Lok Sabha Question No. 4559 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2025-03-27
Subject: Human Development Index of Tribal People
Ministry: TRIBAL AFFAIRS
Asked by: Shri T R Baalu

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF TRIBAL AFFAIRS

## LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO- 4559

TO BE ANSWERED ON- 27/03/2025

## HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX OF TRIBAL PEOPLE

## 4559 SHRI T R BAALU:

Will the Minister of TRIBAL AFFAIRS be pleased to state:

- (a) whether the human development index and per capita income of tribal people in the country has improved during the last ten years;
- (b) if so, the details thereof, State-wise; and
- (c) the action taken by the Government to reduce the acute differences among the States in this regard and to make the living standards of tribal people at even level across the country?

## ANSWER

## MINISTER OF STATE FOR TRIBAL AFFAIRS (SH. DURGADAS UIKEY)

- (a) to (b): Although there are gaps between human development indicators of school enrolment rate, various health indicators and per capita income of tribals, there has been marked improvement in the comparative position of scheduled tribe over the years,
- Table.1 below shows Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) between STs and All for the comparative year 2023-24.

| GER              | GER     | GER     | GER     | GER     | GER     | GER     |
|------------------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|
|                  | 2012-13 | 2012-13 | 2021-22 | 2021-22 | 2023-24 | 2023-24 |
|                  | ST      | ALL     | ST      | ALL     | ST      | ALL     |
| Elementary       | 107.76  | 98.81   | 103.4   | 100.13  | 97.1    | 91.7    |
| Secondary        | 64.94   | 68.71   | 78.1    | 79.56   | 76.9    | 77.4    |
| Senior-Secondary | 28.21   | 40.11   | 52      | 57.56   | 48.7    | 56.2    |

Table.2 shows IMR, Institutional Delivery and Prevalence of Stunting in Children under 5 years

|                  | IMR (Infant deaths per 100000 live birth)   | IMR (Infant deaths per 100000 live birth)   | Institutional Delivery (%)   | Institutional Delivery (%)   | Nutritional Status of Children - Prevalence of stunting in children under (5) years of age (%)   | Nutritional Status of Children - Prevalence of stunting in children under (5) years of age (%)   |
|------------------|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|------------------------------|------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|                  | ST                                          | ALL                                         | ST                           | ALL                          | ST                                                                                               | ALL                                                                                              |
| NFHS 3 (2005-06) | 62.1                                        | 57                                          | 17.7                         | 38.6                         | 53.9                                                                                             | 48                                                                                               |
| NFHS 5 (2019-21) | 41.6                                        | 35.2                                        | 82.3                         | 88.6                         | 40.9                                                                                             | 35.5                                                                                             |

Source: NFHS-3 and NFHS-5

Stunting is defined as a child having a height-for-age more than two standard deviations below the WHO Child Growth Standards median.

Table3. shows average monthly per capita consumption expenditure

|                    | 2011-12 without imputation   | 2011-12 without imputation   | 2023-24 without imputation   | 2023-24 without imputation   |
|--------------------|------------------------------|------------------------------|------------------------------|------------------------------|
| Average MPCEs (Rs) | Rural                        | Urban                        | Rural                        | Urban                        |
| Scheduled Tribes   | 1122                         | 2193                         | 3363                         | 6030                         |
| All                | 1430                         | 2630                         | 4122                         | 6996                         |

Source: Household Consumer Expenditure 2023-24 & 2011-12, MoSPI

Reduction of gap in the HDIs amongst SCs, STs, and other social groups have always been the priority of socio-economic development policy and Government is committed to it.

The Gross Enrolment Ration shows an overall  increase, the health indicators shows positive trend. The per capita consumption among tribals  has increased from 1122 in 2011-12 to 3098 in 202223. The state-wise health indicators are attached as annexure .

(c): On examination we see that there is  improvement in the living standards of tribals. A large number  of  programmes  are  already  in  operation  and  the  aim  is  to  improve  implementation through  monitoring and transparency, so that differences in living standards of tribal people may be  bridged.  To  remove  these  gaps  since  its  inception  in  1999  Ministry  of  Tribal  affairs is  conducting the following  programmes/schemes so that the tribal community is brought at par with the rest of the population.

