SECOND SECTION
CASE OF ŠALTINYTĖ v. LITHUANIA
(Application no. 32934/19)
 
JUDGMENT
 
Art 14 (+ Art 1 P1) • Discrimination • Peaceful enjoyment of possessions • Upper age limit (35 years) for eligibility for “young families” housing subsidy based on objective data and justified • Applicant mother in a relevantly similar situation to younger eligible single mothers • Authorities’ legitimate concerns about population decline due to emigration and low-birth rate among young people • Absence of European consensus • Applicable legal regulation subject to revision to adequately reflect country’s actual demographic situation • Wide margin of appreciation in the field of economic and social strategy not overstepped
Art 6 § 1 (civil) • Fair hearing • Supreme Administrative Court’s decision dismissing applicant’s referral request to Constitutional Court sufficiently reasoned

 
STRASBOURG
26 October 2021
 
FINAL
 
26/01/2022
 
This judgment has become final under Article 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Šaltinytė v. Lithuania,
The European Court of Human Rights (Second Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:
 Jon Fridrik Kjølbro, President,
 Carlo Ranzoni,
 Aleš Pejchal,
 Egidijus Kūris,
 Pauliine Koskelo,
 Marko Bošnjak,
 Saadet Yüksel, judges,
and Stanley Naismith, Section Registrar,
Having regard to:
the application (no. 32934/19) against the Republic of Lithuania lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Lithuanian national, Ms Loreta Šaltinytė (“the applicant”), on 7 June 2019;
the decision to give notice of the application to the Lithuanian Government (“the Government”);
the parties’ observations;
Having deliberated in private on 5 October 2021,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:
INTRODUCTION
1. The case concerns alleged discrimination on the grounds of age when granting housing assistance and the reasoning provided by the domestic courts for refusing to refer the matter to the Constitutional Court. THE FACTS
2. The applicant was born in 1979 and lives in Vilnius. She was represented by Mr L. Biekša, a lawyer practising in Vilnius. 3. The Government were represented by their Agent, Ms K. Bubnytė‑Širmenė. 4. The applicant is a single mother of a daughter born in 2012. In 2016 she applied for a housing subsidy available to “young families” of low income when buying their first home (see paragraph 24 below). The municipal authorities refused to grant her the subsidy on the grounds that the Law on Assistance for Home Acquisition or Rent (hereinafter “the Housing Assistance Act”) defined “young families” as those in which both spouses, or the single parent, were not older than thirty-five years (see paragraph 25 below), whereas the applicant, at the time of the lodging of her application for the subsidy, had been thirty-seven years old. 5. The applicant and her daughter lodged a complaint with the administrative courts. They argued that the refusal to grant the applicant the housing subsidy had been based solely on the grounds of her age and had therefore amounted to direct discrimination. They submitted that discrimination on the grounds of age was prohibited by the Constitution and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, and thus the municipal authorities should not have applied the domestic legal provision, which was contrary to legal instruments of higher rank. They argued that the burden of proof was on the State authorities to justify the difference in treatment of persons on the grounds of their age. 6. During the hearing before the Vilnius Regional Administrative Court the applicant also asked it to refer the matter to the Constitutional Court, in order to determine whether the relevant provision of the Housing Assistance Act was in compliance with the Constitution. 7. On 26 April 2017 the Vilnius Regional Administrative Court dismissed the complaint lodged by the applicant and her daughter. It held that the legislature had the discretion to decide which categories of persons or families were entitled to which kinds of welfare benefits. That discretion included the right to define which families were considered “young” for the purpose of obtaining housing subsidies. In the court’s view, the claimants’ arguments concerning discrimination had been based on assumptions and speculation. In accordance with the principle of non-discrimination, similar situations had to be treated similarly and different situations had to be treated differently. On those grounds, the court considered that the State had the right to determine the age of persons who could constitute “young families”, and the impugned decision had been lawful and justified. 8. The applicant and her daughter lodged an appeal against that decision. They submitted that the lower court had not addressed their arguments concerning the alleged conflict between the Housing Assistance Act and the Constitution and EU law (see paragraph 5 above). They also submitted that the impugned provisions of the Housing Assistance Act were contrary to Articles 8 and 14 of the Convention. Lastly, they argued that the court had not shifted the burden onto the State to prove that the above-mentioned different treatment on the basis of age was justified and that it had not addressed their request to refer the matter to the Constitutional Court (see paragraph 6 above). 