user: In this task, you are given a text of many news articles seperated by special token "|||||". Your task is to summarize them.

Q: Attorney General Loretta Lynch, right, and Education Secretary Arne Duncan listen to inmate Alphonso Coates, center foreground, talk about his experiences while enrolled in an education program at a prison on July, 31, 2015 in Jessup, Md. (Bill O'Leary/The Washington Post) 
  
 Education Secretary Arne Duncan thinks the chances that Congress will replace No Child Left Behind, the main K-12 federal education law now eight years overdue for revision, took a nosedive with House Speaker John Boehner’s decision to retire. 
  
 Before Boehner announced that he will leave Congress at the end of October, the chances for passage of a new law were “maybe 50-50,” Duncan said Wednesday after delivering a speech at the National Press Club. “Now it’s probably worse, not better, very disappointing. I’d be happy to be proven wrong there. I hope we can get there. I think that task, that journey, just got harder in the past week.” 
  
 [How John Boehner’s retirement complicates NCLB] 
  
 His comments followed a speech in which Duncan called on states and localities to sharply reduce the incarceration of non-violent offenders and use an estimated $15 billion in savings to increase salaries for teachers, particularly those who teach in high poverty schools. 
  
 [Duncan talks about criminal justice reform, race and poverty] 
  
 Duncan spoke in personal terms about the country’s need to correct what he termed an unfair system that robs poor, minority children of the resources they need and then funnels a disproportionate number from classrooms into jail cells. 
  
 “Our nation’s public schools are majority minority,” Duncan said after his speech. “It’s a watershed moment in our nation’s history and, guess what? We’re not going back the other way. This isn’t just the right thing to do for the black community ... this is the right thing to do for our country.” 
  
 During the Q and A portion of his appearance, Duncan argued that much of the inequity in public schools stems from the way schools are funded. 
  
 “Our K-12 system is basically funded at the local level,” he said, noting that the federal government pays about 8 percent to 10 percent of costs for primary and secondary education. “We are so property tax-based throughout the nation, in far too many places, the children of wealthy get far more spent on them than the children of the poor. Until we get uncomfortable with that, we’re going to continue to have huge disparities.” 
  
 “As long as children in Ferguson (Mo.) are getting less than half the money as children in wealthier communties, we’re going to have a lot of challenges, and we’re going to leave a lot of talent on the sidelines,” he said. 
  
 Money isn’t everything, Duncan said. “But it’s impossible to justify children in poor communities getting half the money of children in wealthy communities,” he said. “It’s criminal. ... And it’s not just a year. Think about the 13-year impact of having less.” 
  
 Teacher salaries need to rise, especially in order to attract good educators to high poverty schools, he said. 
  
 “Every teaching job is not created equally,” Duncan said. “A teacher in Anacostia is a very different job than teaching in Northwest D.C. ... No teaching job is ever easy, but there are very, very different degrees of difficulty.” 
  
 Salaries in the most challenging schools should be high enough to reward the teachers who choose to work there, and attract others to come, he said. 
  
 Duncan said the most extreme example he’d seen was on a Native American reservation, where all the teachers were either recruits from Teach for America or they had been imported from the Phillipines. 
  
 “They could not find American teachers, American born, to work on that reservation,” Duncan said. “I think compensation has to be on the table in a different way.” 
  
 Asked about the fact that during the most recent Republican presidential debate, there wasn’t a single mention of education during the three-hour event, Duncan said voters have to demand that politicians address the issue. 
  
 “I would love the media to ask four questions: ‘What are you doing to increase investment in early childhood education? What are you doing to reduce high school dropout rates? What are you doing to increase high school graduation rates? What’s your plan to increase college graduation rates?” 
  
 “We should vote on those things,” Duncan said. “Because we focus on the silly stuff, it gives politicians a pass. I don’t blame them. I blame us voters.” ||||| U.S. Education Secretary Arne Duncan plans to step down from his Cabinet position by the end of the year, leaving the Obama administration more than a year before the president’s term will end. 
  
