opensansad/lok-sabha-qa huggingface dataset:
Lok Sabha Question No. 666 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2018-12-13
Subject: Shortage of Iron Ore
Ministry: MINES
Asked by: UDIT RAJ

## 666. DR. UDIT RAJ:

Will the Minister of MINES be pleased to state:

- (a) whether the Government is aware that the delays in renewal of expired mining leases  and  lack  of  efficient  exploration  methods  are  likely  to  create  severe crisis/ shortfall of iron ore production in the country;
- (b) if so, the details thereof; and
- (c) the details of steps proposed to be taken by the Government to meet the said projected severe crisis/shortfall?

## ANSWER

## THE MINISTER OF STATE FOR MINES AND COAL (SHRI HARIBHAI PARTHIBHAI CHAUDHARY)

(a)  to  (c):    The  Government  has  notified  Mines  and  Minerals  (Development  and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2015 to streamline grant of mining leases in order to maintain  sufficient  availability  of  raw  materials  for  the  various  sectors.  The  most important provisions of the amended Act are as follows:

- (i) All mineral concessions will be granted only through auction;
- (ii)  Uniform  lease  period  of  50  years;  no  renewals;  auction  at  the  end  of  lease period;
- (iii)  To  ensure  the  uninterrupted  supply  of  raw  material  to  the  industries,  section 8A(5)  and  8A(6)  of  MMDR  Amendment  Act,  2015  provides  for  deemed extension to non-captive mines upto the year 2020 and captive mines upto the year 2030;

To ensure supply of raw material by timely auction of leases expiring in 2020 under section 8A(5) of the MMDR Act, the Central Government has amended the Mineral Conservation  and  Development  Rules,  2017  vide  gazette  notification  no.  G.S.R. 289(E) dated 27.03.2018 making it mandatory for the lease holders to carry out G2 level  exploration  over  the  entire  mineralised  area  by  1st  April,  2019.  In  case  the lease holder fails to perform his duties, the State Government may take action for enforcing compliance under the Statute.

The State Governments are empowered to carry out auction of mineral blocks under the  extant  act/rules.  As  on  date,  19  blocks  of  iron  ore  have  been  successfully auctioned with a reserve of 581.577 million tonnes. Additionally, 2 blocks of Iron ore with reserves of 93.87 million tonnes have also been put for auction in the State of Odisha and are currently at NIT (Notice Inviting Tender) stage, which will increase the production of iron ore in the country.

*****

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF MINES

## LOK SABHA

## UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 666

TO BE ANSWERED ON 13.12.2018

## SHORTAGE OF IRON ORE
Lok Sabha Question No. 663 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2018-12-13
Subject: Reviewing of Functioning of Toilets under SBM
Ministry: DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION
Asked by: VINCENT H PALA

## Government of India

## Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation

## LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 663 TO BE ANSWERED ON 13-12-2018

## Reviewing of Functioning of Toilets under SBM

## 663. SHRI VINCENT H. PALA:

Will the Minister of DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION be pleased to state :

- (a)  the  details  of  the  measures  taken  to  review  the  functioning  and  usage  of  the  toilets constructed under the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM);
- (b) whether the success of the SBM (Grameen) is measured only in terms ofachievement of physical targets i.e. building toilets while disregarding the lack of behavioural changes;
- (c)  whether  steps  have  been  taken  to  provide  protection  from  exploitation  to  the  manual scavengers who are deployed to clean the newly built toilets; and

(d) if so, the details thereof?

