Lok Sabha Question No. 1076 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2019-11-22
Subject: Pollution in Cities
Ministry: ENVIRONMENT,  FORESTS AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Asked by: Santokh Singh Chaudhary, Harish Dwivedi, Adoor Prakash, Naranbhai Bhikhabhai Kachhadiya

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE

## LOK SABHA UN-STARRED QUESTION N0. 1076

TO BE ANSWERED ON 22.11.2019

## Pollution in Cities

## 1076.   SHRI SANTOKH SINGH CHAUDHARY:

SHRI HARISH DWIVEDI:

ADV. ADOOR PRAKASH:

SHRI NARANBHAI KACHHADIYA:

Will the Minister of ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE be pleased to state:

- (a) whether India is home to some of the most polluted cities in the world and if so, the details thereof;
- (b) whether the Government has undertaken any study to find the causes of the pollution and its effects on Indian people and if so, the details thereof and if not, the reasons therefor;
- (c) whether the Government has installed Air Quality Index meters in the country which shows pollution level and if so, the details thereof;
- (d) whether the Government proposes to adopt alternative measures like artificial rain in case of severe pollution condition and if so, the details thereof;
- (e) whether  the  Union/State  Governments  have  taken  action  on  the  directives  of  the National Green Tribunal to modify the National Clean Air Programme and if so, the details thereof; and
- (f) the short-term and long-term action plan formulated by the Government to reduce the pollution level in the country including the National Capital Region of Delhi?

## ANSWER

## MINISTER  OF  STATE  IN  THE  MINISTRY  OF  ENVIRONMENT,  FOREST  AND CLIMATE CHANGE (SHRI BABUL SUPRIYO)

- (a) Based on Ambient Air Quality data monitored during 2014-2018 under National Air Quality  Monitoring  Programme (NAMP), CPCB has identified 122 cities as 'Nonattainment cities'.  The ambient air quality data of the 122 Non-attainment cities is given at Annexure-I.
- (b) As per several studies conducted in major cities across the country the major sources of Air  pollution are inter alia road  dust  suspension,  vehicles,  biomass/garbage burning, construction, industries, etc details are at AnnexureII .

Although, there are no conclusive data available in the country to establish direct correlation of death/disease exclusively due to air pollution. The air pollution is one  of  the  factors  affecting  respiratory  ailments  and  associated  diseases.  Health effects  of  air  pollution  are  synergistic  manifestation  of  factors  which  include  food habits, occupational habits, socio-economic status, medical history, immunity, heredity, etc., of the individuals.

- (c) There are 205 Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations (CAAQMS)installed in 114 cities across the country,which provides the ambient air quality data for computing the Air quality Index.
- (d) to (f) The Central Government has launched National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) under  the  Central  Sector  'Control  of  Pollution'  Scheme  as a  long-term,  timebound, national level strategy to tackle the air pollution problem across the country in a comprehensive manner with targets to achieve 20 % to 30 % reduction in PM10 and PM2.5  concentrations  by  2024  keeping  2017  as  the base  year  for  the  comparison  of concentration.  Further,  Graded  Response  Action  Plan  (GRAP)  and  Comprehensive Action  Plan  (CAP)  was  notified  by  the  Ministry  for  strict  implementation  by concerned agenciesto reduce the pollution levels in National Capital Region of Delhi.

***

## Annexure - I

## Ambient air quality in Non-Attainment cities (122 cities) of the country with respect to SO2, NO2, PM10 during 2018 under NAMP (manual stations)

