Lok Sabha Question No. 629 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2025-07-23
Subject: Number of Major Railway Accidents
Ministry: RAILWAYS
Asked by: Shri K Radhakrishnan

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

## MINISTRY OF RAILWAYS

## LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 629

## TO BE ANSWERED ON 23.07.2025

## NUMBER OF MAJOR RAILWAY ACCIDENTS

## 629.  SHRI K RADHAKRISHNAN:

Will the Minister of RAILWAYS be pleased to state:

- (a) the  number  of  major  railway  accidents  reported  across  the  country during the last five years;
- (b) the primary causes identified for these accidents;
- (c) the total number of casualties and the estimated loss of properties in each case;
- (d) the amount sanctioned by the Government to the State of Kerala during the last five years for infrastructure development projects;
- (e) the  detail  of  key  projects  undertaken  in  Kerala  with  the  sanctioned funds, including those related to track doubling, level crossing elimination, overbridges, station redevelopment and implementation of safety technologies like Kavach;
- (f) the present status of each of these projects and their expected date of completion;
- (g) the measurable impact of these initiatives on improving railway safety and reducing accidents in the country; and
- (h) whether the Government has any further proposals under consideration for enhancing railway safety in India, and if so, the details thereof?

## ANSWER

MINISTER OF RAILWAYS, INFORMATION & BROADCASTING AND ELECTRONICS & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

## (SHRI ASHWINI VAISHNAW)

(a)  to  (h):  Safety  is  accorded  the  highest  priority  on  Indian  Railways.  As  a consequence  of  various  safety  measures  taken  over  the  years,  there  has been  a  steep  decline  in  the  number  of  accidents.  Consequential  Train Accidents have reduced from 135 in 2014-15 to 31 in 2024-25 as shown in the graph below. The causes of these accidents broadly include track defects, loco/coach defects, equipment failures, human errors etc.

It  may  be  noted  that  the  Consequential  Train  Accidents  during  the period 2004-14 was 1711 (average 171 per annum), which has declined to 31 in 2024-25 and further to 3 in 2025-26 (upto June, 2025).

Another important index showing improved safety in train operations is Accidents  Per  Million  Train  Kilometer  (APMTKM)  which  has  reduced  from 0.11 in 2014-15 to 0.03 in 2024-25, indicating an improvement of approx. 73% during the said period.

The number of consequential train accidents during the last five years are depicted in the Graph below.

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Consequential  Train  Accidents  on  Indian  Railways  and  casualties (including railway passengers and railway personnel) therein are as follows:-

| Period             | No. of Consequential Train Accidents   |   No. of Deaths | No. of Injuries   |
|--------------------|----------------------------------------|-----------------|-------------------|
| 2004-05 to 2013-14 | 1,711                                  |             904 | 3,155             |
| 2014-15 to 2023-24 | 678                                    |             748 | 2,087             |

Total  cost  of  damages  to  railway  properties  in  consequential  train accidents during the last five years has been about Rs 432.91 Cr.

The various safety measures  taken to  enhance safety in train operations are as under:-

## 1. On  Indian  Railways,  the  expenditure  on  Safety  related  activities  has increased over the years as under:-

| Expenditure on Safety related activities (Rs. in Cr.)   | Expenditure on Safety related activities (Rs. in Cr.)   | Expenditure on Safety related activities (Rs. in Cr.)   | Expenditure on Safety related activities (Rs. in Cr.)   | Expenditure on Safety related activities (Rs. in Cr.)   | Expenditure on Safety related activities (Rs. in Cr.)   |
|---------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------|
|                                                         | 2013-14 (Act.)                                          | 2022-23 (Act.)                                          | 2023-24 (Act.)                                          | RE 2024-25                                              | BE 2025-26                                              |
| Maintenance of Permanent Way & Works                    | 9,172                                                   | 18,115                                                  | 20,322                                                  | 21,800                                                  | 23,316                                                  |
| Maintenance of Motive Power and Rolling Stock           | 14,796                                                  | 27,086                                                  | 30,864                                                  | 31,540                                                  | 30,666                                                  |
| Maintenance of Machines                                 | 5,406                                                   | 9,828                                                   | 10,772                                                  | 12,112                                                  | 12,880                                                  |
| Road Safety LCs and ROBs/ RUBs                          | 1,986                                                   | 5,347                                                   | 6,662                                                   | 8,184                                                   | 7,706                                                   |
| Track Renewals                                          | 4,985                                                   | 16,326                                                  | 17,850                                                  | 22,669                                                  | 22,800                                                  |
| Bridge Works                                            | 390                                                     | 1,050                                                   | 1,907                                                   | 2,130                                                   | 2,169                                                   |
| Signal & Telecom Works                                  | 905                                                     | 2,456                                                   | 3,751                                                   | 6,006                                                   | 6,800                                                   |
| Workshops Incl. PUs and Misc. expenditure on Safety     | 1,823                                                   | 7,119                                                   | 9,523                                                   | 9,581                                                   | 10,134                                                  |
| Total                                                   | 39,463                                                  | 87,327                                                  | 1,01,651                                                | 1,14,022                                                | 1,16,470                                                |

