Lok Sabha Question No. 2863 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2025-12-17
Subject: Solar Lights in Andhra Pradesh
Ministry: NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY
Asked by: Shri B K Parthasarathi, Shri Kesineni Sivanath

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY

## LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 2863

ANSWERED ON 17.12.2025

## SOLAR LIGHTS IN ANDHRA PRADESH

2863. SHRI KESINENI SIVANATH SHRI B K PARTHASARATHI

Will the Minister of NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY be pleased to state:

- (a) the details of the number of unelectrified households in the country, State-wise and district-wise for Andhra Pradesh;
- (b) the number of solar lights sanctioned and installed in streets and Multipurpose Centers (MPCs), State and district-wise for Andhra Pradesh;
- (c) the details of the number of solar off-grid systems sanctioned and installed in Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTGs) households, State and district-wise for Andhra Pradesh; and
- (d) the details of the funds sanctioned, released and utilized for energization of unelectrified PVTGs, State-wise?

## ANSWER

## THE MINISTER OF  STATE  FOR NEW & RENEWABLE ENERGY AND POWER (SHRI SHRIPAD YESSO NAIK)

- (a) As per the information received from Ministry of Power, Government of India has been supplementing the efforts of the States in providing electricity access to consumers through schemes  like  Deen  Dayal  Upadhyaya  Gram  Jyoti  Yojana  (DDUGJY)  launched  in  2014, Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana (SAUBHAGYA) launched in October, 2017, and currently under Revamped Distribution Sector Scheme (RDSS) launched in 2021.

Under DDUGJY and thereafter under SAUBHAGYA, electrification of all willing households was completed by 31 st March,  2019 as  reported  by  the  States  /  UTs.  A  total  of  2.86  crore households were electrified during SAUBHAGYA period. Both the schemes stand closed as on 31.03.2022.

Under the scheme of RDSS, on-grid electrification works amounting to Rs. 6,521 Cr .  have been  sanctioned  for 13.65  lakh left  out  households  including  households  belonging  to Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) identified under Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM-JANMAN), households belonging to Scheduled Tribes (STs) under Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan (DA-JGUA), households belonging to Scheduled Caste  (SC)  under  Pradhan  Mantri  Anusuchit  Jaati  Abhyuday  Yojana  (PM-AJAY)  and households in remote & border areas under Vibrant Village Program (VVP), wherever found feasible. The details of households sanctioned under various initiatives of RDSS are given at Annexure-I. District-wise details of households sanctioned and electrified in Andhra Pradesh are given at Annexure-II.

- (b) As per the information received from New & Renewable Energy Development Corporation of Andhra Pradesh Ltd. (NREDCAP), the district-wise details of solar lights installed in Andhra Pradesh  under  Off-grid  and  Decentralised  Solar  PV Applications  Phase-III  Programme  are given below:
- (c) The district-wise details of PVTG households sanctioned and electrified in Andhra Pradesh through off-grid solar systems under the PM JANMAN component of the New Solar Power scheme (for Tribal and PVTG Habitations/Villages) are given as under:
- (d) The State-wise details of funds released for off-grid electrification under the PM JANMAN component of the New Solar Power Scheme (for Tribal and PVTG Habitations/Villages) are given as under:

| Sl. No.   | District      | No. of Street Lights Installed   |
|-----------|---------------|----------------------------------|
| 1.        | Nellore       | 143                              |
| 2.        | Visakhapatnam | 13                               |
| 3.        | YSR Kadapa    | 684                              |
| 4.        | Ananthapuramu | 1,128                            |
| Total     | Total         | 1,968                            |

| Sl. No.   | District              |   Number of Households sanctioned |   Number of Households Electrified (as of 31.10.2025) |
|-----------|-----------------------|-----------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|
| 1.        | Prakasam              |                               611 |                                                   522 |
| 2.        | Alluri Seetharamaraju |                               731 |                                                   165 |
| 3.        | Eluru                 |                               305 |                                                    17 |
| 4.        | Parvathipuram- Manyam |                                28 |                                                     6 |
| Total     | Total                 |                              1675 |                                                   710 |

