opensansad/lok-sabha-qa huggingface dataset:
Lok Sabha Question No. 1255 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2024-12-03
Subject: Impact of moisture Content on Arecanut Farming
Ministry: AGRICULTURE AND FARMERS WELFARE
Asked by: Shri B Y Raghavendra

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FARMERS WELFARE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND FARMERS WELFARE

## LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 1255

TO BE ANSWERED ON THE 03 RD  DECEMBER, 2024

## IMPACT OF MOISTURE CONTENT ON ARECANUT FARMING

1255.  SHRI B Y RAGHAVENDRA:

Will the Minister of AGRICULTURE AND FARMERS WELFARE कृ ͪष एवं ͩकसान कãयाण मंğी be pleased to state:

- (a) whether the Government has reviewed the impact of the FSSAI's 7 per cent maximum moisture content requirement on the viability and profitability of Arecanut Farming, particularly for  growers  in  regions  like  Karnataka  where  climate  and  natural  drying  processes  make compliance challenging;
- (b) If  so, whether the Government intends to re-evaluate this limit to better align with the natural  moisture  variations  in  Arecanut  and  to  consider  the  impact  of  weather  and  storage conditions on moisture retention;
- (c) whether  any  consultations  have  been  conducted  with  agricultural  experts,  farmer representatives, or industry stakeholders on the implications of the 7 per cent moisture cap;
- (d) whether the Government has considered revising the moisture content requirement to more feasible standard that would alleviate financial strain on Arecanut farmers and if so, the proposed timeline for such a revision; and
- (e) the steps that the Government is taking to ensure fair standards for Arecanut quality that safeguard farmers interests while meeting food safety objectives?

## ANSWER

THE MINISTER OF STATE FOR AGRICULTURE AND FARMERS WELFARE कृ ͪष एवं ͩकसान कãयाण राÏय मंğी (SHRI RAMNATH THAKUR)

(a) & (b): Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has not carried out any impact assessment to review the 7% maximum moisture content requirement for Arecanut. However, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) - Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), Kasaragod had evaluated arecanut samples collected from different places which were analyzed for moisture and water activity in Arecanut. For storage of arecanut under dry condition,  moisture  content  of  11%  with  corresponding  water  activity  of  7.1  was  found reasonably safe.

(c): FSSAI's scientific panel comprising of experts from various research institutes have under taken technical deliberations on this matter. Further, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod,  Kerala and Directorate  of  Arecanut  &  Spices  Development  (DASD),  Calicut,  Kerala  have  also  held consultation meetings with agriculture experts, farmers representatives and industry stakeholders.

(d) & (e):  No such amendment is under consideration of FSSAI presently.

******
Lok Sabha Question No. 1252 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2024-12-03
Subject: Establishment of Spice Hubs and Markets
Ministry: COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
Asked by: Shri Dushyant Singh

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF COMMERCE & INDUSTRY (DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE)

## LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 1252 ANSWERED ON 03/12/2024

## ESTABLISHMENT OF SPICE HUBS AND MARKETS

## 1252.  SHRI DUSHYANT SINGH:

Will the Minister of COMMERCE & INDUSTRY ( वाणिज्य एवं उद्योग मं त्री ) be pleased to state:

- (a) the details of steps taken by the Government to promote the establishment of Spice Hubs and Spice Markets in the Jhalawar-Baran region of Rajasthan, which is known for its growing agro-based production of key spices like garlic, coriander, fenugreek, nigella seeds, and chillies;
- (b) whether  the  Government  provide  details  of  any  ongoing  or  proposed  projects  aimed  at developing Spice Hubs for the processing, grading, grinding, and packaging of spices and the extent to which projects will enhance the value chain and market access for local farmers;
- (c) the details of the Government's strategy for creating structured Spice Markets within the Jhalawar-Baran region and the manner in which markets serve as platforms for farmers to sell their produce directly, ensuring better pricing and reduced market exploitation by intermediaries; and
- (d) the  details  of  expected  impact  of  these  initiatives  on  the  local  economy,  including  job creation, value addition and the promotion of sustainable agricultural practices in the region?

