Lok Sabha Question No. 1067 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2025-02-10
Subject: Steps to Check Coastal Erosion
Ministry: ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Asked by: Shri Sribharat Mathukumilli

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE

## LOK SABHA

## UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 1067 TO BE ANSWERED ON 10.02.2025

## Steps to Check Coastal Erosion

## 1067.   SHRI SRIBHARAT MATHUKUMILLI:

Will the MINISTER OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE be pleased to state:

- (a) the  details  of  coastal  erosion  along  the  coastal  regions  of  Andhra  Pradesh  and  Konkan Coast States, including specific data on the extent of land loss and the areas most affected;
- (b) whether  any  research/study  has  been  conducted  on  the  potential  impacts  of  this  coastal erosion on the local economy, particularly the fishing communities and coastal habitats, if so, the details thereof;
- (c) whether any proposals for the restoration of coastal areas, either through externally aided projects or requests for funds from the Central Government, have been received from the Andhra Pradesh State Government and if so, the details thereof;
- (d) the details of the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project (ICZMP) implemented by the Government in Andhra Pradesh;
- (e) the  current  status  of  erosion  between  Visakhapatnam  and  Bheemunipatnam  beaches  and the  steps  being  taken  to  restore  and  protect  this  coastline,  including  specific  initiatives planned or underway; and
- (f) the measures taken by the Government to control Coastal Erosion in the country?

## ANSWER

MINISTER OF STATE IN THE MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE

## (SHRI KIRTI VARDHAN SINGH)

(a)&(b)  The National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR), an attached office of the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), has been monitoring shoreline erosion along the Indian coast since 1990 using remote sensing data and GIS mapping techniques. Based on the results of the study, the Annexure provides detailed information on coastal erosion in the regions of Andhra Pradesh and the Konkan Coast States, including specific data on the extent of land loss and the most affected area.  NCCR  has  conducted  studies  and  prepared  'Shoreline  Management  Plan  (SMP)'  for management  of  erosion  along  the  coast  of  Andhra  Pradesh  with  aim  to  address  shoreline concerns and erosion issues in a more integrated, sustainable and strategic manner.

(c) The 15 th Finance Commission has recommended Rs. 1000 crore for resettlement of displaced people  affected  by  erosion  for  2021-  26  under  National  Disaster  Response  Fund  (NDRF).  In addition,  Rs.  1500  crore  is  earmarked  for  mitigation  measures  to  prevent  river  and  coastal erosion for the same period under National Disaster Mitigation Fund (NDMF). For both funds (NDRF and NDMF), State Governments will have to avail resources on a cost-sharing basis. The proposal submitted by the Government of Andhra Pradesh for funding under National Disaster Mitigation Fund (NDMF) is as follows:

-  Detailed  Project  Report  (DPR)  with  an  amount  of  Rs.323.00  Crore  for  developing  an integrated  coastal  protection  strategy  from  Kakinada  City  to  Uppada  by  summarizing  and integrating the site-specific works like construction of groyne, sea wall, deflecting wall, Bioshield etc.
-  DPR with an amount of Rs.200.00 Crore for Control of coastal erosion through structural and non-structural mitigation measures, restoration of ecosystems, and enhancement of community resilience in the Visakhapatnam Metropolitan Development Authority (VMRDA) region.

(d) One of the component of Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project (ICZMP) deals with the  mapping  of  hazard  lines,  eco-sensitive  areas  and  sediment  cells  for  the  entire  Indian coastline,  including  that  of  Andhra  Pradesh.  These  data  are  used  to  strengthen  the  shoreline, protect  biodiversity,  manage  livelihoods  and  resources,  and  regulate  development  activities  in coastal Andhra Pradesh.

(e)  A  study  by  the  NCCR  has  revealed  that  the  coastal  stretch  from  Visakhapatnam  to Bheemunipatnam  is  approximately  29  km  long.  Of  this,  42.6%  is  in  stable  condition,  while 34.5% is experiencing erosion and 22.9% is undergoing accretion. Along the eroding coastline, Visakhapatnam Port Authority conducts beach nourishment activities every year by depositing dredged material on the northern coast to restore and protect the beach from erosion.

