patrickfleith/squad-v2-space-filtered huggingface dataset:
Glacier

Thermally, a temperate glacier is at melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base. The ice of a polar glacier is always below freezing point from the surface to its base, although the surface snowpack may experience seasonal melting. A sub-polar glacier includes both temperate and polar ice, depending on depth beneath the surface and position along the length of the glacier. In a similar way, the thermal regime of a glacier is often described by the temperature at its base alone. A cold-based glacier is below freezing at the ice-ground interface, and is thus frozen to the underlying substrate. A warm-based glacier is above or at freezing at the interface, and is able to slide at this contact. This contrast is thought to a large extent to govern the ability of a glacier to effectively erode its bed, as sliding ice promotes plucking at rock from the surface below. Glaciers which are partly cold-based and partly warm-based are known as polythermal.

Question: From where is the temperature of a glacier measured?
Answer: base alone

Question: Which type of glacier is above or at freezing at it's interface and is able to slide?
Answer: warm-based glacier

Question: What temperature makes a glacier polythermal?
Answer: partly cold-based and partly warm-based

Question: What temperature determines a polar glacier?
Answer: always below freezing point from the surface to its base

Question: What temperature characteristic determines a temperate glacier?
Answer: melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base

Question: What temperature is a polar glacier always above?

Question: What temperature is a temperate glacier always above?

Question: What two types of ice are contained in a polar glacier?

Question: Why are warm based glaciers not able to slide?

Question: Why is it cold basically sure able to slide?
Cork (city)

Research institutes linked to the third level colleges in the city support the research and innovation capacity of the city and region. Examples include the Tyndall National Institute (ICT hardware research), IMERC (Marine Energy), Environmental Research Institute, NIMBUS (Network Embedded Systems); and CREATE (Advanced Therapeutic Engineering). UCC and CIT also have start-up company incubation centres. In UCC, the IGNITE Graduate Business Innovation Centre aims to foster and support entrepreneurship. In CIT, The Rubicon Centre is a business innovation hub that is home to 57 knowledge based start-up companies.

Question: What is the biggest conglomeration of start-up companies in Cork?
Answer: The Rubicon Centre

Question: Where is a good source of marine research in Cork?
Answer: IMERC (Marine Energy)

Question: What is a good source for business start-ups in Cork?
Answer: the IGNITE Graduate Business Innovation Centre

Question: How many start-ups are associated with the Rubicon Center?
Answer: 57

Question: What supports the research and innovation of Europe?

Question: How many start ups are associated with UCC?

Question: What is the Rubicon Centre linked to?

Question: What does the Environmental Research Institute support in Cork?

Question: How may start ups are associated with the Environmental Research Institute?

Question: What kind of start up companies are associated with the Environmental Research Institute?

Question: What does the Environmental Research Institute want to support for new business?
Sahara

The rainfall inhibition and the dissipation of cloud cover are most accentuated over the eastern section of the Sahara rather than the western. The prevailing air mass lying above the Sahara is the continental tropical (cT) air mass which is hot and dry. Hot, dry air masses primarily form over the North-African desert from the heating of the vast continental land area, and it affects the whole desert during most of the year. Because of this extreme heating process, a thermal low is usually noticed near the surface, and is the strongest and the most developed during the summertime. The Sahara High represents the eastern continental extension of the Azores High, centered over the North Atlantic Ocean. The subsidence of the Sahara High nearly reaches the ground during the coolest part of the year while it limits to the upper troposphere during the hottest periods.

Question: What section of the Sahara's cloud cover are the most   accentuated?
Answer: eastern

Question: What is the air mass lying above the Sahara?
Answer: hot and dry

Question: What part of the country does the air masses primarily form over?
Answer: North-African desert

Question: over what region is there the most cloud coverage?

Question: What is the prevailing air mass to the North of the Sahara?

Question: whattype of air masses form over Africa?

Question: What kind of low forms high above the desert?

Question: What type of high is strongest in the summer?

