pandaresiddhi/test-small-dataset huggingface dataset:
Question: What are the complications of Mineral and Bone Disorder in Chronic Kidney Disease ?
Answer: The complications of mineral and bone disorder in CKD include slowed bone growth and deformities, and heart and blood vessel problems. Slowed Bone Growth and Deformities Damaged kidneys must work harder to clear phosphorus from the body. High levels of phosphorus cause lower levels of calcium in the blood, resulting in the following series of events:  When a persons blood calcium level becomes too low, the parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone.  Parathyroid hormone removes calcium from bones and places it into the blood, raising a persons blood calcium level at the risk of harming bones.  A low calcitriol level also leads to an increased level of parathyroid hormone. If mineral and bone disorder in CKD remains untreated in adults, bones gradually become thin and weak, and a person with the condition may begin to feel bone and joint pain. Mineral and bone disorder in CKD also increases a persons risk of bone fractures. Heart and Blood Vessel Problems In addition to harming bones, mineral and bone disorder in CKD can cause problems in the heart and blood vessels:  High levels of blood calcium can damage blood vessels and lead to heart problems.  High phosphorus levels also can cause blood vessels to become like bone, leading to hardening of the arteries.  High phosphorus levels also cause abnormal hormone regulation, even if the calcium level is acceptable. Parathyroid hormone and another hormone made in the bones called FGF23 can also affect bone and heart health, leading to the following series of problems:  When parathyroid hormone or FGF23 levels are high, a person can have heart problems.  The complex hormone abnormalities that cause bone deformities can also harm a persons heart and blood vessels.
Question: What is (are) myotonia congenita ?
Answer: Myotonia congenita is a disorder that affects muscles used for movement (skeletal muscles). Beginning in childhood, people with this condition experience bouts of sustained muscle tensing (myotonia) that prevent muscles from relaxing normally. Although myotonia can affect any skeletal muscles, including muscles of the face and tongue, it occurs most often in the legs. Myotonia causes muscle stiffness that can interfere with movement. In some people the stiffness is very mild, while in other cases it may be severe enough to interfere with walking, running, and other activities of daily life. These muscle problems are particularly noticeable during movement following a period of rest. Many affected individuals find that repeated movements can temporarily alleviate their muscle stiffness, a phenomenon known as the warmup effect. The two major types of myotonia congenita are known as Thomsen disease and Becker disease. These conditions are distinguished by the severity of their symptoms and their patterns of inheritance. Becker disease usually appears later in childhood than Thomsen disease and causes more severe muscle stiffness, particularly in males. People with Becker disease often experience temporary attacks of muscle weakness, particularly in the arms and hands, brought on by movement after periods of rest. They may also develop mild, permanent muscle weakness over time. This muscle weakness is not seen in people with Thomsen disease.
Question: How to diagnose Heart Attack ?
Answer: Your doctor will diagnose a heart attack based on your signs and symptoms, your medical and family histories, and test results. Diagnostic Tests EKG (Electrocardiogram) An EKG is a simple, painless test that detects and records the heart's electrical activity. The test shows how fast the heart is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). An EKG also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through each part of the heart. An EKG can show signs of heart damage due to coronary heart disease (CHD) and signs of a previous or current heart attack. Blood Tests During a heart attack, heart muscle cells die and release proteins into the bloodstream. Blood tests can measure the amount of these proteins in the bloodstream. Higher than normal levels of these proteins suggest a heart attack. Commonly used blood tests include troponin tests, CK or CKMB tests, and serum myoglobin tests. Blood tests often are repeated to check for changes over time. Coronary Angiography Coronary angiography (anjeeOGrafee) is a test that uses dye and special x rays to show the insides of your coronary arteries. This test often is done during a heart attack to help find blockages in the coronary arteries. To get the dye into your coronary arteries, your doctor will use a procedure called cardiac catheterization (KATHeterihZAshun). A thin, flexible tube called a catheter is put into a blood vessel in your arm, groin (upper thigh), or neck. The tube is threaded into your coronary arteries, and the dye is released into your bloodstream. Special x rays are taken while the dye is flowing through the coronary arteries. The dye lets your doctor study the flow of blood through the heart and blood vessels. If your doctor finds a blockage, he or she may recommend a procedure calledpercutaneous (perkuTAneus) coronary intervention (PCI), sometimes referred to ascoronary angioplasty(ANjeeohplastee). This procedure can help restore blood flow through a blocked artery. Sometimes a small mesh tube called a stent is placed in the artery to help prevent blockages after the procedure.
Question: What to do for Kidney Failure: What to Expect ?
