owkin/medical_knowledge_from_extracts huggingface dataset:
Your goal is to extract structured information from the user's input that matches the form described below. When extracting information please make sure it matches the type information exactly. Do not add any attributes that do not appear in the schema shown below.

```TypeScript

 { // Information on the clinical trial characteristics from the abstract
 conditions: string // The condition or disease being treated in the clinical trial
 drug_or_intervention: string // The drug or intervention used in the clinical trial
}
```


Please output the extracted information in JSON format. Do not output anything except for the extracted information. Do not add any clarifying information. Do not add any fields that are not in the schema. If the text contains attributes that do not appear in the schema, please ignore them. All output must be in JSON format and follow the schema specified above. Wrap the JSON in <json> tags.



Input:Dialyzers designed to increase internal filtration do not result in significantly increased platelet activation and thrombin generation.  To increase middle molecule clearances, high-flux dialyzers with increased internal filtration have been developed. However, dialyzer design and structure may affect thrombin generation and platelet activation, thereby risking increased clotting and reduced dialyzer clearances. Coagulation parameters, platelet, white cell and endothelial activation markers were measured prior to and following dialysis sessions in 12 patients using two different dialyzers designed for increased internal filtration. Prior to dialysis, patients had evidence of activation of coagulation with increased factor VIII:C, thrombin-antithrombin complexes and prothrombin fragment 1+2, increased platelet activation, with raised platelet factor 4, β-thromboglobulin levels and increased fibrinolysis (raised D-dimers). Dialysis was associated with the release of soluble platelet integrin, sP selectin, increased endothelial activation with increased levels of von Willebrand factor (vWF) antigen (vWF:Ag) and vWF propeptide (vWF:pp) and sE selectin. There was no difference in tinzaparin levels at the end of the dialysis session using either dialyzer, as shown by anti-Xa activity - 0.145 ± 0.027 versus 0.11 ± 0.017 IU/ml, respectively. Haemodialysis patients have an inflammatory phenoytype, characterized by increased activation of coagulation, platelets and also fibrinolysis. However, dialyzers designed to increase internal filtration did not significantly increase platelet activation or thrombin generation. Output:

conditions: Chronic Kidney Disease
interventions: Device: ELISIO dialyzer
Your goal is to extract structured information from the user's input that matches the form described below. When extracting information please make sure it matches the type information exactly. Do not add any attributes that do not appear in the schema shown below.

```TypeScript

 { // Information on the clinical trial characteristics from the abstract
 conditions: string // The condition or disease being treated in the clinical trial
 drug_or_intervention: string // The drug or intervention used in the clinical trial
}
```


Please output the extracted information in JSON format. Do not output anything except for the extracted information. Do not add any clarifying information. Do not add any fields that are not in the schema. If the text contains attributes that do not appear in the schema, please ignore them. All output must be in JSON format and follow the schema specified above. Wrap the JSON in <json> tags.



Input:Efficacy and safety of CH-1504, a metabolically stable antifolate, in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: results of a phase II multicenter randomized study.  To investigate the potential efficacy, safety, and tolerability of daily use of CH-1504 in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA). US National Institutes of Health database no. NCT00658047. In our phase II randomized double-blind double-dummy study, patients naive to methotrexate (MTX; n = 201) and having moderate to severe RA received either CH-1504 (0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, or 1.0 mg once-daily oral doses) or MTX (titrated to 20.0 mg once-weekly oral doses). All received weekly 10-mg folate supplementation. Efficacy and safety were assessed at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks, with a treatment-free followup at 16 weeks. Safety and tolerability were assessed. Primary efficacy endpoint was proportion of patients achieving ACR20 response at Week 12. Secondary endpoints included difference from baseline in the 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28) and individual components of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) composite index. Demographic characteristics were similar in all treatment groups: mean age 54.3 ± 11.4 years, female sex 87%, mean baseline DAS28 6.6 ± 0.9. At Week 12, CH-1504 demonstrated comparable efficacy compared to MTX as measured by ACR20, DAS28, and ACR composite core-set measures, including tender and swollen joints. No dose-response relationship was observed. Adverse events across treatment groups were mild. Liver enzyme levels increased from baseline to Week 16 in the MTX group, with qualitatively lesser increases in the CH-1504 groups. Two patients in the MTX group withdrew because of gastrointestinal-related adverse events. CH-1504 appeared safe and well tolerated at all dose levels. CH-1504 has comparable efficacy to MTX and is safe and well tolerated. Metabolically stable antifolates are a promising therapeutic option that warrants further study. Output:

conditions: Arthritis, Rheumatoid
interventions: Drug: CH-1504|Drug: Methotrexate
Your goal is to extract structured information from the user's input that matches the form described below. When extracting information please make sure it matches the type information exactly. Do not add any attributes that do not appear in the schema shown below.

```TypeScript

 { // Information on the clinical trial characteristics from the abstract
 conditions: string // The condition or disease being treated in the clinical trial
 drug_or_intervention: string // The drug or intervention used in the clinical trial
}
```


Please output the extracted information in JSON format. Do not output anything except for the extracted information. Do not add any clarifying information. Do not add any fields that are not in the schema. If the text contains attributes that do not appear in the schema, please ignore them. All output must be in JSON format and follow the schema specified above. Wrap the JSON in <json> tags.



Input:A randomized, double-blind, controlled study of NGX-4010, a capsaicin 8% dermal patch, for the treatment of painful HIV-associated distal sensory polyneuropathy.  Effective treatment of HIV-associated distal sensory polyneuropathy remains a significant unmet therapeutic need. In this randomized, double-blind, controlled study, patients with pain due to HIV-associated distal sensory polyneuropathy received a single 30-minute or 60-minute application of NGX-4010--a capsaicin 8% patch (n = 332)--or a low-dose capsaicin (0.04%) control patch (n = 162). The primary endpoint was the mean percent change from baseline in Numeric Pain Rating Scale score to weeks 2-12. Secondary endpoints included patient global impression of change at week 12. Pain reduction was not significantly different between the total NGX-4010 group (-29.5%) and the total control group (-24.5%; P = 0.097). Greater pain reduction in the 60-minute (-30.0%) versus the 30-minute control group (-19.1%) prevented intended pooling of the control groups to test individual NGX-4010 treatment groups. No significant pain reduction was observed for the 30-minute NGX-4010 group compared with 30-minute control (-26.2% vs.-19.1%, respectively, P = 0.103). Pain reductions in the 60-minute NGX-4010 and control groups were comparable (-32.8% vs. -30.0%, respectively; P = 0.488). Posthoc nonparametric testing demonstrated significant differences favoring the total (P = 0.044) and 30-minute NGX-4010 groups (P = 0.035). Significantly, more patients in the total and 30-minute NGX-4010 group felt improved on the patient global impression of change versus control (67% vs. 55%, P = 0.011 and 65% vs. 45%, P = 0.006, respectively). Mild to moderate transient application site pain and erythema were the most common adverse events. Although the primary endpoint analyses were not significant, trends toward pain improvement were observed after a single 30-minute NGX-4010 treatment. Output:

conditions: Pain|HIV Infections|Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
interventions: Drug: NGX-4010, 8% capsaicin patch|Drug: 0.04% capsaicin patch|Drug: NGX-4010, 8% capsaicin patch|Drug: 0.04% capsaicin patch
Your goal is to extract structured information from the user's input that matches the form described below. When extracting information please make sure it matches the type information exactly. Do not add any attributes that do not appear in the schema shown below.

```TypeScript

 { // Information on the clinical trial characteristics from the abstract
 conditions: string // The condition or disease being treated in the clinical trial
 drug_or_intervention: string // The drug or intervention used in the clinical trial
}
```


Please output the extracted information in JSON format. Do not output anything except for the extracted information. Do not add any clarifying information. Do not add any fields that are not in the schema. If the text contains attributes that do not appear in the schema, please ignore them. All output must be in JSON format and follow the schema specified above. Wrap the JSON in <json> tags.