Question: What is most accentuated over the western section of the Sahara?

Question: When is the air mass at its weakest?

Question: What is the North Atlantic Ocean an extension of?

Question: When does the Azores High nearly reach the ground?

Question: What does the extreme heating process prevent?
St. John%27s, Newfoundland and Labrador

St. John's was the starting point for the first non-stop transatlantic aircraft flight, by Alcock and Brown in a modified Vickers Vimy IV bomber, in June 1919, departing from Lester's Field in St. John's and ending in a bog near Clifden, Connemara, Ireland. In July 2005, the flight was duplicated by American aviator and adventurer Steve Fossett in a replica Vickers Vimy aircraft, with St. John's International Airport substituting for Lester's Field (now an urban and residential part of the city).

Question: Who flew the first non-stop transatlantic aircraft flight?
Answer: Alcock and Brown

Question: What aircraft did Alcock and Brown use in 1919 for their flight? 
Answer: Vickers Vimy IV bomber

Question: Where in St. John's did Alcock and Brown depart from in June 1919?
Answer: Lester's Field

Question: Who duplicated Alcock and Brown flight in 2005?
Answer: Steve Fossett

Question: What aircraft did Steve Fossett use for his flight in July 2005?
Answer: replica Vickers Vimy

Question: What was the end point for the first transatlantic aircraft flight?

Question: Who ended their flight at Lester's field in St John's in June of 1919?

Question: What did Alcock and Brown fly across the Atlantic in during their 19th century flight?

Question: Who replicated Alcock and Browns flight in the 20th century?
War on Terror

In January 2002, the United States Special Operations Command, Pacific deployed to the Philippines to advise and assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines in combating Filipino Islamist groups. The operations were mainly focused on removing the Abu Sayyaf group and Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) from their stronghold on the island of Basilan. The second portion of the operation was conducted as a humanitarian program called "Operation Smiles". The goal of the program was to provide medical care and services to the region of Basilan as part of a "Hearts and Minds" program. Joint Special Operations Task Force – Philippines disbanded in June 2014, ending a 14-year mission. After JSOTF-P disbanded, as late as November 2014, American forces continued to operate in the Philippines under the name "PACOM Augmentation Team".

Question: Where did the USSOC Pacific deploy to in Jan 2002?
Answer: Philippines

Question: What was the goal of the 2002 Philippines deployment?
Answer: combating Filipino Islamist groups

Question: What was the main Filipino Islamist group being attacked?
Answer: Abu Sayyaf

Question: What humanitarian effort followed the 2002 military operation in the Philippines?
Answer: Operation Smiles

Question: What did Operation Smiles do for the Philippines?
Answer: provide medical care and services to the region of Basilan

Question: What island did Abu Islamiyah and Jemaah Sayyaf have a stronghold on?

Question: What was the goal of "Smiles Operation?"

Question: What disbanded in November 2014?

Question: Who operated under the name "PAMOC Augmentation Team?"

Question: Who was deployed to help the Filipino Islamist groups?

Question: How long had the Abu Sayyaf group been in Basilan?

Question: What did PACOM Augmentation Team rename itself as?

Question: What was the name of the operation to remove Abu Sayyaf?

Question: Where was the headquarters of the Armed Forces of the Philippines?
Alaska

The bulk of remaining commercial flight offerings come from small regional commuter airlines such as Ravn Alaska, PenAir, and Frontier Flying Service. The smallest towns and villages must rely on scheduled or chartered bush flying services using general aviation aircraft such as the Cessna Caravan, the most popular aircraft in use in the state. Much of this service can be attributed to the Alaska bypass mail program which subsidizes bulk mail delivery to Alaskan rural communities. The program requires 70% of that subsidy to go to carriers who offer passenger service to the communities.

Question: What are the names of a few regional Alaskan airlines?
Answer: Ravn Alaska, PenAir, and Frontier Flying Service

Question: What model is the most popular aicraft in Alaska?
Answer: Cessna Caravan

Question: How much of the subsidized bulk mail delivery program goes to carriers who offer passenger service?
Answer: 70%

Question: What are the names of all regional Alaskan airlines?

