Repository: pallets-eco/flask-principal

Issue:
Merge PR-21 (Match operations with permission objects with set operators)
The mention quite old PR adds support for composite permissions which are highly useful for role-based setups where a user require a set of permissions, such as A + B or C + D but not E.

Hints from issue comments:

Solution patch:
diff --git a/docs/conf.py b/docs/conf.py
index 41f5e50..b25948c 100644
--- a/docs/conf.py
+++ b/docs/conf.py
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ epub_copyright = u'2012, Matt Wright'
 
 
 # Example configuration for intersphinx: refer to the Python standard library.
-intersphinx_mapping = {'http://docs.python.org/': None}
+intersphinx_mapping = {'python': ('http://docs.python.org/', None)}
 
 pygments_style = 'flask_theme_support.FlaskyStyle'
 
diff --git a/docs/index.rst b/docs/index.rst
index df1ee3d..dee389a 100644
--- a/docs/index.rst
+++ b/docs/index.rst
@@ -314,6 +314,54 @@ of the resource, in this case the blog post::
 
         abort(403)  # HTTP Forbidden
 
+Combining Permissions
+---------------------
+
+While the core constructs provided are sufficient for the common simple use
+cases, for more complex cases it is possible to combine existing permissions
+through the use of bitwise operators to result in a new permission object that
+can do the complex validations.  For instance, it is to create a permission
+where the identity has the both the `"blog_poster"` or `"blog_reviewer"` role
+but not the `"under_probation"` role.  Example:: 
+
+    blog_admin = Permission(RoleNeed('blog_admin'))
+    blog_poster = Permission(RoleNeed('blog_poster'))
+    blog_reviewer = Permission(RoleNeed('blog_reviewer'))
+    under_probation = Permission(RoleNeed('under_probation'))
+
+    prize_permission = ((blog_poster | blog_reviewer) & ~under_probation)
+
+    @app.route('/blog/prizes')
+    @prize_permission.require()
+    def prize_redeem():
+        # find out what prizes are available to blog users that are not
+        # under probation
+        return render_template('prize_redeem.html')
+
+Any number of these can be chained, but it is also possible to use the
+constructor classes directly to combine these things together::
+
+    from flask.ext.principal import AndPermission, OrPermission
+
+    allperms = AndPermission(blog_poster, blog_reviewer, blog_admin)
+    anyperms = OrPermission(blog_poster, blog_reviewer, blog_admin)
+
+Custom Permissions
+------------------
+
+Sometimes your permissions may be determined by other circumstances specific to
+whatever you need to implement.  For that you can create custom classes to
+address your needs like so::
+
+    from flask.ext.principal import BasePermission
+
+    class CustomPermission(BasePermission):
+        def allows(self, identity):
+            # Implement other conditions that allow this to pass
+            return False
+
+These custom permissions can be combined together via the bitwise operators as
+explained above.
 
 API
 ===
diff --git a/src/flask_principal.py b/src/flask_principal.py
index c60a6eb..85c26f4 100644
--- a/src/flask_principal.py
+++ b/src/flask_principal.py
@@ -211,17 +211,10 @@ class IdentityContext(object):
         return False
 
 
-class Permission(object):
-    """Represents needs, any of which must be present to access a resource
-
-    :param needs: The needs for this permission
-    """
-    def __init__(self, *needs):
-        """A set of needs, any of which must be present in an identity to have
-        access.
-        """
+class BasePermission(object):
+    """The Base Permission."""
 
-        self.perms = {n: True for n in needs}
+    http_exception = None
 
     def _bool(self):
         return bool(self.can())
@@ -236,33 +229,29 @@ class Permission(object):
         """
         return self._bool()
 
-    def __and__(self, other):
-        """Does the same thing as ``self.union(other)``
-        """
-        return self.union(other)
-
     def __or__(self, other):
-        """Does the same thing as ``self.difference(other)``
+        """See ``OrPermission``.
         """
-        return self.difference(other)
+        return self.or_(other)
 
-    def __contains__(self, other):
-        """Does the same thing as ``other.issubset(self)``.
+    def or_(self, other):
+        return OrPermission(self, other)
+
+    def __and__(self, other):
+        """See ``AndPermission``.
         """
-        return other.issubset(self)
+        return self.and_(other)
 
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return '<{0} needs={1} excludes={2}>'.format(
-            self.__class__.__name__, self.needs, self.excludes
-        )
+    def and_(self, other):
+        return AndPermission(self, other)
 
