GriftHorse Android Trojan Steals Millions from Over 10 Million Victims Globally September 29, 2021 Aazim Yaswant Share this blog more Research and writeup by Aazim Yaswant and Nipun Gupta With the increase of mobile device use in everyday life, it is no surprise to see cybercriminals targeting these endpoints for financial crimes. Zimperium zLabs recently discovered an aggressive mobile premium services campaign with upwards of 10 million victims globally, and the total amount stolen could be well into the hundreds of millions of Euros. While typical premium service scams take advantage of phishing techniques, this specific global scam has hidden behind malicious Android applications acting as Trojans, allowing it to take advantage of user interactions for increased spread and infection. These malicious Android applications appear harmless when looking at the store description and requested permissions, but this false sense of confidence changes when users get charged month over month for the premium service they get subscribed to without their knowledge and consent. The Zimperium zLabs researchers discovered this global premium services Trojan campaign through a rise in specific alerts from our z9 on-device malware detection engine, which detected and reported the true nature of these malicious Android applications. Forensic evidence of this active Android Trojan attack, which we have named GriftHorse, suggests that the threat group has been running this campaign since November 2020. These malicious applications were initially distributed through both Google Play and third-party application stores. Zimperium zLabs reported the findings to Google, who verified the provided information and removed the malicious applications from the Google Play store. However, the malicious applications are still available on unsecured third-party app repositories, highlighting the risk of sideloading applications to mobile endpoints and user data and needing advanced on-device security. Disclosure: As a key member of the Google App Defense Alliance, Zimperium scans applications before publishing and provides an ongoing analysis of Android apps in the Google Play Store. In this blog, we will: Cover the capabilities of the GriftHorse Trojan; Discuss the architecture of the applications; Show the communication with the C&C server; and Explore the global impact of the GriftHorse campaign. What can the GriftHorse Android Trojan do? The mobile applications pose a threat to all Android devices by functioning as a Trojan that subscribes unsuspecting users to paid services, charging a premium amounting to around 36 Euros per month. The campaign has targeted millions of users from over 70 countries by serving selective malicious pages to users based on the geo-location of their IP address with the local language. This social engineering trick is exceptionally successful, considering users might feel more comfortable sharing information to a website in their local language. Upon infection, the victim is bombarded with alerts on the screen letting them know they had won a prize and needed to claim it immediately. These pop ups reappear no less than five times per hour until the application user successfully accepts the offer. Upon accepting the invitation for the prize, the malware redirects the victim to a geo-specific webpage where they are asked to submit their phone numbers for verification. But in reality, they are submitting their phone number to a premium SMS service that would start charging their phone bill over €30 per month. The victim does not immediately notice the impact of the theft, and the likelihood of it continuing for months before detection is high, with little to no recourse to get one’s money back. These cybercriminals took great care not to get caught by malware researchers by avoiding hardcoding URLs or reusing the same domains and filtering / serving the malicious payload based on the originating IP address’s geolocation. This method allowed the attackers to target