Title and commencement 1 This Order may be cited as the Defective Premises (Northern Ireland) Order 1975 … Commencement … Interpretation 2 1 The Interpretation Act (Northern Ireland) 1954 shall apply to Article 1 and the following provisions of this Order as it applies to a Measure of the Northern Ireland Assembly. 2 In this Order— the Department ” means the Department for Communities; “disposal”, in relation to premises, includes a letting, a grant in fee farm, and an assignment or surrender of a tenancy, of the premises and the creation by contract of any other right to occupy the premises; “statutory provision” has the meaning assigned to it by section 1( f ) of the Interpretation Act (Northern Ireland) 1954; “tenancy” means— a a tenancy created either immediately or derivatively out of the freehold, whether by a lease or underlease, by an agreement for a lease or underlease or by a tenancy agreement, but not including a mortgage term or any interest arising in favour of a mortgagor by his attorning tenant to his mortgagee; or b a tenancy at will or a tenancy on sufferance; or c a tenancy, whether or not constituting a tenancy at common law, created by or in pursuance of any statutory provision. 3 Any duty imposed by or enforceable by virtue of any provision of this Order is in addition to any duty a person may owe apart from that provision. 4 Any term of an agreement which purports to exclude or restrict, or has the effect of excluding or restricting, the operation of any of the provisions of this Order, or any liability arising by virtue of any such provision, shall be void. Duty to build dwellings properly 3 1 A person taking on work for or in connection with the provision of a dwelling (whether the dwelling is provided by the erection or by the conversion or enlargement of a building) owes a duty— a if the dwelling is provided to the order of any person, to that person; and b without prejudice to sub-paragraph ( a ), to every person who acquires an estate in the dwelling; to see that the work which he takes on is done in a workmanlike or, as the case may be, professional manner, with proper materials and so that as regards that work the dwelling will be fit for habitation when completed. 2 A person who takes on any such work for another on terms that he is to do it in accordance with instructions given by or on behalf of that other shall, to the extent to which he does it properly in accordance with those instructions, be treated for the purposes of this Article as discharging the duty imposed on him by paragraph (1) except where he owes a duty to the other to warn him of any defects in the instructions and fails to discharge that duty. 3 A person shall not be treated for the purposes of paragraph (2) as having given instructions for the doing of work merely because he has agreed to the work being done in a specified manner, with specified materials or to a specified design. 4 A person who— a in the course of a business which consists of or includes providing or arranging for the provision of dwellings or installations in dwellings; or b in the exercise of a power of making such provision or arrangements conferred by or by virtue of any statutory provision; arranges for another to take on work for or in connection with the provision of a dwelling shall be treated for the purposes of this Article as included among the persons who have taken on the work. 5 Any cause of action in respect of a breach of the duty imposed by this Article shall be deemed, for the purposes of the Limitation (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 to have accrued at the time when the dwelling was completed, but if after that time a person who has done work for or in connection with the provison of the dwelling does further work to rectify the work he has already done, any such cause of action in respect of that further work shall be deemed for those purposes to have accrued at the time when the further work was finished. Cases excluded from remedy under Article 3 4 1 Where— a in connection with the provision of a dwelling or its first sale or letting for habitation any rights in respect of defects in the state of the dwelling are conferred by an approved scheme to which this Article applies on a person having or acquiring an estate in the dwelling; and b it is stated in a document of a type approved for the purposes of this Article that the requirements as to design or construction imposed by or under the scheme have, or appear to have, been substantially complied with in relation to the dwelling; no action shall be brought by any person having or acquiring an estate in the dwelling for breach of the duty imposed by Article 3 in relation to the dwelling. 2 A scheme to which this Article applies— a may consist of any number of documents and any number of agreements or other transactions between any number of persons; but b must confer, by virtue of agreements entered into with persons having or acquiring an estate in the dwellings to which the scheme applies, rights on such persons in respect of defects in the state of the dwellings. 3 In this Article “approved” means approved by the Department, and the power of the Department to approve a scheme or document for the purposes of this Article shall be exercisable by order, except that any requirements as to construction or design imposed under a scheme to which this Article applies may be approved without making any order or, if the Department thinks fit, by order. 4 The Department— a may approve a scheme or document for the purposes of this Article with or without limiting the duration of the approval; and b without prejudice to any power to revoke or vary a previous order under this Article, may revoke or vary a previous approval under this Article given otherwise than by order. 5 An order under this Article shall be subject to negative resolution. 6 Where an estate in a dwelling is compulsorily acquired— a no action shall be brought by the acquiring authority for breach of the duty imposed by Article 3 in respect of the dwelling; and b if any work for or in connection with the provision of the dwelling was done otherwise than in the course of a business by the person in occupation of the dwelling at the time of the compulsory acquisition, the acquiring authority and not that person shall be treated as the person who took on the work and accordingly as owing that duty. Duties relating to work to dwellings 4A 1 This Article applies where a person, in the course of a business, takes on work in relation to any part of a building consisting of or containing one or more dwellings. 2 The person owes a duty to— a the person for whom the work is done, and b each person who holds or acquires an interest (whether legal or equitable) in a dwelling in the building, to see that the work is done in a workmanlike or (as the case may be) professional manner, with proper materials and so that as regards the work the dwelling is fit for habitation when the work is completed. 3 The duty under this Article does not apply in relation to a dwelling if— a the work taken on is work for or in connection with the provision of the dwelling (as to which see Article 3), or b it is expected that, on completion of the work, it will have ceased to be a dwelling or will otherwise have ceased to exist. 4 A person (A) who takes on any work to which this Article applies for another (B) on terms that A is to do it in accordance with instructions given by or on behalf of B is, to the extent to which A does it properly in accordance with those instructions, to be treated for the purposes of this Article as discharging the duty imposed on A by this Article except where A owes a duty to B to warn B of any defects in the instructions and fails to discharge that duty. 5 A person is not treated for the purposes of paragraph (4) as having given instructions for the doing of work merely because the person has agreed to the work being done in a specified manner, with specified materials or to a specified design. 6 A person who, in the course of a business which consists of or includes carrying out or arranging for the carrying out of work of a kind mentioned in paragraph (1), arranges for another to take on work of that kind is treated for the purposes of this Article as included among the persons who have taken on the work. 7 For the purposes of the Limitation (Northern Ireland) Order 1989, a cause of action in respect of a breach of a duty imposed by this Article is treated as accruing at the time the work is completed; but if after that time a person does further work to rectify the work the person has already done, any such cause of action in respect of that further work is treated as accruing at the time when the further work is finished. Duty of care with respect to work done on premises not abated by disposal of premises 5 1 Where work of construction, repair, maintenance or demolition or any other work is done on or in relation to premises, any duty of care owed, because of the doing of the work, to persons who might reasonably be expected to be affected by defects in the state of the premises created by the doing of the work shall not be abated by the subsequent disposal of the premises by the person who owed the duty. 2 This Article does not apply— a in the case of premises which are let, where the relevant tenancy of the premises commenced, or the relevant tenancy agreement of the premises was entered into, before the commencement of this Order; b in the case of premises disposed of in any other way, where the disposal of the premises was completed, or a contract for their disposal was entered into, before the commencement of this Order; or c in either case, where the relevant transaction disposing of the premises is entered into in pursuance of an enforceable option by which the consideration for the disposal was fixed before the commencement of this Order. Application to Crown 6 This Order shall bind the Crown to the full extent authorised or permitted by the constitutional laws of Northern Ireland, but as regards the Crown's liability in tort shall not bind the Crown further than the Crown is made liable in tort by the Crown Proceedings Act 1947 .