owkin/medical_knowledge_from_extracts huggingface dataset:
Your goal is to extract structured information from the user's input that matches the form described below. When extracting information please make sure it matches the type information exactly. Do not add any attributes that do not appear in the schema shown below.

```TypeScript

 { // Information on the clinical trial characteristics from the abstract
 conditions: string // The condition or disease being treated in the clinical trial
 drug_or_intervention: string // The drug or intervention used in the clinical trial
}
```


Please output the extracted information in JSON format. Do not output anything except for the extracted information. Do not add any clarifying information. Do not add any fields that are not in the schema. If the text contains attributes that do not appear in the schema, please ignore them. All output must be in JSON format and follow the schema specified above. Wrap the JSON in <json> tags.



Input:Effects of tiotropium and formoterol on dynamic hyperinflation and exercise endurance in COPD.  It is currently unclear whether the additive effects of a long-acting beta(2)-agonist (LABA) and the antimuscarinic tiotropium bromide (TIO) on resting lung function are translated into lower operating lung volumes and improved exercise tolerance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). On a double-blind and cross-over study, 33 patients (FEV(1) = 47.4 +/- 12.9% predicted) were randomly allocated to 2-wk formoterol fumarate 12 microg twice-daily (FOR) plus TIO 18 microg once-daily or FOR plus placebo (PLA). Inspiratory capacity (IC) was obtained on constant-speed treadmill tests to the limit of tolerance (Tlim). FOR-TIO was superior to FOR-PLA in increasing post-treatment FEV(1) and Tlim (1.34 +/- 0.42 L vs. 1.25 +/- 0.39 L and 124 +/- 27% vs. 68 +/- 14%, respectively; p < 0.05). FOR-TIO slowed the rate of decrement in exercise IC compared to FOR-PLA (Deltaisotime-rest = -0.27 +/- 0.40 L vs. -0.45 +/- 0.36 L, p < 0.05). In addition, end-expiratory lung volume (% total lung capacity) was further reduced with FOR-TIO (p < 0.05). Of note, patients showing greater increases in Tlim with FOR-TIO (16/26, 61.6%) had more severe airways obstruction and lower exercise capacity at baseline. Improvement in Tlim with FOR-TIO was also related to larger increases in FEV(1) (p < 0.05). Compared to FOR monotherapy, FOR-TIO further improved effort-induced dynamic hyperinflation and exercise endurance in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD. These beneficial consequences were more likely to be found in severely-disabled patients with larger resting functional responses to the combination therapy. Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00680056 [ClinicalTrials.gov]. Output:

conditions: Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive|Chronic Bronchitis|Pulmonary Emphysema
interventions: Drug: Formoterol plus Placebo (Tiotropium)|Drug: Formoterol plus Tiotropium
Your goal is to extract structured information from the user's input that matches the form described below. When extracting information please make sure it matches the type information exactly. Do not add any attributes that do not appear in the schema shown below.

```TypeScript

 { // Information on the clinical trial characteristics from the abstract
 conditions: string // The condition or disease being treated in the clinical trial
 drug_or_intervention: string // The drug or intervention used in the clinical trial
}
```


Please output the extracted information in JSON format. Do not output anything except for the extracted information. Do not add any clarifying information. Do not add any fields that are not in the schema. If the text contains attributes that do not appear in the schema, please ignore them. All output must be in JSON format and follow the schema specified above. Wrap the JSON in <json> tags.