different countries in different ways. This check on the server-side evades dynamic analysis checking for network communication and behaviors. Overall, GriftHorse Android Trojan takes advantage of small screens, local trust, and misinformation to trick users into downloading and installing these Android Trojans, as well frustration or curiosity when accepting the fake free prize spammed into their notification screens. How does the GriftHorse Android Trojan work? The Trojans are developed using the mobile application development framework named Apache Cordova. Cordova allows developers to use standard web technologies – HTML5, CSS3, and JavaScript for cross-platform mobile development. This technology enables developers to deploy updates to apps without requiring the user to update manually. While this framework should provide the user a better experience and security, the very same technology can be abused to host the malicious code on the server and develop an application that executes this code in real-time. The application displays as a web page that references HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and images. Upon installation and launch of the application, the encrypted files stored in the “assets/www” folder of the APK is decrypted using “AES/CBC/PKCS5Padding”. After decryption, the file index.html is then loaded using the WebView class. Figure 1: The application code containing Key, IV, and file types to decrypt dynamically The core functionality source code lies in the js/index.js file that calls onDeviceReady function which adds “Google Advertising ID (AAID) for Android devices” to appConf. The data structure appConf is populated with AppsFlyerUID collected after initializing AppsFlyer (React Native AppsFlyer plugin) using the devKey. Following necessary checks, the program control is given to GetData(). Figure 4: The contents of index.js file that calls GetData() The GetData() function handles the communication between the application and the C&C server by encrypting an HTTP POST request with the value of appConf. Figure 5: The GetData() function that communicates with the C&C server The request and response network communication with the server can be seen in the following screenshots, where the parameter “d” is the encrypted ciphertext of appConf. The received encrypted response is decrypted using AES to collect the second-stage C&C URL and executes a GET request using Cordova’s InAppBrowser. The decrypted contents of the above communication can be seen in the following screenshots. Figure 9: The decrypted content of the response from the first-stage C&C server Figure 8: The decrypted content of the POST request to the first-stage C&C server The configuration for pushing the notifications is received in the response and displayed every one hour for five times as seen in the below screenshot. The motive of this repetitive notification pushing is to grab the user’s attention and navigate to the application. The second-stage C&C domain is always the same irrespective of the application or the geolocation of the victim, and the GET request to this server navigates the browser to the third-stage URL. An example of the response can be seen below. The third-stage URL displays the final page asking for the victim’s phone number and subscribes to several paid services and premium subscriptions. The JavaScript code embedded in the page is responsible for the malicious behavior of the application due to the interaction between the Web and Mobile resources. Some examples of the displayed page and the malicious JS codes are shown below. There are two variants of the campaign differing by the interaction with the victim: First Variant: Displays a “Continue” or “Click” Button, clicking on which initiates an SMS sending action as shown in the above screenshots. This URI is parsed. Example: “sms:1252?body=TREND frcql1sm”. Second Variant: Requests the victim’s phone number to be entered and registered with the server’s backend. Then the malicious behavior