## ANSWER

वाणिज्य और उद्योग मंत्रालय में मंत्री ( श्री पीयूष गोयल )

## THE MINISTER OF  COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY (SHRI PIYUSH GOYAL)

(a) to (d) The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare has informed that it does not have any proposal for developing Spice Hubs. Spices Board has also informed that it does not have a Spice Park in the Jhalawar Baran region.

*****
Lok Sabha Question No. 1249 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2024-12-03
Subject: Incentives to Two Wheeler Production  Companies
Ministry: HEAVY INDUSTRIES
Asked by: Shri Dhairyasheel Sambhajirao Mane, Shri Sudheer Gupta

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF HEAVY INDUSTRIES

## LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 1249

ANSWERED ON 03.12.2024

## INCENTIVES TO TWO WHEELER PRODUCTION COMPANIES

## 1249.  SHRI SUDHEER GUPTA: SHRI DHAIRYASHEEL SAMBHAJIRAO MANE:

Will the Minister of HEAVY INDUSTRIES भारी उद्योग मंत्री be pleased to state:

- (a) whether India has surpassed the China as biggest two wheeler market in the world and if so, the details thereof;
- (b) whether the Government proposes to incentives the two wheeler production companies in the country to maximize its reach to the people, particularly in the rural areas of the country;
- (c) if so, the details thereof and steps taken by the Government in this regard;
- (d) whether the Government proposes to link it with Production Linked Incentive Scheme to give boost to this industry; and
- (e) if so, the details thereof and measures taken by the Government in this regard?

## ANSWER THE MINISTER OF HEAVY INDUSTRIES (SHRI H.D. KUMARASWAMY)

- (a): Yes. As per information received from Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM), 16.6 million units of two-wheelers were sold in China in Calendar Year (CY) 2023 while total two-wheelers registered in India in CY 2023 were 17.10 million (as per Vahan database for CY 2023).
- (b) to (e): Entry level two-wheeler manufacturers in India already have their reach to rural areas of the country.  The Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for Automobile and Auto components approved by the Government on 15 th  September, 2021 with a budgetary outlay of Rs. 25,938 crores proposes financial incentives to boost domestic manufacturing of Advanced Automotive Technology (AAT) products and attract investments in the automotive manufacturing value chain.  AAT two-wheelers are also eligible for incentives under the scheme ranging  from  13%  to  18%  on  determined  sales  value.    As  on  26.11.2024,  five  two-wheeler Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) are approved under the scheme.  The details of the scheme are available at https://heavyindustries.gov.in/pli-scheme-automobile-and-autocomponent-industry.

*****
Lok Sabha Question No. 1247 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2024-12-03
Subject: e-commerce Export Hubs
Ministry: COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
Asked by: Smt. Bharti Pardhi, Shri Shrirang Appa Chandu Barne

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF COMMERCE & INDUSTRY (DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE)

## LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 1247

## ANSWERED ON 03/12/2024

## E-COMMERCE EXPORT HUBS

## 1247.  SHRI SHRIRANG APPA CHANDU BARNE: SMT. BHARTI PARDHI:

Will the Minister of COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY ( वाणिज्य एवं उद्योग मंत्री ) be pleased to state:

(a) whether the Government has invited proposals to finalise the operational modalities of ecommerce export hubs;

(b) if so, the details thereof and the response received in this regard;

(c) whether the Government has finalised proposals for E-Commerce Export Hubs (ECEH) to facilitate seamless and expeditious clearances of export;

(d) whether  the  Government  has  launched  an  online  platform  that  collects  information  on foreign  trade  from  diverse  sources  to  guide  the  existing  and  aspiring  exporters  regarding  the opportunities available in the international market and the process to grab the said opportunity; and

(e) if  so,  whether  the  Government of  India has issued guidelines for exporters to avail the benefits of online platform, if so, the details thereof?