2. Electrical/Electronic Interlocking Systems with centralized operation of points and  signals have  been  provided  at 6,635 stations up to
2. 30.06.2025 to reduce accident due to human failure.
3. Interlocking of Level Crossing (LC) Gates has been provided at 11,096 level Crossing Gates up to 30.06.2025 for enhancing safety at LC gates.
4. Complete Track Circuiting of stations to enhance safety by verification of  track  occupancy  by  electrical  means  has  been  provided  at  6,640 stations up to 30.06.2025.
5. Kavach is a highly technology intensive system, which requires safety certification of highest order. Kavach was adopted as a National ATP system  in  July  2020.  Kavach  is  provided  progressively  in  phased manner.  Kavach  has  already  been  deployed  on  1548  RKm  on  South Central  Railway  and  North  Central  Railway.  Presently,  the  work  is  in progress  on  Delhi-Mumbai  and  Delhi-Howrah  corridors  (approximately 3000 RKm). Track side works on these routes have been completed on about  2200  RKm  as  on  30.06.2025.  Regular  trials  are  being  done  on these sections.
6. Detailed  instructions  on  issues  related  with  safety  of  Signalling,  e.g. mandatory correspondence check, alteration work protocol, preparation of completion drawing, etc. have been issued.
7. System of disconnection and reconnection for S&T equipment as per protocol has been re-emphasized.
8. All locomotives are equipped with Vigilance Control Devices (VCD) to improve alertness of Loco Pilots.
9. Retro-reflective  sigma  boards  are  provided  on  the  mast  which  is located two OHE masts prior to the signals in electrified territories to alert  the  crew  about  the  signal  ahead  when  visibility  is  low  due  to foggy weather.
10. A GPS based Fog Safety Device (FSD) is provided to loco pilots in fog affected areas which enables loco pilots to know the distance of the approaching landmarks like signals, level crossing gates, etc.
11. Modern  track structure consisting of 60kg, 90 Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) rails, Prestressed Concrete Sleeper (PSC) Normal/Wide base sleepers with elastic fastening, fan shaped layout turnout on PSC sleepers,  Steel  Channel/H-beam  Sleepers  on  girder  bridges  is  used while carrying out primary track renewals.
12. Mechanisation of track laying activity through use of track machines like PQRS, TRT, T-28 etc. to reduce human errors.
13. Maximizing  supply of 130m/260m  long  rail panels for increasing progress  of  rail  renewal  and  avoiding  welding  of  joints,  thereby improving safety.
14. Ultrasonic Flaw Detection (USFD) testing of rails to detect flaws and timely removal of defective rails.
15. Laying of longer rails, minimizing the use of Alumino Thermic Welding and  adoption  of  better  welding  technology  for  rails  i.e.,  Flash  Butt Welding.
16. Monitoring of track geometry by OMS (Oscillation Monitoring System) and TRC (Track Recording Cars).
17. Patrolling of railway tracks to look out for weld/rail fractures.
18. The use of Thick Web Switches and Weldable CMS Crossing in turnout renewal works.
19. Inspections at regular intervals are carried out to monitor and educate staff for observance of safe practices.
20. Web  based  online  monitoring  system  of  track  assets  viz.  Track database  and  decision  support  system  has  been  adopted  to  decide rationalized maintenance requirement and optimize inputs.
21. Detailed  instructions  on  issues  related  with  safety  of  Track,  e.g. integrated block, corridor block, worksite safety, monsoon precautions, etc. have been issued.
22. Preventive  maintenance  of  railway  assets  (Coaches  &  Wagons)  is undertaken to ensure safe train operations.
23. Replacement  of  conventional  ICF  design  coaches  with  LHB  design coaches is being done.
24. All unmanned level crossings (UMLCs) on Broad Gauge (BG) route have been eliminated by January 2019.
25. Safety  of  Railway  Bridges  is  ensured  through  regular  inspection  of Bridges. The requirement of repair/rehabilitation of Bridges is taken up based upon the conditions assessed during these inspections.
26. Indian Railways has displayed Statutory 'Fire Notices' for widespread passenger information in all coaches. Fire posters are provided in every coach  so  as  to  educate  and  alert  passengers  regarding  various  Do's and  Don'ts  to  prevent  fire.  These  include  messages  regarding  not carrying any inflammable material, explosives, prohibition of smoking inside the coaches, penalties etc.
27. Production Units are providing Fire detection and suppression system in  newly  manufactured  Power  Cars  and  Pantry  Cars,  Fire  and  Smoke detection system in newly manufactured coaches. Progressive fitment of the same in existing coaches is also underway by Zonal Railways in a phased manner.
28. 28.
29. Regular counselling and training of staff is undertaken.
29. Concept  of  Rolling  Block  introduced  in  Indian  Railways  (Open  Lines) General  Rules  vide  Gazette  notification  dated  30.11.2023,  wherein work  of integrated maintenance/  repair/replacement of assets is planned up to 52 weeks in advance on rolling basis and executed as per plan.

