patrickfleith/squad-v2-space-filtered huggingface dataset:
Infrared

Earth's surface and the clouds absorb visible and invisible radiation from the sun and re-emit much of the energy as infrared back to atmosphere. Certain substances in the atmosphere, chiefly cloud droplets and water vapor, but also carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, and chlorofluorocarbons, absorb this infrared, and re-radiate it in all directions including back to Earth. Thus, the greenhouse effect keeps the atmosphere and surface much warmer than if the infrared absorbers were absent from the atmosphere.

Question: Along with the surface of the Earth, what objects absorb radiation from the sun?
Answer: clouds

Question: After Earth surface's absorbs radiation, in what spectrum is much of it re-emitted?
Answer: infrared

Question: Along with water vapor, what atmospheric substance primarily absorbs the infrared emitted by the Earth?
Answer: cloud droplets

Question: What notable warming effect does the presence of infrared absorbers contribute to?
Answer: greenhouse

Question: What does the greenhouse effect absorb from the sun?

Question: After Earth absorbs methane, in what spectrum is it re-emitted?

Question: What substances absorb the sulfur hexafluoride emitted by the Earth?

Question: What keeps the atmosphere and surface re-radiated?

Question: What substances emit water vapor back to the atmosphere?
Gymnastics

Aesthetic Group Gymnastics (AGG) was developed from the Finnish "naisvoimistelu". It differs from Rhythmic Gymnastics in that body movement is large and continuous and teams are larger' Athletes do not use apparatus in international AGG competitions compared to Rhythmic Gymnastics where ball, ribbon, hoop and clubs are used on the floor area. The sport requires physical qualities such as flexibility, balance, speed, strength, coordination and sense of rhythm where movements of the body are emphasized through the flow, expression and aesthetic appeal. A good performance is characterized by uniformity and simultaneity. The competition program consists of versatile and varied body movements, such as body waves, swings, balances, pivots, jumps and leaps, dance steps, and lifts. The International Federation of Aesthetic Group Gymnastics (IFAGG) was established in 2003.

Question: What does AGG stand for?
Answer: Aesthetic Group Gymnastics

Question: Why is AGG different than Rhythmic Gymnastics? 
Answer: body movement is large and continuous and teams are larger'

Question: Do athletes use apparatuses in the international AGG competitions?
Answer: do not use apparatus in international AGG competitions

Question: What physical qualities are needed for rhythmic gymastics? 
Answer: flexibility, balance, speed, strength, coordination and sense of rhythm

Question: What year was the Federsation of Aesthetic Group Gymnastics established?
Answer: 2003

Question: What is another name for Rhythmic Gymnastics?

Question: What is used on the floor area in AGG?

Question: What characterized a bad performance?

Question: In what year did AGG begin?

Question: What language does the word expression come from?
Anti-aircraft warfare

Non-English terms for air defence include the German Flak (Fliegerabwehrkanone, "aircraft defence cannon", also cited as Flugabwehrkanone), whence English flak, and the Russian term Protivovozdushnaya oborona (Cyrillic: Противовозду́шная оборо́на), a literal translation of "anti-air defence", abbreviated as PVO. In Russian the AA systems are called zenitnye (i.e. "pointing to zenith") systems (guns, missiles etc.). In French, air defence is called DCA (Défense contre les aéronefs, "aéronef" being the generic term for all kind of airborne device (airplane, airship, balloon, missile, rocket, etc.)).

