Title: HiPRAG: Hierarchical Process Rewards for Efficient Agentic Retrieval Augmented Generation
Primary area: foundation or frontier models, including LLMs
Keywords: Retrieval Augmented Generation, LLM Agent, Agentic RAG, Question Answering, Reinforcement Learning

Abstract: Agentic Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is a powerful technique for incorporating external information that Large Language Models (LLMs) lack, enabling better problem solving and question answering. However, suboptimal search behaviors exist widely, such as over-search (retrieving information already known) and under-search (failing to search when necessary), which leads to unnecessary overhead and unreliable outputs. Current training methods, which typically rely on outcome-based rewards in a Reinforcement Learning (RL) framework, lack the fine-grained control needed to address these inefficiencies. To overcome this, we introduce $\textbf{Hi}$erarchical $\textbf{P}$rocess Rewards for Efficient agentic $\textbf{RAG}$ (HiPRAG), a novel training methodology that incorporates a fine-grained, knowledge-grounded process reward into the RL training. Our approach evaluates the necessity of each search decision on-the-fly by decomposing the agent's reasoning trajectory into discrete, parsable steps. We then apply a hierarchical reward function that provides an additional bonus based on the proportion of optimal search and non-search steps, on top of commonly used outcome and format rewards. Experiments on the Qwen2.5 and Llama-3.2 models across seven diverse QA benchmarks show that our method achieves average accuracies of 65.4\% (3B) and 67.2\% (7B), outperforming strong agentic RAG baselines. This is accomplished while dramatically improving search efficiency, reducing the over-search rate from over 27\% in baselines to just 2.3\% and concurrently lowering the under-search rate. These results demonstrate the efficacy of optimizing the reasoning process itself, not just the final outcome. Further experiments and analysis demonstrate that HiPRAG shows good generalizability across a wide range of RL algorithms, model families, sizes, and types. This work demonstrates the importance and potential of fine-grained control through RL, for improving the efficiency and optimality of reasoning for search agents. We will release our code upon acceptance.

TL;DR: This work introduces HiPRAG, a RL training method that uses hierarchical process rewards to teach agentic RAG systems to search more efficiently by reducing sub-optimal behaviors like over-search and under-search.