Lok Sabha Question No. 1006 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2025-12-05
Subject: Use of AI based Digital Content in Judiciary
Ministry: LAW AND JUSTICE
Asked by: Shri Suresh Kumar Shetkar, Shri Vijayakumar Alias Vijay Vasanth

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF LAW AND JUSTICE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

## LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 1006 TO BE ANSWERED ON FRIDAY, THE 05 th  DECEMBER, 2025

## USE OF AI BASED DIGITAL CONTENT IN JUDICIARY

1006. Shri Vijayakumar Alias Vijay Vasanth:

Shri Suresh Kumar Shetkar:

Will the Minister of LAW AND JUSTICE be pleased to state:

- (a) whether the judiciary has observed instances of morphed or fabricated digital content, including  videos,  affecting  public  perception,  and  if  so,  the  details  thereof,  and  the measures being considered to prevent such misuse;
- (b) whether a formal policy or set of guidelines exists for the adoption and use of artificial intelligence tools in judicial processes, and if so, the details thereof, and reasons for its scope;
- (c) whether the judiciary is aware of systemic biases embedded within generative AI systems being  used  in  court  functions,  and  if  so,  the  details  thereof,  and  measures  being undertaken to ensure fairness and neutrality;
- (d) whether there  have  been  concerns  about  AI  systems  operating  as  'black  boxes'  with opaque internal logic in judicial functions, and so, the details thereof, and reasons why transparency mechanisms have not been fully implemented; and
- (e) whether  the  use  of  AI  in  court  proceedings  may  generate  unintended  content  or misleading outcomes, and the strategies in place to minimize errors and misrepresentation?

## ANSWER

## MINISTER OF STATE (INDEPENDENT CHARGE) OF THE MINISTRY OF LAW AND JUSTICE; AND MINISTER OF STATE IN THE MINISTRY OF PARLIAMENTARY AFFAIRS

## (SHRI ARJUN RAM MEGHWAL)

(a): Yes, cases related to morphed or fabricated digital content are filed in courts under the Information Technology Act, 2000 covering offenses like identity theft (Section 66C), cheating by personation using computer resources (Section 66D), publishing or transmitting obscene or harmful digital material (Sections 67, 67A and 67B) etc. Cases are also registered under Bharatiya

Nyaya  Sanhita,  2023  covering  offences  relating  to  cheating  by  personation  (Section  319), electronic  forgery  and  related  falsification  of  records  (Section  336)  and  forgery  of  electronic records (Section 340). While dealing with such cases, the judiciary has recognised the growing risk posed by manipulated digital material and its potential impact on public perception.

Several  measures  have  been  undertaken  to  address  these concerns, including the introduction of various amendments to the Information Technology Act, 2000 and the enactment of new criminal laws in 2023. In addition, procedures for the authentication and admissibility of electronic records have been strengthened under Section 63 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, which mandates electronic record authentication certificates for establishing the authenticity of digital evidence.

Further,  as  part  of  the  eCourts  Mission  Mode  project,  a  large  number  of  the  court proceedings  are  being  live-streamed  to  enhance  transparency.  Authentic  copies  of  court judgements  are  made  available  on  the  Judgement  Search  Portal  to  ensure  accessibility  and reliability of judicial decisions.

(b) to (e): As part of the National eGovernance Plan, Phase-III of the eCourts Mission Mode project  with  an  outlay  of  Rs  7210  crore  is  under  implementation  for  ICT  (Information  and Communication Technology) in the Indian Judiciary. Its vision is to transform the judicial system with  Information  and  Communication  Technology  enablement  of  courts  and  to  enhance  the judicial  productivity,  both  qualitatively  &  quantitatively,  making  the  justice  delivery  system accessible, cost effective, reliable, and transparent.

Under eCourts Project Phase III, an amount of Rs. 53.57 crore has been earmarked for the component 'Future Technological Advancements (AI, Blockchain etc)' to integrate modern technologies for smoother user experience. The Supreme Court of India constituted Artificial Intelligence Committee to explore the use of AI in the judicial domain. However, no formal policy or guidelines exist for adopting AI tools in judicial processes, as AI-based solutions remain in the controlled pilot phase and authorities use AI only within the areas approved in the DPR of eCourts Phase III.

Judiciary  is  aware  that  integrating  AI  into  judicial  processes  poses  key  challenges such as algorithmic bias, language and translation issues, data privacy and security concerns, and  the  need  for  manual  verification  of  AI-generated  outputs.  The  Chairperson  of  the eCommittee, Supreme Court of India has formed a Sub-Committee of six High Court judges with technical experts to recommend secure connectivity and authentication mechanism for data and privacy protection, assess the digital infrastructure and service delivery systems under the eCourts Project to strengthen data security.

An AI based software tool called Legal Research Analysis Assistant [LegRAA] has been developed to aid judges in legal research and document analysis. Another AI based tool called Digital Courts 2.1 has been designed to assist Hon'ble Judges and Judicial Officers by providing a single window for managing all case-related information and tasks. The platform includes voice-to-text (ASR-SHRUTI) and translation (PANINI) functionalities to assist the judges with order and judgment dictation. At present, in the pilot phase of AI based solutions, the eCommittee of the Supreme Court of India reports no systemic bias, unintended content, or other issues.

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