Lok Sabha Question No. 214 (STARRED), answered on 2023-12-18
Subject: Dust Pollution by Cement Factories
Ministry: ENVIRONMENT,  FORESTS AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Asked by: Hasnain Masoodi

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

## MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE

## LOK SABHA STARRED QUESTION NO. 214

TO BE ANSWERED ON 18.12.2023

## Dust Pollution by Cement Factories

## 214*.  SHRI HASNAIN MASOODI:

Will the Minister of ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE be pleased to state:

- (a) whether the Government is cognizant of high levels of dust pollution emitting from the cement factories in Khrew area of District Pulwama;
- (b) if so, whether any of the cement factories are functional without a written consent from Pollution Control Board and emitting pollution beyond the required capacity;
- (c) whether  the  Government  has  conducted  an  in-depth  study  enquiring  into  the  dust emissions from the cement factories to identify the amount of toxic fumes emancipating in air in the country including Khrew, District Pulwama;
- (d) if so, the details thereof;
- (e) whether  the  Government  has  appointed  a  Committee  of  Experts  to  assess  the  dust emissions from cement industries and if so, the details thereof and if not, the reasons therefor; and
- (f) the details of  action taken by  the Government against the defaulters violating the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981?

## ANSWER

## MINISTER FOR ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE (SHRI BHUPENDER YADAV)

(a) to (f) : A statement is laid on the table of the House.

*****

## STATEMENT REFERRED TO IN REPLY TO PARA (a) TO (f) OF THE LOK SABHA STARRED QUESTION NO. 214 DUE FOR REPLY ON 18.12.2023 REGARDING DUST POLLUTION  BY  CEMENT  FACTORIES  RAISED  BY  SHRI  HASNAIN  MASOODI, HON'BLE MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT

## (a) to (d)

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has identified 17 categories of highly polluting industries  which  includes  Cement  industries.  Accordingly,  the  Cement  industries  granted consent to operate by the respective State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) and Pollution Control Committees (PCCs) under the Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and  the  Air  (Prevention  &  Control  of  Pollution)  Act,  1981.  The  consent  in  these  highly polluting  industries  is  given  with  stringent  conditions  such  as  mandatory  installation  of Online Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems (OCEMS), which is connected to CPCB server for real time monitoring of emissions from these industries.

There  are  five  cement  units  operational  in  Khrew  area  of  District  Pulwama,  J&K  and  all these units are having valid consents from J&K Pollution Control Committee (JKPCC). A list of Cement units operational in Khrew as on 12.12.2023 is annexed as Annexure I :

An Expert Committee constituted by the J&K PCC has conducted an Assessment of carrying capacity of the Khrew Industrial area with respect to dust pollution from industrial activities and associated fugitive emissions. A copy of the report is given as Annexure II .  Based on the  study  carried  out,  the  Comprehensive  Environmental  Pollution  Index  (CEPI)  score  for Khrew area indicates that the areas are critically polluted due to dust pollution and fugitive emissions. Accordingly, a moratorium on establishment of air polluting units in the area was imposed  in  2021  for  a  period  of  two  years.  J&KPCC  monitors  the  ambient  air  quality  in Khrew  area  and  all  the  cement  industries  have  installed  Online  Continuous  Emission Monitoring Systems (OCEMS) to monitor the real time source emissions.

Further,  the  CPCB  has  published  a  report  on  'Assessment  of  Fugitive  Emissions  & Development  of  Environmental  Guidelines  for  Control  of  Fugitive  Emissions  in  Cement Manufacturing  Industries'.  The  published  report  is  available  on  CPCB  website  (Link  : https://cpcb.nic.in/openpdffile.php?id=UmVwb3J0RmlsZXMvTmV3SXRlbV8xMzlfcGFja2 FnZV9jZW1lbnRfZnVnaXRpdmVfZW1pc3Npb24ucGRm ).

## (e) and (f)

A joint team of MoEF&CC and CPCB was constituted to visit the Khrew area of Pulwama district to assess the adequacy of the pollution control measures adopted by the cement units and to verify  the compliance status of environmental norms. Based on joint team's report, CPCB has issued direction u/s 18(1) (b) of E(P) A 1986 to J&KPCC for taking actions as per the recommendations of the joint team. A copy of direction is annexed as Annexure III

In  view  of  above,  J&K  PCC  issued  legal  notices  to  the  following  seven  units  with deficiencies : 1. M/s Trumboo Cement Industries (TCI) Max, Zaintrang Khrew, Pulwama. 2. M/s Itfaq Cements, Zaintrang Khrew, Pulwama. 3. M/s Valley Cement Industries, Zaintrang Khrew,  Pulwama.  4.  M/s  Cemtac  Cements,  Zaintrang  Khrew,  Pulwama.  5.  M/s  Dawar Cements  Pvt.  Ltd;  Zaintrang  Khrew,  Pulwama.  6.  M/s  Greenland  Cement  Pvt.  Ltd., Zaintrang Khrew, Pulwama. 7. M/s H.K. Cements Industries Zaintrang Khrew, Pulwama.

## List of Cement units functional in Khrew as on 12.12.2023

|   S. No. | Name of the Unit                               | Capacity              | Consent Validity       |
|----------|------------------------------------------------|-----------------------|------------------------|
|        1 | Itifaq Cements Pvt Ltd. Saturmarg,             | 200 TPD               | March-2026             |
|        2 | Cemtac Cements Private Ltd, Sulnar, Saturmarg, | i.200 TPD ii. 300 TPD | i.May-2025 ii.Feb.2025 |
|        3 | Trumboo industries Pvt. Ltd.                   | 1000 TPD              | June 2026              |
|        4 | Green Land Cements, wuyan,                     | 100 TPD               | October 2024           |
|        5 | Valley Cements Ltd.,                           | 50 TPD                | June2026               |

## Annexure I

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1 | P a g e

## ASSESSMENT OF CARRYING CAPACITY 0F KHREW  INDUSTRIAL AREA, (DISTRICT PULWAMA) USING COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION INDEX (CEPI)

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(September-2020) Government of Jammu and Kashmir JK Pollution Control Board Jammu

## Assessment of Caring Capacity of Khrew Industrial Area Conducted By

| Sh. Rafi Ahmad Bhat, Regional Director, Pollution Control Board, Kashmir.   | Er. J.N.Sharma, Environmental Engineer (State Level), Pollution Control Board, Jammu/Kashmir.   |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|

Sh. Mohd. Sultan, Scientist-B (Air Lab) Pollution Control Board, Kashmir.

Sh. Nisar Ahmad, Divisional Officer, Pollution Control Board, Pulwama.

Sh. Shabir Ahmad, Scientist-A, Pollution Control Board, Kashmir

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## INDEX

| Chapter   | Description                                                                    | Page no.   |
|-----------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| 1         | Introduction                                                                   | 4          |
| 1.1       | Objective/Scope of the Study                                                   | 4-5        |
| 1.2       | Concept and Methodology used for the study                                     | 5          |
| 1.3       | Salient feature of the revised CEPI Criteria                                   | 5-6        |
| 1.4       | Revised CEPI evaluation Methodology                                            | 6          |
| 1.4.1     | Source                                                                         | 6          |
| 1.4.2     | Selection of criteria pollutants                                               | 7          |
| 1.4.3     | Path way                                                                       | 7          |
| 1.4.4     | Receptor                                                                       | 8          |
| 1.4.5     | Additional High risk elements Factor                                           | 9          |
| 1.5       | Evaluation of Environmental Parameters (Air/Water/Land)                        | 9          |
| 1.5.1     | Evaluation of the Ambient Air Index / Surface Water Index / Ground Water Index | 9-10       |
| 2         | Description of the Khrew Industrial Area                                       | 11         |
| 2.1       | Salient Features of the Khrew Area                                             | 11         |
| 2.1       | Location Map of the Area                                                       | 12         |
| 2.2       | General Description of the Khrew Industrial Area                               | 13         |
| 2.3       | Topography of the area                                                         | 13         |
| 2.4       | Resources in the Area                                                          | 13         |
| 2.5       | Climatic Conditions of the Area                                                | 13         |
| 2.6       | Habitation of the Area                                                         | 14         |
| 3         | Field Study                                                                    | 15         |
| 3.1       | Field inspection of the Area and observation                                   | 15-20      |
| 3.1.1     | Status of Mining Activity in the Area                                          | 17         |
| 3.2       | Status of PCDs and OCEMS in the industrial Units                               | 20         |
| 3.3       | Dust Pollution in the Area                                                     | 20         |
| 4         | Data Of Environmental Parameters                                               | 21         |
| 4.1       | Air Environment                                                                | 21         |
| 4.1.1     | Ambient Air Quality Data                                                       | 21-23      |
| 4.2       | Water Environment                                                              | 23         |
| 4.2.1     | Water Quality Data                                                             | 23         |
| 4.2.1.1   | Surface Water Quality Data                                                     | 23         |

