patrickfleith/Astro-mcqa huggingface dataset:
Question: What would be the Delta V in m/s of the first stage of a rocket under the following conditions?
Options:
1519, 2519, 3519, 4519, 5519
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Justification: The ideal rocket equation gives ΔV = g0 * Isp * ln(mass_initial / mass_final).
g0 = 9.81 m/s^2
Isp = 450 s
We need to compute the initial mass of the rocket and the final mass of the rocket.

1. Initial mass of the rocket before the first stage has brunt (all the propellant is remaining)
initial_mass = payload_mass + structure_mass + propellant_mass = 5,000 + 10,000 + 100,000 = 115,000 kg.

2. Final mass of the rocket after first stage burnt (everything is included except the half of the propellant that has been burnt)
final_mass = payload_mass + structure_mass = 5,000 + 10,000  + 100,000/2 = 65,000 kg

 ΔV = g0 * Isp * ln(115,000 / 65,000) = 2519 m/s
Question: What Delta V can be achieve by the second stage of a rocket, after first stage has been jettisoned and under the following assumptions?
Options:
6910 m/s, 7910 m/s, 8910 m/s, 9910 m/s
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Question: What does ECLSS refer to in astronautics?
Options:
Engineering Calibration and Logistics Support Services, Extra-terrestrial Colonization and Landing Systems, Electrical Circuitry and Load Support Systems, Environmental Control and Life Support System
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Question: Which of the following environmental control requirements are in general specific to human spaceflight, hence not applicable to unmanned satellite missions?
Options:
Atmospheric Pressure Control, Temperature Control, Waste Disposal, Water and Food
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Question: Which of the following is true about ECLSS Closed Loop System in comparison to Open-Loop ECLSS?
Options:
They are reliable because there are a few moving parts, Resource scale linearly with flight duration, They require less resupply, They are more complex and more expensive, Recycling equipment can increase the launch mass
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Question: What is the primary driver to choose between a closed-loop or an open-loop ECLSS?
Options:
Spacecraft Size, Crew Size, Mission Duration, Launcher reliability
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Justification: Due to the additional mass from recycling equipement, open-loop ECLSS are more interesting for short-term missions. There is a crossover point in the mission duration after which the initial investment of bringing with you recycling equipment becomes more interesting (in terms of total mass) due to the recycled matter.
Question: Which of the following recycling is represent the more mass savings using a closed loop ECLSS?
Options:
Food production from wastes, Oxygen recovery from CO2, Water recycling, Leaks prevention
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Justification: Recycling water is by far the most important source of mass saving
Question: Which of the following are the most import source of water consumption on-board ISS missions?
Options:
Drinking water, Food preparation water, Clothes wash water
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Justification: Clothes are not washed onboard the ISS otherwise it would consume too much water. Food preparation water is usually half of drinking water requirements.
Question: Assuming there are 3 sources of independent errors on the knowledge of the volume of a given reservoir. These independent errors are 0.1 L, 0.2 L and 0.5 L. Which is the combined errors of these 3 sources of errors?
Options:
0.30 L, 0.50 L, 0.55 L, 0.80 L
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Justification: If the errors are independent the combined error is given by the square root of the sum of individual error squared. sqrt(0.1ˆ2 + 0.2ˆ2 + 0.5ˆ2) = 0.547. L
Question: What is the formula used to combined errors (e1, e2, e3) which are depend from each other? Assume that all errors are given in absolute values.
Options:
error = e1 + e2 + e3
error = e1ˆ2 + e2ˆ2 + e3ˆ2
error = max(e1, e2, e3)
error = sqrt(e1 + e2 + e3)
error = sqrt(e1ˆ2 + e2ˆ2 + e3ˆ2)
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Question: How do you usually compute a risk score in aerospace risk management?
Options:
Division of severity by probability of occurrence, Summation of individual risk severity, Average probability of occurrence of all risks, Multiplication of probability of occurrence by risk
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Question: What is usually true when talking about spacecraft active redundancy systems?