(f) The Government of India is committed to taking proactive steps in combating sea erosion and protection of India's coastal areas. Some of the important measures undertaken in this regard are as follows:

-  MoEFCC has issued Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notifications with a view to conserve and protect the unique environment of coastal stretches and marine areas, besides livelihood security to the fisher communities and other local communities in the coastal areas and to promote  sustainable  development  based  on  scientific  principles  taking  into  account  the dangers of natural hazards, sea level rise due to global warming.
-  As per CRZ Notification, 2019, measures for control of erosion are permissible activity in CRZ areas. The Ministry has issued directions to Coastal States/UTs, for incorporation of Shoreline  Management  Plan  in  CZMP.  NCSCM,  an  organization  under  Ministry  of Environment  Forest  &  Climate  Change  (MoEFCC)  and  NCCR  is  providing  technical support  to  coastal  States  for  implementation  of  coastal  protection  measures  at  vulnerable stretches and also involved in the preparation of Shoreline Management Plans.
-  MoEFCC has delineated the hazard line for the entire coast of the country. The hazard line is used by agencies in Coastal States as a tool for Disaster Management including planning of adaptive and mitigation measures. The hazard line features in the Coastal Zone Management Plan (CZMP) of the coastal States/Union territories and approved by the MoEFCC.
-  Coastal  Protection  Projects  are  planned  &  executed  by  respective  Maritime  States/  UTs. Central  Government's  role  is  largely  advisory,  technical  support  and  catalytic  in  nature. These projects are generally funded by States/ UTs from their own fund or from multilateral funding or through Central Assistance. In some cases, Government of India has facilitated multilateral  funding  to  States/  UTs  in  tackling  the  coastal  erosion.  The  total  expenditure incurred  by  maritime  States/  UTs  for  protection  of  coastal  erosion  is  Rs  2641.39  Cr  in coastline length of 227.965 Km in last 10 years.
-  "Coastal  Management  Information System (CMIS)" under Central Sector Scheme namely "Development of Water Resources Information System" of Ministry of Jal Shakti has been developed  considering the importance  of data on coastal processes  towards coastal protection measures. Coastal data collected through CMIS can be used in planning, design, construction  and  maintenance  of  site  specific  coastal  protection  structures  at  vulnerable Coastal  stretches.  Establishment  of  three  sites  under  CMIS  in  the  State  of  Kerala,  Tamil Nadu and UT of Puducherry has been completed.
-  In  addition,  Indian  National  Centre for  Ocean  Information  Services  (INCOIS),  MoES  has prepared  the  Coastal  Vulnerability  Index  (CVI)  maps  for  the  entire  coastline  of  India  by using  seven  parameters  such  as  shoreline  change  rate,  sea-level  change  rate,  coastal elevation, coastal slope, coastal geomorphology, significant wave height and tidal range.

*****

## I. Status of coastal erosion along the coastal regions of Andhra Pradesh and Konkan Coast States

## Andhra Pradesh Coast

The shoreline change study for Andhra Pradesh coast was carried for the past 32 years (19902022). The study shows that about 31.95% of the coast is eroding, 23.86% of the coast is stable and  44.20% of the  coast  is  accreting  nature.  The  details  of  estimated  coastline  changes  along various districts of Andhra Pradesh are given below:

