patrickfleith/squad-v2-space-filtered huggingface dataset:
Aircraft carrier

In December 2009, then Indian Navy chief Admiral Nirmal Kumar Verma said at his maiden navy week press conference that concepts currently being examined by the Directorate of Naval Design for the second indigenous aircraft carrier (IAC-2), are for a conventionally powered carrier displacing over 50,000 tons and equipped with steam catapults (rather than the ski-jump on the Gorshkov/Vikramaditya and the IAC) to launch fourth-generation aircraft. Later on in August 2013 Vice Admiral RK Dhowan, while talking about the detailed study underway on the IAC-II project, said that nuclear propulsion was also being considered. The navy also evaluated the Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS), which is being used by the US Navy in their latest Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carriers. General Atomics, the developer of the EMALS, was cleared by the US government to give a technical demonstration to Indian Navy officers, who were impressed by the new capabilities of the system. The EMALS enables launching varied aircraft including unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAV). The aim is to have a total of three aircraft carriers in service, with two fully operational carriers and the third in refit.

Question: What does EMALS stand for?
Answer: Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System

Question: Who developed EMALS?
Answer: General Atomics

Question: What do EMALS enable the launching of?
Answer: varied aircraft including unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAV)

Question: Who was impressed by the demonstration of EMALS by General Atomics?
Answer: Indian Navy officers

Question: How many in-service aircraft carriers are aimed for with EMALS?
Answer: three

Question: What does MEALS stand for?

Question: Who didn't develop EMALS?

Question: What do EMALS disable the launching of?

Question: Who wasn't impressed by the demonstration of EMALS by General Atomics?

Question: How many out of service aircraft carriers are aimed for with EMALS?
Aircraft carrier

The current US fleet of Nimitz-class carriers will be followed into service (and in some cases replaced) by the ten-ship Gerald R. Ford class. It is expected that the ships will be more automated in an effort to reduce the amount of funding required to staff, maintain and operate its supercarriers. The main new features are implementation of Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) (which replace the old steam catapults) and unmanned aerial vehicles. With the deactivation of USS Enterprise in December 2012 (decommissioning scheduled for 2016), the U.S. fleet comprises 10 active supercarriers. On 24 July 2007, the House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee recommended seven or eight new carriers (one every four years). However, the debate has deepened over budgeting for the $12–14.5 billion (plus $12 billion for development and research) for the 100,000 ton Gerald R. Ford-class carrier (estimated service 2016) compared to the smaller $2 billion 45,000 ton America-class amphibious assault ships able to deploy squadrons of F-35B of which one is already active, another is under construction and nine more are planned.

Question: What will some of the current US fleet of Nimitz-class carriers be replaced with?
Answer: the ten-ship Gerald R. Ford class

Question: Which feature of the new ships will replace the old steam catapults?
Answer: Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS)

Question: When is the USS Enterprise scheduled to be decommissioned?
Answer: 2016

Question: How much does the Gerald R. Ford-class carrier weigh?
Answer: 100,000 ton

Question: How much does the America-class amphibious assault ship weigh?
Answer: 45,000 ton

Question: What will some of the current UN fleet of Nimitz-class carriers be replaced with?

Question: Which feature of the new ships will replace the old nuclear catapults?

Question: When is the USS Enterprise scheduled to be commissioned?

Question: How much does the Harrison R. Ford-class carrier weigh?

Question: How much does the America-class amphibious peace ship weigh?
Aircraft carrier

The superstructure of a carrier (such as the bridge, flight control tower) are concentrated in a relatively small area called an island, a feature pioneered on the HMS Hermes in 1923. While the island is usually built on the starboard side of the fight deck, the Japanese aircraft carriers Akagi and Hiryū had their islands built on the port side. Very few carriers have been designed or built without an island. The flush deck configuration proved to have significant drawbacks, primary of which was management of the exhaust from the power plant. Fumes coming across the deck were a major issue in USS Langley. In addition, lack of an island meant difficulties managing the flight deck, performing air traffic control, a lack of radar housing placements and problems with navigating and controlling the ship itself.