Answer:  Kidney failure can affect a persons health in several ways.  When the kidneys stop working, waste products build up in the blood, a condition known as uremia.  People with kidney failure can avoid most of the problems of uremia by having regular dialysis treatments and limiting foods that contain sodium, potassium, and phosphorus.  Anemia is common in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD), as well as those on dialysis, because the damaged kidneys slow the production of the hormone erythropoietin (EPO), which helps the bone marrow make red blood cells.  People with kidney failure, particularly dialysis patients, have far higher rates of heart and blood vessel problems than people without kidney problems.  People who have uremia often lose their appetite.  Many people treated with hemodialysis complain of itchy skin.  Kidney failure weakens the bones due to a condition called chronic kidney diseasemineral and bone disorder.  Kidney failure can cause pain, stiffness, and fluid in the joints. These symptoms result from amyloidosis, a condition in which an abnormal protein in the blood called amyloid is deposited in tissues and organs, including the joints and tendons.  People on dialysis often have insomnia, sleep apnea syndrome, and restless legs syndrome.  People who have kidney failure and depression should tell their health care provider because depression can often be treated with adjustments to the diet and dialysis dose, medications, counseling, and cognitive behavioral therapy.  For people who are on dialysis or approaching total kidney failure, adequate nutrition is important for maintaining energy, strength, healthy sleep patterns, bone health, heart health, and good mental health.  All dialysis centers and transplant clinics have a renal dietitian who specializes in helping people with kidney failure. People who are on dialysis or have a kidney transplant should talk with their clinics renal dietitian to develop a meal plan that will enhance the effectiveness of their treatment.
Question: How to prevent Parasites - Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) ?
Answer: People who are healthy should follow the guidelines below to reduce risk of toxoplasmosis. If you have a weakened immune system, please see guidelines for Immunocompromised Persons. Reduce Risk from Food To prevent risk of toxoplasmosis and other infections from food:   Freeze meat for several days at subzero (0�� F) temperatures before cooking to greatly reduce chance of infection.  Peel or wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly before eating.      Wash cutting boards, dishes, counters, utensils, and hands with hot soapy water after contact with raw meat, poultry, seafood, or unwashed fruits or vegetables.  More on: Handwashing The U.S. Government and the meat industry continue their efforts to reduce T. gondii in meat. Reduce Risk from the Environment To prevent risk of toxoplasmosis from the environment:   Avoid drinking untreated drinking water.  Wear gloves when gardening and during any contact with soil or sand because it might be contaminated with cat feces that contain Toxoplasma. Wash hands with soap and warm water after gardening or contact with soil or sand.  Teach children the importance of washing hands to prevent infection.  Keep outdoor sandboxes covered.      Feed cats only canned or dried commercial food or wellcooked table food, not raw or undercooked meats.  Change the litter box daily if you own a cat. The Toxoplasma parasite does not become infectious until 1 to 5 days after it is shed in a cat's feces. If you are pregnant or immunocompromised:    Avoid changing cat litter if possible. If no one else can perform the task, wear disposable gloves and wash your hands with soap and warm water afterwards.  Keep cats indoors.  Do not adopt or handle stray cats, especially kittens. Do not get a new cat while you are pregnant.
Question: How to diagnose Dopa-responsive dystonia ?
Answer: How is doparesponsive dystonia diagnosed? Doparesponsive dystonia (DRD) is diagnosed based on the signs and symptoms present, results of laboratory tests (sometimes including genetic testing), and response to therapy with levodopa. If DRD is suspected, a therapeutic trial with low doses of levodopa remains the most practical approach to the diagnosis. It is generally agreed that people with childhoodonset dystonia of unknown cause should be treated initially with levodopa. The characteristic symptoms and response to treatment are sufficient to establish the diagnosis for people with the most common form, autosomal dominant DRD. There is only one gene in which mutations are known to cause this form of DRD, but not all people with the disorder are found to have a mutation in the responsible gene. While finding a mutation may provide information about prognosis, it does not alter the treatment. Other types of laboratory tests, such as measuring specific substances or enzymes in the blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), may be useful to support the diagnosis. For tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency, an autosomal recessive genetic cause of DRD, molecular genetic testing has confirmed the presence of mutations in all affected people to date. Specific laboratory tests performed on CSF help support the diagnosis but are not diagnostic on their own. For sepiapterin reductase deficiency, a very rare autosomal recessive form of DRD, there are distinctive findings in CSF and reduced or absent activity of sepiapterin reductase in fibroblasts. Molecular genetic testing can identify mutations in the responsible gene and confirm the diagnosis of this form of DRD. The major conditions that may have a similar presentation to DRD and are part of the differential diagnosis include earlyonset parkinsonism, earlyonset primary dystonia, and cerebral palsy or spastic paraplegia. People with specific questions about being evaluated for any form of dystonia should speak with a neurologist or other health care provider.