## ANSWER

## MINISTER OF STATE IN THE MINISTRY OF DRINKING WATER & SANITATION (SHRI RAMESH CHANDAPPA JIGAJINAGI)

- (a) The  functioning  and  usage  of  toilets  constructed  under  Swachh  Bharat  Mission (Gramin)  [SBM(G)]  is  reviewed  regularly  through  the  various  reports  available  on  online Integrated Management Information System (IMIS), review meetings and Video Conferencing with the States/UTs, field visits, multi-level decentralized verification process by the districts and States, and third party surveys.
- (b) The  focus  underSBM(G)  is  on  behavior  change  and  usage  of  toilets.Information, Education and Communication(IEC) is an integral component of the programme.  Upto 5% of total project cost can be spent on IEC at the State and District level andup to 3% can be spent at the Central level. States also carry out IEC campaignsusinginterpersonal communication (IPC) techniques. Third party survey conducted by independent verification agency under the World Bank Support Project, in 2017-18 found that 93.2% of households with access to toilets used them.  Further, SwachhSurvekshan Grameen-2018 conducted by an  independent  agency  has  evoked  a  huge  response  from  the  public.    The  survey  evoked feedback from 1.8 lakh citizens through face to face interaction, another 1.16 crore citizens through mobile app and 45 lakhs through Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation portal.
- (c) and (d) As per the SBM(G) guidelines, construction of 'insanitary latrines' as defined in  'The  Prohibition  of  Employment  as  Manual  Scavenger  and  Rehabilitation  Act, 2013'  at Para 2.(1)  (e)    is  not  permitted in  the  rural areas.   Further, under SBM(G),  for disposal  of human excreta use of safe and eco-friendly onsite sanitation technologies such as twin leach pit toilets is encouraged.  Under this technology, human feces automatically becomes manure in 1-2 years and no sewage/drainage system or manual scavenging is required.
Lok Sabha Question No. 661 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2018-12-13
Subject: National Service Scheme
Ministry: YOUTH AFFAIRS AND SPORTS
Asked by: VIJAY KUMAR HANSDAK

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF YOUTH AFFAIRS AND SPORTS (DEPARTMENT OF YOUTH AFFAIRS)

## LOK SABHA

UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 661 TO BE ANSWERED ON 13-12-2018

National Service Scheme

†661. SHRI VIJAY KUMAR HANSDAK:

Will the Minister of YOUTH AFFAIRS AND SPORTS be pleased to state:

- (a)  the  number  of  student  volunteers  prescribed  for  enrolment  under the National Service Scheme in Jharkhand at present;
- (b)  whether  the  Government  has  received  any  proposal  from  the Government of Jharkhand to increase the said number; and
- (c) if so, the details and the present status thereof?

## ANSWER THE MINISTER OF STATE (INDEPENDENT CHARGE) FOR YOUTH

AFFAIRS AND SPORTS [COL. RAJYAVARDHAN RATHORE (Retd.)]

- (a)  At  present,  56700  volunteers  are  prescribed  for  enrolment  in  the Jharkhand under the National Service Scheme (NSS).
- (b)  The  Government  of Jharkhand has not submitted any proposal to increase the said numbers.
- (c) In view of part (b) above, the question does not arise.

*****
Lok Sabha Question No. 657 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2018-12-13
Subject: Schemes for Sale of Handloom Products
Ministry: TEXTILES
Asked by: OM PRAKASH YADAV

## SCHEMES FOR SALE OF HANDLOOM PRODUCTS

## 657. SHRI OM PRAKASH YADAV:

Will the Minister of TEXTILES वस्त्र मंरी be pleased to state:

- (a) whether the Government has any proposal/any scheme with regard to sale of the items produced by handloom weavers, if so, the details thereof along with the names of the cities where sale centres have been set up in Bihar; and
- (b) if not, the reasons thereof?

## उत्तर

## ANSWER वस्त्र राज्य मंरी  (श्री अजय टम्टा)

## THE MINISTER OF STATE IN THE MINISTRY OF TEXTILES (SHRI AJAY TAMTA)

(a) & (b): To  facilitate  sale  of  items  produced  by  handloom  weavers/producers, Government  of  India  has  been  providing  marketing  facilities  all  across  the  country including State of Bihar under Handloom Marketing Assistance (HMA), a component of National Handloom Development Programme (NHDP).