Question: What aren't the names of a few regional Alaskan airlines?

Question: What model is the lest popular aircraft in Alaska?

Question: What model is the most popular seacraft in Alaska?

Question: How much of the subsidized nonbulk mail delivery program goes to carriers who offer passenger service?
Alaska

Many communities have small air taxi services. These operations originated from the demand for customized transport to remote areas. Perhaps the most quintessentially Alaskan plane is the bush seaplane. The world's busiest seaplane base is Lake Hood, located next to Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport, where flights bound for remote villages without an airstrip carry passengers, cargo, and many items from stores and warehouse clubs. In 2006 Alaska had the highest number of pilots per capita of any U.S. state.

Question: Which plane is considered quintessentially Alaskan?
Answer: bush seaplane

Question: Where is the busiest seaplane base in the world?
Answer: Lake Hood

Question: Which state had the most pilots per capita than any other US state?
Answer: Alaska

Question: Lake Hood is located next to what International Airport?
Answer: Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport

Question: Which plane isn't considered quintessentially Alaskan?

Question: Where is the least busiest seaplane base in the world?

Question: Where is the busiest boat base in the world?

Question: Which state had the most pilots per capita than any other UN state?

Question: Lake Hood isn't located next to what International Airport?
Glass

The term mainly refers to a mix of lithium and aluminosilicates that yields an array of materials with interesting thermomechanical properties. The most commercially important of these have the distinction of being impervious to thermal shock. Thus, glass-ceramics have become extremely useful for countertop cooking. The negative thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) of the crystalline ceramic phase can be balanced with the positive CTE of the glassy phase. At a certain point (~70% crystalline) the glass-ceramic has a net CTE near zero. This type of glass-ceramic exhibits excellent mechanical properties and can sustain repeated and quick temperature changes up to 1000 °C.

Question: How high of a temperature change can glass-ceramics handle?
Answer: 1000 °C

Question: Because of their heat resistance, glass-ceramics are especially suitable for what?
Answer: countertop cooking

Question: What is the most economically significant property of glass-ceramics?
Answer: impervious to thermal shock

Question: What ingredients give glass-ceramics its useful heat tolerance?
Answer: lithium and aluminosilicates

Question: What proportion of crystalline ceramics yields a product with a CTE of around 0?
Answer: ~70%

Question: How high of a temperature change can CTEs handle?

Question: Because of their heat resistance, arrays are especially suitable for what?

Question: What is the most economically significant property of countertops?

Question: What ingredients give glass-ceramics its useful thermal expansion?

Question: What proportion of crystalline ceramics yields a product with a CTE of around 1000?
Renewable energy commercialization

Solar thermal power stations include the 354 megawatt (MW) Solar Energy Generating Systems power plant in the USA, Solnova Solar Power Station (Spain, 150 MW), Andasol solar power station (Spain, 100 MW), Nevada Solar One (USA, 64 MW), PS20 solar power tower (Spain, 20 MW), and the PS10 solar power tower (Spain, 11 MW). The 370 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, located in California's Mojave Desert, is the world's largest solar-thermal power plant project currently under construction. Many other plants are under construction or planned, mainly in Spain and the USA. In developing countries, three World Bank projects for integrated solar thermal/combined-cycle gas-turbine power plants in Egypt, Mexico, and Morocco have been approved.

Question: Where is the Ivanpah Solar Power Facility located?
Answer: California's Mojave Desert

Question: What is the world's largest solar-thermal power plant project currently under construction?
Answer: Ivanpah Solar Power Facility

Question: Where is the PS20 solar power tower located?
Answer: Spain

Question:  Where is the Ivanpah State Facility located?

Question: What is the world's largest solar-thermal power plant project currently not under construction?

Question:  Where is the XBX20 solar power tower located?

