Lok Sabha Question No. 125 (STARRED), answered on 2021-02-10
Subject: Poverty Alleviation Programmes
Ministry: PLANNING
Asked by: Bhola Singh, Vinod Kumar Sonkar

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF PLANNING

## LOK SABHA STARRED QUESTION No. 125

TO BE ANSWERED ON 10.02.2021

## POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMMES

- *125. SHRI BHOLA SINGH: SHRI VINOD KUMAR SONKAR:

Will the Minister of PLANNING be pleased to state:

- (a) whether the Government has any estimation of the population in the country that is poor and if so, the details thereof, State/UT-wise;
- (b) whether the Government has evaluated the outcome of different poverty alleviation programmes launched during the last three years and if so, the details and the outcome thereof, State/UT-wise;
- (c) whether the level  of  inequality  has  been  rising  in  the  country  and  if  so,  the  details thereof along with the overall income, wealth and consumption inequality reported/noted during each of the last three years, State/ UT-wise;
- (d) whether there has been imbalance in development of various regions in the country and if so, the details thereof; and
- (e) the  other  steps  being  taken  by  the  Government  to  reduce  poverty,  inequality  and regional disparity in the country?

## ANSWER

MINISTER OF STATE (INDEPENDENT CHARGE) OF THE MINISTRY OF PLANNING AND MINISTER OF STATE (INDEPENDENT CHARGE) OF THE MINISTRY OF STATISTICS & PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION

(RAO INDERJIT SINGH)

- (a) to (e):  A Statement is laid on the Table of the House.

## STATEMENT REFERRED TO IN REPLY TO PARTS (a) TO (e) OF LOK SABHA STARRED  QUESTION  NO.  125*  REGARDING  'POVERTY  ALLEVIATION PROGRAMMES' RAISED BY SHRI BHOLA SINGH AND SHRI VINOD KUMAR SONKAR

(a)  For  determination  of  the  methodology  to  estimate  poverty  line  Expert  Groups  are constituted from time to time. The most recent Expert Group whose recommendations were accepted by the Government in 2011 was chaired by Prof. Suresh D. Tendulkar. Based on the data of Large Sample Survey on Household Consumer Expenditure collected by NSSO in its  68 th round  conducted  in  2011-12  the  poverty  lines  and  poverty  ratio  were  estimated following the extant Tendulkar Committee methodology in 2011-12 and released through a Press  Note  issued  on  22 nd July  2013.  The  Press  Note  defined  the  poverty  line  using  the criterion  of  Monthly  Per  Capita  Consumption  Expenditure (MPCE). For the  year 2011-12, the poverty line at all India level was estimated as MPCE of Rs. 816 for rural areas and Rs. 1000 for urban areas. The State-wise ratio and number of people living below poverty line is given at Annexure-1.

Ministry of Rural Development also conducts Below Poverty Line (BPL) Census to identify the poor households in the rural areas, to determine the potential beneficiaries under various programmes of the Government of India. The first BPL Census was conducted in 1992 for the Eighth Five Year Plan. Subsequently, BPL census was conducted in 1997, for the Ninth Five Year Plan and in 2002 for the Tenth Five Year Plan period. In 2011, in place of BPL Survey,  a  Socio  Economic  and  Caste  Census  2011  (SECC  2011)  was  conducted  in association with the States/UTs under technical and financial support from the Government of  India  where  besides  the  Ministry  of  Rural  Development,  the  Ministry  of  Housing  and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Office  of the Registrar  General and Census  Commissioner and the States/UTs had also participated.  The findings of SECC-2011 in rural areas are available on  www.secc.gov.in.  Ranking  of  Households  in  rural  areas  under  SECC-2011  was  made through  a  three-step  process  involving  13  (Thirteen)  Automatic  Exclusion  parameters  for identifying  not-poor  households,  5  (five)  Automatic  Inclusion  parameters  for  identifying poorest  of  the  poor  households  and  7  (seven)  Deprivation  Criteria  for  identifying  poor households.