## ANSWER

## वाणिज्य और उद्योग मंत्रालय में राज्य मंत्री (श्री णिणिन प्रसाद )

## THE MINSTER OF STATE IN THE MINISTRY OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY (SHRI JITIN PRASADA)

(a) to (c) Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) vide Trade Notice No. 14/2024-25 dated 22.08.2024 has invited detailed proposal(s) for Pilot Launch of E-Commerce Export Hubs (ECEH).  Two  proposals  for  Pilot  launch  of  ECEH  have  been  approved.  ECEH  brings stakeholders  under  one  roof  for  faster  e-commerce  exports  clearance,  and  simplified  reverse logistics.  DGFT,  Central  Board  of  Indirect  Taxes  and  Customs  (CBIC)  and  Bureau  of  Civil Aviation Security (BCAS) are collaborating to expedite ECEH implementation.

(d)  &  (e) Directorate  General  of  Foreign  Trade  (DGFT)  has  launched  the  Trade  Connect ePlatform  (https://trade.gov.in)  to  provide  trade-related  information  to  existing  and  aspiring Indian  exporters.  This  platform  also  serves  as  an  online  hub  for  integrating  efforts  from  the Department  of  Commerce,  Indian  Missions  abroad,  Export  Promotion  Councils,  Commodity Boards, and other organisations to deliver comprehensive support to Indian exporters. To raise awareness, the platform is demonstrated and showcased at ongoing and upcoming Niryat Bandhu events  and  other  DGFT  outreach  programs.  Additionally,  a  handbook  on  the  Trade  Connect ePlatform was released on 11th September 2024.

*****
Lok Sabha Question No. 1245 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2024-12-03
Subject: Reservation for SC
Ministry: SOCIAL JUSTICE AND EMPOWERMENT
Asked by: Dr. Manna Lal Rawat

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF SOCIAL JUSTICE AND EMPOWERMENT LOK SABHA

UNSTARRED QUESTION NO.1245 TO BE ANSWERED ON 03.12.2024

## RESERVATION FOR SC

## †1245. DR. MANNA LAL RAWAT:

Will the Minister of SOCIAL JUSTICE AND EMPOWERMENT be pleased to state:

- (a) whether the reservation and various concessions/privileges are applicable to the candidates belonging to Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes/Other Backward Classes/Economically Weaker Sections/Women for the posts and services of the Central Government:
- (b) the date since when the said provisions have been effective and the details of the relevant notification;
- (c) whether the Government proposes to implement the said provisions in private sector as well; and
- (d) the time by which the said provisions have been implemented in Jammu and Kashmir?

## ANSWER

## MINISTER OF STATE FOR SOCIAL JUSTICE AND EMPOWERMENT (SHRI RAMDAS ATHAWALE)

- (a) & (b): As per the extant guidelines issued from time to time by Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT), reservation is provided to the members of SC, ST and OBC @ 15%, 7.5% and 27% respectively in the matter of appointment by direct recruitment to civil posts and civil services on all India basis by open competition. Further, the persons belonging to EWSs who, are not covered under the scheme of reservation for SCs, STs and OBCs shall get 10% reservation in direct recruitment in civil posts and services in the Government of India through open competition.

In the matters of promotion, reservation is provided only for SC and ST @ 15% and 7.5% respectively. In addition to this, age relaxation is provided in case of direct recruitment to a service or post to the extent of 5 years to SCs/STs and 3 years to OBCs. Women are provided age relaxation upto the age of 35 years (40 years for members of SCs/STs) for Group 'C" posts. Moreover, the candidates belonging to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are not be required to pay any fees for admission to any recruitment examination/selection.

- (c): No proposal is under consideration to implement the said provisions in private sector.
- (d): The Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir has informed that the provisions of reservation to the candidates belonging to Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribes/Other Backward Classes/Economically Weaker section is extended.

