FOURTH SECTION       CASE OF VOYKIN AND OTHERS v. UKRAINE (Application no. 47889/08)          JUDGMENT  STRASBOURG 27 March 2018 FINAL 27/06/2018 This judgment has become final under Article 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision.In the case of Voykin and Others v. Ukraine,The European Court of Human Rights (Fourth Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of: Vincent A. De Gaetano, President, Ganna Yudkivska, Paulo Pinto de Albuquerque, Faris Vehabović, Egidijus Kūris, Iulia Motoc, Georges Ravarani, judges,and Marialena Tsirli, Section Registrar,Having deliberated in private on 6 March 2018,Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:PROCEDURE1. The case originated in an application (no. 47889/08) against Ukraine lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by four Ukrainian nationals, Mr Valeriy Sergeyevich Voykin (the first applicant), Ms Marina Aleksandrovna Voykina (the second applicant), Ms Elleonora Nikolayevna Shupnyak (the third applicant), and Ms Valentina Borisovna Voykina (the fourth applicant). The first and second applicants lodged their applications on 11 November 2008. The third and fourth applicants joined them on 26 November 2008.The fourth applicant died after lodging her application. The first applicant, her son, expressed the wish to pursue her complaints in her stead.2. The applicants were represented by Mr Eduard Markov, a lawyer admitted to practice in Odessa. The Ukrainian Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, most recently Mr Ivan Lishchyna, of the Ministry of Justice.3. The applicants raised a number of complaints, in particular under Articles 3, 5, 8 and 13 of the Convention.4. On 6 January 2014 the application was communicated to the Government.5. On 10 July 2017 the Vice-President of the Section decided, under Rule 54 § 2 (c) of the Rules of Court, that the parties should be invited to submit further written observations on the admissibility and merits of the application.THE FACTSI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE6. The first applicant was born in 1978. At the time of the events he was a district police officer in the Kalyninskyy district police in Horlivka. As of February 2014, he has been serving a prison sentence in Menska prison no. 91. The second applicant is his wife who was born in 1984. She lives in Horlivka with her mother, the third applicant, who was born in 1951. The fourth applicant, the mother of the first applicant, was born in 1948 and died on 5 December 2010. The first applicant expressed wish to pursue his mother’s complaints on her behalf.A. Incident involving the second applicant and its investigation7. At the night from 18 to 19 June 2008, shortly after midnight, the second applicant had a conflict with a police officer, M., who was a colleague of her husband.8. The second applicant’s account of the events was as follows. When walking in the street with a friend, B., she heard somebody running after them. That person pushed her on the shoulder. Having turned, she saw M., whom she knew. He was wearing plain clothes and appeared to be heavily drunk. When she asked him what the matter was, M. shouted that he would subject her to a body search, without explanation. He snatched her bag from her. Having searched its contents, he threw it on the ground. Then M. grabbed the second applicant by the neck and started strangling her. In reply to her protests, he noted that the local prosecutor was there next to him and that it was pointless to complain. He hit the second applicant twice in the head with something heavy, which, in her opinion, could have been a mobile phone. At that moment the first applicant telephoned his wife’s friend B., who was then with her, to find out whether everything was fine (as his wife had not returned home at the expected time and was not answering his telephone calls). Having found out about the incident, the first applicant went there. M. threatened him in a rude manner with dismissal. He let the second applicant go only after two other police officers in plain clothes, who happened to be there, approached them.9. The second applicant’s friend B. supported the above version of events. However, eventually she specified that M. had not been strangling the second applicant, but had simply held her and not let her leave.10. M.’s version of the events was as follows. He was walking in the street with an acquaintance, P., a businessman, after the celebration of the professional holiday of police inspectors. They met two colleagues of M. and stopped to talk with them. Two women passed by. M. thought that one of them was a certain T., who was under administrative supervision and was not supposed to be out of her home so late. He went to ask her what she was doing there. However, having approached her, he realised that he had been mistaken. He recognised the second applicant and apologised for his mistake. The second applicant, who appeared to be heavily drunk, started insulting and pushing him. M. submitted that he had not touched her. As regards the possible origin of her injuries, he noted that she had had serious incidents in the past with her husband and that those injuries might have been inflicted by him. As regards the fact that the plastic bag that she had had in her hands had been torn, he explained it by her intense gesticulating.11. M.’s version was supported by the statements of his friend P. and the two police officers, who had been there.12. Having come home, the second applicant called an ambulance. She was diagnosed with several bruises on her neck and situational neurosis. She explained that she had been strangled by a police officer. In the presence of an ambulance paramedic, the second applicant called the police. According to the Government, she did not mention that M. was a law-enforcement official. The second applicant contested that submission.13. In the morning on 19 June 2008 the second applicant was examined by a neuropathologist who diagnosed her with concussion and bruises on her neck, and prescribed outpatient medical treatment.14. On 28 June 2008 the Kalyninskyy police issued a ruling refusing to institute criminal proceedings in respect of the second applicant’s complaint. It noted that she had complained to the police at 1.05 a.m. on 19 June 2008 of having been hit by an acquaintance. As further stated in the ruling, it had been impossible to question her, as she had never been at home when visited by the police.15. On 9 July 2008 the second applicant complained about the incident to the Horlivka town prosecutor’s office (“the Horlivka prosecutor’s office”). She requested that the investigation not be entrusted to the Kalyninskyy district prosecutor’s office (“the Kalyninskyy prosecutor’s office”), given that one of its officials had allegedly been with M. at the time of the events and that M. had referred to that fact as a guarantee of his impunity (see paragraph 8 above). The second applicant submitted that there had been no attempts by the authorities to contact them with a view to hearing their version of the events.16. On 15 July 2008 the Horlivka