Under the scheme, financial assistance is provided to National Level Handloom Organizations  and  nominated  handloom  agencies  of  the  State  Government  to organize the marketing events like National Handloom Expos (NHEs), Special Handloom Expos  (SHEs)  and  District  Level  Events  (DLEs)  etc.  to  sell  all  handloom  products  from district  to  national  level.  At  the  international  level  marketing  is  promoted  through participation in major international fairs/events.  The weavers have also been facilitated to  participate  in  various  craft  melas  held  in  different  parts  of  the  country  including DilliHaat, New Delhi to sell the handloom products.  In addition, 23e-commerce entities have been engaged for on-line marketing of handloom products.

There are three handloom sale centres functioning in the State of Bihar, two at Patna and one at Aurangabad.  Government of India has policy to assist handloom marketing organizations through various schemes.

******
Lok Sabha Question No. 655 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2018-12-13
Subject: Upgradation of Roads under  PMGSY
Ministry: RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Asked by: P.K.SREEMATHI TEACHER

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

## LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 655

TO BE ANSWERED ON 13.12.2018

## UPGRADATION OF ROADS UNDER PMGSY

## 655. SHRIMATI P.K. SREEMATHI TEACHER:

Will the Minister of RURAL DEVELOPMENT be pleased to state:

- (a) whether the Government has sanctioned the roads and upgradation of roads constructed under Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) in the State of Kerala;
- (b) if so, the details thereof and the criteria used in this regard; and
- (c) the length of roads which would be constructed and upgraded along with the funds that have been issued to the State Government for the said purpose?

## ANSWER MINISTER OF STATE IN THE MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT (SHRI RAM KRIPAL YADAV)

(a) to (c): Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) is a one-time special intervention of the Union  Government  to  provide  rural  connectivity,  by  way  of  single  all-weather  road,  to  the  eligible unconnected habitations  in  the  core  network.  Under  PMGSY,  all  eligible  unconnected  habitations with  more  than  500  population  in  plain  areas,  250+  population  in  Special  Category  States( Arunachal Pradesh, Assam,  Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram,  Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and Uttarakhand), the Desert Areas (as identified in the District  Development  Programme),  the  Tribal  (Schedule  V)  areas  and  Selected  Tribal  and Backward districts as identified by the Ministry of Home Affairs/NITI Aayog as per 2001 census are  to  be  connected  by  all  weather  road.    For  critical  Left  Wing  Extremism  (LWE)  affected blocks (as identified by MHA), additional relaxation has been given to connect habitations with population of 100 persons and above.

The PMGSY also permits the upgradation (to prescribed standards) of the existing roads in those Districts where all the eligible Habitations of the designated population size have been provided all-weather road connectivity. However, upgradation is not central to the progrmme.

Further,  the  Government  launched  a  new  intervention  in  the  scheme  namely  PMGSY-II  for consolidation of total 50,000 Km existing Rural Road Network to improve its overall efficiency as a provider of transportation services for people, goods and services.

Since inception till November, 2018, the State of Kerala has been sanctioned 3,916.71 Km road length of new connectivity and upgradation. A sum of Rs. 1409.78 crore has been released by the Government of India for implementation of the Scheme. As reported by the State Government, till November, 2018, the State has completed construction of 3,278.03 Km with an expenditure of Rs. 1,705.79 crore.

*****
Lok Sabha Question No. 654 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2018-12-13
Subject: Nehru Yuva Kendra
Ministry: YOUTH AFFAIRS AND SPORTS
Asked by: P.K.SREEMATHI TEACHER

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

## MINISTRY OF YOUTH AFFAIRS & SPORTS (DEPARTMENT OF YOUTH AFFAIRS)

## LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 654 TO BE ANSWERED ON 13.12.2018

## Nehru Yuva Kendra

## 654. SHRIMATI P.K. SREEMATHI TEACHER:

Will  the  Minister  of  YOUTH  AFFAIRS  AND  SPORTS  be  pleased  to state:

- State of Kerala at present, location-wise;
- (a) the  number  of  Nehru  Yuva  Kendras  (NYKs)  functioning  in  the
- (b) whether  the  Government  proposes  to  increase  the  number  of NYKs in the State; and
- (c) if so, the details thereof and if not, the reasons therefor?