## (i).Eklavya Model Residential School (EMRS)

Eklavya Model Residential School (EMRS) was started as a Central Sector Scheme in the year 2018-19 to provide quality education at par with Navodaya Vidyalayas to the tribal children in their own environment. Government decided to establish one EMRS in every block having more than 50% ST population and at least 20,000 tribal persons (as per census 2011). Earlier, EMRSs were funded under the programme of Grants under Article 275(1) of the Constitution, which are being upgraded as per the new model. Accordingly, Ministry has set the target to set up total of 728 EMRSs benefiting around 3.5 lakh ST students across the country.  As on date, 718 schools have been sanctioned, out of which 476 EMRSs have been reported to be functional across the country benefiting about 1,36,545 students in 28 States/UTs

## (ii). Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyaan (PM-JANMAN)

Pradhan  Mantri  Janjati  Adivasi  Nyaya  Maha  Abhiyaan  (PM-JANMAN)  is  aimed  at  target development of 75 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) residing in 18 States and 1 UT who  have  been  left  behind  in  the  schemes  of  various  Ministries/Departments.  PM-JANMAN focuses on 11 critical interventions to cover all the eligible PVTG beneficiaries / PVTG villages & habitations based on the existing gaps being captured through mobile app developed for the purpose.The line ministries  are  MoRD,  M/o  Health  and  Family  Welfare,  M/o Jal  Shakti,  M/o Women  and  Child  Development,  M/o  Education,  M/o  Tribal  Affairs,  M/o  Power,  M/o Communications, M/o New and Renewable Energy.

## (iii). Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan (DAJGUA)

Hon'ble PM launched Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan on 2nd October, 2024. The Abhiyan comprises of 25 interventions implemented by 17 line Ministries and aims to saturate infrastructural gaps in  63,843 villages, improve access to health, education, Anganwadi facilities and providing livelihood opportunities benefiting more than 5 crore tribals in 549 districts and 2,911 blocks in 30 States/UTs in 5 years.  Each Ministry has been allocated budget and targets under Abhiyan and is responsible for implementing the intervention assigned to it.  The Abhiyan aims  at  Saturation  through  convergence  and  outreach.  DAJGUA  is  wider  and  larger  than PMJANMAN and will cover more indicators for more beneficiaries.

## (iv) Grants under Proviso to Article 275 (1) of the Constitution

It is a 100% grant from Government of India funded under  to enable the State to meet the cost of such schemes of development as may be undertaken by the State for the purpose of promoting the welfare of Scheduled Tribes in that State for raising the level of administration of Scheduled Areas therein to that of the administration of the rest of the areas of that State. Government has adopted  a  multi-pronged  strategy  for  overall  development  of  tribal  people  across  the  country, which includes various sectors viz. (i) Education (ii) Health (iii) Agriculture, Horticulture, Animal Husbandry (AH), Fisheries, Dairy & other initiatives  in the  Primary Sector (iv) Other income generating  schemes  to  augment  Tribal  household  economy  and  (v)  Administrative  structure  / Institutional framework & Research studies

## (v) Support to TRI

Under this scheme Ministry is funding Protection of Tribal Culture, Traditions and Customs of tribals research on various aspects related to tribal population, tribal festivals and other activities undertaken by the TRIs, including the establishment of Tribal Freedom Fighters' Museums. It majorly helps in building tribal self-worth and esteem.

## (vi) Scholarship schemes of Ministry of Tribal Affairs

Ministry  of  Tribal  Affairs  is  implementing  following  Scholarship  Schemes  to  promote  and encourage basic and higher education amongst ST population: -

(i)  Pre-Matric Scholarship for ST students (Class IX and X):  It is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme implemented through respective State/UT administrations.

( ii) Post Matric Scholarship for ST students (Class XI and above):  It is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme implemented through respective Ste/UT administrations.

(iii) National Fellowship and Scholarship for Higher Education for ST students:  This a Central Sector Schemes implemented by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs.

(iv) National Overseas Scholarship for ST students: It is a Central Sector Scheme of Ministry of Tribal Affairs under which scholarships are given to the meritorious Schedule Tribe (ST) students for pursuing higher studies abroad.

## (vii) Pradhan Mantri Janjatiya Vikas Mission (PMJVM)

Pradhan Mantri Janjatiya Vikas Mission (PMJVM) aims to strengthen tribal entrepreneurship initiatives and to facilitate livelihood opportunities. The scheme envisages fixation and declaration of Minimum Support Price for the selected MFPs. Procurement and Marketing operation at pr- fixed MSP will be undertaken by the designated State Agencies in the event of the prevailing market price of the particular MFP item falling below the stipulated MSP. The scheme also address medium  and  long term issues like sustainable collection, value addition, infrastructure development,  knowledge  base  expansion  of  MFP  and  market  intelligence  development.  The component MSP for MFP under PMJVM provides safety net and support to Schedule Tribe and other traditional forest dwellers whose livelihoods depend on collection and selling of MFPs.

## Development Action Plan for Scheduled Tribe (DAPST).

The   Govt  of  India  adopted  Tribal  Sub-Plan/DAPST  as  a  strategy  for  the  socio-economic development of the scheduled tribes in the country. It involves 41ministries and has a multipronged strategy  which  includes  support  for  education,  health,  sanitation,  water  supply,  livelihood  etc. Constant monitoring of the same is done and dashboard is available.