 [Read Duncan’s e-mail to his staff, announcing his decision] 
  
 “He’s done more to bring our educational system, sometimes kicking and screaming, into the 21st century than anyone else,” President Obama said as he announced Duncan’s resignation at the White House on Friday afternoon. “America will be better off for what he has done.” 
  
 Obama has chosen John B. King Jr., who currently acts as deputy secretary of education, to replace Duncan. 
  
 King is a Brooklyn native who often credits teachers with guiding him toward a successful path after he was orphaned at age 12. A former charter school leader in Boston and New York, he joined the Education Department in January after a turbulent tenure as commissioner of education for the state of New York. In that role, he was a key architect of new teacher evaluations tied to test scores and played a key role in pushing New York to adopt new tests aligned to the Common Core State Standards years before other states did the same. 
  
 King defended those moves, favored by Duncan and the Obama administration, even as they made him the target of public outrage. Parents saw their children’s test scores fall and teachers unions called for his ouster. 
  
 Duncan, 50, has been one of the longest-serving education secretaries and, by most accounts, the most influential. 
  
 He took an agency long considered a quiet outpost in the power landscape of Washington, D.C., and – through luck and strategy – oversaw a vigorous expansion of the federal role in the nation’s 100,000 public schools. He largely bypassed Congress to induce states to adopt landmark changes that none of his predecessors attempted – policies such as teacher evaluations and higher academic standards. 
  
 Duncan tried to straddle the deep national divide about the best way to improve public education, working between those who believe that competition, accountability and market forces are the best route and others who argue for heavier investment to address the many needs of poor children who increasingly fill public schools. 
  
 To Duncan, that has meant a rapid expansion of public charter schools, promoting a national set of K-12 academic benchmarks known as the Common Core State Standards in math and reading, holding teachers accountable for student progress as measured in part by test scores; enrolling more low-income children in preschool; and advocating investment in “wraparound services” such as medical care, mentoring and family services. 
  
 Duncan was able to cajole and convince states to adopt his favored policies by taking advantage of two powerful tools: competitive federal grants known as Race to the Top and waivers that excused states from the requirements of the No Child Left Behind law, a federal law widely disliked by states. In order to compete for a grant under Race to the Top, or to receive a waiver under No Child Left Behind, states had to adopt Duncan’s favored policies. Today, more than 40 states hold such waivers, leading some critics to accuse Duncan of acting as “the national school superintendent.” 
  
 [How Duncan and Obama have changed America’s schools] 
  
 One of those critics, Sen. Lamar Alexander (R-Tenn.), couched his disagreements in gentle terms when reacting to Duncan’s news on Friday. “Arne Duncan was one of the president’s best appointments,” he said in a statement. “When we disagree, it is usually because he believes the path to effective teaching, higher standards and real accountability is through Washington, D.C., and I believe it should be in the hands of states, communities, parents and classroom teachers.” 
  
 Duncan, who has been the longest-serving member of Obama’s Cabinet, has come under increasing criticism from both the right and the left. Congress, in pending legislation, has moved to strip his power, and in July 2014, delegates of the National Education Association called on Duncan to resign, citing policies they believed hurt teachers and unions. 
  
 In a move that made a profound difference to schools across the country but has been little noticed in the larger debates about Duncan’s legacy, his agency directed $100 billion in stimulus funds to districts small and large that were otherwise facing severe job cuts in the wake of the 2008 recession. The move preserved an estimated 350,000 teaching jobs. He also oversaw a major expansion of the department’s Office of Civil Rights as the department investigated sexual assault on college campuses, and he pushed the nation’s schools to change discipline policies that resulted in the disproportionate suspension and expulsion of minority children. 
  
 [Even as Congress moves to strip his power, Arne Duncan holds his ground] 
  
 Duncan spoke often about the importance of early childhood education and pushed unsuccessfully for a major expansion of federally funded preschool programs. On Wednesday, early childhood education advocates expressed appreciation for the attention he helped bring to their work. 
  
 “Secretary Duncan’s leadership and unwavering dedication to early childhood education has made an immeasurable difference in the lives of countless young learners,” said Kris Perry, executive director of the First Five Years Fund. “He has harnessed what all of the research shows about the benefits of investing in early learning, and successfully incorporated it into the everyday mission and policy goals of the Department of Education. We are incredibly grateful.” 
  