is the same as the first variant. The interaction between the WebPage and the in-app functions is facilitated by the JavaScript Interface, which allows JavaScript code inside a WebView to trigger actions in the native(application) level code. This can include the collection of data about the device, including IMEI, and IMSI among others. The GriftHorse Threat Actors The GriftHorse campaign is one of the most widespread campaigns the zLabs threat research team has witnessed in 2021, attributing its success to the rarely seen combination of features: Completely undetected and reported by any other AV vendors; More than 200 Trojan applications were used in the campaign; Sophisticated architecture preventing the investigation of the extent of this campaign; and No-Reuse policy to avoid the blocklisting of strings. The level of sophistication, use of novel techniques, and determination displayed by the threat actors allowed them to stay undetected for several months. In addition to a large number of applications, the distribution of the applications was extremely well-planned, spreading their apps across multiple, varied categories, widening the range of potential victims. The following chart shows the category distribution of the apps found: The Victims of GriftHorse Trojan The campaign is exceptionally versatile, targeting mobile users from 70+ countries by changing the application’s language and displaying the content according to the current user’s IP address. Based on the collected intel, GriftHorse has infected over 10 million victim’s devices in the last few months. The cybercriminal group behind the GriftHorse campaign has built a stable cash flow of illicit funds from these victims, generating millions in recurring revenue each month with the total amount stolen potentially well into the hundreds of millions. Each of the victims is charged over €30 per month, leading to recurring financial loss until they manage to rectify the issue by contacting their SIM operator. The campaign has been actively under development for several months, starting from November 2020, and the last updated time dates back to April 2021. This means one of their first victims, if they have not shut off the scam, has lost more than €200 at the time of writing. The cumulative loss of the victims adds up to a massive profit for the cybercriminal group. Figure 21: Heatmap of the over 10 million victims spread across over 70 countries Zimperium vs. GriftHorse Android Trojan Zimperium zIPS customers are protected against GriftHorse Trojan with our on-device z9 Mobile Threat Defense machine learning engine. To ensure your Android users are protected from GriftHorse Trojan, we recommend a quick risk assessment. Any application with GriftHorse will be flagged as a Suspicious App Threat on the device and in the zConsole. Admins can also review which apps are sideloaded onto the device that could be increasing the attack surface and leaving data and users at risk. Summary of GriftHorse Android Trojan The threat actors have exerted substantial effort to maximize their presence in the Android ecosystem through a large number of applications, developer accounts, and domains. The Zimperium zLab researchers have noticed the technique of abusing cross-platform development frameworks to stay undetected has been on the rise, making it more difficult for legacy mobile AV providers to detect and protect their customers. The timeline of the threat group dates back to November 2020, suggesting that their patience and persistence will probably not come to an end with the closing down of this campaign. The threat to Android users will always be present, considering the innovative approaches used by malicious actors to infect the victims. The numerical stats reveal that more than 10 million Android users fell victim to this campaign globally, suffering financial losses while the threat group grew wealthier and motivated with time. And while the victims struggle to get their money back, the cybercriminals made