FOURTH SECTION
CASE OF MEKVABISHVILI v. GEORGIA
(Application no. 37567/23)
 
 
 
 
 
 
JUDGMENT
 
STRASBOURG
20 January 2026
 
 
 
 
This judgment is final but it may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Mekvabishvili v. Georgia,
The European Court of Human Rights (Fourth Section), sitting as a Committee composed of:
 Anne Louise Bormann, President,
 Sebastian Răduleţu,
 András Jakab, judges,
and Giorgi Badashvili, Acting Deputy Section Registrar,
Having regard to:
the application (no. 37567/23) against Georgia lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) on 10 October 2023 by a Georgian national, Mr Giorgi Mekvabishvili (“the applicant”), who was born in 1999, lives in Tbilisi, and was represented by Mr D. Javakhishvili, Mr A. Pataraia and Ms S. Tsiklauri, lawyers practising in Tbilisi;
the decision to give notice of the complaints under Articles 6, 10 and 11 of the Convention to the Georgian Government (“the Government”), represented by their Agent, Mr B. Dzamashvili, of the Ministry of Justice, and to declare inadmissible the remainder of the application;
the parties’ observations;
the decision to reject the Government’s objection to the examination of the case by a Committee;
Having deliberated in private on 16 December 2025,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:
SUBJECT MATTER OF THE CASE
1. The application concerns the applicant’s participation in a demonstration and his conviction of the administrative offence of disobeying lawful police orders. He relied on Articles 6, 10 and 11 of the Convention. BACKGROUND
2. On 7 March 2023 several thousand demonstrators, including the applicant, gathered at the Parliament building to protest a controversial draft law perceived as potentially undermining the civil society sector (withdrawn on 9 March). By 8.43 p.m. the Ministry of Internal Affairs (“the MIA”) declared the protest non-peaceful and dispersed the crowd by pepper spray and water cannon. Many demonstrators stayed, and clashes continued overnight. 3. On 13 March 2023 the Public Defender of Georgia reported that escalation began when some demonstrators attempted to block a Parliament entrance. Although isolated violence against the police occurred, he stressed that the demonstration had been peaceful at the time of dispersal, criticised the lack of justification for using force, and warned that excessive measures risked provoking further unrest. PROCEEDINGS AGAINST THE APPLICANT
4. According to the administrative arrest report, the applicant was arrested at 2 a.m. on 8 March 2023 for repeatedly disobeying lawful police orders, under Article 173 of the Code of Administrative Offences (“the CAO”). 5. During the trial before the Tbilisi City Court, the police argued that the demonstration of 7 March 2023 had become violent, prompting a decision to disperse it. The applicant maintained that he had not engaged in any violent conduct but that he had witnessed violent behaviour by a police officer against a demonstrator. He claimed that he had been on the pavement rather than the road at the time of his arrest and stated that the area where he had been arrested must have been equipped with surveillance cameras and the MIA must have been able to show how events had unfolded. 6. The City Court rejected the applicant’s application to obtain the video-recordings from the police body-worn cameras as they had not been turned on because of the high risk they would get damaged. However, it granted his application to review the case-file and announced a five-hour break to give the defence time to prepare. 7. Witness V.J., the police officer who had arrested the applicant, stated during the trial that the demonstrators had been given repeated warnings to clear the road for vehicles to get through. The applicant had been standing on the road and he had resisted the instruction to move away. 8. The video-recording made by the applicant and assessed, upon the applicant’s request, during the trial shows policemen dragging a plain-clothed individual, and a voice, apparently the applicant’s, is heard condemning their actions. The event, as filmed, took place on the upper tier of a pavement. The filming applicant appears to have been standing on the lower tier of the pavement. 9. On 10 March 2023 the City Court found the applicant guilty of disobeying lawful police orders under Article 173 of the CAO. He was ordered to pay an administrative offence fine of 2,000 Georgian laris (GEL) (approximately 665 euros (EUR)). The judgment was based on the administrative arrest and offence reports, statements given by V.J. and the applicant, and the video submitted by the applicant. 10. The court found that the applicant had disobeyed the lawful orders to clear the road, stating that “no proof which would have given the court a basis to find otherwise had been presented”. As for the applicant’s video recording, the court did not consider that it excluded the commission of the said offence as it did not show the moment of his arrest. 11. The applicant appealed, claiming his arrest was in retaliation for filming police violence and that the only evidence against him was the police account, which was biased. He argued it was not his duty to prove his innocence and criticised the judgment for failing to address whether the road was already blocked by the demonstration, what the police orders were and whether they were lawful, or whether he had actually disobeyed them. He also alleged that officers had deliberately not activated their body cameras to avoid creating objective evidence of his arrest. No complaint regarding insufficient time or facilities to prepare his defence was raised by the applicant in his appeal. 12. By a decision of 9 June 2023, the Tbilisi Court of Appeal upheld the lower court’s judgment. The appellate court emphasised that the right to freedom of assembly and demonstration was not of an absolute character and noted that it was a proportionate measure to arrest and detain the applicant with the aim of “avoiding public disorder” as he had ignored a police call to respect order during a demonstration. Noting the explanation given by the police that the demonstration had taken on an unlawful character and cars should have been able to move on the road, the appellate court found it established that the applicant had refused to leave the road, resulting in his arrest. 13. The appellate court stated that the quality of witness evidence depended on the circumstances. It took into account the explanation that the police had not activated body-warn cameras due to the risk of damage. As for officer V.J., the court stated that the witness observed the events in his professional capacity and that his statements were therefore an important source of evidence directly linked to the facts of a case. In the absence of direct video evidence, the police officer’s eyewitness account should not be given “less weight” than that of the accused and must be assessed according to the judge’s conviction. The appellate court further stated that the applicant had provided no evidence disproving the commission of the offence or showing any “inaccuracy, partiality, or skewed assessment” by the relevant officer. 14. The final decision of 9 June 2023 was served on the applicant on 15 June 2023.

Outcome for Article 6: violation