Funds released

| Sl. No.   | State          |   Funds released in Rs. Lakh (as on 31.10.2025) |
|-----------|----------------|-------------------------------------------------|
| 1.        | Andhra Pradesh |                                           36.6  |
| 2.        | Jharkhand      |                                          642.98 |
| 3.        | Karnataka      |                                           62.65 |
| 4.        | Telangana      |                                           44.1  |
| 5.        | Tripura        |                                          596.05 |
| Total     | Total          |                                         1382.38 |

As per the information received from Ministry of Power, fund sanctioned and released for households identified for on-grid electrification under PM-JANMAN are given at AnnexureIII.

## ANNEXURE-I REFFERED TO IN REPLY TO PART (a) OF LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 2863 FOR 17.12.2025

## Status of Households S anctioned under Various Initiatives of RDSS

| Sl. No.                                                                          | Name of State                                                                    | Sanctioned Outlay (Rs. Crores)                                                   | Sanctioned GBS (Rs. Crores)                                                      | Total Households Sanctioned                                                      |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| A. Addl. Households Sanctioned under RDSS                                        | A. Addl. Households Sanctioned under RDSS                                        | A. Addl. Households Sanctioned under RDSS                                        | A. Addl. Households Sanctioned under RDSS                                        | A. Addl. Households Sanctioned under RDSS                                        |
| 1                                                                                | Andhra Pradesh                                                                   | 49.24                                                                            | 29.55                                                                            | 15,475                                                                           |
| 2                                                                                | Arunachal Pradesh                                                                | 47.11                                                                            | 42.4                                                                             | 6,506                                                                            |
| 3                                                                                | Assam                                                                            | 785.55                                                                           | 706.99                                                                           | 127,111                                                                          |
| 4                                                                                | Bihar                                                                            | 238.86                                                                           | 143.32                                                                           | 35,467                                                                           |
| 5                                                                                | Chhattisgarh                                                                     | 166.55                                                                           | 99.93                                                                            | 34,078                                                                           |
| 6                                                                                | Jammu &Kashmir                                                                   | 106.7                                                                            | 96.03                                                                            | 15,359                                                                           |
| 7                                                                                | Jharkhand                                                                        | 25.16                                                                            | 15.09                                                                            | 4,853                                                                            |
| 8                                                                                | Kerala                                                                           | 0.33                                                                             | 0.2                                                                              | 40                                                                               |
| 9                                                                                | Madhya Pradesh                                                                   | 1.13                                                                             | 0.68                                                                             | 196                                                                              |
| 10                                                                               | Manipur                                                                          | 214.44                                                                           | 193                                                                              | 36,972                                                                           |
| 11                                                                               | Meghalaya                                                                        | 435.7                                                                            | 392.13                                                                           | 50,501                                                                           |
| 12                                                                               | Mizoram                                                                          | 79.9                                                                             | 71.91                                                                            | 15,167                                                                           |
| 13                                                                               | Nagaland                                                                         | 69.55                                                                            | 62.59                                                                            | 10,004                                                                           |
| 14                                                                               | Rajasthan                                                                        | 1,526.94                                                                         | 916.16                                                                           | 338,702                                                                          |
| 15                                                                               | Uttar Pradesh                                                                    | 931.04                                                                           | 558.62                                                                           | 251,487                                                                          |
| B. Electrification works sanctioned under RDSS in Vibrant Villages               | B. Electrification works sanctioned under RDSS in Vibrant Villages               | B. Electrification works sanctioned under RDSS in Vibrant Villages               | B. Electrification works sanctioned under RDSS in Vibrant Villages               | B. Electrification works sanctioned under RDSS in Vibrant Villages               |
| 1                                                                                | Himachal Pradesh                                                                 | 6.08                                                                             | 5.47                                                                             | 0                                                                                |
| 2                                                                                | Arunachal Pradesh                                                                | 20.18                                                                            | 18.16                                                                            | 1,683                                                                            |
| 3                                                                                | Uttarakhand                                                                      | 13.08                                                                            | 11.77                                                                            | 1,154                                                                            |
| C. Electrification of PVTG Households through Grid Connectivity under PM- JANMAN | C. Electrification of PVTG Households through Grid Connectivity under PM- JANMAN | C. Electrification of PVTG Households through Grid Connectivity under PM- JANMAN | C. Electrification of PVTG Households through Grid Connectivity under PM- JANMAN | C. Electrification of PVTG Households through Grid Connectivity under PM- JANMAN |
| C1. PVTG Households Sanctioned under RDSS                                        | C1. PVTG Households Sanctioned under RDSS                                        | C1. PVTG Households Sanctioned under RDSS                                        | C1. PVTG Households Sanctioned under RDSS                                        | C1. PVTG Households Sanctioned under RDSS                                        |
| 1                                                                                | Andhra Pradesh                                                                   | 88.71                                                                            | 53.23                                                                            | 24,967                                                                           |
| 2                                                                                | Chhattisgarh                                                                     | 38.16                                                                            | 22.9                                                                             | 7,077                                                                            |
| 3                                                                                | Jharkhand                                                                        | 74.13                                                                            | 44.48                                                                            | 12,442                                                                           |
| 4                                                                                | Karnataka                                                                        | 3.76                                                                             | 2.26                                                                             | 1,615                                                                            |
| 5                                                                                | Kerala                                                                           | 0.86                                                                             | 0.52                                                                             | 345                                                                              |
| 6                                                                                | Madhya Pradesh                                                                   | 148.83                                                                           | 89.28                                                                            | 30,216                                                                           |
| 7                                                                                | Maharashtra                                                                      | 26.61                                                                            | 15.97                                                                            | 8,556                                                                            |
| 8                                                                                | Rajasthan                                                                        | 40.34                                                                            | 24.2                                                                             | 17,633                                                                           |
| 9                                                                                | Tamil Nadu                                                                       | 29.89                                                                            | 17.93                                                                            | 8,603                                                                            |
| 10                                                                               | Telangana                                                                        | 6.79                                                                             | 4.07                                                                             | 3,884                                                                            |
| 11                                                                               | Tripura                                                                          | 61.52                                                                            | 55.37                                                                            | 11,664                                                                           |
| 12                                                                               | Uttar Pradesh                                                                    | 1.1                                                                              | 0.66                                                                             | 316                                                                              |