9. On 6 December 2018 the Supreme Administrative Court dismissed the appeal lodged by the applicant and her daughter. It referred to the case-law of the Constitutional Court concerning the principle of non‑discrimination (see paragraphs 32-34 below) and the duty of the State to provide protection and support for families, taking account of their needs and of the available resources (see paragraphs 36-38 below). It held that the legislature had wide discretion in the area of social security and welfare and could determine the categories of persons who were entitled to receive particular welfare benefits, as well as the grounds and conditions for receiving them; the legislature also had an obligation to have due regard to the needs of the most vulnerable groups in society (see paragraph 38 below). When deciding on those matters, the State had the right to take into account various social, demographic and economic factors, as well as its financial capabilities. 10. The Supreme Administrative Court furthermore observed that the Housing Assistance Act provided for the affording of assistance to various categories of families, and their eligibility for such assistance was not always linked to their age (see paragraph 23 above). Moreover, the Act also provided for the affording of assistance to various other categories of persons, such as persons who lived without parental care (likę be tėvų globos asmenys) until they reached the age of thirty-five, families with three or more children, disabled individuals or families that included disabled individuals, and families in which one of the parents was deceased (see paragraph 24 below). This demonstrated that the legislature had chosen to support certain vulnerable groups by providing them with housing assistance. 11. The court also noted that several other relevant legal instruments also defined “young families” as those in which both spouses or parents, or the single parent, were not older than thirty-five. It observed that, according to the available statistical data, in 2016 the average age of Lithuanian nationals who got married was thirty-four years for men and thirty-one years for women, and that between 2012 and 2016 the number of women who had given birth at the age of thirty-five had grown significantly. 12. The Supreme Administrative Court concluded that all the aforementioned circumstances demonstrated that the refusal to provide the applicant with the housing subsidy available to young families had been justified. It also stated that the applicant and her daughter had not provided any arguments that the child’s interests could be protected only by them obtaining that specific type of social assistance. 13. Lastly, the Supreme Administrative Court stated that it was not bound by the claimants’ request to refer the matter to the Constitutional Court and that such a referral would be made only if the court itself had doubts that the relevant legal provisions may be in conflict with the Constitution (see paragraph 18 below). In the present case, it considered that there were no grounds to doubt that Article 2 § 6 of the Housing Assistance Act (see paragraph 25 below) complied with the Constitution. The court held that the claimants had not provided any legal arguments to demonstrate that the legislature, when defining the notion of “young families” and determining a specific age limit, had failed to respect the provisions of the Constitution. RELEVANT LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND PRACTICE
CONSTITUTION
14. Article 29 of the Constitution states that all persons are equal before the law, courts, and other State institutions and officials. Human rights may not be restricted, and no one may be granted any privileges on the grounds of gender, race, nationality, language, origin, social status, belief, convictions, or views. 15. Article 38 provides, inter alia, that family is the basis of society and the State, and that family, motherhood, fatherhood, and childhood are under the protection and care of the State. 16. Article 39 provides, inter alia, that the State must provide care and support for families raising children at home. There must be legal provisions entitling working mothers to paid leave before and after childbirth, as well as to favourable working conditions and other relevant concessions. 17. Under Article 52, the State must guarantee to its citizens, inter alia, the right to receive social assistance in the event of unemployment, sickness, widowhood, or the loss of the breadwinner, and in other cases provided by law. 18. Under Article 110, judges may not apply any laws that are in conflict with the Constitution. In cases where there are grounds to believe that a law or another legal instrument that should be applied in a specific case is in conflict with the Constitution, the judge must suspend the examination of the case and apply to the Constitutional Court, asking it to assess whether the said legal instrument is in compliance with the Constitution. 19. For the legal provisions concerning the right to lodge an individual constitutional complaint, in force from 1 September 2019, see Ancient Baltic religious association “Romuva” v. Lithuania (no. 48329/19, §§ 38‑39, 8 June 2021). LAW ON THE ASSISTANCE FOR HOME ACQUISITION OR RENT (THE HOUSING ASSISTANCE ACT)
20. The Housing Assistance Act entered into force on 1 January 2015 and was subsequently amended. Its Article 3 provides:
“Housing assistance is provided in accordance with the following principles:
1) Equal rights: housing assistance is provided in a manner that respects the equality of persons and families;
2) Social justice: housing assistance is provided to persons and families after taking into account their assets, income and other circumstances relating to their social situation;
3) Choice: the provision of housing assistance is based on the right of persons and families to choose one of several forms of such assistance;
4) Efficiency and effectiveness: housing assistance is provided with the aim of increasing the motivation of the persons and families who have the right to receive housing assistance in accordance with this Act in order to integrate into the labour market and to use the available resources rationally.”