Question: What is the Russian term for air defence?
Answer: Protivovozdushnaya oborona

Question: How is the Russian term for air defence abbreviated?
Answer: PVO

Question: What are the AA systems called in Russian?
Answer: zenitnye

Question: What is air defence called in French?
Answer: DCA

Question: What is the generic term for an airplane or rocket in French?
Answer: aéronef
Antarctica

Integral to the story of the origin of the name "Antarctica" is how it was not named Terra Australis—this name was given to Australia instead, and it was because of a mistake made by people who decided that a significant landmass would not be found farther south than Australia. Explorer Matthew Flinders, in particular, has been credited with popularizing the transfer of the name Terra Australis to Australia. He justified the titling of his book A Voyage to Terra Australis (1814) by writing in the introduction:

Question: What did people once believe could not be found further south than Australia?
Answer: significant landmass

Question: What explorer gave the name of Terra Australis to Australia?
Answer: Matthew Flinders

Question: What was the name of Flinders book about his trip to Australia?
Answer: A Voyage to Terra Australis

Question: When did Flinders write his book of discovery?
Answer: 1814

Question: What event caused people to misname Antarctica?
Answer: mistake

Question: What land mass was named after after Australia?

Question: What land mass was believed to be further south than Australia?

Question: What explorer opposed naming Australia  after Terra Australis?

Question: What book did Matthew Flinders write in the 18th century?

Question: What continent was given the name Australis Terra?

Question: What was Flinder Matthews credited with?

Question: What book did Flinders write in 1841?
Antarctica

Antarctica is the coldest of Earth's continents. The coldest natural temperature ever recorded on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at the Soviet (now Russian) Vostok Station in Antarctica on 21 July 1983. For comparison, this is 10.7 °C (20 °F) colder than subliming dry ice at one atmosphere of partial pressure, but since CO2 only makes up 0.039% of air, temperatures of less than −150 °C (−238 °F) would be needed to produce dry ice snow in Antarctica. Antarctica is a frozen desert with little precipitation; the South Pole itself receives less than 10 cm (4 in) per year, on average. Temperatures reach a minimum of between −80 °C (−112 °F) and −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) in the interior in winter and reach a maximum of between 5 °C (41 °F) and 15 °C (59 °F) near the coast in summer. Sunburn is often a health issue as the snow surface reflects almost all of the ultraviolet light falling on it. Given the latitude, long periods of constant darkness or constant sunlight create climates unfamiliar to human beings in much of the rest of the world.

Question: Where was the coldest temperature recorded on Earth?
Answer: Antarctica

Question: What was the coldest temperature ever recorded?
Answer: −89.2 °C

Question: On what date was the Earth's coldest temperature recorded?
Answer: 21 July 1983

Question: What is Antarctica topographically ?
Answer: frozen desert

Question: What light caused condition is a serious problem for humans in Antarctica?
Answer: Sunburn

Question: What is the coldest temerature recorded in Russia?

Question: What recieves less than 10 cm of rain per year?

Question: What relflects most of the light falling on it?

Question: What temperature was recorded in Russia on 21 July 1983?

Question: What does CO2 make up 0.39% of?

Question: What be produced in Antarctica with temperatures less than -150°F

Question: What receives 10 inches of precipitation on average?
Antarctica

Some scientific studies suggest that ozone depletion may have a dominant role in governing climatic change in Antarctica (and a wider area of the Southern Hemisphere). Ozone absorbs large amounts of ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere. Ozone depletion over Antarctica can cause a cooling of around 6 °C in the local stratosphere. This cooling has the effect of intensifying the westerly winds which flow around the continent (the polar vortex) and thus prevents outflow of the cold air near the South Pole. As a result, the continental mass of the East Antarctic ice sheet is held at lower temperatures, and the peripheral areas of Antarctica, especially the Antarctic Peninsula, are subject to higher temperatures, which promote accelerated melting. Models also suggest that the ozone depletion/enhanced polar vortex effect also accounts for the recent increase in sea ice just offshore of the continent.

Question: In what do some scientists believe ozone depletion may have a role ?
Answer: climatic change

Question: What light does ozone absorb?
Answer: ultraviolet radiation

Question: How much cooling can ozone depletion cause over Antarctica?
Answer: 6 °C

Question: What can the wind changes due to cooling cause in the Antarctic ice?
Answer: accelerated melting

Question: What does ozone depletion cause in the southern atmosphere?
Answer: enhanced polar vortex

Question: What has played a dominant role in the climate change in Antarctica?

