EDUCATION PART I GENERAL Citation and commencement 1 1 These Regulations may be cited as the Students Awards Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1991. 2 These Regulations shall come into operation on 30th December 1991 and shall have effect on and from 1st September 1991. Revocations 2 The Students Awards ( No. 2) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1990 and the Students Awards (No. 2) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1991 are hereby revoked. Interpretation 3 1 In these Regulations— “academic authority” in relation to an institution means the governing body or other body having the functions of a governing body and includes a person acting with the authority of that governing body or other body: “area” means the area of a board; “award” includes an award made under previous awards regulations, and either a fees only award or a full award bestowed under these Regulations; “ British Islands ” means the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man: “the Council Regulation ” means Council Regulation ( EEC ) No. 1612/68 on freedom of movement for workers within the Community ; “course comparable to a first degree course” means— a course of at least 3 academic years' duration provided by a university for a certificate, diploma or other academic award; an educational facility designated by the Department under Article 50(1); “course for the Diploma of Higher Education” means a course provided b> an institution for— the Diploma of Higher Education; the Diploma of Higher Education or a first degree as the student may elect after the commencement of the course; “course for the Higher Diploma” means a course provided by an institution for the Higher National Diploma or the Higher National Diploma of the Business and Technician Education Council (“ BTEC ”); “course of higher education” means a course of a type listed in Schedule 7 to the Education Reform (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 ; and, for the purposes of paragraph 2(b) of Schedule 2, includes a full-time course outside Northern Ireland which is comparable to a full-time course of higher education in Northern Ireland; “dependent” means wholly or mainly financially dependent; “employment” means full-time employment or part-time employment, which, in a normal week, involves a significant number of hours of work and “employed” shall be construed accordingly, and for the purposes hereof the references to employment include references to the holding for gain of any office and to the following for gain of any occupation; “establishment of further education” excludes a university but includes a college of education and an institution of further education which also provides higher education; “European Community” means the area comprised by the member states of the European Community (including the United Kingdom) as constituted from time to time, and as respects any period prior to the unification of the Federal Republic of Germany with the former German Democratic Republic, that former Republic; “European student” means a person who is a national of a member state of the European Community or the child of such a national and has been ordinarily resident within the European Community (excluding the British Islands) throughout the period of 3 years before the commencement of his course, but who is not entitled to a full award by virtue of regulation 11(2). “fees only award” means an award bestowed only in respect of fees described in Schedule 6; “first degree course” means— a course provided by an institution for a first degree of a university or for the degree of Bachelor of Medicine or an equivalent degree; a course provided by an institution for a first degree of the Council for National Academic Awards; a course provided either by the Cranfield Institute of Technology or by the Information Technology Institute for a first degree of the former; “full award” means an award bestowed in respect of both fees described in Schedule 6 and a maintenance grant: “highest-cost country” means Denmark, Finland, Japan, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Taiwan; “higher-cost country” means Australia, Austria, Belgium, Iceland, the Republic of Ireland, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Netherlands and the Republic of Korea; “high-cost country” means Canada, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Italy, Luxembourg, New Zealand, the USSR and the United States of America; “independent student” means a student who— has attained the age of 2.5 years before the beginning of the year for which payments in pursuance of his award fall to be made; or has supported himself out of his earnings for periods before the first year of his course aggregating not less than three years; or has been married for at least two years before the beginning of the year for which payments in pursuance of his award fall to be made whether or not the marriage is still subsisting: or has no parent living; “institution” means a university or an establishment of higher education in the United Kingdom maintained or assisted by recurrent grants out of public funds or a university or establishment of higher education in the Republic of Ireland providing a full-time course approved by the Department to be a course comparable to one listed in paragraphs 1, 2, 3 or 4 of Schedule 3; “international course” means a course provided by an institution in the United Kingdom in conjunction with a university, college or other establishment in another country for a first degree of a university or of the Council for National Academic