Question: What are the treatments for Barraquer-Simons syndrome ?
Answer: How might BarraquerSimons syndrome be treated? Surgery may be used to improve a person's appearance, but is not needed for medical reasons. Facial reconstruction techniques may be used with varying success. These techniques may include transplantation of fat tissue, silicone implants, movement of facial muscles, or other techniques. No specific diet is recommended for people with BarraquerSimons syndrome and weight gain should be avoided. Regular exercise is recommended to improve a person's metabolic status. If a person with BarraquerSimons syndrome has kidney problems, then they may also need to be managed. Treatment may involving a special diet or medications. Dialysis or a kidney transplant may be needed if the condition progresses to kidney failure.
Question: What are the treatments for Diabetic Retinopathy ?
Answer: Research found that that prompt treatment of macular edema with antiVEGF drugs, with or without laser treatment, resulted in better vision than laser treatment alone or steroid injections. When injected into the eye, these drugs reduce fluid leakage and interfere with the growth of new blood vessels in the retina. In some cases, focal laser treatment is used along with the eye injections. Your doctor places up to several hundred small laser burns in the areas of the retina around the macula that are leaking. These burns slow the leakage of fluid and reduce the amount of fluid in the retina. The surgery is usually completed in one session. Further treatment may be needed.
Question: What is (are) Lennox-Gastaut syndrome ?
Answer: LennoxGastaut syndrome is a form of severe epilepsy that begins in childhood. It is characterized by multiple types of seizures and intellectual disability. People with LennoxGastaut syndrome begin having frequent seizures in early childhood, usually between ages 3 and 5. More than threequarters of affected individuals have tonic seizures, which cause the muscles to stiffen (contract) uncontrollably. These seizures occur most often during sleep. Also common are atypical absence seizures, which cause a partial or complete loss of consciousness. Additionally, many affected individuals have drop attacks, which are sudden episodes of weak muscle tone. Drop attacks can result in falls that cause serious or lifethreatening injuries. Other types of seizures have been reported less frequently in people with LennoxGastaut syndrome. Most of the seizures associated with LennoxGastaut syndrome are very brief. However, more than twothirds of affected individuals experience at least one prolonged period of seizure activity known as nonconvulsive status epilepticus. These episodes can cause confusion and a loss of alertness lasting from hours to weeks. Almost all children with LennoxGastaut syndrome develop learning problems and intellectual disability associated with their frequent seizures. Because the seizures associated with this condition are difficult to control with medication, the intellectual disability tends to worsen with time. Some affected children develop additional neurological abnormalities and behavioral problems. Many also have delayed development of motor skills such as sitting and crawling. As a result of their seizures and progressive intellectual disability, most people with LennoxGastaut syndrome require help with some or all of the usual activities of daily living. However, a small percentage of affected adults live independently. People with LennoxGastaut syndrome have an increased risk of death compared to their peers of the same age. Although the increased risk is not fully understood, it is partly due to poorly controlled seizures and injuries from falls.
Question: What are the symptoms of Imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome ?
Answer: What are the signs and symptoms of ImerslundGrasbeck syndrome? Affected individuals often first experience nonspecific health problems, such as failure to thrive and grow, recurrent gastrointestinal or respiratory infections, pallor and fatigue. Individuals often have anemia, and about half of affected individuals also have mild proteinuria but no signs of kidney disease. Individuals may also have mild neurological damage. Congenital (present at birth) abnormalities of the urinary tract were present in some of the original reported cases. The age at diagnosis is usually anywhere from a few months of age to about 14 years of age. The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for ImerslundGrasbeck syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Autosomal recessive inheritance  Childhood onset  Confusion  Dementia  Malabsorption of Vitamin B12  Megaloblastic anemia  Paresthesia  Proteinuria  Sensory impairment  The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.
Question: What is (are) Porencephaly ?
Answer: Porencephaly is a rare condition that affects the central nervous system. People with porencephaly develop fluidfilled cysts or cavities in the brain either before or shortly after birth. The severity of the condition and the associated signs and symptoms vary significantly based on the size, location, and number of cysts. Common features include developmental delay, reduced muscle tone (hypotonia), seizures, macrocephaly (unusually large head size), spastic hemiplegia, speech problems, delayed growth, and intellectual disability. Porencephaly is usually the result of damage from infection or stroke after birth. In these cases, the condition occurs sporadically in people with no family history of the condition. There is an inherited form of the condition called familial porencephaly, which is caused by changes (mutations) in the COL4A1 or COL4A2 genes and is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Treatment is based on the signs and symptoms present in each person and may include physical therapy and medication for seizures.