prosecutor’s office forwarded her complaint to the Kalyninskyy prosecutor.17. On 25 July 2008 the second applicant gave a written account of the incident to the Kalyninskyy prosecutor’s office. On the same date that authority quashed the refusal of 28 June 2008. It noted that the investigation had wrongly been entrusted to the Kalyninskyy police despite the fact that the second applicant’s complaint concerned her alleged ill-treatment by one of its officers.18. On 28 July 2008 the police officer who had been on duty during the night from 18 to 19 June 2008 was disciplined for not having followed up the second applicant’s call (see paragraph 12 above).19. On 1 August 2008 the Kalyninskyy prosecutor’s office refused to initiate criminal proceedings against M. under Article 365 § 2 of the Criminal Code (exceeding individual power by engaging in violent or degrading treatment of a victim), having held that there were no constituent elements of a crime discernible in his actions. The prosecutor noted that the second applicant’s allegation was supported by the statements of her husband and her friend. However, there were also statements of M. and the witnesses from his side, who denied any ill-treatment of the second applicant. The prosecutor therefore found her allegation to be unsubstantiated. It was also noted in the ruling that at the time of the events M. had been wearing civilian clothes and had not been acting as a law-enforcement official. Lastly, it was observed that the second applicant had ignored numerous summonses for questioning.20. On 4 August 2008 the Kalyninskyy prosecutor’s office annulled its refusal of 1 August 2008 as premature. It noted, in particular, that not all the relevant facts had been established. Furthermore, there had been no forensic medical expert examination of the second applicant.21. On 14 August 2008 the second applicant underwent such an examination, which documented no visible injuries. Having analysed her medical file, the expert concluded that she had sustained a bruise on her neck and a craniocerebral injury which led to concussion. Those injuries, assessed as insignificant, had resulted from “contact with blunt objects” at the time indicated by the second applicant.22. On the same day the Kalyninskyy prosecutor’s office once again refused to open a criminal case against M. for lack of the constituent elements of a crime in his actions. It relied, in particular, on the witnesses’ statements, according to which M. had not ill-treated the second applicant. Furthermore, the prosecutor noted that M. had not acted in his official capacity and that the injuries sustained by the second applicant had been insignificant.23. On 5 September 2008 a senior official of the same prosecutor’s office annulled the above ruling as premature. He noted, in particular, that an additional forensic medical examination was required with a view to verifying the second applicant’s allegation that she had been hit in the head with a mobile phone.24. On 15 September 2008 the prosecutor ordered such an examination of the second applicant with a view to answering the following questions: (1) how exactly could her injuries have been inflicted; (2) whether there were marks on her head possibly resulting from blows with a mobile phone; (3) whether she could have sustained the injuries in question in the circumstances as she alleged; and (4) when exactly she had sustained the injuries in question.25. On 9 October 2008 a forensic medical expert examination report was issued. It answered the above questions as follows: (1) the craniocerebral injury and the bruise on the neck had resulted from contact with blunt objects; (2) neither the examination of the second applicant nor the evaluation of the medical file had established any injuries to her head (apparently, implying visible injuries); (3) the second applicant’s injuries could have been inflicted on her in the circumstances described; and (4) according to the medical documents, the second applicant could have sustained the injuries on 19 June 2008.26. On 19 November 2008 the Kalyninskyy prosecutor’s office delivered yet another ruling refusing to open a criminal case in respect of the second applicant’s complaints. Having relied on the forensic medical examination reports and the witnesses’ statements, the prosecutor stated that her allegation had not been sufficiently corroborated.27. On 20 April 2009 the Donetsk regional prosecutor’s office (“the regional prosecutor’s office”) annulled the above ruling as premature and based on an incomplete investigation.28. On 5 May 2009 the Kalyninskyy prosecutor’s office again refused to institute criminal proceedings against M. It was stated in the ruling that the forensic medical expert evaluations of 14 August and 9 October 2008 refuted the second applicant’s allegations. Furthermore, the prosecutor noted that the second applicant had refused to give her account during the additional investigation.29. The second applicant challenged the above refusal before the Prosecutor General’s Office (“the PGO”) on at least three occasions (on 20 July and 8 October 2009 and on 4 January 2010). Her complaints were forwarded to the regional prosecutor’s office.30. On 21 February 2010 the regional prosecutor’s office wrote to her that it agreed with the lower prosecution authority’s decision. As further stated in the letter, it was open for her to challenge that decision before the courts if she so wished.B. Criminal proceedings against the first applicant31. In May 2008 the first applicant underwent knee surgery. From 8 August to 2 September 2008 he underwent a follow-up course of outpatient medical treatment in Horlivka Hospital.32. On an unspecified date (illegible in the available copy) the Kalyninskyy prosecutor’s office sent a summons to the first applicant at his registered residence (his mother’s home), instructing him to come to the prosecutor’s office on 5 September 2008. It is not clear whether it was issued in the context of the criminal investigation in respect of the complaints by the first applicant’s wife (see above) or whether it was rather related to the subsequent criminal proceedings against him.33. On 10 September 2008 the Kalyninskyy prosecutor’s office opened a criminal case against the first applicant on suspicion of abuse of power and forgery committed in his capacity as a law-enforcement official in January 2008. More specifically, on 14 March 2008 the local court had informed the prosecutor of some factual inaccuracies in a report on an administrative (minor) offence, which had been drawn up by the first applicant. The latter was suspected of having forged that report.34. On the same date the Kalyninskyy prosecutor’s office informed the first applicant of the above decision by a letter sent to the address where he was de facto living with his wife (separately from their parents). It was also noted in the letter that he had to come to the prosecutor’s office to receive a copy of the decision and for questioning.35. Still on the same date, 10 September 2008, the prosecutor ordered the Kalyninskyy police to ensure the first applicant’s