pari-kulkarni/itihasa-sanskrit-en-filtered huggingface dataset:
Sanskrit: एतदेकपदं शक्र सर्वलोकसुखावहम्। आचरन् सर्वभूतेषु प्रियो भवति सर्वदा॥
English: This is the one thing, O Shakra, which yields happiness to all. By practising it, one may always secure the love of all creatures.
Sanskrit: यो हि नाभाषते किंचित् सर्वदा भृकुटीमुखः। द्वेष्यो भवति भूतानां स सान्त्वमिह नाचरन्॥
English: The person who does not speak a word and whose face is always marked with frowns is hated of all. Want of sweet speeches makes him so.
Sanskrit: यस्तु सर्वमभिप्रेक्ष्य पूर्वमेवाभिभाषते। स्मितपूर्वाभिभाषी च तस्य लोकः प्रसीदति॥
English: That person who, on seeing others, speaks to them first with smiles, succeeds in winning over every one.
Sanskrit: दानमेव हि सर्वत्र सान्त्वेनानभिजल्पितम्। न प्रीणयति भूतानि निर्व्यञ्जनमिवाशनम्॥
English: Even gifts, if not made with sweet speeches, do not please the recipients, like rice without curry.
Sanskrit: आदानादपि भूतानां मधुरामीरयन् गिरम्। सर्वलोकमिमं शक्र सान्त्वेन कुरुते वशे॥
English: If even the wealth of men, O Shakra, be snatched away with sweet speeches, such sweetness of conduct can even propitiate the robbed.
Sanskrit: तस्मात् सान्त्वं प्रयोक्तव्यं दण्डमाधिसतोऽपि हि। फलं च जनयत्येवं न चास्योद्विजते जनः॥
English: A king, therefore, who is desirous of even inflicting punishment, should use sweet words. Sweetness of speech never fails, while at the same time it never pains any heart.
Sanskrit: सुकृतस्य हि सान्त्वस्य श्लक्ष्णस्य मधुरस्य च। सम्यगासेव्यमानस्य तुल्यं जातु न विद्यते॥
English: A person of good deeds and good, pleasant and sweet speeches, has no peer.
Sanskrit: भीष्म उवाच इत्युक्तः कृतवान् सर्व यथा शक्रः पुरोधसा। तथा त्वमपि कौन्तेय सम्यगेतत् समाचर॥
English: Bhishma continued Thus addressed by his priest, Shakra began to follow those instructions. Do you also, O son of Kunti, practise this virtue.'
Sanskrit: युधिष्ठिर उवाच कथं स्विदिह राजेन्द्र पालयन् पार्थिवः प्रजाः। प्रीतिं धर्मविशेषेण कीर्तिमानोति शाश्वतीम्॥
English: Yudhishthira said O foremost of kings, what is that method by which a king governing his subjects may, thereby, acquire great blessedness and eternal fame?
Sanskrit: भीष्म उवाच व्यवहारेण शुद्धेन प्रजापालनतत्परः। प्राप्य धर्मं च कीर्तिं च लोकानाप्नोत्युभौ शुचिः॥
English: Bhishma said A king of pure soul and devoted to the duty of protecting his subjects acquires merit and fame, both here and hereafter, by acting righteously.
Sanskrit: युधिष्ठिर उवाच कीदृशैर्व्यवहारैस्तु कैश्च व्यवहरेन्नृपः। एतत्पृष्टो महाप्राज्ञ यथावद् वक्तुमर्हसि॥
English: Yudhishthira said What should attitude of the king with regard to the treatment of others. Asked by me, O you of great wisdom, you should tell me everything duly!
Sanskrit: ये चैव पूर्वं कथिता गुणास्ते पुरुषं प्रति। नैकस्मिन् पुरुषे ह्येते विद्यन्त इति मे मतिः॥
English: The virtues of men, which you have described, cannot be found to exist in any single individual. Bhishma said-
Sanskrit: भीष्म उवाच एवमेतन्महाप्राज्ञ यथा वदसि बुद्धिमन्। दुर्लभः पुरुषः कश्चिदेभिर्युक्तो गुणैः शुभैः॥
English: You are highly intelligent, O Yudhishthira! It is what you say. The person is very rare who is endued with all those good qualities.