Out of 17.97 crore households in rural areas covered under SECC (2011), 48.53% reported incidence of deprivation, 7.07 crore were categorized under automatic exclusion criterion of households  as  not  poor  on  the  basis  of  13  parameters,  0.16  crore households  categorized under automatic inclusion criterion as poorest of the poor on the basis of 5 parameters and grading of deprivation of 8.72 crore of rural households on the basis of seven criteria.

## The State/UT-wise data are given at Annexure-2

(b).  NITI  Aayog  had  undertaken  evaluation  of  Centrally  Sponsored  Schemes  for  their continuance in the Fifteenth Finance Cycle. The summary of the national level independent third-party evaluation of 14 schemes launched during the last 3 years (since 2017) is placed at Annexure-3 . Respective Ministries/Departments undertakes evaluation of the Central Sector (CS) schemes.

- (c). The level of  inequality measured in terms of Coefficient of Variation (CV) of states wise Net  state  Domestic  Product  (NSDP)  at  current  prices  (a  proxy  for  Per  Capita  income) indicates that when compared to 2011-12 the inequalities have come down. The CVs  for the years 2016-17 to 2018-19 for which data on NSDP per Capita is available  for most of the states/UTs  (except Andaman & Nicobar Islands which is repeated for 2018-19), are in the range 56.2 to 56.8.
- (d). The State-wise per capita Net State Domestic Product at Constant Prices with base year 2011-12 is  given  at Annexure-4. During  2018-19, taking  Rs.  1,21,353  as  the  average,  17 States had per capita Net State Domestic Product below this average.
- (e). The Government is implementing a number of targeted programmes for overall balanced development  in  the  country  such  as  Pradhan  Mantri  Awaas  Yojana  (PMAY),  Mahatma Gandhi  National  Rural  Employment  Guarantee  Act  (MGNREGA),  Deendayal  Antyodaya Yojana - National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM), Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana National Urban Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NULM), National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP),  Pradhan  Mantri  Jan-Dhan  Yojana  (PMJDY),  Deen  Dayal  Upadhyaya  Grameen Kaushalya  Yojana  (DDU-GKY),  Shyama  Prasad  Mukherji  Rurban  Mission  (SPMRM), Pradhan  Mantri  Suraksha  Bima  Yojana  (PMSBY),  Pradhan  Mantri  Jeevan  Jyoti  Bima Yojana, Atal Pension Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana, Stand Up India Scheme etc.

NITI Aayog has initiated the Aspirational Districts Programme to expeditiously improve the socio economic status of 112 relatively underdeveloped districts across 26 States and 1 Union Territory.  These  districts  were  identified  on  the  basis  of  certain  social  and  economic development  criteria.  The  Programme  aims  at  rapid  transformation  of  these  backward districts across sectors which  are  critical for  improving  quality  of  life  or  economic productivity of citizens. These sectors are Health and Nutrition, School Education, Agriculture  and  Water  Resources,  Financial  Inclusion  and  Skill  Development  and  Basic Infrastructure. 49 key performance indicators have been selected across these sectors and a district's  performance  is  monitored  on the  basis of  progress  made  on  these  indicators.  The broad  strategy  of  the  Aspirational  Districts  Programme  rests  on  the  3  Cs  -  Convergence (between  Central and State Schemes),  Collaboration (between  Centre, State, District Administration,  Development  Partners  and  Citizens)  and  Competition  (between  Districts). Every  month,  districts  are  ranked  on  basis  of  progress  made  and  this  instills  them  with  a sense  of  competition  which  results  in  rapid  improvement.  As  the  main  strategy  of  the programme  is  based  on  convergence  of  existing  schemes  which  have  their  own  funding arrangement, large infusion of additional fund is not envisaged. However, in order to foster competitive  spirit,  and  for  addressing  the  critical  gaps,  additional  allocation  on  challenge route is also envisaged.