 Progress for the nation’s K-12 students has been uneven during Duncan’s tenure. High school graduation rates are at an all-time high while dropout rates are down. But average math and reading scores for high school students have flat-lined since 2008 and only marginally improved among 9- and 13- year-old students during the same time period, according to tests administered by the federal government every two years. 
  
 In higher education, Duncan has been the point man in chasing a goal Obama set early in his presidency: for the United States to become by 2020 the world leader in the share of young adults who have a college degree. The nation has made some progress but still trails several others on that measure. 
  
 Duncan has championed several measures to widen access to college for disadvantaged students, including simpler financial aid forms and more funding for Pell grants. This year he even visited a prison in Maryland to announce an experiment that will enable some prisoners to receive Pell grants. 
  
 The Education Department under Duncan has also taken steps to tighten oversight of colleges. Some of those steps have irritated college and university leaders. There has been more regulation of for-profit colleges, as well as a heightened level of financial scrutiny that led to the collapse of the Corinthian College for-profit chain. A lengthy effort to come up with a federal plan to rate colleges on measures of value and access was derailed, but Duncan last month unveiled an alternative: a Web site called College Scorecard that publishes information about graduation rates and average salaries of alumni at thousands of schools. 
  
 Duncan’s move from Washington to Chicago — where he grew up and later was the head of the Chicago Public Schools — appears to have been in the making for some time. Duncan’s wife, Karen, and his two children, Claire and Ryan, moved back to Chicago earlier this year to restart life in the city where they lived before Obama, then president-elect, asked his old friend in 2008 to run the U.S. Education Department. 
  
 Duncan did not hide his dislike for the nation’s capital, often criticizing Washington as a den of dysfunction filled with powerful people who lacked political courage to do what he believed was right. 
  
 In an interview with The Washington Post in June, he recounted how one senator confided that he supported universal preschool — an idea Duncan had been promoting for two years — but would not publicly back any plan for the federal government to fund it. 
  
 “That’s, like, my political lesson in Washington,” Duncan said. “Are you here to make a difference? . . . Or are you here to say you’re a fancy senator?” 
  
 But Duncan said at the time that he planned to remain in Washington, serving out the Obama administration’s second term before rejoining his family in Chicago. Karen Duncan was seen at the private Lab Schools in Chicago in late January with her two children (who “shadowed” other students through a school day, which is commonly done by students preparing to attend a particular school). 
  
 When the family’s move was announced in July, Dorie Nolt, Duncan’s spokeswoman, released this statement: 
  
 After more than six years living just outside Washington, D.C., Secretary Duncan’s family moved back to Chicago recently. His wife, Karen, is ready to resume her full-time career in education and will work at her former employer, the University of Chicago Laboratory School, where their children will attend school. Secretary Duncan will continue to work and maintain a residence in D.C. but commute to spend weekends with his family, as many cabinet Secretaries have done. Secretary Duncan remains committed to his work in the Cabinet and will continue to serve at the pleasure of the President. 
  
 In the June interview with The Post, Duncan said he planned to stay put in Washington because he felt he had a long list of unfinished business and felt an urgency to keep pushing toward unmet goals. He called his job the dream of a lifetime. “I still pinch myself some days,” he said. 
  
 Duncan’s departure means President Obama is losing his closest friend in the Cabinet. The two men first met decades ago in Chicago and forged a friendship on the basketball courts through love of the game and an interest in education. 
  
 Throughout much of his presidency, Obama regularly played basketball with Duncan at various federal facilities around Washington. Duncan, who had a brief stint in Australia as a professional player after college, still plays, while Obama has switched to golf. 
  
 Duncan’s announcement came as a surprise even to some people who are close to him. Just two days ago, after a speech at the National Press Club in Washington, Duncan artfully declined to answer when he was asked whether he planned to stay until the end of the administration’s second term. 
  
 “We’re working hard every day, and we have an amazing team,” Duncan said. “There is so much work we need to do.” 
  