| 4.3   | Land Environment                                                        | 23    |
|-------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------|
| 4.3.1 | Ground Water Quality Data                                               | 23-24 |
| 4.3.2 | Analysis of Analysed Parameters                                         | 24-25 |
| 5     | Health Statistics                                                       | 26    |
| 5.1   | Health Statistics                                                       | 26    |
| 5.2   | Data of Health related diseases for the last three years (2017 to 2020) | 27    |
| 6     | Vehicular Pollution                                                     | 28    |
| 6.1   | Vehicular load and Pollution in the area                                | 28    |
| 7     | Carrying capacity Assessment based on CEPI score                        | 29    |
| 7.1   | CEPI Score calculation of Khrew Industrial Area (2020)                  | 29    |
| 7.2   | Air Environment (CEPI Calculation)                                      | 29    |
| 7.2.1 | CEPI Score of Air sub index                                             | 29-30 |
| 7.3   | Water Environment (CEPI Calculation)                                    | 31    |
| 7.3.1 | CEPI Score of Water sub index                                           | 31    |
| 7.4   | Land Environment (CEPI Calculation)                                     | 32    |
| 7.4.1 | CEPI Score of Land sub index                                            | 32    |
| 7.5   | CEPI Score Calculation (Air/Water/Land)                                 | 33    |
| 7.5.1 | Total CEPI score of the Khrew Industrial Area                           | 33    |
| 7.5.2 | Finding and Analysis of CEPI score for the Khrew                        | 33    |
| 8     | Recommendations                                                         | 34    |
|       | Annexure Data of Sox (industry source)                                  | 35    |

|   Sr. No. | Table No.   | List of Tables                                                                                    |   Page No. |
|-----------|-------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
|         1 | Table 1.1   | Status of Areas as per CEPI scoring                                                               |          6 |
|         2 | Table 1.2   | Contribution Value for each of the pollutant                                                      |          8 |
|         3 | Table 1.3   | Category classification on SNLF basis                                                             |          9 |
|         4 | Table 1.4   | Category classification on SNLF basis                                                             |          9 |
|         5 | Table 1.5   | Score for Additional High Risk Element: Factor D                                                  |         10 |
|         6 | Table 1.6   | Weightage parameter of CEPI score                                                                 |         11 |
|         7 | Table 2.1   | Salient Features of the Khrew Industrial Area                                                     |         12 |
|         8 | Table 3.1   | Status of Cement Plants in Khrew and Wuyan area (operational and under establishment ) Khrew area |         16 |
|         9 | Table 3.2   | List of Industrial units including stone crushers in                                              |         18 |
|        10 | Table 3.3   | Operational Major mines in Khrew Area                                                             |         19 |
|        11 | Table 4.1   | Ambient Air quality Data of Particulate matter (PM10) (Khrew Area)                                |         22 |
|        12 | Table 4.2   | Ambient Air Quality Data (PM10 and PM2.5) of Khrew Area                                           |         23 |
|        13 | Table 4.3   | Data of Physico-chemical Characteristics of Ground Water samples collected from Khrew Pulwama     |         24 |
|        14 | Table 5.1   | Data of Health related diseases in the nearby Areas                                               |         26 |
|        15 | Table 5.2   | Incremental increase in Health related diseases (in%)                                             |         27 |
|        16 | Table 7.1   | Estimation of Air Index score A (Pathway)                                                         |         31 |
|        17 | Table 7.2   | Estimation of Air Index score B, C &D(Source and Receptor)                                        |         31 |
|        18 | Table 7.3   | Estimation of Water Index score A (Pathway)                                                       |         32 |
|        19 | Table 7.4   | Estimation of Water Index score B, C &D(Source and Receptor)                                      |         32 |
|        20 | Table 7.5   | Estimation of Land Index score A (Pathway)                                                        |         33 |
|        21 | Table 7.6   | Estimation of Land Index score B,C &D(Source and Receptor)                                        |         33 |
|        22 | Table 7.7   | Score of different Environmental Parameters                                                       |         34 |

## 1. INTRODUCTION:-

Carrying capacity is a crucial parameter to know the extent of pollution and load-carrying capacity of an area during various atmospheric and industrial conditions without progressively impairing the bioproducing and ecological integrity of the region. It can also be defined as the maximum amount of pollutant load an area can take without exceeding the specified standards. It varies significantly with respect to changing meteorological conditions, types of pollutions, and stack characteristics. Keeping this in view it was decided by the Board to carry-out the Carrying Capacity study of the Khrew Area which is an eco-fragile area and having air polluting industries falling in the 17 categories of highly polluting  industries viz . primarily Cement Industries besides  S tone  Crushers and Extraction  & Mining of lime Stones etc. Since these activities are going on for the past many years and no such study has been ever done so far, so as to know the health of the area with regard to pollution. In this regard the Board vide order no. 123-SPCB of 2019 dt. 11.06.2019 has constituted team of experts for  study  of carrying capacity of  the  area  which  submitted the  proposal  and    subsequently  board vide letter no. SPCB/T/C/Ind./Cement/Pul/683 dt. 17.10.2019 asked the Regional Director Kashmir and  team  of  experts  constituted  for  the  purpose  to  go  ahead  with  the  study  which  is  necessarily required under the present circumstances.

The study is aimed at ascertaining the carrying capacity of the area with regard to pollution of Air , Water and Land, which  is  ultimately  affecting  the  fauna  &  floura  of  the  area  and  consequent  to which the health of the inhabitants of the area is also affected. The study is also necessitated in view of different complaints regarding the Air pollution in the area from Industries and  locals. A Public Interest Litigation ( PIL ) invoking the Article 21 of Constitution was also filed by the Inhabitants of Khrew Area in  a  case  titled Inhabitants of Khrew area versus State in the Hon'ble High Court seeking  the  closure  of  cement  plants  around  the  Dachigam  National  Park.  As  per  the  PIL,  large amount of  emissions  from  the  limesto/0ne  mines  and  cement  plants  are  seriously  endangering  the ecology of the area.

## 1.1 Objective/Scope of the Study

The Objective of the Carrying Capacity study of the Khrew Area is to ascertain the pollution in the area so as to plan the future course of Action Plan and remedial measures required if any. Therefore the  carrying  capacity  study  is  undertaken  using  well  defined  methodology  based  on  CEPI developed by CPCB Govt. of India in 2010 and revised in 2016. The Hon'ble NGT in its order dated 19.08.2019 in OA no. 1038/2018 has also issued circular  for implementation of said  methodology  by  the  all  States  for  declaring  areas  as Polluted,  Critically and Severely polluted. The scope of the study is worked out on the lines here as under:-

-  Keeping  in  view  the  eco-fragile  and  eco-sensitive  nature  of  the  area,  specifically  the topographical  and  geo-physical  features  of  the  area,  it  has  been  observed  that  the  area being cup shaped bounded by natural barrier  ( mountainous terrain on two  sides NE & SW )  has  a  limited  carrying  capacity  to  dilute  and  disperse  the  air  emission    emanating from  the  industrial  units  located  in  the  area.  The  area  is  also  eco-sensitive  as  being

## CHAPTER-1

contiguous to Dachigam National Park . It is felt  imperative to have a detailed Carrying Capacity study of the area with respect to the existing Industrial units / Stone.

Crushers and  ongoing Mining in  the  Area  to  evaluate  and  to  anticipate  the  potential impacts on the ecology of the area (Fauna, Flora) including health of the people.

-  To rank the Industrial Area based on CEPI version, 2016 developed by CPCB and IIT Delhi for ranking the area based on pollution potential.
-  In order to develop the area on Sustainable development pattern lines,
-  The study inturn will also facilitate the authorities to know the carrying capacity of the area so as to recommend further future plan of action based on scientific study of the area.

## 1.2  Concept and Methodology used for the study.

The concept of Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index (CEPI) is used in the present study. CEPI  is  a  rational  number  between  0  to  100  assigned  to  a  given  location  to  characterize  the environmental quality following the algorithm of Source, Pathway and Receptor . The concept of CEPI was developed by IIT, Delhi and CPCB in 2010 and further revised in 2016.

In  this  study,  the 'Revised  Comprehensive  Environmental  Pollution  Index' version  made  by CPCB in 2016 has been used by the JKPCB on basis of various Environmental factors. CPCB has also  used this  system  of  ranking  industrial  pollution  in  the  industrial  area  throughout the  country since 2009 , 2011 , 2013 on basis of old CEPI assessment  system and also issued directions under section  18(1)(b) of  the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 to  all  the  State Boards vide letter no. B-29012/29012/ESS(CPA)/2015-16 dated 26.04.2016 for implementing the CEPI for ranking / declaring the polluted areas as per the score indicated below:-

Table 1.1 Status of Areas as per CEPI scoring

|   Sr. No. | CEPI SCORE        | STATUS                   |
|-----------|-------------------|--------------------------|
|         1 | Above 70          | Critically Polluted Area |
|         2 | Between 60 And 70 | Severly Polluted Area    |
|         3 | Below 60          | Other Area               |

## 1.3 Salient Features of Revised CEPI Criteria

In 2016, CEPI evaluation process was revised by CPCB and accordingly ' Revised criteria of CEPI is based on the following principles:

-  The Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index (CEPI) is developed based on Sources of pollution,  real  time  observed  values  of  the  pollutants  in  the  ambient  air,  surface  water  and ground water, in & around the industrial cluster and health related statistics.' 
-  For assessment of the environmental quality of the area i.e. CEPI score based on the concept of SNLF  i.e.  a surrogate  number  which  represents  the  level  of  exposure  (a  function  of percentage sample exceedence & Exceedence Factor) shall be used.' 
-  Health component to be evaluated based on the health data available from major hospitals in the area. 