Question: What feature was pioneered on the HMS Hermes in 1923?
Answer: an island

Question: What is concentrated in the small area called an island?
Answer: The superstructure of a carrier

Question: Other than Japanese carriers, which side of the flight deck are islands typically built on?
Answer: starboard

Question: What was the biggest drawback to the flush deck configuration?
Answer: management of the exhaust from the power plant

Question: What was a major issue in the USS Langley?
Answer: Fumes coming across the deck

Question: What feature was pioneered on the HMS Hermes in 1932?

Question: What is concentrated in the large area called an island?

Question: Other than Chinese carriers, which side of the flight deck are islands typically built on?

Question: What was the biggest advantage to the flush deck configuration?

Question: What was a minor issue in the USS Langley?
Aircraft carrier

Since World War II, aircraft carrier designs have increased in size to accommodate a steady increase in aircraft size. The large, modern Nimitz class of US carriers has a displacement nearly four times that of the World War II–era USS Enterprise, yet its complement of aircraft is roughly the same—a consequence of the steadily increasing size and weight of military aircraft over the years. Today's aircraft carriers are so expensive that nations which operate them risk significant political, economic, and military impact if a carrier is lost, or even used in conflict.

Question: Why have aircraft carriers increased in size since World War II?
Answer: to accommodate a steady increase in aircraft size

Question: How much more displacement does the modern Nimitz class have compared to the older USS Enterprise?
Answer: nearly four times

Question: Why do nations risk significant political impacts if a carrier is lost or even used in conflict?
Answer: Today's aircraft carriers are so expensive

Question: Which era does the USS Enterprise belong to?
Answer: World War II

Question: Why have aircraft carriers increased in size since World War I?

Question: How much more displacement does the modern Nimitz class have compared to the newer USS Enterprise?

Question: Why do nations risk minimal political impacts if a carrier is lost or even used in conflict?

Question: Which era does the USA Enterprise belong to?

Question: Today's aircraft carriers are so cheap that nations which operate them risk what?
Aircraft carrier

Although STOVL aircraft are capable of taking off vertically from a spot on the deck, using the ramp and a running start is far more fuel efficient and permits a heavier launch weight. As catapults are unnecessary, carriers with this arrangement reduce weight, complexity, and space needed for complex steam or electromagnetic launching equipment, vertical landing aircraft also remove the need for arresting cables and related hardware. Russian, Chinese, and future Indian carriers include a ski-jump ramp for launching lightly loaded conventional fighter aircraft but recover using traditional carrier arresting cables and a tailhook on their aircraft.

Question: What is a more fuel efficient way for STOVL aircraft to take off rather than vertically?
Answer: using the ramp and a running start

Question: What kind of aircraft are capable of taking off vertically?
Answer: STOVL

Question: What landing aircraft have removed the need for arresting cables?
Answer: vertical

Question: What do Russian carriers include for launching lightly loaded conventional fighters?
Answer: a ski-jump ramp

Question: What do Russian carriers still use to recover?
Answer: traditional carrier arresting cables and a tailhook on their aircraft

Question: What is a less fuel efficient way for STOVL aircraft to take off rather than vertically?

Question: What kind of aircraft are capable of taking off horizontally?

Question: What landing aircraft have included the need for arresting cables?

Question: What do Russian carriers include for launching heavily loaded conventional fighters?

Question: What do Russian carriers no longer use to recover?
Aircraft carrier

The Royal Navy is constructing two new larger STOVL aircraft carriers, the Queen Elizabeth class, to replace the three now retired Invincible-class carriers. The ships are HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales. They will be able to operate up to 40 aircraft on peace time operations with a tailored group of up to 50, and will have a displacement of 70,600 tonnes. HMS Queen Elizabeth is projected to commission in 2017 followed by Prince of Wales in about 2020. The ships are due to become operational starting in 2020. Their primary aircraft complement will be made up of F-35B Lightning IIs, and their ship's company will number around 680 with the total complement rising to about 1600 when the air group is embarked. The two ships will be the largest warships ever built for the Royal Navy.