 Duncan at the time gave the impression that he would stay until the Obama administration ends in 14 months, talking about the importance of the work ahead “in the fourth quarter.” 
  
 Asked what he planned to do after leaving office, he demurred. 
  
 “I have no idea,” Duncan said, adding that he felt he had a great deal more work to do in his current job and felt great pressure to get as much done as he could in the remaining months. “I’ve always been very tunnel-visioned. … It’s absolutely the wrong thing to do to start thinking about other things right now.” 
  
 Then he waited a beat. 
  
 “But if anybody has any ideas, let me know,” he said to laughter. 
  
 The following is a text of an internal e-mail Duncan sent to his staff today, according to a copy obtained by The Washington Post: 
  
 Subject line: An inspiring new leader for our extraordinary team 
  
 Dear colleagues, 
  
 I’m writing to tell you two things. First, what is for me some bittersweet news: after several months of commuting between my family in Chicago and my job here in DC, I have made the decision to step down in December. Second, and very happily, President Obama has asked our delegated Deputy Secretary John King Jr. to step into my role when I leave. An announcement to that effect went out from the White House a few minutes ago. Serving the President in the work of expanding opportunity for students throughout this country has been the greatest honor of my life. Doing so alongside people of the brilliance, ability and moral conviction of the team here at ED has been nothing short of thrilling. We have been lucky to have an a amazing team here from Day One, but I honestly believe our team today is the strongest it’s ever been. So it’s with real sadness that have come to recognize that being apart from my family has become too much of a strain, and it is time for me to step aside and give a new leader a chance. I haven’t talked with anyone about what I’ll do next, and probably won’t for a little while – I’m simply returning to Chicago to live with my family. I imagine my next steps will continue to involve the work of expanding opportunity for children, but I have no idea what that will look like yet. What gives me peace with this decision, and I hope comes as a reassurance to everyone here, is the extraordinary talent of John and our leadership team. John comes to this role with a record of exceptional accomplishment as a lifelong educator – a teacher, a school leader, and a leader of school systems, most recently as Commissioner of Education in New York State before he joined our team. Over the years that I have known him, and especially in the months we have worked together here, I’ve come to recognize John as one of the most passionate, courageous, clear-headed leaders in our field. His talent is such that he will become one of the youngest Cabinet members in American history. (I encourage you to read his remarkable personal story, which he laid out in a Huffington Post article a few years ago.) The team here is extraordinary. Each of our offices is headed by a genuine national leader from whom I’ve learned enormously, and at the center of that team is a senior leadership I’ve depended upon daily – in addition to John, our Under Secretary Ted Mitchell, a visionary whose ideas and moral force are helping to change the landscape of opportunity in higher education; and my Chief of Staff, Emma Vadehra, who understands how to accomplish change in education as well as anyone else in this country. I’m hopeful that we’ll be able to announce a replacement for John to carry out the duties of Deputy Secretary soon, and I owe this team enormous thanks for their dedication and sacrifice. I owe a similarly profound thanks to each of you. The work of this Department is exceptionally ambitious – to ensure that every student in this country enjoys genuine opportunity to learn, to grow, to excel. As a comparatively small team, often under challenging conditions and timelines, our staff has continued to offer example after example of dedication beyond the call of duty. I’m honored to have led you, and delighted by what good hands this Department will be in. I ask each of you that you offer John and his team the same commitment I’ve witnessed from you. As I think about our shared work here, and about what it has meant to spend seven years serving the President and the country, I think about two students I’ve met in recent years. The first is Brandon, a young man I met at a round table discussion in Denver as part of My Brother’s Keeper. Brandon told a story I will never forget, about how his life had slipped off the tracks in elementary school. He had scrawled graffiti in a bathroom stall when he was 11 years old. His school, which had zero tolerance discipline policies, called the police, and he ended up being sentenced to pick up trash along the highway alongside adult criminals. He also ended up with a criminal record, and years later, when he tried to become a police officer, the department turned him away because of that record. For me, Brandon will always be a reminder of the distance we have to go as adults, to do right by our young people. The second person is Russhaun Johnson. Russhaun had the deck stacked against him growing up in Des Moines, Iowa. His dad wasn’t around; he lived with his mom, who was a drug addict, until she was incarcerated for more than four years while he was in middle and high school. No one in his family was there for him, and many nights, he slept on park benches. He described himself as “two steps behind” from the start in school. What got Russhaun on a track to success, he says, was his teachers and counselors, who helped him see himself as the brilliant young man he is. He’s now an accomplished poet, and the president of his senior class. A few weeks ago, the whole country had the opportunity to witness his brilliance, as he introduced President Obama to a cheering crowd on the first day of our bus tour. Russhaun told the audience he is planning to go to college to become a teacher, because he wants to offer a next generation of young people the possibility that the caring educators 
  