## ANSWER

THE MINISTER OF STATE (INDEPENDENT CHARGE) FOR

YOUTH AFFAIRS & SPORTS

(COL. RAJYAVARDHAN RATHORE (RETD.))

- (a) Total  14  Nehru  Yuva  Kendras  (NYKs)  are  there  in  all  14 districts  in  the  State  of  Kerala.  Location-wise  details  of NYKs in Kerala are at Annexure.

*****

- (b)& (c) Since all the districts in the state of Kerala are covered by NYKs, no new kendras is proposed.

ANNEXURE  -  REFERRED  TO  IN  REPLY  TO  PART  (A)  OF  THE  LOK  SABHA UNSTARRED  Q.NO.  654  FOR  13.12.2018    ASKED  BY  SHRIMATI  P.K.  SREEMATHI TEACHER REGARDING NEHRU YUVA KENDRA

## Location Wise Details of District Level NYKs

|   S. No. | Name of Location of NYKs   | Name of Location of NYKs   |
|----------|----------------------------|----------------------------|
|        1 | Alleppey (Alappuzha)       | District Office            |
|        2 | Kannur                     | District Office            |
|        3 | Thodupuzha (Iddukki)       | District Office            |
|        4 | Kozhikode                  | District Office            |
|        5 | Malappuram                 | District Office            |
|        6 | Palghat (Palakkad)         | District Office            |
|        7 | Pathanamthitaa             | District Office            |
|        8 | Trivandraum                | District Office            |
|        9 | Thrissur (Trichur)         | District Office            |
|       10 | Ernakulam (Kochi)          | District Office            |
|       11 | Kottayam                   | District Office            |
|       12 | Kasargod                   | District Office            |
|       13 | Wayanad                    | District Office            |
|       14 | Kollam (Quilon)            | District Office            |

*****
Lok Sabha Question No. 653 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2018-12-13
Subject: Solar Installation
Ministry: NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY
Asked by: ELUMALAI VELLAIGOUNDER

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY

## LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO-653

TO BE ANSWERED ON-13.12.2018

## SOLAR INSTALLATION

## 653. SHRI V. ELUMALAI

Will the Minister of NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY be pleased to state:-

- (a) whether the solar installations in India plunged from 525 to 1,599 MW during April 1, 2018 to June 30, 2018 if so, the details thereof;
- (b) whether it is also true that this is mainly due to uncertainties around tare case and module price fluctuations, if so, the details thereof; and
- (c)  whether  the  installations  during  the  quarter  under  review  were  down  nearly  21%  in comparison to installed in corresponding quarter of 2017, if so, the details thereof?

## ANSWER

## THE MINISTER OF STATE FOR NEW & RENEWABLE ENERGY AND POWER (I/C) (SHRI R.K. SINGH)

- (a) The details of cumulative solar installation as on 1st April, 2018 and June, 2018 are given below:-

As on 01.04.2018-  21651.46 MW

As on 30.06.2018-  23022.80 MW.

Thus, there is an increase of 1371.34 MW in the 1st quarter of Financial year 2018-19.

- (b)  Module  prices  always  play  important  role  in  solar  power  development,  however,  with installation of 1371.34 MW in 1st quarter, the progress was satisfactory.
- (c)  No  Madam.  The  installation  of  solar  power  projects  increased  by  66%  in  quarter  ending June, 2018 over the corresponding quarter of 2017. The details of installations during the quarter from April, 2017 to June, 2017 and from April, 2018 to June, 2018 are given below:-

| Solar installation (MW)   | Solar installation (MW)   |
|---------------------------|---------------------------|
| April, 17 to June, 2017   | April, 2018 to June, 2018 |
| 825.99                    | 1371.34                   |

*****
Lok Sabha Question No. 652 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2018-12-13
Subject: Investment in Advertisements
Ministry: INFORMATION AND BROADCASTING
Asked by: MALLIKARJUN  KHARGE