Question: What can cause a cooling of around 6°C in the local air?

Question: What is a pole vortex?

Question: What enhanced the pole vortex?
Antarctica

Some of Antarctica has been warming up; particularly strong warming has been noted on the Antarctic Peninsula. A study by Eric Steig published in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05 °C (0.09 °F) per decade from 1957 to 2006. This study also noted that West Antarctica has warmed by more than 0.1 °C (0.2 °F) per decade in the last 50 years, and this warming is strongest in winter and spring. This is partly offset by autumn cooling in East Antarctica. There is evidence from one study that Antarctica is warming as a result of human carbon dioxide emissions, but this remains ambiguous. The amount of surface warming in West Antarctica, while large, has not led to appreciable melting at the surface, and is not directly affecting the West Antarctic Ice Sheet's contribution to sea level. Instead the recent increases in glacier outflow are believed to be due to an inflow of warm water from the deep ocean, just off the continental shelf. The net contribution to sea level from the Antarctic Peninsula is more likely to be a direct result of the much greater atmospheric warming there.

Question: Where in Antarctica has warming been noticed?
Answer: Antarctic Peninsula

Question: How much has west Antarctica warmed per decade in the last 5o years?
Answer: 0.1 °C

Question: What do some researchers believe to be that cause of this warming?
Answer: carbon dioxide emissions

Question: What is thought to be the cause of glacier outflow?
Answer: inflow of warm water

Question: What is the thinking of the cause  of the Antarctic Peninsula sea level.
Answer: atmospheric warming

Question: Who published a 2007 study?

Question: What has been the temperature trend of Antarctica per decade from 1959 to 2006?

Question: What did the study note about the temperatures in East Antarctica?

Question: What has the warming in East Antarctica been offset by in West Antarctica?
Antarctica

Researchers include biologists, geologists, oceanographers, physicists, astronomers, glaciologists, and meteorologists. Geologists tend to study plate tectonics, meteorites from outer space, and resources from the breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana. Glaciologists in Antarctica are concerned with the study of the history and dynamics of floating ice, seasonal snow, glaciers, and ice sheets. Biologists, in addition to examining the wildlife, are interested in how harsh temperatures and the presence of people affect adaptation and survival strategies in a wide variety of organisms. Medical physicians have made discoveries concerning the spreading of viruses and the body's response to extreme seasonal temperatures. Astrophysicists at Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station study the celestial dome and cosmic microwave background radiation. Many astronomical observations are better made from the interior of Antarctica than from most surface locations because of the high elevation, which results in a thin atmosphere; low temperature, which minimizes the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere; and absence of light pollution, thus allowing for a view of space clearer than anywhere else on Earth. Antarctic ice serves as both the shield and the detection medium for the largest neutrino telescope in the world, built 2 km (1.2 mi) below Amundsen–Scott station.

Question: What group of scientists study tectonics?
Answer: Geologists

Question: Which science is concerned with the study of the dynamics of ice?
Answer: Glaciologists

Question: Who is interested in the effects of harsh environment on humans?
Answer: Biologists

Question: What kind of observations use  the high elevations and thin atmosphere for viewing space?
Answer: astronomical

Question: Where is the largest neutrino telescope on Earth?
Answer: Amundsen–Scott station.

Question: What do astrophysicists at the Scott-Aumundsen South Pole Station study?

Question: What was built 2 mi below the Amundsen-Scott station?

Question: Why are astronomical observations better made from most surface locations?

Question: What does the 2 mile ice serve as for the telescope?
Royal Dutch Shell

On 20 May 2011, Royal Dutch Shell's final investment decision for the world's first floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) facility was finalized following the discovery of the remote offshore Prelude field—located off Australia's northwestern coast and estimated to contain about 3 trillion cubic feet of natural gas equivalent reserves—in 2007. FLNG technology is based on liquefied natural gas (LNG) developments that were pioneered in the mid-20th century and facilitates the exploitation of untapped natural gas reserves located in remote areas, often too small to extract any other way.

