patrickfleith/squad-v2-space-filtered huggingface dataset:
Aircraft carrier

This new-found importance of naval aviation forced nations to create a number of carriers, in efforts to provide air superiority cover for every major fleet in order to ward off enemy aircraft. This extensive usage required the construction of several new 'light' carriers. Escort aircraft carriers, such as USS Bogue, were sometimes purpose-built, but most were converted from merchant ships as a stop-gap measure to provide anti-submarine air support for convoys and amphibious invasions. Following this concept, light aircraft carriers built by the US, such as USS Independence, represented a larger, more "militarized" version of the escort carrier. Although with similar complement to Escort carriers, they had the advantage of speed from their converted cruiser hulls. The UK 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier was designed for building quickly by civilian shipyards and with an expected service life of about 3 years. They served the Royal Navy during the war and was the hull design chosen for nearly all aircraft carrier equipped navies after the war until the 1980s. Emergencies also spurred the creation or conversion of highly unconventional aircraft carriers. CAM ships, were cargo-carrying merchant ships that could launch (but not retrieve) a single fighter aircraft from a catapult to defend the convoy from long range German aircraft.

Question: What type of aircraft carrier was the USS Bogue?
Answer: Escort

Question: What type of aircraft was the USS Independence?
Answer: light

Question: What advantage did light carriers have over escort carriers?
Answer: speed

Question: What was the expected serice life of the UK 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier?
Answer: 3 years

Question: Who did the UK 1941 Design Light Fleet Carriers serve during the war?
Answer: Royal Navy

Question: What type of aircraft carrier was the USS Vogue?

Question: What type of tank was the USS Independence?

Question: What advantage did heavy carriers have over escort carriers?

Question: What was the expected service life of the UK 1924 Design Light Fleet Carrier?

Question: Who did the UK 1941 Design Heavy Fleet Carriers serve during the war?
Aircraft carrier

Speaking in St. Petersburg, Russia on 30 June 2011, the head of Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation said his company expected to begin design work for a new carrier in 2016, with a goal of beginning construction in 2018 and having the carrier achieve initial operational capability by 2023. Several months later, on 3 November 2011 the Russian newspaper Izvestiya reported that the naval building plan now included (first) the construction of a new shipyard capable of building large hull ships, after which Moscow will build two (80,000 tons full load each) nuclear-powered aircraft carriers by 2027. The spokesperson said one carrier would be assigned to the Russian Navy's Northern Fleet at Murmansk, and the second would be stationed with the Pacific Fleet at Vladivostok.

Question: When did Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation expect to begin design work for a new carrier?
Answer: 2016

Question: What year was the goal for Russia's new carrier to achieve initial operational capability?
Answer: 2023

Question: What was Izvestiya?
Answer: Russian newspaper

Question: Where was the Northern Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed?
Answer: Murmansk

Question: Where was the Pacific Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed?
Answer: Vladivostok

Question: When did Prussia's United Shipbuilding Corporation expect to begin design work for a new carrier?

Question: What year was the goal for Russia's old carrier to achieve initial operational capability?

Question: What wasn't Izvestiya?

Question: Where was the Southern Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed?

Question: Where was the Atlantic Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed?
Aircraft carrier

As "runways at sea", aircraft carriers have a flat-top flight deck, which launches and recovers aircraft. Aircraft launch forward, into the wind, and are recovered from astern. The flight deck is where the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway are found. Creating such a surface at sea poses constraints on the carrier – for example, the fact that it is a ship means that a full-length runway would be costly to construct and maintain. This affects take-off procedure, as a shorter runway length of the deck requires that aircraft accelerate more quickly to gain lift. This either requires a thrust boost, a vertical component to its velocity, or a reduced take-off load (to lower mass). The differing types of deck configuration, as above, influence the structure of the flight deck. The form of launch assistance a carrier provides is strongly related to the types of aircraft embarked and the design of the carrier itself.