 around him helped him see in himself. He is an example, to me, of what can go right for our children when our schools understand who they can become – and act on that knowledge. When I think about the life paths of these two young people, I know that no one will fight harder for students like them than John King and the team he will lead here. I thank you for being part of that team, and promise you that you are in good hands. 
  
 –Arne 
  
 Nick Anderson contributed to this report. 
  
 Correction: An earlier version of this story mistakenly reported that Duncan is the longest-serving education secretary. In fact, Clinton administration Education Secretary Richard Riley served longer. ||||| WASHINGTON (AP) — Education Secretary Arne Duncan, one of the longest-serving members of President Barack Obama's Cabinet, will step down in December, officials said Friday. 
  
 FILE - In this Sept. 14, 2015 file photo, Education Secretary Arne Duncan speaks during a town hall meeting in Des Moines, Iowa. Duncan is stepping down in December after 7 years in the Obama administration.... (Associated Press) 
  
 FILE - In this April 10, 2014 file photo, John King, Jr. speaks to students at New York University's Wagner School in New York. Education Secretary Arne Duncan is stepping down in December after 7 years... (Associated Press) 
  
 In an email to his staff, Duncan said he's returning to Chicago to live with his family. He said he isn't sure what he will do next, but that he hopes his future will "continue to involve the work of expanding opportunity for children." 
  
 Sidestepping a nomination fight in Congress, Obama has tapped John King Jr., a senior official at the Education Department, to run the department in an acting capacity for the remainder of his administration. Obama doesn't intend to nominate King or another candidate for education secretary before his presidency ends in early 2017, said a White House official, who wasn't authorized to comment by name and spoke on condition of anonymity. 
  
 The unconventional approach will spare Obama a fight over a nominee in the Senate but is likely to draw resistance from Republicans in the Senate, which holds the power to confirm or reject nominees for Cabinet-level posts. 
  
 "John comes to this role with a record of exceptional accomplishment as a lifelong educator — a teacher, a school leader, and a leader of school systems," Duncan said in an email to department officials obtained by The Associated Press. 
  
 Duncan is one of just a few remaining members of Obama's original cabinet. Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack and Office of Management and Budget director Shaun Donovan have also served in the Cabinet since the first term. Donovan, however, first served as secretary of Housing and Urban Development. 
  
 Duncan came to Washington from Chicago, where he ran the city's public school system. As part of the Chicago cohort that followed Obama to Washington, Duncan is one of few Cabinet members who has a personal relationship with the president. A basketball player at Harvard University who played professionally in Australia, Duncan was once a regular in Obama's weekend basketball games. 
  
 As secretary, Duncan prioritized K-12 education and made his first signature initiative the Race to the Top program, in which states competed for federal grants. The program became a flashpoint in the fight over federal involvement in education. Critics argued it encouraged states to adopt the Common Core, a controversial set of curriculum guidelines that become symbolic of federal overreach. 
  
 Duncan showed little patience for criticism of the program and the standards. In 2014, he cast critics as "white suburban moms who — all of a sudden — their child isn't as brilliant as they thought they were and their school isn't quite as good as they thought they were, and that's pretty scary." Duncan later said he regretted the "clumsy phrasing." 
  
 In his senior Education Department role with the peculiar title of delegated deputy secretary, King oversees preschool through high school education and manages the department's operations. He was previously state education commissioner in New York, running the state's public schools and universities. 
  
 ___ 
  
 Associated Press writer Kathleen Hennessey contributed to this report. 
  