Options:
Often used in non-critical application, Often used in critical application, Suitable for digital systems but not for mechanical systems, Requires manual switching to backup components upon failure, No action is needed to ensure the service continuity after the failure
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Question: What are trade trees in astronautics?
Options:
A catalog of spacecraft components traded on international markets
A new class algorithms for optimizing fuel consumption during space missions
Mathematical models for predicting the trajectory of celestial bodies
A hierarchical decomposition of decisions to make the most important decisions first
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Question: Which of the following best describe push broom scanning technique for electro-optical instruments?
Options:
Scanning a single detector element on the ground in the cross-track direction
Scanning covering a full swath width using a linear arrangement of detector elements
Scanning using a 2-dimensional array of detector element
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Question: True of false: Active RF systems can be used in satellite observation payload to observe emission of the highest energy photons from astrophysical objects (including Sun and supernovae)?
Options:
True, False
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Justification: False because, the capability to observe emission of the highest energy photons from astrophysical objects (including Sun and supernovae) is usually provided by gamma ray payloads while active RF system like radars and synthetic aperture radars (SARs) are used for RF imagery of precipitation in clouds, surface wakes on the ocean and detailed topography of Earth and other planetary solid surfaces.
Question: Which of the following was the first known SAR in space?
Options:
CALIPSO, ICESAT, SEASAT, TRMM
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Justification: SEASAT launched in 1978 is the first known SAR in space and operated in L-band .
Question: Which of the following aberrations can be fully corrected by Doublet/Schmidt optical systems?
Options:
Lateral Chromatic, Length Chromatic, Astigmatism, Curvature of Field, Spherical
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Question: Which of the following reflective optical system is analogous to the Tele-optic refractive optical system?
Options:
Lens Doublet
Schmidt
Cassegrain
TMA (Three-mirror anastigmatic)
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Question: Which of the following best describe a spherical aberration?
Options:
when a sharp image is formed on a focal surface which isn't flat
when light from the periphery of a spherical lens or mirror is focused nearer the element than light from the center
when an otherwise sharp image is distorted in shape, such as when straight light on the surface being viewed appear curved on the focal plane
dispersion of the light due to the refractive index of a lens being a function of the wavelength
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Question: Assuming you are calculating parameters for a passive optical sensor, what would be the sensor dynamic range DR (with respect to cold space) assuming that the number of photocarriers available Ne = 7.3e6 (evaluated for an ideal detector) and number of read-out noise electrons is Nr = 5000?
Options:
DR = Neˆ2 / Nr = 1.07e10
DR = Ne / Nr = 1460
DR = sqrt(Ne) / Nr = 0.54
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Question: Which type of satellite sensor should you select for you AOCS if you need an accuracy of 0.1 deg and have string mass constraint?
Options:
Sun Sensor, Star Sensor, Magnetometer
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Justification: Sun sensors have a typical accuracy of 0.005 def to 3 deg with mass varying from 0.1 to 2 kg which is accurate but weight less than star sensors. Magnetometers are not accurate enough for this performance requirements
Question: Which of the following definition is correct in the domain of spacecraft mechanisms?
Options:
Deployables - devices used to provide optical adjustments for space instruments
Drives - devices requiring continuous or frequent operation for the life of the mission where wear, lubrication and life are critical
Instrument mechanisms - devices generally used to create spacecraft on-orbit configurations which are larger than can be packed in the launch vehicle fairing
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Question: What is true about MLI for satellites?
Options:
MLI stands for Micro Layer Insulation
MLI stands for Multiple Layer Insulation
Composed of multiples layers of low-emittance films with low conductivity
Composed of micrometer thickness layers of high-emittance films sandwiched with carbon fiber reinforced mesh
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Question: Which of the following thermal dissipation mechanism is usually not accounted for for satellite thermal balance?
Options:
Conduction, Radiation, Convection
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Question: Which of the following thermal control component is used to warmup the catalyst bed of hydrazine thrusters?
Options:
Surface finish, Louvers, Patch heater, Cartridge heater, Grooved Heat pipe
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Question: Which of the following reviews according to European Space Agency space program life cycle comes last?