off with millions of Euros through this technically novel and effective Trojan campaign. Indicators of Compromise List of Applications Package Name App Name Min Max com.tra.nslat.orpro.htp Handy Translator Pro 500,000 1,000,000 com.heartratteandpulsetracker Heart Rate and Pulse Tracker 100,000 500,000 com.geospot.location.glt Geospot: GPS Location Tracker 100,000 500,000 com.icare.fin.loc iCare – Find Location 100,000 500,000 my.chat.translator My Chat Translator 100,000 500,000 com.bus.metrolis.s Bus – Metrolis 2021 100,000 500,000 com.free.translator.photo.am Free Translator Photo 100,000 500,000 com.locker.tul.lt Locker Tool 100,000 500,000 com.fin.gerp.rint.fc Fingerprint Changer 100,000 500,000 com.coll.rec.ord.er Call Recoder Pro 100,000 500,000 instant.speech.translation Instant Speech Translation 100,000 500,000 racers.car.driver Racers Car Driver 100,000 500,000 slime.simu.lator Slime Simulator 100,000 500,000 keyboard.the.mes Keyboard Themes 100,000 500,000 whats.me.sticker What’s Me Sticker 100,000 500,000 amazing.video.editor Amazing Video Editor 100,000 500,000 sa.fe.lock Safe Lock 100,000 500,000 heart.rhy.thm Heart Rhythm 100,000 500,000 com.sma.spot.loca.tor Smart Spot Locator 100,000 500,000 cut.cut.pro CutCut Pro 100,000 500,000 com.offroaders.survive OFFRoaders – Survive 100,000 500,000 com.phon.fin.by.cl.ap Phone Finder by Clapping 100,000 500,000 com.drive.bus.bds Bus Driving Simulator 100,000 500,000 com.finger.print.def Fingerprint Defender 100,000 500,000 com.lifeel.scanandtest Lifeel – scan and test 100,000 500,000 com.la.so.uncher.io Launcher iOS 15 100,000 500,000 com.gunt.ycoon.dle Idle Gun Tycoo\u202an\u202c 50,000 100,000 com.scan.asdn Scanner App Scan Docs & Notes 50,000 100,000 com.chat.trans.alm Chat Translator All Messengers 50,000 100,000 com.hunt.contact.ro Hunt Contact 50,000 100,000 com.lco.nylco Icony 50,000 100,000 horoscope.fortune.com Horoscope : Fortune 50,000 100,000 fit.ness.point Fitness Point 50,000 100,000 com.qub.la Qibla AR Pro 50,000 100,000 com.heartrateandmealtracker Heart Rate and Meal Tracker 50,000 100,000 com.mneasytrn.slator Mine Easy Translator 50,000 100,000 com.phone.control.blockspamx PhoneControl Block Spam Calls 50,000 100,000 com.paral.lax.paper.thre Parallax paper 3D 50,000 100,000 com.photo.translator.spt SnapLens – Photo Translator 50,000 100,000 com.qibl.apas.dir Qibla Pass Direction 50,000 100,000 com.caollerrrex Caller-x 50,000 100,000 com.cl.ap Clap 50,000 100,000 com.eff.phot.opro Photo Effect Pro 10,000 50,000 com.icon.nec.ted.trac.ker iConnected Tracker 10,000 50,000 com.smal.lcallrecorder Smart Call Recorder 10,000 50,000 com.hor.oscope.pal Daily Horoscope & Life Palmestry 10,000 50,000 com.qiblacompasslocatoriqez Qibla Compass (Kaaba Locator) 10,000 50,000 com.proo.kie.phot.edtr Prookie-Cartoon Photo Editor 10,000 50,000 com.qibla.ultimate.qu Qibla Ultimate 10,000 50,000 com.truck.roud.offroad.z Truck – RoudDrive Offroad 10,000 50,000 com.gpsphonuetrackerfamilylocator GPS Phone Tracker – Family Locator 10,000 50,000 com.call.recorder.cri Call Recorder iCall 10,000 50,000 com.pikcho.editor PikCho Editor app 10,000 50,000 com.streetprocarsracingss Street Cars: pro Racing 10,000 50,000 com.cinema.hall Cinema Hall: Free HD Movies 10,000 50,000 com.ivlewepapallr.bkragonucd Live Wallpaper & Background 10,000 50,000 com.in1.tel.ligent.trans.lt.pro Intelligent Translator Pro 10,000 50,000 com.aceana.lyzzer Face Analyzer 10,000 50,000 com.tueclert.ruercder *TrueCaller & TrueRecoder 10,000 50,000 *This fake app is not to be confused by the legitimate Truecaller, by True Software Scandinavia AB com.trans.lator.txt.voice.pht iTranslator_ Text & Voice & Photo 10,000 50,000 com.puls.rat.monik Pulse App – Heart Rate Monitor 10,000 50,000 com.vidphoremanger Video & Photo Recovery Manager 2 10,000 50,000 online.expresscredit.com Быстрые кредиты 24\7 10,000 50,000 fit.ness.trainer Fitness Trainer 10,000 50,000 com.clip.buddy ClipBuddy 10,000 50,000 vec.tor.art Vector arts 10,000 50,000 ludo.speak.v2 Ludo