| Sl. No.   | State &UTs       | Sl. No.   | City / town / village   | Annual average concentration in µg/m 3   | Annual average concentration in µg/m 3   | Annual average concentration in µg/m 3   |
|-----------|------------------|-----------|-------------------------|------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------|
| Sl. No.   | State &UTs       | Sl. No.   | City / town / village   | SO 2                                     | NO 2                                     | PM 10                                    |
| 1.        | Andhra Pradesh   | 1.        | Anantapur               | 4                                        | 19                                       | 71                                       |
| 1.        | Andhra Pradesh   | 2.        | Chitoor                 | 5                                        | 24                                       | 62                                       |
| 1.        | Andhra Pradesh   | 3.        | Eluru                   | 5                                        | 22                                       | 67                                       |
| 1.        | Andhra Pradesh   | 4.        | Guntur                  | 5                                        | 22                                       | 49                                       |
| 1.        | Andhra Pradesh   | 5.        | Kadapa                  | 5                                        | 17                                       | 61                                       |
| 1.        | Andhra Pradesh   | 6.        | Kurnool                 | 4                                        | 18                                       | 66                                       |
| 1.        | Andhra Pradesh   | 7.        | Nellore                 | 5                                        | 22                                       | 63                                       |
| 1.        | Andhra Pradesh   | 8.        | Ongole                  | 5                                        | 21                                       | 66                                       |
| 1.        | Andhra Pradesh   | 9.        | Rajahmundry             | 9                                        | 20                                       | 94                                       |
| 1.        | Andhra Pradesh   | 10.       | Srikakulam              | 9                                        | 20                                       | 71                                       |
| 1.        | Andhra Pradesh   | 11.       | Vijaywada               | 5                                        | 21                                       | 77                                       |
| 1.        | Andhra Pradesh   | 12.       | Vishakhapatnam          | 10                                       | 20                                       | 77                                       |
| 2.        | Assam            | 13. 14.   | Vizianagaram            | 10                                       | 21                                       | 65                                       |
| 2.        | Assam            |           | Guwahati                | 8                                        | 18                                       | 112                                      |
| 2.        | Assam            | 15.       | Nagaon                  | 7                                        | 17                                       | 96                                       |
| 2.        | Assam            | 16.       | Nalbari                 | 7                                        | 17                                       | 97                                       |
| 2.        | Assam            | 17.       | Silchar                 | 6                                        | 11                                       | 49                                       |
| 2.        | Assam            | 18.       | Sivasagar               | 7                                        | 14                                       | 72                                       |
| 3.        | Bihar            | 19.       | Gaya                    | 12                                       | 21                                       | 89                                       |
| 3.        | Bihar            | 20.       | Muzaffarpur             | 14                                       | 24                                       | 139                                      |
| 3.        | Bihar            | 21.       | Patna                   | 5                                        | 51                                       | 207                                      |
| 4.        | Chandigarh (UT)  | 22.       | Chandigarh              | 2                                        | 17                                       | 102                                      |
| 5.        | Chattisgarh      | 23.       | Durg-Bhillainagar       | 8                                        | 19                                       | 84                                       |
| 5.        | Chattisgarh      | 24.       | Korba                   | 10                                       | 19                                       | 59                                       |
| 5.        | Chattisgarh      | 25.       | Raipur                  | 14                                       | 20                                       | 65                                       |
| 6.        | Delhi (UT)       | 26.       | Delhi*                  | 15                                       | 44                                       | 243                                      |
| 7.        | Gujarat          | 27.       | Ahmedabad               | 16                                       | 29                                       | 236                                      |
| 7.        | Gujarat          | 28.       | Surat                   | 22                                       | 29                                       | 176                                      |
| 7.        | Gujarat          | 29.       | Vadodara                | 20                                       | 25                                       | 188                                      |
| 8.        | Himachal Pradesh | 30.       | Baddi                   | 2                                        | 31                                       | 164                                      |
| 8.        | Himachal Pradesh | 31.       | Damtal                  | 2                                        | 10                                       | 62                                       |
| 8.        | Himachal Pradesh | 32.       | Kala Amb                | 3                                        | 14                                       | 104                                      |
| 8.        | Himachal Pradesh | 33.       | Nalagarh                | 2                                        | 24                                       | 148                                      |
| 8.        | Himachal Pradesh | 34.       | Paonta Sahib            | 3                                        | 14                                       | 88                                       |
|           |                  | 35.       | Parwanoo                | 2                                        | 5                                        | 63                                       |
|           |                  | 36.       | Sunder Nagar            | 2                                        | 10                                       | 84                                       |
|           | Jammu&           | 37.       | Jammu                   | 4                                        | 19                                       | 165                                      |
| 9.        | Kashmir (UT)     | 38.       | Srinagar                | -                                        | -                                        | 153                                      |
| 10.       | Jharkhand        | 39.       | Dhanbad                 | 14                                       | 37                                       | 264                                      |

