Lok Sabha Question No. 239 (STARRED), answered on 2015-08-05
Subject: Dictionary of Hindi Etymology
Ministry: HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
Asked by: PRAHLAD SINGH PATEL

**LOK SABHA STARRED QUESTION NO.239 TO BE ANSWERED ON 5.8.2015 ASKED BY SHRI PRAHLAD SINGH PATEL, HON’BLE M.P.  REGARDING “DICTIONARY OF HINDI ETYMOLOGY”**

**INDEX**

|   **S.NO.** | **PARTICULARS**                  | **PAGE NO.**   |
|-------------|----------------------------------|----------------|
|          1. | **REPLY IN ENGLISH**             | 1              |
|          2. | **STATEMENT IN ENGLISH**         | 2              |
|          3. | **REPLY IN HINDI**               | 3              |
|          4. | **STATEMENT IN HINDI**           | 4              |
|          5. | **EXECUTIVE SUMMARY IN ENGLISH** | 5-6            |
|          6. | **EXECUTIVE SUMMARY IN HINDI**   | 7-8            |
|          7. | **NOTE FOR SUPPLEMENTARIES**     | 9-19           |

**GOVERNMENT OF INDIA**

**MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT**

**DEPARTMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION**

**LOK SABHA**

**STARRED QUESTION NO.239**

**TO BE ANSWERED ON 5.8.2015**

**DICTIONARY OF HINDI ETYMOLOGY**

**†*239.	SHRI PRAHLAD SINGH PATEL:**

Will the Minister of HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT be pleased to state:

1. whether the Central Hindi Directorate proposes to bring out a dictionary of Hindi Etymology;
2. if so,  the details thereof;
3. whether it is proposed to include common scientific terms and new electronic terms in the said dictionary and if so, the details thereof; and
4. whether words from rich languages such as Bundeli, Rajasthani, etc. are likely to be included in the dictionary as synonyms and if so, the details thereof?

**ANSWER**

**MINISTER OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT**

**(SMT. SMRITI ZUBIN IRANI)**

1. to (d):	A statement is laid on the table of the House.

***

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**STATEMENT REFERRED TO IN REPLY TO PARTS (a) TO (d) OF LOK SABHA STARRED QUESTION NO.239 ASKED BY SHRI PRAHLAD SINGH PATEL, HON’BLE M.P. FOR 5.8.2015 REGARDING DICTIONARY OF HINDI ETYMOLOGY**

| (a) & (b)   | **:**   | Yes Madam. Central Hindi Directorate started the work from 2014-15 on the project named ‘Hindi Vyutpatti Kosh’.  Total number of entries selected are approximately 1,00,000 and about 6000 of them have been completed.   For Hindi Etymology the work so far available in the field is not much.  With this background, the Directorate has initiated the project of ‘Hindi Vyutpatti Kosh’.   |
|-------------|---------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| (c)         | **:**   | Common scientific terms and new electronic terms, those are popular in Hindi, like ईपॉक्सीकरण, सॉकेट, स्वि‍च, माउस, मल्टीमीडिया, ई-मेल, प्रिंटर, स्कैनर, मोबाईल, फोन, डिस्पेंसरी, हॉस्पीटल, डी वी डी, सी डी, पेन-ड्राइव, स्क्रॉल, सोशल मीडिया, ई-बैंकिंग, अटैची, आउटडोर, एंट्री, असेंबली, पार्लियामेंट, एडवांस, एडवर्टाइसमेंट, आदि have been included.                                           |
| (d)         | **:**   | Words and their synonyms from Hindi dialects such as Bundeli, Rajasthani, Awadhi, Bhojpuri like हरकारा, मोर, तोर, खांटी, चलणी, बाखड़ी, बावड़ी, चौरस, खटिया, छवाई, छै, आदि and other Indian languages have been included.                                                                                                                                                                         |
|             |         |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |

***

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**17** **th** **Position**

**LOK SABHA STARRED QUESTION NO. 239 TO BE ANSWERED ON 5.8.2015 ASKED BY SHRI PRAHLAD SINGH PATEL, HON’BLE M.P.  REGARDING ‘’DICTIONARY OF HINDI ETYMOLOGY’**