-    @property
-    def needs(self):
-        return set(n for n in self.perms if self.perms[n])
+    def __invert__(self):
+        """See ``NotPermission``.
+        """
+        return self.invert()
 
-    @property
-    def excludes(self):
-        return set(n for n in self.perms if not self.perms[n])
+    def invert(self):
+        return NotPermission(self)
 
     def require(self, http_exception=None):
         """Create a principal for this permission.
@@ -276,6 +265,10 @@ class Permission(object):
 
         :param http_exception: the HTTP exception code (403, 401 etc)
         """
+
+        if http_exception is None:
+            http_exception = self.http_exception
+
         return IdentityContext(self, http_exception)
 
     def test(self, http_exception=None):
@@ -293,6 +286,127 @@ class Permission(object):
         with self.require(http_exception):
             pass
 
+    def allows(self, identity):
+        """Whether the identity can access this permission.
+
+        :param identity: The identity
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def can(self):
+        """Whether the required context for this permission has access
+
+        This creates an identity context and tests whether it can access this
+        permission
+        """
+        return self.require().can()
+
+
+class _NaryOperatorPermission(BasePermission):
+
+    def __init__(self, *permissions):
+        self.permissions = set(permissions)
+
+
+# These classes would be unnecessary if we have predicate calculus
+# primatives of some kind.
+
+class OrPermission(_NaryOperatorPermission):
+    """Result of bitwise ``or`` of BasePermission"""
+
+    def allows(self, identity):
+        """
+        Checks for any of the nested permission instances that allow the
+        identity and return True, else return False.
+
+        :param identity: The identity.
+        """
+
+        for p in self.permissions:
+            if p.allows(identity):
+                return True
+        return False
+
+
+class AndPermission(_NaryOperatorPermission):
+    """Result of bitwise ``and`` of BasePermission"""
+
+    def allows(self, identity):
+        """
+        Checks for any of the nested permission instances that disallow
+        the identity and return False, else return True.
+
+        :param identity: The identity.
+        """
+
+        for p in self.permissions:
+            if not p.allows(identity):
+                return False
+        return True
+
+
+class NotPermission(BasePermission):
+    """
+    Result of bitwise ``not`` of BasePermission
+
+    Really could be implemented by returning a transformed result of the
+    source class of itself, but for the sake of clear presentation I am
+    not doing that.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, permission):
+        self.permission = permission
+
+    def invert(self):
+        return self.permission
+
+    def allows(self, identity):
+        return not self.permission.allows(identity)
+
+
+class Permission(BasePermission):
+    """Represents needs, any of which must be present to access a resource
+
+    :param needs: The needs for this permission
+    """
+    def __init__(self, *needs):
+        """A set of needs, any of which must be present in an identity to have
+        access.
+        """
+
+        self.perms = {n: True for n in needs}
+
+    def __or__(self, other):
+        """Does the same thing as ``self.union(other)``
+        """
+        if isinstance(other, Permission):
+            return self.union(other)
+        return super(Permission, self).__or__(other)
+
+    def __sub__(self, other):
+        """Does the same thing as ``self.difference(other)``
+        """
+        return self.difference(other)
+
+    def __contains__(self, other):
+        """Does the same thing as ``other.issubset(self)``.
+        """
+        return other.issubset(self)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<{0} needs={1} excludes={2}>'.format(
+            self.__class__.__name__, self.needs, self.excludes
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def needs(self):
+        return set(n for n in self.perms if self.perms[n])
+
+    @property
+    def excludes(self):
+        return set(n for n in self.perms if not self.perms[n])
+
     def reverse(self):
         """
         Returns reverse of current state (needs->excludes, excludes->needs)
@@ -354,14 +468,6 @@ class Permission(object):
 
         return True
 
-    def can(self):
-        """Whether the required context for this permission has access
-
-        This creates an identity context and tests whether it can access this
-        permission
-        """
-        return self.require().can()
-
 
 class Denial(Permission):
     """


Test patch:
diff --git a/tests/test_principal.py b/tests/test_principal.py
index 120f95a..ffdb540 100644
--- a/tests/test_principal.py
+++ b/tests/test_principal.py
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ import unittest
 
 from flask import Flask, Response
 
+from flask_principal import BasePermission, OrPermission, AndPermission
+from flask_principal import NotPermission
 from flask_principal import Principal, Permission, Denial, RoleNeed, \
     PermissionDenied, identity_changed, Identity, identity_loaded
 
