturer.  "Manufacturer" means any person who that manufactures a 
package or packaging component or applies a food package to a product for distribution 
or sale.
4.  Package.  "Package" means a container used in marketing, protecting or handling 
a product and.  "Package" includes a unit package and a shipping container defined by the 
American Society for Testing and Materials in its annual book of standards as ASTM, 
D996.  "Package" also includes such; a food package; and unsealed receptacles such as 
carrying cases, crates, cups, pails, rigid foil and other trays, wrappers and wrapping films, 
bags and tubs.
5.  Packaging component.  "Packaging component" means any individual assembled 
part of a package such as, but not limited to, any interior or exterior blocking, bracing, 
cushioning, weatherproofing, exterior strapping, coatings, closures, inks and labels.  Tin-
plated steel that meets the American Society for Testing and Materials specification A-
must be considered as a single package component.  Electrogalvanized coated steel 
and hot-dipped coated galvanized steel that meets the American Society for Testing and 
Materials specifications A-525 and A-879 must be treated in the same manner as tin-
plated steel.
5-A.  Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances.  "Perfluoroalkyl and 
polyfluoroalkyl substances" or "PFAS" means any member of the class of fluorinated 
organic chemicals containing at least one fully fluorinated carbon atom.
5-B.  Phthalates.  "Phthalates" means any member of the class of organic chemicals 
that are esters of phthalic acid containing 2 carbon chains located in the ortho position.
5-C.  Safer alternative.  "Safer alternative" has the same meaning as in Title 38, 
section 1691, subsection 12.
6.  Supplier.  "Supplier" means any person, firm or corporation that sells packages or 
packaging components to a distributor.
Sec. 3.  32 MRSA §1733, as enacted by PL 1989, c. 849, §1, is amended to read:
§1733.  Prohibitions; substitute materials
1.  Prohibition of sale of packaging containing certain heavy metals.  A 
manufacturer, supplier or distributor may not offer for sale or for promotional purposes a 
package or packaging component that includes inks, dyes, pigments, adhesives, 
stabilizers, coatings or any other additives to which any lead, cadmium, mercury or 
hexavalent chromium has been intentionally introduced during manufacturing or 
distribution.  This prohibition does not apply to the incidental presence of any of these 
elements.
2.  Prohibition of sale of product in packaging containing certain heavy metals.  
A manufacturer or distributor may not offer for sale or for promotional purposes any 
product in a package that includes, in the package itself or any packaging components, 
inks, dyes, pigments, adhesives, stabilizers, coatings or any other additives to which any 
lead, cadmium, mercury or hexavalent chromium has been intentionally introduced 
during manufacturing or distribution.  This prohibition does not apply to the incidental 
presence of any of these elements.
3.  Concentration levels of certain heavy metals.  The For the purposes of 
subsection 1 and 2, the sum of the concentration levels of lead, cadmium, mercury and 
hexavalent chromium present in any package or packaging component may not exceed:
A.  Effective April 1, 1992, 600 parts per million by weight, or 0.06%;
B.  Effective April 1, 1993, 250 parts per million by weight, or 0.025%; and
C.  Effective April 1, 1994, 100 parts per million by weight, or 0.01%.
3-A.  Prohibition of sale of food package containing phthalates.  Beginning 
January 1, 2022, a manufacturer, supplier or distributor may not offer for sale or for 
promotional purposes a food package or a packaging component of a food package that 
includes inks, dyes, pigments, adhesives, stabilizers, coatings, plasticizers or any other 
additives to which phthalates have been intentionally introduced in any amount greater 
than an incidental presence.
3-B.  Prohibition of sale of food package containing PFAS.  In accordance with the 
requirements of this subsection, the department may by rule prohibit a manufacturer, 
supplier or distributor from offering for sale or for promotional purposes a food package 
or a packaging component of a food package to which PFAS have been intentionally 
introduced in any amount greater than an incidental presence.
A.  The department may not by rule prohibit the sale of a food package or a 
packaging component of a food package to which PFAS have been intentionally 
introduced in any amount greater than an incidental presence under this subsection 
unless the department has determined that a safer alternative to the use of PFAS in a 
specific application of PFAS to a food package or packaging component of a food 
package is available.  To determine that a safer alternative is available, the 
department must find that a safer alternative is readily available in sufficient quantity 
and at a comparable cost and that the safer alternative performs as well or better than 
PFAS in a specific application of PFAS to a food package or packaging component 
of a food package.