**EXECUTIVE SUMMARY**

**The thrust of the question is regarding preparation of ‘Hindi Dictionary of Etymology’ and whether it includes common scientific terms and new electronic terms and whether it also includes words from rich languages such as Bundeli, Rajasthani, etc., and their details.**

Article 351 of Constitution of India lays down a mandate on Govt. of India that “it shall be the duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the elements of the composite culture of India and to secure its enrichment by assimilating without interfering with its genius  the forms, style and expressions used in Hindustani and in other languages of India specified in the Eighth Schedule, and by drawing, wherever necessary or desirable, for its vocabulary, primarily on Sanskrit and secondarily on other languages.”

Govt. of India has allocated business to various Ministries/Departments through Allocation of Business Rules.  Vide item No.9, the work of “Development and propagation of Hindi, include multi-lingual dictionaries.” has been allocated to Department of Higher Education.

The Central Hindi Directorate (CHD), a subordinate office of Ministry of Human Resource Development, Department of Higher Education, established in 1960, is implementing, inter alia, a scheme of Preparation of Dictionaries.

CHD has proposed to bring out a **Dictionary of Hindi Etymology.** Etymology is the study of words and the way in which their meaning have changed throughout history and the origin of a word, the historical development of its meaning. Etymology is basic need and component of any developed language. In Hindi, available work done by others on etymology is not satisfactory because a few smaller ones are prepared and published by individuals. Keeping this in view, Central Hindi Directorate has initiated the project in 2013-14 but actual work started from 2014-15 on this project named ‘Hindi Vyutpatti Kosh’ in a comprehensive way to make it useful for all purposes for scholars , researchers, teachers, students etc.

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For the proposed ‘Hindi Vyutpatti Kosh’, approximately 1 lakh words have been selected.  The Selection of words has been made by the Directorate according to standard procedures with the help of external language experts from all over India.  These words have been selected from college/university level text books, standard works of Hindi Literature, periodicals and previously published various standard dictionaries.  These words include common scientific terms and new electronic terms those are popular in Hindi like ईपॉक्सीकरण, सॉकेट, स्वि‍च, माउस, मल्टीमीडिया, ई-मेल, प्रिंटर, स्कैनर, मोबाईल, फोन, डिस्पेंसरी, हॉस्पीटल, डी वी डी, सी डी, पेन-ड्राइव, स्क्रॉल, सोशल मीडिया ई-बैंकिंग, अटैची, आउटडोर, एंट्री, असेंबली, पार्लियामेंट, एडवांस, एडवर्टाइसमेंट.  The words and their synonyms are drawn from all Indian Languages and Hindi Dialects such as Bundeli, Rajasthani, Awadhi, Bhojpuri, such as हरकारा, मोर, तोर, खांटी, चलणी, बाखड़ी, बावड़ी, चौरस, खटिया, छवाई, छै.  Of these 1 lakh words, about 2400 words come in the category of common scientific terms and new electronic terms.  Coming to words from Hindi Dialects, this component may be around 18000.  This is not fixed.  With the progress of the work, this may vary and the number of total words may also increase.

It gives grammatical category, origin of word, historical development, their derived literal and general meaning, subject wise definition /explanation /conception, see comparison.

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**17** **th** **Position**

**LOK SABHA STARRED QUESTION NO. 239 TO BE ANSWERED ON 5.8.2015 ASKED BY SHRI PRAHLAD SINGH PATEL, HON’BLE M.P.  REGARDING ‘’DICTIONARY OF HINDI ETYMOLOGY”**

**NOTE FOR SUPPLEMENTARIES**

Vide Govt. of India, Allocation of Business Rules, the following items of business, related to development of Hindi and other languages have been allocated to Department of Higher Education:

“9. Development and propagation of Hindi, including multi-lingual dictionaries,

10. Grant of Financial assistance for the teaching and promotion of Hindi.

11. Propagation and development of Sanskrit.

41. Schemes for grant of financial assistance to Voluntary organizations for promotion of modern Indian languages.”

For discharge of the above items of work, 11 language institutions function under the Language Division of this Department.