 ___ 
  
 Reach Josh Lederman at http://twitter.com/joshledermanAP |||||

A: At the end of the year, Arne Duncan is stepping down as Education Secretary after seven years. According to a letter to staff that was obtained by the AP and confirmed by a White House official, Duncan is going back to Chicago to be with his family. Duncan, 50, has been the longest-serving secretary of education, according to the Washington Post, which just days ago reported on a speech Duncan gave calling on the US to fix education inequality: "Our K-12 system is basically funded at the local level. We are so property-tax-based throughout the nation, in far too many places, the children of wealthy get far more spent on them than the children of the poor. Until we get uncomfortable with that, we’re going to continue to have huge disparities." In his letter, Duncan calls his decision to retire in December "bittersweet," writing, "It’s with real sadness that have come to recognize that being apart from my family has become too much of a strain, and it is time for me to step aside and give a new leader a chance." That new leader will, at least for a time, be John King Jr., who is currently the deputy secretary. According to the AP, President Obama wants King to be the acting secretary for the rest of Obama's term, but is not planning to nominate King, or anyone else, to be secretary. That will allow the president to avoid "a nomination fight in Congress," the AP notes, though Senate Republicans may resist the "unconventional approach." An official announcement from the White House is expected Friday afternoon.
****
Q: The moral considerations associated with doping are as complicated as the lexical challenges of the term itself. What “doping” is, precisely, and under what conditions it should be allowed are questions the sports world may never totally resolve. Caffeine is a drug that enhances performance, but it’s OK. Amphetamine is also a drug that enhances performance, but it is not. 
  
 It’s all a matter of where you draw the line. So if competitive cyclists want to gain an advantage by ingesting someone else’s poop, I say we all just go ahead and let them, for crying out loud. 
  
 You think I am joking, but it’s right here in this Denver Post link, the URL of which ends with “poop-doping-cycling,” and the content of which concerns a powerful microbiome. 
  
 The most important, perhaps, is Prevotella. Not typically found in American and European gut microbiomes, Prevotella is thought to play a role in enhancing muscle recovery. “In my sampling, only half of cyclists have Prevotella, but top racers always have it,” she told Bicycling. “It’s not even in 10 percent of non-athletes.” Peterson reports she hosts Prevotella in her own gut – but not naturally. In fact, she might be the first case of “poop doping,” thanks to a fecal transplant she administered herself three years ago. Her donor? Another elite athlete. 
  
 That’s Lauren Peterson, a microbiologist and pro endurance mountain biker, who self-administered her first poop transplant from another elite athlete three years ago. She said she did it both to improve her athletic performance and to treat symptoms from the Lyme disease she contracted as a child. 
  
 Fecal transplants are rare for reasons I assume are obvious, and some reasons that are not. In the U.S., they’re pretty much only done to treat extreme cases of a specific disease, Clostridium difficile, which causes chronic diarrhea. Peterson couldn’t find a doctor willing to do a poop transplant on her, so she did it herself. 
  
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 You'll be waking up a little more awesome tomorrow. Whoa! Something went wrong. Try again? 
  
 “I just did it at home,” she said of the February 2014 procedure. “It’s not fun, but it’s pretty basic.” 
  
 Of course, you know what happens next. It was a miracle cure, her energy went through the roof, she started winning races. 
  
 “I had more energy than I knew what to do with,” she told the same podcast last year. “Like everything just changed.” 
  
 All because of somebody else’s poop. 
  
 Whatever is to become of “poop doping,” these are the early stages of it. Peterson is pretty sure it’s going to catch on in cycling, and given everything we’ve learned about cycling culture over the last, oh … let’s just say the whole modern history of the sport, this seems like a good bet. Peterson imagined a day when you could accomplish the same thing just by taking a pill. 
  
 That would certainly be called a Prevotella pill, but we’d all know it by its street name: The Poop Pill. 
  