In  order  to  initiate  higher  order  economic  interventions,  the  M/o  Rural  Development launched World Bank assisted National Rural Economic Transformation Project in 2019. The project  is  being  implemented  in  select  areas  of  13  high  poverty  States  viz.  Assam,  Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya  Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan,  Tamil  Nadu,  Uttar  Pradesh  and  West  Bengal.  NRETP  aims  to  promote  Model Cluster Level Federations, financial inclusion, farm Producer Groups (PGs) and large scale farmer Producer Enterprises (PEs), non-farm enterprises and rural clusters.

## Annexure-1

## Number and Percentage of Population below poverty line by states - 2011-12 (Tendulkar Methodology)

| S.No.   |                          | Rural           | Rural                  | Urban           | Urban                  | Total           | Total                  |
|---------|--------------------------|-----------------|------------------------|-----------------|------------------------|-----------------|------------------------|
| S.No.   | States                   | %age of Persons | No. of Persons (lakhs) | %age of Persons | No. of Persons (lakhs) | %age of Persons | No. of Persons (lakhs) |
| 1       | Andhra Pradesh           | 10.96           | 61.80                  | 5.81            | 16.98                  | 9.20            | 78.78                  |
| 2       | Arunachal Pradesh        | 38.93           | 4.25                   | 20.33           | 0.66                   | 34.67           | 4.91                   |
| 3       | Assam                    | 33.89           | 92.06                  | 20.49           | 9.21                   | 31.98           | 101.27                 |
| 4       | Bihar                    | 34.06           | 320.40                 | 31.23           | 37.75                  | 33.74           | 358.15                 |
| 5       | Chhattisgarh             | 44.61           | 88.90                  | 24.75           | 15.22                  | 39.93           | 104.11                 |
| 6       | Delhi                    | 12.92           | 0.50                   | 9.84            | 16.46                  | 9.91            | 16.96                  |
| 7       | Goa                      | 6.81            | 0.37                   | 4.09            | 0.38                   | 5.09            | 0.75                   |
| 8       | Gujarat                  | 21.54           | 75.35                  | 10.14           | 26.88                  | 16.63           | 102.23                 |
| 9       | Haryana                  | 11.64           | 19.42                  | 10.28           | 9.41                   | 11.16           | 28.83                  |
| 10      | Himachal Pradesh         | 8.48            | 5.29                   | 4.33            | 0.30                   | 8.06            | 5.59                   |
| 11      | Jammu &Kashmir           | 11.54           | 10.73                  | 7.20            | 2.53                   | 10.35           | 13.27                  |
| 12      | Jharkhand                | 40.84           | 104.09                 | 24.83           | 20.24                  | 36.96           | 124.33                 |
| 13      | Karnataka                | 24.53           | 92.80                  | 15.25           | 36.96                  | 20.91           | 129.76                 |
| 14      | Kerala                   | 9.14            | 15.48                  | 4.97            | 8.46                   | 7.05            | 23.95                  |
| 15      | Madhya Pradesh           | 35.74           | 190.95                 | 21.00           | 43.10                  | 31.65           | 234.06                 |
| 16      | Maharashtra              | 24.22           | 150.56                 | 9.12            | 47.36                  | 17.35           | 197.92                 |
| 17      | Manipur                  | 38.80           | 7.45                   | 32.59           | 2.78                   | 36.89           | 10.22                  |
| 18      | Meghalaya                | 12.53           | 3.04                   | 9.26            | 0.57                   | 11.87           | 3.61                   |
| 19      | Mizoram                  | 35.43           | 1.91                   | 6.36            | 0.37                   | 20.40           | 2.27                   |
| 20      | Nagaland                 | 19.93           | 2.76                   | 16.48           | 1.00                   | 18.88           | 3.76                   |
| 21      | Odisha                   | 35.69           | 126.14                 | 17.29           | 12.39                  | 32.59           | 138.53                 |
| 22      | Punjab                   | 7.66            | 13.35                  | 9.24            | 9.82                   | 8.26            | 23.18                  |
| 23      | Rajasthan                | 16.05           | 84.19                  | 10.69           | 18.73                  | 14.71           | 102.92                 |
| 24      | Sikkim                   | 9.85            | 0.45                   | 3.66            | 0.06                   | 8.19            | 0.51                   |
| 25      | Tamil Nadu               | 15.83           | 59.23                  | 6.54            | 23.40                  | 11.28           | 82.63                  |
| 26      | Tripura                  | 16.53           | 4.49                   | 7.42            | 0.75                   | 14.05           | 5.24                   |
| 27      | Uttarakhand              | 11.62           | 8.25                   | 10.48           | 3.35                   | 11.26           | 11.60                  |
| 28      | Uttar Pradesh            | 30.40           | 479.35                 | 26.06           | 118.84                 | 29.43           | 598.19                 |
| 29      | West Bengal              | 22.52           | 141.14                 | 14.66           | 43.83                  | 19.98           | 184.98                 |
| 30      | Puducherry               | 17.06           | 0.69                   | 6.30            | 0.55                   | 9.69            | 1.24                   |
| 31      | Andaman &Nicobar Islands | 1.57            | 0.04                   | 0.00            | 0.00                   | 1.00            | 0.04                   |
| 32      | Chandigarh               | 1.64            | 0.004                  | 22.31           | 2.34                   | 21.81           | 2.35                   |
| 33      | Dadra &Nagar Haveli      | 62.59           | 1.15                   | 15.38           | 0.28                   | 39.31           | 1.43                   |
| 34      | Daman &Diu               | 0.00            | 0.00                   | 12.62           | 0.26                   | 9.86            | 0.26                   |
| 35      | Lakshadweep              | 0.00            | 0.00                   | 3.44            | 0.02                   | 2.77            | 0.02                   |
|         | All India                | 25.70           | 2166.58                | 13.70           | 531.25                 | 21.92           | 2697.83                |