Awards; “maintenance grant” means a grant calculated in accordance with regulation 13; “modified proportion” means the proportion which the number of weeks in a sandwich year during which the student has no periods of experience bears to 52; “ Order ” means the Education and Libraries (Northern Ireland) Order 1986; and a reference by number to an Article is a reference to the Article bearing that number in the Order; “periods of experience” means— periods of industrial, professional or commercial experience associated with full-time study at an institution but at a place outside the institution, other than periods of— unpaid service in a hospital or in a public health service laboratory; unpaid service with a public body acting in the exercise of its functions relating to health, welfare or the care of children and young persons or with a voluntary organisation providing facilities or carrying out activities of a like nature; unpaid service in the prison, probation and aftercare service; teaching practice; unpaid research in an institution or, in the case of a student attending an international course, unpaid research in a university, college or other educational institution outside the United Kingdom; such experience falling wholly within the terms at the institution in any year which do not comprise paid service or employment and which do not aggregate more than either 6 weeks during the year or 12 weeks during that and some other year taken together where a period in that other year has not already been taken into account for the purposes hereof; unpaid service with a health authority (within the meaning of section 128(1) of the National Health Service Act 1977 ); unpaid service with a health board constituted under section 2 of the National Health Service (Scotland) Act 1978 ; or unpaid service with a health and social services board established under Article 16 of the Health and Personal Social Services (Northern Ireland) Order 1972 ; in the case of a student studying modern languages, whose course includes periods of residence in a country whose language is a main language of that course, any such period of residence for which he is in gainful employment; “prescribed proportion” means the proportion which the number of weeks in a sandwich year during which the student attends the institution for full-time study bears to 30, except that, where that proportion is greater than the whole, it means the whole; “previous awards regulations” means the Regulations revoked by regulation 2 and any regulations superseded by those Regulations; “refugee” means a person recognised by Her Majesty’s government as a refugee within the meaning of the United Nations Convention relating to the Status of Refugees done at Geneva on 28th July 1951 as extended by the Protocol thereto which entered into force on 4th October 1967 or a person who, though not so recognised, enjoys asylum in the United Kingdom in pursuance of a decision of Her Majesty’s government and any reference to the child of a refugee includes a reference to a person adopted in pursuance of adoption proceedings, a step-child and an illegitimate child of whom the refugee is the mother or in whose case the refugee has admitted paternity or been adjudged the putative father; “relevant day” means— except in the case mentioned in sub-paragraph (b), the last day of the month of October, February, April or June (according as the academic year of the course begins in the winter, spring, summer or autumn respectively) preceding the beginning of the course; in the case of a refugee, or the spouse or child of a refugee, or a person mentioned in paragraph (4)(a) or (4)(b)(i) of regulation 7, who has entered the United Kingdom on or after a relevant day as defined in sub-paragraph (a), where— he has entered the United Kingdom before the day one month earlier than that of the beginning of the term in which he commences his course, the said day or the day on which he applies for an award, whichever of those two days is the earlier; he has not so entered the United Kingdom, the day of the beginning of the term in which he commences his course or the day on which he applies for an award, whichever of those two days is the earlier; “sandwich course” means a course consisting of alternate periods of full-time study at an institution and periods of experience so organised that, taking the course as a whole, the student attends the periods of full-time study for an average of not less than 19 weeks in each year of the course; and for the purpose of calculating his attendance the course shall be treated as beginning with the first period of full-time study and ending with the last such period; “sandwich year” means, as respects any student, a year of a sandwich course which includes both attendance at full-time study at an institution and periods of experience; “specified course” means a course of a type listed in Schedule 3; and in relation to any person any reference (otherwise unqualified) to a specified course shall, as the context requires, be construed as a reference to a specified course which the person attends or has applied to attend and any reference to a specified course shall be construed as a reference to either a course of full-time study or a sandwich course; “statutory award” means any award or grant paid by virtue of Article 50 (except a maintenance allowance payable under the Maintenance Allowances (Pupils over Compulsory School Age) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1991 ) or Article 51 and includes any comparable award or grant which is paid out of moneys provided by Parliament; “student” means a person to whom an award has been made under these Regulations or previous awards regulations: “the Tax Acts” has the same meaning as in Schedule 1 to the Interpretation Act 1978 ; “term”in respect of a course, means any of the periods appointed by an institution for instruction and study at that institution; “university” means a university in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland and includes a university college and a constituent college, school or hall of a university; “year” in respect of a course, means the period of twelve months beginning on 1st January, 1st April, 1st July or 1st September according as the academic year of the course begins in the winter, spring, summer or autumn respectively: and any references to the first year of a course shall be construed accordingly. 