Environmental Pollution Index (EPI) is a rational number to characterize the environmental quality of ambient Air/Surface Water /Ground Water of an Area.

Air EPI, Surface Water EPI and Ground Water EPI will be calculated separately on a scale of 0-100.

Overall CEPI will be evaluated using the existing formula, i.e., CEPI = i-max + [(100 -imax) × (i2/100) × (i3/100)]

Where, i-max - maximum index ( which may be either Air EPI or SW EPI or GW EPI ); and i2, and i3 are indices for other media.

## 1.4 Revised CEPI Evaluation Methodology

## 1.4.1 A- Source

## Factor #A1 - Presence of Toxin

## i .   Primary Pollutants

-  Group A -Pollutants / chemicals that are not assessed as acute or systemic =1
-  Group  B -Organics  /  Pollutants  /  chemicals  that  are  probable carcinogens (USEPA Class 2  and  3)  or  substances  with  some  systemic  toxicity.  e.g.  VOC's, PAHs, PCBs, air pollutants such as PM10 and PM2.5 = 2
-  Group C -  Known  carcinogens  or  chemicals  with  significant  systemic or  organ system  toxicity.  e.g.  vinyl  chloride,  benzene,  lead,  radionuclide,  hexa-chromium, cadmium, organophosphate pesticides. = 3

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## 1.4.2 Selection of criteria pollutants:-

-  Option 1 : 3 pollutants relevant with the Area depending on the nature of industrial activity (preferable option /method )
-  Option  2 :  upto  3  most  critical  pollutants  depending  on  the  concentration  and exceedance

## ii.   Secondary Pollutants

Contribution  of  remaining  two  secondary  pollutants  will  be  based  on  the nature of the toxins as mentioned below:-

Table 1.2 Contribution Value for each of the pollutant

| Group of toxicity of each of the Secondary pollutants   | Contribution Value for each of the pollutant    |
|---------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|
| GroupA                                                  | 0.25                                            |
| Group B                                                 | 0.5                                             |
| Group C                                                 | 1                                               |
| Max. Contribution of secondary pollutants= 2.00         | Max. Contribution of secondary pollutants= 2.00 |
| Max. score of A1=3+2 = 5                                | Max. score of A1=3+2 = 5                        |

## Factor #A2 - Scale of industrial activities

 Large = 4 (if there are

10 R17 per 10 sq km area or fraction OR 2 R17 + 10 R54 per 10 sq km area or fraction OR 100 R54 per 10 sq km area or fraction

-  Moderate = 2.5 (if there are

2 to 10 R17 per 10 sq km area or fraction OR 10-100 R54 per 10 sq km area or fraction

 Limited = 1 (else there is any industry within 10 sq km area or fraction)

SCORE A = A1 x A2  ( max score = 5 x 4 = 20 )

## 1.4.3   B: Pathway

## Factor B- Level of exposure

A surrogate number which will represent Level of Exposure (SNLF) is calculated using % violation of ambient pollutant concentration, which is calculated as

SNLF = (No. of samples exceeded/ total no. of samples) x (Exceedance factor)

Table 1.3 : Category classification on SNLF basis

| Range of SNLF    | Category   |   Value |
|------------------|------------|---------|
| ( For EF > 0.75) | Low        |     0   |
| 7.5 < 0.50       | Moderate   |    15   |
| 0.5 to < 1.0     | High       |    22.5 |
| 1.0 and above    | Critical   |    30   |

Source : cpcb.nic.in

Max. Contribution of primary pollutant=30

- Contribution of remaining two secondary pollutants will be based on their category of exceedance as mentioned below:-

Table 1.4 : Category classification on SNLF basis

| Range of SNLF    | Category   |   Contribution Value for each of the secondary pollutants |
|------------------|------------|-----------------------------------------------------------|
| ( For EF > 0.75) | Low        |                                                       2.5 |
| 7.5 < 0.50       | Moderate   |                                                       5   |
| 0.5 to < 1.0     | High       |                                                       7.5 |
| 1.0 and above    | Critical   |                                                      10   |

Source : cpcb.nic.in

Max. Contribution of Secondary pollutants = 20

Maximum value of B = 30 + 20 =50

## 1.4.4  C : Receptor

| Component C              | Component C              |
|--------------------------|--------------------------|
| (Impact on Human Health) | (Impact on Human Health) |
| 10                       | 10                       |
| Main - 10                | Main - 10                |
| %increase in cases*      | Marks                    |
| <5%                      | 0                        |
| 5-10%                    | 5                        |
| >10%                     | 10                       |

- % increase is evaluated based on the total no. of cases recorded during two consecutive years.
- For Air Environment, total no. of cases related to Asthma, Bronchitis, Cancer, Acute respiratory infections etc. are to be considered.
- For  surface  water  /  ground  water  Environment,  cases  related  to  Gastroenteritis, Diarrhea, Renal (kidney) malfunction, Cancer etc. are to be considered.
- For the above evaluation, the previous 5 years records of 3-5 major hospitals of the area shall be considered.

## 1.4.5 D: Additional High Risk Element Factor

- 
- Additional High Risk Element (Inadequacy of pollution control measures for  large  scale,  medium  and  small  scale  industries  and  also  due  to  unorganized  sector).  It  is cumulative  of  ETPs,  CETPs,  Air  Pollution  Control  Devises  (APCDs)  and  unorganized waste disposal. Max. Score = 20 If all the industries in the area have adequately designed/ operated  and  maintained  pollution  control  facilities  and  also  common  facilities  such  as CETP/ FETP/ CHWDF are having adequate capacity and are having state of art technology = 0.
-  If  all  the  large  industries  in  the  area  have  adequately  designed/  operated  and  maintained pollution  control  facilities  but  small  and  medium  industries  are  defaulting.  Common facilities  such  as  CETP/FETP/CHWDF  are  having  adequate  in  capacity  or  operation/ maintenance = 5. 
-  If all the industries in the area have adequately designed/ operated and maintained pollution control  facilities  but  the  common  facilities  such  as  CETP/FETP/CHWDF  are  having inadequate in capacity or operation/ maintenance = 10. 
-  If  all  the  large  industries  in  the  area  have  adequately  designed/  operated  and  maintained pollution  control  facilities  but  small  and  medium  industries  are  defaulting.  Common facilities  such  as  CETP/FETP/CHWDF  are  having  inadequate  in  capacity  or  operation/ maintenance = 15. 

 Inadequate Facilities of individual as well as common facilities, full penalty = 20.

Table 1.5 : Score for Additional High Risk Element: Factor D

|   S No. | Large Scale Industries   | Small/ Medium Scale Industries   | Common Facilities for Pollution Control   |   Score |
|---------|--------------------------|----------------------------------|-------------------------------------------|---------|
|       1 | Adequate                 | Adequate                         | Adequate                                  |       0 |
|       2 | Adequate                 | Inadequate                       | Adequate                                  |       5 |
|       3 | Adequate                 | Adequate                         | Inadequate                                |      10 |
|       4 | Adequate                 | Inadequate                       | Inadequate                                |      15 |
|       5 | Inadequate               | Inadequate                       | Inadequate                                |      20 |

Inadequate Facilities: >  10% units  deficient  in  terms  of  design/  operation  and  maintenance  of pollution control in case of small and medium scale industries

OR

2% units deficiency in terms of design/ operation and maintenance of pollution control in case of Large scale industries or common facilities

The status report (last two years) shall be used for the purpose of deciding the score for adequacy.

## 1.5 Evaluation of Environmental Parameters

1.5.1 Evaluation of the Ambient Air Index / Surface Water Index / Ground Water Index After calculating A, B, C and D; calculate the sub index score (Air / Surface Water / Ground Water)

as:

Sub-Index Score = (A + B + C + D)

Sub index scores are to be calculated for each of the individual environmental components that is, Air  Environment,  Surface  Water  Environment, and Soil & Ground  Water  Environment separately .

Table 1.6 Weightage parameter of CEPI score

| Component                                                        |   Weightage |
|------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------|
| Scale of industrial activity                                     |          20 |
| Scale of exceedance of Environmental Quality (Level of exposure) |          50 |
| Health related statistics                                        |          10 |
| Compliance status of industries                                  |          20 |
|                                                                  |         100 |

## Calculation of the Aggregated CEPI

The aggregated CEPI Score can be calculated as.

