user: Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph:   CHAPTER SUMMARY 40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System In most animals, the circulatory system is used to transport blood through the body. Some primitive animals use diffusion for the exchange of water, nutrients, and gases. However, complex organisms use the circulatory system to carry gases, nutrients, and waste through the body. Circulatory systems may be open (mixed with the interstitial fluid) or closed (separated from the interstitial fluid). Closed circulatory systems are a characteristic of vertebrates; however, there are significant differences in the structure of the heart and the circulation of blood between the different vertebrate groups due to adaptions during evolution and associated differences in anatomy. Fish have a two-chambered heart with unidirectional circulation. Amphibians have a three-chambered heart, which has some mixing of the blood, and they have double circulation. Most non-avian reptiles have a three-chambered heart, but have little mixing of the blood; they have double circulation. Mammals and birds have a four-chambered heart with no mixing of the blood and double circulation.   Q: In most animals, the circulatory system is used to transport blood through the what?   A:

OPTIONS:
- fur
- stratum corneum
- nerves
- body

A: body

input: OPTIONS:
- nuclear
- frictional
- tension
- gravity Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph:   Discussion As might have been expected, the player slides a shorter distance by sliding uphill. Note that the problem could also have been solved in terms of the forces directly and the work energy theorem, instead of using the potential energy. This method would have required combining the normal force and force of gravity vectors, which no longer cancel each other because they point in different directions, and friction, to find the net force. You could then use the net force and the net work to find the distance d that reduces the kinetic energy to zero. By applying conservation of energy and using the potential energy instead, we need only consider the gravitational potential energy.   Q: What force increases a slide downhill and decreases a slide uphill?   A:
A:
output: gravity

Answer the following question given this paragraph:   Cold and snow are typical for Chicago in the winter.   Q: What is typical weather for chicago in winter?   A:

OPTIONS:
- rain and wind
- dry and windy
- ice and humidity
- cold & snow

Answer: cold & snow

Problem: OPTIONS:
- cooperative
- bilateral
- parasitic
- commensalism
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph:   24.4 | Fungal Parasites and Pathogens By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Describe fungal parasites and pathogens of plants • Describe the different types of fungal infections in humans • Explain why antifungal therapy is hampered by the similarity between fungal and animal cells Parasitism describes a symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits at the expense of the other. Both parasites and pathogens harm the host; however, the pathogen causes a disease, whereas the parasite usually does not. Commensalism occurs when one member benefits without affecting the other.   Q: What type of relationship occurs between organisms when one member benefits without affecting the other?   A:
Answer: commensalism

Problem:OPTIONS:
- visible energy
- atmospheric energy
- solar energy
- thermal energy

Answer the following question given this paragraph:   Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between substances. Thermal energy is the kinetic energy of moving particles of matter, measured by their temperature. Thermal energy always moves from matter with greater thermal energy to matter with less thermal energy, so it moves from warmer to cooler substances. You can see this in the Figure below . Faster-moving particles of the warmer substance bump into and transfer some of their energy to slower-moving particles of the cooler substance. Thermal energy is transferred in this way until both substances have the same thermal energy and temperature. For a visual introduction to these concepts, watch the animation “Temperature vs. Heat” at this URL:.   Q: Kinetic energy of moving particles of matter, measured by their temperatures are known as:   A:
****
A: thermal energy

Problem:OPTIONS:
- secretion
- excretion
- swallowing
- ingestion

Answer the following question given this paragraph:      Q: What is the scientific term for the act of eating or feeding?   A:
****
A:

assistant: ingestion