Notes:  1. Population as on 1st March 2012 has been used for estimating number of persons below poverty line. (2011 Census population extrapolated)

2. Poverty line of Tamil Nadu has been used for Andaman and Nicobar Island.
3. Urban Poverty Line of Punjab has been used for both rural and urban areas of Chandigarh.
4. Poverty Line of Maharashtra has been used for Dadra & Nagar Haveli.
5. Poverty line of Goa has been used for Daman & Diu.
6. Poverty Line of Kerala has been used for Lakshadweep.

The State/UT-wise data of Socio-economic Caste Census-2011(Rural)

| States/UTs               |   Total Households |   Automatically Excluded Households |   Automatically Included Households |   Deprived Households |
|--------------------------|--------------------|-------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|-----------------------|
| JAMMU &KASHMIR           |            1601606 |                              761875 |                               13791 |                586345 |
| HIMACHAL PRADESH         |            1263756 |                              840852 |                                1938 |                259855 |
| PUNJAB                   |            3269467 |                             2438567 |                                8004 |                778245 |
| CHANDIGARH               |              15657 |                                9250 |                                  10 |                  3925 |
| UTTARAKHAND              |            1479742 |                              823330 |                                4726 |                429888 |
| HARYANA                  |            2969509 |                             1779954 |                                6519 |                997129 |
| NCT OF DELHI             |            1051097 |                              881667 |                                1127 |                 89744 |
| RAJASTHAN                |           10223073 |                             4069999 |                               72091 |               5165212 |
| UTTAR PRADESH            |           26015592 |                            12466832 |                               68190 |              10381355 |
| BIHAR                    |           17829066 |                             4793001 |                               37657 |              10876054 |
| SIKKIM                   |              88723 |                               39442 |                                 235 |                 33480 |
| ARUNACHAL PRADESH        |             201842 |                              118987 |                                3559 |                 72937 |
| NAGALAND                 |             284310 |                               97323 |                                 969 |                182441 |
| MANIPUR                  |             448163 |                              147003 |                                4963 |                236653 |
| MIZORAM                  |             111626 |                               44437 |                                 512 |                 66499 |
| TRIPURA                  |             697062 |                              165435 |                               33343 |                401458 |
| MEGHALAYA                |             485897 |                              151711 |                                1224 |                327506 |
| ASSAM                    |            5743835 |                             1689138 |                               33451 |               2892859 |
| WEST BENGAL              |           15756750 |                             3302481 |                              203209 |              10056266 |
| JHARKHAND                |            5044234 |                             1566811 |                               52045 |               2694061 |
| ODISHA                   |            8677615 |                             1628400 |                              119772 |               5730372 |
| CHHATTISGARH             |            4540999 |                              819609 |                              112084 |               3179327 |
| MADHYA PRADESH           |           11288946 |                             3301696 |                              396787 |               6748026 |
| GUJARAT                  |            6920473 |                             3236193 |                               31216 |               2967972 |
| DAMANAND DIU             |              31795 |                               16707 |                                3519 |                  6313 |
| DADRA&NAGAR HAVELI       |              45352 |                               15780 |                                 298 |                 25378 |
| MAHARASHTRA              |           13841960 |                             5440356 |                              227678 |               6064157 |
| ANDHRA PRADESH           |            9344180 |                             3595077 |                               59470 |               4822104 |
| TELANGANA                |            5643739 |                             3143322 |                               13543 |               2136159 |
| KARNATAKA                |            8048664 |                             4022702 |                               30074 |               2836539 |
| GOA                      |             220731 |                              185010 |                                 135 |                 23816 |
| LAKSHADWEEP              |              10929 |                                9410 |                                  13 |                  1455 |
