opensansad/lok-sabha-qa huggingface dataset:
Lok Sabha Question No. 181 (STARRED), answered on 2025-08-01
Subject: Nari Adalats
Ministry: WOMEN AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT
Asked by: Smt. Lovely Anand

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF WOMEN AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT

## LOK SABHA STARRED QUESTION NO.*181

TO BE ANSWERED ON 01.08.2025

## NARI ADALATS

- *181. SMT. LOVELY ANAND:

Will the Minister of WOMEN AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT be pleased to state:

- (a) the details of Nari Adalats functioning in the country, State/UT-wise; and
- (b) the details of the cases lying pending in the said courts during the last five years?

## ANSWER

## MINISTER OF WOMEN AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT (SHRIMATI ANNPURNA DEVI)

- (a)  & (b): A Statement is laid on the Table of the House.

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## STATEMENT REFERRED TO IN REPLY TO PART (a)  & (b)  OF  LOK  SABHA STARRED QUESTION NO.*181  FOR  01.08.2025  BY  SMT.  LOVELY  ANAND  ON 'NARI ADALATS'

(a) & (b) Nari Adalat has been introduced as a pilot initiative under the Sambal vertical of Mission  Shakti  for  15th  Finance  Commission  period.  Nari  Adalat  are  structured  through Women Collectives formed at the panchayat level and each collective includes seven to nine members known as Nyaya Sakhis, with one as the Mukhya Nyaya Sakhi to lead and coordinate activities.  The  concerned  State/District  is  responsible  for  the  overall  management  and functioning of the Nari Adalat, including the identification, selection, and nomination of its members. The Gram Panchayat, in a meeting chaired by the Panchayat President/Sarpanch and attended by the BDO/SDM or their representative, selects socially respected and committed women to serve as members, known as Nyaya Sakhis.

Nari Adalat scheme aims to offer services such as alternative dispute resolution, grievance redressal,  counselling,  and  decision-making  based  on  evidence  at  Gram  Panchayat  level. However Nari Adalat is not a formal court and hence any aggrieved woman shall always have recourse to legal mechanism also as per her need. Meetings of Nari Adalat are held fortnightly at  the  Gram  Panchayat  Office,  Government  Primary  School,  Common  Service  Centres, Anganwadi  Centres,  or  any  other  place  designated  by  the  State  Government  or  Union Territories to address the cases brought to Nari Adalat. However, if the head of the Nari Adalat deems it necessary, meeting may be convened at any time.

The scheme is demand driven and has been piloted in 50 Gram Panchayats each in the State of Assam and the Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir in FY 2023-24.

Nari Adalat is currently functional in selected Gram Panchayats of eleven districts of Assam namely Nalbari,  Darrang,  Morigaon,  Dhubri,  Udalguri,  South  Salmara,  Goalpara,  Kamrup, Barpeta, Tamulpur, and Baksa and in two districts of Jammu & Kashmir namely Kupwara and Baramulla.

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Lok Sabha Question No. 2299 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2025-08-01
Subject: Facilities of Post-Mortem
Ministry: HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE
Asked by: Shri Parshottambhai Rupala

## GOVERNMENTOFINDIA MINISTRYOF HEALTH & FAMILY WELFARE DEPARTMENTOFHEALTH & FAMILY WELFARE

## LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 2299 TO BE ANSWERED ON 01 ST AUGUST, 2025

## FACILITIES OF POST-MORTEM

## 2299. SHRI PARSHOTTAMBHAI RUPALA:

Will the Minister of HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE be pleased to state:

- (a) the steps taken/proposed to be taken by the Union Government in partnership with State Governments to tackle manipulation issues concerning autopsy reports of human remains, State/UT-wise;
- (b) the actions taken/implemented by the Union Government alongside State Governments to prevent morgue workers from conducting post-mortems without proper protective equipment, which puts them at risk of severe infections such as tuberculosis and HIV, State/UT-wise; and
- (c) the initiatives taken/proposed to be taken/introduced by the Government to ensure optimal infrastructure in post-mortem facilities in hospitals

## ANSWER THE MINISTER OF STATE IN THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE (SHRI PRATAPRAO JADHAV)

- (a) : No such information is maintained centrally on this subject. However, to ensure transparency, integrity of Post- Mortem documentation and minimize the risk of manipulation, MoHFW has integrated Medico Legal Examination & Post-mortem Reports System (MedLEaPR) Software for Post-mortem reporting.
- (b) and (c) : Directorate General of Health Services (Dte.GHS) under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has issued guidelines from time to time for handling of dead bodies of infectious disease in morgues and during autopsy procedures. The Minimum Standards for mortuary and post-mortem formulated by Dte.GHS, MoHFW under the Clinical Establishment (Registration and Regulation) Act, 2010 has been concurred by National Council for Clinical Establishments (NCCE) for notification.