Question: What are typically regarded as "runways at sea"?
Answer: aircraft carriers

Question: What design feature do aircraft carriers feature to aid in launching and recovering aircraft?
Answer: flat-top flight deck

Question: Where are the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway found?
Answer: The flight deck

Question: What is a primary reason that ships have shorter runways than land runways have?
Answer: a full-length runway would be costly to construct and maintain

Question: What do aircraft need to do when using shorter runway lengths?
Answer: accelerate more quickly to gain lift

Question: What are never regarded as "runways at sea"?

Question: What design feature do aircraft carriers feature to hinder launching and recovering aircraft?

Question: Where are the least notable differences between a carrier and a land runway found?

Question: What is a primary reason that ships have longer runways than land runways have?

Question: What do aircraft need to do when using longer runway lengths?
Aircraft carrier

Since the early 1950s on conventional carriers it has been the practice to recover aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship. The primary function of this angled deck is to allow aircraft that miss the arresting wires, referred to as a bolter, to become airborne again without the risk of hitting aircraft parked forward. The angled deck allows the installation of one or two "waist" catapults in addition to the two bow cats. An angled deck also improves launch and recovery cycle flexibility with the option of simultaneous launching and recovery of aircraft.

Question: When did conventional carriers start recovering aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship?
Answer: early 1950s

Question: What risk is avoided by aircraft by using an angled deck?
Answer: hitting aircraft parked forward

Question: How many "waist" catapults can be installed with an angled deck?
Answer: one or two

Question: How man bow cats can be installed with an angled deck?
Answer: two

Question: What aircraft design feature improves launch and recovery cycle flexibilty?
Answer: An angled deck

Question: When did conventional carriers stop recovering aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship?

Question: What risk is added by aircraft by using an angled deck?

Question: How many "waste" catapults can be installed with an angled deck?

Question: How man bow dogs can be installed with an angled deck?

Question: What aircraft design feature improves launch and recovery cycle rigidity?
Aircraft carrier

Another deck structure that can be seen is a ski-jump ramp at the forward end of the flight deck. This was first developed to help launch STOVL aircraft take off at far higher weights than is possible with a vertical or rolling takeoff on flat decks. Originally developed by the Royal Navy, it since has been adopted by many navies for smaller carriers. A ski-jump ramp works by converting some of the forward rolling movement of the aircraft into vertical velocity and is sometimes combined with the aiming of jet thrust partly downwards. This allows heavily loaded and fueled aircraft a few more precious seconds to attain sufficient air velocity and lift to sustain normal flight. Without a ski-jump launching fully loaded and fueled aircraft such as the Harrier would not be possible on a smaller flat deck ship before either stalling out or crashing directly into the sea.

Question: Where are ski-jump ramps located on aircraft carriers?
Answer: the forward end of the flight deck

Question: What did ski-jump ramps allow STOVL aircraft to do that they couldn't do with a flat deck??
Answer: take off at far higher weights

Question: Who originally developed the ski-jump ramp?
Answer: the Royal Navy

Question: What does a ski-jump ramp convert in order to be successful?
Answer: some of the forward rolling movement of the aircraft into vertical velocity

Question: What does the ski-jump ramp prevent a fully loaded and fueled aircraft from doing?
Answer: either stalling out or crashing directly into the sea

Question: Where are snowboard-jump ramps located on aircraft carriers?

Question: What did ski-jump ramps stop STOVL aircraft to do that they couldn't do with a flat deck?

Question: Who originally hated the ski-jump ramp?

Question: What does a ski-jump ramp convert in order to be a failure?

Question: What does the ski-jump ramp prevent a unloaded and fueled aircraft from doing?
Aircraft carrier

An aircraft carrier is a warship that serves as a seagoing airbase, equipped with a full-length flight deck and facilities for carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering aircraft. Typically, it is the capital ship of a fleet, as it allows a naval force to project air power worldwide without depending on local bases for staging aircraft operations. Aircraft carriers are expensive to build and are critical assets. Aircraft carriers have evolved from converted cruisers to nuclear-powered warships that carry numerous fighter planes, strike aircraft, helicopters, and other types of aircraft.