Question: Which class of aircraft carriers is being constructed to replace the Invincible-class carriers?
Answer: Queen Elizabeth

Question: What will the displacement be for the HMS Queen Elizabeth?
Answer: 70,600 tonnes

Question: When is HMS Queen Elizabeth projected to commission?
Answer: in 2017

Question: When is Prince of Wales projected to commission?
Answer: in about 2020

Question: Who is building HMS Queen Elizabeth and Prince of Wales?
Answer: Royal Navy

Question: Which class of aircraft carriers is being deconstructed to replace the Invincible-class carriers?

Question: What will the displacement be for the SMH Queen Elizabeth?

Question: When is HMS Queen Elizabeth projected to end?

Question: When is Prince of Wales projected to end?

Question: Who is buying HMS Queen Elizabeth and Prince of Wales?
Federal Aviation Administration

The Air Commerce Act of May 20, 1926, is the cornerstone of the federal government's regulation of civil aviation. This landmark legislation was passed at the urging of the aviation industry, whose leaders believed the airplane could not reach its full commercial potential without federal action to improve and maintain safety standards. The Act charged the Secretary of Commerce with fostering air commerce, issuing and enforcing air traffic rules, licensing pilots, certifying aircraft, establishing airways, and operating and maintaining aids to air navigation. The newly created Aeronautics Branch, operating under the Department of Commerce assumed primary responsibility for aviation oversight.

Question: When was the Air Commerce Act passed?
Answer: May 20, 1926

Question: Who was charged with fostering air commerce?
Answer: Secretary of Commerce

Question: What new branch was created and operates under the Department of Commerce?
Answer: Aeronautics Branch

Question: Who assumed primary responsibility for aviation oversight?
Answer: Aeronautics Branch

Question: Who was responsible for operating and maintaining aids to air navigation?
Answer: Secretary of Commerce

Question: Who passed the Air Commerce Act?

Question: Who was charged with fostering aviation oversight?

Question: Who believed the airplane could not reach its federal potential without legislation?

Question: Who was charged with the fostering of manufacturing planes?

Question: What department did the Aeronautic Branch create?
Military history of the United States

Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske was at the vanguard of new technology in naval guns and gunnery, thanks to his innovations in fire control 1890–1910. He immediately grasped the potential for air power, and called for the development of a torpedo plane. Fiske, as aide for operations in 1913–15 to Assistant Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt, proposed a radical reorganization of the Navy to make it a war-fighting instrument. Fiske wanted to centralize authority in a chief of naval operations and an expert staff that would develop new strategies, oversee the construction of a larger fleet, coordinate war planning including force structure, mobilization plans, and industrial base, and ensure that the US Navy possessed the best possible war machines. Eventually, the Navy adopted his reforms and by 1915 started to reorganize for possible involvement in the World War then underway.

Question: What naval officer developed new doctrines for gunnery at the turn of the 20th Century?
Answer: Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske

Question: What aircraft did Fiske call for the development of?
Answer: torpedo plane

Question: What assistant naval secretary did Fiske serve under?
Answer: Franklin D. Roosevelt

Question: When did Fiske propose his reforms to the way the Navy operated?
Answer: 1913–15

Question: What naval officer developed old doctrines for gunnery at the turn of the 21st Century?

Question:  What aircraft did Fiske call for the dissolvement of?

Question:  What assistant naval secretary did Fiske serve over?

Question:  When did Fiske propose his reforms to the way the Army operated?
Infrared

Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space, such as molecular clouds; detect objects such as planets, and to view highly red-shifted objects from the early days of the universe. Infrared thermal-imaging cameras are used to detect heat loss in insulated systems, to observe changing blood flow in the skin, and to detect overheating of electrical apparatus.