2 In paragraph (1) “parent” shall have the same meaning as in Part II of Schedule 8. 3 A period during which a student has supported himself out of his earnings includes any period or periods during which— a the student was in receipt of training in pursuance of a programme of the type described in Schedule 1; b the student was in receipt of unemployment benefit under section 14(1)(a) of the Social Security (Northern Ireland) Act 1975 ; c before 24th November 1980 (when Schedule 2 to the Social Security (Northern Ireland) Order 1980 came into force), the student was registered for unemployment; d on or after 24th November 1980 but before 18th October 1982, the student was registered and available for employment; e on or after 18th October 1982, the student was available for employment and, if under the age of 18 years, registered for employment; f the student held a post-graduate studentship or comparable award; g the student received sickness benefit, invalidity pension, maternity allowance or severe disablement allowance under section 14(1)(b), 15(1)(b), 22(1) or 36(1) of the Social Security (Northern Ireland) Act 1975 as originally enacted or amended or statutory sick pay under Part II of the Social Security (Northern Ireland) Order 1982 or statutory maternity pay under Part VI of the Social Security (Northern Ireland) Order 1986 ; h the student could not reasonably have been expected to support himself out of his earnings because he had the care of a person under the age of 18 years who was dependent upon him. 4 In paragraph (3), a reference to a person registered or available for employment is a reference to his being so registered or available for the purposes of Article 7 of the Supplementary Benefits (Northern Ireland) Order 1977 or Article 21 of the Social Security (Northern Ireland) Order 1986 . Calculation of income 4 In calculating a person’s income for any year, any reduction for income tax is to be made by calculating the tax payable on the income received in that year as if the year were a year of assessment within the meaning of the Income Tax Acts (the necessary apportionment being made in any case where the relevant provisions of those Acts change during the year). Termination of marriage 5 A person’s marriage is to be treated as having been terminated not only by the death of the other spouse or the annulment or dissolution of the marriage by an order of a court of competent jurisdiction but also by virtue of the parties to the marriage ceasing ordinarily to live together, whether or not an order for their separation has PART II AWARDS Specified persons 6 1 Persons described in Part I of Schedule 2, with the exception of persons described in Part II of that Schedule, are, subject to paragraph (2), specified by the Department for the purposes of Article 50(1), been made by any court. 2 The board which shall be under a duty to make an award to a person entitled to the payment of an award by virtue of Article 7(2) or (3) or Article 12 of the Council Regulation shall be— a the board in the area of which the person was last resident during the period of two years preceding the relevant day; b if sub-paragraph (a) does not apply, the board in the area of which the institution providing the person’s course is situate. Ordinarily resident 7 1 If a board is satisfied that a person was not ordinarily resident in the British Islands, or in the European Community, throughout the three years immediately preceding the first year of the specified course or was not resident in a board’s area on the relevant day only because that person, his spouse or parent, guardian or any other person having actual custody of him during his minority, was, at the relevant time, employed temporarily outside the British Islands or, as the case may be, outside the European Community, then, for the purposes of paragraph 1(b) of Schedule 2, that person shall not be regarded as having ceased to be so resident only because of his absence from the British Islands or the European Community or the board’s area in consequence of such employment and paragraph (2) shall not apply in the case of such a person. 2 For the purposes of paragraph 1 (b) of Schedule 2, a person shall not be regarded as ordinarily resident in the British Islands or the European Community if that person was so resident and had taken up that residence wholly or mainly for the purpose of attending a full-time course of education. 3 For the purposes of regulation 6(1) the ordinary residence requirements of paragraph 1(b) of Schedule 2 shall not apply— a in the case of a refugee who has not been ordinarily resident outside the British Islands since he was recognised as a refugee or was accorded asylum; b in the case of the spouse or child of such a refugee; or c in the case of a person mentioned in paragraph (4). 