Title: Dataset Protection via Watermarked Canaries in Retrieval-Augmented LLMs
Primary area: alignment, fairness, safety, privacy, and societal considerations
Keywords: LLM, Watermark, RAG, Dataset Protection

Abstract: Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has become an effective method for enhancing large language models (LLMs) with up-to-date knowledge. However, it may pose a significant risk of copyright infringement, as IP datasets may be incorporated into the knowledge database by malicious Retrieval-Augmented LLMs (RA-LLMs) without authorization. To protect the rights of the dataset owner, an effective dataset membership inference algorithm for RA-LLMs is needed. In this work, we introduce a novel approach, \textit{CanaryTrace}, to safeguard the ownership of text datasets and effectively detect unauthorized use by the RA-LLMs. Our approach preserves the original data completely unchanged while protecting it by inserting specifically designed canary documents into the IP dataset. These canary documents are created with synthetic content and embedded watermarks to ensure uniqueness, consistency, and statistical provability. During the detection process, unauthorized usage is identified by querying the canary documents and analyzing the responses of RA-LLMs for statistical evidence of the embedded watermark. Our experimental results demonstrate high query efficiency, detectability, and consistency, along with minimal perturbation to the original dataset, all without compromising the performance of the RAG system.