| 13                                                               | Uttarakhand                                                      | 0.6                                                              | 0.54                                                             | 669                                                              |
|------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|
| C2. PVTG Households covered under State Plan                     | C2. PVTG Households covered under State Plan                     | C2. PVTG Households covered under State Plan                     | C2. PVTG Households covered under State Plan                     | C2. PVTG Households covered under State Plan                     |
| 1                                                                | Gujarat                                                          | 0                                                                | 0                                                                | 0                                                                |
| 2                                                                | Odisha                                                           | 0                                                                | 0                                                                | 0                                                                |
| 3                                                                | West Bengal                                                      | 0                                                                | 0                                                                | 0                                                                |
| C3. Public Places Sanctioned under RDSS                          | C3. Public Places Sanctioned under RDSS                          | C3. Public Places Sanctioned under RDSS                          | C3. Public Places Sanctioned under RDSS                          | C3. Public Places Sanctioned under RDSS                          |
| 1                                                                | Madhya Pradesh                                                   | 0                                                                | 0                                                                | 25                                                               |
| D. Electrification of Tribal Households identified under DA-JGUA | D. Electrification of Tribal Households identified under DA-JGUA | D. Electrification of Tribal Households identified under DA-JGUA | D. Electrification of Tribal Households identified under DA-JGUA | D. Electrification of Tribal Households identified under DA-JGUA |
| D1. DA-JGUAHouseholds Sanctioned under RDSS                      | D1. DA-JGUAHouseholds Sanctioned under RDSS                      | D1. DA-JGUAHouseholds Sanctioned under RDSS                      | D1. DA-JGUAHouseholds Sanctioned under RDSS                      | D1. DA-JGUAHouseholds Sanctioned under RDSS                      |
| 1                                                                | Andhra Pradesh                                                   | 19.12                                                            | 11.47                                                            | 4,921                                                            |
| 2                                                                | Arunachal Pradesh                                                | 8.2                                                              | 7.38                                                             | 1,938                                                            |
| 3                                                                | Bihar                                                            | 61.4                                                             | 36.84                                                            | 7,117                                                            |
| 4                                                                | Chhattisgarh                                                     | 218.44                                                           | 131.06                                                           | 39,579                                                           |
| 5                                                                | Himachal Pradesh                                                 | 0.49                                                             | 0.45                                                             | 93                                                               |
| 6                                                                | Jammu &Kashmir                                                   | 89.84                                                            | 80.85                                                            | 13,824                                                           |
| 7                                                                | Jharkhand                                                        | 92.44                                                            | 55.47                                                            | 19,467                                                           |
| 8                                                                | Karnataka                                                        | 41                                                               | 24.6                                                             | 5,288                                                            |
| 9                                                                | Kerala                                                           | 5.73                                                             | 3.44                                                             | 1,080                                                            |
| 10                                                               | Madhya Pradesh                                                   | 305.66                                                           | 183.4                                                            | 59,172                                                           |
| 11                                                               | Maharashtra                                                      | 23.6                                                             | 14.16                                                            | 6,961                                                            |
| 12                                                               | Rajasthan                                                        | 197.11                                                           | 118.26                                                           | 82,842                                                           |
