Title: When and Where to Reset Matters for Long-Term Test-Time Adaptation
Primary area: transfer learning, meta learning, and lifelong learning
Keywords: Test-Time Adaptation, Continual Test-Time Adaptation

Abstract: When continual test-time adaptation (TTA) persists over the long term, errors accumulate in a model and further lead it to predict only a few classes regardless of the input, known as model collapse. Recent studies have explored reset strategies that erase these accumulated errors completely. However, their periodic resets lead to suboptimal adaptation, as they occur independently of collapse. Also, their full resets cause the catastrophic loss of knowledge acquired over time, even though it could be beneficial in future. To this end, we propose 1) an Adaptive and Selective Reset (ASR) scheme that dynamically determines when and where to reset, 2) an importance-aware regularizer to recover essential knowledge lost from reset, and 3) an on-the-fly adaptation adjustment scheme to enhance adaptability under challenging domain shifts. Extensive experiments across long-term TTA benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, particularly under challenging conditions. Our code will be released.