Sanskrit: किंतु संक्षेपत: शीलं प्रयत्नेनेह दुर्लभम्। वक्ष्यामि तु यथामात्यान् यादृशांश्च करिष्यसि॥
English: In short, such a one, [who is possessed of all those virtues) is very difficult to be seen even upon careful search. I shall, however, tell you what kinds of ministers should be appointed by you.
Sanskrit: चतुरो ब्राह्मणान् वैद्यान् प्रगल्भान् स्नातकाशुचीन्। क्षत्रियांश्च तथा चाष्टौ बलिनः शस्त्रपाणिनः॥ वैश्यान् वित्तेन सम्पन्नानेकविंशतिसंख्यया। त्रींश्च शूद्रान् विनीतांश्च शुचीन् कर्मणि पूर्वके॥ अष्टाभिश्च गुणैर्युक्तं सूतं पौराणिकं तथा। पञ्चाशद्वर्षवयसं प्रगल्भमनसूयकम्॥ श्रुतिस्मृतिसमायुक्तं विनीतं समदर्शिनम्। कार्ये विवदमानानां शक्तमर्थेष्वलोलुपम्॥ वर्जितं चैव व्यसनैः सुघोरैः सप्तभि शम्। अशनां मन्त्रिणां मध्ये मन्त्रं राजोपधारयेत्॥
English: Four Brahmanas, learned in the Vedas, endued with a sense of dignity, belonging to the Sanataka order, and of pure conduct, and eight Kshatriyas, all of whom should have physical strength and be capable of wielding weapons, and one and twenty Vaishyas, all of whom should be rich, and three Shudras, every one of whom should be humble and of pure conduct and devoted to his daily duties, and one man of the Suta caste, possessing of the knowledge of the Puranas and the eight principal virtues, should be your ministers. Every one of them should be fifty years old endued with sense of dignity, free from envy, masters of the Shrutis and the Smritis humble, impartial, capable of deciding then and there in the midst of disputants pointing out various courses of action, free from covetousness, and from the seven terrible vices called Vyasanas. The king should consult with those eight ministers and lead them.
Sanskrit: ततः सम्प्रेषयेद्राष्टे राष्ट्रीयाय च दर्शयेत्। अनेन व्यवहारेण द्रष्टव्यास्ते प्रजा: सदा॥
English: He should then announce in his kingdom, for the information of his subjects, the results of such consultations. You should always, following such a conduct, watch over your people.
Sanskrit: न चापि गूढं द्रव्यं ते ग्राह्यं कार्योपघातकम्। कार्ये खलु विपन्ने त्वां सोधर्मस्तांश्च पॆदयेत्॥ विद्रवेच्चैव राष्ट्रं ते श्येनात् पक्षिगणा इव। परिस्नवेच्च सततं नौर्विशीर्णेव सागरे॥
English: You should never confiscate what is deposited with you or appropriate the thing whose ownership is disputed by two persons. Such a conduct would spoil the administration of justice. If the administration of justice be thus spoiled will assail you, and afflict your kingdom as well and strike your people with fear as little birds on seeing the hawk. Your kingdom will then vanish like a boat wrecked on the sea.
Sanskrit: प्रजाः पालयतोऽसभ्यगधर्मेणेह भूपतेः। हार्द भयं सम्भवति स्वर्गश्चास्य विरुद्ध्यते॥
English: If a king governs his subjects unfairly, fear takes possession of his heart and the door of heaven is shut against him.
Sanskrit: अथयोऽधर्मतः पाति राजामात्योऽथ वाऽऽत्मजः। धर्मासने संनियुक्तो धर्ममूले नरर्षभ॥ कार्येष्वधिकृताः सम्यगकुर्वन्तो नृपानुगाः। आत्मानं पुरतः कृत्वा यान्त्यधः सहपार्थिवाः॥
English: A kingdom, O foremost of men, depends upon righteousness. That minister, or king's son, who acts unfairly, holding the seat of justice, and those officers who, having accepted responsible offices, act unjustly, actuated by self-interest, all sink in hell along with the king himself.
Sanskrit: बलात्कृतानां बलिभिः कृपणं बहु जल्पताम्। नाथो वै भूमिपो नित्यमनाथानां नृणां भवेत्॥
English: Helpless inen, who are oppressed by the strong and who consequently bewail piteously, have the king for their protector.