**1.** **CENTRAL HINDI DIRECTORATE (CHD)**

#### 1.1 	Background

The Central Hindi Directorate (CHD) was established in 1960 by the Presidential Order in pursuance of the special directive of the Constitution envisaged in Article 351, which reads as under:

*"It shall be the duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language, to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the elements of the composite culture of India and to secure its enrichment by assimilating without interfering with its genius, the forms, style and expressions used in Hindustani and in the other languages of India specified in the Eighth Schedule, and by drawing, wherever necessary or desirable, for its vocabulary, primarily on Sanskrit and secondarily on other languages."*

The Eighth Schedule under Article 344 (1) and 351 enumerates the following Languages: Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu.

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#### 1.2	Objectives

The policy makers desired to develop Hindi so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the elements of the composite culture of India. It was therefore, made a duty of the Union Govt. along with the promotion of Hindi to develop it and accordingly the Central Hindi Directorate (CHD) was established. Deriving its commitments from the above directive, the Directorate has been implementing a number of schemes to achieve the objective as enshrined in the Constitution and to perform the duty of the Union Govt. as per Constitutional Directive.   Some of the schemes through CHD  are: -

1. 	Correspondence Courses.  Teaching of Hindi to non-Hindi speaking Indians and foreigners as second and foreign language, respectively. Over 10,000 students are taught Hindi every year.

2. 	Publication.  Preparation of dictionaries in regional and foreign languages and publishing standard reference material for the learners of Hindi, the scholar and the highest teacher.  Preparation of dictionaries and conversational books in bi-lingual, tri- lingual and multi-lingual.

3. 	Extension Programmes:

1. Organising camps for neo-Hindi writers to harness budding writers into eminent litterateurs. **)**
2. **The study tours for students:** The study tours are organised for Hindi students every year.
3. **Professors lecture tours:** It provides a forum for interaction of Professors from non-Hindi speaking areas with those of Hindi speaking areas.
4. **Grants to research scholars:** Grants are provided to students for pursuing higher studies in Hindi.
5. **Awards.** Awards of Rs.1.00 lakh each are given to written from non-Hindi speaking areas for their writing in Hindi. Awards are also given to original writings in Hindi irrespective of mother tongue for production of books of Science, Technology, Education and Education Policy.

**4. 	Grants to Voluntary Hindi Organizations (VHOs)** .  Grant-in-aid is provided to the VHOs functioning in non-Hindi speaking states of the country. This is a unique scheme by associating voluntary organizations. CHD promotes Hindi by associating people who voluntarily participate in propagation of Hindi in their areas but also ensure private participation in implementation of the Government scheme.

Keeping the constitutional injunction of the Central Hindi Directorate four regional offices of the Directorate were set up in Chennai, Hyderabad, Guwahati and Kolkata.

The Directorate through Hindi language is trying not only to unite the people but also make Hindi accessible to other language speaking people by preparing dictionaries of Indian languages, which evidently shows the pan-Indian image of Hindi. India, with the help of foreign language dictionaries has been able to fortify relations with its neighbouring and other countries. Further,

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this has enabled successful creation of a language bridge for exchange of ideas between India and other countries.

There have been exceptional growth in its programmes and its functional mechanism has also undergone tremendous changes.  The Directorate at present is executing several important programmes for the purpose of truly expressing all ingredients of the composite culture of India through the development, enrichment and propagation of Hindi.

**2.** **COMMISSION FOR SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL TERMINOLOGY (CSTT)**

Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology was set up on 1 st October, 1961 by a resolution of Government of India, then Ministry of Education, now Ministry of Human Resource Development (HRD).  The resolution of the Government was as per the recommendations of a Committee constituted under the provisions of Clause (4) of Article 344 of the Constitution.  The functions of the Commission as per the resolution are:-

1. Review of the work done so far in the field of scientific and technical terminology in the light of the principles laid down in paragraph 3 of the Presidential Order of 1960.
2. Formulation of principles relating to evolution and coordination of scientific and technical terminology in Hindi and other languages.
3. Coordination of the work done by different agencies in the States in the field of scientific and technical terminology, with the consent or at the instance of the State governments concerned, and approval of glossaries for use in Hindi and other Indian languages as may be submitted to it by the concerned agencies
4. The Commission may also take up preparation of standard scientific textbooks using the new terminology evolved or approved by it, preparation of scientific and technical dictionaries and translation into Indian languages of scientific books in foreign languages.