State-wise statement on key indicators i/r of Scheduled Tribe population vis-à-vis Total Population

| NFHS-3 (2005-06)   | NFHS-3 (2005-06)   | NFHS-3 (2005-06)      | NFHS-3 (2005-06)      | NFHS-3 (2005-06)       | NFHS-3 (2005-06)       | NFHS-3 (2005-06)                                                                               |
|--------------------|--------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|------------------------|------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Sr. No             | Name of States/UTs | Infant Mortality Rate | Infant Mortality Rate | Institutional Delivery | Institutional Delivery | Nutritional Status of Children - Prevalence of stunting in children under (5) years of age (%) |
|                    | Name of States/UTs | Total                 | ST                    | Total                  | ST Total               | ST                                                                                             |
|                    | INDIA              | 57.0                  | 62.1                  | 38.6                   | 17.7 48.0              | 53.9                                                                                           |
| 1                  | Andhra Pradesh     | 68.4                  | (94.1)                | 64.4                   | 27.3 42.7              | 54.9                                                                                           |
| 2                  | Arunachal Pradesh  | 66.6                  | 67.6                  | 28.5                   | 29.4 43.3              | 44.3                                                                                           |
| 3                  | Assam              | 70.9                  | (59.0)                | 22.4                   | 23.5 46.5              | 38.1                                                                                           |
| 4                  | Bihar              | 65.0                  | na                    | 19.9                   | na 55.6                | na                                                                                             |
| 5                  | Chhattisgarh       | 80.8                  | 90.6                  | 14.3                   | 3.9 52.9               | 51.6                                                                                           |
| 6                  | Delhi              | 38.5                  | *                     | 58.9                   | * 42.2                 | *                                                                                              |
| 7                  | Goa                | 25.8                  | *                     | 92.3                   | 87.1 25.6              | (35.9)                                                                                         |
| 8                  | Gujarat            | 62.8                  | (86.0)                | 52.7                   | 21.3 51.7              | 60.9                                                                                           |
| 9                  | Haryana            | 44.2                  | na                    | 35.7                   | na 45.7                | na                                                                                             |
| 10                 | Himachal Pradesh   | 38.3                  | *                     | 43.0                   | (44.1) 38.6            | (28.1)                                                                                         |
| 11                 | Jammu & Kashmir    | 45.5                  | (34.3)                | 50.2                   | 27.4 35.0              | 39.5                                                                                           |
| 12                 | Jharkhand          | 76.6                  | 93.0                  | 18.3                   | 7.8 49.8               | 54.5                                                                                           |
| 13                 | Karnataka          | 53.0                  | (45.8)                | 64.7                   | 41.5 43.7              | 51.0                                                                                           |
| 14                 | Kerala             | 17.7                  | *                     | 99.3                   | * 24.5                 | *                                                                                              |

|   15 | Madhya Pradesh   |   81.9 | 95.6   |   26.2 | 8.0   |   50.0 | 56.4   |
|------|------------------|--------|--------|--------|-------|--------|--------|
|   16 | Maharashtra      |   45.3 | 51.4   |   64.6 | 24.2  |   46.3 | 57.8   |
|   17 | Manipur          |   35.9 | 51.2   |   45.9 | 20.4  |   35.6 | 45.6   |
|   18 | Meghalaya        |   48   | 49.3   |   29   | 27.4  |   55.1 | 55.4   |
|   19 | Mizoram          |   33.3 | na     |   59.8 | na    |   39.8 | na     |
|   20 | Nagaland         |   48.3 | 45.8   |   11.6 | 10.2  |   38.8 | 37.2   |
|   21 | Odisha           |   67.7 | 78.7   |   35.6 | 11.7  |   45   | 57.2   |
|   22 | Punjab           |   44.9 | na     |   51.3 | na    |   36.7 | na     |
|   23 | Rajasthan        |   72.7 | 73.2   |   29.6 | 24.7  |   43.7 | 48.8   |
|   24 | Sikkim           |   35.3 | (28.9) |   47.2 | 42.4  |   38.3 | 45.2   |
|   25 | Tamil Nadu       |   37.7 | *      |   87.8 | *     |   30.9 | *      |
|   26 | Tripura          |   57.7 | *      |   46.9 | 31.8  |   35.7 | 30.7   |
|   27 | Uttar Pradesh    |   83   | na     |   20.6 | 1.5   |   56.8 | 68.5   |
|   28 | Uttarakhand      |   54.8 | *      |   32.6 | 7.9   |   44.4 | (47.9) |
|   29 | West Bengal      |   52.1 | *      |   42   | 17.9  |   44.6 | 58.6   |