Question: Along with industrial and medical, in what applications is infrared radiation used?
Answer: scientific

Question: What technology is used by night-vision devices?
Answer: active near-infrared illumination

Question: What discipline uses infrared telescopes to see through molecular clouds?
Answer: Infrared astronomy

Question: What color shift indicates that space objects date from the early days of the universe?
Answer: red

Question: What devices are used to observe insulated system heat loss?
Answer: Infrared thermal-imaging cameras

Question: What technology allows infrared thermal imaging cameras to observe people or animals without being detected?

Question: What technology is used by night vision devices to observe changing blood flow in the skin?

Question: What science discipline uses infrared thermal-imaging cameras to penetrate dusty regions of space?

Question: Along with industrial and medical, in what applications is infrared astronomy used?

Question: What type of radiation is used to detect heat loss in insulated systems?
Infrared

Infrared radiation is popularly known as "heat radiation"[citation needed], but light and electromagnetic waves of any frequency will heat surfaces that absorb them. Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 49% of the heating of Earth, with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then re-radiated at longer wavelengths. Visible light or ultraviolet-emitting lasers can char paper and incandescently hot objects emit visible radiation. Objects at room temperature will emit radiation concentrated mostly in the 8 to 25 µm band, but this is not distinct from the emission of visible light by incandescent objects and ultraviolet by even hotter objects (see black body and Wien's displacement law).

Question: What is a commonly used term for infrared radiation?
Answer: heat radiation

Question: What percentage of the Earth's heat is derived from the Sun's infrared light?
Answer: 49%

Question: What is the common range of emitted radiation of room temperature objects, in micrometers? 
Answer: 8 to 25

Question: Other than infrared light, what type of light is responsible for heating the Earth?
Answer: visible

Question: What radiation is responsible for 49% of the heating of the Earth?

Question: Other than infrared light, what type of light is responsible for emitting visible radiation?

Question: What type of light or laser will emit radiation concentrated mostly in the 8 to 25 um band?

Question: What type of waves will char paper?
Infrared

Infrared tracking, also known as infrared homing, refers to a passive missile guidance system, which uses the emission from a target of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared part of the spectrum to track it. Missiles that use infrared seeking are often referred to as "heat-seekers", since infrared (IR) is just below the visible spectrum of light in frequency and is radiated strongly by hot bodies. Many objects such as people, vehicle engines, and aircraft generate and retain heat, and as such, are especially visible in the infrared wavelengths of light compared to objects in the background.

Question: What is another term for infrared homing?
Answer: Infrared tracking

Question: What devices make use of infrared homing?
Answer: Missiles

Question: What is a common name for missiles that make use of infrared seeking?
Answer: heat-seekers

Question: Along with aircraft and people, what objects notably create and retain heat?
Answer: vehicle engines

Question: What does IR stand for?
Answer: infrared

Question: What is another term for heat seekers?

Question: Besides vehicle engines and people what other objects create and retain heat?

Question: What term means to generate heat and is especially visible in infrared wavelengths of light?

Question: What is the term that uses the infrared spectrum that is radiated by hot bodies?

Question: What term describes the spectrum of light that is part of the visible spectrum?
Infrared

High, cold ice clouds such as Cirrus or Cumulonimbus show up bright white, lower warmer clouds such as Stratus or Stratocumulus show up as grey with intermediate clouds shaded accordingly. Hot land surfaces will show up as dark-grey or black. One disadvantage of infrared imagery is that low cloud such as stratus or fog can be a similar temperature to the surrounding land or sea surface and does not show up. However, using the difference in brightness of the IR4 channel (10.3–11.5 µm) and the near-infrared channel (1.58–1.64 µm), low cloud can be distinguished, producing a fog satellite picture. The main advantage of infrared is that images can be produced at night, allowing a continuous sequence of weather to be studied.