| Sl. No.   | State &UTs   | Sl. No.   | City / town / village   | Annual average concentration in µg/m 3   | Annual average concentration in µg/m 3   | Annual average concentration in µg/m 3   |
|-----------|--------------|-----------|-------------------------|------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------|
| Sl. No.   | State &UTs   | Sl. No.   | City / town / village   | SO 2                                     | NO 2                                     | PM 10                                    |
|           |              | 40.       | Bangalore               | 2                                        | 30                                       | 90                                       |
|           |              | 41.       | Devanagere              | 4                                        | 6                                        | 44                                       |
|           |              | 42.       | Gulburga                | 2                                        | 14                                       | 55                                       |
|           |              | 43.       | Hubli-Dharwad           | 5                                        | 23                                       | 75                                       |
|           |              | 44.       | Bhopal                  | 7                                        | 14                                       | 135                                      |
|           |              | 45.       | Dewas                   | 16                                       | 20                                       | 68                                       |
|           |              | 46.       | Gwalior                 | 13                                       | 21                                       | 134                                      |
|           |              | 47.       | Indore                  | 10                                       | 19                                       | 88                                       |
|           |              | 48.       | Sagar                   | 3                                        | 14                                       | 75                                       |
|           |              | 49.       | Ujjain                  | 13                                       | 15                                       | 83                                       |
|           |              | 50.       | Akola                   | 12                                       | 12                                       | 73                                       |
|           |              | 51.       | Amravati                | 16                                       | 17                                       | 104                                      |
|           |              | 52.       | Aurangabad              | 13                                       | 35                                       | 70                                       |
|           |              | 53.       | Badlapur                | 24                                       | 67                                       | 144                                      |
|           |              | 54.       | Chandrapur              | 4                                        | 30                                       | 149                                      |
|           |              | 55.       | Jalgaon                 | 13                                       | 34                                       | 74                                       |
|           |              | 56.       | Jalna                   | 11                                       | 43                                       | 103                                      |
|           |              | 57.       | Kolhapur                | 20                                       | 35                                       | 90                                       |
|           |              | 58.       | Latur                   | 5                                        | 22                                       | 95                                       |
|           |              | 59.       | Mumbai                  | 2                                        | 21                                       | 166                                      |
|           |              | 60.       | Nagpur                  | 10                                       | 28                                       | 103                                      |
|           |              | 61.       | Nashik                  | 12                                       | 21                                       | 85                                       |
|           |              | 62.       | Navi Mumbai             | 19                                       | 47                                       | 71                                       |
|           |              | 63.       | Pune                    | 37                                       | 75                                       | 106                                      |
|           |              | 64.       | Sangli                  | 10                                       | 46                                       | 84                                       |
|           |              | 65.       | Solapur                 | 15                                       | 33                                       | 71                                       |
|           |              | 66.       | Thane                   | 17                                       | 44                                       | 108                                      |
|           |              | 67.       | Ulhasnagar              | 22                                       | 58                                       | 122                                      |
|           |              | 68.       | Byrnihat                | 26                                       | 12                                       | 166                                      |
|           |              | 69.       | Dimapur                 | 2                                        | 8                                        | 134                                      |
|           |              | 70.       | Kohima                  | 2                                        | 5                                        | 104                                      |
|           |              | 71.       | Angul                   | 9                                        | 25                                       | 101                                      |
|           |              | 72.       | Balasore                | 4                                        | 11                                       | 86                                       |
|           |              | 73.       | Bhubneshwar             | 2                                        | 17                                       | 99                                       |
|           |              | 74.       | Cuttack                 | 4                                        | 31                                       | 114                                      |
|           |              | 75.       | Kalinga Nagar           | 2                                        | 11                                       | 118                                      |
|           |              | 76.       | Rourkela                | 8                                        | 14                                       | 108                                      |
|           |              | 77.       | Talcher                 | 10                                       | 29                                       | 110                                      |
|           |              | 78.       | Amritsar                | 13                                       | 34                                       | 177                                      |
|           |              | 79.       | Dera Baba Nanak         | 7                                        | 12                                       | 81                                       |
|           |              | 80.       | DeraBassi               | 6                                        | 13                                       | 95                                       |
|           |              | 81.       | Gobindgarh              | 7                                        | 38                                       | 121                                      |
|           |              | 82.       | Jalandhar               | 11                                       | 20                                       | 153                                      |
|           |              | 83.       | Khanna                  | 8                                        | 32                                       | 135                                      |