presence for investigative measures. On 12 September 2008 the police informed the investigator that it was impossible to comply with the above order given that the first applicant had been found neither at the address of his usual residence nor at his mother’s flat. When they had also gone to enquire about his whereabouts with his parents-in-law, the third applicant “had attacked them hysterically”, which made the police believe that the first applicant might be hiding there.36. On 13 September 2008 a judge of the Kalyninskyy Court ordered the first applicant’s arrest with a view to bringing him before the court to examine the issue of a preventive measure in his regard.37. On 19 September 2008 the first applicant was declared wanted by the police.38. On the same date he wrote to the regional prosecutor’s office that, following the incident with his wife, the Kalyninskyy police had been threatening him and his family with his dismissal, criminal prosecution, or even a fatal accident. He therefore sought that the Kalyninskyy prosecutor withdraw from the case. He also submitted that he was scared even to go to the hospital as some suspicious-looking persons had been loitering near his home. The first applicant indicated as his address that of his mother.39. On 22 September 2008 the investigator visited the first applicant’s mother (the fourth applicant) at her home and asked her whether she knew where the first applicant was. She stated that he had been living separately from her for about two years and that she was not aware of his whereabouts.40. On 24 September 2008 she sent to the investigator the first applicant’s request of 23 September 2008 to admit her to the proceedings as his representative and to give her a copy of the ruling of 10 September 2008 initiating the criminal investigation against him. In substantiation of that request, the first applicant stated that he was restricted in his movement following knee surgery.41. On 29 September 2008 the chief of medicine of Horlivka Hospital informed the investigator, in reply to the latter’s enquiry, that the last time the first applicant had come to the hospital had been 15 September 2008 and that the hospital administration did not know how he could be reached.42. On 1 October 2008 the internal security unit of the Kalyninskyy police wrote to the prosecutor that it had information that the first applicant had been secretly visiting the flats of his parents and parents-in-law.43. On 3 October 2008 the Kalyninskyy prosecutor wrote to the first applicant at his mother’s address, indicating that the latter could not be admitted in the proceedings as his representative at such an early stage. The prosecutor indicated that the first applicant was on the wanted list and that he needed to show up to receive copies of the rulings in respect of the institution of the criminal proceedings against him and for his questioning.44. On 31 October 2008 the Kalyninskyy prosecutor sent another letter to the first applicant, informing him that another criminal case had been opened against him on that date on suspicion of abuse of power by a law-enforcement official and forgery in office and that he had to come to the prosecutor’s office to get a copy of that decision and for questioning.45. During the period from October 2008 to January 2010 further eight criminal cases were opened against the first applicant on additional counts of abuse of office, as well as on suspicion of bribe-taking. He was suspected of having committed those offences in order to report better results to his superiors and thus be entitled to additional remuneration and promotions. The first applicant was informed of each such decision by a letter sent to his mother’s address.46. On 25 March 2009 the first applicant complained to the PGO that his numerous requests for the Kalyninskyy prosecutor to withdraw had been ignored. He further submitted that he required protection measures as “a person who had reported a crime”. Lastly, the first applicant requested that the prosecutor annul the decision on placing him on the wanted list “so that [he] could defend himself against the criminal charges and continue [his] medical treatment”.47. On 13 May and 26 June 2009 the regional prosecutor’s office wrote to the first applicant that his complaints had been dismissed as unsubstantiated.48. On 29 June 2009 the first applicant was arrested at the address where he lived with his wife. The investigator relied on Articles 106 and 115 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (hereinafter “the CCP”, see paragraph 78 below) and substantiated the arrest as follows: the first applicant had been on the wanted list since 19 September 2008, had impeded the establishment of the truth and had committed serious criminal offences. It was also noted in the arrest report that the first applicant was suspected of offences under Articles 364 § 3 (abuse of power or office by a law-enforcement official), 366 § 1 (forgery in office) and 368 § 2 (bribe-taking) of the Criminal Code. The investigator drew up a report on the explanation to the first applicant of his procedural rights. The first applicant refused to sign it. He also refused to make any submissions as regards the charges against him.49. On 30 June 2009 the Kalyninskyy Court extended the term of the first applicant’s arrest to ten days on the grounds that the case file lacked information about his character. That ruling was not amenable to appeal.50. On 3 July 2009 the same court ordered the first applicant’s pre-trial detention as a preventive measure, “having regard to the seriousness and circumstances of the crimes committed and the character of [the first applicant]”, without further details.51. On 6 July 2009 the first applicant appealed. He submitted that his remand in custody was not based on sufficient and relevant reasons. He noted that he had been arrested at his home, where he had been living for over two years, and that he had not absconded. He noted that the reasoning in support of his pre-trial detention had been overly formalistic. Thus, although the court had referred to his character, it had failed to specify what exactly in his character had justified his detention as the most appropriate preventive measure.52. On 21 July 2009 the Donetsk Regional Court of Appeal (“the Court of Appeal”) quashed the ruling of 3 July 2009 and released the first applicant subject to an undertaking not to leave the town. It found that the first-instance court had not given reasons as to the necessity to choose the strictest preventive measure.53. On 17 November 2011 the Kalyninskyy Court found the first applicant guilty of fraud, abuse of power in his capacity of a law-enforcement official, forgery causing grave consequences, and bribe-taking, and sentenced him to seven years’ imprisonment with a ban to occupy posts in law-enforcement authorities, and confiscation of his personal property.54. On 6 March 2012 the Court of Appeal quashed the judgment in the part concerning the forgery charge and remitted it to the first-instance court for a fresh examination. It upheld the judgment in the