Sanskrit: ततः साक्षिबलं साधु द्वैधवादकृतं भवेत्। असाक्षिकमनाथं वा परीक्ष्यं तद् विशेषतः॥
English: In cases of dispute between two parties, the decision should depend upon the evidence of witness. If one of the parties has no witness and is helpless, the king should give the case his best consideration.
Sanskrit: अपराधानुरूपं च दण्डं पापेषु धारयेत्। वियोजयेद् धनैर्ऋदानधनानथ बन्धनैः॥
English: The king should punish the offenders according to their offences. The wealthy should be punished with fines and confiscations; the poor, with loss of liberty.
Sanskrit: विनयेच्चापि दुर्वृत्तान् प्रहारैरपि पार्थिवः। सान्त्वेनोपप्रदानेन शिष्टांश्च परिपालयेत्॥
English: The wicked should be punished by the king with corporal punishments. The king should maintain all good men with sweet speeches and presents of riches.
Sanskrit: राज्ञो वधं चिकीर्षेद् यस्तस्य चित्रो वधो भवेत्। आदीपकस्य स्तेनस्य वर्णसंकरिकस्य च॥
English: He who tries to bring about the death of the king should be punished with death to be effected by various means. One who becomes guilty of arson or theft or such co-habitation with women as may lead to an intermixture of castes, should be punished with death.
Sanskrit: सम्यक् प्रणयतो दण्डं भूमिपस्य विशाम्पते। युक्तस्य वा नास्त्यधर्मो धर्म एव हि शाश्वतः॥
English: A king, O monarch, who inflicts punishments duly and according to the dictates of the science of punishment, commits no sin by the act. On the other hand, he acquires eternal merit.
Sanskrit: कामकारेण दण्डं तु यः कुर्यादविचक्षणः। स इहाकीर्तिसंयुक्तो मृतो नरकमृच्छति॥
English: That foolish king who inflicts punishments whimsically, earns infamy here and sinks into hell hereafter.
Sanskrit: न परस्य प्रवादेन परेषां दण्डमर्पयेत्। आगमानुगमं कृत्वा बघ्नीयान्मोक्षयीत वा॥
English: One should not be punished for the fault of another. Bestowing sufficient thought upon the code, a person should be convicted or acquitted.
Sanskrit: न तु हन्यान्नृपो जातु दूतं कस्याञ्चिदापदि। दूतस्य हन्ता निरयमाविशेत् सचिवैः सह।॥
English: A king should never kill a messenger under any circumstances. That king who kills a messenger sinks into hell with all his ministers.
Sanskrit: यथोक्तवादिनं दूतं क्षत्रधर्मरतो नृपः। यो हन्यात् पितरस्तस्य भ्रूणहत्यामवाप्नुयुः॥
English: That king, mindful of Kshatriya practices, who kills a messenger faithfully speaking out his message, causes his departed manes to be stained with the sin of killing a foetus.
Sanskrit: कुलीन: शीलसम्पन्नो वाग्मी दक्षः प्रियंवदः। यथोक्तवादी स्मृतिमान् दूतः स्यात् सप्तभिर्गुणैः॥
English: A messenger should have these seven accomplishments, viz., he should be of high descent, of a good family, eloquent, clever, sweet-speeched, faithful in delivering the message with which he is sent, and possessed of good memory.
Sanskrit: एतैरेव गुणैर्युक्तः प्रतिहारोऽस्य रक्षिता। शिरोरक्षश्च भवति गुणैरेतैः समन्वितः॥
English: The aid-de-camp of the king, who guards his persons, should also possess similar qualities. The officer also that guards his capital or citadel should possess the same qualities.
Sanskrit: धर्मशास्त्रार्थतत्त्वज्ञः सांधिविग्रहिको भवेत्। मतिमान् धृतिमान् ह्रीमान् रहस्यविनिगूहिता॥
English: The king's minister should be well-read in the scriptures and capable in directing wars and making treaties. He should also be intelligent, courageous, modest, and capable of keeping secrets.
Sanskrit: कुलीनः सत्त्वसम्पन्नः शुक्लोऽमात्यः प्रशस्यते। एतैरेव गुणैर्युक्तस्तथा सेनापतिर्भवेत्॥
English: He should also be of high birth, have strength of mind, and be pure in conduct. If endued with these qualities, he should be regarded worthy. The commander of the king's forces should have also the same qualities.
