Shop: 08-673 04 63 Order / Support: 08-673 33 23 support@ortagubben.se The health guide > Circulation CIRCULATION The cardiovascular system, the cardiovascular system or the blood circulation system, is the organ system that transports substances between the cells and which also helps to regulate pH and body temperature. The organ system consists of the heart and blood vessels and the diseases that affect the system are usually called cardiovascular diseases. Humans have a complex circulatory system with double parallel connected hearts and hemoglobin that binds oxygen in the blood. The blood transports nutrients and oxygen to all corners of the body, and takes waste substances back to the liver and kidneys, where the blood is purified. Blood circulation Low-oxygen blood collects in two major veins; the inferior and inferior vena cava (vena cava) which both empty into the right atrium of the heart. From the right atrium the blood passes the right ventricular valve and reaches the right ventricle and from the right ventricle the blood is pumped out into the small (pulmonary) circulation where it is oxygenated in the alveoli of the lungs. From the lungs the blood reaches the left atrium and through the left sail valve the left ventricle. From here, the oxygen-rich blood is pumped out into the large circulation (systemic circulation) via the aorta where it oxygenates the body's organs and tissues. The left half of the heart has a thicker muscle wall to be able to pump blood at a higher pressure. Blood In the blood, there are red blood cells (erythrocytes) that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. The release of oxygen from the hemoglobin of the red blood cells is regulated, which depends on the properties of the hemoglobin. The release increases at low pH, high temperature and high carbon dioxide content, which is characteristic of tissue with high metabolism. The hemoglobin in the erythrocytes also binds CO2 which is transported to the lung where gas exchange takes place by diffusion (across the cell membranes) and convection (by respiration). The blood also contains white blood cells (leukocytes) which are an important part of the body's immune system. There are also platelets (thrombocytes) that have a coagulating effect and that counteract bleeding. Heart The heart acts as a pump that presses through muscle contraction around the blood in the body. Nerve signals are sent from the sinus node which generates an action potential at regular intervals which propagates through the heart muscle and on to the AV node which leads to rhythmic contractions. The effect of the heart is also regulated by the venous return. The strength of the heart-muscle contraction depends on how much the heart is stretched. The heart has two phases; the filling phase (diastole) when blood flows into the chambers and the contraction phase (systole) when the blood is forced out of the chambers and out into the two circuits. Blood vessels The blood vessels have different shapes, which reflects their physiological role. The arteries are muscular and elastic to withstand high pressure. The capillaries are thin and sometimes quite hollow for gas and fluid exchange to take place out in the tissue. The veins have valves to prevent reflux and are not as muscular. The capillaries are sometimes referred to as resistance vessels (because blood pressure is largely determined by how relaxed the capillaries are) while the veins are referred to as capacitance vessels (a large part of the blood volume is stored in the veins). Cardiovascular disease The most common cause of cardiovascular disease is atherosclerosis, which manifests itself in, among other things, stroke, heart attack and venous thrombosis. 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