**2.1** **Duties and Functions of the Commission:**

1. To evolve and define scientific and technical terms in Hindi and all Indian languages and publish glossaries, definitional dictionaries, encyclopaedia.
2. To see that the evolved terms and their definitions reach the students, teachers, scholars, scientists, officers, etc.
3. To ensure proper usage/ necessary updation/ correction/ improvement on the work done (through workshops/ training programmes/ orientation programmes/ seminars) by obtaining useful feedback.
4. To encourage technical writings in Hindi and other Indian languages by sponsoring seminars/conferences/symposia on scientific and technical subjects.
5. To coordinate with all states to ensure uniformity of terminology in Hindi and other Indian languages (Through State Governments/Granth Academies/University Cells/ Glossary Clubs or other agencies).
6. To publish/encourage publication of books in Hindi and Indian languages for popularization and usage of standard terminology.

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**2.2** **PROGRAMMES OF THE COMMISSION**

The Commission is working on the following areas:

1. Preparation and publication of English-Hindi technical dictionaries/glossaries.
2. Preparation and publication of English-Regional language technical dictionaries/glossaries.
3. Preparation and publication of trilingual glossaries.
4. Preparation and publication of national terminology.
5. Identification of pan-Indian terms.
6. Preparation and publication of definitional dictionaries.
7. Preparation and publication of learner’s glossaries.
8. Preparation, approval/publication of Departmental glossaries.
9. Propagation, expansion and critical review of terms coined and defined.
10. Production of university level books in Hindi and regional languages.
11. Publication of monographs.
12. Publication of journals.
13. Free distribution of publications.
14. Organising exhibitions.

**2.3** **Brief Description of Schemes:**

The mission of the Commission is to evolve and define scientific and technical terms in Hindi and other modern Indian languages to facilitate change in the medium of instruction and the related works.  Some of the important activities of the Commission are as under:

1. **Evolution of Hindi Terminology** : After selection of English Technical Terms, their equivalents are evolved and standardized and put to test for obtaining feedback.

2. **National Terminology** :  This is a scheme which has been initiated in the last 2-3 years wherein attempt is being made to compile and evolve the terminologies in various Indian languages at one place and prepare National Terminology Glossaries.

3. **Departmental Terminology** :  The Commission approves or evolves terminologies for different Government and Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) for their internal and general use.

4. **Learners’ Glossaries** :  The scheme is aimed at developing special glossaries for school level students and teachers to enable proper usage of terminology.

5. **Definitional Dictionaries and Encyclopedias** :  In a Definitional Dictionary or an encyclopedia not only the equivalent of a technical term is given but it is also explained in a simple terms so that the concept is also understood

6. **Propagation Programmes** :  The Commission organizes Training programmes, Orientation programmes, Workshops, Seminars/Conferences/Symposia for the propagation, review and updation of the work done by it.  The Commission organizes around 30 programmes in a year in different parts of the country.

7. **University level Book Production** :  This is a Grant-in-Aid scheme in which the Commission provides grants to different 22 Granth Academies, State Textbook Boards and University Cells for production of Textbooks, Reference material etc

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**List of Grantee Organisations**

| **1.**   | Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthan,  Lucknow                                                    | **12.**   | Gujarat State University Granth Nirman Board,  Ahmedabad                       |
|----------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **2.**   | Bihar Hindi Granth Academy,  Patna                                                        | **13.**   | State Institute of Languages,  Kerala                                          |
| **3.**   | Madhya Pradesh Hindi Granth Academy,  Bhopal                                              | **14.**   | Orissa State Bureau of Textbook Preparation  and Production,  Bhubaneshwar.    |
| **4.**   | Rajasthan Hindi Granth Academy,  Jaipur                                                   | **15.**   | Punjab State University Textbook Board,  Chandigarh                            |
| **5.**   | Haryana Sahitya Academy,  Panchkula                                                       | **16.**   | West Bengal State Book Board,  Kolkata                                         |
| **6.**   | Chhattisgarh Rajya Hindi Granth Academy,  Raipur                                          | **17.**   | Tamilnadu State Council for Higher Education,  Chennai                         |
| **7.**   | Publication Directorate,  G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology,  Pant Nagar | **18.**   | Department of Publication,  University of Guwahati,                            |
| **8.**   | Directorate of Publication,  Haryana Agriculture University                               | **19.**   | Department of Kannada Studies,  University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore |
| **9.**   | Hindi Medium Implementation Directorate,  Delhi University,                               | **20.**   | Publication Division (Prasaranga),  University of Mysore                       |
| **10.**  | Physics Cell,  Banaras Hindu University,                                                  | **21.**   | Tezpur University,  Tezpur                                                     |
| **11.**  | Telugu Academy,  Hyderabad                                                                | **22.**   | North East Hill  University,  Shillong                                         |

