Title: Pessimistic Reward Modeling in RLHF against Reward Hacking
Primary area: reinforcement learning
Keywords: Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback, Reward Hacking

Abstract: This work proposes `PET', a novel pessimistic reward fine-tuning method, to learn a pessimistic reward model robust against reward hacking in offline reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF). Traditional reward modeling techniques in RLHF train an imperfect reward model, on which a KL regularization plays a pivotal role in mitigating reward hacking when optimizing a policy. Such an intuition-based method still suffers from reward hacking, and the policies with large KL divergence from the dataset distribution are excluded during learning. In contrast, we show that when optimizing a policy on a pessimistic reward model fine-tuned through PET, reward hacking can be prevented without relying on any regularization. We test our methods on the standard text generation datasets. We find that one can learn a high-quality policy on our pessimistic reward without using any regularization. **The learned policy has a high KL divergence from the dataset distribution while having high performance in practice. We also observe that the length bias phenomenon in reward modeling is significantly mitigated by PET.** While the proxy reward trained in traditional approaches shows bias to long responses, the pessimistic reward model finetuned by PET shows little bias to long responses. In summary, our work shows the feasibility of learning a pessimistic reward model through PET against reward hacking. The agent can greedily optimize a policy on the pessimistic reward without suffering from reward hacking. PET can be applied to solve the length bias problem in reward modeling.