ANAPTYSBIO - TECHNOLOGY ABOUT TECHNOLOGY PIPELINE INVESTORS / NEWS CAREERS THERAPEUTIC ANTIBODIES Antibodies are complex proteins naturally generated by the immune system to neutralize foreign pathogens such as bacteria or viruses. B cells, a white blood cell type responsible for the generation of antibodies in response to pathogens, secrete billions of antibodies with different specificities into the bloodstream. Antibodies are structurally distinct Y-shaped proteins formed through the combination of two long proteins, called heavy chains, and two short proteins, called light chains. Each heavy and light chain pair forms a binding site where the antibody specifically binds its target, otherwise known as an antigen, at the Fab domain of the antibody molecule. The specificity of each antibody to a target, and the potency of its binding strength to that target are defined by the amino acid sequences of heavy and light chains in the Fab domain of the antibody molecule. The other end of the antibody, called the Fc domain, is responsible for communication between the antibody and the rest of the immune system. Fc domains bind to various receptors and cause immune system effector responses. Therapeutic antibodies are typically non-naturally occurring, or recombinant, antibodies specifically developed to treat human diseases by binding to certain proteins, and thereby modulating key biological processes. Therapeutic antibodies are injectable products that are typically dosed subcutaneously or intravenously. SOMATIC HYPERMUTATION Our innovative platform is designed to replicate the natural process of somatic hypermutation (SHM) embedded within the human immune system to rapidly develop a diverse range of therapeutic-grade antibodies in vitro. SHM is a critical, endogenous process that generates the essential antibody diversity required to develop a natural immune response to pathogens. Our genomes encode a limited number of antibody genes, which are insufficient to generate antibodies against the wide variety of foreign pathogens encountered from the external environment. SHM enables our immune system to expand the limited diversity encoded within our genomes to the billions of antibody specificities required to defend ourselves against external pathogens. The key enzyme required for SHM is called activation-induced cytidine deaminase, or AID. AID has been genetically conserved throughout mammalian biology and is required for the non-random mutagenesis pattern associated with SHM. AID is specifically expressed by B cells after contact with a foreign pathogen and modifies antibody sequences in a non-random fashion. Through SHM, B cells evolve antibodies with the potency and specificity required to clear the foreign pathogen. However, within the in vivo environment, SHM does not generally progress to the creation of high potency antibodies or develop antibodies against the body’s own proteins. SHM PLATFORM By coupling in vitro SHM with our mammalian cell system that simultaneously displays and secretes antibodies, we believe our SHM platform is able to rapidly identify and mature antibodies with desired functional activity to high potency while simultaneously mitigating the risks associated with manufacturing. We introduce AID into mammalian cells to replicate the non-random mutagenesis SHM pattern observed within B cells in vivo. Starting with a library of either fully-human or humanized antibodies, our platform generates AID-based variants of the starting antibody library throughout the process. We have demonstrated that the pattern of mutagenesis we observe in vitro using our platform technology closely mimics the pattern observed among in vivo generated antibodies, thereby increasing confidence that antibodies generated by our platform will be tolerated when used as therapeutic drugs in humans. By selecting antibodies based on their antigen binding from the broad antibody library population our SHM platform develops, we are able to evolve in an iterative fashion the binding potency and function of antibodies to levels that we believe will be required for therapeutic use. We believe this approach allows us to rapidly generate antibodies with high binding potency against a target. Through this approach, we have successfully generated therapeutic antibody product candidates to more than 25 targets, including targets that have been challenging for competing antibody technology platforms. Each evolving antibody is expressed within the SHM-active mammalian cell to concurrently (i) display the evolved antibody on the cell surface to permit cell sorting selection for potency properties while (ii) the same antibody is secreted into the extracellular media at sufficient quantities to permit functional assays to be conducted. In this manner, the evolving antibodies expressed by each transfected cell are assessed in a high-throughput fashion for the desired functional activity relevant to the therapeutic mechanism. To access scientific publications on this topic, please click here. KEY ADVANTAGES We believe our SHM platform has the following advantages over competing approaches: Diversity Against Difficult Targets We are able to generate an unprecedented diversity of antibodies by applying SHM-based diversification outside of the constraints of an in vivo environment. This enables us to develop antibodies against human targets that we believe have not otherwise been accessible to prior technologies. High Potency Because our platform generates highly-potent antibodies, we are potentially able to modulate every extracellular target associated with human disease, and believe only small therapeutic doses may be required to mediate therapeutic effect in vivo. Functional Activity Selection Our mammalian cell system simultaneously displays and secretes antibodies during the antibody discovery process, allowing us to incorporate functional assays throughout the process and focus on producing product candidates that are optimized for the desired therapeutic activity. Speed Our platform technology enables us to generate therapeutic-grade antibodies and initiate subsequent preclinical manufacturing and toxicology studies. Manufacturability By utilizing our mammalian cell display system, we believe our approach increases the probability of success in manufacturing and commercialization by mitigating risks associated with antibody expression, formulation and stability. PUBLICATIONS Technology Platform Coupling mammalian cell surface display with somatic hypermutation for the discovery and maturation of human antibodies Bowers et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Dec 20;108(51):20455-60. doi:10.1073/pnas.1114010108 Mammalian cell display for the discovery and optimization of antibody therapeutics Bowers et al. Methods. 