| 13                                                               | Telangana                                                        | 110.73                                                           | 66.44                                                            | 26,525                                                           |
| 14                                                               | Tripura                                                          | 40.69                                                            | 36.62                                                            | 7,677                                                            |
| 15                                                               | Uttar Pradesh                                                    | 32.21                                                            | 19.32                                                            | 6,867                                                            |
| 16                                                               | Uttarakhand                                                      | 0.84                                                             | 0.75                                                             | 207                                                              |
| D2. DA-JGUAHouseholds covered under State Plan                   | D2. DA-JGUAHouseholds covered under State Plan                   | D2. DA-JGUAHouseholds covered under State Plan                   | D2. DA-JGUAHouseholds covered under State Plan                   | D2. DA-JGUAHouseholds covered under State Plan                   |
| 1                                                                | Odisha                                                           | 0                                                                | 0                                                                | 0                                                                |
| D3. DA-JGUAPublic Places sanctioned under RDSS                   | D3. DA-JGUAPublic Places sanctioned under RDSS                   | D3. DA-JGUAPublic Places sanctioned under RDSS                   | D3. DA-JGUAPublic Places sanctioned under RDSS                   | D3. DA-JGUAPublic Places sanctioned under RDSS                   |
| 1                                                                | Andhra Pradesh                                                   | 0.7                                                              | 0.42                                                             | 182                                                              |
| 2                                                                | Arunachal Pradesh                                                | 0.04                                                             | 0.03                                                             | 9                                                                |
| 3                                                                | Himachal Pradesh                                                 | 0.05                                                             | 0.05                                                             | 7                                                                |
| 4                                                                | Jharkhand                                                        | 8.25                                                             | 4.95                                                             | 1,910                                                            |
| 5                                                                | Kerala                                                           | 0.15                                                             | 0.09                                                             | 17                                                               |
| 6                                                                | Madhya Pradesh                                                   | 3.32                                                             | 1.99                                                             | 650                                                              |
| 7                                                                | Rajasthan                                                        | 0.7                                                              | 0.42                                                             | 195                                                              |
| 8                                                                | Telangana                                                        | 2.9                                                              | 1.74                                                             | 672                                                              |
| 9                                                                | Tripura                                                          | 2.31                                                             | 2.08                                                             | 512                                                              |
| 10                                                               | Uttar Pradesh                                                    | 0.13                                                             | 0.08                                                             | 30                                                               |
| 11                                                               | Uttarakhand                                                      | 0.08                                                             | 0.07                                                             | 19                                                               |
| D4. DA-JGUAPublic Places covered under State Plan                | D4. DA-JGUAPublic Places covered under State Plan                | D4. DA-JGUAPublic Places covered under State Plan                | D4. DA-JGUAPublic Places covered under State Plan                | D4. DA-JGUAPublic Places covered under State Plan                |
| 1                                                                | Odisha                                                           | 0                                                                | 0                                                                | 0                                                                |
| E. Electrification works sanctioned under PM-AJAY                | E. Electrification works sanctioned under PM-AJAY                | E. Electrification works sanctioned under PM-AJAY                | E. Electrification works sanctioned under PM-AJAY                | E. Electrification works sanctioned under PM-AJAY                |
| 1                                                                | Andhra Pradesh                                                   | 3.5                                                              | 2.1                                                              | 811                                                              |