In Central Government Institutions, morgue workers, involved in the handling of mortal remains, including those assisting in post-mortem procedures are adequately trained in following Universal Precautions for every case. Morgue workers are provided Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) including masks, surgical gloves, disposable gowns, eye shields, gum boots and HIV kits (for confirmed serum bio-hazard cases). To uphold infection control standards, Post-Mortem Examination Tables and the Autopsy Halls are cleaned after each case and periodically fumigated. New equipment are procured at regular intervals to ensure optimal infrastructure in post-mortem facilities.

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Lok Sabha Question No. 2298 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2025-08-01
Subject: Ayushman Bharat Cards
Ministry: HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE
Asked by: Shri Aashtikar Patil Nagesh Bapurao

## GOVERNMENTOFINDIA MINISTRYOF HEALTH AND FAMILYWELFARE DEPARTMENTOFHEALTH ANDFAMILYWELFARE

## LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 2298 TO BE ANSWERED ON 01 ST AUGUST, 2025

## AYUSHMAN BHARATCARDS

## 2298. SHRIAASHTIKARPATILNAGESHBAPURAO:

Will the Minister of HEALTHAND FAMILYWELFARE be pleased to state:

(a) whether it is a fact that hospitals are involved in corrupt practices in the name of Ayushman Bharat cards;

- (b) if so, the details thereof; and
- (c) the action taken by the Government against such hospitals in the country including Gujarat?

## ANSWER THE MINISTER OF STATE IN THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE (SHRI PRATAPRAO JADHAV)

(a) to (c): Ayushman Bharat - Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) is governed on a zero-tolerance policy towards misuse and abuse and various steps are taken for prevention, detection and deterrence of different kinds of irregularities that could occur in the scheme at different stages of its implementation. A robust anti-fraud mechanism has been put in place and National Anti-Fraud Unit (NAFU) has been set up with the primary responsibility for prevention, detection and deterrence of misuse and abuse under AB-PMJAY.

Suitable actions including de-empanelment of 1114 hospitals, levying penalty worth Rs. 122 crore on 1504 errant hospitals and suspension of 549 hospitals have been taken against fraudulent entities as reported by the States/UTs including Gujarat.

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Lok Sabha Question No. 2297 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2025-08-01
Subject: Criteria for NEET and MBBS Admissions
Ministry: HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE
Asked by: Km. Sudha R

## GOVERNMENTOFINDIA MINISTRYOF HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE

## DEPARTMENTOFHEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE

## LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION No. 2297 TO BE ANSWERED ON 1 ST AUGUST, 2025

## CRITERIAFOR NEET AND MBBS ADMISSIONS

## 2297. KM. SUDHA R:

Will the Minister of HEALTH AND FAMILYWELFARE be pleased to state:

- (a) whether the Government proposes to have a policy to stipulate a maximum or minimum age limit for MBBS admissions, especially in view of instance where candidates aged 68 years and 64 years are seeking MBBS admissions this year;
- (b) if so, the details thereof along with the reasons for not prescribing maximum age limit for NEET examination and MBBS admissions;
- (c) whether Biology at Plus Two level in school is mandatory for NEET and MBBS admissions and if so, the details thereof;
- (d) whether the Government is planning to allow other subjects in place of Biology along with Physics and Chemistry in Plus Two level to be eligible for NEET and MBBS admissions and if so, the details thereof;
- (e) whether 10+2 Two examination is mandatory for NEET and MBBS admissions and if so, the details thereof; and
- (f) whether students who had completed the now-repealed PUC are eligible to write NEET and seek MBBS admissions and if so, the details thereof?

## ANSWER THE MINISTER OF STATE IN THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE (SMT. ANUPRIYAPATEL)

(a) to (f): The National Medical Commission (NMC) is an apex statutory body constituted by an Act of Parliament to regulate and oversee medical education across the country. The Graduate Medical Education Regulation, 2023 framed by the NMC prescribe eligibility criteria for appearing in NEET-UG Examination for admission to undergraduate course (MBBS). As per provisions under the regulations minimum prescribed age is 17 years as on or before 31st January of the year that the candidate shall be appearing for examination.These regulations do not prescribe upper age limit for appearing in the said examination. Further, the candidate must have passed 10+2 (or equivalent) with subjects of Physics, Chemistry Biology/ Biotechnology and English.