@@ -12,12 +14,44 @@ anon_permission = Permission()
 admin_permission = Permission(RoleNeed('admin'))
 admin_or_editor = Permission(RoleNeed('admin'), RoleNeed('editor'))
 editor_permission = Permission(RoleNeed('editor'))
+manager_permission = Permission(RoleNeed('manager'))
+admin_or_editor_or_manager = Permission(
+    RoleNeed('admin'), RoleNeed('editor'), RoleNeed('manager'))
+
 admin_denied = Denial(RoleNeed('admin'))
 
 
+class RolenamePermission(BasePermission):
+    def __init__(self, role):
+        self.role = role
+    def allows(self, identity):
+        return RoleNeed(self.role) in identity.provides
+
+admin_role_permission = RolenamePermission('admin')
+editor_role_permission = RolenamePermission('editor')
+manager_role_permission = RolenamePermission('manager')
+reviewer_role_permission = RolenamePermission('reviewer')
+
+
 def _on_principal_init(sender, identity):
-    if identity.id == 'ali':
-        identity.provides.add(RoleNeed('admin'))
+    role_map = {
+        'ali': (RoleNeed('admin'),),
+        'admin': (RoleNeed('admin'),),
+        'editor': (RoleNeed('editor'),),
+        'reviewer': (RoleNeed('reviewer'),),
+        'admin_editor': (RoleNeed('editor'), RoleNeed('admin')),
+        'manager': (RoleNeed('manager'),),
+        'manager_editor': (RoleNeed('editor'), RoleNeed('manager')),
+        'reviewer_editor': (RoleNeed('editor'), RoleNeed('reviewer')),
+        'admin_manager': (RoleNeed('admin'), RoleNeed('manager')),
+        'admin_editor_manager': (
+            RoleNeed('admin'), RoleNeed('editor'), RoleNeed('manager')),
+    }
+
+    roles = role_map.get(identity.id)
+    if roles:
+        for role in roles:
+            identity.provides.add(role)
 
 
 class ReraiseException(Exception):
@@ -77,6 +111,256 @@ def mkapp(with_factory=False):
         with admin_or_editor.require():
             return Response('hello')
 