Question: Where is the Nevada Solar Two located?
Renewable energy commercialization

As of 2008[update], geothermal power development was under way in more than 40 countries, partially attributable to the development of new technologies, such as Enhanced Geothermal Systems. The development of binary cycle power plants and improvements in drilling and extraction technology may enable enhanced geothermal systems over a much greater geographical range than "traditional" Geothermal systems. Demonstration EGS projects are operational in the USA, Australia, Germany, France, and The United Kingdom.

Question: As of 2008, geothermal power development was underway in more than how many countries?
Answer: 40

Question: What is one new technology attributed to the growth of geothermal power?
Answer: Enhanced Geothermal Systems

Question: What is operational in the USA, Australia, Germany, France and The United Kingdom?
Answer: Demonstration EGS projects

Question: As of 2008, geothermal power development wasn't underway in more than how many countries?

Question: As of 2008, geothermal power development was underway in less than how many countries?

Question: What is one old technology attributed to the growth of geothermal power?

Question: What is not operational in the USA, Australia, Germany, France and The United Kingdom?

Question: Where are demonstration eggs taking place?
Renewable energy commercialization

Renewable energy commercialization involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 100 years. First-generation technologies, which are already mature and economically competitive, include biomass, hydroelectricity, geothermal power and heat. Second-generation technologies are market-ready and are being deployed at the present time; they include solar heating, photovoltaics, wind power, solar thermal power stations, and modern forms of bioenergy. Third-generation technologies require continued R&D efforts in order to make large contributions on a global scale and include advanced biomass gasification, hot-dry-rock geothermal power, and ocean energy. As of 2012, renewable energy accounts for about half of new nameplate electrical capacity installed and costs are continuing to fall.

Question: As of 2012, what accounts for about half of new nameplate electrical capacity?
Answer: renewable energy

Question: What involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 100 years?
Answer: Renewable energy commercialization

Question: Name one second-generation technology that is market ready.
Answer: wind power

Question: As of 2013, what accounts for about half of new nameplate electrical capacity

Question: What involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 10 years?

Question:  Name one third-generation technology that is market ready.
Richard Feynman

In 1974, Feynman delivered the Caltech commencement address on the topic of cargo cult science, which has the semblance of science, but is only pseudoscience due to a lack of "a kind of scientific integrity, a principle of scientific thought that corresponds to a kind of utter honesty" on the part of the scientist. He instructed the graduating class that "The first principle is that you must not fool yourself—and you are the easiest person to fool. So you have to be very careful about that. After you've not fooled yourself, it's easy not to fool other scientists. You just have to be honest in a conventional way after that."

Question: In which year did Feynman orate the Caltech commencement speech?
Answer: 1974

Question: Which topic did Feynman's commencement speech at Caltech center around?
Answer: cargo cult science

Question: What is cargo cult science?
Answer: pseudoscience

Question: What did Feyman tell the class that they must not do to themselves?
Answer: fool yourself

Question: Which year did Feynman miss the Caltech commencement speech?

Question: Which topic did Feynman's commencement speech at Caltech avoid?

Question: What is the science Feynman understood best considered?

Question: What did Feynman tell the class that they must do to themselves?
Richard Feynman

Feynman devoted the latter half of his book What Do You Care What Other People Think? to his experience on the Rogers Commission, straying from his usual convention of brief, light-hearted anecdotes to deliver an extended and sober narrative. Feynman's account reveals a disconnect between NASA's engineers and executives that was far more striking than he expected. His interviews of NASA's high-ranking managers revealed startling misunderstandings of elementary concepts. For instance, NASA managers claimed that there was a 1 in 100,000 chance of a catastrophic failure aboard the shuttle, but Feynman discovered that NASA's own engineers estimated the chance of a catastrophe at closer to 1 in 200. He concluded that the space shuttle reliability estimate by NASA management was fantastically unrealistic, and he was particularly angered that NASA used these figures to recruit Christa McAuliffe into the Teacher-in-Space program. He warned in his appendix to the commission's report (which was included only after he threatened not to sign the report), "For a successful technology, reality must take precedence over public relations, for nature cannot be fooled."