Input:A lung biopsy tract plug for reduction of postbiopsy pneumothorax and other complications: results of a prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical study.  To evaluate the ability of an expanding hydrogel lung biopsy tract plug ("plug") to reduce rates of pneumothoraces and other complications associated with computed tomography (CT)-guided lung biopsy. A total of 339 subjects (mean age, 67 years) who underwent lung biopsy of indeterminate masses, without immediate postsample CT evidence of a pneumothorax, were randomized at 15 U.S. centers. Treatment subjects (n = 170) received a plug deployed through the coaxial needle just before the needle was removed. Control subjects (n = 169) did not receive a plug. The primary end point was defined as the absence of pneumothorax on chest radiographs at all three required postprocedure assessments (30- to 60-minute, 24-hour, 30-day); analysis was stratified by any smoking history and study site. A central laboratory performed blinded independent interpretation of the radiographs. Among the 287 subjects who completed all postprocedure assessments, significantly more treatment subjects than control subjects achieved the primary end point (127 of 150, 85% vs 95 of 137, 69%; P = .002). Among all 339 randomized subjects, the odds of achieving the primary end point were 4.4 times greater for nonsmokers than they were for smokers (95% confidence interval, 1.7, 11.0; P = 0.002); study site had no statistically significant effect. Compared with control subjects, treatment subjects had fewer pneumothoraces (30 of 170, 18% vs 53 of 169, 31%), fewer chest tubes placed (6 of 170, 4% vs 18 of 169, 11%), and fewer postbiopsy hospital admissions (16 of 170, 9% vs 23 of 169, 14%). The lung biopsy tract plug significantly reduced rates of pneumothorax in patients undergoing CT-guided lung biopsy. Rates of chest tube placement and postprocedure hospital admission were also reduced. Output:

conditions: Lung Cancer
interventions: Device: Bio-Seal Track Plug|Other: No lung plug
Your goal is to extract structured information from the user's input that matches the form described below. When extracting information please make sure it matches the type information exactly. Do not add any attributes that do not appear in the schema shown below.

```TypeScript

 { // Information on the clinical trial characteristics from the abstract
 conditions: string // The condition or disease being treated in the clinical trial
 drug_or_intervention: string // The drug or intervention used in the clinical trial
}
```


Please output the extracted information in JSON format. Do not output anything except for the extracted information. Do not add any clarifying information. Do not add any fields that are not in the schema. If the text contains attributes that do not appear in the schema, please ignore them. All output must be in JSON format and follow the schema specified above. Wrap the JSON in <json> tags.



Input:Immunogenicity, safety, and tolerability of two trivalent subunit inactivated influenza vaccines: a phase III, observer-blind, randomized, controlled multicenter study.  The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the immunogenicity, safety, and tolerability of two influenza subunit vaccines, a primarily European-marketed trivalent vaccine (Agrippal®, Novartis Vaccines), and a predominantly U.S.-marketed control trivalent vaccine (Fluvirin®, Novartis Vaccines), in subjects aged 3-64 y. The immunogenicity of both vaccines was evaluated according to the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) criteria. This clinical trial was performed between April and December 2007 in Argentina. A total of 1893 subjects were stratified into three age groups (3-8 y, 9-17 y, and 18-64 y), and randomized in a 2:1 ratio to receive either Agrippal or Fluvirin. Adolescents and adults received one dose of vaccine intramuscularly, whereas children aged 3-8 years received two vaccine doses, administered 4 wk apart. Antibody levels were measured by means of hemagglutination inhibition assay before vaccination (baseline); 21 d after the first vaccination (adults and adolescents); and, for children aged 3-8 y, 28 d after the first vaccination and 21 d after the second vaccine dose. Adverse reactions were solicited via diary cards for 7 d after each vaccination, and unsolicited adverse events were reported throughout the study period. Both vaccines were safe and well-tolerated, and elicited robust immunogenic responses in all age groups, meeting both CBER licensure criteria for all three viral strains after completion of the age-recommended vaccination schedule. These findings support the use of the trivalent subunit influenza vaccines Agrippal and Fluvirin for universal vaccination campaigns on an annual basis. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00464672. Output:

conditions: Influenza
interventions: Biological: Influenza virus vaccine|Biological: Comparator influenza vaccine
Your goal is to extract structured information from the user's input that matches the form described below. When extracting information please make sure it matches the type information exactly. Do not add any attributes that do not appear in the schema shown below.

```TypeScript

 { // Information on the clinical trial characteristics from the abstract
 conditions: string // The condition or disease being treated in the clinical trial
 drug_or_intervention: string // The drug or intervention used in the clinical trial
}
```


Please output the extracted information in JSON format. Do not output anything except for the extracted information. Do not add any clarifying information. Do not add any fields that are not in the schema. If the text contains attributes that do not appear in the schema, please ignore them. All output must be in JSON format and follow the schema specified above. Wrap the JSON in <json> tags.