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Lok Sabha Question No. 2296 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2025-08-01
Subject: Top-Up on Ayushman Card
Ministry: HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE
Asked by: Shri Bharat Singh Kushwah

## GOVERNMENTOFINDIA MINISTRYOF HEALTH AND FAMILYWELFARE DEPARTMENTOFHEALTH ANDFAMILYWELFARE

## LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 2296 TO BE ANSWERED ON 01 ST AUGUST, 2025

## TOP-UP ON AYUSHMAN CARD

## †2296. SHRI BHARAT SINGH KUSHWAH:

Will the Minister of HEALTHAND FAMILYWELFARE be pleased to state:

(a) whether a top-up on Ayushman card is under consideration of the Government for the treatment of patients suffering from serious diseases such as cancer, kidney failure, heart, liver, neurology, spinal cord etc. on the recommendation of the District Medical Board after the amount of Rs. 5 lakh is spent in a period of one year; and

(b) if so, the details thereof?

## ANSWER THE MINISTER OF STATE IN THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE (SHRI PRATAPRAO JADHAV)

(a) and (b): Ayushman Bharat -Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) is a flagship scheme of the Government of India that provides health coverage of ₹5 lakh per eligible family per year for secondary and tertiary care hospitalizations.

Under AB-PMJAY, as per the latest Health Benefit Package (HBP), the scheme provides cashless healthcare services related to 1961 procedures across 27 medical specialties including General Medicine, General Surgery, Orthopaedics, Cardiology, Oncology etc. to eligible beneficiaries. Further, States have been provided flexibility to further customize the Health Benefit Packages to local context.

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Lok Sabha Question No. 2294 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2025-08-01
Subject: Integrated MBBS-BAMS Curriculum
Ministry: AYUSH
Asked by: Dr. Prabha Mallikarjun

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF AYUSH

## LOK SABHA

## UNSTARRED QUESTION NO.2294

TO BE ANSWERED ON 01.08.2025

## Integrated MBBS-BAMS Curriculum

2294. Dr. Prabha Mallikarjun:

## Will the Minister of AYUSH

be pleased to state:

- (a)  whether  the  Government  is  planning  to  introduce  an  integrated  MBBS-Bachelor  of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery (BAMS) curriculum in select institutions;
- (b) if so, the details thereof along with the objectives behind such a step of the Government; (c) whether any expert panel or advisory group has been constituted to evaluate the academic and scientific implications of this integration and if so, the details thereof, (d)  whether  the  Government  has  responded  to  concerns  raised  by  the  Indian  Medical Association (IMA) regarding the risks of combining medical systems and if so, the details thereof; and term roadmap for bridging Ayurveda and modern medicine in the country and if so, the details

(e) whether the Government intends to use findings from pilot programmes to design a longthereof ?

## ANSWER

## THE MINISTER OF STATE (IC) OF THE MINISTRY OF AYUSH (SHRI PRATAPRAO JADHAV)

(a) to (e) At present, there is no such proposal from the  Ministry of Ayush. However, in order to  have  an  interface  with  other  systems  of  medicine  with  regard  to  education  and  medical practice, there is a provision in the National Commission for Indian System of Medicine Act, 2020,  the  National  Commission  for  Homoeopathy  Act,  2020  and  the  National  Medical Commission Act, 2019 for having joint sittings amongst the three Commissions namely  the National  Commission  for  Indian  System  of  Medicine,  the  National  Commission  for Homoeopathy and the National Medical Commission.

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Lok Sabha Question No. 2292 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2025-08-01
Subject: Educational Institutes for Yoga Therapy
Ministry: AYUSH
Asked by: Shri Ajay Bhatt

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF AYUSH LOK SABHA

## UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 2292 FOR 01.08.2025

## EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTES FOR YOGA THERAPY

## 2292. SHRI AJAY BHATT:

- Will the Minister of Ayush be pleased to state: (a) the number of educational institutions for Yoga Therapy across the country, State/UT-wise; (b) the number of students pursuing graduation in Yoga Therapy from these institutions during the current year, State/UT-wise including Uttarakhand; (c) whether the Government has finalised a standard curriculum for teaching and learning Yoga
- Therapy across the country; and
- (d) if so, the details thereof?

## ANSWER

## THE MINISTER OF STATE (IC) OF THE MINISTRY OF AYUSH (SHRI PRATAPRAO JADHAV)

(a) to (d) Ministry of Ayush is not regulating Yoga Therapy Education in the country. Hence, the State-wise data regarding the number of educational institutes/ students pursuing graduation in Yoga  Therapy  is  not  maintained  by  the  Ministry.  Also,  the  Ministry  has  not  prepared  any standard curriculum for teaching and learning Yoga Therapy.