 And if that’s what cyclists really want to do, I say go ahead. I’m not going to talk you out of eating poop. That’s what your parents are for. ||||| RELATED: Gut Science is the Future of Hydration 
  
 “I couldn’t find a doctor who could help me,” remembers Petersen. An interest in finding her own solutions had already propelled her towards a career in science, and while she was in grad school she had her gut sequenced by the American Gut Project*. The results showed that her gut microbiome is 96% gram-negative bacteria. While American Gut is purely a research project and results cannot be used as a diagnostic or to inform treatment, Petersen worried that some of these bacteria might be pathogenic, and could get into her blood stream. “I had no microbes to help me break down food, and I had picked up bugs in the lab where I was working because my system was so weak and susceptible.” 
  
 But a few months after her transplant, Petersen was training five days a week (up from her usual two). She started enduro racing, and was soon placing and even winning in the pro field. “I wondered if I had gotten my microbiome from a couch potato, not a racer, if I would I be doing so well,” remembers Petersen. "Then it made me wonder what the best possible microbiome for a racer would be.” 
  
 RELATED: How use of Probiotics Benefits Cyclists 
  
 So, she started gathering stool samples from amateur and professional bike racers. She observed that Prevotella, a microorganism she received in her own transplant, is common amongst elite racers. “The more a person trains, the more likely they are to have Prevotella,” says Petersen. “In my sampling, only half of cyclists have Prevotella, but top racers always have it... it’s not even in 10% of non-athletes.” 
  
 She is currently extracting Prevotella to understand what it is, and how to boost its abundance naturally or through a probiotic pill for athletes or aspiring athletes. What she already knows: Prevotella synthesize branch chain amino acids critical for muscle recovery. 
  
 RELATED: How to Change Your Gut Bacteria to Lose Weight 
  
 In addition to Prevotella, Petersen has identified an archeon named Methanobrevibacter smithii, or M. smithii, which she believes is also significant. Archeon are ancient microorganisms that have managed to survive for millions of years in hostile habitats like sulfur springs and deep in the ocean. They also live in the human digestive system, where they have specialized functions. Like Prevotella, Elite cyclists often have M. smithii, but it’s less common in amateur racers. That’s significant because M. smithii also appears to be a performance-enhancing microbe. 
  
 What does it do? In science terms, it thrives on hydrogen and carbon dioxide and other bacterial waste products in the gut. In 12-year old boy terms, M. smithii eats the poop of bacteria. Yes, everybody poops, even bacteria, and it can have detrimental effects on your health. Namely: buildups of hydrogen and carbon dioxide can prevent the other bacteria in your gut from properly breaking down your food for fuel, which is bad news if you need calories for that sprint. 
  
 So in 12-year-old boy terms, M. smithii is kind of like a bacterial pooper scooper. In science terms, it helps you turn the food you’re eating into energy more efficiently. For example, it boosts the ability of your gut bacteria to break down fiber from fruit into the short-chain fatty acids that are critical fuel for athletes. 
  
 Petersen is still investigating how different foods can impact Prevotella, M. smithii, and the rest of the 120 species and 350 strains of microbes she’s identified in bike racers' guts. And she doesn’t know if those microorganisms need other ingredients to work. She also doesn’t know if Prevotella and M. smithii are differentiators for cyclists only, or also common in elite basketball players or gymnasts. So unfortunately it could be years, not months, before you’ll be able to buy performance-enhancing probiotics. (In the mean time, you can try top-rated Ultimate Flora for $29 on Amazon.) 
  
 As for actual poop doping…. fecal transplants are available, but not in the U.S. And if you do find a clinic willing to do it, Petersen warns that "you can’t choose your donor, and it’s a risky procedure. As with any transplant, your immune system could reject what you get. It’s not something you should take lightly. I did a lot of research, and I took a risk for sure.” To be clear, Petersen in no way supports 'at home' fecal transplants— she simply thinks there's room to improve our probiotic and prebiotic knowledge. 
  
 RELATED: Pro Cyclist Habits to Follow— or Ignore 
  
 With the data collected from the Athlete Microbiome Project, Petersen is diving into research not just on performance enhancing probiotics for cyclists, but whether cyclist-derived gut microorganisms could boost the health of athletes and non-athletes alike, providing greater long-term benefits than the probiotics currently available. 
  