Input:A placebo-controlled study of the nasal decongestant effect of phenylephrine and pseudoephedrine in the Vienna Challenge Chamber.  Studies on the efficacy of phenylephrine in the treatment of nasal congestion have yielded inconsistent results, notwithstanding its approval for this indication. To evaluate and compare the decongestant effect of a single dose of phenylephrine to placebo and pseudoephedrine in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. This randomized, placebo-controlled, 3-way crossover study evaluated patient-scored nasal congestion, peak nasal inspiratory flow, and rhinomanometry at more than 6 hours in 39 grass-sensitive patients exposed to grass pollen in the Vienna Challenge Chamber. Patients were dosed with immediate-release formulations of phenylephrine, 12 mg, pseudoephedrine, 60 mg, as a control, or placebo. Phenylephrine was not significantly different from placebo in the primary end point, mean change in nasal congestion score at more than 6 hours (P = .56), whereas pseudoephedrine was significantly more effective than both placebo (P < .01) and phenylephrine (P = .01). Phase 1 results showed a difference between phenylephrine and placebo that was 64% of the difference between pseudoephedrine and placebo, substantially greater than the 17% difference observed for all phases. Carryover bias due to patient recall of the pseudoephedrine effect may have influenced these results. Rhinomanometry and peak nasal inspiratory flow results were consistent with these data. Neither phenylephrine nor pseudoephedrine had an effect on the nonnasal symptoms. No adverse events were reported in this study. During a 6-hour observation period, a single dose of pseudoephedrine but not phenylephrine resulted in significant improvement in measures of nasal congestion. Neither phenylephrine nor pseudoephedrine had an effect on nonnasal symptoms. Output:

conditions: Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal
interventions: Drug: phenylephrine|Drug: pseudoephedrine|Drug: placebo
Your goal is to extract structured information from the user's input that matches the form described below. When extracting information please make sure it matches the type information exactly. Do not add any attributes that do not appear in the schema shown below.

```TypeScript

 { // Information on the clinical trial characteristics from the abstract
 conditions: string // The condition or disease being treated in the clinical trial
 drug_or_intervention: string // The drug or intervention used in the clinical trial
}
```


Please output the extracted information in JSON format. Do not output anything except for the extracted information. Do not add any clarifying information. Do not add any fields that are not in the schema. If the text contains attributes that do not appear in the schema, please ignore them. All output must be in JSON format and follow the schema specified above. Wrap the JSON in <json> tags.



Input:Antibody persistence and immune memory in adults, 15 years after a three-dose schedule of a combined hepatitis A and B vaccine.  A combined hepatitis A and B vaccine is available since 1996. Two separate open-label primary studies evaluated the immunogenicity and safety of this hepatitis A and B vaccine (720 EI.U of HAV and 20 µg of HBsAg) in 306 healthy subjects aged 17-43 years who received three doses of the vaccine following a 0, 1, and 6 months schedule. These subjects were followed up annually for the next 15 years to evaluate long-term persistence of anti-HAV and anti-HBs antibodies. The subjects whose antibody concentrations fell below the cut-offs between Year 11 and Year 15 (anti-HAV: <15 mIU/ml; anti-HBs: <10 mIU/ml) were offered an additional dose of the appropriate monovalent hepatitis A and/or B vaccine. In subjects who received the additional vaccine dose, a blood sample was collected 1 month after vaccination. At the Year 15 time point, all subjects in Study A and Study B were seropositive for anti-HAV antibodies and 89.3% and 92.9% of subjects in the respective studies had anti-HBs antibody concentrations ≥10 mIU/ml. Four subjects (two in each study) received an additional dose of monovalent hepatitis B vaccine and mounted anamnestic responses to vaccination. No vaccine-related serious adverse events were reported. This study confirms the long-term immunogenicity of the three-dose regimen of the combined hepatitis A and B vaccine, as eliciting long-term persistence of antibodies and immune memory against hepatitis A and B for up to at least 15 years after a primary vaccination. Output:

conditions: Hepatitis B|Hepatitis A
interventions: Biological: Twinrixâ„¢ adult
Your goal is to extract structured information from the user's input that matches the form described below. When extracting information please make sure it matches the type information exactly. Do not add any attributes that do not appear in the schema shown below.

```TypeScript

 { // Information on the clinical trial characteristics from the abstract
 conditions: string // The condition or disease being treated in the clinical trial
 drug_or_intervention: string // The drug or intervention used in the clinical trial
}
```


Please output the extracted information in JSON format. Do not output anything except for the extracted information. Do not add any clarifying information. Do not add any fields that are not in the schema. If the text contains attributes that do not appear in the schema, please ignore them. All output must be in JSON format and follow the schema specified above. Wrap the JSON in <json> tags.



Input:Biologic lung volume reduction in advanced upper lobe emphysema: phase 2 results.  Biologic lung volume reduction (BioLVR) is a new endobronchial treatment for advanced emphysema that reduces lung volume through tissue remodeling. Assess the safety and therapeutic dose of BioLVR hydrogel in upper lobe predominant emphysema. Open-labeled, multicenter phase 2 dose-ranging studies were performed with BioLVR hydrogel administered to eight subsegmental sites (four in each upper lobe) involving: (1) low-dose treatment (n = 28) with 10 ml per site (LD); and (2) high-dose treatment (n = 22) with 20 ml per site (HD). Safety was assessed by the incidence of serious medical complications. Efficacy was assessed by change from baseline in pulmonary function tests, dyspnea score, 6-minute walk distance, and health-related quality of life. After treatment there were no deaths and four serious treatment-related complications. A reduction in residual volume to TLC ratio at 12 weeks (primary efficacy outcome) was achieved with both LD (-6.4 +/- 9.3%; P = 0.002) and HD (-5.5 +/- 9.4%; P = 0.028) treatments. Improvements in pulmonary function in HD (6 mo: DeltaFEV(1) = +15.6%; P = 0.002; DeltaFVC = +9.1%; P = 0.034) were greater than in LD patients (6 mo: DeltaFEV(1) = +6.7%; P = 0.021; DeltaFVC = +5.1%; P = 0.139). LD- and HD-treated groups both demonstrated improved symptom scores and health-related quality of life. BioLVR improves physiology and functional outcomes up to 6 months with an acceptable safety profile in upper lobe predominant emphysema. Overall improvement was greater and responses more durable with 20 ml per site than 10 ml per site dosing. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 00435253 and NCT 00515164). Output:

conditions: Pulmonary Emphysema|Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
interventions: Drug: Biologic Lung Volume Reduction (BLVR) - 20 mL Hydrogel
Your goal is to extract structured information from the user's input that matches the form described below. When extracting information please make sure it matches the type information exactly. Do not add any attributes that do not appear in the schema shown below.

```TypeScript

 { // Information on the clinical trial characteristics from the abstract
 conditions: string // The condition or disease being treated in the clinical trial
 drug_or_intervention: string // The drug or intervention used in the clinical trial
}
```


Please output the extracted information in JSON format. Do not output anything except for the extracted information. Do not add any clarifying information. Do not add any fields that are not in the schema. If the text contains attributes that do not appear in the schema, please ignore them. All output must be in JSON format and follow the schema specified above. Wrap the JSON in <json> tags.