Question: What type of flight decks are aircraft carriers equipped with?
Answer: full-length

Question: What purpose do aircraft carriers serve for aircraft?
Answer: carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering

Question: Typically, what is the capital ship of any fleet?
Answer: An aircraft carrier

Question: What do aircraft carriers allow naval forces to accomplish?
Answer: project air power worldwide without depending on local bases

Question: What have the old converted cruiser aircraft carriers evolved into?
Answer: nuclear-powered warships

Question: What type of flight decks are aircraft carriers not equipped with?

Question: What purpose do aircraft carriers serve for land vehicles?

Question: Typically, what is the capital ship of no fleets?

Question: What do aircraft carriers disallow naval forces to accomplish?

Question: What have the new converted cruiser aircraft carriers devolved into?
Aircraft carrier

The 1903 advent of heavier-than-air fixed-wing aircraft was closely followed in 1910 by the first experimental take-off of an airplane, made from the deck of a United States Navy vessel (cruiser USS Birmingham), and the first experimental landings were conducted in 1911. On 9 May 1912 the first airplane take-off from a ship underway was made from the deck of the British Royal Navy's HMS Hibernia. Seaplane tender support ships came next, with the French Foudre of 1911. In September 1914 the Imperial Japanese Navy Wakamiya conducted the world's first successful ship-launched air raid: on 6 September 1914 a Farman aircraft launched by Wakamiya attacked the Austro-Hungarian cruiser SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth and the German gunboat Jaguar in Kiaochow Bay off Tsingtao; neither was hit. The first carrier-launched airstrike was the Tondern Raid in July 1918. Seven Sopwith Camels launched from the converted battlecruiser HMS Furious damaged the German airbase at Tønder and destroyed two zeppelins.

Question: In what year was the advent of heavier-than-air fixed-wing aircraft?
Answer: 1903

Question: In what year was the first experimental take-off of an airplane?
Answer: 1910

Question: In what year were the first experimental landings of an airplane?
Answer: 1911

Question: What did the Imperial Japanese Navy Wakamiya conduct in September 1914?
Answer: the world's first successful ship-launched air raid

Question: What was the first carrier-launched airstrike?
Answer: the Tondern Raid in July 1918

Question: In what year was the advent of lighter-than-air fixed-wing aircraft?

Question: In what year was the second experimental take-off of an airplane?

Question: In what year were the first experimental takeoffs of an airplane?

Question: What did the Imperial Chinese Navy Wakamiya conduct in September 1914?

Question: What was the first carrier-launched seastrike?
Aircraft carrier

Modern navies that operate such aircraft carriers treat them as the capital ship of the fleet, a role previously held by the battleship. This change took place during World War II in response to air power becoming a significant factor in warfare, driven by the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness of carrier-launched aircraft. Following the war, carrier operations continued to increase in size and importance. Supercarriers, displacing 75,000 tonnes or greater, have become the pinnacle of carrier development. Some are powered by nuclear reactors and form the core of a fleet designed to operate far from home. Amphibious assault ships, such as USS Tarawa and HMS Ocean, serve the purpose of carrying and landing Marines, and operate a large contingent of helicopters for that purpose. Also known as "commando carriers" or "helicopter carriers", many have the capability to operate VSTOL aircraft.

Question: Which ship was originally known as being the capital ship of the fleet?
Answer: the battleship

Question: When did aircraft carriers begin being know as the capital ship of the fleet?
Answer: World War II

Question: What type of carrier is capable of displacing 75,000 tonnes or greater?
Answer: Supercarriers

Question: Which ships are used for carrying and landing Marines?
Answer: Amphibious assault ships

Question: What do Amphibious assalut ships need a large contingent of for carrying Marines?
Answer: helicopters

Question: Which ship was never known as being the capital ship of the fleet?

Question: When did aircraft carriers begin being know as the minor ship of the fleet?

Question: What type of carrier is capable of displacing 57,000 tonnes or greater?

Question: Which ships are used for carrying and landing Civilians?