 “What we’re learning is going to change a lot for cyclists as well as the rest of the population,” says Petersen. “If you get tested and you’re missing something, maybe in three years you’ll be able to get it through a pill instead of a fecal transplant. We’ve got data that no one has ever seen before, and we’re learning a lot. And I think I can say with confidence that bacterial doping— call it poop doping, if you must— is coming soon.” 
  
 Want to get involved? If you’re a Pro or Cat 1 cyclist and want to share what’s in your gut, contact Lauren. 
  
 *The American Gut Project does not provide information that should be used for clinical decisions. |||||

A: It probably won't ever become the focus of a hit sports movie—not even if they call it Poosiers—but "poop doping" is a real thing and could possibly give competitive cyclists an edge. That's according to microbiologist and mountain biker Lauren Petersen, who tells Bicycling magazine that after being sick for more than a decade with Lyme Disease, in 2014 she gave herself an at-home fecal transplant from somebody who happened to be another racer. Petersen says she not only felt much better after the stool transplant, she upped her training to five days a week and was winning races within months, though her experience proves correlation, not causation. "I wondered if I had gotten my microbiome from a couch potato, not a racer, if I would I be doing so well," says Petersen. Petersen—who says the procedure was "not fun" but "pretty basic"—says she started collecting stool samples from top racers and found that a microorganism called Prevotella was found in almost all top racers but less than 10% of the general population. She is now doing more research into Prevotella, which is believed to help muscle recovery. Other experts, however, are skeptical, telling the Washington Post that it is far too early to draw conclusions—and warning that "bacterial doping" at home could be very dangerous. (Petersen herself acknowledges the risk and isn't endorsing it.) At the Big Lead blog, Tully Corcoran argues that if poop doping is what cyclists really want to do, we should "all just go ahead and let them, for crying out loud." (Researchers believe fecal transplants could also help with weight loss.)
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Q: Guinness World Records (GWR), the global authority in record breaking achievements, is deeply saddened to hear of the passing of Mr Chandra Dangi, who held the title of shortest man in the world. 
  
 GWR would like to express its sincere and heartfelt condolences to Mr Dangi’s family in this difficult time. 
  
 He will be remembered forever as an iconic and extraordinary record holder. ||||| The shortest man in recorded history has died, three years after entering the Guinness world records and before which he had never left his village. 
  
 Chandra Bahadur Dangi, a Nepalese man who stood 1ft 9" tall (54.6 cm), has passed away on the Polynesian island of Samoa after being ill with pneumonia. 
  
 The 75-year-old won his place in the record books on February 26 in 2012 after being found to be half an inch shorter than the previous holder, Gul Mohammed from India. 
  
 Mr Dangi then travelled to London two years later to meet Sultan Kosen from Turkey, the world's tallest man at 8ft 2" (2.48 metres). 
  
 Guinness World Records said in a statement it was “deeply saddened” to hear of his passing. 
  
 "GWR would like to express its sincere and heartfelt condolences to Mr Dangi’s family in this difficult time. He will be remembered forever as an iconic and extraordinary record holder." 
  
 Before winning his title, Mr Dangi had never left his remote village of Reemkholi in Dang district, more than 500 kilometres from the capital Kathmandu, according to ABC news. |||||

A:

assistant: Three years after being declared the world's shortest man, Chandra Dangi died Thursday at the age of 75. Standing just 21.5 inches tall, Dangi was named the world's shortest man by Guinness World Records in 2012, the Wall Street Journal of India reports. According to the Kathmandu Post, Dangi beat out the previous record holder by less than an inch. In addition to being the shortest living man, he was also the shortest man ever measured. Prior to being named the world's shortest man, Dangi had never left the remote village of Reemkholi in Nepal, the Independent reports. In the past three years, he moved more than 300 miles to Kathmandu, met the world's tallest man in London, saw the ocean for the first time in Australia, and toured the Pacific with Samoa's Magic Circus. After Dangi's death from illness in a hospital in American Samoa, Guinness World Records offered condolences to his family: "He will be remembered forever as an iconic and extraordinary record holder." The Wall Street Journal has a photo tribute to Dangi here.
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