4 That person is a person who is a British citizen within the meaning of the British Nationality Act 1981 — a who was not ordinarily resident in the British Islands throughout the three years preceding the first year of the specified course only because he was ordinarily resident for the purposes of employment in the territory comprising the European Community during every part of that period in which he was not ordinarily resident in the British Islands; or b i who was not so resident throughout that period only because his parent is such a person as is mentioned in sub-paragraph (a), and ii whose parent is ordinarily resident in Northern Ireland on the relevant day as defined in relation to that person by regulation 3(1). 5 In paragraph (4) “parent” includes a guardian, or any other person having actual custody of a minor. Transitional provisions 8 1 Without prejudice to section 29(3)(a) of the Interpretation Act (Northern Ireland) 1954 and to the definition of “award”, an award made in pursuance of the Regulations revoked by regulation 2 before the coming into operation of these Regulations, in so far as it could have been made m pursuance of these Regulations, shall for the purposes thereof, be treated as having been so made. 2 Where an award was bestowed on a student under Article 50(3) (“the discretionary award”) in respect of a course to which Articles 50(1) and 50(2) did not then apply but the course becomes or has become a specified course and an award within the meaning of these Regulations is or has been bestowed on the student in respect of that course, then if the discretionary award continues to be payable it shall be disregarded in calculating the students income for the purposes of regulation 13(1)(b) and for the purposes of regulation 16; but payments on account of the mandatory award in respect of fees and in respect of maintenance for any period shall be respectively reduced or extinguished by those on account of the corresponding element of the discretionary award. Previous attendance at a course 9 For the purposes of regulation 18(2) and 18(5) and paragraphs 1(d), and 2(b) of Schedule 2— a a person shall not be regarded as having previously attended a course— i unless he has previously both attended and held a statutory award in respect of either more than one course or one course for a period of more than one term and seven weeks of a second term; ii by reason only of his having attended from its beginning the course to which his application for an award relates; b any reference to a person having attended a course shall be construed as a reference to his having done so before or after 1st September 1991. Specified educational facilities 10 The courses listed in Schedule 3 are specified as educational facilities for the purposes of Article 50(1). Term and conditions 11 1 Awards to be made by boards shall be subject to the terms and conditions set out in Schedule 4. 2 Awards to be made by boards shall be either— a a full award in respect of a person’s attendance at a specified course during an academic year beginning after 31st August 1991 if the person concerned is ordinarily resident in the board’s area; or b where sub-paragraph (a) does not apply, a fees only award in respect of a person’s attendance at a specified course at an institution in Northern Ireland during an academic year beginning after 31st August 1991 if the person is a European student— i in respect of whose fees the Department has made a payment; or ii who resided in an area of a board on the last day of the month of October, February, April or June (according as the academic year of the course begins in the winter, spring, summer or autumn respectively) preceding the beginning of the course, or if he was not so resident in Northern Ireland on that date, if the institution at which he attends his course is in an area of a board. PART III AMOUNT OF AWARDS Payments by boards 12 1 Subject to regulations 11, 16, 18 and 19 and paragraph 4 of Schedule 4, the board shall in respect of each year pay in pursuance of an award— a in respect of fees, an amount equal to the aggregate of any fees payable in respect of the student as are described in Schedule 6; b in respect of maintenance— i except in a case in which regulations 11(2) and 15 apply, a grant calculated in accordance with regulation 13; ii in a case in which regulation 15 applies (subject to regulation 15(3)) an amount determined in accordance with that regulation, and so much of the grant or amount referred to in this sub-paragraph as the board considers appropriate shall be treated as being in respect of the Christmas and Easter vacations. 2 Subject to regulations 16, 18 and 19 and paragraph 4 of Schedule 4, a board may, in respect of a student who resides in an institution other than a university, pay the amount charged by the institution for his board and lodging. 3 Where the academic year of a student’s course began in the winter or the spring of 1991 then, notwithstanding anything in these Regulations, payments in pursuance of an award to that student in respect of the year beginning in 1st January 1991 or, as the case may be, 1st April 1991 shall be the aggregate of— a two-thirds or, as the case may be, one-third of the payments in pursuance of that award which would have fallen to be made in respect of that year under the Regulations referred to in regulation 2 had they not been revoked; and b one-third or, as the case may be, two-thirds of the payments which would have fallen to be made in respect of the year beginning on 1st September 1991 under these Regulations had the academic year of that course begun in the autumn of 1991. 