user: input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph:   12.5 Communication Between Neurons The basis of the electrical signal within a neuron is the action potential that propagates down the axon. For a neuron to generate an action potential, it needs to receive input from another source, either another neuron or a sensory stimulus. That input will result in opening ion channels in the neuron, resulting in a graded potential based on the strength of the stimulus. Graded potentials can be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing and can summate to affect the probability of the neuron reaching threshold. Graded potentials can be the result of sensory stimuli. If the sensory stimulus is received by the dendrites of a unipolar sensory neuron, such as the sensory neuron ending in the skin, the graded potential is called a generator potential because it can directly generate the action potential in the initial segment of the axon. If the sensory stimulus is received by a specialized sensory receptor cell, the graded potential is called a receptor potential. Graded potentials produced by interactions between neurons at synapses are called postsynaptic potentials (PSPs). A depolarizing graded potential at a synapse is called an excitatory PSP, and a hyperpolarizing graded potential at a synapse is called an inhibitory PSP. Synapses are the contacts between neurons, which can either be chemical or electrical in nature. Chemical synapses are far more common. At a chemical synapse, neurotransmitter is released from the presynaptic element and diffuses across the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitter binds to a receptor protein and causes a change in the postsynaptic membrane (the PSP). The neurotransmitter must be inactivated or removed from the synaptic cleft so that the stimulus is limited in time. The particular characteristics of a synapse vary based on the neurotransmitter system produced by that neuron. The cholinergic system is found at the neuromuscular junction and in certain places within the nervous system. Amino acids, such as glutamate, glycine, and gamma-aminobutyric...   Q: What are the contacts between neurons called?   A:
OPTIONS:
- neurapses
- impulses
- electrodes
- synapses
output: synapses

Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph:      Q: What do you call an incomplete outer shell of an atom?   A:

OPTIONS:
- helium shell
- motile shell
- nucleic shell
- valence shell

A: valence shell

input: OPTIONS:
- molecules
- electrons
- compounds
- protons Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph:   All the atoms of a given element have the same number of protons in their nucleus, but they may have different numbers of neutrons. Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes. Many elements have one or more isotopes that are radioactive. These isotopes are called radioisotopes . Their nuclei are unstable, so they break down, or decay, and emit radiation.   Q: All the atoms of a given element have the same number of what in their nucleus, though they may have different numbers of neutrons?   A:
A:
output: protons

Answer the following question given this paragraph:   When magma heats groundwater, it may come to the surface as a hot spring or a geyser.   Q: When magma heats groundwater, it may come to the surface as a hot spring or a what?   A:

OPTIONS:
- pond
- cave
- volcano
- geyser

Answer: geyser

Problem: OPTIONS:
- overpopulation
- depletion
- mutation
- extinction
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph:      Q: By impacting plant species and the animals they support, destruction of habitat threatens what event?   A:
Answer: extinction

Answer the following question given this paragraph:   Zinc reacting with hydrochloric acid produces bubbles of hydrogen gas.   Q: Zinc reacting with hydrochloric acid produces bubbles of which gas?   A:

OPTIONS:
- carbon
- helium
- mustard
- hydrogen

Answer:

assistant: hydrogen