Title: Uncovering Intrinsic Capabilities: A Paradigm for Data Curation in Vision-Language Models
Primary area: unsupervised, self-supervised, semi-supervised, and supervised representation learning
Keywords: Vision-Language Models, Supervised Fine-Tuning, Data Curation, Intrinsic Capabilities, Curriculum Learning

Abstract: Large vision–language models (VLMs) achieve strong benchmark performance, but controlling their behavior through instruction tuning remains difficult. Reducing the budget of instruction tuning dataset often causes regressions, as heuristic strategies treat models as black boxes and overlook the latent capabilities that govern learning. We introduce Capability-Attributed Data Curation (CADC), a framework that shifts curation from task-specific heuristics to intrinsic capability analysis. CADC discovers intrinsic capabilities in an unsupervised manner from gradient-based learning trajectories, attributes training data to these capabilities via influence estimation, and curates capability-aware curricula through balanced selection and staged sequencing. This transforms black-box instruction tuning into a controllable, capability-driven process. With as little as 5\% of the original data, CADC surpasses full-data training on multimodal benchmarks. These results validate intrinsic capabilities as the fundamental building blocks of model learning and establish CADC as a principle paradigm for instruction data curation.

TL;DR: CADC discovers intrinsic capabilities from learning dynamics, maps training data to them, and curates balanced curricula; with only 5% data, it surpasses full-data baselines in multimodal benchmarks.