+    @app.route('/and_base_fail')
+    def and_base_fail():
+        i = mkadmin()
+        admin_and_editor_rp = (admin_role_permission & editor_role_permission)
+        identity_changed.send(app, identity=i)
+        with admin_and_editor_rp.require():
+            return Response('fail')
+
+    @app.route('/and_base_success')
+    def and_base_success():
+        i = Identity('admin_editor')
+        identity_changed.send(app, identity=i)
+        # using both formerly default, calling parent __and__
+        admin_and_editor_rp = (admin_permission & editor_permission)
+        with admin_and_editor_rp.require():
+            return Response('good')
+
+    @app.route('/and_bunch')
+    def and_bunch():
+        result = []
+
+        bunch = AndPermission(
+            admin_role_permission,
+            editor_role_permission,
+            manager_role_permission,
+        )
+
+        identity_changed.send(app, identity=Identity('admin'))
+        if bunch.can():
+            result.append('bad')
+
+        identity_changed.send(app, identity=Identity('manager'))
+        if bunch.can():
+            result.append('bad')
+
+        identity_changed.send(app, identity=Identity('reviewer'))
+        if bunch.can():
+            result.append('bad')
+
+        identity_changed.send(app, identity=Identity('admin_editor_manager'))
+        if bunch.can():
+            result.append('good')
+
+        return ''.join(result)
+
+    @app.route('/and_mixed1')
+    def and_mixed1():
+        admin_and_editor_mixed = (admin_role_permission & editor_permission)
+        i = Identity('editor')
+        identity_changed.send(app, identity=i)
+        with admin_and_editor_mixed.require():
+            return Response('fail')
+
+    @app.route('/and_mixed2')  # reversed type of the above.
+    def and_mixed2():
+        admin_and_editor_mixed = (admin_permission & editor_role_permission)
+        i = Identity('admin_editor')
+        identity_changed.send(app, identity=i)
+        with admin_and_editor_mixed.require():
+            return Response('good')
+
+    @app.route('/or_base')
+    def or_base():
+        i = mkadmin()
+        admin_or_editor_rp = (admin_role_permission | editor_role_permission)
+        identity_changed.send(app, identity=i)
+        with admin_or_editor_rp.require():
+            return Response('hello')
+
+    @app.route('/or_bunch')
+    def or_bunch():
+        result = []
+
+        bunch = OrPermission(
+            admin_role_permission,
+            editor_role_permission,
+            manager_role_permission,
+            reviewer_role_permission,
+        )
+
+        identity_changed.send(app, identity=Identity('admin'))
+        if bunch.can():
+            result.append('good')
+
+        identity_changed.send(app, identity=Identity('manager'))
+        if bunch.can():
+            result.append('good')
+
+        identity_changed.send(app, identity=Identity('reviewer'))
+        if bunch.can():
+            result.append('good')
+
+        return ''.join(result)
+
+    @app.route('/or_mixed1')
+    def or_mixed1():
+        result = []
+        admin_or_editor_mixed = (admin_role_permission | editor_permission)
+
+        i = Identity('admin')
+        identity_changed.send(app, identity=i)
+        with admin_or_editor_mixed.require():
+            result.append('good')
+
+        i = Identity('editor')
+        identity_changed.send(app, identity=i)
+        with admin_or_editor_mixed.require():
+            result.append('good')
+
+        return Response(''.join(result))
+
+    @app.route('/or_mixed2')  # reversed type of the above.
+    def or_mixed2():
+        result = []
+        admin_or_editor_mixed = (admin_permission | editor_role_permission)
+
+        i = Identity('admin')
+        identity_changed.send(app, identity=i)
+        with admin_or_editor_mixed.require():
+            result.append('good')
+
+        i = Identity('editor')
+        identity_changed.send(app, identity=i)
+        with admin_or_editor_mixed.require():
+            result.append('good')
+
+        return Response(''.join(result))
+
+    @app.route('/not_base')
+    def not_base():
+        result = []
+        not_admin_perm = ~admin_role_permission
+
+        identity_changed.send(app, identity=Identity('admin'))
+        if not_admin_perm.can():
+            result.append('admin')
+
+        identity_changed.send(app, identity=Identity('editor'))
+        if not_admin_perm.can():
+            result.append('editor')
+
+        identity_changed.send(app, identity=Identity('admin_manager'))
+        if not_admin_perm.can():
+            result.append('admin_manager')
+
+        return Response(''.join(result))
+
+    @app.route('/mixed_ops_fail')
+    def mixed_ops_fail():
+        mixed_perms = (admin_permission | manager_permission |
+            (reviewer_role_permission & editor_role_permission))
+
+        i = Identity('editor')
+        identity_changed.send(app, identity=i)
+        with mixed_perms.require():
+            return Response('fail')
+
+    @app.route('/mixed_ops1')
+    def mixed_ops1():
+        result = []
+        mixed_perms = (admin_permission | manager_permission |
+            (reviewer_role_permission & editor_role_permission))
+
+        i = Identity('reviewer_editor')
+        identity_changed.send(app, identity=i)
+        with mixed_perms.require():
+            result.append('good')
+
+        i = Identity('manager')
+        identity_changed.send(app, identity=i)
+        with mixed_perms.require():
+            result.append('good')
+
+        i = Identity('admin')
+        identity_changed.send(app, identity=i)
+        with mixed_perms.require():
+            result.append('good')
+
+        return Response(''.join(result))
+
+    @app.route('/mixed_ops2')
+    def mixed_ops2():
+        result = []
+        mixed_perms = ((admin_permission & editor_permission) |
+            (manager_role_permission & editor_role_permission))
+
+        i = Identity('manager_editor')
+        identity_changed.send(app, identity=i)
+        if mixed_perms.can():
+            result.append('good')
+
+        i = Identity('manager')
+        identity_changed.send(app, identity=i)
+        if mixed_perms.can():
+            result.append('bad')
+
+        i = Identity('editor')
+        identity_changed.send(app, identity=i)
+        if mixed_perms.can():
+            result.append('bad')
+
+        i = Identity('admin_editor')
+        identity_changed.send(app, identity=i)
+        if mixed_perms.can():
+            result.append('good')
+
+        i = Identity('admin')
+        identity_changed.send(app, identity=i)
+        if mixed_perms.can():
+            result.append('bad')
+
+        return Response(''.join(result))
+
+    @app.route('/mixed_ops3')
+    def mixed_ops3():
+        result = []
+        mixed_perms = (
+            ((admin_permission & editor_permission) |
+                (manager_role_permission & editor_role_permission)) &
+            ~(manager_role_permission & admin_permission) &
+            ~reviewer_role_permission
+        )
+
+        i = Identity('manager_editor')
+        identity_changed.send(app, identity=i)
+        if mixed_perms.can():
+            result.append('good')
+
+        i = Identity('admin_editor')
+        identity_changed.send(app, identity=i)
+        if mixed_perms.can():
+            result.append('good')
+
+        i = Identity('admin_manager')
+        identity_changed.send(app, identity=i)
+        if mixed_perms.can():
+            result.append('bad')
+
+        i = Identity('manager_editor_admin')
+        identity_changed.send(app, identity=i)
+        if mixed_perms.can():
+            result.append('bad')
+
+        i = Identity('reviewer')
+        identity_changed.send(app, identity=i)
+        if mixed_perms.can():
+            result.append('bad')
+
+        return Response(''.join(result))
+
     @app.route('/g')
     @admin_permission.require()
     @editor_permission.require()
@@ -108,12 +392,16 @@ def mkapp(with_factory=False):
     def l():
         s = []
         if not admin_or_editor:
-            s.append("not admin")
+            s.append("not admin_or_editor")
+        if not (admin_permission or editor_permission):
+            s.append("not (admin or editor)")
 