8. **Publication of Monographs & Journals** :  The Commission publishes reference material in Hindi concerning different areas and two journals in Hindi- Gyan Garima Sindhu (For Humanities and Social Sciences) and Vigyan Garima Sindhu (For Pure and Applied Sciences).

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**3.** **KENDRIYA HINDI SANSTHAN (KHS)**

**3.1** **Background**

Central Institute of Hindi, i.e. Kendriya Hindi Sansthan, Agra is an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Govt. of India.  It was established by the Department of Education, Government of India in 1960. It is governed by Kendriya Hindi Shikshan Mandal, Agra.  KHS has eight Centres i.e.:  Delhi (1970), Hyderabad (1976), Guwahati (1978), Shillong (1987), Mysore (1988), Dimapur (2003), Bhubaneshwer (2003) and Ahmadabad (2006).

**3.2** **Objectives**

1. 	Development and promotion of Hindi as pan-India and global language (in accordance with Article 351 of the Constitution)

2. 	Teaching Hindi at multi-levels, research on linguistic and literature, comparative linguistics, teaching Hindi to teachers, course design at various levels and conducting examination at different levels

3. 	Creation of Hindi Encyclopedia in terms of different languages and Loksbdkosh. Publication of magazines and books based on various aspects of Hindi teaching.

4. 	Provide fellowship, scholarships and prizes and conduct seminars, exhibitions, workshops, renewal programs. Encourage Hindi promoting institutions and authors from various fields.

The Sansthan is  governed by the Memorandum of Assosication and its day to day functions are governed by the Rules and Bye Laws framed under it.  The name of the society which governs/manages KHS is the Kendriya Hindi Shikshan Mandal.

Hindi works is a vital link for National Integration in India. The Institute imbibes this characteristic of Hindi in all its activities. The Institute has been oriented to realize this goal through its various disciplines and the programs organized there. In this background the Institute has put some objectives in its memorandum. These can be enshrined as following:-

1. To improve the standards of teaching of Hindi at various levels to train Hindi teachers to provide for the advanced study of Hindi language and literature and comparative linguistics of difference Indian languages in relation to Hindi, to organise research in the teaching of the subject, to formulate, undertake and facilitate such course as are conducive to the development and propagation of Hindi as an all Indian language as envisaged in Article 351 of the Constitution.
2. To hold examinations and grant diploma.
3. To prepare suitable text books at various levels.
4. To undertake and provide for publication of journals and periodicals in furtherance of its object.
5. To institute and award fellowships, scholarships, prizes and medals in accordance with the rules and bye laws adopted from time to time.
6. To conduct seminars, exhibitions, refresher course and symposia for propagation of Hindi.

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**4.** **DICTIONARY OF HINDI ETYMOLOGY/HINDI VYUTPATTI KOSH**

Central Hindi Directorate (CHD) has proposed to bring out a **Dictionary of Hindi Etymology.** Etymology is the study of words and the way in which their meaning have changed throughout history and the origin of a word, the historical development of its meaning. Etymology is basic need and component of any developed language.  Materials available at present lack substance and did not fulfill the actual requirements of the users. Keeping this view. The Central Hindi Directorate initiated the project in 2013-14 but actually work started from 2014-15 on this project named ‘Hindi Vyutapatti Kosh’.   This work on Hindi etymology will serve the total purpose of every person-scholars, researchers, teachers, students and who want to use and work on Hindi.