The details of the Safety related works related to better maintenance practices,  technological  improvements,  better  infrastructure  and  rolling stock etc. undertaken by Railways are tabulated below:-

| S.N.   | Item                                                      | 2004-05 to 2013-14                      | 2014-15 to 2024-25 (till March 25)               | 2014-25 Vs. 2004-14                     |
|--------|-----------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------|
|        | Technological improvements                                | Technological improvements              | Technological improvements                       | Technological improvements              |
| 1.     | Use of high-quality rails (60 Kg) (Km)                    | 57,450 Km                               | 1.43 Lakh Km                                     | More than 2 times                       |
| 2.     | Longer Rail Panels (260m) (Km)                            | 9,917 Km                                | 77,522 Km                                        | Nearly 8 times                          |
| 3.     | Electronic Interlocking (Stations)                        | 837 Stations                            | 3,691 Stations                                   | More than 4 times                       |
| 4.     | Fog Pass Safety Devices (Nos.)                            | As on 31.03.14: 90 Nos.                 | As on 31.03.25: 25,939                           | 288 times                               |
| 5.     | Thick Web Switches (Nos.)                                 | Nil                                     | 28,301 Nos.                                      |                                         |
|        | Better maintenance practices                              | Better maintenance practices            | Better maintenance practices                     | Better maintenance practices            |
| 1.     | Primary Rail Renewal (Track Km)                           | 32,260 Km                               | 49,941 Km                                        | 1.5 times                               |
| 2.     | USFD (Ultra Sonic Flaw detection) Testing of Welds (Nos.) | 79.43 Lakh                              | 2 Crore                                          | More than 2 times                       |
| 3.     | Weld failures (Nos.)                                      | In 2013-14: 3699 Nos.                   | In 2024-25: 370 Nos.                             | 90 % reduction                          |
| 4.     | Rail fractures (Nos.)                                     | In 2013-14: 2548 Nos.                   | In 2024-25: 289 Nos.                             | More than 88% reduction                 |
|        | Better infrastructure and Rolling stock                   | Better infrastructure and Rolling stock | Better infrastructure and Rolling stock          | Better infrastructure and Rolling stock |
| 1.     | New Track KM added (Track km)                             | 14,985 Nos.                             | 34,428 Km                                        | More than 2 times                       |
| 2.     | Flyovers (RoBs)/ Underpasses (RUBs) (Nos.)                | 4,148 Nos.                              | 13,808 Nos.                                      | More than 3 times                       |
| 3.     | Unmanned Level crossings (nos.) on BG                     | As on 31.03.14: 8948                    | As on 31.03.24: Nil (All eliminated by 31.01.19) | Removed                                 |
| 4.     | Manufacture of LHB Coaches (Nos.)                         | 2,337 Nos.                              | 42,677                                           | More than 18 times                      |

Indian  Railways  continuously  upgrades  and  modernises  its  signalling system to  enhance  safety.  In  this  regards  some  of  the  steps  taken  are  as follows:-