Question: What do Amphibious assault ships need a small contingent of for carrying Marines?
Aircraft carrier

The Royal Australian Navy is in the process of procuring two Canberra-class LHD's, the first of which was commissioned in November 2015, while the second is expected to enter service in 2016. The ships will be the largest in Australian naval history. Their primary roles are to embark, transport and deploy an embarked force and to carry out or support humanitarian assistance missions. The LHD is capable of launching multiple helicopters at one time while maintaining an amphibious capability of 1,000 troops and their supporting vehicles (tanks, armoured personnel carriers etc.). The Australian Defence Minister has publicly raised the possibility of procuring F-35B STOVL aircraft for the carrier, stating that it "has been on the table since day one and stating the LHD's are "STOVL capable".

Question: Who is in the process of procuring two Canbera-class LHD's?
Answer: The Royal Australian Navy

Question: How large will the two Canbera-class LDH's be?
Answer: the largest in Australian naval history

Question: What is one primary role of the Canbera-class LDH?
Answer: to embark, transport and deploy an embarked force

Question: How many troops can be maintained on a Canbera-class LHD?
Answer: 1,000 troops and their supporting vehicles

Question: How many helicopters is the LHD capable of launching?
Answer: multiple helicopters at one time

Question: Who is in the process of releasing two Canbera-class LHD's?

Question: How small will the two Canbera-class LDH's be?

Question: What is a secondary role of the Canbera-class LDH?

Question: How many civilians can be maintained on a Canbera-class LHD?

Question: How many tanks is the LHD capable of launching?
Aircraft carrier

The British Royal Navy is constructing two new larger STOVL aircraft carriers, the Queen Elizabeth class, to replace the three Invincible-class carriers. The ships will be named HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales. They will be able to operate up to 40 aircraft in peace time with a tailored group of up to 50, and will have a displacement of 70,600 tonnes. The ships are due to become operational from 2020. Their primary aircraft complement will be made up of F-35B Lightning IIs, and their ship's company will number around 680 with the total complement rising to about 1,600 when the air group is embarked. Defensive weapons will include the Phalanx Close-In Weapons System for anti-aircraft and anti-missile defence; also 30 mm Automated Small Calibre Guns and miniguns for use against fast attack craft. The two ships will be the largest warships ever built for the Royal Navy.

Question: What is the British Navy constructing to replace their three Invincible-class carriers?
Answer: two new larger STOVL aircraft carriers, the Queen Elizabeth class

Question: What will the 2 Queen Elizabeth class ships be named?
Answer: HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales

Question: When are the 2 Queen Elizabeth class ships due to become operational?
Answer: 2020

Question: How many tonnes can the Queen Elizabeth class ships displace?
Answer: 70,600

Question: How large will the two Queen Elizabeth ships be?
Answer: the largest warships ever built for the Royal Navy

Question: What is the British Army constructing to replace their three Invincible-class carriers?

Question: What will the 2 Queen Victoria class ships be named?

Question: When are the 2 Queen Elizabeth class ships due to become unoperational?

Question: How many grams can the Queen Elizabeth class ships displace?

Question: How old will the two Queen Elizabeth ships be?
Aircraft carrier

The constraints of constructing a flight deck affect the role of a given carrier strongly, as they influence the weight, type, and configuration of the aircraft that may be launched. For example, assisted launch mechanisms are used primarily for heavy aircraft, especially those loaded with air-to-ground weapons. CATOBAR is most commonly used on USN supercarriers as it allows the deployment of heavy jets with full loadouts, especially on ground-attack missions. STOVL is used by other navies because it is cheaper to operate and still provides good deployment capability for fighter aircraft.

Question: Why do the constraints of constructing a flight deck affect the role of a carrier?
Answer: they influence the weight, type, and configuration of the aircraft that may be launched

Question: What are assisted launch mechanisms primarily used for?
Answer: heavy aircraft

Question: What does CATOBAR allow for?
Answer: deployment of heavy jets with full loadouts

Question: Why is STOVL used by other navies?
Answer: it is cheaper to operate

Question: Why do the constraints of deconstructing a flight deck affect the role of a carrier?