CEPI = im + {(100 - im)*(i2/100)*(i3/100)}

Where,

im: maximum sub index; and

i2, and i3 are sub indices for other media

## CHAPTER : 2.

## Description of the Khrew Industrial Area

## Table 2.1 Salient Features of the Khrew Industrial Area

| S.No.   | Particulars                                       | Details                                                                   | Details                                                                   |
|---------|---------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| .       |                                                   |                                                                           |                                                                           |
| 1       | Location                                          |                                                                           |                                                                           |
|         | A. Town (NAC)                                     | Khrew                                                                     | Khrew                                                                     |
|         | B. Tehsil                                         | Pampore                                                                   | Pampore                                                                   |
|         | C. District                                       | Pulwama                                                                   | Pulwama                                                                   |
|         | D. State                                          | Jammu & Kashmir                                                           | Jammu & Kashmir                                                           |
| 2       | Latitude                                          | 34°01'12'' N                                                              | 34°01'12'' N                                                              |
| 3.      | Longitude                                         | 74°59'24''E                                                               | 74°59'24''E                                                               |
| 4.      | Toposheet No.                                     | 43 N/4 (Restricted)                                                       | 43 N/4 (Restricted)                                                       |
| 5.      | Elevation above sea level                         | 1705 m to 2100 m above                                                    | 1705 m to 2100 m above                                                    |
| 6       | Climatic Condition                                |                                                                           |                                                                           |
|         | A. Temperature                                    | Max. 36.6 0 C, Min. -5 0 C                                                | Max. 36.6 0 C, Min. -5 0 C                                                |
|         | B. Relative Humidity                              | Max. 92% , Min. 24%                                                       | Max. 92% , Min. 24%                                                       |
|         | C. Average Annual Rainfall                        | 730 mm                                                                    | 730 mm                                                                    |
| 7       | National Highway                                  | National Highway No. 44A (Srinagar to Jammu) is about 14 km away from the | National Highway No. 44A (Srinagar to Jammu) is about 14 km away from the |
| 8.      | Ecological Sensitive Areas (Wild Life Santuaries) | National Park/ Sanctuary                                                  | Direction& approx. distance from KHREW                                    |
| 8.      | Ecological Sensitive Areas (Wild Life Santuaries) | Dachigam National Park                                                    | N, 7 - 8 km                                                               |
| 8.      | Ecological Sensitive Areas (Wild Life Santuaries) | Sanctuary                                                                 | NE, 15 km                                                                 |
| 8.      | Ecological Sensitive Areas (Wild Life Santuaries) | Overa Aru Wildlife Sanctuary                                              | NE, 30 km                                                                 |
| 9.      | Nearest Town / City                               | Srinagar (24 km)                                                          | Srinagar (24 km)                                                          |
| 10      | Soil Type                                         | Sandy loam                                                                | Sandy loam                                                                |

Fig 2.1 Location Map of the Area

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## 2.2 General Description of the Khrew Industrial Area :-

-  The  Khrew  is  a  Town  and  notified  area  committee  located  in  Pampore  Tehsil  of  district Pulwama  in  the  Jammu  and  Kashmir  Union  territory and  is  14  km  from  the  National Highway  (NHIA-44) . It is located  at  a  distance  of  24  km's  from  Srinagar  city  with geographical  co-ordinates  of  34°1′12″  N,  74°59′24″  E  and  at  an  average  elevation  of  1607 meters amsl. The area is famous for Jwala Ji Mandir, which is a prominent place of worship for Kashmiri Pandits. The area is eco-sensitive being adjacent to Dachigam National Park and forms a corridor between Dachigam and the Aru Wildlife Sanctuary area.
-  The Khrew area is a heart shaped Valley with mountains surrounding on its three sides (Fig. 1) and  holding  an  area  and  perimeter  of  about  40  km 2 and  26  km  respectively.  Pertinently,  the famous  Dachigam  National  Park  is  in  close  proximity  to  this  area  and  lies  on  its  northern fringeside.  Moreover,  the  eminent  glaciers  of  the  Kashmir  Valley  such  as  Kolhai  and Thajwasare positionedon north eastern side of the Khrew. Whilst, the south and western sides of area sprawls into Pampore and Khonmouh zones respectively.

## 2.3 Topography of the area

-  The  topography  of  the  area is  rugged  mountainous  terrain.  The  main  drainage  in  the surrounding  area  is  Bajnar  nallah  with  a  number  of  tributaries  at  its  catchment  area.  The drainage course is seasonal. Cultivated fields are  located  towards  foot  hills where cultivation of paddy , maize is being carried out besides having field of saffron   at the lower foot hills. The area  is  eco-sensitive  due  to  its  Geo-Physical,  topographical,  agricultural  features    and  rich  in bio-diversity  and  fauna  and  flora  being  adjacent  to  Dachigam  National    Park  from  Khanmoh side.  Thae  area  is  also  declared  in  the  past  as  a  Wild  Life  Conservation  reserve  as  per  data available.

## 2.4 Resources in the Area

-  The area has a vast quantity of high grade Lime Stone reserve and therefore declared as a LIME STONE RESERVE area ( especially the Khrew\_Sulnar- Shalteng area ) by a Notification issued in Oct, 2002 .Due to the availability of raw material (limestone), the area has attracted number of cement industrial units to setup cement plants in the area besides carrying out indiscriminate mining  at  several  locations  in  the  area  for  extraction  of  lime  stone . Zaffron  fields  are  also located the adjacent to the area.

## 2.5 Climatic Condition of the Area

-  Temperature  of  the  area  varies  considerably  from  month  to  month.  The  minimum  air temperature drops below 0ºC, at times, it can go down to -5 to -7ºC.Ground frost is a common phenomenon  during  mid-winter.  The  rise  in  temperature  is  gradual  when  the  air  has  high moisture  content  with  the  sky  remaining  overcast;  the  rise  is  however  steep  when  the  sky  is clear  and  there  is  less  moisture  content  in  the  air.  The  maximum  air  temperature  goes  up  to 32ºC during summers. In the study area, annual minimum and maximum temperature range (of extreme variation) is 5 to 32ºC.

## 2.6 Habitation of the Area

-  The population of municipality area of Khrew has been registered as 9851, of which 4965 are males and 4886 are females (Census, 2011). Some of the prominent villages nearby to the area comprises  of  Sathpokhrin,  Batyan,  Zentrag  and  Nagandar.  One  government  administered Primary health center is also established in the area for providing basic health facilities to the residents.

Fig.2.  Aerial  view  of  Khrew  heart  shaped  Valley  showing  adjacent  areas  and  various surrounding geographical features

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## CHAPTER:  3

## 3.1 Field inspection of the Area and observation

-  During the field visit, it has been observed that there are total nine ( 12 nos) of Cement units. In addition, there are seven ( 07 no. ) of Mining sites of lime stones reserve in the area used for the captive consumption by the cement units located in the area.
-  It has also been observed during the inspection that there is a mushroom growth of cluster of Stone crushers 30 in  numbers located along the  foothills   from the area. Most of these Stone Crushers are in operation. The Stone Crushers are crushing the stones from the stones drawn  from  the  Stone  quarries  along  the  foot  hills  in  the  area  which  is  also  a  source  of pollution .
-  The List of details of Cement Plants, Stone Crushers in the area is shown here as under:-

Table 3.1 Status of Cement Plants in Khrew and Wuyan  area (operational and under establishment )

|   S. No. | Name of Cement Plant                 | Capacity                     | PCD's/OCEMS                                             | EC / Consent Status                                                  |
|----------|--------------------------------------|------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
|        1 | M/s Trumboo Industries Pvt. Ltd.     | 1000 TPD                     | Bag houses in kiln, RPJS in each section, ESP preheater | EC issued byMOEF dt. 16.09.2009 and consent is valid upto April-2021 |
|        2 | M/s H.K Cements Industries Pvt. Ltd. | 300 TPD                      | Bag houses in kiln, RPJS in each section, ESP preheater | EC issued by MoEF dt. 26.09.2012 and consent is valid upto Oct.2020  |
|        3 | M/s Cemtac cements Pvt. Ltd.         | 300 TPD                      | Wet scrubber in kilns, RPJS in each section             | Unit is old one and Consent is valid upto Feb.2021                   |
|        4 | M/s Itifaq Cement Pvt. Ltd.          | 200 TPD                      | Wet scrubber in kilns, RPJS in each section             | Unit is old one and Consent is valid upto March-2021                 |
|        5 | M/s Valley Cement Industries         | 50 TPD                       | Wet scrubber in kilns, RPJS in each section             | Not required EC and Consent is valid upto July-2020                  |
|        6 | M/s J and K Cements                  | 600 TPD (old) (600 TPD exp.) | RPJS in each section, ESP preheater and kiln            | Yes, not operational since last 2 years                              |
|        7 | M/s Dawar Cements Pvt. Ltd.          | 200 TPD                      | Wet scrubber in kilns, RPJS in each section             |                                                                      |
|        7 | M/s Dawar Cements Pvt. Ltd.          | (200 TPD)                    |                                                         |                                                                      |
|        8 | M/s Jhelum Cements (proposed)        | 600 TPD                      | -                                                       | EC granted Not established                                           |
|        9 | M/s Green Land Cement, Wuyan         | 100 TPD                      |                                                         | Not established                                                      |
|       10 | M/s Kashmir Cement Industries        | 1200 TPD                     | -                                                       | Public hearing conducted by PCB                                      |
|       11 | South Kashmir Cement                 | 75 TPD                       |                                                         | Not established                                                      |
|       12 | M/s Mehboo Cement Industries Ltd.    | 600 TPD                      |                                                         | ToR issued by MoEF and Not established                               |

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Pictures showing some of the Cement plants in the Area