|                             | Coastal Length   | Erosion   | Erosion   | Stable   | Stable   | Accretion   | Accretion   |
|-----------------------------|------------------|-----------|-----------|----------|----------|-------------|-------------|
| District                    | (km)             | km        | %         | km       | %        | km          | %           |
| Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore | 111.2            | 39.02     | 35.09     | 40.22    | 36.17    | 31.96       | 28.74       |
| Prakasam                    | 48.52            | 13.16     | 27.12     | 14.26    | 29.39    | 21.1        | 43.49       |
| Anakapalli                  | 70.92            | 4.98      | 7.02      | 24.94    | 35.17    | 41          | 57.81       |
| Kakinada                    | 119.26           | 63.2      | 52.99     | 17.6     | 14.76    | 38.46       | 32.25       |
| Konaseema                   | 84.96            | 25.8      | 30.37     | 8.02     | 9.44     | 51.14       | 60.19       |
| Bapatla                     | 101.88           | 20.58     | 20.20     | 4.58     | 4.50     | 76.72       | 75.30       |
| Krishna                     | 125.18           | 53.46     | 42.71     | 14.5     | 11.58    | 57.22       | 45.71       |
| West Godavari               | 16.94            | 8.9       | 52.54     | 0.36     | 2.13     | 7.68        | 45.34       |
| Tirupati                    | 93.76            | 27.02     | 28.82     | 21.92    | 23.38    | 44.82       | 47.80       |
| Vishakhapatnam              | 68.08            | 18.28     | 26.85     | 33.68    | 49.47    | 16.12       | 23.68       |
| Vizianagaram                | 21.44            | 0.7       | 3.26      | 8.48     | 39.55    | 12.26       | 57.18       |
| Srikakulam                  | 165.44           | 53.18     | 32.14     | 56.58    | 34.20    | 55.68       | 33.66       |
| Total                       | 1027.58          | 328.28    | 31.95     | 245.14   | 23.86    | 454.16      | 44.20       |

## Konkan coast

The shoreline change study was carried out for the past 28 years (1990-2018) along the Konkan coast.  The  details  of  estimated  coastline  changes  along  districts  of  Konkan  States  are  given below:

## Karnataka Coast

| District         | Coastal     | Erosion   | Erosion   | Stable   | Stable   | Accretion   | Accretion   |
|------------------|-------------|-----------|-----------|----------|----------|-------------|-------------|
|                  | length (km) | InKm      | %         | InKm     | %        | InKm        | %           |
| Uttara Kannada   | 175.65      | 21.64     | 12.3      | 107.8    | 61.4     | 46.22       | 26.3        |
| Udupi            | 100.71      | 34.96     | 34.7      | 40.97    | 40.7     | 24.78       | 24.6        |
| Dakshina Kannada | 36.66       | 17.74     | 48.4      | 8.02     | 21.9     | 10.9        | 29.7        |
| Total            | 313.02      | 74.34     | 23.7      | 156.79   | 50.1     | 81.9        | 26.2        |

Goa Coast:

| District   | Coastal     | Erosion   | Erosion   | Stable   | Stable   | Accretion   | Accretion   |
|------------|-------------|-----------|-----------|----------|----------|-------------|-------------|
| District   | length (km) | InKm      | %         | InKm     | %        | InKm        | %           |
| North Goa  | 36.4        | 6.66      | 18.3      | 17.74    | 48.7     | 12          | 33.0        |
| South Goa  | 103.24      | 20.16     | 19.5      | 75.98    | 73.6     | 7.1         | 6.9         |
| Total      | 139.6       | 26.82     | 19.2      | 93.72    | 67.1     | 19.1        | 13.7        |

## Maharashtra Coast:

|                 | Coastal     | Erosion   | Erosion   | Stable   | Stable   | Accretion   | Accretion   |
|-----------------|-------------|-----------|-----------|----------|----------|-------------|-------------|
| District        | length (km) | InKm      | %         | In Km    | %        | InKm        | %           |
| Sindhudurg      | 137.02      | 6.16      | 4.5       | 88.02    | 64.2     | 42.84       | 31.3        |
| Ratnagiri       | 258.93      | 49.49     | 19.1      | 199.81   | 77.2     | 9.64        | 3.7         |
| Raigad          | 134.83      | 43.54     | 32.3      | 83.95    | 62.3     | 7.34        | 5.4         |
| Mumbai city     | 41.02       | 2.18      | 5.3       | 37.72    | 91.9     | 1.12        | 2.7         |
| Mumbai suburban | 41.15       | 17.02     | 41.4      | 20.95    | 50.9     | 3.18        | 7.7         |
| Thane           | 6.95        | 0.96      | 13.8      | 5.71     | 82.2     | 0.28        | 4.0         |
| Palghar         | 119.69      | 68.92     | 57.6      | 41.55    | 34.7     | 9.22        | 7.7         |
| Total           | 739.59      | 188.26    | 25.5      | 477.69   | 64.6     | 73.62       | 10.0        |

## II.  Land  loss  and  gain  along  the  coastal  regions  of  Andhra  Pradesh  and  Konkan  Coast States

Land loss and gain due to shoreline change were quantified in hectares (ha), by geo-processing between 1990 and 2018 with symmetric difference tools by NCCR.