| KERALA                   |            6319215 |                             4388457 |                               14289 |               1469167 |
| TAMILNADU                |           10088119 |                             4657981 |                               38549 |               4704939 |
| PUDUCHERRY               |             115249 |                               65854 |                                 311 |                 40336 |
| ANDAMAN &NICOBAR ISLANDS |              68481 |                               39354 |                                 168 |                 15976 |
| Total                    |          179787454 |                            70754003 |                             1595469 |              87303948 |

The  table  below  lists  the  Centrally  Sponsored  Schemes  (CSS)  launched  during  the  last  3 years (2017) and evaluated by DMEO. These were evaluated using a mixed-method approach utilising both quantitative and qualitative insights derived from secondary and primary data. Primary Data collection was conducted through Household Survey, Key Informant Interviews, Focus Group Discussions and In-Depth Interview from the village to the national level to validate the findings from secondary data and to fill data gaps. The reference period of the study is from 2015-16 to 2018-19.

|   Sr. No | CSS Scheme launched in last 3 years and evaluated                                                                                                                              | Ministry/Department                                                  |
|----------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
|        1 | National Bamboo Mission                                                                                                                                                        | Department of Agriculture, Co- operation and Farmers Welfare         |
|        2 | Dairy Processing and Infrastructure Development Fund                                                                                                                           | Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying                          |
|        3 | Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund                                                                                                                      | Department of Fisheries                                              |
|        4 | POSHAN Abhiyaan (National Nutrition Mission)                                                                                                                                   | Ministry of Women &Child Development                                 |
|        5 | Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana                                                                                                                                            | Ministry of Women &Child Development                                 |
|        6 | Mahila Shakti Kendra                                                                                                                                                           | Ministry of Women &Child Development                                 |
|        7 | Flood Management and Border Area Programme                                                                                                                                     | Department of Water Resources, River Development &Ganga Rejuvenation |
|        8 | Irrigation Census                                                                                                                                                              | Department of Water Resources, River Development &Ganga Rejuvenation |
|        9 | Servicing of loans from NABARD under PMKSY                                                                                                                                     | Department of Water Resources, River Development &Ganga Rejuvenation |
|       10 | Special Package for Irrigation Projects to address agrarian distress in districts of Vidarbha and Marathawada and other chronically drought prone areas of rest of Maharashtra | Department of Water Resources, River Development &Ganga Rejuvenation |
|       11 | Tribal Festival Research information and mass education                                                                                                                        | Ministry of Tribal Affairs                                           |
|       12 | National Viral Hepatitis Control Program                                                                                                                                       | Ministry of Health &Family Welfare                                   |
|       13 | Special Infrastructure Scheme along with Construction of 250 Fortified Police Stations                                                                                         | Ministry of Home Affairs                                             |
|       14 | Assistance to States for Special Projects/Programmes for upgrading Police Infrastructure                                                                                       | Ministry of Home Affairs                                             |
|       15 | Special Central Assistance for 30 most LWE affected districts                                                                                                                  | Ministry of Home Affairs                                             |