*****
Lok Sabha Question No. 1244 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2024-12-03
Subject: Procurement of Paddy
Ministry: AGRICULTURE AND FARMERS WELFARE
Asked by: Shri Amrinder Singh Raja Warring

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FARMERS WELFARE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND FARMERS WELFARE

## LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 1244

TO BE ANSWERED ON THE 3 RD  DECEMBER, 2024

## PROCUREMENT OF PADDY

## 1244.  SHRI AMRINDER SINGH RAJA WARRING:

Will the Minister of AGRICULTURE AND FARMERS WELFARE कृ ͪष एवं ͩकसान कã याण मंğी be pleased to state:

- (a) whether the Government is aware of the issues being faced by the farmers due to delays and inefficiencies in paddy procurement;
- (b) if so, the details of the steps taken with regard to the ground level implementation of the paddy procurement process;
- (c) whether the Government proposes on implementing corrective measures to address these issues; and
- (d) if so, the details of these measures and the timeline for their implementation, if not, the reasons therefore?

## ANSWER

THE MINISTER OF STATE FOR AGRICULTURE AND FARMERS WELFARE कृ ͪष एवं ͩकसान कã याण राÏय मंğी (SHRI RAMNATH THAKUR)

(a) to (d) : The procurement of paddy for central pool is primarily undertaken by State Govt.'s agencies which engage Arhatiyas, where ever in practice;  cooperative  societies;  Self-Help groups (SHGs); Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) etc. for procurement of paddy from farmers and delivery of same to rice millers for milling of paddy to rice. The  States  Govt.  formulate  elaborate  procurement  plan  keeping  in  view  the  local requirements and dynamics for efficient procurement operations under price support system. Large number of procurement centres are opened by the  respective State Govt.  agencies taking into account the production, marketable surplus, convenience of farmers and availability of other logistics/infrastructure such as storage and transportation etc. The procurement of paddy for Kharif Marketing Season (KMS) 2024-25 commenced on the scheduled dates for the respective States/UTs. In some States, harvesting of paddy and its arrival in Mandis was delayed due to heavy rainfall in the month of September and resultant higher moisture content in paddy, leading to slight delay in procurement. Despite initial delay, the procurement operations are well on track to achieve the estimated procurement.

*****
Lok Sabha Question No. 1240 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2024-12-03
Subject: Investments in Textile Sector
Ministry: TEXTILES
Asked by: Shri Parbhubhai Nagarbhai Vasava, Shri Ravindra Shukla Alias Ravi Kishan, Shri Chandra Prakash Joshi

## INVESTMENTS IN TEXTILE SECTOR

## 1240. SHRI PARBHUBHAI NAGARBHAI VASAVA: SHRI RAVINDRA SHUKLA ALIAS RAVI KISHAN: SHRI CHANDRA PRAKASH JOSHI:

Will the Minister of TEXTILES वस्त्र मंत्री be pleased to state :

- (a) the measures taken by the Government to generate employment opportunities in Textile Sector;
- (b) the total number of jobs to be created by the Government during the last three years;
- (c) the steps taken by the Ministry to bring investment in the textile sector and development goals of the said sector; and
- (d) the targets set for bringing investment and development in the textile sector in Rajasthan?

## उत्तर

## ANSWER

## वस्त्र राज्  य मंत्री ( श्री पबित्र मार्घेररटा ) THE MINISTER OF STATE FOR TEXTILES

## (SHRI PABITRA MARGHERITA)

(a) & (b): The textile industry is one of the largest sources of employment in the country, estimated to be directly employing over 45 million people. In order to generate employment opportunities in the textile  sector,  Government  is  implementing  various  schemes/programmes  like  Samarth  (Scheme  for Capacity  Building  in  the  Textiles  Sector),  National  Handloom  Development  Programme  (NHDP), National Handicraft Development Programme (NHDP), PM-Mega Integrated Textiles and Apparel Park (PM-MITRA) scheme, Production Linked  Incentive (PLI) Scheme for  Textiles  and  others.  Year-wise data on employment in the textile industry is not maintained.