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

## MINISTRY OF INFORMATION AND BROADCASTING

## LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 652

## TO BE ANSWERED ON 13.12.2018

## INVESTMENT IN ADVERTISEMENTS 652. SHRI MALLIKARJUN KHARGE:

Will the Minister of INFORMATION AND BROADCASTING be pleased to state:

- (a)      whether  the  Government is investing huge amount for advertisements to all media,  both  print  and  electronics  in  the  country  through  Directorate  of Advertising and Visual Publicity (DAVP) and if so, the details thereof;
- (b)          the  total  investment  in  advertisement  to  electronic  and  print  media  since 2014-  15, year-wise and State-wise; and
- (c) the  advertisements  payment  cleared  by  the  Government  against  the  bills  of media therein, year-wise and State-wise?

## ANSWER

## MINISTER  OF  STATE  (INDEPENDENT  CHARGE)  IN  THE  MINISTRY  OF INFORMATION AND BROADCASTING {COL RAJYAVARDHAN RATHORE (Retd.)}

- (a)  Bureau  of  Outreach  and  Communication  (BOC)  (erstwhile  DAVP)  undertakes communication campaigns through a combination of different media  vehicles  for creating  awareness  about  various  schemes/programmes  of  Government  of  India, being  administered  by  different  Ministries/Departments,  among  the  intended beneficiaries. Such expenditure is a small percentage of the budgetary provisions made for these schemes and is provided under the 'Information, Communication and  Education  (ICE)'  component  of  these  schemes.  The  media  campaigns  for various  Ministries/Departments  are  undertaken  based  on  the  target  audience, budget availability etc. indicated by them.

(b) & (c) The total expenditure incurred on ICE campaigns undertaken on behalf of various Ministries/Departments by BOC through different media, since 2014-15 till December, 2018 is as under:

## (Rs. in Crore)

| Year                      |   Print |   Audio Visual |
|---------------------------|---------|----------------|
| 2014-15                   |  424.84 |         473.67 |
| 2015-16                   |  508.22 |         531.6  |
| 2016-17                   |  468.53 |         609.14 |
| 2017-18                   |  636.09 |         468.93 |
| 2018-19 (till 07.12.2018) |  244.32 |         229.25 |

The above figures are in respect of actual payments made to the concerned agencies against the bills submitted by them.

The  year-wise  and  State-wise  break-up  of  the  expenditure  incurred  on publicity/awareness campaigns through electronic and print media from 2014-15 till November, 2018 is available in the link 'http://www.davp.nic.in/loksabhaquestion.html'.
Lok Sabha Question No. 651 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2018-12-13
Subject: Ring Road Project in Ranchi
Ministry: ROAD TRANSPORT AND HIGHWAYS
Asked by: RAM TAHAL CHOUDHARY

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF ROAD TRANSPORT AND HIGHWAYS

## LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 651

ANSWERED ON 13 TH  DECEMBER, 2018

## RING ROAD PROJECT IN RANCHI

651.SHRI RAM  TAHAL CHOUDHARY:

Will the Minister of ROAD TRANSPORT AND HIGHWAYS

## सड़क परिवहन औि िाजमार्ग मंत्री

be pleased to state:

- (a) whether the construction of ring road in Ranchi has been going on for several years;
- (b) if so, the details thereof;
- (c)  whether  the  Jharkhand  Government  has  given  proposal  for  early  completion  of  the said  project,  if  so,  the  details  thereof  and  the  dates  on  which  these  proposals  were received; and
- (d) the action taken so far by the Government on these proposals?

## ANSWER

## THE MINISTER OF STATE IN THE MINISTRY OF ROAD TRANSPORT AND HIGHWAYS (SHRI MANSUKH L. MANDAVIYA)

- (a)  to  (d)  Yes,  Madam.  The  Ring  Road  of  Ranchi  has  been  divided  into  seven  packages.  The packages III to VII have been completed by State Government. Bids for Package I and II has been invited by National Highway Authority of India(NHAI).