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Table 3.2 :-  List of  Stone crushers in Khrew area

|   S. No. | Name of the Unit                    |
|----------|-------------------------------------|
|        1 | M/s Evergreen Stone Crusher         |
|        2 | M/s Hitech Stone Crusher            |
|        3 | M/s Gousia Stone Crusher            |
|        4 | M/s Pride Foam Industry             |
|        5 | M/s Vovan Sacks                     |
|        6 | New Lucky Stone Crusher             |
|        7 | M/s Kashmir Stone Crusher           |
|        8 | M/s Mashoor Stone Crusher           |
|        9 | M/s Zabarwan Stone Crusher          |
|       10 | M/s Zaffron Stone Crusher           |
|       11 | M/s Nesheen Stone Crusher           |
|       12 | M/s Shah Stone Crusher              |
|       13 | M/s Modern Stone Crusher            |
|       14 | M/s Ultra Stron Hollow Blocks       |
|       15 | M/s Hollow Blocks                   |
|       16 | M/s Friends Stone Crusher           |
|       17 | M/s Mir Stone Crusher               |
|       18 | M/s Valley Stone Crusher            |
|       19 | M/s Green Valley Stone Crusher      |
|       20 | M/s Red Star Stone Crusher          |
|       21 | M/s Skinder Road Construction (HMP) |
|       22 | M/s Kong Posh Stone Crusher         |
|       23 | M/s M.N Stone Crusher               |
|       24 | M/s Dar Stone Crusher               |
|       25 | M/s Bhat Stone Crusher              |
|       26 | M/s MRJ Stone Crusher               |
|       27 | M/s Seven Star Stone Crusher        |
|       28 | M/s Wani Stone Crusher              |
|       29 | M/s Muntaqi Stone Crusher           |
|       30 | M/s Sultania Stone Crusher          |

## 3.1.1 STATUS OF MINING ACTIVITY IN THE AREA

-  Further it has been observed that indiscriminate Mining of the Lime Stone at various places for the captive use of the cement units and for the Stone Crusher activity is going on in the Khrew area. The mined limestone contains substantial quantity of fine particulates. Beyond that,  additional  fine  matter  gets  generated  due  to  the  breaking  of  stones  and  by  impact during free fall of lime stones. Due to this, during unloading operations significant quantity of fugitive emissions gets generated. The dust gets airborne and spreads in the vicinity in the form  of  a  cloud.  Therefore,  Green  belts  around  periphery  of  the  units  should  be  more strengthened.

-  It has been observed that opencast mining is being carried out presently and is not being done in a Scientific manner (in benches with moderate slopes) following Mining norms for extraction of Mines  &  Minerals.  The  generation  of  dust  is  from  various  mining  activities  i.e.  drilling, blasting,  loading and  crushing  operations.  Dust arising  from  unpaved and  unmettaled roads  is also effecting the surrounding environment.
-  Moreover, reclamation  / eco-restoration of the mined area  is not  being done as envisaged and approved in the Environmental  Management Plan( EMP ) by Indian Bureau of Mines, and Department of Geology   and Mining,  J&K  Govt. ( Some  of  the photographs  taken on spot are enclosed with the report showing unscientific way of extraction of Lime stone being done at the site.

Table 3.3 Operational Lime stone mines in Khrew Area

| Sr. No .   | Description of Mines                                                                                   | Area                   | Status of consent and EC                                            |
|------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1          | M/s Cemtac Cements Khrew in favour of M/s Riyaz Ahmad Panjra                                           | 29.414 hac.            | Consent is valid upto Feb. 2023 and EC issued by MoEF dt. 19.5-2016 |
| 2          | M/s J andK Cements Ltd.                                                                                | 88.10 hac              | J&K Govt. under taking unit                                         |
|            | M/s Trumboo Industries-1 in favour of Mohd. Shafi Tramboo                                              | 4.92 hac.              | April-2019 and EC not required                                      |
| 4          | M/s Trumboo Industries-2 in favour of Mustaq Ahmad Tramboo                                             | 44 Hac.                | March-2021 and EC issued by MoEF dt. 16.09.2009                     |
| 5          | M/s Trumboo Industries-3 in favour of Umar Shafi Tramboo                                               | 48 Hac.                | March-2021 and EC issued by MoEF dt. 09.12.2009                     |
| 6          | M/s Itifaq Cements in favour of Sh. Waqar Asif, Dalkhan Banjar, Khrew                                  | 4.98 hac.              | CTE(F) is valid upto Jan.2020                                       |
| 7          | M/s H.K. Cements Khrew, in favour of:- i. Sh. Haji Gh. Hassan Mir. Sultan Mir ii. Sh. Mohd. Sultan Mir | 4.460 Hac . 4.420 Hac. | Principle Approval granted by the Board                             |

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-  The Committee also visited the PCB AIRMONITORING STATION at different location of Khrew, and it has been observed that the values of PM10 & PM2.5 levels of the ambient air concentration is exceeding the permissible limits.
-  On line monitoring system installed by the industry is also inspected.

## 3.2 Status  of PCD's and  OCEMS Online  Emission  Monitoring  System  in  the industrial units

It  is  observed  by  the  field  team  that  Pollution  Control  Devices  (PCD's)  by  the  individual Cement units have been installed. The efficiency of the PCDs cannot be attributed to 100% due to  the  lack  of    proper  operation  and  maintenance  and  depreciation  value  of  the  PCDs.  The failure  of  electricity  is  also  a  factor.  However,  online  monitoring  system  (OCEMS)  for recording real time data of  pollutants  is  also  installed  by six Cement units, among which the OCEMS of  two  units  (Dawar  cements  and  Cemtac  cements)  are  facing  some  technical  fault. One industry (JK cements) is not operational  from  last two years, while the remaining three units (TCI Max cements, HK cements and Itifaq cements) are furnishing the on-line data which is observed and taken, as a secondary data (Sox) for the study.

Fig. 3. Rough sketch of the Khrew area depicting industrial units (the corresponding units shown by numbers is enclosed in Annexure-H)

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## 3.3 Dust Pollution in the Area

During  the  visit  it  has  been  observed  that  there  is  a  lot  of  dust  pollution  in  the  area  due  to  the movement of vehicles carrying industrial raw material and  finished products which is a source of ground level pollution. The road condition are also not so good in the area, which is also adding to the problem of Air pollution.

## CHAPTER-4

## DATA OF ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS

In order to assess the environmental conditions of the study area, the Ambient Air Quality and Ground Water quality data has been monitored and is shown here as under:-

## 4.1 Air Environment

The JKPCB Air Lab is collecting two samples consistently in a week as per the CPCB guidelines from  permanent  Air  Quality  monitoring  Station  set  by  the  PCB  in  the  area.    The  Gravimetric method is used to determine the particulate matter concentration. The datasets procured since 2013 up to 2020 (seven years) for PM10 revealed that annual average always remained much higher than permissible limits of 60 μ g/m 3 for industrial area.

Fig.3. Map showing main Khrew Area and its prominent villages, Air Quality Monitoring Station and various industrial units.

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## 4.1.1  Ambient Air Quality Data

The Air quality data monitored by Air Lab of JKPCB of Khrew area for ( PM10 and PM2.5 ) in the permanent stations and at  three different locations  is also shown here.

The both the values of PM10 & PM2.5 are much higher than the permissible limit

Table-4.1 Ambient Air quality Data of Particulate matter (PM10)  (Khrew Area)

| Month   | Khrew        | Khrew        | Khrew PM10   | Khrew PM10   | Khrew PM10   | Khrew PM10   | Khrew PM10   |
|---------|--------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|
| Month   | PM10 2013-14 | PM10 2014-15 | 2015-16      | 2016-17      | 2017-18      | 2018-19      | 2019-20      |
| April   | 113.77       | 91.29        | 67.00        | 97.84        | 160.76       | 101.92       | 96.05        |
| May     | 103.27       | 91.93        | 78.66        | 110.35       | 130.18       | 115.25       | 95.22        |

| June           |   109.71 | 108.02            |   98.39 |   111.67 |   119.59 |   104.68 | 179.38   |
|----------------|----------|-------------------|---------|----------|----------|----------|----------|
| July           |   101.05 | 98.05             |  121.47 |    56.93 |   120.48 |    68.56 | 126.94   |
| August         |    84.93 | 94.17             |   54.07 |    34.83 |   170.88 |    88.23 | -        |
| September      |   100.3  | N.A due to flood. |   84.79 |    48.96 |   141.14 |    81.73 | 62.78    |
| October        |   129.34 | -do-              |  114.33 |    93.77 |   204.55 |   112.53 | 82.55    |
| November       |   129.87 | -do-              |  118    |   136.95 |   190.25 |   144.4  | 93.23    |
| December       |   157.78 | -do-              |  145.33 |   160.82 |   136.34 |   162.53 | 216.62   |
| January        |    95.35 | -do-              |  127.6  |   125.4  |   113.88 |   136.05 | 153.36   |
| February       |    81.96 | 85.10             |  116.39 |   109.44 |   158.21 |   117.12 | 103.56   |
| March          |   111.14 | 56.99             |   87.9  |    90.87 |    98.68 |    76.5  | 104.68   |
| Yearly Average |   109.87 | 89.36             |  101.16 |    98.15 |   145.41 |   109.12 | 119.48   |

Table-4.2 Ambient Air Quality Data (PM10 and PM2.5) of Khrew Area

|   S.NO | Name of Site                                            | Date of Monitoring   | Parameter Analysed   |   Result |
|--------|---------------------------------------------------------|----------------------|----------------------|----------|
|      1 | North Top institute Sheikh Mohalla Khrew                | 9-1-2020             | PM10                 |   170.11 |
|      1 | North Top institute Sheikh Mohalla Khrew                | 10-1-2020            | PM10                 |   163.77 |
|      1 | North Top institute Sheikh Mohalla Khrew                | 11-1-2020            | PM10                 |   173.24 |
|      1 | North Top institute Sheikh Mohalla Khrew                |                      | Average              |   169.04 |
|      2 | Near Hospital Khrew.                                    | 9-1-2020             | PM2.5                |   120    |
|      2 | Near Hospital Khrew.                                    | 10-1-2020            | PM2.5                |   108.55 |
|      2 | Near Hospital Khrew.                                    | 11-1-2020            | PM2.5                |   117.36 |
|      2 | Near Hospital Khrew.                                    |                      | Average              |   115.3  |
|      3 | Permanent Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station Khrew. | 9-1-2020             | PM10                 |   128.58 |
|      3 | Permanent Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station Khrew. | 10-1-2020            | PM10                 |   158.09 |
|      3 | Permanent Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station Khrew. | 11-1-2020            | PM10                 |   167.82 |
|      3 | Permanent Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station Khrew. |                      | Average              |   151.49 |

## Note:

-  All values are in µg/m³ .
-  The permissible limit of PM10 for 24 hours= 100 µg/m³ and for the year = 60µg/m³ .
-  The permissible limit of PM2.5 for 24 hours= 60 µg/m³ and for the year  = 40µg/m³ .