B.  If the department determines pursuant to paragraph A that a safer alternative to 
the use of PFAS in a specific application of PFAS to a food package or packaging 
component of a food package is available, the department may by rule prohibit the 
sale of a food package or a packaging component of a food package to which PFAS 
have been intentionally introduced in any amount greater than an incidental presence 
under this subsection, except that such prohibition may not take effect until January 
1, 2022 or 2 years following the date on which the department determines that a safer 
alternative is available, whichever is later.
3-C.  Prohibition of sale of food package containing designated chemical of 
concern.  Beginning 2 years after the designation by the department of a chemical of 
concern pursuant to section 1733-A, unless a later effective date is specified by the 
department, a manufacturer, supplier or distributor may not offer for sale or for 
promotional purposes a food package or a packaging component of a food package that 
includes inks, dyes, pigments, adhesives, stabilizers, coatings or any other additives to 
which a chemical of concern subject to a restriction under section 1733-A, subsection 3 
has been intentionally introduced during manufacturing or distribution in any amount 
greater than an incidental presence.
3-D.  Exemption to prohibition of sale of food package.  The prohibitions in 
subsections 3-A, 3-B and 3-C do not apply to a manufacturer of a food or beverage 
product that has annual national sales of all food and beverage products produced by the 
manufacturer of less than one billion dollars.  A manufacturer that meets the requirements 
of this exemption shall submit a written request to the department for a determination that 
the manufacturer is exempt from the prohibitions in subsections 3-A, 3-B and 3-C, and 
the department shall provide a written determination to the manufacturer approving the 
exemption, denying the exemption or requesting additional information from the 
manufacturer.  A 2-year exemption may be granted under this subsection, and that 
exemption may be renewed every 2 years.
4.  Substitute materials.  No material used to replace lead, cadmium, mercury or, 
hexavalent chromium, phthalates, PFAS or a designated chemical of concern prohibited 
under subsection 3-C in a package or packaging component may be used in a quantity or 
manner that creates a hazard as great as or greater than the hazard created by the lead, 
cadmium, mercury or hexavalent chromium prohibited heavy metal or chemical.
Sec. 4.  32 MRSA §1733-A is enacted to read:
§1733-A.  Chemicals of concern
The department may by rule designate a chemical of concern in a food package or a 
packaging component of a food package and, except as provided in subsection 4, impose 
one or more of the requirements in subsections 1 to 3.
1.  Disclosure.  The department may require a manufacturer of a food package or a 
packaging component of a food package to submit a written notice regarding the use of a 
designated chemical of concern in the food package or packaging component, which must 
include, but is not limited to, information on the amount and concentration of the 
chemical in the food package or packaging component; information on the type of food 
package or packaging component; the intended purpose of the chemical; and the number 
of units of the food package or packaging component sold or distributed in the State or 
nationally.
2.  Alternatives.  The department may require a manufacturer of a food package or a 
packaging component of a food package to submit an assessment regarding the 
availability, cost, feasibility and performance, including the potential harm to human 
health and the environment, of alternatives to the designated chemical of concern and the 
reason the chemical is used in the manufacture of the food package or packaging 
component in lieu of identified alternatives.  If a manufacturer required to produce an 
assessment under this subsection fails to timely provide the department with such 
assessment, the department may require the manufacturer to pay to the department a fee 
that represents the reasonable actual costs to the department of contracting for the 
preparation of an independent assessment under this subsection.
3.  Prohibition.  If the department determines that a safer alternative to a 
manufacturer's use of a designated chemical of concern in a food package or a packaging 
component of a food package is reasonably available, effective and affordable to the 
consumer, the department may require compliance by the manufacturer with the 
prohibition in section 1733, subsection 3-C.
4.  Exemption.  The requirements in subsections 1 to 3 may not be applied to a 
manufacturer of a food or beverage product that has annual national sales of all food and 
beverage products produced by the manufacturer of less than one billion dollars.  A 
manufacturer that meets the requirements of this exemption shall submit a written request 
to the department for a determination that the manufacturer is exempt from the 
requirements in subsections 1 to 3, and the department shall provide a written 
determination to the manufacturer approving the exemption, denying the exemption or 
requesting additional information from the manufacturer.  A 2-year exemption may be 
granted under this subsection, and that exemption may be renewed every 2 years.