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Lok Sabha Question No. 2290 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2025-08-01
Subject: Adverse Impact on Health of Hot Food Delivered by Food Apps
Ministry: HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE
Asked by: Shri Anil Baluni

## GOVERNMENTOFINDIA MINISTRY OFHEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE DEPARTMENTOFHEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE

## LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 2290 TO BE ANSWERED ON 1 ST AUGUST, 2025

## ADVERSE IMPACT ON HEALTH OF HOT FOOD DELIVERED BY FOOD APPS

## †2290. SHRI ANIL BALUNI:

Will the Minister of HEALTH AND FAMILYWELFARE be pleased to state:

- (a) whether a study or a survey has been conducted to ascertain the adverse impact of hot meal delivered to the consumers in plastic containers through the online food delivery apps and if so, the details thereof; and
- (b) whether any guidelines have been issued relating to food delivery service through such apps in view of the safety health norms and if so, the details thereof?

## ANSWER THE MINISTER OF STATE IN THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE (SHRI PRATAPRAO JADHAV)

- (a) & (b): The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has informed that such study has not been conducted.

Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)'s mandate is to lay down science -based standards for articles of food and regulate their manufacture, storage, distribution, sale, and import, to ensure availability of safe and wholesome food for human consumption. Food Safety and Standards (Packaging) Regulations, 2018, mandates that any material which comes in direct contact with food or is likely to come in contact with food used for packaging, preparation, storing, wrapping, transportation and sale or service of food shall be of food grade quality. Every food business operator shall obtain the certificate of conformity issued by the National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL), accredited laboratory for the packaging material. FSSAI has also specified General Hygienic and Sanitary Practices to be followed by Licensed/Registered Food Business Operators (FBOs) under Schedule 4 of FSS (Licensing and Registration of Food Businesses) Regulations, 2011. This is also applicable to food businesses involved in catering services. FSSAI has specified procedures for the licensing and registration of e-commerce business operators along with their responsibilities. Accordingly, E-commerce FBOs are required inter alia, to ensure that all listed sellers are licensed/registered, maintain hygiene standards, provide mandatory food information, avoid misleading claims and delist non-compliant products.

To ensure compliance, FSSAI, through the Central and the State machinery, undertakes regular surveillance, monitoring, inspection, and random sampling of food products, including those sold online through E-commerce platforms throughout the year. In case of non-conformity found, measures are taken as per FSS Act and Rules & Regulations made thereunder, including issuance of improvement notices, suspension of operations, penalties etc.

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Lok Sabha Question No. 2289 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2025-08-01
Subject: Ban on Fixed Dose Combinations
Ministry: HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE
Asked by: Dr. Thirumaavalavan Tholkappiyan

## GOVERNMENTOFINDIA MINISTRYOF HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE DEPARTMENTOFHEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE

## LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 2289 TO BE ANSWERED ON 01 ST AUGUST, 2025

## BAN ON FIXED DOSE COMBINATIONS

## 2289. DR. THIRUMAAVALAVAN THOLKAPPIYAN:

Will the Minister of HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE be pleased to state:

- (a) whether the Government has banned any medicine, irrational fixed dose combinations in the country during the last three years, if so, the details thereof, year-wise; and
- (b) whether the Government has any data of the medicine and its treatment category along with the names of the companies producing it and if so, the details thereof?

## ANSWER THE MINISTER OF STATE IN THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE (SMT. ANUPRIYAPATEL)

(a) & (b) : There are provisions under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940, under which Central Government may regulate, restrict or prohibit manufacture, etc of any drug including Fixed Dose Combination (FDCs) drugs in public interest if the use of drugs is likely to involve any risk to human beings or animals or there is no therapeutic justification for the ingredients contained in FDCs.

Whenever, any such concerns on any drug including FDCs are reported, the matter is examined in consultation with expert committee/ Drugs Technical Advisory Board (DTAB) and appropriate action is taken for prohibition of such drugs under the provisions of Section 26A of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940.

The Central Government has prohibited number of drugs including FDCs for manufacture, sale or distribution. Through notification issued on 07.09.2018, the Central Government prohibited 328 FDCs for manufacture, sale or distribution. The Government also restricted 06 FDCs for manufacture, sale or distribution with certain conditions. Subsequently, Central Government vide notifications S.O. 180 (E) to S.O.259 (E), dated 11.01.2019, prohibited 80 FDCs for manufacture, sale or distribution. Further, Central Government vide notification S.O. 2394 (E) to S.O. 2407 (E) dated 02.06.2023 prohibited 14 FDCs for manufacture, sale or distribution. Recently, Central Government vide notification S.O. 3285 (E) to S.O. 3440 (E) dated 02.08.2024 prohibited 156 FDCs for manufacture, sale or distribution.