## 4.2  Water Environment

## 4.2.1 Water Quality Data :

A  survey  of  Khrew  area  was  undertaken  on 03/12/2019 to  collect  the  water  samples  from different  spots.  During  the  survey  eight  different  locations  were  identified  wherefrom  water samples were collected. The description of these sampling locations is as under:

## 4.2.1.1 Surface Water Quality Data

- a) Spring near main market : This site is close to main market near sumo taxi stand and is in close proximity of human habitation and commercial establishments. Many springs ooze out at this site. This site has been embanked by the authorities so as to prevent contamination of water.

## 4.3 Land Environment

The  status  of  land  environment  is  primarily  assessed  by  Ground  water  monitoring  of different tube Wells in the area.

## 4.3.1 Ground Water Data

- a) Tube well station Khrew (Water supply Scheme): This site is the water supply scheme for Khrew Area.
- b) Itifaq Cements and constructions :  Bore well of this industrial unit is located outside the premises and ground water is being pumped into the premises by means of suction pumps.
- c) Bore well of Valley Cement industries .
- d) Bore well of M/S Dawar cement
- e) Bore well of HK Cement Industries
- f) Bore well of M/S Trumboo Industries Pvt. Ltd .
- g) Bore well of Cemtac cement Pvt. Ltd .

The  area  under  study  is  devoid  of  any  water  body  and  no  other  sampling  spot  except  the aforementioned sampling spots were located to collect water samples, so sample collection remain restrained  only to the above eight locations. Other than site 1(Spring near main market), the source of all water samples is ground water, which is drawn out from ground by using suction pumps. This ground  water  is  used  either  during  the  process  of  manufacturing  of  cement  or  for  human consumption.  The  samples  collected  from  all  the  locations  were  analysed  for  various  Physio Chemical Parameters and test report are show here under:-

Table 4.3 Data of Physico-chemical Characteristics of Ground water samples collected from Khrew Pulwama.

|   S.No | Parameter                            | Spring near main Market   |   Bore well PHE | Bore well Itifaq cement   | Bore well Valley cement   |   Bore well Dawar cement |   Bore well HK cement | Bore well Trumboo cement   | Bore well Cemtac cement   | Indian Standards for Drinking water ISI0500 (2012)   | Indian Standards for Drinking water ISI0500 (2012)   | Tolerance limit for Class A (CPCB)   |
|--------|--------------------------------------|---------------------------|-----------------|---------------------------|---------------------------|--------------------------|-----------------------|----------------------------|---------------------------|------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|
|      1 | Approx. Depth of Bore Well (in feet) |                           |         120     | 275.0                     | 650.0                     |                  400     |               650     | 600.0                      | 450.0                     | Desirable limit                                      | Maximum limit                                        | Tolerance limit for Class A (CPCB)   |
|      2 | Air Temp. o C                        | 5.0                       |           6.7   | 6.3                       | 5.0                       |                    6.7   |                 6     | 5.1                        | 8.3                       |                                                      |                                                      |                                      |
|      3 | Water Temp. o C                      | 14.1                      |          14.2   | 12.0                      | 14.1                      |                   14.2   |                13     | 13.9                       | 11.5                      |                                                      |                                                      |                                      |
|      4 | pH                                   | 7.10                      |           7.26  | 7.35                      | 7.41                      |                    7.32  |                 7.92  | 7.42                       | 7.45                      | 6.5- 8.5                                             | No Relaxation                                        | 6.5-8.5                              |
|      5 | Conductivity µs/cm                   | 315.0                     |         298     | 279.0                     | 293.0                     |                  298     |               249     | 284.0                      | 262.0                     | -                                                    | -                                                    |                                      |
|      6 | T.D.S                                | 226.0                     |         216     | 203.0                     | 213.0                     |                  198     |               181     | 207.0                      | 191.0                     | 500                                                  | 2000                                                 | 500                                  |
|      7 | D.O                                  | 6.3                       |           6     | 7.4                       | 7.6                       |                    7     |                 5     | 7.6                        | 5.5                       | -                                                    | -                                                    | 6mg/l or more                        |
|      8 | C.O.D                                | 8.30                      |           4.9   | BDL                       | BDL                       |                    3.2   |                 4.9   | 3.20                       | 3.20                      | -                                                    |                                                      |                                      |
|      9 | B.O.D                                | 0.20                      |           0.2   | BDL                       | BDL                       |                    0.5   |                 0.5   | 0.10                       | 0.30                      | -                                                    | -                                                    | 2mg/l or less                        |
|     10 | Phosphate                            | 0.051                     |           0.054 | 0.043                     | 0.103                     |                    0.058 |                 0.076 | 0.030                      | 0.047                     | -                                                    | -                                                    | -                                    |
|     11 | Ammonical Nitrogen                   | 0.553                     |           0.563 | 0.589                     | 0.506                     |                    0.558 |                 0.626 | 0.475                      | 0.516                     | 0.5                                                  | No Relaxation                                        | -                                    |
|     12 | Sulphate                             | 17.87                     |          13.18  | 13.18                     | 11.51                     |                   10.15  |                 9.54  | 30.15                      | 14.08                     | 200                                                  | 400                                                  | 400                                  |
|     13 | Hardness                             | 204.0                     |         220     | 202.0                     | 194.0                     |                  160     |               192     | 188.0                      | 120.0                     | 200                                                  | 600                                                  | 300                                  |
|     14 | Calcium                              | 68.13                     |          60.1   | 65.73                     | 66.53                     |                   62.52  |                48.09  | 64.12                      | 41.68                     | 75                                                   | 200                                                  | 200                                  |
|     15 | Magnesium                            | 8.26                      |          17.01  | 9.23                      | 6.8                       |                    5.83  |                17.49  | 6.8                        | 3.88                      | 30                                                   | 100                                                  | 100                                  |
|     16 | Total Alkalinity                     | 130.0                     |         130     | 133.0                     | 157.0                     |                  145     |               112     | 123.0                      | 137.0                     | 200                                                  | 600                                                  |                                      |
|     17 | Chloride                             | 23.0                      |          18     | 18.0                      | 18.0                      |                   15     |                13     | 15.0                       | 14.0                      | 250                                                  | 1000                                                 | 250                                  |
|     18 | Sodium                               | 7.0                       |           5     | 4.0                       | 5.0                       |                    5     |                 6     | 3.0                        | 2.0                       | -                                                    | -                                                    |                                      |
|     19 | Potassium                            | 1.0                       |           1     | BDL                       | 1.0                       |                    1     |                 1     | BDL                        | BDL                       | -                                                    | -                                                    |                                      |
|     20 | Turbidity NTU                        | 5.0                       |           1     | 1.0                       | 1.0                       |                    1     |                 3     | 1.0                        | 1.0                       | 1                                                    | 5                                                    | -                                    |

Date of Sampling: 12/3/2019

## 4.3.2 Analysis of Samples collected for surface / Ground Water Quality

The Primary water quality criteria of these ground water samples must conform to Class A status as per designated best use criteria, which is Drinking water source without conventional treatment but after disinfection. The brief account of results is as below:-

-  pH : pH is the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. It determines the acidic or basic nature of solvents. Value of  pH  of  all the samples analysed ranged from 7.10 to 7.92, thus  showing  slightly  alkaline  nature  of  water  and  meeting  the  Indian  Standards  for Drinking water ISIO500(2012).
-  Total dissolved Solids: TDS of  all  the  samples  analysed were found to have value of  less than 500 mg/L .Its range in the collected samples was observed from 181 to 226 mg/L thus indicating its freshness and good portability.
-  Biochemical Oxygen Demand: BOD is  an  important  parameter  in  determining  the  water quality  and  is  an  indicator  of  organic  pollution.  The  value  of  this  parameter  in  all  the samples  was found to be less than 1 mg/L of oxygen or zero thus indicating that there is no organic pollution
-  Ammonical  Nitrogen: Concentration  of  Ammonical  Nitrogen    in  the  samples  analysed ranged  from  0.475  to  0.626  mg/L  and  was  slightly  more  than  the  desirable  category  of Indian Standards for Drinking water ISIO500(2012)except at Trumboo Cement site.
-  Hardness: Hardness of  water  is  caused  by  presence  of  carbonates  and  bicarbonates  of calcium and magnesium. As per Indian Standards for Drinking water ISIO500(2012), 200 and 600 mg/L is the desirable and maximum limit respectively for drinking water purpose. The analysis results of the samples collected, reveal that the values of hardness fall in this range and thus indicating their good portability so far as this parameter is concerned.
-  Chloride : The value of this parameter in the samples analysed range from 13 to 23 mg/L
-  Similarly the value of turbidity and metallic parameters viz., sodium and potassium analysed in the lab were found within satisfactory range.

