Tactile Acuity, Right-left Discrimination, and Motor Imagery in Chronic Rotator Cuff-related Shoulder Pain
NCT Number: NCT06503549
Status: COMPLETED
Study Type: OBSERVATIONAL
Conditions: Shoulder Pain|Rotator Cuff Syndrome
Interventions: OTHER: Assessments
Sponsor: Acibadem University
Sex: ALL
Age: ADULT, OLDER_ADULT
Enrollment: 90
Study Design: Observational Model: |Time Perspective: p
Start Date: 2024-05-01
Completion Date: 2024-08-06
Locations: Acıbadem University, Istanbul, +90, Turkey|Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey

Summary:
A common finding in various chronic musculoskeletal pain conditions is changes in the cortical sensorimotor region. Functional brain changes associated with chronic pain include changes in the working body schema and associated mechanisms. However, the number of studies on this subject is quite limited, especially in the shoulder joint. There is no study on rotator cuff-related shoulder pain. In the light of this information, the present study aims to compare tactile acuity, right-left reasoning ability and motor imagery ability in chronic rotator cuff-related shoulder pain with healthy controls. In addition, the relationship of these markers with pain level, pressure pain threshold, range of motion, functionality, pain-related fear and central synthesis level will be investigated as a secondary objective.

Primary Outcome Measures: Tactile Acuity (The two-point discrimination test), The two-point discrimination test is used to assess if the patient is able to identify two close points on a small area of skin, and how fine the ability to discriminate this are. It is a measure of tactile agnosia, or the inability to recognize these two points despite intact cutaneous sensation and proprioception, Baseline|Left/right discrimination (Lateralization), Right-Left Discrimination will be evaluated with Recognise™ applications (Shoulder and Hand) developed by the "Neuro Orthopedic Institute"., Baseline|Kinesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire (KVIQ), Motor imagery ability will be assessed with the Kinesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire (KVIQ). The participant gives a score between 1 and 5 for the image he/she imagines: "1 point: no image, 5 points: as clear as the original." This process is repeated for each task and at the end of the survey, kinesthetic imagery score, visual imagery score and total score are calculated., Baseline|Pressure Pain Threshold, A digital pressure algometer will be applied to the web space of the foot opposite the trigger point. Participants are instructed to say "stop" or "pain" so the stimulus can be terminated "when the sensation first transitions from pressure to pain" (pain threshold)., Baseline|Central Sensitization Scale, Central Sensitization Scale, which can be applied in the presence of chronic pain, is used in central sensitization syndromes. It consists of two parts. Part A of the scale includes a Likert scale (0-4 points) that questions health-related symptoms. This section is scored from 0 to 100, with higher numbers being associated with a higher degree of central sensitization. Scores of 40 and above indicate the presence of central sensitization. In section B, it questions whether any of the central sensitization syndromes have been diagnosed before., Baseline
Secondary Outcome Measures: The Numerical Rating Scale (NPRS-11), the Numerical Rating Scale (NPRS-11) is an 11-point scale for self-report of pain. It is the most commonly used unidimensional pain scale. The respondent selects a whole number (integers 0-10) that best reflects the intensity (or other quality if requested of his/her pain).0 point is the minimum and 10 point is the maximum. The higher the score, the more severe the pain., Baseline|The Shoulder Pain and Disability Index, The Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) was developed to measure current shoulder pain and disability in an outpatient setting. The SPADI contains 13 items that assess two domains; a 5-item subscale that measures pain and an 8-item subscale that measures disability between 0 to 100, with a higher value indicating worse condition., Baseline|Shoulder mobility on the Shoulder Range of Motion, Shoulder ROM was measured in six directions (Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Right rotation, Left rotation, degree) with goniometer., Baseline|Pain Catastrophizing Scale, The Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) is a 13-item self-report measure designed to assess catastrophic thinking related to pain among adults with or without chronic pain.The person may score a total of 52 (Pain Catastrophizing Scale). A high score indicates a high level of catastrophic., Baseline|Fear avoidance belief questionnaire (FABQ), Fear avoidance belief questionnaire FABQ) is a questionnaire based on the fear-avoidance model of exaggerated pain perception. The FABQ measures patient's fear of pain and consequent avoidance of physical activity (PA) because of their fear.There is a maximum score of 96. A higher score indicates more strongly held fear avoidance beliefs. There are two subscales within the FABQ; the work subscale (FABQw) with 7 questions (maximum score of 42) and the physical activity subscale (FABQpa) with 4 questions (maximum score of 24), Baseline