Lok Sabha Question No. 810 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2022-12-12
Subject: Employment Gap in Men and Women
Ministry: LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT
Asked by: Lallu Singh

## MINISTRY OF LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA LOK SABHA

## UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 810

TO BE ANSWERED ON 12 TH  DECEMBER, 2022

## EMPLOYMENT GAP IN MEN AND WOMEN

## 810.   SHRI LALLU SINGH:

## Will the Minister of LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT be pleased to state:

- (a) whether as per the Government report of the Periodic Labour Force Survey (2020-21),  male  graduates  are  more  successful  in  getting  employment  as compared to the female graduates;
- (b) if  so,  whether  the  gap  between  men  and  women  in  getting  employment  is continuously increasing and stands above than 50 per cent in some State of the country;
- (c) whether the Government has studied the said report and if so, the details of the report;
- (d) whether  the  Government  is  working  on  a  plan  to  increase  employment opportunities for female graduates; and
- (e) if so, the details thereof?

## ANSWER

## MINISTER OF STATE FOR LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT (SHRI RAMESWAR TELI)

(a) to (c):  The official data source on Employment and Unemployment is Periodic Labour  Force  Survey  (PLFS)  which  is  conducted  by  the  Ministry  of  Statistics  & Programme Implementation  (MoSPI)  since  2017-18.  The  survey  period  is  July  to June of next year. As per the available latest Annual PLFS Reports, the estimated Worker  Population  Ratio  (WPR)  on  usual  status  for  male  graduates  and  female graduates of age 15 years and above during 2018-19 to 2020-21 is as follows :

| Worker Population Ratio (WPR)-(in %)   | Worker Population Ratio (WPR)-(in %)   | Worker Population Ratio (WPR)-(in %)   |
|----------------------------------------|----------------------------------------|----------------------------------------|
| Years                                  | Male Graduates                         | Female Graduates                       |
| 2018-19                                | 69.3                                   | 21.3                                   |
| 2019-20                                | 69.6                                   | 24.1                                   |
| 2020-21                                | 72.1                                   | 23.5                                   |

Source: PLFS, MoSPI

The State/UT-wise estimated WPR on usual status for male graduates and female  graduates  of  age  15  years  and  above  during  2018-19  to  2020-21  is  at Annexure.

As per PLFS Report 2020-21, the estimated Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR),  Worker  Population  Ratio  (WPR)  and  Unemployment  Rate  (UR)  on  usual status  for  persons  of  age  15  years  and  above  was  54.9%,  52.6%  and  4.2%, respectively, during 2020-21. (d) & (e): The Government  has taken various steps to improve  women's participation  in  the  labour  force  and  quality  of  their  employment.  A  number  of protective provisions have  been  incorporated  in the labour laws  for equal opportunity  and  congenial  work  environment  for  women  workers.  The  Code  on Social Security, 2020 has the provisions for enhancement in paid maternity leave from  12  weeks  to  26  weeks,  provision  for  mandatory  crèche  facility  in  the establishments  having  50  or  more  employees,  permitting  women  workers  in  the night shifts with adequate safety measures, etc. The  Code  on  Occupational  Safety,  Health  And  Working  Conditions  (OSH), 2020 has the provisions for the employment of women in the aboveground mines including  opencast  workings  has  been  allowed  between  7  pm  and  6  am,  and  in below  ground  working  between  6  am  and  7  pm  in  technical,  supervisory  and managerial work where continuous presence may not be required. The Code on Wages 2019 has provisions that there shall be no discrimination  in  an  establishment  or  any  unit  thereof  among  employees  on  the ground of gender in matters relating to wages by the same employer, in respect of the  same  work  or  work  of  similar  nature  done  by  any  employee.  Further,  no employer shall make any discrimination on the ground of sex while recruiting any employee  for  the  same  work  or  work  of  similar  nature  in  the  conditions  of employment, except where the employment of women in such work is prohibited or restricted by or under any law for the time being in force. To  enhance  the  employability  of  female  workers,  the  Government  is providing  training  to  them  through  a  network  of  Women  Industrial  Training institutes, National Vocational Training Institutes and Regional Vocational Training

Institutes.