         i = Identity('ali')
         identity_changed.send(app, identity=i)
         if admin_or_editor:
-            s.append("now admin")
+            s.append("now admin_or_editor")
+        if admin_permission or editor_permission:
+            s.append("now admin or editor")
         return Response('\n'.join(s))
 
     @app.route("/m")
@@ -137,6 +425,18 @@ def mkapp(with_factory=False):
         admin_or_editor.test()
         return Response("OK")
 
+    @app.route("/o2")
+    def o2():
+        (admin_permission | editor_permission).test()
+        return Response("OK")
+
+    @app.route("/o3")
+    def o3():
+        i = mkadmin()
+        identity_changed.send(app, identity=i)
+        (admin_permission | editor_permission).test()
+        return Response("OK")
+
     @app.route("/p")
     def p():
         admin_or_editor.test(404)
@@ -150,6 +450,23 @@ def mkadmin():
     return i
 
 
+class BasePermissionUnitTests(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_or_permission(self):
+        admin_or_editor_rp = (admin_role_permission | editor_role_permission)
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(admin_or_editor_rp, OrPermission))
+        self.assertEqual(admin_or_editor_rp.permissions,
+            set([admin_role_permission, editor_role_permission]))
+
+    def test_and_permission(self):
+        admin_and_editor_rp = (admin_role_permission & editor_role_permission)
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(admin_and_editor_rp, AndPermission))
+        self.assertEqual(admin_and_editor_rp.permissions,
+            set([admin_role_permission, editor_role_permission]))
+
+    # TODO test manual construction
+
+
 class PrincipalUnitTests(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_permission_union(self):
@@ -187,23 +504,67 @@ class PrincipalUnitTests(unittest.TestCase):
         d = p.reverse()
         assert ('a', 'b') in d.excludes
 
-    def test_permission_and(self):
+    def test_permission_difference(self):
         p1 = Permission(RoleNeed('boss'))
         p2 = Permission(RoleNeed('lackey'))
 
-        p3 = p1 & p2
-        p4 = p1.union(p2)
+        p3 = p1 - p2
+        p4 = p1.difference(p2)
+
+        # parity with set operations
+        p3needs = p1.needs - p2.needs
 
         assert p3.needs == p4.needs
+        assert p3.needs == p3needs
+
+    def test_permission_difference_excludes(self):
+        p1 = Permission(RoleNeed('boss')).reverse()
+        p2 = Permission(RoleNeed('lackey')).reverse()
+
+        p3 = p1 - p2
+        p4 = p1.difference(p2)
+
+        # parity with set operations
+        p3excludes = p1.excludes - p2.excludes
+
+        assert p3.excludes == p4.excludes
+        assert p3.excludes == p3excludes
 
     def test_permission_or(self):
         p1 = Permission(RoleNeed('boss'), RoleNeed('lackey'))
         p2 = Permission(RoleNeed('lackey'), RoleNeed('underling'))
 