**4.1** **Hindi – Hindi Dictionary**

The objective of preparing Hindi- Hindi Dictionaries is to acquaint and provide detailed information regarding lexicon of Hindi to curious Hindi and non-Hindi speaking people.

Under this programme, three types of dictionaries are being prepared:-

1. Hindi-Hindi   laghu kosh (Dictionary) [pre-middle level (8th standard)]
2. Abhinav Hindi Kosh (Dictionary) (Secondary Level)(A dictionary  of Hindi Neologism)
3. Comprehensive Hindi-Hindi Dictionary (Higher Level).
4. Hindi Vyutpatti Kosh (under preparation).

**4.2** **PROCESS / PROCEDURE**

1. **Selection of Words**

1. In previous year, those new words (Technical and non-Technical) which after being used by various branches of Education and periodicals in Indian languages and different dialects of Hindi have gained standard form and are often not available in other dictionaries, they have been included along with common words in these dictionaries. At the same time as per need the definition of technical terms have also been given unlike other dictionaries.
2. The selection of words is done by officers of the Directorate and external experts from college / university level text books, standard works of Hindi literature, periodicals and previously published various standard dictionaries.
3. Besides giving grammatical category, their derived literal and general meaning, subject wise definition /explanation /conception, equivalents for reference, see  comparison, antonyms etc. of entries if necessary English equivalents (in roman Script ) are also given. At the same time, idioms are also used as per requirements.

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1. **Selection of Experts**

1. Such scholars are selected as experts who are well-versed in lexicography, have published important work at their credit as lexicographer or dictionary editor of have established themselves as renowned linguist / linguistics /etymologist/ grammarian or have knowledge of various forms of Hindi language literature along with specialized teaching or research /editing experience in other subjects (science ,humanities etc.).

1. If necessary the scholars/experts are asked to send bio-data. If found suitable the work is entrusted to them.
2. If the work of any expert is found unsatisfactory, the residual work is withdrawn.
3. Scholars/experts selected for lexicography shall have to place their services till the termination of project.
4. Help of language experts is also sought at the level of vetting and editing.
5. If the contribution of any expert is less than seventy percent then no credit is given to him in the concerned dictionary.
6. Depending on the requirements for lexical work and considering the availability of experts, cooperation of two to five experts is generally availed.

1. **Equivalents / Meanings**

1. Officers of Directorate and experts after having detailed discussion determine the various equivalents /meaning of basic entries.
2. For entries having more than one equivalent /meaning, then for equivalents comma (,) between the words has been inserted, for nearest but with little difference between two meanings semi-colon (;) has been inserted and for showing distinction in the meanings, the meanings have been given as 1………………2……………3……….
3. For entries having more than one meaning, firstly words with similar and in use meaning are placed thereafter words with different meaning have been given respectively.

1. **Standardisation**

The evaluation of standard spellings of Hindi in ready manuscript is done by officers of the Directorate and always, prescribed standard spellings are used.

The list of Hindi-Hindi Dictionaries published by Directorate placed at Annexure 'A'.

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**4.3** **DICTIONARIES OF INDIAN LANGUAGES –BILINGUAL**

Under this programme, Hindi based/ other languages based bilingual, trilingual and multilingual dictionaries of various Indian languages are prepared. These dictionaries are complied with a view to encourage intellectual and cultural exchange between different states and to acquaint the people of the country with immense word-stock of all languages.

Dictionary of Hindi Etymology named ‘Hindi Vyutpatti Kosh’ has been started during 2014-15 and the same is under preparation. Total number of 1,00,000 entries have been selected and  approximately 6000 of them have been  written. Hindi Etymology is a vast subject. Hindi owes its origin from shauraseni  Prakrit and Khadi boli. Hindi lexicon is based upon the twin poles of Sanskrit  Tatsams and Tadbhavs  on the one hand and Arabic –Persian influence on the other with a history that stretches back over a millennium.

Hindi lexicon comprises of the Tatsams component ( words taken directly from Sanskrit), the Tadbhav components (words adapted from Sanskrit)  Deshaj components ( words of Prakrit/Aphabhramsha origin)  and  the Videshi  components ( words of Arabic-Persian origin and English origin.  Usually, in written Hindi the Tatsam components dominate,  but as far as spoken Hindi is concerned, the proportions of each component vary from region to region and subculture to subculture.