4 In the case of a course at the University of Buckingham beginning in the winter, spring or summer of 1991 then, notwithstanding anything in these Regulations, payments in pursuance of an award in respect of the year beginning on 1st January, 1st April or 1st July (as the case may be) shall be the aggregate of— a three-quarters, one-half or one-quarter (as the case may be) of the payments which would have fallen to be made in respect of that year under the Students Awards (No. 2) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1990 and amending Regulations had they not been revoked, and b one-quarter, one-half or three-quarters (as the case may be) of the payments which would have fallen to be made in respect of the year beginning on 1st September 1991 under these Regulations had the academic year of the course begun in the autumn of 1991. Calculation of maintenance grant 13 1 The maintenance grant in respect of any year shall be the amount by which the student’s resources fall short of his requirements and for the purpose of ascertaining that amount— a the requirements of the student shall be taken to be the aggregate of— i such of the amounts set out in Schedule 7 as are applicable in his case; and ii subject to paragraph (2), the amount payable in accordance with regulation 12(2); b the resources of the student shall be taken to be the aggregate of his income for the year calculated in accordance with Part I of Schedule 8 and any contribution applicable in his case by virtue of Part II or III of that Schedule. 2 In the case of a student who resides in an institution in England and Wales or in a hostel or other accommodation administered by the academic authority of that institution, the amount to be taken into account for the purposes of paragraph (1)(a)(ii) shall be so much of the charge, if any, payable under regulation 12(2) as does not exceed the amount chargeable for board and lodging by that institution to or in respect of a person who is ordinarily resident in England and Wales and resident in the institution for the purpose of attending a full-time course of further or higher education. 3 This regulation and Schedules 7 and 8 shall have effect— a in the case of such a student as is mentioned in Schedule 9, subject to the provisions thereof; b where regulation 15 applies, subject as therein provided. Assessment of requirements and resources 14 The requirements and resources of a student shall be assessed by the board, and for the purpose of the exercise of its functions under this regulation the board shall require the student to provide from time to time such information as it considers necessary as to the resources of any person whose means are relevant to the assessment of his requirements and resources. Sandwich courses 15 1 This regulation shall apply where the course is a sandwich course. 2 For the purpose of calculating payments in respect of maintenance under regulation 12(1)(b) in respect of a sandwich year, that regulation and Schedules 7 and 8 shall have effect subject to the provisions of Schedule 10. 3 No payment in respect of maintenance under regulation 12(1)(b) shall be made in respect of a year in which there are no periods of full-time study. Assisted students 16 1 Notwithstanding anything in the preceding provisions of these Regulations, no payment under regulation 12(1)(a) or 12(1)(b) shall be made to a person in respect of any year in respect of which he receives such payments as are mentioned in paragraph (2) amounting to not less than the aggregate of— a such fees payable in respect of him as are described in Schedule 6; and b his requirements for maintenance ascertained in accordance with— i Part I of Schedule 7; ii paragraphs 5 and 6 of Part II of that Schedule; and iii Parts III and IV of that Schedule irrespective of whether any maintenance grant would in fact be payable in his case by virtue of any other provision in these Regulations. 2 The payments referred to in paragraph (1) are the aggregate payments received by the person— a in pursuance of any award, bursary or other payment made to him in respect of the course (other than an award made under these Regulations or previous awards regulations, or by way of a loan under the Education (Student Loans) (Northern Ireland) Order 1990 , or out of access funds held by the institution at which he attends his course); and b if he is in gainful employment, by way of remuneration (reduced by income tax and social security contributions) paid in respect of any period for which he has leave of absence from that employment or is relieved of his normal duties in the course of that employment for the purpose of attending the course. Method of payment 17 1 Subject to paragraph (2), the board shall make any payment due under these Regulations in such instalments (if any) and at such times as it considers appropriate; and in the exercise of its functions under this regulation the board may make provisional payments pending the final calculation of the grant. 2 The board shall pay such fees as are described in paragraph (a) (excepting sub-paragraph (iii)) or (b) of Schedule 6 in termly instalments promptly (and in any event by the date specified in paragraph (4)) when both a request for payment in respect thereof has been received and the appropriate term has commenced provided that no payment shall be due when the student has ceased to attend his course (whether or not the board has been so notified) but has not completed it, Payment of such instalments, of the fees described in paragraphs (a)(iii) and (c) of Schedule 6 or such charges as are referred to in regulation 12(2) may be made to the academic authority but subject to this provision all payments in pursuance of the award shall be made to the student. 