| NFHS-5 (2019-21)   | NFHS-5 (2019-21)   | NFHS-5 (2019-21)      | NFHS-5 (2019-21)      | NFHS-5 (2019-21)       | NFHS-5 (2019-21)       | NFHS-5 (2019-21)                                                                               | NFHS-5 (2019-21)                                                                               |
|--------------------|--------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|------------------------|------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Sr.No              |                    | Infant Mortality Rate | Infant Mortality Rate | Institutional Delivery | Institutional Delivery | Nutritional Status of Children - Prevalence of stunting in children under (5) years of age (%) | Nutritional Status of Children - Prevalence of stunting in children under (5) years of age (%) |
|                    |                    | Total                 | ST                    | TotalST                | TotalST                | Total                                                                                          | ST                                                                                             |
|                    | INDIA              | 35.2                  | 41.6                  | 88.6                   | 82.3                   | 35.5                                                                                           | 40.9                                                                                           |
| 1                  | Andhra Pradesh     | 30.2                  | na                    | 96.5                   | 89.3                   | 31.2                                                                                           | 41.0                                                                                           |

|   2 | Arunachal Pradesh   | 12.9   | (1.9)   |   79.2 | 80.3        | 28.0   | 27.9   |
|-----|---------------------|--------|---------|--------|-------------|--------|--------|
|   3 | Assam               | 31.9   | 33.9    |   84.1 | 89.8        | 35.3   | 30.7   |
|   4 | Bihar               | 46.8   | 57.0    |   76.2 | 67.7        | 42.9   | 42.4   |
|   5 | Chhattisgarh        | 44.2   | 58.0    |   85.7 | 77.4        | 34.6   | 38.4   |
|   6 | Delhi               | 24.5   | na      |   91.8 | (92.6)      | 30.9   | (25.7) |
|   7 | Goa                 | na     |         |   99.7 | (100.0)25.8 |        | (33.6) |
|   8 | Gujarat             | 31.2   | 31.9    |   94.3 | 89.3        | 39.0   | 45.4   |
|   9 | Haryana             | 33.3   | na      |   94.9 | 95.4        | 27.5   | (39.5) |
|  10 | Himachal Pradesh    | 25.6   | (20.8)  |   88.2 | 82.1        | 30.8   | 32.9   |
|  11 | Jammu& Kashmir      | 16.3   | 30.1    |   92.4 | 77.5        | 26.9   | 26.8   |
|  12 | Jharkhand           | 37.9   | 44.4    |   75.8 | 66.4        | 39.6   | 44.9   |
|  13 | Karnataka           | 25.4   | 28.7    |   97   | 95.7        | 35.4   | 39.5   |
|  14 | Kerala              | 4.4    | na      |   99.8 | 100.0       | 23.4   | 36.9   |
|  15 | Madhya Pradesh      | 41.3   | 41.3    |   90.7 | 82.0        | 35.7   | 40.0   |
|  16 | Maharashtra         | 23.2   | 31.1    |   94.7 | 84.8        | 35.2   | 41.4   |
|  17 | Manipur             | 25.0   | 23.2    |   79.9 | 59.2        | 23.4   | 26.8   |
|  18 | Meghalaya           | 32.3   | 32.6    |   58.1 | 57.6        | 46.5   | 46.6   |
|  19 | Mizoram             | 21.3   | na      |   85.8 | 87.4        | 28.9   | 28.5   |
|  20 | Nagaland            | 23.4   | na      |   45.7 | 43.5        | 32.7   | 32.6   |
|  21 | Odisha              | 36.3   | 55.9    |   92.2 | 82.8        | 31.0   | 42.1   |
|  22 | Punjab              | 28.0   | na      |   94.3 | (86.2)      | 24.5   | na     |
|  23 | Rajasthan           | 30.2   | 43.2    |   94.9 | 94.0        | 31.8   | 35.9   |
|  24 | Sikkim              | 11.2   | na      |   94.7 | 97.1        | 22.3   | 19.7   |
|  25 | Tamil Nadu          | 18.6   | na      |   99.6 | 100.0       | 25.0   | 31.2   |

|   26 | Telangana     |   26.4 | 39.6   |   97.0 |   94.0 |   33.1 |   33.4 |
|------|---------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|
|   27 | Tripura       |   37.6 | 50.8   |   89.2 |   85.9 |   32.3 |   34.2 |
|   28 | Uttar Pradesh |   50.4 | 57.6   |   83.4 |   74.7 |   39.7 |   49.2 |
|   29 | Uttarakhand   |   39.1 | na     |   83.2 |   84.8 |   27   |   23.7 |
|   30 | West Bengal   |   22   | (26.7) |   91.7 |   90.8 |   33.8 |   36.7 |

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