NB. * - CAAQMS data. NAAQS (annual): SO2=50 µg/m 3 , NO2=40 µg/m 3 , PM10=60 µg/m 3 (Residential / industrial / rural / other areas) and SO2=20 µg/m 3 ,  NO2=30 µg/m 3 , PM10=60 µg/m 3 , PM2.5 = 40 µg/m 3 (Ecologically sensitive area)

| Sl. No.   | State &UTs   | Sl. No.   | City / town / village   | Annual average concentration in µg/m 3   | Annual average concentration in µg/m 3   | Annual average concentration in µg/m 3   |
|-----------|--------------|-----------|-------------------------|------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------|
| Sl. No.   | State &UTs   | Sl. No.   | City / town / village   | SO 2                                     | NO 2                                     | PM 10                                    |
|           |              | 84.       | Ludhiana                | 9                                        | 32                                       | 162                                      |
|           |              | 85.       | NayaNangal              | 6                                        | 12                                       | 91                                       |
|           |              | 86.       | Patiala                 | 5                                        | 11                                       | 98                                       |
|           |              | 87.       | Alwar                   | 10                                       | 34                                       | 182                                      |
|           |              | 88.       | Jaipur                  | 8                                        | 32                                       | 165                                      |
|           |              | 89.       | Jodhpur                 | 7                                        | 24                                       | 223                                      |
|           |              | 90.       | Kota                    | 7                                        | 28                                       | 152                                      |
|           |              | 91.       | Udaipur                 | 9                                        | 30                                       | 147                                      |
|           |              | 92.       | Trichy                  | 17                                       | 23                                       | 110                                      |
|           |              | 93.       | Tuticorin               | 14                                       | 11                                       | 102                                      |
|           |              | 94.       | Hyderabad               | 5                                        | 30                                       | 105                                      |
|           |              | 95.       | Nalgonda                | 6                                        | 24                                       | 60                                       |
|           |              | 96.       | Patencheru              | 6                                        | 23                                       | 81                                       |
|           |              | 97.       | Sangareddy              | 6                                        | 38                                       | 81                                       |
|           |              | 98.       | Agra                    | 4                                        | 22                                       | 209                                      |
|           |              | 99.       | Allahabad               | 4                                        | 45                                       | 231                                      |
|           |              | 100.      | Anpara                  | 18                                       | 28                                       | 191                                      |
|           |              | 101.      | Bareily                 | 14                                       | 22                                       | 233                                      |
|           |              | 102.      | Firozabad               | 8                                        | 31                                       | 226                                      |
|           |              | 103.      | Gajraula                | 20                                       | 33                                       | 224                                      |
|           |              | 104.      | Ghaziabad               | 21                                       | 43                                       | 245                                      |
|           |              | 105.      | Jhansi                  | 6                                        | 18                                       | 96                                       |
|           |              | 106.      | Kanpur                  | 7                                        | 47                                       | 218                                      |
|           |              | 107.      | Khurja                  | 21                                       | 20                                       | 214                                      |
|           |              | 108.      | Lucknow                 | 7                                        | 30                                       | 217                                      |
|           |              | 109.      | Moradabad               | 20                                       | 34                                       | 227                                      |
|           |              | 110.      | Noida                   | 20                                       | 52                                       | 264                                      |
|           |              | 111.      | Raebareli               | 11                                       | 17                                       | 141                                      |
|           |              | 112.      | Varanasi                | 9                                        | 34                                       | 189                                      |
|           |              | 113.      | Dehradun                | 25                                       | 28                                       | 217                                      |
|           |              | 114.      | Kashipur                | 14                                       | 23                                       | 105                                      |
|           |              | 115.      | Rishikesh               | 21                                       | 25                                       | 133                                      |
|           |              | 116.      | Asansol                 | 13                                       | 35                                       | 146                                      |
|           |              | 117.      | Barrackpore             | 10                                       | 49                                       | 108                                      |
|           |              | 118.      | Durgapur                | 12                                       | 34                                       | 141                                      |
|           |              | 119.      | Haldia                  | 14                                       | 38                                       | 99                                       |
|           |              | 120.      | Howrah                  | 11                                       | 72                                       | 179                                      |
|           |              | 121.      | Kolkata                 | 6                                        | 44                                       | 148                                      |
|           |              | 122.      | Raniganj                | 12                                       | 35                                       | 147                                      |