Sanskrit: व्यूहयन्त्रायुधानां च तत्त्वज्ञो विक्रमान्वितः वर्षशीतोष्णवातानां सहिष्णुः पररन्ध्रवित्॥
English: He should also be master of the various sorts of battle array and with the uses of engines and weapons. He should be able to bear exposure to rain, cold, heat, and wind, and watchful of the shortcomings of foes.
Sanskrit: विश्वासयेत् परांश्चैव विश्वसेच्च न कस्यचित्। पुत्रेष्वपि हि राजेन्द्र विश्वासो न प्रशस्यते॥
English: The king, O monarch, should, be able to make his enemies sleep under a sense of security. He should not, however, himself trust any one. The reposing of confidence on even his own son is not good.
Sanskrit: एतच्छास्त्रार्थतत्त्वं तु मयाऽऽख्यातं तवानघ। अविश्वासो नरेन्द्राणां गुह्यं परममुच्यते॥
English: I have now, O sinless one, described to you what are the injunctions of the scriptures. Not to trust any one has been regarded one of the greatest mysteries of king-craft?
Sanskrit: युधिष्ठिर उवाच कथंविधं पुरं राजा स्वयमावस्तुमर्हति। कृतं वा कारयित्वा वा तन्मे ब्रूहि पितामह॥
English: Yudhishthira said What should be the kind of city within which the king should himself live? Should he select one already made, or should he cause one to be especially made? Tell me this, O grand-father!
Sanskrit: भीष्म उवाच वस्तव्यं यत्र कौन्तेय सपुत्रज्ञातिबन्धुना। न्याय्यं तत्र परिप्रष्टुं वृत्तिं गुप्तिं च भारत॥
English: Bhishma said “It is proper, O Bharata, to enquire about how should a king live on a city, and how should he defend it, O son of Kunti.
Sanskrit: तस्मात् ते वर्तयिष्यामि दुर्गकर्म विशेषतः। श्रुत्वा तथा विधातव्यमनुष्ठेयं च यत्नतः॥
English: I shall, therefore, describe to you this subject, referring especially to the defences of forts. Having heard me, you should make the arrangements required and conduct yourself attentively as directed.
Sanskrit: षड्विधं दुर्गमास्थाय पुराण्यथ निवेशयेत्। सर्वसम्पत्प्रधानं यद् बाहुल्यं चापि सम्भवेत्॥
English: Keeping his eye on the six different sorts of forts the king should build his cities containing every kind of riches and every article of use in profusion.
Sanskrit: धन्वदुर्गं महीदुर्गं गिरिदुर्गं तथैव च। मनुष्यदुर्ग अब्दुर्गं वनदुर्गं च तानि षट्॥
English: Those six kinds are water-citadels, earthcitadels, hill-citadels, human-citadels, mud citadels, and forest-citadels.
Sanskrit: यत्पुरं दुर्गसम्पन्नं धान्यायुधसमन्वितम्। दृढप्राकारपरिखं हस्त्यश्वरथसंकुलम्॥ विद्वांसः शिल्पिनो यत्र निचयाश्च सुसंचिताः। धार्मिकश्च जनो यत्र दाक्ष्यमुत्तममास्थितः॥ ऊर्जस्विनरनागाश्वं चत्वरापणशोभितम्। प्रसिद्धव्यवहारं च प्रशान्तमकुतोभयम्॥ सुप्रभं सानुनादं च सुप्रशस्तनिवेशनम्। शूराढ्यजनसम्पन्नं ब्रह्मघोषानुनादितम्॥ समाजोत्सवसम्पन्नं सदा पूजितदैवतम्। वश्यामात्यबलो राजा तत्पुरं स्वयमाविशेत्॥
English: The king, with his ministers and the army perfectly loyal to him, should live in that city which is defended by a fort, which contains profuse rice and weapons, which is protected with impenetrable walls and a trench, which has a sufficient number of elephants, horses and cars, which is inhabited by learned men and well-versed in the mechanical arts, where storage of provisions of every sort has been made, whose inhabitants are virtuous and clear in business, strong-bodied and energetic and as also its animals, which has many open squares and rows of shops, where all persons are righteous, where peace reigns where no danger exists, which shines with beauty and resounds with music and songs, where the houses are all spacious, where the residents have among them many brave and rich persons, which echoes with the chanting of Vedic hymns, where festivities and rejoicings frequently take place, and where the deities are always adored.