Question: Feyman's experience on the Rogers Commission was talked about is which of his books?
Answer: What Do You Care What Other People Think?

Question: In which way did he write about his experience on the Rogers Commission?
Answer: sober narrative

Question: His writings about the Rogers Commission showed that trouble was brewing between scientists and executives at which prolific institute?
Answer: NASA

Question: While the higher-ups said a failure was unlikely, at 1 in 100,000 odds, the scientists felt the odd were what?
Answer: 1 in 200

Question: Who did NASA recruit by using flawed safety numbers?
Answer: Christa McAuliffe

Question: What book ignored Feynman's experience on the Rogers Commission?

Question: Which way did he avoid writing about his experience on the Rogers Commission?

Question: What managers claimed there was a 1 in 10,000 chance of catastrophic failure aboard the shuttle?

Question: Who did NASA recruit while using accurate safety numbers?

Question: Who concluded that NASA management was fantastically realistic?
Richard Feynman

Feynman had a great deal of success teaching Carl, using, for example, discussions about ants and Martians as a device for gaining perspective on problems and issues. He was surprised to learn that the same teaching devices were not useful with Michelle. Mathematics was a common interest for father and son; they both entered the computer field as consultants and were involved in advancing a new method of using multiple computers to solve complex problems—later known as parallel computing. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory retained Feynman as a computational consultant during critical missions. One co-worker characterized Feynman as akin to Don Quixote at his desk, rather than at a computer workstation, ready to do battle with the windmills.

Question: What analogies did Feynman use to teach Carl?
Answer: ants and Martians

Question: Which subject did Feynman and Carl both enjoy?
Answer: Mathematics

Question: What type of computing did Feynman and his son help develop?
Answer: parallel computing

Question: What Laboratory employed Feynman for critical missions?
Answer: The Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Question: What fictional character was Feynman compared to by a colleague?
Answer: Don Quixote

Question: What analogies did Feynman not utilize to teach Carl?

Question: Which subject did Feynman and Carl both dislike?

Question: What type of computing did Feynman and his dad help develop?

Question: What Laboratory employed Feynman for unimportant missions?

Question: What fictional character was Feynman compared to by his son?
Richard Feynman

Feynman traveled to Brazil, where he gave courses at the BCPF (Brazilian Center for Physics Research) and near the end of his life schemed to visit the Russian land of Tuva, a dream that, because of Cold War bureaucratic problems, never became reality. The day after he died, a letter arrived for him from the Soviet government, giving him authorization to travel to Tuva. Later Feynman's daughter Michelle would realize this journey. Out of his enthusiastic interest in reaching Tuva came the phrase "Tuva or Bust" (also the title of a book about his efforts to get there), which was tossed about frequently amongst his circle of friends in hope that they, one day, could see it firsthand. The documentary movie, Genghis Blues, mentions some of his attempts to communicate with Tuva and chronicles the successful journey there by his friends. Responding to Hubert Humphrey's congratulation for his Nobel Prize, Feynman admitted to a long admiration for the then vice president.

Question: Where did Feynman work at in Brazil?
Answer: Brazilian Center for Physics Research

Question: Which place in Russia could Feynman not visit, but wished to do so?
Answer: Tuva

Question: When was Feynman allowed to go to Tuva?
Answer: The day after he died

Question: Who went to Tuva in Feynman's stead?
Answer: Feynman's daughter Michelle

Question: What is the name of the film that discusses Feynman's attempt to get to Tuva?
Answer: Genghis Blues

Question: Where did Feynman work at in Japan?

Question: Which place in Germany could Feynman not visit but wished to do so?

Question: When was Feynman found visiting Tuva?

Question: Who avoided Tuva in Feynman's stead?

Question: What is the name of the film that discusses Feynman's attempt to escape from Tuva?