Question: The final investment decision for what was finalized by Royal Dutch Shell in May 2011?
Answer: the world's first floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) facility

Question: The remote offshore Prelude field was discovered where?
Answer: off Australia's northwestern coast

Question: The Prelude field was estimated to contain how many cubic feet of natural gas reserves?
Answer: 3 trillion

Question: On what developments was FLNG technology based?
Answer: liquefied natural gas (LNG)

Question: FLNG technology faciliates what?
Answer: the exploitation of untapped natural gas reserves located in remote areas

Question: When did Royal Dutch Shell make its first investment into FLNG?

Question: When was FLNG technology created?

Question: What is located off Australia's southwestern coast?

Question: Where were FLNG technologies pioneered?

Question: When was the FLNG facility built?
Late Middle Ages

This new approach liberated scientific speculation from the dogmatic restraints of Aristotelian science, and paved the way for new approaches. Particularly within the field of theories of motion great advances were made, when such scholars as Jean Buridan, Nicole Oresme and the Oxford Calculators challenged the work of Aristotle. Buridan developed the theory of impetus as the cause of the motion of projectiles, which was an important step towards the modern concept of inertia. The works of these scholars anticipated the heliocentric worldview of Nicolaus Copernicus.

Question: What did Jean Buridan create to explain the motion of projectiles?
Answer: the theory of impetus

Question: What school of scientific thought was challenged by Jean Buridan and Nicole Oresme?
Answer: Aristotelian

Question: What scientist is most associated with the heliocentric worldview?
Answer: Nicolaus Copernicus

Question: Which scholars made great advances in the theories of motion?
Answer: Jean Buridan, Nicole Oresme and the Oxford Calculators

Question: Buridan's theory of impetus led to what modern concept?
Answer: inertia

Question: What didn't Jean Buridan create to explain the motion of projectiles?

Question: What did Jean Buridan destroy to explain the motion of projectiles?

Question: What school of scientific thought was accepted by Jean Buridan and Nicole Oresme?

Question: What scientist is least associated with the heliocentric worldview?

Question: Which scholars made no advances in the theories of motion?
Electric motor

Found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and disk drives, electric motors can be powered by direct current (DC) sources, such as from batteries, motor vehicles or rectifiers, or by alternating current (AC) sources, such as from the power grid, inverters or generators. Small motors may be found in electric watches. General-purpose motors with highly standardized dimensions and characteristics provide convenient mechanical power for industrial use. The largest of electric motors are used for ship propulsion, pipeline compression and pumped-storage applications with ratings reaching 100 megawatts. Electric motors may be classified by electric power source type, internal construction, application, type of motion output, and so on.

Question: What is the largest rating of an electric motor?
Answer: 100 megawatts

Question: What is the main example of a DC power source?
Answer: batteries

Question: What does AC stand for?
Answer: alternating current

Question: What does DC stand for?
Answer: direct current

Question: In what device are small motors commonly found?
Answer: electric watches

Question: What is the smallest rating of an electric motor?

Question:  What is the main example of a RC power source?

Question:  What does EC stand for?

Question:  What does DCC stand for?

Question:  In what device are large motors least commonly found?
Electric motor

Whereas SCIMs cannot turn a shaft faster than allowed by the power line frequency, universal motors can run at much higher speeds. This makes them useful for appliances such as blenders, vacuum cleaners, and hair dryers where high speed and light weight are desirable. They are also commonly used in portable power tools, such as drills, sanders, circular and jig saws, where the motor's characteristics work well. Many vacuum cleaner and weed trimmer motors exceed 10,000 rpm, while many similar miniature grinders exceed 30,000 rpm.