Conclusion :  Analysis  of  the  samples  revealed  that  the  ground  water  at  Khrew,  at  the  depth mentioned in the analysis report of each site  is,  potable (so far as physio-chemical characteristics are concerned) and meets the Standards for Drinking water ISIO500(2012) and also retains class A primary water quality criteria i.e., Drinking water source without conventional treatment but after disinfection

## 5.1 Health Statistics

The data furnished by the medical officer PHC, Khrew  for the past three years  vis-à-vis the total number  of  patients  attended  and  the  diseases  observed  for  the  year  2019-20  is  shown  here  as under:-

Table 5.1 Data of Health related diseases in the nearby areas

| S. No   | Disease           |   Number of Cases |
|---------|-------------------|-------------------|
| 1       | Gastro enteritis  |              1380 |
| 2       | ARI               |              9544 |
| 3       | Enteric Fever     |                27 |
| 4       | Hypertension      |              4840 |
| 5       | Diabetic (Type-2) |               103 |
| 6       | Bronchitis        |               184 |
| 7       | Asthma            |               172 |
| 8       | Ac. Injuries      |              1015 |
| 9       | TB                |                 2 |
| 10      | Others            |             22861 |
| Total   | Total             |             40128 |

Moreover, percentages of the above health issues found in patients is estimated below in the form a pie chart:

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## CHAPTER-5

## Health Statistics

## 5.2 Data of health related for the last three years

PHC Khrew has also submitted data of the post three years (2017-2020) regarding diagnostic illness of patients with respect to OPD and IPD services which is shown shown below in tabulated as well as graphical forms:-

Table 5.2 Incremental increase in Health related diseases (in%)

| Nature of services provided   | 2017-18   |   2018-19 | 2019-20 (July)   |
|-------------------------------|-----------|-----------|------------------|
| OPD                           | 39740     |  60635    | 50837            |
| %increase                     |           |     52.57 |                  |
| IPD                           | 1065      |   1862    | 2042             |
| %increase                     |           |     74.83 |                  |

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## CHAPTER-6

## Vehicular Pollution

## 6.1  Vehicular load and Pollution in the Area

Air  pollution  from  the  vehicles  in  the  area  has  emerged  as  one  of  the  major  problems. Generally,  Air  constitute 80  %  of  man's  daily  intake  of  material by  weight.  We  breathe 22,000 times  a  day  on  the  average,  in-hailing 10kg of  air  /  each  day,  which  is  nearly 12-15 times higher than the food we take. This is why the small concentration of pollutant in the area become more significant.

Emission generated by vehicles in Khrew area is also of great concern. Since these are  ground level sources and thus have the maximum impact on the general population of the area. Vehicle pollution contributes significantly to the total air pollution load in the area The emission such as CO2 (98.4%), CO (70-80%), NOx (40-60%), CH4, SO2, PM & HC are  released  from  the heavy transport plying on the road inside the area . As per the data available, there are about 1000-1200 loaded trucks that are plying on the roads to carry the final cement products. These vehicles are travelling with a schedule of two days a week in three seasons viz., spring, summer and autumn.  Although, in winter season there is schedule of one day per week.

In order to carry the raw material from mining areas to factories, there are  about 250 tippers moving  continuously on the roads.

.

## CHAPTER - 7

## CARRYING CAPACITY ASSESSMENT BASED ON CEPI SCORE

## 7.1 CEPI calculation of Khrew Industrial Area .

## 7.2 AIR ENVIRONMENT

## 7.2.1 CEPI score of Air sub index (Source)

##  Score-A

For Ambient air quality analysis in Khrew Industrial Area, Primary Pollutants and Secondary Pollutants are consided viz PM10,  PM2.5 and SO2. PM10 is exceeding the Ambient Air standard of PM10  (60μg/m 3 for  the  yearly  average)  prescribed  by  CPCB  in  all  samples  Air  samples analyzed  at  the Ambient  Air  Quality  Monitoring locations.  In  similar  fashion PM2.5 is  also exceeding  the  standard  of PM2.5 ( 40μg/m3) prescribed  by  CPCB  in  all 10 samples  out  of 10 ambient air samples.

The PM10 categorized as Group B pollutant i.e., Probable carcinogen and thus scored 2 points in industrial  activity  calculation  and PM2.5 being  Secondary  critical  pollutant  and  categorized  as Group B pollutant thus scored 0.5 .

Since, there are more than ten R17 category industries in Khrew Area  per 10 KM 2 area. Scale of Industrial activity score is 4. Total score A worked out is 14

##  Score-B (Pathway-level of exposure)

This  score  is  calculated  on  the  basis  of Surrogate  Number  Level  Factor  (SNLF) which  is  a function of Exceedance Factor (EF) and ratio of no. of Samples exceeding the standard to total no. of samples analyzed. It is calculated as described in methodology giving B score as 40 with PM10 scored 30 as primary critical pollutants and PM2.5 scored 10 as secondary critical pollutant SNLF is > 1 and SO2 being secondary critical pollutant with SNLF is below 0.9 and is low hence score 2 .

##  Score-C (Receptor)

It corresponds to the health data received from Primary Health Centre (PHC) situated in  Khrew Area for the past consecutive three years. For Air EPI calculation, annual percent increment in the patients  suffering  from  air  Borne  diseases  like  Asthma  and  Bronchitis,  Gastroentrities,  T.B. received from PHC is also considered.  The annual no. of patients is 40128 . Percentage increase of

OPD patients is 52.57 % and percentage increase of IPD patients is 74 % .  Hence the Receptor score is given as 10 .

##  Score-D (Additional High Risk Elements)

For  Khrew  Industrial  Area,  waste  management  facilities  are  not  complying  as  per  MSW Rules,2016.  Road  conditions  in  the  area  is  very  bad  creating  adverse  conditions  for  dust pollution in the area. The assessment of score is based on assessment of inadequate Common Facility  for  Pollution,  Air  Pollution  Control  Devices  and  unorganized  waste  disposal. A I  I factor is consider for scoring and hence score is 15 .

Table 7.1 Estimation of Air Index score A (Source)

| Pollutants   | Group   |   A1 | A2    |           |
|--------------|---------|------|-------|-----------|
| PM 10        | B       |  2   | large | A (A1xA2) |
| PM 2.5       | B       |  0.5 |       |           |
| SO2          | C       |  1   |       |           |
|              |         |  3.5 | 4     | 14        |

Table 7.2 Estimation of score Air Index B, C & D (Pathway and Receptor)

| Pollutants           | Avg (1) μg/m3        | Std (2)   | Exceeders factor EF [(3)   | No of samples Exceeding   | Total no. of samples   | SNLF Value [(6)]   | SNLF Score (B)   | SNLF Score (B)   |
|----------------------|----------------------|-----------|----------------------------|---------------------------|------------------------|--------------------|------------------|------------------|
| PM10 (Avg. of 5 yrs) | 110,32               | 60        | 1,83                       | 96                        | 96                     | 1.83               | C                | 30               |
|                      | 160.26               |           | 2.67                       |                           |                        |                    |                  |                  |
| PM2.5                | 115.3                | 60        | 1.92                       | 10                        | 10                     | 2.88               | C                | 10               |
| SO2                  | 33.13                | 50        | 0.66                       | 20                        | 20                     | 0.66               | L                | 0                |
| B Score = (B1+B2+B3) | B Score = (B1+B2+B3) |           |                            |                           |                        |                    | B                | 40               |
| C                    |                      |           | > 10%                      |                           |                        |                    |                  | 10               |
| D                    |                      |           | A-I-I                      |                           |                        |                    |                  | 15               |
| AIR EPI              |                      |           | (A+B+C+D)                  | 14                        | 40                     | 10                 | 15               | 79               |

## 7.3  Water Environment

## 7.3.1   CEPI score of Water sub index

Out of total 20 parameters tested for spring water samples collected from the main market, three most critical parameters are selected for the study (this is taken as water being used by the public).