remaining part, having slightly reclassified some of the charges and having reduced the term of the first applicant’s imprisonment to six years.55. On 9 October 2012 the Kalyninskyy Court again found the applicant guilty of forgery causing grave consequences and sentenced him to four years’ imprisonment. The final sentence was six years’ imprisonment, as the most severe of the applicant’s punishments absorbed the more lenient one. In the absence of any appeals, the judgment became final.56. On 1 August 2013 the Higher Specialised Court for Civil and Criminal Matters quashed the appellate court’s ruling of 6 March 2012 in the part concerning the first applicant’s conviction (the part concerning the remittal of the case to the first-instance court remained in force) and remitted the case for fresh appellate examination.57. On 3 December 2013 the appellate court upheld the judgment of 17 November 2011 in so far as it concerned the first applicant’s conviction for abuse of power in his capacity as a law-enforcement official and his sentencing to six years’ imprisonment. As regards the other charges (with the exception of that dealt with by the judgment of 9 October 2012 – see paragraph 55 above), they were slightly reclassified and the first applicant had the penalty in respect of that part removed.58. The case file does not contain any further information as regards the criminal proceedings against the first applicant.C. Police searches of the flats of the third and fourth applicants and related events59. On 10 September 2008 the investigator applied to the Kalyninskyy Court for authorisation to search the first applicant’s registered residence (the flat of the fourth applicant). It was stated in the application that on 27 January 2008 the first applicant had drawn up a report on an administrative (minor) offence in respect of unauthorised street trading by a private individual. As subsequently established, the information in that report had not been accurate, which had led to the institution of criminal proceedings against the first applicant on suspicion of abuse of power and forgery. The investigator considered that “some items and documents relevant for establishing the truth” in the case could be found in the first applicant’s residence.60. On 11 September 2008 the Kalyninskyy Court in a final ruling, allowed the above application, having reiterated the investigator’s reasoning and description of the search’s scope. It relied on Article 177 of the CCP (follow the references in paragraph 78 below).61. On 12 September 2008 the investigator applied to the Kalyninskyy Court for authorisation to search the second applicant’s registered residence (the flat of the third applicant). The text of the application was identical to that submitted on 10 September 2008 (see paragraph 59 above).62. On the same day the police knocked at the third applicant’s door. She and her husband were at home, but did not let the police in.63. The third applicant’s account of the events of 12 September 2008 is as follows. A group of nine to ten persons, including police officers and some suspicious-looking persons, came to her flat. They knocked at the entrance door in a violent manner, demanding to be let in. The third applicant’s husband went out and asked them for a search warrant or another document authorising their actions, but no such document was produced. The police threatened the third applicant and her husband that they would break in and that they would find a pretext to criminally prosecute the entire family. They stayed on the stairs and in the yard and shouted for about three hours.64. According to the Government’s version, three police officers went to the third applicant’s flat. They informed her about the criminal proceedings against the first applicant and enquired as to his whereabouts. As she and her husband refused to cooperate, the police left.65. On 13 September 2008 the Kalyninskyy Court allowed the investigator’s application of 12 September 2008 (see paragraph 61 above). Its ruling was identical to that delivered on 11 September 2008 (see paragraph 60 above).66. On the same day the police carried out a search at the flat of the third applicant. According to her, they broke the entrance door using an electric saw. The third applicant further alleged that the police had not shown a search warrant to her. Two attesting witnesses were present. According to the third applicant, they were acquaintances of the police officers.67. As indicated in the search report, it lasted from 5.20 p.m. to 7.04 p.m. The police seized a number of documents related to the first applicant’s work. Furthermore, they seized a mobile telephone, which did not have a SIM card, together with its box. Lastly, they found and seized a package appearing to contain cannabis. According to the third applicant, it had been planted by the police.68. On 16 September 2008 the police conducted a search of the flat of the fourth applicant. They discovered and seized some documents which were deemed to be related to the criminal investigation in respect of the first applicant. According to the first and fourth applicants, those documents had been brought there by the police themselves the previous day. The fourth applicant submitted that the officers, whom she knew as colleagues of her son, had explained to her that, following an attack on their police station, they had not had a safe place to store the documents, which had been intended in any event for handing over to the first applicant.69. On 23 September 2008 an expert established that the package discovered in the third applicant’s flat on 13 September 2008 contained cannabis. On 2 October 2008 the Kalyninskyy police refused to institute criminal proceedings in that regard, having held that it had been impossible to establish to whom the cannabis might have belonged.70. On 7 October 2008 the Kalyninskyy Court allowed another application to search the first applicant’s registered residence (the flat of the fourth applicant) given that the investigator had information that the first applicant might be hiding there.71. On 11 February 2009 the police conducted a search of the fourth applicant’s flat on the basis of the court ruling of 7 October 2008. As indicated in the search report, the police were searching for “items, valuables and documents related to the criminal activity of [the first applicant]”. The search did not discover anything of interest for the investigation.72. The third and fourth applicants requested many times that the Kalyninskyy Court provide them with copies of the rulings authorising the searches of their flats. The president of the court replied that the searches had been carried out in compliance with the CCP and that sending a copy of the respective court rulings was not provided for by the legislation.73. The third and fourth applicants also complained many times to the prosecution authorities of the unlawfulness of the searches. They submitted, in particular, that the police had been rude and intrusive, that the attesting witnesses had not been independent, and that it was not clear what the police had