Options:
CDR, MCR, PDR, SRR
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Question: Select all which are commonly accepted end item verification methods?
Options:
Verification by inspection, Verification by analysis, Verification by test, Verification by similarity
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Justification: All 4 methods are widely recognized methods of formal verification. Some users add another category of verification method: demonstration.
Question: What are burn-in tests for spacecraft components?
Options:
application of radiation stesses simulating single events
application of electrical stresses above normal use, or rating, usually high voltage
application of pseudo-random vibration spectum predicted for launch and atmospheric ascent
sustained high temperature operation over pre-defined time span
application of transients simulating those resulting from sudden release of loads (staging/separation, deployment)
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Question: What type of environmental tests for units under tests correspond to rapid temperature transitions between defined extremes under normal atmospheric conditions, dwelling at extremes for hours at a time?
Options:
Pyro-shock
Thermal vacuum
Burn-in
Thermal cycling
Enhanced low dose rate sensitivity (ELDRS)
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Question: How can you compute the MTBF assuming you know the failure rate lambda?
Options:
lambdaˆ2
lambdaˆ(1/2)
1 / lambda
lambda / (1 - lambda)
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Question: Consider a propellant feed system with two valves in series. Valve one has a probability of failure in close position of 0.01 and the other valve has a probability of failure in close position of 0.02. If any of the valve fail in the close position, the propellant cannot flow anymore. What is the overall reliability R of the feed system to still be open?
Options:
Approximately 0.95, Approximately 0.97, Approximately 0.03, Approximately 0.02, Exactly 0.87, Exactly 0.76
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Justification: R = (1 - 0.01)*(1-0.02) = 0.99 * 0.98 = approx. 0.97
Question: Which of the following languages will you have to learn as a minimum if your are selected as an Astronaut?
Options:
French, Chinese, English, Japanese, Russian
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Question: Which of this center are knwon for Astronaut training?
Options:
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Kennedy Space Center, Johnson Space Center, Star City, ESA/ESTEC, ESA/EAC
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Question: Which of the following system enable astronaut to experience up to 20 seconds of weightlessness?
Options:
zero-G flight, Drop tower, Centrifuges, Water Buoyancy Lab
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Question: What should you do first when a non-confirmance is detected according to the ECSS?
Options:
Implement corrective and preventive actions
Call the supplier and fire them
Issue a non-conformance test plan (NCTP)
Organize an internal non-conformance review board (NRB)
Issue an internal Non-conformance report (NCR)
Notify the customer and call out for a customer non-conformance review board (NRB)
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Question: Which of the following are commonly accepted dispositions of minor non-conformances?
Options:
Return to supplier, Use "As Is", Rework, Repair, Scrap, Test again until test pass
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Question: What type of orbit is famous for its long dwell time over North America and Russia while passeing quickly over the southern hemisphere?
Options:
Geostationary Orbit, Polar Orbit, Sun Synchronous Orbit, Korolev Orbit, Molniya Orbit, Kennedy Orbit
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Question: Which of the following gas is the main component of the Mars atmosphere?
Options:
N2, O2, CO2, CH4, Ar
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Justification: Mars Atmosphere is made up to 96% of CO2
Question: How long do Lunar night last near the Moon equator (period of time where your solar array will not generate electricity and where you would have to run on batteries)
Options:
3.5 hours, 35 hours, 350 hours, 3500 hours
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Question: Which can you find on the Moon surface?
Options:
Liquid methane, Lava tubes, Ilmenite, Iron, Titanium, and Aluminum oxides, A thin atmosphere
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Question: Which mission types to Mars often include a Venus fly-by?
Options:
Conjunction mission, Cross-trapped mission, Opposition mission, S-type mission, J-type mission
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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Question: Which of the following methods are well known for propellant gauging in satellite propellant subsystems?
Options:
Pressure-Volume-Temperature, Entropy-Enthalpy-Gibbs, Book-keeping, Station-keeping
Answer key (one line per option, 1 = correct):
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