Sec. 5.  32 MRSA §1734, as amended by PL 1995, c. 656, Pt. A, §9, is further 
amended to read:
§1734.  Exemptions
All packages and packaging components are subject to the provisions of section 1733 
unless:
1.  Manufactured prior to April 1, 1992.  The package or packaging component has 
a code indicating a date of manufacture prior to the effective date of this section April 1, 
1992;
2.  Health and safety requirements; feasibility; post-consumer materials.  The 
manufacturer, supplier or distributor petitions the department for an exemption for a 
particular package or packaging component and the department grants an exemption for 
one or more of the following reasons.
A.  The package or packaging component contains lead, cadmium, mercury or 
hexavalent chromium added in the manufacturing, forming, printing or distribution 
process in order to comply with health or safety requirements of state or federal law.
B.  There is no feasible alternative to the use of lead, cadmium, mercury or 
hexavalent chromium in the package or packaging component.  For the purposes of 
this section, "no feasible alternative" means a use in which the regulated substance is 
essential to the protection, safe handling or function of the package's contents.
C.  The addition of post-consumer materials causes the package or packaging 
component to exceed the maximum concentration levels set forth in section 1733, 
subsection 3.
D.  There is no safer alternative to the use of a chemical of concern prohibited under 
section 1733, subsection 3-C in a food package or packaging component of a food 
package that is reasonably available, effective and affordable to the consumer.
For packages or packaging components exempted under paragraph A or, B or D, a 2-year 
exemption may be granted and that exemption may be renewed for an additional 2 years.  
An exemption granted under paragraph C is valid for 6 years; or
3.  Alcoholic beverages bottled prior to April 1, 1992.  The package or packaging 
component contains an alcoholic beverage bottled prior to April 1, 1992; or.
Sec. 6.  32 MRSA §1735, sub-§3 is enacted to read:
3.  Food package; limitation of scope of certificate.  A manufacturer subject to the 
prohibitions under section 1733, subsection 3-A, 3-B or 3-C shall develop a certificate of 
compliance under this section, except that the manufacturer may limit the scope of the 
certificate to the prohibitions in section 1733, subsection 3-A, 3-B or 3-C.  A 
manufacturer that is exempt under section 1733, subsection 3-D or section 1733-A, 
subsection 4 is also exempt from the requirements of this subsection.
Sec. 7.  32 MRSA §1737, as amended by PL 1995, c. 656, Pt. A, §12 and PL 2011, 
c. 657, Pt. W, §5, is repealed and the following enacted in its place:
§1737.  Rules
The department shall adopt rules necessary for the implementation, administration 
and enforcement of this chapter.  Rules adopted pursuant to this section are routine 
technical rules as defined in Title 5, chapter 375, subchapter 2-A.
Sec. 8.  32 MRSA §1739, as enacted by PL 1989, c. 849, §1, is repealed.
SUMMARY
This bill amends the laws regarding the reduction of toxics in packaging to prohibit 
the sale of food packaging to which phthalates have been intentionally introduced, 
effective January 1, 2022.  It also authorizes the Department of Environmental Protection 
to by rule prohibit the sale of food packaging to which perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl 
substances, or PFAS, have been intentionally introduced upon a determination by the 
department that a safer alternative to the intentionally introduced PFAS is available, 
except that such prohibition may not take effect until January 1, 2022 or 2 years 
following the department's determination that a safer alternative is available, whichever is 
later.
The bill provides an exemption from these prohibitions for a manufacturer of a food 
or beverage product that has annual national sales of all food and beverage products 
produced by the manufacturer of less than one billion dollars.  It also authorizes the 
department to designate additional chemicals of concern in food packaging; to require 
manufacturers of food packaging that use such designated chemicals to report regarding 
its use of the chemical and the availability of safer alternatives; and to prohibit the sale of 
food packaging to which a designated chemical of concern has been intentionally 
introduced if safer alternatives are reasonably available, effective and affordable to the 
consumer.