Title: Benchmarking Visual Knowledge in Multimodal Large Language Models
Primary area: datasets and benchmarks
Keywords: Multimodal Large Language Model, Video Large Language Model, Visual Knowledge, Benchmark, Datasets

Abstract: While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have become adept at recognizing objects, they often lack the intuitive, human-like understanding of the world's underlying physical and social principles. This capability, which we term visual knowledge, forms a bridge between perception and reasoning, yet remains an underexplored gap in current systems.
To systematically measure this capability, we present VKBench, a comprehensive video benchmark featuring 1,680 questions in 1,249 videos, covering eight core types of visual knowledge spanning both world-centric (e.g., intuitive physics) and human-centric (e.g., subjective intentions). Results show that leading models still fall short of human performance, with particularly notable gaps in world-centric visual knowledge.
To bridge this gap, we introduce VKQA, a new dataset, and Video-VK+, a baseline model that explicitly incorporates visual knowledge into MLLMs. Video-VK+ follows a structured See–Think–Answer format and adopts reinforcement learning with visual knowledge reward. This approach improves performance on VKBench by 3.7% and surpasses existing models on multiple video benchmarks.
Our findings highlight visual knowledge as a key component for developing more robust and generalizable MLLMs that can not only see but also truly understand our world.