Sanskrit: तत्र कोशं बलं मित्रं व्यवहारं च वर्धयेत्। पुरे जनपदे चैव सर्वदोषान् निवर्तयेत्॥
English: Living there, the king should always try to fill his treasury, to increase his army, multiply the number of his friends, and establish courts of justice. He should suppress all abuses and evils in both his cities and provinces.
Sanskrit: भाण्डागारायुधागारं प्रयत्नेनाभिवर्धयेत्। निचयान् वर्धयेत् सर्वांस्तथा यन्त्रायुधालयान्॥
English: He should collect provisions of all sorts and replenish his arsenals carefully. He should also increase his storage of rice and other grain, and strengthen his counsels.
Sanskrit: काष्ठलोहतुषाङ्गारदारू शृङ्गास्थिवैणवान्। मज्जा स्नेहवसा क्षौद्रमौषधग्राममेव च॥ शणं सर्जरसं धान्यमायुधानि शरांस्तथा। चर्म स्नायुं तथा वेत्रं मुञ्जबल्वजबन्धनान्॥
English: He should, increase his stores of fuel, iron, chaff, charcoal, timber, horns, bones, bamboos, marrow, oils, clarified butter, fat, honey, medicines, flax, resin, rice, weapons, arrows, leather, catgut, canes, and strings and cords made of Munja grass and other plants and creepers.
Sanskrit: आशयाचोदपानाश्च प्रभूतसलिलाकराः। निरोद्धव्याः सदा राज्ञा क्षीरिणश्च महीरुहाः॥
English: He should multiply the number of tanks and wells containing large quantities of water, and should protect all shady trees.
Sanskrit: सत्कृताश्च प्रयत्नेन आचार्यद्विकपुरोहिताः। महेष्वासाः स्थपतयः सांवत्सरचिकित्सकाः॥ प्राज्ञा मेधाविनो दान्ता दक्षाः शूरा बहुश्रुताः। कुलीनाः सत्त्वसम्पन्ना युक्ताः सर्वेषु कर्मसु॥
English: He should entertain with honour the teachers of various sciences, Ritwijas, priests, powerful bowmen, persons skilled in architecture, astronomers, astrologers, physicians, as well as all men endued with wisdom, intelligence, self-control, cleverness, courage, learning, high-descent and energy, and competent to do all work.
Sanskrit: पूजयेद् धार्मिकान् राजा निगृह्णीयादधार्मिकान्। नियुज्याच्च प्रयत्नेन सर्ववर्णान् स्वकर्मसु॥
English: The king should honour the righteous and punish the unrighteous. He should, acting with resolution, compell the several castes follow their respective duties,
Sanskrit: बाह्ममाभ्यन्तरं चैव पौरजानपदं तथा। चारैः सुविदितं कृत्वा ततः कर्म प्रयोजयेत्॥
English: Knowing properly, through spies, the external conduct and the state of mind of the inhabitants of his city and provinces, he should take the necessary steps.
Sanskrit: चरान्मन्त्रं च कोशं च दण्डं चैव विशेषतः। अनुतिष्ठेत् स्वयं राजा सर्वं ह्यत्र प्रतिष्ठितम्॥
English: The king should himself look after his spies and counsels, his treasury, and the instrument for inflicting punishments. Everything depends upon these.
Sanskrit: उदासीनारिमित्राणां सर्वमेव चिकीर्षितम्। पुरे जनपदे चैव ज्ञातव्यं चारचक्षुषा॥
English: Having spies for his eyes, the king should learn all the acts and intentions of his foes, friends, and neutrals.
Sanskrit: ततस्तेषां विधातव्यं सर्वमेवाप्रमादतः। भक्तान् पूजयता नित्यं द्विषतश्च निगृह्णता॥
English: He should then, carefully, concert his own measures, honouring those that are loyal to him and chastising those that are hostile.
Sanskrit: यष्टव्यं क्रतुभिर्नित्यं दातव्यं चाप्यपीडया। प्रजानां रक्षणं कार्यं न कार्यं धर्मबाधकम्॥
English: The king should always worship the gods in sacrifices and make gifts without giving pain to anybody. He should protect his subjects, never doing anything that may stand in the way of righteousness.
