Title: NGS-Marker: Robust Native Watermarking for 3D Gaussian Splatting
Primary area: applications to computer vision, audio, language, and other modalities
Keywords: 3D Gaussian Splatting, digital asset watermarking, copyright protection

Abstract: With the rapid development and adoption of 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS), the need for effective copyright protection has become increasingly critical. Existing watermarking techniques for 3DGS mainly focus on protecting rendered images via pre-trained decoders, leaving the underlying 3D Gaussian primitives vulnerable to misuse. In particular, they are ineffective against **Partial Infringement**, where an adversary extracts and reuses only a subset of Gaussians. In this paper, we propose **NGS-Marker**, a novel native watermarking framework for 3DGS. It integrates a jointly trained watermark injector and message decoder, and employs a gradient-based progressive injection strategy to ensure full-scene coverage. This enables robust ownership decoding from any local region. We further extend NGS-Marker with hybrid protection (combining native and indirect watermarks) and support for multimodal personalized watermarking. Extensive experiments demonstrate that NGS-Marker effectively defends against partial infringement while offering practical flexibility for real-world deployment.