1. Electrical/Electronic  Interlocking  Systems  with  centralized  operation  of points  and  signals  in  place  of  old  mechanical  signalling  have  been provided at 6635 stations as on 30.06.2025.
2. Complete Track Circuiting of stations to enhance safety for verification of track occupancy by electrical means has been provided at 6640 stations upto 30.06.2025.
3. Interlocking  of  Level  Crossing  Gates  (LC)  has  been  provided  at  11096 Level Crossing Gates upto 30.06.2025 for enhancing safety at LC Gate.
4. Axle  counters  for  automatic  clearance  of  Block  Section,  BPAC  (Block Proving  Axle  Counter)  are  provided  to  ensure  complete  arrival  of  train without  manual  intervention  before  granting  line  clear  to  receive  next train and to reduce human element. These systems have been provided on 6147 Block Sections up to 30.06.2025.
5. Indian Railways has also gone for implementation of advance technology system 'Kavach' as an Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system.
- i. Kavach  is  an  indigenously  developed  Automatic  Train  Protection  (ATP) system. Kavach is a highly technology intensive system, which requires safety certification of highest order (SIL-4).
- ii. Kavach  aids  the  Loco  Pilot  in  running  of  trains  within  specified  speed limits by automatic application of brakes in case Loco Pilot fails to do so and also helps the trains to run safely during inclement weather.
- iii. The  first  field  trials  on  the  passenger  trains  were  started  in  February 2016. Based on the experience gained and Independent Safety Assessment of the system by Independent Safety Assessor (ISA), three firms were approved in 2018-19, for supply of Kavach Ver 3.2.
- iv. Kavach was adopted as National ATP system in July 2020.
- v. Implementation of Kavach System involves following Key Activities:
- a. Installation of Station Kavach at each and every station, block section.
- b. Installation of RFID Tags throughout the track length.
- c. Installation of telecom Towers throughout the section.
- d. Laying of Optical Fibre Cable along the track.
- e. Provision  of  Loco  Kavach  on  each  and  every  Locomotive  running  on Indian Railways.
- vi. Based on deployment of Kavach version 3.2 on1465 RKm on south central Railway, a lot of experience was gained. Using that further improvements were  made.  Finally,  Kavach  specification  version  4.0  was  approved  by RDSO on 16.07.2024.
- vii. Kavach version 4.0 covers all the major features required for the diverse railway  network.  This  is  a  significant  milestone  in  safety  for  Indian Railways.  Within  a  short  period,  IR  has  developed,  tested  and  started deploying Automatic Train Protection System.
- viii. Major improvement in Version 4.0 includes increased Location Accuracy, Improved Information of Signal Aspects in bigger yards, Station to Station Kavach  interface  on  OFC  and  Direct  Interface  to  existing  Electronic Interlocking System. With these improvements, Kavach Ver.4.0. is planned for large scale deployment over Indian Railways.
- ix. Progress of Key items comprising Kavach system on Indian Railways upto 14.07.25 is as under:-
- x. Next phase of Kavach implementation is planned as under:-
- a. Project for equipping 10,000 Locomotives has been finalized. 69 number of loco sheds have been prepared for equipping with Kavach.
- xi. Bids for track side Works of Kavach for approximately 15,000 RKm have been invited covering all GQ, GD, HDN and identified sections of Indian Railways, out of which works of 14847 RKm have been awarded.
- xii. The sections mentioned above also pass through the railway routes in state of Kerala.
- xiii. Specialized  training  programmes  on  Kavach  are  being  conducted  at centralized training institutes of Indian Railways to impart training to all concerned officials. By now more than 30,000 technicians, operators and engineers have been trained on Kavach technology. Courses have been designed in collaboration with IRISET.

| S. No.   | Items                           | Progress   |
|----------|---------------------------------|------------|
| i.       | Laying of Optical Fibre Cable   | 5856 Km    |
| ii.      | Installation of Telecom Towers  | 619 Nos.   |
| iii.     | Provision of Kavach at Stations | 708 Nos.   |

| iv.   | Provision of Kavach in Loco          | 1107 Locos   |
|-------|--------------------------------------|--------------|
| v.    | Installation of Track side equipment | 4001 Rkm     |

## Infrastructure Projects:-

Railway  projects  are  surveyed/  sanctioned/executed  Zonal  Railway wise. Zonal Railway wise details of Railway projects are made available in public domain on Indian Railway's website.