## Andhra Pradesh coast

| District       |   Land loss (In ha) (Approx.) |   Land gain (In ha) (Approx.) |
|----------------|-------------------------------|-------------------------------|
| Nellore        |                           266 |                           491 |
| Prakasam       |                            91 |                           399 |
| Guntur         |                            35 |                          1348 |
| Krishna        |                          1834 |                          1322 |
| West Godavari  |                           172 |                           235 |
| East Godavari  |                          2529 |                          2456 |
| Vishakhapatnam |                            70 |                           224 |
| Vizianagaram   |                            39 |                            41 |
| Srikakulam     |                            65 |                           487 |

## Konkan Coast

| District         |   Land loss (In ha) (Approx.) |   Land gain (In ha) (Approx.) |
|------------------|-------------------------------|-------------------------------|
| Uttara Kannada   |                           148 |                            82 |
| Udupi            |                            97 |                            79 |
| Dakshina Kannada |                            68 |                            76 |
| North Goa        |                            40 |                            23 |
| South Goa        |                            54 |                            26 |
| Sindhudurg       |                            45 |                           173 |
| Ratnagiri        |                           249 |                            71 |
| Raigad           |                           171 |                            70 |
| Mumbai city      |                            30 |                             7 |
| Mumbai suburban  |                            64 |                            40 |
| Thane            |                             2 |                             2 |
| Palghar          |                           332 |                            59 |

## III. Area most affected by coastal erosion along the coastal regions of Andhra Pradesh and Konkan Coast States

The details of most eroding coast (hot spots), which requires priority attention, are given below as per the shoreline change study by NCCR.

## Region along Andhra Pradesh Coast

| District       | Location                        |
|----------------|---------------------------------|
| Tirupati       | SHAR                            |
| Prakasam       | Binginapalli                    |
| Krishna        | Southern coast of Krishna delta |
| Krishna        | Krishna delta region            |
| Krishna        | Hamsaladeevi beach              |
| Krishna        | North of Hamsaladeevi beach     |
| Krishna        | Palathumbalapalayem             |
| West Godavari  | Pedamaina vanilanka beach       |
| Konaseema      | Odalarevu beach                 |
| Kakinada       | Bhairavapalem                   |
| Kakinada       | Coringa Mangroves               |
| Kakinada       | West of Hope Island             |
| Kakinada       | Uppada                          |
| Kakinada       | Nemam beach                     |
| Kakinada       | Ponnada                         |
| Kakinada       | Konapapapetta                   |
| Vishakhapatnam | Pedanagamayyapalem              |

Region along Konkan Coast

| State       | District       | Location            |
|-------------|----------------|---------------------|
| Karnataka   | Uttar Kannad   | Dadebag             |
| Karnataka   | Uttar Kannad   | Tonka beach         |
| Karnataka   | Udipi          | Kirimanjeshwara     |
| Karnataka   | Udipi          | Malpe               |
| Karnataka   | Dakshin Kannad | Mukka               |
| Karnataka   | Dakshin Kannad | Tannirbhavi beach   |
| Karnataka   | Dakshin Kannad | Ullal beach         |
| Karnataka   | Dakshin Kannad | Someshwar beach     |
| Goa         | South Goa      | Arosem              |
| Goa         | South Goa      | Varca               |
| Maharashtra | Thane          | Varor beach         |
| Maharashtra | Thane          | Mahim beach         |
| Maharashtra | Raigarh        | Awas                |
| Maharashtra | Raigarh        | Murud               |
| Maharashtra | Ratnagiri      | Murud beach, Dapoli |

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