3 Without prejudice to regulation 19 or the recovery of an overpayment by way of a deduction from a subsequent payment, any overpayment or underpayment made in pursuance of this regulation shall be adjusted by payment between the student or, as the case may be, the academic authority and the board. 4 In the case of a course with three terms in each academic year, the board shall make payment pursuant to paragraph (2) on or before 30th November in the case of the first term, on or before 31st January in the case of the second term and on or before 30th April in the case of the third term or within one month of the receipt by the board of a valid request for payment in respect of that term, whichever is the later. Discretionary payments 18 1 In respect of any period during which the student repeats any part of his course, the board shall not be required to make any payments under regulation 12(1)(a) or 12(1)(b) but may pay in pursuance of the award such amounts (if any) as it considers appropriate, being amounts not exceeding the amount of any payments that would, apart from this regulation, be payable to that student in respect of that period. 2 Paragraph (3) shall apply in the case of a student who has previously attended a course of higher education being— a in the case of a specified course, a course of up to two academic years' duration: or b in the case of a course other than a specified course, a course of two academic years' duration, exluding any periods of unpaid service or research or of practice, undertaken as part of the course of the kinds mentioned in head (a) in the definition of periods of experience in regulation 3(1) and, in the case of a sandwich course, periods of experience), and holds an award made in respect of a course listed in paragraph 1, 2, 5 or 6 of Schedule 3, being a course ordinarily of a duration of more than one year. 3 A board shall only be required to make payments under regulation 12(1)(a) or 12(1)(b) in pursuance of an award in respect of a course listed in paragraph 1, 2.5 or 6 of Schedule 3 to a student who is referred to in paragraph (2) where— a that course is ordinarily of a duration of two years or less, in respect of the final year of that course; b that course is ordinarily of a duration of more than two years, in respect of the years (other than the first two years) of that course. 4 In respect of the period of a course listed in paragraph 1, 2, 5 or 6 of Schedule 3 in relation to which the board is not, under paragraph (3), required to make payments, the board may make such payments as it considers appropriate, not exceeding those payments which would, apart from paragraph (3), have been payable under regulation 12(1)(a) or 12(1)(b). 5 In this regulation a reference to— a the ordinary duration of a course means the period ordinarily required for the completion thereof by a student who is not excused from attending part thereof by reason of his attendance at a previous course (excluding any periods of unpaid service or research or of practice undertaken as part of the course of the kinds mentioned in head ((1) in the definition of periods of experience in regulation 3(1) and, in the case of a sandwich course, periods of experience): b the first two years of a course means, in the case of a student who is excused from attending part of that course by reason of his attendance at a previous course, the two years of that course following upon the period in respect of which the student is excused from attending that course. Withholding and reduction of payments 19 1 Without prejudice to paragraph 4(2) of Schedule 4 in the case of any student who is for the time being in default of any requirement to provide such information as is described in regulation 14, the board may withhold, in part, any payment due to him in respect of maintenance and calculated in accordance with regulation 13 or 15. 2 In respect of any period— a after the termination of an award; b during which a student is excluded by the academic authority from attendance at the course; or c during which a student is absent without leave from his course, any payment otherwise due in pursuance of the award shall be reduced by the aggregate amount mentioned in paragraph (4). 3 In respect of any other period being— a a period during which a student is absent from his course (other than a period of not more than 28 days due to illness); or b where an award held in respect of one course is transferred in pursuance of paragraph 1(1) or 1(2) of Schedule 4 so as to be held in respect of another course, a period during which the student is not required to attend either course (other than the period of a single vacation); or c a period during which the student is detained in pursuance of an order made by any court, the board may reduce any payment otherwise due in pursuance of the award by such amount, not exceeding the aggregate amount mentioned in paragraph (4), as having regard to all relevant circumstances it considers appropriate. 4 The amount referred to in paragraphs (2) and (3) is the aggregate of— a fees otherwise due that are not payable by reason of the student’s non-attendance; and b the appropriate proportion of the balance of any payments in respect of maintenance payable in pursuance of regulation 12(1)(b). Sealed with the Official Seal of the Department of Education on E. M. Power Assistant Secretary 27th November 1991.