21. Article 6 §§ 1 and 2 provide for the following types of housing assistance: a housing subsidy that covers part of a loan for buying a home; the right to rent social housing from the State; and a partial rebate in respect of rent payments. Article 6 § 3 states that persons and families who meet the criteria for obtaining several types of housing assistance are only entitled to receive one type of assistance at any given time. 22. Article 8 lays down the general conditions that a person or a family must meet in order to be eligible for assistance to buy a home:
(1) their annual income must not exceed the threshold laid down by other provisions of the Housing Assistance Act;
(2) they must seek to obtain their first home in Lithuania or, alternatively, meet one of the following conditions: (a) not have owned residential property for the previous five years and not have already received this type of housing assistance; (b) the residential property that they own must fall under the threshold, established by law, concerning its surface and depreciation; or (c) they are a person with disabilities or a family containing such a person, and the residential property that they own is not adapted to their needs. 23. Persons or families whose annual income is even lower than that indicated in Article 8 (see paragraph 22 above) may also be eligible for other types of housing assistance (see paragraph 21 above). Their eligibility for those types of housing assistance is linked to their income and property. 24. At the material time, Article 13 § 1 provided that a housing subsidy covering part of a loan for buying a home could be granted to persons or families who met the conditions laid down in Article 8 (see paragraph 22 above) and belonged to one of the following categories:
(1) Persons without parental care, until they reached the age of thirty-five, and their families; or families with three or more children; or persons with disabilities and their families. Persons belonging to these categories were entitled to a housing subsidy covering 20% of the loan for buying a home;
(2) Young families with one or more children; or families where one of the parents was deceased. They were entitled to a housing subsidy covering 10% of the loan for buying a home. 25. At the material time Article 2 § 6 defined a young family as a family in which each spouse was not older than thirty-five years or that in which the single parent was not older than thirty-five years. 26. Following an amendment to the Act that entered into force on 21 February 2019, a “young family” is currently defined as a family in which each spouse is not older than thirty-six years or in which the single parent is not older than thirty-six years (Article 2 § 4). In the other provisions of the Act, which previously set the maximum age limit for obtaining housing assistance at thirty-five years (see paragraph 24 above), that limit has likewise been changed to thirty-six. DOCUMENTS RELATING TO THE DEMOGRAPHIC POLICY
27. On 20 April 2017 the Seimas adopted decision no. XIII-297, in which it noted that low birth rate and continuing emigration had had a negative effect on the national economy, the system of social security and the development of the Lithuanian nation. It recommended that the Government take certain measures aimed at, inter alia, encouraging Lithuanians to have more children. 28. On 20 September 2018 the Seimas adopted a document entitled “Strategy for demographic, migration and integration policy for 2018‑2030”. It stated that one of the central goals of the strategy was to foster a positive demographic shift. The Lithuanian population had been steadily decreasing since the 1990s for two main reasons – high emigration among young people and low birth rate. As a result, the number of children being born had been gradually declining, whereas the number of old people had been growing. Although in recent years the birth rate had increased slightly, it was still insufficient to ensure a natural population growth. 29. One of the priorities of the State, as outlined in the document, was to create a social and economic environment that would be conducive to the creation of families. In order to achieve that, it was considered necessary to take measures to support parents and families: namely, to provide for adequate parental leave, childcare facilities, financial and social assistance to single parents and families with many children, and housing assistance – especially to young families and families with children. 30. The document also outlined various types of support that was already available to families, such as allowances for parents who took care of their children at home, one-time allowances for pregnant women, welfare benefits for persons in need (including compensation for utilities), and support for children from families in need (such as providing them with free food at school and giving financial aid for buying school supplies). It was emphasised that the State must continue to aid families, within the limits of its financial capabilities. 31. With regard to emigration, the document noted that young people were a priority target group for the State when taking measures aimed at encouraging them to remain in Lithuania, since it was that group in which the level of emigration was the highest. CASE-LAW OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURTPrinciple of equal treatment and non-discrimination