2014 Jan 1;65(1):44-56. doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.06.010 Humanization of Antibodies Using Heavy Chain Complementarity-determining Region 3 Grafting Coupled with in Vitro Somatic Hypermutation Bowers et al. J Biol Chem. 2013 Mar 15;288(11):7688-96. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.445502 High Affinity Humanized Antibodies without Making Hybridomas; Immunization Paired with Mammalian Cell Display and In Vitro Somatic Hypermutation McConnell et al. PLOS ONE. 2012;7(11):e49458. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049458 AID-induced insertions and deletions complement point mutations to massively expand the diversity created by somatic hypermutation of antibodies Verdino et al. Poster presented at Keystone Symposium on Antibodies as Drugs 2015. The Biochemistry of Somatic Hypermutation Peled et al. Annu Rev Immunol. J Exp Med. 2005 May 2;201(9):1467-78. doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090236 Intricate targeting of immunoglobulin somatic hypermutation maximizes the efficiency of affinity maturation Zheng et al. J Exp Med. 2005 May 2;201(9):1467-78. doi:10.1084/jem.20042483 Generation and iterative affinity maturation of antibodies in vitro using hypermutating B-cell lines Cumbers et al. Nat Biotechnol. 2002 Nov;20(11):1129-34. doi:10.1038/nbt752 Imsidolimab Imsidolimab, an Anti-IL-36 Receptor Monoclonal Antibody, in the Treatment of Generalized Pustular Psoriasis: Results from a Phase 2 Trial Gudjonsson et al. 2021 Oct. Presented at 2021 European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology Annual Congress. A Phase 1 Study of ANB019, an Anti-Interleukin-36-Receptor (IL-36R) Monoclonal Antibody, in Healthy Volunteers Khanskaya et al. 2018 May. Poster presented at the 2018 European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) Congress. IL-36 in psoriasis Towne et al. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2012 Aug;12(4):486-90. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2012.02.009 IL-36: a potential psoriasis target? Raison et al. Expert Rev Dermatol. 2012 7(6):503-505. doi:10.1586/EDM.12.65 Interleukin-36–Receptor Antagonist Deficiency and Generalized Pustular Psoriasis Marrakchi et al. N Engl J Med. 2011 Aug 18;365(7):620-8. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1013068 Mutations in IL36RN/IL1F5 Are Associated with the Severe Episodic Inflammatory Skin Disease Known as Generalized Pustular Psoriasis Onoufriadis et al. Am J Hum Genet. 2011 Sep 9;89(3):432-7. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.07.022 The Majority of Generalized Pustular Psoriasis without Psoriasis Vulgaris Is Caused by Deficiency of Interleukin-36 Receptor Antagonist Sugiura et al. J Invest Dermatol. 2013 Nov;133(11):2514-21. doi:10.1038/jid.2013.230 IL-1F5, -F6, -F8, and -F9: A Novel IL-1 Family Signaling System That Is Active in Psoriasis and Promotes Keratinocyte Antimicrobial Peptide Expression Johnston et al. J Immunol. 2011 Feb 15;186(4):2613-22. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1003162 Opposing activities of two novel members of the IL-1 ligand family regulate skin inflammation Blumberg et al. J Exp Med. 2007 Oct 29;204(11):2603-14. doi:10.1084/jem.20070157 Rosnilimab Discovery of a PD 1 Checkpoint Agonist Antibody for Autoimmune Inflammatory Disease Marilyn R. Kehry, Gerald Manorek, Janean Fisher, Natasha Del Cid, Allison Rooks, Laurence Altobell III, Gregory Gold, Morena Shaw, Robert Morse, Margaret Marino, Jessie-Farah Fecteau, and Stephen Parmley. AnaptysBio, Inc., San Diego, CA PD-1 and PD-1 ligands: from discovery to clinical application Taku Okazaki and Tasuku Honjo 21st Century Center of Excellence Formation and Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan ANB032 Discovery and Characterization of ANB032, a Novel BTLA/HVEM Checkpoint Modulator for Autoimmune/Inflammatory Disease Martin E. Dahl, Jean da Silva, Gerald Manorek, Natasha Del Cid, April Fraley, Gregory Gold, Robert Morse, Margaret Marino, JingUei Verkade, Yu-yu Ren, Janean Young, Paul Fisher, Stephen Parmley and Marilyn R. Kehry. AnaptysBio, Inc., San Diego, CA Immuno-Oncology Preclinical characterization of dostarlimab, a therapeutic anti-PD-1 antibody with potent activity to enhance immune function in in vitro cellular assays and in vivo animal models Kumar et al. MAbs. 2021 July 13(1):e1954136. doi:10.1080/19420862.2021.1954136. Identification and characterization of TSR-042, a novel anti-PD-1 therapeutic antibody Laken et al. Poster presented at EORTC-NCI-AACR Symposium on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics 2016. Discovery of TSR-022, a novel, potent anti-TIM-3 therapeutic antibody Laken et al. Poster presented at EORTC-NCI-AACR Symposium on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics 2016. Targeting PD-1, TIM-3 and LAG-3 in Combination for Improved Immunotherapy Combinations Kehry et al. Poster presented at AACR Annual Meeting 2015. Generation of anti-LAG-3 monoclonal antibodies for use in immunotherapy combinations Jun et al. Poster presented at Keystone Symposium on Antibodies as Drugs 2015. Identification and Characterization of a Potent Anti-Human Tim-3 Antagonist Correia et al. Poster presented at AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy 2014. Generation of antagonistic anti-TIM-3 and LAG-3 monoclonal antibodies for potential novel immunotherapy combinations Jun et al. Poster presented at AACR Annual Meeting 2014. 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