Input:Osteoporosis telephonic intervention to improve medication regimen adherence: a large, pragmatic, randomized controlled trial.  Multiple studies demonstrate poor adherence to medication regimens prescribed for chronic illnesses, including osteoporosis, but few interventions have been proven to enhance adherence. We examined the effectiveness of a telephone-based counseling program rooted in motivational interviewing to improve adherence to a medication regimen for osteoporosis. We conducted a 1-year randomized controlled clinical trial. Participants were recruited from a large pharmacy benefits program for Medicare beneficiaries. All potentially eligible individuals had been newly prescribed a medication for osteoporosis. Consenting participants were randomized to a program of telephone-based counseling (n = 1046) using a motivational interviewing framework or a control group (n = 1041) that received mailed educational materials. Medication regimen adherence was the primary outcome compared across treatment arms and was measured as the median (interquartile range) medication possession ratio, calculated as the ratio of days with filled prescriptions to total days of follow-up. The groups were balanced at baseline, with a mean age of 78 years; 93.8% were female. In an intention-to-treat analysis, median adherence was 49% (interquartile range, 7%-88%) in the intervention arm and 41% (2%-86%) in the control arm (P = .07, Kruskal-Wallis test). There were no differences in self-reported fractures. In this randomized controlled trial, we did not find a statistically significant improvement in adherence to an osteoporosis medication regimen using a telephonic motivational interviewing intervention. Output:

conditions: Osteoporosis
interventions: Behavioral: Mailed education|Behavioral: Telephone coaching program for patients|Behavioral: Medication adherence alert program for doctors
Your goal is to extract structured information from the user's input that matches the form described below. When extracting information please make sure it matches the type information exactly. Do not add any attributes that do not appear in the schema shown below.

```TypeScript

 { // Information on the clinical trial characteristics from the abstract
 conditions: string // The condition or disease being treated in the clinical trial
 drug_or_intervention: string // The drug or intervention used in the clinical trial
}
```


Please output the extracted information in JSON format. Do not output anything except for the extracted information. Do not add any clarifying information. Do not add any fields that are not in the schema. If the text contains attributes that do not appear in the schema, please ignore them. All output must be in JSON format and follow the schema specified above. Wrap the JSON in <json> tags.



Input:Cardiovascular safety with linagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a pre-specified, prospective, and adjudicated meta-analysis of a phase 3 programme.  This study investigated the cardiovascular (CV) safety profile of the dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitor linagliptin versus comparator treatments. This was a pre-specified meta-analysis of CV events in linagliptin or comparator-treated patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) from eight Phase 3 studies. All suspected CV events were prospectively adjudicated by a blinded independent expert committee. The primary endpoint was a composite of CV death, stroke, myocardial infarction, and hospitalization for unstable angina. Three secondary composite endpoints derived from the adjudicated CV events were also pre-specified. Risk estimates were calculated using several statistical methods including Cox regression analysis. Of 5239 treated patients (mean ± SD HbA1c 65 ± 10 mmol/mol [8.0 ± 0.9%], age 58 ± 10 years, BMI 29 ± 5 kg/m2), 3319 received linagliptin once daily (5 mg, 3159; 10 mg, 160) and 1920 received comparators (placebo, 977; glimepiride 1-4 mg, 781; voglibose 0.6 mg, 162). Cumulative exposure (patient-years) was 2060 for linagliptin and 1372 for comparators. Primary CV events occurred in 11 (0.3%) patients receiving linagliptin and 23 (1.2%) receiving comparators. The hazard ratio (HR) for the primary endpoint showed significantly lower risk with linagliptin than comparators (HR 0.34 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.16-0.70]) as did estimates for all secondary endpoints (HR ranging from 0.34 to 0.55 [all upper 95% CIs < 1.0]). These results from a large Phase 3 programme support the hypothesis that linagliptin may have CV benefits in patients with T2DM. Output:

conditions: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
interventions: Drug: linagliptin|Drug: placebo
Your goal is to extract structured information from the user's input that matches the form described below. When extracting information please make sure it matches the type information exactly. Do not add any attributes that do not appear in the schema shown below.

```TypeScript

 { // Information on the clinical trial characteristics from the abstract
 conditions: string // The condition or disease being treated in the clinical trial
 drug_or_intervention: string // The drug or intervention used in the clinical trial
}
```


Please output the extracted information in JSON format. Do not output anything except for the extracted information. Do not add any clarifying information. Do not add any fields that are not in the schema. If the text contains attributes that do not appear in the schema, please ignore them. All output must be in JSON format and follow the schema specified above. Wrap the JSON in <json> tags.



Input:Effect of budesonide/formoterol pMDI on COPD exacerbations: a double-blind, randomized study.  Treatment with an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) and long-acting bronchodilator is recommended for severe/very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with repeated exacerbations. This randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel-group, 12-month multicenter study evaluated the effect of budesonide/formoterol pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI) on COPD exacerbations. Following a 2-week run-in during which COPD patients aged ≥40 years with an exacerbation history discontinued medications except ICSs, 1219 patients were randomized 1:1:1 to twice-daily budesonide/formoterol pMDI 320/9 μg, budesonide/formoterol pMDI 160/9 μg, or formoterol dry powder inhaler 9 μg. An exacerbation was defined as COPD worsening requiring oral corticosteroids and/or hospitalization. A post hoc analysis, with antibiotic treatment added to the exacerbation definition, was also performed. Budesonide/formoterol 320/9 and 160/9 reduced exacerbation rates (number per patient-treatment year) by 34.6% and 25.9%, respectively, versus formoterol (p ≤ 0.002). Budesonide/formoterol 320/9 prolonged time to first exacerbation versus formoterol, corresponding to a 21.2% reduction in hazard ratio (0.788 [95% CI: 0.639, 0.972]; p = 0.026). Exacerbation rates (number per patient-treatment year) including antibiotic treatment (post hoc analysis) were reduced by 25.9% and 18.7% with budesonide/formoterol 320/9 and 160/9, respectively, versus formoterol (p ≤ 0.023). Both budesonide/formoterol doses were well tolerated with safety profiles similar to formoterol. Pneumonia adverse events occurred in 6.4%, 4.7%, and 2.7% of patients in the budesonide/formoterol 320/9, 160/9, and formoterol groups. Over 12 months, both budesonide/formoterol doses reduced the exacerbation rate (defined with or without antibiotic treatment) versus formoterol. Budesonide/formoterol pMDI is an appropriate treatment for reducing exacerbations in COPD patients with a history of exacerbations. (NCT00419744). Output:

conditions: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
interventions: Drug: Budesonide/formoterol (SYMBICORT) pMDI|Drug: Formoterol Turbuhaler
Your goal is to extract structured information from the user's input that matches the form described below. When extracting information please make sure it matches the type information exactly. Do not add any attributes that do not appear in the schema shown below.

```TypeScript

 { // Information on the clinical trial characteristics from the abstract
 conditions: string // The condition or disease being treated in the clinical trial
 drug_or_intervention: string // The drug or intervention used in the clinical trial
}
```


Please output the extracted information in JSON format. Do not output anything except for the extracted information. Do not add any clarifying information. Do not add any fields that are not in the schema. If the text contains attributes that do not appear in the schema, please ignore them. All output must be in JSON format and follow the schema specified above. Wrap the JSON in <json> tags.