As  on  01.04.2025,  06  projects  (02  New  Lines  and  04  Doubling),  of  a total length of 266 km, costing 9,415 crore, falling fully/partly in Kerala, are sanctioned,  out  of  which  26  km  length  has  been  commissioned  and  an expenditure  of  `3,250  crore  has  been  incurred  upto  March'  2025.  The summary is as under:-

| Category                 |   No of sanctioned Projects |   Total Length NL/DL (in Km) |   Length Commissioned till Mar'25 (in Km) | Total Exp upto Mar'25 (` in Cr)   |
|--------------------------|-----------------------------|------------------------------|-------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| New Lines                |                           2 |                          146 |                                         0 | 3,864                             |
| Doubling / Multitracking |                           4 |                          120 |                                        26 | 5,551                             |
| Total                    |                           6 |                          266 |                                        26 | 9,415                             |

Budget allocation for infrastructure projects and safety works, falling fully/partly in the State of Kerala is as under:-

| Period   | Outlay                           |
|----------|----------------------------------|
| 2009-14  | ₹372 crore/year                  |
| 2025-26  | ₹3,042 crore (more than 8 times) |

Execution of important infrastructure projects falling fully/partly in the State of Kerala are held up due to delay in land acquisition. Status of land acquisition in the State of Kerala is as under:-

| Total Land required for Projects in Kerala   | 476 Ha       |
|----------------------------------------------|--------------|
| Land Acquired                                | 73 Ha (15%)  |
| Balance Land to be acquired                  | 403 Ha (85%) |

Government  of  India  is  geared  up  to  execute  projects,  however success depends upon the support of Government of Kerala.  Railway had deposited  ₹2,111.83  crore  for  land  acquisition  to  Government  of  Kerala. Support  of  the  Government  of  Kerala  is  needed  to  expedite  the  land acquisition. For instance, details of some major projects which are delayed due to land acquisition are as under:-

|   S. No. | Name of the project                        |   Total land required (in Ha) |   Land acquired (in Ha) |   Balance Land to be acquired (in Ha) |
|----------|--------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|-------------------------|---------------------------------------|
|        1 | Angamali - Sabarimala new line (111 Km)    |                         416   |                   24.4  |                                391.6  |
|        2 | Ernakulam - Kumbalam Patch Doubling (8 Km) |                           4.2 |                    3.55 |                                  0.65 |

|   3. | Kumbalam - Turavur Patch Doubling (16 Km)   |   10.3 |   9.63 |   0.67 |
|------|---------------------------------------------|--------|--------|--------|
|    4 | Trivandrum - Kanyakumari Doubling (87 Km)   |  41    |  35.67 |   5.33 |
|    5 | Shoranur - Vallathol Doubling (10 Km)       |   4.77 |   0    |   4.77 |

Other factors influencing the completion of the projects include forest clearance,  shifting  of  infringing  utilities,  statutory  clearances  from  various authorities,  geological  and  topographical  conditions  of  area,  law  and  order situation in the area of project/s site, number of working months in a year for particular project site etc. All these factors affect the completion time and cost of the project/s.

## Station Redevelopment:-

Ministry  of  Railways  has  launched  Amrit  Bharat  Station  Scheme  for development/upgradation  of  stations  over  Indian  Railways.  So  far,  1337 stations  have  been  identified  for  development  under  Amrit  Bharat  Station Scheme,  out  of  which  35  stations  are  located  in  the  state  of  Kerala.  The names  of  stations  identified  for  development  under  Amrit  Bharat  Station Scheme in the state of Kerala are as following:-

| State   |   No. of Amrit Stations | Names of Amrit Stations                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |
|---------|-------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Kerala  |                      35 | Alappuzha, Angadippuram, Angamali For Kaladi, Chalakudi, Changanassery, Chengannur, Chirayinikil, Ernakulam, Ernakulam Town, Ettumanur, Ferok, Guruvayur, Kannur, Kasargod, Kayankulam Jn, Kollam Jn (Quilon), Kozhikode Main (Calicut), Kuttippuram, Mavelikara, Neyyattinkara, Nilambur Road, Ottappalam, Parappanangadi, Payyanur, Punalur, Shoranur Jn., Thalassery, Thiruvananthapuram Central, Thrisur, Tirur, Tiruvalla, Tripunithura, |

| Vadakara, Varkala Shivagiri, Wadakancheri   |
|---------------------------------------------|

Development  works  at  railway  stations  under  Amrit  Bharat  Station Scheme in the state of Kerala have been taken up at a good pace. Till now Phase  -  I  works  of  Chirayinkeezh  and  Vadakara  stations  in  the  state  of Kerala have been completed under this scheme.