-  For A score : three  parameters viz Hardness, TDS & Chlorides are taken and score worked out is 07 ( Source)
-  For B score: calculation,  SNLF  calculated  is  0  as  none  of  the  parameters  exceeds  in  any sample collected (Pathway-level of exposure). Hence no exposure, score is 0 .
-  For C score: Impact on the health of the people  in the area  is considered and  score is 10 since  the  increase  in  health  related  diseases  due  to  water  is  much  more  than 10  % ( Receptor )
-  For D score: The criteria taken is AII as already explained and score is 15 . (Additional High Risk element)

Table 7.3 Estimation of Water Index score A (Source)

| Pollutants   | Group   |   A1 | A2    | A         |
|--------------|---------|------|-------|-----------|
| Hardness     | A       | 1    | large |           |
| TDS          | A       | 1    |       | A (A1xA2) |
| Chlorides    | B       | 0.25 |       |           |
|              |         | 2.25 | 4     | 9         |

Table 7.4 Estimation of Water Index score B, C & D (Pathway and Receptor)

| Pollutants           | Avg (1)   | Std-2     | EF B[(3)= 1/2]   | No of samples Exceeding -4   | Total no. of samples -5   | SNLF Value [(6) = 4/5x3]   | SNLF Score   |   SNLF Score |
|----------------------|-----------|-----------|------------------|------------------------------|---------------------------|----------------------------|--------------|--------------|
| TDS                  | 226       | 2000      | 0.113            | 0                            | 0                         | 0                          | L            |            0 |
| Hardness             | 204       | 600       | 0.34             | 0                            | 0                         | 0                          | L            |            0 |
| Chlorides            | 23.0      | 1000      | 0.023            | 0                            | 0                         | 0                          | L            |            0 |
| B value = (B1+B2+B3) |           |           |                  |                              |                           |                            |              |            0 |
| C                    |           | > 10%     |                  |                              |                           |                            |              |           10 |
| D                    | 0         | AI I      |                  |                              |                           |                            |              |           15 |
| WATER EPI            |           | (A+B+C+D) |                  |                              |                           |                            |              |           34 |

## 7.4 Land Environment

## 7.4.1 CEPI score of Land sub index

Out of total 20 parameters  tested  for groundwater sample  collected  from 07 bore  wells locations in the Industry Area, three most critical parameters are selected for evaluation of score viz. Hardness , TDS  and Chlorides .

-  For A score: score of  three  parameters viz Hardness, TDS & Chlorides are  taken  and score work out is 07 ( Source).
-  For B score: calculation, SNLF value calculated is 0 as none of the parameters exceeds in any sample collected (Pathway-level of exposure)
-  For C score: Impact on the health of the people in the area is considered and score is 10 since the increase in health related diseases is much more than 10 % ( Receptor)
-  For D score: the criteria taken is AII and score is 15 (Additional High Risk Element)

Table 7.5 Estimation of Land Index score A (Source)

| Pollutants   | Group   |   A1 | A2    | A         |
|--------------|---------|------|-------|-----------|
| Hardness     | A       | 1    | large |           |
| TDS          | A       | 1    |       | A (A1xA2) |
| Chlorides    | B       | 0.25 |       |           |
|              |         | 2.25 | 4     | 9         |

Table 7.6  Estimation of  Land Index score B,C & D (Pathway and Receptor)

| Pollutants           | Avg (1)   | Std-2     | EF B[(3)= 1/2]   | No of samples Exceeding   | Total no. of samples   | SNLF Value [(6) = ]   | SNLF Score   | SNLF Score   |
|----------------------|-----------|-----------|------------------|---------------------------|------------------------|-----------------------|--------------|--------------|
| TDS                  | 216       | 2000      | 0.108            | 0                         | 0                      | 0                     | L            | 0            |
| Hardness             | 220       | 600       | 0.36             | 0                         | 0                      | 0                     | L            | 0            |
| Chlorides            | 23        | 1000      | 0.02             | 0                         | 0                      | 0                     | L            | 0            |
| B value = (B1+B2+B3) | 0         | 0         | 0                | 0                         | 0                      | 0                     | 0            | 0            |
| C                    |           | > 10%     |                  |                           |                        |                       |              |              |
| D                    | 0         | A I I     |                  |                           |                        |                       |              | 15           |
| WATER EPI            |           | (A+B+C+D) |                  |                           |                        |                       |              | 34           |

.

## 7.5 CEPI Score Calculation (Air/Water/Land-2020)

Table 7.7  Score of different Environmental Parameters

| Air Environment   |    79 | 7.5.1 Total CEPI   |
|-------------------|-------|--------------------|
| Water Environment | 34    | Score of the       |
| Land Environment  | 34    | Khrew Industrial   |
| CEPI score        | 81.43 | Area               |

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The total  CEPI score of Khrew Industrial Area has come 81.43,  thus the Khrew Industrial Area is categorized as Critically Polluted Area (CEPI Score >70)

## 7.5.2 Finding and Analysis of CEPI Score of the Khrew Industrial Area

The CEPI is  a  tool  which  can  give  early  warning  of  environmental  degradation  and deterioration in an area due to pollution load if it exceeds the carrying capacity / assimilative capacity of the area.

It  helps  to  categorize  the  industrial  areas  in  to  Critically  polluted  area,  Severely  polluted Area and other polluted area, with respect to one or more environmental component on the basis of  weightage parameters score.

The  areas  having  aggregated CEPI scores  of 70 and  above  are  considered  as Critically polluted industrial areas, whereas the areas having CEPI  between 60-70 are considered  as  Severely  polluted  Areas and  they  are  kept  under  strict  surveillance  along with implementation of  Pollution Control Measures. In case of Critically Polluted industrial areas further detailed investigations in terms of the extent of damage and a formulation of appropriate remedial Action Plan is needed.

In this case, Khrew Industrial area is categorized as Critically Polluted Area on the basis of CEPI score having score of 81.43 which  is  more than 70 ,  and  hence priority  is  needed to control the pollution by way of drawing appropriate Action Plan as a Remedial measures.

## 8.1 Recommendations:-

As per the study report the area is declared as  Critically polluted due to problem of Air pollution and  its  impact  on  fauna  and  flora  and  health  of  the  people  in  the  area  The  major  cause  of deterioration  of  air  quality  of  Khrew  area  is  due  to  the  industrial  activities  particularly  cement factories,  stone  crushers,  consumption  of  substantial  amount  of  wood  in  Hamams  for  heating purpose in domestic as well as religious places during winters. The burning of agricultural waste products, twigs and leaves of trees for charcoal formation required by the people in winters to keep themselves warm from biting cold, are also responsible for causing air pollution. Rapid increase of air  pollutants  originatet  from  vehicular  emissions  is  also  a  cause  of  concern.  The  Agriculture Activity of Zaffron fields is also a matter of concern and hence require Sustainable development approach.

## The specific recommendations are as under:-

-  In  view  of  the  Khrew  Industrial  Area  being  declared  as  critically  polluted,  it  is  necessary  to adopt and apply the principle of 'Sustainable Development' for the development of Area. The ill  effects  of  the  Air  Pollution  on  the  health  of  the  people  cannot  be  ignored  and  thus  it  is required  to  bring  the  pollution  level  within  norms  by  formulating  and  implementing  a  time bound Action  Plan with  short  term  and  long  term  measures  which  needs  to  be  reviewed periodically.
-  The setting up of new units/stone crushers in the area should be prohibited for the time till the carrying capacity of the area is able to take the additional burden of new pollution load due to new industries. This is  required for the conservation of the eco-sensitive area of Khrew.
-  Robust forestry activity is also recommended to diminish the impact of pollution in the area. It is  advised  that  each  industries  shall  plant  2000  trees  per  year  in  the  area  as  per  the  suitable identified locations for the containment of Air Pollution for successive five the years.
-  Effective  fugitive  emission  control  measures  should  be  taken  by  the  industries.  Two  Water Tankers should  be dedicatedly kept by each  industries  for water sprinkling  in an around the area for the suppression of dust.
-  All  the  industries  should  organize  Medical  camps  for the  local  public  in  the  area  after  every three months and submit data to the PCB after duly authenticated by the Panchyat  Sarpanch.
-  The Industries in Association shall install Online Continuous Monitoring Station in the area for regular monitoring of Real Time Data of Ambient Air Quality Data
-  The carrying capacity study should be revised after every two years to know the improvement in the area with regard to environmental parameters.
-  The  specific  standard  of  discharge  of  Air,  Water  pollution  in  the  Cement  industry,  Stone Crusher as per the EPAct,1986 shall be reinforced strictly and monitoring mechanism of such units be regulated.
-  To encourage the cleaner fuel in the industry process.
-  Water sprinkling on roads should be done more frequently so that dust load is reduced.
-  Regular monitoring of water resources is recommended to safeguard the health of residents and a timely protection in the eventuality of any environmental pollution could be framed.
-  CAAQMS be installed in the area cost of which along with maintenance be done by the local polluting industry in the area.

## CHAPTER - 8

## Table Data of Cement unit i.e So2 (mg/m 3 )

|   Sr. no. | So 2 mg/m 3                      |   Value |
|-----------|----------------------------------|---------|
|        01 | M/s Trumboo Industries Pvt. Ltd. |   32.32 |
|        01 | M/s Trumboo Industries Pvt. Ltd. |   35.13 |
|        01 | M/s Trumboo Industries Pvt. Ltd. |   35.36 |
|        01 | M/s Trumboo Industries Pvt. Ltd. |   36.61 |
|        01 | M/s Trumboo Industries Pvt. Ltd. |   36.61 |
|        01 | M/s Trumboo Industries Pvt. Ltd. |   36.78 |
|        01 | M/s Trumboo Industries Pvt. Ltd. |   36.61 |
|        01 | M/s Trumboo Industries Pvt. Ltd. |   37.53 |
|        01 | M/s Trumboo Industries Pvt. Ltd. |   38.92 |

## Annexure

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Summary of report of the joint team.

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