Timing and Resistance Exercise: Impact on Eating and Metabolism
NCT Number: NCT06549322
Status: NOT_YET_RECRUITING
Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL
Phases: NA
Conditions: Circadian Rhythm|Energy Balance|Appetitive Behavior|Food Reward
Interventions: OTHER: The exercise in morning|OTHER: The exercise in evening
Sponsor: National Taiwan Normal University
Sex: MALE
Age: ADULT
Enrollment: 18
Study Design: Allocation: RANDOMIZED|Intervention Model: CROSSOVER|Masking: NONE|Primary Purpose: TREATMENT
Start Date: 2024-09-01
Completion Date: 2025-12-30
Locations: National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan

Summary:
Exercise timing (morning or evening) for optimal weight control is a research topic urgently addressed by scholars in the relevant field. Due to the better control of energy metabolism and physical activity levels in the morning, existing research on resistance exercise and eating behavior primarily focuses on experiments conducted in the morning, with only one study in the afternoon. No research has yet compared the potential differences between morning and evening resistance exercise. A one-year study aims to investigate the impact of morning and evening resistance exercise on physiological metabolism and eating behavior. Eighteen healthy male participants will be randomly assigned to a crossover design study, including AM exercise, PM exercise, and control (rest condition) trials. Variables including subjective appetite, appetite hormones (ghrelin, peptide YY), food preferences, ad libitum eating, dietary records, energy expenditure, and PBMCs circadian rhythm genes will be measured. This preliminary study through a multidimensional observation, the results will contribute to understanding the potential differences and mechanisms of morning and evening resistance exercise on physiological metabolism and eating behavior. In practical applications, conducting resistance exercise in the evening or at night aligns better with current lifestyles. The findings of this study can support the optimization of exercise benefits by validating the choice of exercise timing.

Primary Outcome Measures: Subjective appetite Subjective appetite Subjective appetite Subjective appetite Subjective appetite Subjective appetite, The appetite perceptions are obtained through a 0-100 mm visual analog scale. The variables assessed include perceptions of hunger (i.e., "How hungry do you feel?"), satisfaction (i.e., "How satisfied do you feel?"), fullness (i.e., "How full do you feel?"), prospective food consumption (i.e., "How much do you think you can eat?"), and nausea (i.e., "How nauseous do you feel?"), with 0 indicating "not at all" and 100 signifying "extremely."., 3 hours during each study intervention|Change in acyl-Ghrelin, acyl-Ghrelin in pg/mL, 3 hours during each study intervention|Change in PYY, PYY in pg/mL, 3 hours during each study intervention|Change in Leptin, Leptin in pg/mL, 3 hours during each study intervention|Change in lactate, lactate in mmol/L, 3 hours during each study intervention|Change in PBMCs circadian rhythm genes, Circadian rhythm genes in PBMC will be measured, such as Bmal1, Clock, Per1, Per2, Per3, Cry1, Cry2, Cry3, and Tbp in arbitrary units., 3 hours during each study intervention|Energy intake, Participants will be required to record their diet for the day before, the current day, and the day following the experiment.

The energy intake include absolute energy intake and relative energy intake ., The Before day, the durning day, and the day following the experiment.|Energy expenditure, Participants will record energy expenditure during resistance exercise, with non-exercise energy expenditure measured using an accelerometer., The Before day, the durning day, and the day following the experiment.
Secondary Outcome Measures: Explicit liking, A visual analog scale ranging from 0 to 100 mm is utilized to evaluate the question, "How pleasant would it be to taste some of this food now?" with 0 indicating "not at all" and 100 signifying "extremely.", 3 hours during each study intervention|Explicit wanting, A visual analog scale ranging from 0 to 100 mm is utilized to evaluate the question, "How much do you want some of this food now?" with 0 indicating "not at all" and 100 signifying "extremely.", 3 hours during each study intervention|Implicit wanting, Participants are given a set of food image pairs and are asked to select their preference by answering the question, "Which food do you desire the most at the moment?". The implicit wanting calculation involves further consideration of response time data based on preference choices using a standardized equation., 3 hours during each study intervention|Relative preference, Participants are given a set of food image pairs and are asked to select their preference by answering the question, "Which food do you desire the most at the moment?". The relative preference is the sum of the times each type of food is chosen, with a maximum value of 48 and a minimum value of 0., 3 hours during each study intervention|Taste appeal bias, Taste preference (savoury or sweet) is calculated by subtracting the mean savory scores from the mean sweet scores. Positive values suggest a preference for sweet foods, while negative scores indicate a preference for savory foods, and a score of 0 signifies an equal preference between taste categories., 3 hours during each study intervention|Fat appeal bias, Fat preference (high or low) is calculated by subtracting the mean low-fat scores from the mean high-fat scores. Positive values suggest a preference for high-fat foods, while negative scores indicate a preference for low-fat or savory foods, and a score of 0 signifies an equal preference between fat content., 3 hours during each study intervention|change in Cortisol, Cortisol mcg/dL, 3 hours during each study intervention|change in complete blood count, change in complete blood count cells/L, 3 hours during each study intervention|change in growth hormone, growth hormone pmol/L, 3 hours during each study intervention