actually been looking for.74. On 23 December 2008 the Horlivka prosecutor’s office refused to open a criminal case in respect of the police officers involved in the operation of 12 September and the searches of 13 and 16 September 2008, with the generally couched reasoning that there had been no violations of law. It appears that the applicants were unaware of that decision.75. On 17 June 2009, following complaints by the third and fourth applicants, the Kalyninskyy prosecutor’s office refused to institute criminal proceedings against the judge of the Kalyninskyy Court in respect of the rulings authorising the searches of their flats.76. On 20 November 2009 the third applicant got acquainted with the ruling of the Kalyninskyy Court of 13 September 2008 (see paragraph 65 above). It is not known whether, and if so when, the fourth applicant got access to the respective rulings of 11 September and 7 October 2008 (see paragraphs 60 and 70 above).D. Other facts77. On 5 June 2006 a local heating company initiated civil proceedings against the first and fourth applicants, who had their registered domicile at the same address, for debt recovery. The domestic courts found against the applicants. On 19 May 2008 the Supreme Court refused to examine an appeal on points of law by the first and fourth applicants on the grounds that they had not paid the court fees.II. RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW78. The relevant provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure (1960), as in force at the material time, can be found: as regards the obligation to investigate a crime – in Kaverzin v. Ukraine (no. 23893/03, § 45, 15 May 2012); as regards arrest of a suspect by the body of inquiry – in Strogan v. Ukraine (no. 30198/11, § 45, 6 October 2016); and as regards search of a house or other property – in Vasylchuk v. Ukraine (no. 24402/07, §§ 28-30, 13 June 2013) and Bagiyeva v. Ukraine (no. 41085/05, §§ 39 and 40, 28 April 2016).79. The relevant provisions of the Civil Code (2003) and the Compensation Act (1994), as worded at the material time, are quoted in the judgment in the case of Yaroshovets and Others v. Ukraine (nos. 74820/10 and 4 others, §§ 60 and 62, 3 December 2015).THE LAWI. LOCUS STANDI OF THE FIRST APPLICANT TO MAINTAIN THE COMPLAINTS OF THE FOURTH APPLICANT AFTER THE LATTER’S DEATH80. The fourth applicant complained under Articles 8 and 13 of the Convention about the searches of her flat.81. After the death of the fourth applicant in December 2010, her son, the first applicant, expressed wish to pursue the above complaints on her behalf.82. The Government accepted the first applicant’s locus standi.83. The Court does not find any reason to hold otherwise (see Misan v. Russia, no. 4261/04, §§ 29-31, 2 October 2014).II. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 3 OF THE CONVENTION IN RESPECT OF THE SECOND APPLICANT84. The second applicant complained that she had been ill-treated by a police officer and that there had been no effective domestic investigation into the matter. While the second applicant relied on Articles 3 and 13 of the Convention, the Court considers it appropriate to examine her complaint under Article 3 only, which reads as follows:“No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.”A. Admissibility1. Compatibility ratione personae85. The Government submitted that, although M. was a police officer, at the time of the events he had been off duty and had been wearing plain clothes. Accordingly, in their opinion, he had been acting as an ordinary private individual not vested with any official powers and the State had not been responsible for his actions. The Government therefore invited the Court to declare this complaint incompatible ratione personae with the Convention.86. The second applicant contested the Government’s argument. She maintained that M. had relied on his status as a police officer to stop her and subject her to a body search.87. It is a well-established principle of the Court’s case-law that a Contracting State will be responsible under the Convention for violations of human rights caused by acts of its agents carried out in the performance of their duties (see V.K. v. Russia, no. 68059/13, § 174, 7 March 2017). However, a State may also be held responsible even where its agents are acting ultra vires or contrary to instructions (see Moldovan and Others v. Romania (no. 2), nos. 41138/98 and 64320/01, § 94, ECHR 2005‑VII (extracts)). In order to establish whether a State can be held responsible for the unlawful actions of its agents taken outside their official duties, the Court needs to assess the totality of the circumstances and consider the nature and circumstances of the conduct in question (see, for example, Basenko v. Ukraine, no. 24213/08, § 78, 26 November 2015).88. Furthermore, the Court has held in its case-law that the States are expected to set high professional standards within their law-enforcement systems and ensure that the persons serving in these systems meet the requisite criteria (see Sašo Gorgiev v. the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, no. 49382/06, § 51, ECHR 2012 (extracts)).89. The Court observes that in the present case, although the second applicant disagreed with the Government’s objection, her account of the events was concordant with their factual observation that during the incident M. had been in plain clothes and off duty. In the Court’s opinion, however, this circumstance alone is not sufficient to exclude any responsibility of the State for his actions.90. According to the second applicant, M., whom she knew as a police officer working with her husband, tried to subject her to a body search in a violent manner. Without assessing the credibility of that statement, the Court notes that it suggests that M. attempted to perform a service-related function. As regards M.’s story, he stated that he had taken the second applicant for a person under administrative supervision, that he had intended to talk to her and that the subsequent conflict between them, once he had realised his mistake, had been limited to a verbal exchange (see paragraphs 8 and 10 above). In other words, he submitted that he had been acting in his capacity as a law-enforcement official.91. It follows that, although the second applicant and M. gave different accounts of the incident, they both linked his behaviour to his professional activity as a police officer. That being so, the Court cannot subscribe to the Government’s argument that he was acting purely as a private individual. It therefore dismisses the Government’s objection that this complaint is inadmissible ratione personae with the Convention provisions.2. Exhaustion of domestic remedies92. The Government further submitted that the second applicant had failed to exhaust the domestic remedies in respect of this complaint as she had not challenged before a higher prosecution authority or a court the ruling of the prosecutor’s office of 5 May 2009 refusing to institute criminal proceedings against the police officer concerned (see paragraph 28 above).93. The Government contended that the