Speak v2.0 10,000 50,000 battery.live.wallpaperhd Battery Live Wallpaper 4K 10,000 50,000 com.heartrateproxhealthmonitor Heart Rate Pro Health Monitor 10,000 50,000 com.locatorqiafindlocation Locatoria – Find Location 10,000 50000 com.gtconacer GetContacter 10,000 50000 ph.oto.lab Photo Lab 10,000 50,000 com.phoneboster AR Phone Booster – Battery Saver 10,000 50,000 com.translator.arabic.en English Arabic Translator direct 10,000 50,000 com.vpn.fast.proxy.fep VPN Zone – Fast & Easy Proxy 10,000 50,000 com.projector.mobile.phone 100% Projector for Mobile Phone 10,000 50,000 com.forza.mobile.ult.ed Forza H Mobile 4 Ultimate Edition 10,000 50,000 com.sticky.slime.sim.asmr.nws Amazing Sticky Slime Simulator ASMR\u200f 10,000 50,000 com.clap.t.findz.m.phone Clap To Find My Phone 10,000 50,000 com.mirror.scree.n.cast.tvv Screen Mirroring TV Cast 10,000 50,000 com.frcallworwid Free Calls WorldWide 10,000 50,000 locator.plus.my My Locator Plus 10,000 50,000 com.isalamqciqc iSalam Qibla Compass 5,000 10,000 com.lang.tra.nslate.ltef Language Translator-Easy&Fast 5,000 10,000 com.wifi.unlock.pas.pro.x WiFi Unlock Password Pro X 5,000 10,000 com.chat.live.stream.pvc Pony Video Chat-Live Stream 5,000 10,000 com.zodiac.hand Zodiac : Hand 5,000 10,000 com.lud.gam.ecl Ludo Game Classic 5,000 10,000 com.locx.findx.locx Loca – Find Location 5,000 10,000 com.easy.tv.show.ets Easy TV Show 5,000 10,000 com.qiblaquran Qibla correct Quran Coran Koran 5,000 10,000 com.dat.ing.app.sw.mt Dating App – Sweet Meet 5,000 10,000 com.circ.leloca.fi.nder R Circle – Location Finder 5,000 10,000 com.taggsskconattc TagsContact 5,000 10,000 com.ela.salaty.musl.qibla Ela-Salaty: Muslim Prayer Times & Qibla Direction 1,000 5,000 com.qiblacompassrtvi Qibla Compass 1,000 5,000 com.soul.scanner.check.yh Soul Scanner – Check Your 1,000 5,000 com.chat.video.live.ciao CIAO – Live Video Chat 1,000 5,000 com.plant.camera.identifier.pci Plant Camera Identifier 1,000 5,000 com.call.colop.chan.cc Color Call Changer 1,000 5,000 com.squishy.pop.it Squishy and Pop it 1,000 5,000 com.keyboard.virt.projector.app Keyboard: Virtual Projector App 1,000 5,000 com.scanr.gdp.doc Scanner Pro App: PDF Document 1,000 5,000 com.qrrea.derpro QR Reader Pro 1,000 5,000 com.f.x.key.bo.ard FX Keyboard 1,000 5,000 photoeditor.frame.com You Frame 1,000 5,000 call.record.prov Call Record Pro 1,000 5,000 com.isl.srick.ers Free Islamic Stickers 2021 1,000 5,000 com.qr.code.reader.scan QR Code Reader – Barcode Scanner 1,000 5,000 com.scan.n.ray Bag X-Ray 100% Scanner 1,000 5,000 com.phone.caller.screnn Phone Caller Screen 2021 1,000 5,000 com.trnsteito.nneapp Translate It – Online App 1,000 5,000 com.mobthinfind Mobile Things Finder 1,000 5,000 com.piriufffcaer Proof-Caller 1,000 5,000 com.hones.earcy.laof Phone Search by Clap 1,000 5,000 com.secontranslapro Second Translate PRO 1,000 5,000 cal.ler.ids CallerID 1,000 5,000 com.camera.d.plan 3D Camera To Plan 500 1,000 com.qib.find.qib.di Qibla Finder – Qibla Direction 500 1,000 com.stick.maker.waps Stickers Maker for WhatsApp 500 1,000 com.qbbl.ldironwach Qibla direction watch (compass) 500 1,000 com.bo.ea.lesss.piano Piano Bot Easy Lessons 500 1000 com.seond.honen.umber CallHelp: Second Phone Number 500 1000 com.faspulhearratmon FastPulse – Heart Rate Monitor 500 1000 com.alleid.pam.lofhys Caller ID & Spam Blocker 500 1000 com.free.coupon2021 Free Coupons 2021 100 500 com.kfc.saudi.delivery.coupons KFC Saudi – Get free delivery and 50% off coupons 100 500 com.skycoach.gg Skycoach 100 500 com.live.chat.meet.hoo HOO Live – Meet and Chat 100 500 easy.bass.booster Easy Bass Booster 10 50 com.coupongiftsnstashop Coupons & Gifts: InstaShop 10 50 com.finnccontat FindContact 10 50 com.aunch.erios.drog Launcher iOS for Android 10 50 com.blo.cced.als.pam.rzd Call Blocker-Spam Call Blocker 10 50 com.blo.cced.als.pam.rzd Call Blocker-Spam Call Blocker 10 50 com.ivemobibercker Live Mobile Number Tracker 10 50 Total 4,287,470 17,345,450 SHA-256 Hashes 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