32. The Constitutional Court has held on numerous occasions that the constitutional principle of equality before the law, which guaranteed the fundamental human right to be treated equally to others, had to be respected both when enacting laws and when applying them. According to this principle, situations that were essentially the same had to be treated equally, and there could not be any arbitrary differences in treatment. Nonetheless, the constitutional principle of equality did not rule out the possibility of establishing differentiated legal regulation with respect to certain categories of persons who were in different situations (among others, rulings of 24 January 1996, 2 April 2001, 23 April 2002, 4 July 2003 and 26 September 2007). 33. The Constitutional Court has also stated in many rulings that the principle of equality before the law would be breached if the law treated differently certain groups of people without there being differences of such nature and scope that might objectively justify such differential treatment (among others, rulings of 20 November 1996, 3 December 2003 and 26 September 2007). 34. The Constitutional Court has furthermore held that a difference in treatment could not be considered discriminatory if it was applicable to all groups that shared certain characteristics and if it pursued aims that were important to society (among others, rulings of 4 July 2003 and 3 December 2003). 35. In its rulings of 11 January 2019, 10 February 2020 and 3 June 2020, the Constitutional Court stated that the list of prohibited grounds of discrimination provided in Article 29 of the Constitution (see paragraph 14 above) was not exhaustive and that the latter provision also prohibited discrimination on the grounds of age. State’s obligations in the area of social welfare
36. The Constitutional Court has held on many occasions that the State has wide discretion when determining the particular forms of social assistance to be granted to individuals and to families, and that when doing so, it may take into account various social, economic and demographic factors, as well as its resources and financial capabilities (among others, its rulings of 26 September 2007, 29 April 2008, 27 February 2012, 26 May 2015 and 22 September 2015). 37. In its ruling of 27 February 2012, the Constitutional Court held as follows:
“The State’s duty of protection and care, under Article 38 § 2 of the Constitution, is implemented by taking various measures aimed at creating a favourable environment for the family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood ... [In the course of the implementation of the said duty], various forms of protection and support may be developed, such as ensuring conditions for parents to balance their professional activities with duties related to raising children, and establishing an adequate network of child care and educational institutions in order to assist families in discharging the functions of upbringing and education of children, and other necessary infrastructure ... ; while taking account of the needs of families and the capabilities of society and the State, a certain level of support must also be guaranteed to non-working mothers and to families raising ... children at home. In this area the legislature, while taking account of various social, demographic and economic factors – inter alia, the material and financial capabilities of the State – enjoys broad discretion to choose specific instruments of protection and support. Moreover, in this context it needs to be noted that the State’s obligation to protect and care for the family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood, as entrenched in Article 38 § 2 of the Constitution, may not be construed in isolation from, inter alia, the right and duty of parents to bring up their children to be honest people and faithful citizens and to support them until they come of age, which is provided in Article 38 § 6; it implies that it is first of all the parents who are responsible for the raising and upbringing of their children and for their support until they come of age.”
38. In its ruling of 26 May 2015, the Constitutional Court held the following:
“The Constitutional Court has held that, under the Constitution, the State of Lithuania is socially oriented. The social orientation of the State is reflected in various provisions of the Constitution that enshrine economic, social and cultural rights, as well as civil and political rights; relations between society and the State; [and] the foundations of social assistance and social security, ... among others ...