circumstances of the present case were different from those in the case of Kaverzin, in which the Court had held that that the procedures of appeal to hierarchically superior prosecutors and to the courts had not been proved to be capable of providing adequate redress in respect of complaints of ill-treatment by the police and ineffective investigation (see Kaverzin v. Ukraine, no. 23893/03, § 97, 15 May 2012). More specifically, the Government observed that in the Kaverzin case the Court had criticised the prosecutors’ reluctance to take all reasonable steps, in a prompt and expeditious manner, to establish the facts and circumstances pertinent to complaints of ill-treatment and to secure relevant evidence (§ 175). In the Government’s opinion, the present case was different because the prosecution authorities had initiated a criminal investigation into the second applicant’s complaint without delay, thus putting in place an appropriate framework for all the necessary investigative measures.94. The second applicant disagreed. She noted that she had complained many times to the domestic authorities about her ill-treatment by M. However, on every occasion it had been decided not to institute criminal proceedings against him. In her opinion, there was nothing in her case to distinguish it from that of Kaverzin (ibid.).95. The second applicant further argued that she and her family had been threatened with a view to making her drop the complaint against M. She submitted in that connection that the institution of numerous sets of criminal proceedings against her husband had in fact been aimed at dissuading her from pursuing her complaint in respect of the incident with M. Likewise, she interpreted the searches conducted at her parents’ home as an implicit threat against their family linked to her complaints against M.96. The Court notes that the second applicant complained about the incident to various domestic authorities on many occasions and, therefore, can be said to have taken sufficient steps at the domestic level prior to raising her complaint before this Court about the refusal to institute criminal proceedings in connection with her allegations of ill‑treatment. The authorities were provided with appropriate opportunities to deal with the alleged ill-treatment at the domestic level.97. As regards the Government’s submission that the prosecution authorities demonstrated willingness to investigate the matter by immediate initiation of criminal proceedings, the Court notes that at no point were such criminal proceedings instituted. Instead, there were five refusals to open a criminal case following the second applicant’s complaint, four of which were annulled as premature and not based on sufficient investigation. Furthermore, contrary to the Government’s submissions, the second applicant did try to challenge the fifth such refusal, of 5 May 2009, before higher-level prosecution authorities at least three times, but to no avail (see paragraphs 29 and 30 above).98. Accordingly, the Court is not convinced by the Government’s arguments and dismisses their objection based on the rule of exhaustion of domestic remedies.3. Otherwise as to admissibility99. The Court notes that this complaint is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention. It further notes that it is not inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible.B. Merits1. Alleged ill-treatment of the second applicant100. The second applicant maintained her complaint that she had been ill-treated by a police officer, whose violent and abusive actions had subsequently been covered up by the law-enforcement and prosecution authorities.101. The Government did not submit any observations on the merits of this complaint.102. The Court reiterates that allegations of ill-treatment must be supported by appropriate evidence. In assessing evidence, the Court has generally applied the standard of proof beyond reasonable doubt. Such proof may follow from the coexistence of sufficiently strong, clear and concordant inferences or of similar unrebutted presumptions of fact (see Salman v. Turkey [GC], no. 21986/93, § 100, ECHR 2000‑VII, and V.K., cited above, § 170).103. Turning to the present case, the Court notes that the relevant facts are in dispute between the parties. At the same time, the Court considers it sufficiently established that shortly after midnight on 19 June 2008 there was a conflict between the second applicant and M. There is no evidence, apart from the parties’ conflicting statements, as to the origin and scope of the incident. It is noteworthy, however, that M. admitted that it was him who had approached the second applicant (see paragraph 10 above). Furthermore, it is confirmed by medical documents that shortly after that incident the second applicant was diagnosed with hematomata on her neck, concussion and situational neurosis. Moreover, forensic medical experts stated that those injuries could have been inflicted on her at the time and in the circumstances she alleged (see paragraphs 21 and 25 above). The Court therefore considers that the circumstances of the present case disclose sufficiently strong, clear and concordant inferences in support of the second applicant’s allegation of her ill-treatment by the police officer M. (see paragraph 102 above).104. This conclusion is sufficient for the Court to find a violation of Article 3 of the Convention under its substantive limb.2. Effectiveness of the investigation(a)  The parties’ submissions105. The second applicant argued that the domestic authorities had not taken any meaningful efforts to establish the truth in her case and that the investigation into her arguable ill-treatment allegation had been undermined by numerous deficiencies.106. She drew the Court’s attention to the documents indicating that her early complaint to the police in that connection had not received any follow-up (see paragraphs 12 and 18 above).107. The second applicant next submitted that the investigation could not be regarded as independent and impartial given the close links between the local prosecution authorities and the local police, whose officer she had been accusing of her ill-treatment.108. Lastly, she observed that there had been no full-scale investigation and that her complaint had been examined by means of “pre-investigation” enquiries only. Under that procedure, the investigator could only collect “explanations” from the persons concerned, for the veracity of which the latter bore no responsibility under criminal law.109. The Government contended that the domestic investigation had been expedient and diligent. They observed that, following the second applicant’s complaint to the police on 19 June 2008 immediate steps had been taken with a view to verifying her allegations. The police had gone to her home, but nobody had opened the door to them. The Government emphasised that at that stage the second applicant had not specified that M. had been a police officer.110. The Government observed that certain police officers had been disciplined for “an inadequate response” to the second applicant’s complaints, which had eventually made it impossible to establish some important facts.111. The Government also pointed out that the second applicant had complained about the incident to the prosecution authorities for the first time only on 25 July 2008 and that she had not cooperated with the investigation.