Question: At around what RMP do weed trimmer motors operate?
Answer: 10,000

Question: At around what RMP do miniature grinders operate?
Answer: 30,000

Question: What type of motor can universal motors operate much faster than?
Answer: SCIMs

Question: What attributes make universal motors desireable for consumer applications like hair dryers?
Answer: high speed and light weight

Question:  At around what RRP do weed trimmer motors operate?

Question:  At around what RMR do miniature grinders operate?

Question: What type of motor can't universal motors operate much faster than?

Question: What attributes make universal motors less desirable for consumer applications like hair dryers?
Electric motor

Simple stepper motor drivers entirely energize or entirely de-energize the field windings, leading the rotor to "cog" to a limited number of positions; more sophisticated drivers can proportionally control the power to the field windings, allowing the rotors to position between the cog points and thereby rotate extremely smoothly. This mode of operation is often called microstepping. Computer controlled stepper motors are one of the most versatile forms of positioning systems, particularly when part of a digital servo-controlled system.

Question: What is a trait of a sophisticated stepper motor?
Answer: proportionally control the power to the field windings

Question: What does proportinal control of the field windings in a stepper motor achieve?
Answer: rotate extremely smoothly

Question: What is another name for smooth rotation?
Answer: microstepping

Question: With what other device are stepper motors most versatile?
Answer: digital servo-controlled system

Question:  What is not a trait of a sophisticated stepper motor?

Question: What doesn't proportional control of the field windings in a stepper motor achieve?

Question:  What is another name for rough rotation?

Question:  With what other device aren't stepper motors most versatile?
Literature

As advances and specialization have made new scientific research inaccessible to most audiences, the "literary" nature of science writing has become less pronounced over the last two centuries. Now, science appears mostly in journals. Scientific works of Aristotle, Copernicus, and Newton still exhibit great value, but since the science in them has largely become outdated, they no longer serve for scientific instruction. Yet, they remain too technical to sit well in most programmes of literary study. Outside of "history of science" programmes, students rarely read such works.

Question: What two elements have reduced the literary nature of scientific journals?
Answer: advances and specialization

Question: The segregation of science writing means that articles in those subjects primarily appear where?
Answer: journals

Question: The work of what classical scientists is caught between being outdated and of literary importance?
Answer: Aristotle, Copernicus, and Newton

Question: In what coursework is one still likely to encounter the works of these classic scientists?
Answer: "history of science" programmes

Question: The literary nature of science writing has become more pronounced during what time period?

Question: The science of Aristotle, Galileo, and Newton no longer serve for scientific instruction why?

Question: Students often read classical scientists outside what programmes?

Question: What has made new scientific research accessible to most audiences?

Question: What do students rarely study outside programmes of literary study?

Question: What are too technical to sit well in "history of science" programs?

Question: The scientific works of which scientists are still studied regularly?
Bermuda

After several failed attempts, in 1930 the first aeroplane reached Bermuda. A Stinson Detroiter seaplane flying from New York, it had to land twice in the ocean: once because of darkness and again to refuel. Navigation and weather forecasting improved in 1933 when the Royal Air Force (then responsible for providing equipment and personnel for the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm) established a station at the Royal Naval Dockyard to repair (and supply replacement) float planes for the fleet. In 1936 Luft Hansa began to experiment with seaplane flights from Berlin via the Azores with continuation to New York City.

Question: When did the first aeroplane reach Bermuda?
Answer: 1930

Question: Why did the plane have to land twice before reaching Bermuda?
Answer: once because of darkness and again to refuel

Question: What improved thanks to the Royal Air Force in 1933?
Answer: Navigation and weather forecasting

Question: Who began experimenting with flights from Berlin to New York, stopping in the azores?
Answer: Luft Hansa

Question: What reached Bermuda in 1903?

Question: What is Detroiter Stinson a type of?

Question: What improved in 1936 because of the Royal Air Force?

Question: Who began to experiment with seaplane flights in 1933?