... The Constitutional Court has held on more than one occasion that ... social assistance – that is to say the contribution of society to the maintenance of those who, for important reasons specified by law, are unable to support themselves through work or other income or are insufficiently provided for – has the status of a constitutional value; social security measures express the idea of social solidarity and help persons to protect themselves from potential social risks ... The Constitutional Court has noted that the principle of solidarity in a civil society does not negate personal responsibility for one’s own fate. Therefore, legal regulation in the area of social security should be such as to create the conditions and incentives for every member of society to take care of his or her own well-being and not to rely solely on the social security guaranteed by the State ... Social assistance should not discourage a person from pursuing a higher income or from making efforts to seek possibilities for ensuring dignified living conditions for oneself and one’s own family. Social assistance must not become a privilege ... The recognition of shared responsibility of an individual and society is important in ensuring social harmony, guaranteeing the freedom of a person and the possibility to protect oneself from difficulties that could not be overcome by one person alone ... Thus, under the Constitution, a duty arises for the legislature to establish by law such grounds or conditions for providing social assistance, as well as types and amounts of social assistance, as to create an incentive for each person to first and foremost make an effort to take care of one’s own or one’s family’s well-being and to contribute to the well-being of society as a whole ...
...
[T]he imperative of the protection and defence of human dignity as a special constitutional value, as entrenched in Article 21 of the Constitution, and the social orientation of the State, give rise to the duty of the State, by taking account of the capabilities of the State and society, to help persons lacking access to housing, who are unable to obtain such access through work and/or other income, to obtain access to a home that meets at least the minimum socially acceptable criteria. While regulating the provision of social assistance to such persons [with the aim of helping them obtain] access to housing, the legislature enjoys broad discretion in choosing the forms of rendering such assistance: inter alia, it can provide financial assistance for acquiring or renting residential property, or it can grant access to State-owned or State-leased housing. It must be emphasised that the social orientation of the State also implies the duty of the legislature, when regulating these matters, to take into consideration the needs of certain groups comprising the most vulnerable persons in society who need particular social assistance. Under the Constitution, the legislature ... must define the persons who are unable to obtain access to housing through their own work or other income and who are therefore entitled to receive State assistance in obtaining access to housing. The legislature must also define the grounds and conditions for providing such assistance and the amount thereof ...”
THE LAW
ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 14 OF THE CONVENTION READ IN CONJUNCTION WITH ARTICLE 1 OF PROTOCOL No. 1
39. The applicant complained that she had been refused a housing subsidy on the grounds of her age, in violation of Article 14 of the Convention read in conjunction with Article 1 of Protocol No. 1. These provisions read as follows:
Article 14 (prohibition of discrimination)
“The enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set forth in [the] Convention shall be secured without discrimination on any ground such as sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth or other status.”
Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 (protection of property)
“Every natural or legal person is entitled to the peaceful enjoyment of his possessions. No one shall be deprived of his possessions except in the public interest and subject to the conditions provided for by law and by the general principles of international law. The preceding provisions shall not, however, in any way impair the right of a State to enforce such laws as it deems necessary to control the use of property in accordance with the general interest or to secure the payment of taxes or other contributions or penalties.”
Admissibility
40. The Court notes that this complaint is neither manifestly ill-founded nor inadmissible on any other grounds listed in Article 35 of the Convention. It must therefore be declared admissible. MeritsThe parties’ submissions

(a)   The applicant
41. The applicant submitted that she had been refused the housing subsidy solely on the grounds of her age, as she had met all the other requirements provided by law (see paragraphs 22 and 24 above). She argued that the State authorities had failed to provide an objective justification for limiting the availability of the said housing subsidy to parents whose age did not exceed thirty-five years. 42. The applicant contended that the Government had not demonstrated that there were “factual inequalities” between families in which the parents’ age did not exceed thirty-five years and those in which the parents were older. She submitted that the statistics provided by the Government (see paragraph 53 below) were unrelated to “young families” and their housing needs. She contended that having small children significantly increased a family’s needs, irrespective of the parents’ age. Therefore, she argued that there was “no general interest” to restrict access to the housing subsidy merely because a family with a small child fell outside the brackets of the statistically average age of such families in Lithuania. 