user: Q: I read this background article the other day: The body's second line of defense against pathogens includes the inflammatory response. If bacteria enter the skin through a scrape, the area may become red, warm, and painful. These are signs of inflammation. Inflammation is one way the body reacts to infections or injuries. Inflammation is caused by chemicals that are released when skin or other tissues are damaged. The chemicals cause nearby blood vessels to dilate, or expand. This increases blood flow to the damaged area, which makes the area red and slightly warm. The chemicals also attract white blood cells called neutrophils to the wound and cause them to leak out of blood vessels into the damaged tissue.  I am facing a new situation today: Two medical school students named Dan and Bob learned about the human immune system. Dan studied more about the subject, and became very interested to pursue it more in the future.  Using the knowledge I acquired from the background article, how should I answer correctly the following question regarding my new situation: Which student studied more about the effects of bacteria entering the skin through a scrape?
A: Dan

Q: I read this background article the other day: Using longitudinal data from over 100 countries, Diener and his colleagues showed that rich countries are in general happier than poor countries (Diener, Tay, & Oishi, 2013).[17] Also, life satisfaction for most countries goes up as they become wealthier over time. Diener identified three factors that influence the relationship between income and SWB. Namely, rising income most likely results in higher SWB when it leads to greater optimism, financial satisfaction and household material prosperity among citizens. Furthermore, Diener and his colleagues investigated the relationship between income and different elements of SWB. They illustrated that income has stronger influence on people’s evaluation of their lives than the positive or negative emotions they experience over time (Diener, Kahneman, Tov, & Arora, 2010).[18] The study points to the necessity to evaluate different elements of SWB separately instead of treating happiness as a single entity.  I am facing a new situation today: Over the years, the town of Euphoria has grown more successful and wealthier than anyone ever thought. As the wealth has increased and people have acquired more material possessions, their outlook on life has become more positive and it has been noted that the citizens have a lower incidence of depression. The town of Zenphora, on the other hand, has taken a downward financial turn over the past 50 years. The citizens have had to sell their worldly goods just to make ends meet and many do not have a good feeling about what their future holds.  Using the knowledge I acquired from the background article, how should I answer correctly the following question regarding my new situation: Which town is likely to have a higher SWB, Euphoria or Zenphora?
A: Euphoria

Q: I read this background article the other day: One of the main advantages of adopting a strong foreign currency as sole legal tender is to reduce the transaction costs of trade among countries using the same currency.[13] There are at least two ways to infer this impact from data. The first is the significantly negative effect of exchange rate volatility on trade in most cases, and the second is an association between transaction costs and the need to operate with multiple currencies.[14] Economic integration with the rest of the world becomes easier as a result of lowered transaction costs and stabler prices.[2] Rose (2000) applied the gravity model of trade and provided empirical evidence that countries sharing a common currency engage in significantly increased trade among them, and that the benefits of currency substitution for trade may be large.[15]  I am facing a new situation today: Two countries are considering adopting the same currency. Country A will begin to use the currency of Country B if they agree to make this change. Currently there is a 2 to 1 exchange rate on currency from country A to country B but this changes over time. Also in order to exchange the currency you have to pay a 5% fee on whatever the amount is you would like to exchange. Under the new system there will be no exchange rate and there will no longer be a reason to pay the transaction fee as everyone will have the same currency.  Using the knowledge I acquired from the background article, how should I answer correctly the following question regarding my new situation: Will the transaction fee increase or decrease if the two countries adopt the same currency?
A: decrease

Q: I read this background article the other day: You don’t have to suffer through an infection to gain immunity to some diseases. Immunity can also come about by vaccination. Vaccination is the process of exposing a person to pathogens on purpose so the person will develop immunity to them. In vaccination, the pathogens are usually injected under the skin. Only part of the pathogens are injected, or else weakened or dead pathogens are used. This causes an immune response without causing the disease. Diseases you are likely to have been vaccinated against include measles, mumps, and chicken pox.  I am facing a new situation today: Two families had children that played together in the park. Jones family were anti-vaxxers, so they never vaccinated against any disease. Dean family did all the required vaccinations.  Using the knowledge I acquired from the background article, how should I answer correctly the following question regarding my new situation: Which family was vaccinated against mumps?
A:

assistant: Dean