Sanskrit: कृपणानाथवृद्धानां विधवानां च योषिताम्। योगक्षेमं च वृत्तिं च नित्यमेव प्रकल्पयेत्॥
English: He should always support and protect the helpless, the lordless, the aged, and widows.
Sanskrit: आश्रमेषु यथाकालं चैलभाजनभोजनम्। सदैवोपहरेद् राजा सत्कृत्याभ्यर्च्य मान्य च॥
English: The king should always honour the ascetics and present them, at proper times, with clothes, vessels and food.
Sanskrit: आत्मानं सर्वकार्याणि तापसे राष्ट्रमेव च। निवेदयेत् प्रयत्नेन तिष्ठेत् प्रहश्च सर्वदा॥
English: The king should, with sufficient care, inform the ascetics of the state of his own self, of all his measures, and of the kingdom, and should always behave humbly in their presence.
Sanskrit: सर्वार्थत्यागिनं राजा कुले जातं बहुश्रुतम्। पूजयेत् तादृशं दृष्ट्वा शयनासनभोजनैः॥
English: When he beholds anchorites of high descent and great learning that have forsaken all earthly objects, he should honour them with presents of beds and seats and food.
Sanskrit: तस्मिन् कुर्वीत विश्वासं राजा कस्याञ्चिदापदि। तापसेषु हि विश्वासमपि कुर्वन्ति दस्यवः॥
English: Whatever the distress which he befalls him, he should confide in an anchorite. The very ribbers place confidence upon persons of that character.
Sanskrit: तस्मिन् निधीनादधीत प्रज्ञां पर्याददीत च। न चाप्यभीक्ष्णं सेवेत भृशं वा प्रतिपूजयेत्॥
English: The king should keep his wealth in charge of an ascetic and should take wise counsels from him. He should not, however, always wait upon them or adore them at all times.
Sanskrit: अन्यः कार्यः स्वराष्ट्रेषु परराष्ट्रेषु चापरः। अटवीषु परः कार्यः सामन्तनगरेष्वपि॥
English: From among those living in his own kingdom, he should select one for friendship. Likewise, he should select another from among those that live in the kingdom of his enemy. He should select a third from among recluses in the forests, and a fourth from among those living in his tributary kingdoms.
Sanskrit: तेषु सत्कारमानाभ्यां संविभागांश्च कारयेत्। परराष्ट्राटवीस्थेषु यथा स्वविषये तथा॥
English: He should treat them hospitably and honour them and assign them the means of maintenance. He should treat the ascetics living in the kingdoms of enemies in the forests in the same way as those that live in his own kingdom.
Sanskrit: ते कस्याञ्चिदवस्थायां शरणं शरणार्थिने। राज्ञे दधुर्यथाकामं तापसाः संशितव्रताः॥
English: Engaged in penances and of rigid vows, they would, if calamity befalls the king and if he prays for protection, grant him what he wants.
Sanskrit: एष ते लक्षणोद्देशः संक्षेपेण प्रकीर्तितः। यादृशे नगरे राजा स्वयमावस्तुमर्हति॥
English: I have now told you briefly the characteristics of the city in which the king should live.
Sanskrit: युधिष्ठिर उवाच राष्ट्रगुप्तिं च मे राजन् राष्ट्रस्यैव तु संग्रहम्। सम्यग्जिज्ञासमानाय प्रब्रूहि भरतर्षभ॥
English: Yudhishthira said How, O king, may a kingdom be firmly established, and how should it be protected? I wish to know this. Tell me all this, O foremost of Bharata's race.
Sanskrit: भीष्म उवाच राष्ट्रगुप्तिं च सम्यग् राष्ट्रस्यैव तु संग्रहम्। हन्त सर्वं प्रवक्ष्यामि तत्त्वमेकमनाः शृणु॥ ते
English: Bhishma said 'Listen to me with close attention. I shall tell you how a kingdom may be consolidated, and how also it may be protected.