*****
Lok Sabha Question No. 650 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2018-12-13
Subject: Construction of New International Airport in Maharashtra
Ministry: CIVIL AVIATION
Asked by: HARISHCHANDRA DEORAM CHAVAN

650.

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF CIVIL AVIATION LOK SABHA UNSTARRED

NO. 650 (To be answered on the December 2018)

## CONSTRUCTION OF NEW INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT IN MAHARASHTRA

SHRI HARISHCHANDRA CHAVAN

Will the Minister of CIVIL AVIATION

construction of new7 internetional airport in Maharashtra;

(c: the details %f steps taken for constr action of said Iew international airport and to make said airport  operational?

(b): ifso, the details along with the location thereof; and

ANSWER

Minister of State in the Ministry of CIVIL AVIATION

be pleased to state:-

(Shri Jayant Sinha)

Mumbai Qn 6th Jaly: 2007 to CIDCO, Goverument % Maharashtra and (i) Purandar, Pune on &th 2018. May;

(c): As per the Greenfield Airports the project implementation is the sole availability of involve ensure timely completion of the airport projects. Pclicy\_ holding
Lok Sabha Question No. 647 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2018-12-13
Subject: UDAN Scheme and Economic Developement
Ministry: CIVIL AVIATION
Asked by: R. PARTHIPAN, JAYSHREEBEN  PATEL, ABHISHEK SINGH, ADVOCATE NARENDRA KESHAV SAWAIKAR

647.

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF CIVIL AVIATION LOK SABHA UNSTARRED (To be answered on the December 2018)

## UDAN SCREME AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPEMENT

SHRI R: PARTHIPAN SHRIMATI JA YSHREEBEN PATEL SHRI ABHISHEK SINGH ADV. NARENDRA KESHA V SAWAIKAR

Will the Minister of CIVIL AVIATION

- Government;

be pleased to state:-

- {) the details of prejects completed and ongoing projects; State-wise;
- Esaeides ample opportunities for tourism industry as it solves e connectivisy issues;
- (0) the details of income generated under the scheme till date since its inception?

## ANSWER

Minister of State in the Ministry of CIVIL AVIATION

- (d) if so, the details thereof; and

(Shri Jayant Sinha)

- airports namely, Adampur, Bhatinda, Bhavnagar, Bikaner; Gwalior; Agra, Diu, Kadapa,
- eEconomic benefit % Civil Aviation: ripples 0f prosperity" the outputund employment multiplier of Aviation are 3.25 and 6.10 respectively.
- connectivity by making it affordable.
Lok Sabha Question No. 643 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2018-12-13
Subject: International Air Service Agreements
Ministry: CIVIL AVIATION
Asked by: NARANBHAI KACHHADIA, BIDYUT BARAN MAHATO, RAMDAS CHANDRABHANJI TADAS

643-

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF CIVIL AVIATION LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. : 643

To be answered on the December 2018) 13th

## INTERNATIONAL AIR SERVICE AGREEMENTS

SHRI NARANBHAI KACHHADIYA SHRI BIDYUT BARAN MAHATO SHRI RAMDAS C. TADAS

Will the Minister of CIVIL AVATION

be pleased to state: -

- (a) the details of the countries with which Air Service Agreements have been signed during the last three years in order to enhance air connectivity; and
- (b) the details of the terms and conditions of the said agreements?

## ANSWER

Minister of State in the Ministry 0f CIVIL AVIATION

(Shri Jayant Sinha)

- (a): During the last three years new Air Services Agreements/ revised Air services Agreements have been signed Morocco; Mozambique; New Zeaiand, Rwanda, and Serbia
- (6): Air Services Agreement covers the aspects 0f operational requirement of airlines viz  designation, operating authorization; safety, security, tariff and other basic legal framework required for air services between countries. It is based on the principles of sovereignty of nations; nationality of the carriers and reciprocity in terms of commercial opportunities for the airlines of each side.