*****

Annexure referred to in reply of part (a) & (b) of the Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No. 810 due for reply on 12.12.2022

State/UT-wise WPR on usual status for male graduates and female graduates of age 15 years and above during 2018-19 to 2020-21

| S. No.    | States/UTs        | 2018-19        | 2018-19          | 2019-20        | 2019-20         | 2020-21        | 2020-21          |
|-----------|-------------------|----------------|------------------|----------------|-----------------|----------------|------------------|
| S. No.    | States/UTs        | Male Graduat e | Female Graduat e | Male Graduat e | Female Graduate | Male Graduat e | Female Graduat e |
| 1         | Andhra Pradesh    | 66.9           | 21.4             | 68.0           | 24.5            | 71.1           | 28.9             |
| 2         | Arunachal Pradesh | 59.7           | 25.8             | 66.5           | 39.9            | 72.0           | 33.7             |
| 3         | Assam             | 70.5           | 24.6             | 70.7           | 30.3            | 79.5           | 29.3             |
| 4         | Bihar             | 60.8           | 9.0              | 64.3           | 10.9            | 63.7           | 7.4              |
| 5         | Chhattisgarh      | 79.2           | 31.0             | 72.7           | 30.9            | 74.3           | 17.4             |
| 6         | Delhi             | 66.4           | 18.5             | 63.9           | 16.9            | 68.9           | 18.0             |
| 7         | Goa               | 81.0           | 34.2             | 72.6           | 44.6            | 72.5           | 44.9             |
| 8         | Gujarat           | 77.0           | 23.3             | 75.9           | 25.5            | 78.4           | 24.3             |
| 9         | Haryana           | 69.3           | 19.3             | 66.8           | 19.1            | 70.1           | 15.8             |
| 10        | Himachal Pradesh  | 73.2           | 28.2             | 67.1           | 49.8            | 80.1           | 51.0             |
| 11        | Jammu & Kashmir   | 68.6           | 25.3             | 65.4           | 25.8            | 66.3           | 22.6             |
| 12        | Jharkhand         | 66.5           | 23.0             | 67.0           | 21.4            | 71.8           | 36.4             |
| 13        | Karnataka         | 77.9           | 24.6             | 71.3           | 24.3            | 78.7           | 25.3             |
| 14        | Kerala            | 66.9           | 29.8             | 62.7           | 29.5            | 62.5           | 32.3             |
| 15        | Madhya Pradesh    | 72.7           | 19.1             | 71.1           | 20.8            | 76.9           | 24.5             |
| 16        | Maharashtra       | 72.2           | 26.7             | 76.1           | 32.9            | 74.0           | 27.0             |
| 17        | Manipur           | 68.8           | 34.8             | 66.5           | 44.1            | 63.1           | 36.0             |
| 18        | Meghalaya         | 79.6           | 60.0             | 75.5           | 54.7            | 80.1           | 56.1             |
| 19        | Mizoram           | 73.1           | 41.1             | 71.8           | 44.1            | 79.9           | 52.0             |
| 20        | Nagaland          | 69.8           | 19.4             | 51.2           | 31.4            | 56.8           | 32.6             |
| 21        | Odisha            | 69.7           | 19.1             | 68.2           | 24.1            | 70.6           | 20.1             |
| 22        | Punjab            | 70.4           | 21.5             | 74.9           | 25.4            | 74.2           | 16.8             |
| 23        | Rajasthan         | 65.0           | 19.1             | 64.8           | 22.4            | 61.9           | 17.2             |
| 24        | Sikkim            | 80.9           | 73.4             | 80.4           | 69.1            | 77.4           | 67.1             |
| 25        | Tamil Nadu        | 70.0           | 28.3             | 68.7           | 33.1            | 72.6           | 30.3             |
| 26        | Telangana         | 59.9           | 21.5             | 63.7           | 20.1            | 75.5           | 26.0             |
| 27        | Tripura           | 71.1           | 28.3             | 74.2           | 29.0            | 74.9           | 25.3             |
| 28        | Uttarakhand       | 73.3           | 20.9             | 62.7           | 26.6            | 69.4           | 25.8             |
| 29        | Uttar Pradesh     | 65.3           | 9.6              | 71.0           | 10.5            | 72.1           | 14.5             |
| 30        | West Bengal       | 73.9           | 22.8             | 68.7           | 29.2            | 74.3           | 27.4             |
| 31        | A & N Islands     | 78.9           | 38.6             | 79.6           | 45.8            | 68.6           | 34.2             |
| 32        | Chandigarh        | 67.5           | 28.6             | 77.6           | 30.1            | 61.7           | 29.7             |
| 33        | D & N Haveli      | 99.7           | 30.4             | 86.6           | 29.3            |                |                  |
| 34        | Daman & Diu       | 100.0          | 5.7              | 86.5           | 23.6            | 80.2           | 45.0             |
| 35        | Lakshadweep       | 50.6           | 34.1             | 84.8           | 46.3            | 97.9           | 34.4             |
| 36        | Puducherry Ladakh | 64.3           | 26.8             | 70.0           | 30.2            | 73.8           | 23.2 72.9        |
| 37        |                   | -              | -                | 73.4           | 37.1            | 93.9           |                  |
| All India | All India         | 69.3           | 21.3             | 69.6           | 24.1            | 72.1           | 23.5             |

Source: PLFS, MoSPI