Question: What are assisted launch mechanisms secondarily used for?

Question: What doesn't CATOBAR allow for?

Question: Why is STOVL not used by other navies?

Question: What is more expensive to operate?
Aircraft carrier

Key personnel involved in the flight deck include the shooters, the handler, and the air boss. Shooters are naval aviators or Naval Flight Officers and are responsible for launching aircraft. The handler works just inside the island from the flight deck and is responsible for the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery. The "air boss" (usually a commander) occupies the top bridge (Primary Flight Control, also called primary or the tower) and has the overall responsibility for controlling launch, recovery and "those aircraft in the air near the ship, and the movement of planes on the flight deck, which itself resembles a well-choreographed ballet." The captain of the ship spends most of his time one level below primary on the Navigation Bridge. Below this is the Flag Bridge, designated for the embarked admiral and his staff.

Question: What are 3 key personnel involved in the flight deck?
Answer: the shooters, the handler, and the air boss

Question: What are shooters responsible for?
Answer: launching aircraft

Question: What is the handler responsible for?
Answer: the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery

Question: Where does the captain of the ship spend most of his time?
Answer: on the Navigation Bridge

Question: Who is the Flag Bridge area of the ship designated for?
Answer: the embarked admiral and his staff

Question: What are 3 key personnel not involved in the flight deck?

Question: What are shooters unresponsible for?

Question: What is the handler unresponsible for?

Question: Where does the captain of the ship spend the least of his time?

Question: Who is the Flag Bridge area of the ship restricted from?
Aircraft carrier

India started the construction of a 40,000-tonne, 260-metre-long (850 ft) Vikrant-class aircraft carrier in 2009. The new carrier will operate MiG-29K and naval HAL Tejas aircraft along with the Indian-made helicopter HAL Dhruv. The ship will be powered by four gas-turbine engines and will have a range of 8,000 nautical miles (15,000 kilometres), carrying 160 officers, 1,400 sailors, and 30 aircraft. The carrier is being constructed by Cochin Shipyard. The ship was launched in August 2013 and is scheduled for commissioning in 2018.

Question: Who started construction of a 40,000-tonne Vikrant-class carrier in 2009?
Answer: India

Question: What will power the Indian-made ship?
Answer: four gas-turbine engines

Question: What will the range of the Indian-made ship be, carrying 160 officers, 1400 sailers, and 30 aircraft?
Answer: 8,000 nautical miles

Question: Who is constructing the Indian-made ship?
Answer: Cochin Shipyard

Question: When was the Indian-made ship launched?
Answer: August 2013

Question: Who finished construction of a 40,000-tonne Vikrant-class carrier in 2009?

Question: What will not power the Indian-made ship?

Question: What will the range of the Indian-made ship be, carrying 106 officers, 1400 sailers, and 30 aircraft?

Question: Who isn't constructing the Indian-made ship?

Question: When was the Indian-made ship retired?
Aircraft carrier

There is no single definition of an "aircraft carrier", and modern navies use several variants of the type. These variants are sometimes categorized as sub-types of aircraft carriers, and sometimes as distinct types of naval aviation-capable ships. Aircraft carriers may be classified according to the type of aircraft they carry and their operational assignments. Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope, former head of the Royal Navy, has said that "To put it simply, countries that aspire to strategic international influence have aircraft carriers".

Question: What is the definition of an "aircraft carrier"?
Answer: There is no single definition

Question: How may aircraft carriers be classified?
Answer: according to the type of aircraft they carry and their operational assignments

Question: Who is Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope?
Answer: former head of the Royal Navy

Question: Who said, "countries that aspire to strategic international influence have aircraft carriers"?
Answer: Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope

Question: What is the definition of an "warcraft carrier"?

Question: How may aircraft be classified?

Question: Who is Admiral Sir Mark Royal?

Question: Who said, "countries that aspire to strategic local influence have aircraft carriers"?

Question: what type of carrier has a single definition