Title: Evolving Embodied Intelligence: Graph Neural Network–Driven Co-Design of Morphology and Control in Soft Robotics
Primary area: applications to robotics, autonomy, planning
Keywords: GNN, Co-design, Embodied Intelligence, Soft Robotics, Transfer learning

Abstract: The intelligent behavior of robots does not emerge solely from control systems, but from the tight coupling between body and brain—a principle known as embodied intelligence. Designing soft robots that leverage this interaction remains a significant challenge, particularly when morphology and control require simultaneous optimization. A significant obstacle in this co-design process is that morphological evolution can disrupt learned control strategies, making it difficult to reuse or adapt existing knowledge. We address this by develop a Graph Neural Network-based approach for the co-design of morphology and controller. Each robot is represented as a graph, with a graph attention network (GAT) encoding node features and a pooled representation passed through a multilayer perceptron (MLP) head to produce actuator commands or value estimates. During evolution, inheritance follows a topology-consistent mapping: shared GAT layers are reused, MLP hidden layers are transferred intact, matched actuator outputs are copied, and unmatched ones are randomly initialized and fine-tuned. This morphology-aware policy class lets the controller adapt when the body mutates. On the benchmark, our GAT-based approach achieves higher final fitness and stronger adaptability to morphological variations compared to traditional MLP-only co-design methods. These results indicate that graph-structured policies provide a more effective interface between evolving morphologies and control for embodied intelligence.

TL;DR: GNN-Based Co-Design of Morphology and Control of Soft Robotics