One  of  the  focus  areas  of  the  evaluation  has  also  been  to  assess  the  scheme  performance against  globally  adopted  REESI+E  framework  which  assessing  the  scheme  performance under different themes viz., Relevance, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Sustainability, Impact and Equity, and findings for these are summarized in subsequent sections.

Per Capita Net state Domestic Product at Constant Prices, base year 2011-12 As on 01.02.2021

| S. No.                                                              | State\UT                                                            | 2018-19                                                             |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------|
| (1)                                                                 | (2)                                                                 |                                                                     |
| States with below the average Per Capita Net State Domestic Product | States with below the average Per Capita Net State Domestic Product | States with below the average Per Capita Net State Domestic Product |
| 1                                                                   | Andhra Pradesh                                                      | 107241                                                              |
| 2                                                                   | Arunachal Pradesh                                                   | 93191                                                               |
| 3                                                                   | Assam                                                               | 60695                                                               |
| 4                                                                   | Bihar                                                               | 28668                                                               |
| 5                                                                   | Chhattisgarh                                                        | 69500                                                               |
| 6                                                                   | Jammu &Kashmir*                                                     | 65178                                                               |
| 7                                                                   | Jharkhand                                                           | 54982                                                               |
| 8                                                                   | Madhya Pradesh                                                      | 56498                                                               |
| 9                                                                   | Manipur                                                             | 51180                                                               |
| 10                                                                  | Meghalaya                                                           | 62458                                                               |
| 11                                                                  | Nagaland                                                            | 73276                                                               |
| 12                                                                  | Odisha                                                              | 75191                                                               |
| 13                                                                  | Rajasthan                                                           | 78570                                                               |
| 14                                                                  | Tripura                                                             | 82632                                                               |
| 15                                                                  | Uttar Pradesh                                                       | 43670                                                               |
| 16                                                                  | West Bengal                                                         | 67300                                                               |
| 17                                                                  | Punjab                                                              | 115882                                                              |
| States with above average Per Capita Net State Domestic Product     | States with above average Per Capita Net State Domestic Product     | States with above average Per Capita Net State Domestic Product     |
| 1                                                                   | Goa                                                                 | 337745                                                              |
| 2                                                                   | Gujarat                                                             | 153495                                                              |
| 3                                                                   | Haryana                                                             | 169409                                                              |
| 4                                                                   | Himachal Pradesh                                                    | 139469                                                              |
| 5                                                                   | Karnataka                                                           | 148970                                                              |
| 6                                                                   | Kerala                                                              | 148078                                                              |
| 7                                                                   | Maharashtra                                                         | 147450                                                              |
| 8                                                                   | Mizoram                                                             | 129609                                                              |
| 9                                                                   | Sikkim                                                              | 242002                                                              |
| 10                                                                  | Tamil Nadu                                                          | 142941                                                              |
| 11                                                                  | Telangana                                                           | 143618                                                              |
| 12                                                                  | Uttarakhand                                                         | 155151                                                              |
| 13                                                                  | Chandigarh                                                          | 234998                                                              |
| 14                                                                  | Delhi                                                               | 269505                                                              |
| 15                                                                  | Puducherry                                                          | 134735                                                              |

Source: Directorate of Economics & Statistics of respective State Governments

*.'Relates to Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh

Average for all States: Rs. 121353