Title: Mini-batch kernel $k$-means
Primary area: other topics in machine learning (i.e., none of the above)
Keywords: mini-batch, kernel, k-means

Abstract: We present the first mini-batch kernel $k$-means algorithm, offering an order of magnitude improvement in running time compared to the full batch algorithm. A single iteration of our algorithm takes $\widetilde{O}(kb^2)$ time, significantly faster than the $O(n^2)$ time required by the full batch kernel $k$-means, where $n$ is the dataset size and $b$ is the batch size. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our algorithm consistently achieves a 10-100x speedup with minimal loss in quality, addressing the slow runtime that has limited kernel $k$-means adoption in practice. We further complement these results with a theoretical analysis under an early stopping condition, proving that with a batch size of $\widetilde{\Omega}(\max \set{\gamma^{4}, \gamma^{2}}\cdot k\epsilon^{-2} )$, the algorithm terminates in $O(\gamma^2/\epsilon)$ iterations with high probability, where $\gamma$ bounds the norm of points in feature space and $\epsilon$ is a termination threshold. Our analysis holds for any reasonable center initialization, and when using $k$-means++ initialization, the algorithm achieves an approximation ratio of $O(\log k)$ in expectation. 
For normalized kernels, such as Gaussian or Laplacian it holds that $\gamma=1$. Taking $\epsilon = O(1)$ and $b=\Theta(k\log n)$, the algorithm terminates in $O(1)$ iterations, with each iteration running in $\widetilde{O}(k^3)$ time.

TL;DR: We introduce mini-batch kernel k-means, provide extensive experimental evaluation and theoretical analysis.