Input:Effects of antioxidants (AREDS medication) on ocular blood flow and endothelial function in an endotoxin-induced model of oxidative stress in humans.  The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) has shown that supplementation of antioxidants slows the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The mechanism underlying this therapeutic effect may be related to a reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The authors have recently introduced a model showing that the response of retinal blood flow (RBF) to hyperoxia is diminished by administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In the present study, the hypothesis was that this response can be restored by the AREDS medication. Twenty-one healthy volunteers were included in this randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled, parallel group study. On each study day, RBF and the reactivity of RBF to hyperoxia were investigated before and after infusion of 2 ng/kg LPS. Between the two study days, subjects took either the AREDS medication or placebo for 14 days. After administration of LPS reduced retinal arterial vasoconstriction during hyperoxia (AREDS group: 12.5% +/- 4.8% pre-LPS vs. 9.4% +/- 4.6% post-LPS; placebo group: 9.2% +/- 3.3% pre-LPS vs. 7.1% +/- 3.5% post-LPS) and a reduced reactivity of RBF during hyperoxia (AREDS: 50.4% +/- 8.9% vs. 44.9% +/- 11.6%, placebo: 54.2% +/- 8.6% vs. 46.0% +/- 6.9%) was found. The reduced responses were normalized after 2 weeks of AREDS antioxidants but not after placebo (vasoconstriction: 13.1% +/- 4.5% vs. 13.1% +/- 5.0% AREDS, 11.2% +/- 4.2 vs. 7.4% +/- 4.2% placebo; RBF: 52.8% +/- 10.5% vs. 52.4% +/- 10.5% AREDS, 52.4% +/- 9.3% vs. 44.2% +/- 6.3% placebo). The sustained retinal vascular reaction to hyperoxia after LPS in the AREDS group indicates that antioxidants reduce oxidative stress-induced endothelial dysfunction, possibly by eliminating ROS. The model may be an attractive approach to studying the antioxidative capacity of dietary supplements for the treatment of AMD (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00431691). Output:

conditions: Retina|Regional Blood Flow|Endotoxin, Escherichia Coli
interventions: Drug: vitamin and mineral supplement|Drug: Escherichia coli Endotoxin (LPS)|Drug: 100% O2|Drug: nitroglycerin
Your goal is to extract structured information from the user's input that matches the form described below. When extracting information please make sure it matches the type information exactly. Do not add any attributes that do not appear in the schema shown below.

```TypeScript

 { // Information on the clinical trial characteristics from the abstract
 conditions: string // The condition or disease being treated in the clinical trial
 drug_or_intervention: string // The drug or intervention used in the clinical trial
}
```


Please output the extracted information in JSON format. Do not output anything except for the extracted information. Do not add any clarifying information. Do not add any fields that are not in the schema. If the text contains attributes that do not appear in the schema, please ignore them. All output must be in JSON format and follow the schema specified above. Wrap the JSON in <json> tags.



Input:The role of adjunctive exenatide therapy in pediatric type 1 diabetes.  Exenatide improves postprandial glycemic excursions in type 2 diabetes. Exenatide could benefit type 1 diabetes as well. We aimed to determine an effective and safe glucose-lowering adjuvant exenatide dose in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Eight subjects completed a three-part double-blinded randomized controlled study of premeal exenatide. Two doses of exenatide (1.25 and 2.5 microg) were compared with insulin monotherapy. Prandial insulin dose was reduced by 20%. Gastric emptying and hormones were analyzed for 300 min postmeal. Treatment with both doses of exenatide versus insulin monotherapy significantly reduced glucose excursions over 300 min (P < 0.0001). Exenatide administration failed to suppress glucagon but delayed gastric emptying (P < 0.004). Adjunctive exenatide therapy reduces postprandial hyperglycemia in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. This reduction in glucose excursion occurs despite reduction in insulin dose. We suggest that exenatide has therapeutic potential as adjunctive therapy in type 1 diabetes. Output:

conditions: Type 1 Diabetes
interventions: Drug: Exenatide