(b)  The Court’s assessment112. The relevant case-law principles are summarised, in particular, in the Court’s judgment in the case of Savitskyy v. Ukraine (no. 38773/05, §§ 99‑101, 26 July 2012).113. The Court notes that in the present case the second applicant immediately raised her ill-treatment complaint before the police, which, as admitted by the domestic authorities, failed to give it any follow-up (see paragraphs 12 and 18 above). Furthermore, immediately after the incident she applied for medical assistance.114. Although the Government referred to 25 July 2008 as the date of her first complaint to the prosecution authorities, the Court notes that, according to the case-file material, the second applicant raised such a complaint on 9 July 2008 (see paragraph 15 above). However, it took the prosecution authorities more than a month to order her forensic medical examination. Once carried out on 14 August 2008, that examination was eventually considered incomplete and another examination followed on 9 October 2008 (see paragraphs 21, 24 and 25 above).115. The Court notes that the findings of both above-mentioned examination reports were overall concordant with the second applicant’s allegations as regards the timing and origin of her injuries. The investigator, however, decided otherwise: that the reports had refuted her allegations, without further explanations. In the Court’s opinion, that conclusion contradicted the case-file material and lacked any grounds.116. The Court further observes that, in dismissing the second applicant’s complaint, the investigator also relied on the statements of the police officer whom she had been accusing of ill-treatment, supported by the account of his friend. Although the second applicant and her own friend had given a different account of the events, no efforts were taken to resolve the contradictions, for example, by way of a confrontation between the police officers and the second applicant and a reconstruction of the events. In any event, such a measure would have been impossible without instituting criminal proceedings.117. The Court notes in this connection that, as pointed out by the second applicant, the prosecutor’s office examined her ill-treatment complaints by means of repeated rounds of pre-investigation enquiries; no full-scale criminal investigation was ever initiated. The Court has previously held in various contexts that this investigative procedure does not comply with the principles of an effective remedy, in particular because the enquiring officer can take only a limited number of procedural steps within that procedure and a victim’s procedural status is not properly formalised (see, for example, Serikov v. Ukraine, no. 42164/09, § 82, 23 July 2015, with numerous further references).118. The above considerations lead the Court to conclude that there was no effective domestic investigation into the second applicant’s allegation of ill-treatment. That being so, the Court does not consider it necessary to further analyse whether that investigation complied with the requirements of independence and public scrutiny.119. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 5 § 1 OF THE CONVENTION IN RESPECT OF THE FIRST APPLICANT120. The first applicant complained that his arrest on 29 June 2009 and his subsequent detention had been unlawful. Although he relied on Article 5 §§ 1 and 3 of the Convention, the Court considers that his complaint falls to be examined under Article 5 § 1 only, which reads as follows in the relevant part:“1. Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save in the following cases and in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law:...(c)  the lawful arrest or detention of a person effected for the purpose of bringing him before the competent legal authority on reasonable suspicion of having committed an offence or when it is reasonably considered necessary to prevent his committing an offence or fleeing after having done so; ...”A. Admissibility1. Exhaustion of domestic remedies(a)  The parties’ submissions121. The Government argued that it had been open to the first applicant to claim compensation at the national level in respect of his deprivation of liberty. They observed that by its decision of 21 July 2009 the appellate court had substituted the first applicant’s detention with a less intrusive preventive measure, namely an undertaking not to abscond. It was explicitly stated in the decision in question that the first applicant’s detention had been unjustified. In the Government’s opinion, that provided sufficient grounds for the first applicant to claim compensation under Article 1176 of the Civil Code or section 1 of the Compensation Act (see paragraph 79 above), which he had failed to do. Accordingly, the Government contended that he had not complied with the requirement to exhaust domestic remedies before bringing his case to this Court.122. The first applicant disagreed. He submitted that, in the absence of an explicit judicial finding of the unlawfulness of his detention, there were no legal preconditions for him to claim compensation at the domestic level in that regard. He further noted that, while the appellate court had criticised the reasoning of the first-instance court’s ruling remanding him in custody starting from 3 July 2009, it had not concerned his detention from 29 June to that date. Lastly, the first applicant observed that the Government had failed to cite any domestic case-law in support of their submission. Accordingly, he argued that he had had no effective domestic remedies to exhaust.(b)  The Court’s assessment123. The Court notes that the rule of exhaustion of domestic remedies is based on the assumption, reflected in Article 13 of the Convention, with which it has close affinity, that the domestic legal system provides an effective remedy which can deal with the substance of an arguable complaint under the Convention and grant appropriate relief. In this way, it is an important aspect of the principle that the machinery of protection established by the Convention is subsidiary to the national systems safeguarding human rights (see Ananyev and Others v. Russia, nos. 42525/07 and 60800/08, § 93, 10 January 2012, with further references).124. Where a violation of Article 5 § 1 is in issue, Article 5 §§ 4 and 5 of the Convention constitute leges speciales in relation to the more general requirements of Article 13. Accordingly, in order to decide whether an applicant was required to make use of a particular domestic remedy in respect of his or her complaint under Article 5 § 1 of the Convention, the Court must evaluate the effectiveness of that remedy from the standpoint of the aforementioned provisions (see Ruslan Yakovenko v. Ukraine, no. 5425/11, § 30, ECHR 2015).125. Turning to the present case, the Court notes that the