Question: Along with Cirrus, what types of clouds are cold and high?
Answer: Cumulonimbus

Question: What color do Cirrus clouds appear in infrared?
Answer: white

Question: Along with Stratus, what clouds are lower and warmer?
Answer: Stratocumulus

Question: What color are Strarus clouds in infrared?
Answer: grey

Question: What is the range of the near-infrared channel in micrometers?
Answer: 1.58–1.64

Question: Besides cumulonimbus, what types of clouds are lower and warmer?

Question: What ice clouds show up grey in infrared?

Question: What land surface can be a similar temperature to the surrounding land?

Question: What color are lower intermediate clouds on infrared?

Question: What difference allows high clouds to be distinguished?
Infrared

The sensitivity of Earth-based infrared telescopes is significantly limited by water vapor in the atmosphere, which absorbs a portion of the infrared radiation arriving from space outside of selected atmospheric windows. This limitation can be partially alleviated by placing the telescope observatory at a high altitude, or by carrying the telescope aloft with a balloon or an aircraft. Space telescopes do not suffer from this handicap, and so outer space is considered the ideal location for infrared astronomy.

Question: What limits the sensitivity of infrared telescopes on Earth?
Answer: water vapor in the atmosphere

Question: To somewhat avoid the water vapor in the atmosphere, where can an observatory be sited?
Answer: at a high altitude

Question: Along with aircraft, what object can be used to carry a telescope aloft?
Answer: balloon

Question: What sorts of telescopes completely avoid water vapor in Earth's atmosphere?
Answer: Space telescopes

Question: What limits the sensitivity of high altitude observatories?

Question: What is the ideal location for atmospheric windows?

Question: What kind of telescopes avoid absorbing infrared radiation?

Question: Where can you place an observatory to avoid the atmospheric window?

Question: What absorbs infrared radiation from space away from high altitude?
Infrared

Heat is energy in transit that flows due to temperature difference. Unlike heat transmitted by thermal conduction or thermal convection, thermal radiation can propagate through a vacuum. Thermal radiation is characterized by a particular spectrum of many wavelengths that is associated with emission from an object, due to the vibration of its molecules at a given temperature. Thermal radiation can be emitted from objects at any wavelength, and at very high temperatures such radiations are associated with spectra far above the infrared, extending into visible, ultraviolet, and even X-ray regions (i.e., the solar corona). Thus, the popular association of infrared radiation with thermal radiation is only a coincidence based on typical (comparatively low) temperatures often found near the surface of planet Earth.

Question: What is the term for transit energy flowing as a result of differences in temperature?
Answer: Heat

Question: What type of heat transmission can propagate through a vacuum?
Answer: thermal radiation

Question: What object emits thermal radiation in the X-ray spectrum?
Answer: the solar corona

Question: The visible, ultraviolet and X-ray spectra are all above what spectrum?
Answer: infrared

Question: How does heat propagate through a vaccuum?

Question: What object emits heat in the x-ray spectrum?

Question: How is heat associated with emission from an object?

Question: What spectra is heat extended into?

Question: What is the association of heat with thermal radiation?
Infrared

Thermographic cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 900–14,000 nanometers or 0.9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperatures, according to the black body radiation law, thermography makes it possible to "see" one's environment with or without visible illumination. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature, therefore thermography allows one to see variations in temperature (hence the name).

Question: What is the range of the electromagnetic spectrum in micrometers?
Answer: 0.9–14

Question: In nanometers, what is the electromagnetic spectrum's range?
Answer: 900–14,000

Question: What law states that infrared radiation is emitted by objects based on temperature?
Answer: the black body radiation law

Question: What happens to the amount of radiation an object emits as temperature increases?
Answer: increases

Question: What type of cameras see infrared radiation?
Answer: Thermographic

Question: What camera detects temperature in the infrared range?

Question: What law states that infrared radiation is emitted by objects based on environment?

Question: When an object has visible illumination, what happens to the amount of radiation an object emits?

Question: What is the range of the black body radiation law?

Question: What is the nanometer range that allows you to see temperature variations?