**5.** **OTHER LANGUAGE INSTITUTIONS**

**5.1** **The Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL) at Mysore**

The CIIL, Mysore is a subordinate office of the Ministry of Human Resource Development, was set up in 1969.  Its mandate is: -

- Advices and assists central as well as State Governments in the matters of language.
- Contributes to the development of all Indian Languages by creating content and corpus.
- Protects and Documents Minor, Minority and Tribal Languages.
- Promotes linguistic harmony by teaching 15 Indian Languages to non-native learners.
- The Scheme seeks to develop Indian languages through research, development of human resource and the production of materials in modern Indian languages, including tribal/ minor/ minority languages.

There are seven Regional Language Centres located at Bhubaneswar, Pune, Mysore, Patiala, Guwahati, Solan and Lucknow. The centres work for the implementation of the three language formula of the Government and preparation of instructional materials. The RLCs conduct teacher-training programmes wherein the secondary school teachers deputed by States and Union Territories are trained in languages other than their mother tongue.

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**5.2** **Central Institute of Classical Tamil (CICT), Chennai**

The CICT was set up in Chennai in 2009 to promote Classical Tamil.

- Main Schemes being implemented by CICT are -Ten major projects, Awards, Fellowships, Grant in Aid for Short term projects, Programmes (Meetings, Workshops, Training and Seminars), Library, Publications (Newsletter, Books & CDs), Website. Presidential Awards for classical Tamil are given by the President of India. In addition, Fellowships have been awarded to deserving young scholars engaged in research on classical Tamil. Financial Assistance for Short term projects have been extended to eminent scholars associated with reputed research institutions.

**5.3:** **Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, (Deemed University), New Delhi**

- Established in 1970 and Declared Deemed to be University w.e.f. 7 th May, 2002.
- Propagation and preservation of Sanskrit language and literature and traditional Shastras.
- To encourage the learning of Sanskrit all over the country and aboard.
- To promote both Pali and Prakrit languages and their literatures.

**5.4** MAHARISHI SANDIPANI RASHTIRYA VED VDIYA PRATISHTHAN (MSRVVP) UJJAIN

- Established in January, 1987, it has 400 Vedic institutions under it.
- Provides financial assistance to Vedic Pathshalas towards honorarium of Ved teachers and stipend to students.
- Preservation of Oral Tradition of Vedic Recitation.

**5.5** **RASHTIRYA SANSKRIT VIDYAPEETHA (RSV), TIRUPATI**

- The Vidyapeetha was established at Tirupati (A.P.) in 1961 and got the status of “Deemed to be University” in the year 1987.
- Imparts education in Sanskrit medium in Sastric subjects viz. Sahitya Nyaya, Vyakarnana Jyotisha, Advaita Vedanata, Visistavaita Vedanta, Dvaita Vedanta, Puranetibasa, Mimamsa, Samkhya Yoga, Dharmasastra and Agamas.

**5.6** **SHRI LAL BAHADUR SHASTRI RASHTIRYA SANSKRIT VIDYAPEETHA (SLBSRSV) NEW DELHI**

- The Vidyapeetha was established in 1962 and was taken over by the Government of India and on the 21st December 1970 and got the status of Deemed to be University in 1983.
- To undertake interpretation of the Shastras.
- To establish their relevance to the problems in the modern context.
- To provide means for intensive training in modern as well as Shastric lore for teachers

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**5.7** **NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR PROMOTION OF URDU LANGUAGE (NCPUL) NEW DELHI**

- Established in 1996.
- To   promote, develop and propagate Urdu language.
- National Nodal Agency for the promotion of the Urdu language.
- An effective coordination mechanism for promotion of Urdu language and Urdu medium education in India.
- Promotion of Arabic & Persian languages.

**5.8** **NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR PROMOTION OF SINDHI LANGUAGE (NCPSL) NEW DELHI**

- Established in 1994.
- The objective is to promote, develop and propagate Sindhi language.
- Making available in Sindhi, the knowledge of scientific and technological development.

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