|   2 | Jharkhand      |   6.141 |   3.684 | 1,782   |
|-----|----------------|---------|---------|---------|
|   3 | Madhya Pradesh |   0.002 |   0.001 | 6       |
|   4 | Maharashtra    |   6.81  |   4.086 | 2,012   |

## ANNEXURE-II REFFERED TO IN REPLY TO PART (a) OF LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 2863 FOR 17.12.2025

Households Sanctioned and Electrified in Andhra Pradesh as on 30.11.2025

## 1. Household Electrification under RDSS:

| Andhra Pradesh, Left Out HHs under RDSS   | Andhra Pradesh, Left Out HHs under RDSS   | Andhra Pradesh, Left Out HHs under RDSS   | Andhra Pradesh, Left Out HHs under RDSS   | Andhra Pradesh, Left Out HHs under RDSS   |
|-------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------|
| Sl. No.                                   | Discom                                    | District (OLD)                            | Sanctioned Households (Nos.)              | Progress (Nos.)                           |
| 1                                         | APEPDCL                                   | Srikakulam                                | 44                                        | 51                                        |
| 2                                         | APEPDCL                                   | Vizianagaram                              | 4,233                                     | 3,789                                     |
| 3                                         | APEPDCL                                   | Visakhapatnam                             | 7,851                                     | 8,661                                     |
| 4                                         | APEPDCL                                   | Rajamahendravaram                         | 3,100                                     | 2,558                                     |
| 5                                         | APEPDCL                                   | Eluru                                     | 247                                       | 247                                       |

## 2. Under PM-JANMAN - PVTG (On-Grid):

| Andhra Pradesh,PMJANMAN   | Andhra Pradesh,PMJANMAN   | Andhra Pradesh,PMJANMAN   | Andhra Pradesh,PMJANMAN      | Andhra Pradesh,PMJANMAN   |
|---------------------------|---------------------------|---------------------------|------------------------------|---------------------------|
| Sl. No.                   | Discom                    | District (NEW)            | Sanctioned Households (Nos.) | Progress (Nos.)           |
| 1                         | APCPDCL                   | Guntur                    | 772                          | 770                       |
| 2                         | APCPDCL                   | Prakasam                  | 982                          | 982                       |
| 3                         | APEPDCL                   | Srikakulam                | 828                          | 851                       |
| 4                         | APEPDCL                   | Vizianagaram              | 150                          | 99                        |
| 5                         | APEPDCL                   | PVP Manyam                | 3407                         | 3400                      |
| 6                         | APEPDCL                   | ASR                       | 17502                        | 17279                     |
| 7                         | APEPDCL                   | Kakinada                  | 0                            | 0                         |
| 8                         | APEPDCL                   | Ankapalli                 | 0                            | 160                       |
| 9                         | APEPDCL                   | East Godavari             | 4                            | 39                        |
| 10                        | APEPDCL                   | Eluru                     | 1196                         | 1196                      |
| 11                        | APSPDCL                   | Nandyal                   | 126                          | 149                       |