Input:Particle size matters: diagnostics and treatment of small airways involvement in asthma.  Small airways are an important site of inflammation and obstruction in asthma, which contributes to the severity of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) that is usually measured by nebulisation of large-particle stimuli. We investigated whether small and large particle sizes of aerosolised adenosine monophospate (AMP) provoke similar severity of AHR. Additionally, effects of the small-particle inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) ciclesonide and large-particle ICS fluticasone on AHR to large- and small-particle size AMP were assessed. After a 4-week run-in period using open-label fluticasone (100 μg b.i.d.), 37 mild-to-moderate asthmatics underwent provocations with standard-size (3.7 μm), large-particle (9.9 μm) and small-particle (1.06 μm) AMP. Subjects received 4-week ciclesonide (160 μg s.i.d.) or fluticasone (100 μg b.i.d.) treatment (double-blind and double-dummy) followed by large- and small-particle AMP provocation. Small-particle AMP induced a 20% decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) at a significantly higher dose than large-particle AMP. Ciclesonide and fluticasone had comparable effects on AMP provocations. Not all subjects reached the provocative concentration causing a 20% fall in FEV(1) (PC(20)) at the highest AMP dose. In those who did, ciclesonide improved small-particle AMP PC(20) by 1.74 doubling doses (DD) (p = 0.03), whereas fluticasone did not. Conversely, fluticasone improved large-particle AMP PC(20) significantly (1.32 DD; p = 0.03), whereas ciclesonide did not. Small-particle AMP provocation appears to be a promising tool to assess changes in small airway inflammation. Future adjustments are necessary taking into account the very small particle size used, with large exhaled fractions. In asthmatics reaching a PC(20) with small- and large-particle AMP provocations, ciclesonide improves hyperresponsiveness to small particle size AMP, and fluticasone to large particle size. This warrants further research to target provocations and treatment to specific airway sizes. Output:

conditions: Asthma
interventions: Drug: Ciclesonide|Drug: Fluticasone
Your goal is to extract structured information from the user's input that matches the form described below. When extracting information please make sure it matches the type information exactly. Do not add any attributes that do not appear in the schema shown below.

```TypeScript

 { // Information on the clinical trial characteristics from the abstract
 conditions: string // The condition or disease being treated in the clinical trial
 drug_or_intervention: string // The drug or intervention used in the clinical trial
}
```


Please output the extracted information in JSON format. Do not output anything except for the extracted information. Do not add any clarifying information. Do not add any fields that are not in the schema. If the text contains attributes that do not appear in the schema, please ignore them. All output must be in JSON format and follow the schema specified above. Wrap the JSON in <json> tags.



Input:A positron emission tomography microdosing study with sertraline in healthy volunteers.  This study explored microdosing methods for evaluating the distribution and pharmacokinetics (PK) of a central nervous system (CNS) drug candidate. We used sertraline as a model drug. In this open-label, one-arm, three-period, multiple-dosing study, 10 healthy male volunteers received 6-day administrations of sertraline at doses of 5, 25 or 50 mg/d in three different periods. Before the first dose of Period 1, and 24 h after the last dose of each period, an intravenous bolus of [11C]sertraline was injected for positron emission tomography (PET) scanning. After the sixth dose in each period, serial blood samples were collected at scheduled intervals over 48 h; then serum sertraline concentrations were determined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Sertraline was distributed in the brain within 20 min, and it was highly distributed in the putamen, cingulate, and thalamus. Linearity in steady-state Cmax and AUClast were observed in the 5 - 50 mg dose range. The results suggested that microdosing with PET was a useful method for exploring the bloodbrain- barrier penetration and distribution of a candidate CNS drug. This study described a microdosing method that combined PET with LC-MS/MS for determining the brain distribution and PK characteristics of a CNS drug candidate. Output:

conditions: Healthy
interventions: Drug: Sertraline