Amrit  Bharat  Station  Scheme  envisages  improving  amenities  at  the stations like improvement of station access, circulating areas, waiting halls, toilets,  lift/escalators  as  necessary,  platform  surfacing  and  cover  over platform, cleanliness, free Wi-Fi, kiosks for local products through schemes like  'One  Station  One  Product',  better  passenger  information  systems, executive  lounges,  nominated  spaces  for  business  meetings,  landscaping, etc. keeping in view the necessity at each station.

The  scheme  also  envisages  improvement  of  building,  integrating  the station  with  both  sides  of  the  city,  multimodal  integration,  amenities  for Divyangjans,  sustainable  and  environment  friendly  solutions,  provision  of ballastless tracks, etc. as per necessity, phasing and feasibility and creation of city centre at the station in the long term.

Development / Redevelopment / Upgradation / Modernisation of stations on Indian Railways is a continuous and ongoing process and works in this regard are undertaken as per requirement, subject to inter-se priority of the statons and availability of funds.

Kerala  is  covered  under  Southern  Railway.  The  fund  allocation  to Southern Railway for development and maintenance of stations under Plan Head-53 'Customer Amenities', for the last 5 years including the current year is as follows:-

(fig. in Cr. of Rupees)

| Year       |   2021-22 (RE) |   2022-23 (RE) |   2023-24 (RE) | 2024-25 (RE)   | 2025-26 (BE)   |
|------------|----------------|----------------|----------------|----------------|----------------|
| Allocation |            218 |            431 |            563 | 1,098          | 1,122          |

Development / Redevelopment / Upgradation / Modernisation of railway stations  is  complex  in  nature  involving  safety  of  passengers  &  trains  and requires various statutory clearances such as fire clearance, heritage, tree cutting,  air-port  clearance  etc.  The  progress  also  gets  affected  due  to brownfield related challenges such as shifting of utilities (involving water/sewage lines, optical fibre cables, gas pipe lines, power/signal cables, etc.), infringements, operation of trains without hindering passenger movement, speed restrictions due to works carried out in close proximity of tracks  and  high  voltage  power  lines,  etc.  and  these  factors  affect  the completion time. Therefore, no time frame can be indicated at this stage.

## Level Crossings/Road Over Bridges (ROB) and Road Under Bridges (RUB):-

All Unmanned level crossings (UMLCs) on running lines of Broad Gauge (BG) network of Indian Railway including in Kerala have been eliminated by 31.01.2019.  As  on  01.04.2024,  there  are  total  378  Nos.  Manned  Level Crossings (MLCs) in the State of Kerala.

Sanctioning and execution of works of Road Over Bridges/ Road Under Bridges (ROBs/RUBs) in lieu of LCs is a continuous and ongoing process on Indian Railways. Such works are prioritized and taken up on the basis of its impact on safety and mobility in train operations and impact on road users.

No.  of  ROBs/RUBs  constructed  on  Indian  Railways  during  the  period 2004-14 vis-a-vis 2014-25 is as under:-

| Period                 | ROBs/RUBs constructed                              |
|------------------------|----------------------------------------------------|
| 2004-14                | 4,148                                              |
| 2014-26 (upto June'25) | 13,426 (including 118 Nos. in the state of Kerala) |

As on 01.04.2025,  4,402 Nos. ROBs/ RUBs are sanctioned at the cost of Rs. 1,00,860 Cr. on Indian Railways including 140 Nos. Road Over Bridges / Road Under Bridges at the cost of Rs. 4,837  crore in the State of Kerala, which  are  at  various  stages  of  planning  and  execution.  Out  of  140  Nos. ROBs/RUBs in the state of Kerala, 132 Nos. ROBs/RUBs are sanctioned in lieu of LCs.

Completion and commissioning of ROB/RUB works depend on various factors like cooperation of  State Governments in giving  consent for closure of  LCs,   fixing  of  approach  alignment,  approval  of  General  Arrangement Drawing  (GAD),  land  acquisition,  removal  of  encroachments,  shifting  of infringing  utilities,  statutory  clearances  from  various  authorities,   law  and order situation in the area of project/work sites,  duration of working season in a year for the particular project/area  due to climatic conditions etc.  All these factors determine the completion time of the projects / works.

*****