Title: SportR: A Benchmark for Multimodal Large Language Model Reasoning in Sports
Primary area: datasets and benchmarks
Keywords: Multimodal Large Language Models, Sports Understanding, Benchmark

Abstract: Artificial Intelligence brings powerful new tools to sports, from automated officiating to tactical analysis, but these applications all depend on a core reasoning capability. 
Deeply understanding sports requires an intricate blend of fine-grained visual perception and rule-based reasoning—a challenge that pushes the limits of current multimodal models. 
To succeed, models must master three critical capabilities: perceiving nuanced visual details, applying abstract sport rule knowledge, and grounding that knowledge in specific visual evidence.
Current sports benchmarks either cover single sports or lack the detailed reasoning chains and precise visual grounding needed to robustly evaluate these core capabilities in a multi-sport context. 
To address this gap, we introduce SportR, the first multi-sports large-scale benchmark designed to train and evaluate MLLMs on the fundamental reasoning required for sports intelligence. 
Our benchmark provides a dataset of 5,017 images and 2,101 videos. To enable granular evaluation, we structure our benchmark around a progressive hierarchy of question-answer (QA) pairs designed to probe reasoning at increasing depths—from simple infraction identification to complex penalty prediction. 
For the most advanced tasks requiring multi-step reasoning, such as determining penalties or explaining tactics, we provide 7,118 high-quality, human-authored Chain-of-Thought (CoT) annotations.
In addition, our benchmark incorporates both image and video modalities and provides manual bounding box annotations to directly test visual grounding in the image part. Extensive experiments demonstrate the profound difficulty of our benchmark. State-of-the-art baseline models perform poorly on our most challenging tasks. While training on our data via Supervised Fine-Tuning and Reinforcement Learning improves these scores, they remain relatively low, highlighting a significant gap in current model capabilities. SportR presents a new challenge for the community, providing a critical resource to drive future research in multimodal sports reasoning. The dataset is available at https://anonymous.4open.science/r/ICLR2026-E071/.