(c) & (d): With an objective to position India as a global textiles manufacturing hub, Government through its various programmes and initiatives aims to attract investment in the textile sector across the country, including in the State of Rajasthan. Some of these initiatives include:

PM MITRA Parks Scheme: Under the scheme, 7 Mega Textile Parks with modern, integrated, largescale, world-class infrastructure, and plug and play facility are being set up to attract investments in the textile sector and boost employment.

Production  Linked  Incentive  (PLI)  Scheme  for  Textiles :  The  scheme  focuses  on  sunrise  sectors including  manmade  fibre  (MMF)  fabric,  MMF  apparel,  and  technical  textiles  to  promote  large-scale manufacturing and enhance competitiveness in these textile segments.

National Technical Textiles Mission : The Mission focuses on (i) research, innovation and development,  (ii)  promotion  and  market  development  (iii)  education  and  skilling  and  (iv)  export promotion in technical textiles to position country as global leader in Technical Textiles.

No  specific  state-wise  targets  have  been  set  for  bringing  investment  and  development  in  the  textile sector.

****
Lok Sabha Question No. 1239 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2024-12-03
Subject: Promotion of  Textile Industry
Ministry: TEXTILES
Asked by: Ms. Praniti Sushilkumar Shinde

## LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 1239 TO BE ANSWERED ON 03.12.2024

## PROMOTION OF TEXTILE INDUSTRY

## 1239. MS. PRANITI SUSHILKUMAR SHINDE:

Will the Minister of TEXTILES वस्त्र मंत्री be pleased to state :

- (a) the details of the steps taken by the Government to encourage and promote the textile industry;
- (b) whether the Government plans to set up designated international market hubs for Indian textiles, if so, the details thereof; and
- (c) the details of current incentives and benefits provided to the textile industry?

उत्तर

ANSWER

## वस्त्र राज्  य मंत्री ( श्री पबित्र मार्घेररटा )

## THE MINISTER OF STATE FOR TEXTILES (SHRI PABITRA MARGHERITA)

(a) to (c): The Government of India is implementing various schemes/initiatives to encourage and promote the textile sector. The major schemes/initiatives include PM Mega Integrated Textile Regions and Apparel (PM MITRA) Parks Scheme; Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme focusing on MMF Fabric,  MMF  Apparel  and  Technical;  National  Technical  Textiles  Mission  (NTTM)  focusing  on Research Innovation & Development, Promotion and Market Development; SAMARTH - Scheme for Capacity  Building  in  Textile  Sector  with  the  objective  providing  demand  driven,  placement  oriented, skilling program; Silk Samagra-2 for comprehensive development of sericulture value chain.; National Handicraft  Development  Program  etc.  Further,  the  Government  of  India  is  implementing  National Handloom Development Programme and Raw Material Supply Scheme to promote handloom sector and welfare of handloom weavers across the country.

Under the PM-MITRA park scheme, the Government has approved setting up of 7 (Seven) Mega Textile  Parks  with  world  class  infrastructure  including  plug  and  play  facility  with  an  outlay  of Rs. 4,445 cr., with a view to increasing investments, generating employment opportunities and boosting exports. The Government has finalised 7 sites viz. Tamil Nadu (Virudhnagar), Telangana (Warangal), Gujarat  (Navsari),  Karnataka  (Kalaburagi),  Madhya  Pradesh  (Dhar),  Uttar  Pradesh  (Lucknow)  and Maharashtra (Amravati) for setting up PM MITRA Parks.
Lok Sabha Question No. 1238 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2024-12-03
Subject: Extending MSP to Tea and Coffee Commodities
Ministry: COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
Asked by: Shri Raja A

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF COMMERCE & INDUSTRY (DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE)

## LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 1238 ANSWERED ON 03/12/2024

## EXTENDING MSP TO TEA AND COFFEE COMMODITIES

## 1238.  SHRI RAJA A:

Will the Minister of COMMERCE & INDUSTRY ( वाणिज्य एवं उद्योग मं त्री ) be pleased to state:

(a) whether representations are received for extending Minimum Support Price (MSP) to crops  like  tea  and  coffee,  in  the  interest  of  plantation  growers  and  sustainability  of  the industry, if so, the details thereof and the action taken thereto; and

(b) whether MSP would be printed to tea, coffee, etc., to prevent cartelization because of which only the middlemen flourish and tea and coffee industry suffers and if so, the details thereof, if not, the reasons therefor?

## ANSWER

वाणिज्य और उद्योग मंत्रालय में मंत्री ( श्री पीयूष गोयल ) THE MINISTER OF  COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY

## (SHRI PIYUSH GOYAL)

(a) & (b) Representations were received for inclusion of crops of Tea and Coffee under Minimum Support Price  (MSP).  However,  Government  of  India  presently  fixes  Minimum Support Prices (MSP) for 22 mandated agricultural crops on the basis of the recommendations  of  the  Commission  for  Agricultural  Costs  and  Prices  (CACP)  after considering the views of State Governments and Central Ministries/Departments concerned along  with  other  relevant    factors.  The  mandated  crops  for  MSP  are  paddy,  jowar,  bajra, maize,  ragi,  tur(arhar),  moong,  urad,  groundnut,  sunflower  seed,  soyabean,  sesamum, nigerseed, cotton, wheat, barley,  gram, lentil(masur), rapeseed/mustard, safflower, jute  and copra.

*****
Lok Sabha Question No. 1230 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2024-12-03
Subject: PM-KISAN in Thanjavur
Ministry: AGRICULTURE AND FARMERS WELFARE
Asked by: Shri Murasoli S

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FARMERS WELFARE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND FARMERS WELFARE

## LOK SABHA

## UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 1230

TO BE ANSWERED ON 03 RD  DECEMBER, 2024

## PM-KISAN IN THANJAVUR

## 1230. SHRI MURASOLI S:

Will the Minister of AGRICULTURE AND FARMERS WELFARE कृ ͪष एवं ͩकसान कãयाण मंğी be pleased to state:

(a) the details of number of beneficiaries of Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PMKISAN) from the year 2019 in Thanjavur district;

- (b) the details of amount of funds disbursed to the beneficiaries during the above period in Thanjavur District;
- (c) whether  the  Government  has  any  plans  to  increase  the  amount  distributed  to  the farmers; and
- (d) if so, the details thereof and if not, the reasons therefor?

## ANSWER

THE MINISTER OF STATE FOR AGRICULTURE AND FARMERS WELFARE कृ ͪष एवं ͩकसान कãयाण राÏय मंğी (SHRI RAMNATH THAKUR)

(a) & (b): The PM-KISAN scheme is a central sector scheme launched in February 2019 by the  Hon'ble  Prime  Minister  to  supplement  the  financial  needs  of  land-holding  farmers. Under this scheme, the financial benefit of Rs 6,000/- per year in three equal instalments every four months is transferred into the bank accounts of farmers' families across the country through Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) mode. The PM-KISAN scheme is one of the largest DBT Schemes of the World. A farmer-centric digital infrastructure has ensured the benefits of the scheme reach all the  farmers  across  the  country  without  any  involvement  of  the  middlemen.  Maintaining absolute transparency in registering and verifying beneficiaries, the Government of India has disbursed over Rs 3.46 lakh Cr in 18 instalments, so far.

Since inception of the Scheme in 2019, a total of 1,27,796 beneficiaries of Thanjavur District  have  been benefitted under  PM-KISAN and a total of Rs. 340.86 Crore has been released to them.

- (c) & (d): No such proposal is under consideration.

*****