43. Moreover, the applicant argued that the Government had not indicated the criteria on the basis of which the limit of thirty-five years had been chosen. She acknowledged that policies aimed at providing social assistance to young persons could legitimately determine the upper age limit and that that age limit could be thirty-five or thirty-six years. However, the same age limit could not be used to determine whether a family was “young”. In the applicant’s view, decisions concerning the provision of housing subsidies to families should adequately take into account the best interests of the child, and the width of the margin of appreciation accorded to the State should be determined in that light as well. 44. Whereas the applicant accepted that the State enjoyed a wide margin of appreciation in the field of social security and that it could, in principle, make distinctions between certain groups of people for budgetary reasons, she nonetheless argued that that could not justify the difference in treatment based exclusively on the grounds of age. 45. Furthermore, she contended that the social assistance scheme in question had been shaped by general assumptions and prevailing social attitudes that a family should be formed, and children should be born, before a certain age. However, that was not an acceptable justification for the difference in treatment. 46. Lastly, in reply to the Government’s argument that she could have applied for the housing subsidy earlier, while she had still been under the age of thirty-five (see paragraph 55 below), the applicant submitted that she had applied for the subsidy when her income became sufficient for her to expect to receive a loan from the bank. (b)   The Government
47. The Government submitted that it was not necessary to take a position on whether the applicant was in an “analogous or relevantly similar situation” to a younger person who, in the same circumstances, would be likely to receive the housing subsidy in question, because in any event, the impugned difference in treatment had had an objective and reasonable justification. 48. They submitted that, by enacting the Housing Assistance Act, the legislature had sought to correct factual inequalities between young families and families in which the parents were older, thereby pursuing the legitimate aim of protecting “socially vulnerable groups”. 49. They furthermore submitted that the impugned measure should be assessed in the wider context of the demographic situation in Lithuania. The Lithuanian population was ageing rapidly and that was causing various economic and social problems – in particular, the size of the working population was declining and the number of persons dependent on old-age pensions was growing (see paragraphs 27-31 above). Therefore, the housing subsidy to young families sought to improve the demographic situation. 50. The Government submitted that the Lithuanian law provided for various types of social assistance to families, including welfare benefits to persons with very low income, to which no age limits were applied (see paragraphs 21-24 above). However, the housing subsidy to young families was not aimed at persons with extremely low income – rather, its aim was to assist young people when acquiring residential property and thereby to encourage a positive demographic shift within Lithuanian society. There were other measures which sought the same aim – for example, another law provided for additional housing subsidies to families which were raising three or more children and in which the parents’ age did not exceed forty years. 51. The Government furthermore submitted that there was no European consensus in the area of granting housing subsidies to various demographic groups. Certain States, such as the Netherlands, did not provide any subsidies for the purchase of housing. Meanwhile, in those States that did provide housing subsidies, the conditions for obtaining them, including age limits, were not uniform. Nonetheless, there were States, such as Latvia, the Czech Republic, Russia, Ukraine and Armenia, that had opted for a maximum age limit of thirty-five or thirty-six years when granting various types of housing assistance to families. Therefore, in view of the lack of common ground among the Contracting States, the margin of appreciation left to the authorities of each State ought to be wide. 52. The Government also stated that many European States provided social assistance specifically to young people. While the exact definition of “a young person” varied among States, it was generally acknowledged that young people might require additional assistance from the State in order to enter into the labour market or to obtain housing independent from that of their parents. 53. They also provided to the Court statistics showing the average age, in Lithuania, of persons at the time of marriage, of giving birth and of giving birth for the first time. In each of those categories, the average age was increasing slightly every year. According to the most recent data provided, in 2019 the average age of marriage was approximately thirty-five years for men and approximately thirty-two years for women, the average age of women giving birth was approximately thirty years, and the average age of women giving birth to their first child was twenty-eight years. In addition, statistics showed that the majority of housing loans from banks were given to persons whose average age did not exceed thirty-five years. 54. Therefore, the Government contended that setting an upper age limit for obtaining the housing subsidy in question had had an objective and reasonable justification, taking into account the average age of marriage and childbirth in Lithuania, the average age at which Lithuanians obtained housing loans, and the desire of the legislature to address the particular needs of young people and young families. 55. Moreover, they submitted that, at the time when the applicant had given birth to her daughter, she and her daughter had met the definition of a “young family” under the law, and the applicant had thus had an opportunity to apply for the subsidy in question then. 56. Lastly, the Government stated that the relevant age limits were revised regularly, in accordance with the statistical data reflecting the demographic situation in the country (see paragraph 26 above).

Outcome for Article 6: no_violation