         p3 = p1 | p2
-        p4 = p1.difference(p2)
+        p4 = p1.union(p2)
+
+        # Ensure that an `or` between sets also result in the expected
+        # behavior.  As expected, as "any of which must be present to 
+        # access a resource".
+        p3needs = p1.needs | p2.needs
 
         assert p3.needs == p4.needs
+        assert p3.needs == p3needs
+
+    def test_permission_or_excludes(self):
+        p1 = Permission(RoleNeed('boss'), RoleNeed('lackey')).reverse()
+        p2 = Permission(RoleNeed('lackey'), RoleNeed('underling')).reverse()
+
+        p3 = p1 | p2
+        p4 = p1.union(p2)
+
+        # Ensure that an `or` between sets also result in the expected
+        # behavior.  As expected, as "any of which must be present to 
+        # access a resource".
+        p3excludes = p1.excludes | p2.excludes
+
+        assert p3.excludes == p4.excludes
+        assert p3.excludes == p3excludes
+
+    def test_permission_not(self):
+        p1 = Permission(RoleNeed('boss'), RoleNeed('lackey'))
+        p2 = ~p1
+        p3 = ~p2
+        assert p3 == p1
 
     def test_contains(self):
         p1 = Permission(RoleNeed('boss'), RoleNeed('lackey'))
@@ -244,6 +605,36 @@ class PrincipalApplicationTests(unittest.TestCase):
         assert self.client.open('/e').data == b'hello'
         assert self.client.open('/f').data == b'hello'
 
+    def test_base_or_permissions(self):
+        assert self.client.open('/or_base').data == b'hello'
+
+    def test_or_permissions_bunch(self):
+        self.assertEqual(self.client.open('/or_bunch').data, b'goodgoodgood')
+
+    def test_base_not_permissions(self):
+        self.assertEqual(self.client.open('/not_base').data, b'editor')
+
+    def test_mixed_or_permissions(self):
+        assert self.client.open('/or_mixed1').data == b'goodgood'
+        assert self.client.open('/or_mixed2').data == b'goodgood'
+
+    def test_base_and_permissions(self):
+        self.assertRaises(PermissionDenied, self.client.open, '/and_base_fail')
+        self.assertEqual(self.client.open('/and_base_success').data, b'good')
+
+    def test_mixed_and_permissions(self):
+        self.assertRaises(PermissionDenied, self.client.open, '/and_mixed1')
+        self.assertEqual(self.client.open('/and_mixed2').data, b'good')
+
+    def test_mixed_and_or_permissions_fail(self):
+        self.assertRaises(PermissionDenied,
+            self.client.open, '/mixed_ops_fail')
+
+    def test_mixed_and_or_permissions(self):
+        self.assertEqual(self.client.open('/mixed_ops1').data, b'goodgoodgood')
+        self.assertEqual(self.client.open('/mixed_ops2').data, b'goodgood')
+        self.assertEqual(self.client.open('/mixed_ops3').data, b'goodgood')
+
     def test_and_permissions_view_denied(self):
         self.assertRaises(PermissionDenied, self.client.open, '/g')
 
@@ -264,6 +655,9 @@ class PrincipalApplicationTests(unittest.TestCase):
         response = self.client.open("/k")
         assert response.status_code == 403
 
+    def test_and_permissions_bunch(self):
+        self.assertEqual(self.client.open('/and_bunch').data, b'good')
+
     def test_and_permissions_view_with_custom_errhandler(self):
         app = mkapp()
 
@@ -279,8 +673,10 @@ class PrincipalApplicationTests(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_permission_bool(self):
         response = self.client.open('/l')
         assert response.status_code == 200
-        assert b'not admin' in response.data
-        assert b'now admin' in response.data
+        assert b'not admin_or_editor' in response.data
+        assert b'not (admin or editor)' in response.data
+        assert b'now admin_or_editor' in response.data
+        assert b'now admin or editor' in response.data
 
     def test_denied_passes(self):
         response = self.client.open("/m")
@@ -292,6 +688,13 @@ class PrincipalApplicationTests(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_permission_test(self):
         self.assertRaises(PermissionDenied, self.client.open, '/o')
 
+    def test_permission_operator_test(self):
+        self.assertRaises(PermissionDenied, self.client.open, '/o2')
+
+        response = self.client.open('/o3')
+        assert response.status_code == 200
+        assert response.data == b'OK'
+
     def test_permission_test_with_http_exc(self):
         response = self.client.open("/p")
         assert response.status_code == 404