Sanskrit: ग्रामस्याधिपतिः कार्यो दशग्राम्यास्तथा परः। द्विगुणायाः शतस्यैवं सहस्रस्य च कारयेत्॥
English: A headman should be selected for each village. Over ten villages (or ten headmen) one superintendent should be appointed. Over two such superintendents there should be one officer. Above the latter should be appointed persons under each of whom should be a hundred villages; and above the last kind of officers, should be appointed men each of whom should given a thousand villages.
Sanskrit: ग्रामीयान् ग्रामदोषांश्च ग्रामिकः प्रतिभावयेत्। तान् ब्रूयाद् दशपायासौ स तु विंशतिपाय वै॥
English: The headman should determine the characteristics of every person in the village and all the crimes also that demand punishment. He should report everything to the officer in charge of ten villages. The latter, again, should report the same to the officer in charge of twenty villages.
Sanskrit: सोऽपि विंशत्यधिपतिर्वृत्तं जानपदे जने। ग्रामाणां शतपालाय सर्वमेव निवेदयेत्॥
English: The latter, again, should report the conduct of all the persons with in his province to the officer in charge of a hundred villages.
Sanskrit: यानि ग्राम्याणि भोज्यानि ग्रामिकस्तान्युपाश्रियात्। दशपस्तेन भर्तव्यस्तेनापि द्विगुणाधिपः॥
English: The village headman should control over all the produce and the properties of the village. Every headman should contribute his quota for maintaining the chief of ten villages, and the laiter should do the same for maintaining the chief of twenty villages.
Sanskrit: ग्रामं ग्रामशताध्यक्षो भोक्तुमर्हति सत्कृतः। महान्तं भरतश्रेष्ठ सुस्फीतं जनसंकुलम्॥
English: The lord of a hundred villages should receive all honours from the king and should have for his support a large village, O chief of the Bharatas, populous and rich.
Sanskrit: तत्र होनकपायत्तं राज्ञो भवति भारत। शाखानगरमर्हस्तु सहस्रपतिरुत्तमः॥
English: Such a village, so given to a lord of a hundred villages, should be, however, with the jurisdiction of the chief of a thousand villages. That high officer, again, viz., the lord of a thousand villages, should have a small town for his support.
Sanskrit: धान्यहैरण्यभोगेन भोक्तुं राष्ट्रियसङ्गतः। तेषां संग्रामकृत्यं स्याद् ग्रामकृत्यं च तेषु यत्॥
English: He should use for his ownself the grain and gold and other things derivable from it. He should perform all the duties relating to its wars and manage all its other internal affairs.
Sanskrit: धर्मज्ञः सचिवः कश्चित् तत् तत्पश्येदतन्द्रितः। नगरे नगरे वा स्यादेकः सर्वार्थचिन्तकः॥
English: Some pious minister, should carefully supervise the administrative affairs and mutual relations of those officers. In every town, again, there should be an officer for looking after all matters relating to his jurisdiction.
Sanskrit: उच्चैः स्थाने घोररूपो नक्षत्राणामिव ग्रहः। भवेत् स तान् परिक्रामेत् सर्वानेव सभासदः॥
English: Like some dreadful planet moving above all the asterisms below, the last mentioned officer should move and act above all the officers subordinate to him. Such an officer should learn the conduct of those under him through his spies.
Sanskrit: तेषां वृत्तिं परिणयेत् कश्चिद् राष्ट्रेषु तच्चरः। जिघांसवः पापकामाः परस्वादायिनः शठाः॥
English: Such high officers should protect the people from all persons having murderous inclination, all wicked men, all robbers, and all cheats, and all of whom are regarded to be possessed by the devil.
Sanskrit: रक्षाभ्यधिकृता नाम तेभ्यो रक्षेदिमाः प्रजाः। विक्रयं क्रयमध्वानं भक्तं च सपरिच्छदम्॥
English: Looking after sales and the purchases, the state of the roads, the food and dress, and the stocks and profits, and the traders, the king should impose taxes on them.
Sanskrit: योगक्षेमं च सम्प्रेक्ष्य वणिजां कारयेत् करान्। उत्पत्तिं दानवृत्तिं च शिल्पं सम्प्रेक्ष्य चासकृत्॥ शिल्पं प्रति करानेवं शिल्पिनः प्रति कारयेत्।
English: Knowing every time the quantity of the manufacturers, the receipts and expenses of the manufacturers, and the state of the arts, the king should levy taxes upon the artisans regarding the arts they follow.