Government’s objection concerns the applicant’s failure to resort to a compensatory remedy only. Accordingly, the existence of such a remedy in compliance with Article 5 § 5 of the Convention is to be examined.126. The Court reiterates that Article 5 § 5 is complied with where it is possible to apply for compensation in respect of a deprivation of liberty effected in conditions contrary to paragraphs 1, 2, 3 or 4 (see Stanev v. Bulgaria [GC], no. 36760/06, § 182, ECHR 2012, with further references). The right to compensation set forth in paragraph 5 therefore arises only if a breach of one of its other four paragraphs has been established, directly or in substance, by the Court or by the domestic courts (see, for example, Svetoslav Dimitrov v. Bulgaria, no. 55861/00, § 76, 7 February 2008). Furthermore, the effective enjoyment of the right to compensation guaranteed by Article 5 § 5 must be ensured with a sufficient degree of certainty (see Lobanov v. Russia, no. 16159/03, § 54, 16 October 2008, with further references).127. The Court is not convinced by the Government’s argument that the appellate court’s criticism of the reasoning advanced in justification of the first applicant’s detention could subsequently be regarded by the domestic courts as unambiguous acknowledgment of its unlawfulness within the meaning of section 1 of the Compensation Act (follow the reference in paragraph 79 above). In any event, the Government have not provided any domestic case-law to that effect.128. In so far as the Government referred, in the alternative, to Article 1176 of the Civil Code as a possible legal basis for the first applicant to claim compensation, the Court has already held in other cases against Ukraine that that provision was worded in quite general terms, neither establishing legal preconditions for claiming compensation nor providing for specific mechanisms or procedures (see, for example, Ruslan Yakovenko, cited above, § 37).129. In such circumstances, the Court cannot accept the Government’s argument that the remedies advanced by them were effective and had to be pursued by the applicant. The Court therefore dismisses the Government’s objection based on non-exhaustion of domestic remedies.2. Other considerations as to admissibility130. The Court notes that this complaint is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention. Nor is it inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible.B. Merits1. The parties’ submissions131. The first applicant submitted that he had been arrested without a reasoned court decision, contrary to the relevant domestic legislation. He further argued that he had not absconded and had been living at his usual address which had been known to the authorities. He observed that he had regularly corresponded with the investigator. At the same time, he admitted that he “had not come to see the investigating authorities out of fear for his life and physical integrity”.132. In so far as his detention from 30 June to 3 July 2009 was concerned, the first applicant contended that the pretext relied on by the authorities for its justification had been entirely artificial as the investigation had had sufficient information about his character.133. And, lastly, he observed that the absence of any valid reasons for his subsequent detention – from 3 to 21 July 2009 – had been acknowledged by the appellate court in its ruling of that latter date.134. Accordingly, the first applicant maintained that the entire period of his detention, from 29 June to 21 July 2009, had been contrary to the requirement of lawfulness enshrined in Article 5 § 1 of the Convention.135. The Government did not submit any observations on the merits of this complaint.2. The Court’s assessment(a)  General case-law principles136. The Court reiterates that in order to comply with Article 5 § 1, the detention in issue must first of all be “lawful”, including the observance of a procedure prescribed by law; in this connection the Convention refers back essentially to national law and lays down the obligation to conform to the substantive and procedural rules thereof. It requires in addition, however, that any deprivation of liberty should be consistent with the purpose of Article 5, namely to protect individuals from arbitrariness. Furthermore, the detention of an individual is such a serious measure that it is only justified where other, less severe measures have been considered and found to be insufficient to safeguard the individual or public interest which might require that the person concerned be detained. That means that it does not suffice that the deprivation of liberty is in conformity with national law; it must also be necessary in the circumstances (see Hadžimejlić and Others v. Bosnia and Herzegovina, nos. 3427/13 and 2 others, § 52, 3 November 2015, with further references).(b)  Application of the above principles to the present case(i)  Arrest on 29 June 2009137. The Court notes that one of the main reasons for the first applicant’s arrest was the fact that he had been declared wanted by the police.138. The Court has held in its case-law that the mere fact of being on a “wanted list” does not mean that the person has gone into hiding. The important factor in measuring the risk of absconding is the actual behaviour of the suspect, and not his formal status as a “person on a wanted list” (see Yevgeniy Gusev v. Russia, no. 28020/05, § 85, 5 December 2013).139. The Court cannot accept the first applicant’s argument that he had not been hiding from the investigation and that the decision to put him on a wanted list had been unjustified. It is established that he was aware both of the criminal proceedings against him and of the investigator’s intention to question him. However, as is apparent from the facts of the case and has been admitted by the first applicant himself (see, in particular, paragraphs 37-47 above), he took efforts not to be seen by the investigating authorities, allegedly fearing for his safety. While he obviously did have some conflicts with his colleagues, his fears turned out not to be fully substantiated. Thus, he did not raise any complaints in that regard after his arrest, there were no incidents with his involvement and he was eventually released subject to an undertaking not to leave the town (see, in particular, paragraphs 51-52 above). Overall, prior to his arrest, the first applicant had succeeded in “not appearing before the investigator” from 10 September 2008 to 29 June 2009, that is to say for over nine months. In the Court’s opinion, the investigating authorities had good reasons to consider such behaviour as absconding.140. Nor does the Court agree with the first applicant’s submission that his arrest lacked prior judicial scrutiny; on 13 September 2008 the Kalyninskyy Court ordered his arrest with a view to bringing him before the court (see paragraph 36 above).141. Accordingly, having regard to all the circumstances of the present case, the Court does not see any indication of unlawfulness or arbitrariness as regards the applicant’s arrest on 29 June 2009.142.

Outcome for Article 3: violation