## 3. Under DA-JGUA:

| Andhra Pradesh, DAJGUA   | Andhra Pradesh, DAJGUA   | Andhra Pradesh, DAJGUA   | Andhra Pradesh, DAJGUA                               | Andhra Pradesh, DAJGUA   |
|--------------------------|--------------------------|--------------------------|------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------|
| Sl. No.                  | DISCOM                   | District (NEW)           | Sanctioned Households and Public Institutions (Nos.) | Progress (Nos.)          |
| 1                        | APEPDCL                  | ASR                      | 1559                                                 | 920                      |
| 2                        | APEPDCL                  | Ankapalli                | 276                                                  | 145                      |
| 3                        | APEPDCL                  | Kakinada                 | 171                                                  | 136                      |
| 4                        | APEPDCL                  | Parvathipuram Manyam     | 1696                                                 | 1565                     |
| 5                        | APEPDCL                  | Srikakulam               | 5                                                    | 5                        |
| 6                        | APEPDCL                  | Vizianagaram             | 38                                                   | 8                        |
| 7                        | APCPDCL                  | Palnadu                  | 219                                                  | 218                      |
| 8                        | APSPDCL                  | Ananthapur               | 498                                                  | 326                      |
| 9                        | APSPDCL                  | Annamayya                | 300                                                  | 300                      |
| 10                       | APSPDCL                  | Kurnool                  | 25                                                   | 25                       |
| 11                       | APSPDCL                  | Nandyal                  | 21                                                   | 14                       |
| 12                       | APSPDCL                  | Tirupati                 | 35                                                   | 35                       |

| 13   | YSR Kadapa   | 260   | 260   |
|------|--------------|-------|-------|

4. Under PM-AJAY:

| Andhra Pradesh, PM-AJAY   | Andhra Pradesh, PM-AJAY   | Andhra Pradesh, PM-AJAY   | Andhra Pradesh, PM-AJAY      | Andhra Pradesh, PM-AJAY   |
|---------------------------|---------------------------|---------------------------|------------------------------|---------------------------|
| Sl. No.                   | DISCOM                    | District (NEW)            | Sanctioned Households (Nos.) | Progress (Nos.)           |
| 1                         | APSPDC L                  | Annamayya                 | 1                            | 0                         |
| 2                         | APSPDC L                  | Chittoor                  | 393                          | 205                       |
| 3                         | APSPDC L                  | Nellore                   | 48                           | 0                         |
| 4                         | APSPDC L                  | Kurnool                   | 10                           | 10                        |
| 5                         | APSPDC L                  | Tirupati                  | 348                          | 0                         |
| 6                         | APSPDC L                  | YSR Kadapa                | 11                           | 11                        |

## ANNEXURE-III REFFERED TO IN REPLY TO PART (d) OF LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 2863 FOR 17.12.2025

## Fund Expenditure Position of Households Identified for On-Grid Electrification   under PM-JANMAN

|   Sl. No. | Name of State   |   Sanctioned Outlay (Rs. Crores) |   Sanctioned GBS (Rs. Crores) |   Cumulative GBS Released (Rs. Crores) |
|-----------|-----------------|----------------------------------|-------------------------------|----------------------------------------|
|         1 | Karnataka       |                             3.76 |                          2.26 |                                   1.1  |
|         2 | Maharashtra     |                            26.61 |                         15.97 |                                   7.9  |
|         3 | Rajasthan       |                            40.34 |                         24.2  |                                  11.9  |
|         4 | Telangana       |                             6.79 |                          4.07 |                                   2    |
|         5 | Tripura         |                            61.52 |                         55.37 |                                  27.7  |
|         6 | Uttar Pradesh   |                             1.1  |                          0.66 |                                   0.2  |
|         7 | Uttarakhand     |                             0.6  |                          0.54 |                                   0.5  |
|         8 | Andhra Pradesh  |                            88.71 |                         53.23 |                                  26.2  |
|         9 | Chhattisgarh    |                            38.16 |                         22.9  |                                  11.3  |
|        10 | Kerala          |                             0.86 |                          0.52 |                                   0.2  |
|        11 | Madhya Pradesh  |                           148.97 |                         89.37 |                                  36.3  |
|        12 | Tamil Nadu      |                            29.89 |                         17.93 |                                   8.8  |
|        13 | Jharkhand       |                            74.13 |                         44.48 |                                  22.5  |
|        14 | Bihar           |                             0.28 |                          0.17 |                                   0.05 |

All actual funds released have been utilised except for Rs. 0.14 Cr in Madhya Pradesh, 0.06Cr in Kerala and 0.49 Cr in Uttarakhand.