Question: What are the treatments for deafness-dystonia-optic neuronopathy syndrome ?
Answer: These resources address the diagnosis or management of deafnessdystoniaoptic neuronopathy syndrome:  Gene Review: Gene Review: DeafnessDystoniaOptic Neuronopathy Syndrome  Genetic Testing Registry: MohrTranebjaerg syndrome These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions:  Diagnostic Tests  Drug Therapy  Surgery and Rehabilitation  Genetic Counseling  Palliative Care
Question: What are the symptoms of Potocki-Lupski syndrome ?
Answer: What are the signs and symptoms of PotockiLupski syndrome? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for PotockiLupski syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of chromosome segregation 90% Abnormality of the pharynx 90% Apnea 90% Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 90% Autism 90% Cognitive impairment 90% Muscular hypotonia 90% Neurological speech impairment 90% Broad forehead 50% EEG abnormality 50% Hypermetropia 50% Scoliosis 50% Triangular face 50% Abnormality of dental morphology 7.5% Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum 7.5% Dental malocclusion 7.5% Hearing impairment 7.5% Hypertelorism 7.5% Lowset, posteriorly rotated ears 7.5% Microcephaly 7.5% Short stature 7.5% Wide mouth 7.5% Hypothyroidism 5% Abnormal renal morphology  Abnormality of the cardiovascular system  Autosomal dominant inheritance  Delayed myelination  Dental crowding  Dysphasia  Echolalia  Expressive language delay  Failure to thrive  Feeding difficulties in infancy  Gastroesophageal reflux  Generalized hypotonia  High palate  Hyperactivity  Hypocholesterolemia  Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum  Intellectual disability, mild  Language impairment  Mandibular prognathia  Oralpharyngeal dysphagia  Patent foramen ovale  Phenotypic variability  Poor eye contact  Prominent nasal tip  Receptive language delay  Seizures  Sleep apnea  Small for gestational age  Smooth philtrum  Sporadic  Stereotypic behavior  Trigonocephaly  The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.
Question: What are the symptoms of Gout ?
Answer: Gout is a form of arthritis that frequently affects joints in the lower part of the body such as the knees, ankles, or toes. The affected joint may become swollen, red, or warm. Attacks usually occur at night. Sometime during the course of the disease, many patients will develop gout in the big toe. Other signs and symptoms of gout include  hyperuricemia  high levels of uric acid in the body  the presence of uric acid crystals in joint fluid  more than one attack of acute arthritis  arthritis that develops in a day, producing a swollen, red, and warm joint  attack of arthritis in only one joint, often the toe, ankle, or knee. hyperuricemia  high levels of uric acid in the body the presence of uric acid crystals in joint fluid more than one attack of acute arthritis arthritis that develops in a day, producing a swollen, red, and warm joint attack of arthritis in only one joint, often the toe, ankle, or knee.
Question: What are the treatments for glycine encephalopathy ?
Answer: These resources address the diagnosis or management of glycine encephalopathy:  Baby's First Test  Gene Review: Gene Review: Glycine Encephalopathy  Genetic Testing Registry: Nonketotic hyperglycinemia These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions:  Diagnostic Tests  Drug Therapy  Surgery and Rehabilitation  Genetic Counseling  Palliative Care
Question: How many people are affected by familial male-limited precocious puberty ?
Answer: Familial malelimited precocious puberty is a rare disorder; its prevalence is unknown.
Question: What is the outlook for Childhood Rhabdomyosarcoma ?
Answer: Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options. The prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options depend on the following:  The patient's age.  Where in the body the tumor started.  The size of the tumor at the time of diagnosis.  Whether the tumor has been completely removed by surgery.  The type of rhabdomyosarcoma (embryonal, alveolar, or anaplastic).  Whether there are certain changes in the genes.  Whether the tumor had spread to other parts of the body at the time of diagnosis.  Whether the tumor was in the lymph nodes at the time of diagnosis.  Whether the tumor responds to chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. For patients with recurrent cancer, prognosis and treatment also depend on the following:  Where in the body the tumor recurred (came back).  How much time passed between the end of cancer treatment and when the cancer recurred.  Whether the tumor was treated with radiation therapy.