The Central Government also prohibited the manufacture for sale, sale and distribution for human use of drug fixed dose combination of S(+) Etodolac + Paracetamol vide S.O. 3284(E) dated 12.08.2024.

List of banned FDCs is available on the website of CDSCO i.e. www.cdsco.gov.in

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Lok Sabha Question No. 2287 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2025-08-01
Subject: Permission for Homoeopaths to Practice Allopathy
Ministry: HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE
Asked by: Prof. Sougata Ray

## GOVERNMENTOFINDIA

## MINISTRYOF HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE DEPARTMENTOFHEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE

## LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION No. 2287 TO BE ANSWERED ON 1 ST AUGUST, 2025

## PERMISSION FOR HOMOEOPATHS TO PRACTICE ALLOPATHY

## 2287. PROF. SOUGATA RAY:

Will the Minister of HEALTH AND FAMILYWELFARE be pleased to state:

- (a) whether some State Medical Council has proposed to permit Homoeopaths to practice allopathy with one year bridge course in pharmacology;
- (b) if so, the details thereof along with the stand of the Government in this regard;
- (c) the reasons for allowing Homoeopaths to register with the State Medical Council despite their own Homoeopathy Council;
- (d) whether the Government is aware of the longstanding impacts due to the erosion of medical standards and unregulated and unchecked medical practices; and (e) if so, the details thereof?

## ANSWER THE MINISTER OF STATE IN THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE (SMT. ANUPRIYAPATEL)

(a) to (e): Government of Maharashtra has informed that with a view to strengthen health services in rural and remote areas of the state, one year Certificate Course in Modern Pharmacology (CCMP) has been approved for Registered Homeopathic Practitioners allowing them to provide allopathic treatment to patients only when it is needed and to the extent of learning through CCMP course. Maharashtra Medical Council have to keep a separate register for practitioners who have completed CCMP. The practitioner also has to be registered in homoeopathy council.

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Lok Sabha Question No. 2286 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2025-08-01
Subject: Employment Opportunities in Maritime Sector
Ministry: PORTS, SHIPPING AND WATERWAYS
Asked by: Dr. Sanjay Jaiswal

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF PORTS, SHIPPING AND WATERWAYS

## LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 2286

ANSWERED ON 01.08.2025

## EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN MARITIME SECTOR

2286. DR. SANJAY JAISWAL:

Will the Minister of PORTS, SHIPPING AND WATERWAYS be pleased to state: पȅन , पोत पįरवहन एवं जलमागŊ मंũालय

- (a) whether the Government has any feasibility or impact assessment study for the proposed scheme for creation of 50,000 employment opportunities in the Maritime Sector; (b) if so, the details thereof; (c) the details of the specific maritime skills that are likely to be imparted through the Maritime Skill Development Centre in Guwahati and the upcoming Centres of Excellence in Dibrugarh; (d)  the  total  financial  outlay  and  sources  of  funding  for  setting  up  the  Centre  of Excellence in Dibrugarh and the expected timeline for its completion; and (e) the manner in which the Government is likely to ensure equal opportunities for
- all eight north eastern States in the 50,000 maritime jobs proposed to be created?

## ANSWER

## MINISTER OF PORTS, SHIPPING AND WATERWAYS (SHRI SARBANANDA SONOWAL)

(a) & (b)  As part of Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative, island development as Maritime Cities is the focus area in coming years.  The islands shortlisted for development are in Union Territories of Lakshadweep, Andaman & Nicobar Islands and in the State of Gujarat. The themes for development include eco-tourism facilities, ship repair, sea plan building and repair, maritime training institute, free trade zones and bunkering terminals.  The envisaged development is expected to generate 50,000 plus direct and indirect employment on the islands.

(c) Maritime  Skill  Development  Centre  (MSDC),  Guwahati  is  providing  specialized training  in  areas such as maritime  safety,  Inland  vessel management i.e.,  General Purpose Rating Course, Crew Management, Hospitality, Safety etc. The courses at upcoming  Regional  Centre  of  Excellence  (RCoE)  at  Dibrugarh  include  training  in

Advanced Technologies like Smart navigation systems, Marine Engineering, IT, and Logistics in addition to the basic inland waterway courses as per Rules.

(d) The total estimated cost for setting up RCoE in Dibrugrah through Government Budgetary Support (GBS) is Rs.188 Crore and the project has a completion schedule of 19 month.

(e) Both  the  Centers  in  north  eastern  region aim  to  provide  opportunities for  the prospective trainees from all over the country including eight north eastern States.

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