## Source Apportionment studies:

| TERI ARAI Study (Aug 2018)-Delhi   | TERI ARAI Study (Aug 2018)-Delhi   | TERI ARAI Study (Aug 2018)-Delhi   | TERI ARAI Study (Aug 2018)-Delhi   | TERI ARAI Study (Aug 2018)-Delhi   |
|------------------------------------|------------------------------------|------------------------------------|------------------------------------|------------------------------------|
| Source                             | %contribution (PM 10 )             | %contribution (PM 10 )             | %contribution (PM 2.5 )            | %contribution (PM 2.5 )            |
|                                    | Winter                             | Summer                             | Winter                             | Summer                             |
| Residential                        | 9%                                 | 8%                                 | 10%                                | 8%                                 |
| Agri. Burning                      | 4%                                 | 7%                                 | 4%                                 | 7%                                 |
| Industry                           | 27%                                | 22%                                | 30%                                | 22%                                |
| Dust (soil, road, and const.)      | 25%                                | 42%                                | 17%                                | 38%                                |
| Transport                          | 24%                                | 15%                                | 28%                                | 17%                                |
| Others                             | 10%                                | 7%                                 | 11%                                | 8%                                 |
| CPCB Study (2010) Bangalore        |                                    |                                    |                                    |                                    |
| Source                             |                                    | %contribution (PM 10 )             | %contribution (PM 10 )             |                                    |
| Road Dust                          | 45.6 - 55.6                        | 45.6 - 55.6                        | 45.6 - 55.6                        | 45.6 - 55.6                        |
| Secondary                          | 2.4 - 11.1                         | 2.4 - 11.1                         | 2.4 - 11.1                         | 2.4 - 11.1                         |
| Transport                          | 10.9 - 22.6                        | 10.9 - 22.6                        | 10.9 - 22.6                        | 10.9 - 22.6                        |
| DG Sets                            | 7.5 - 18.2                         | 7.5 - 18.2                         | 7.5 - 18.2                         | 7.5 - 18.2                         |
| Domestic                           | 2.8 - 6.4                          | 2.8 - 6.4                          | 2.8 - 6.4                          | 2.8 - 6.4                          |
| Industries                         | 27.2                               | 27.2                               | 27.2                               | 27.2                               |
| CPCB Study (2010) Chennai          |                                    |                                    |                                    |                                    |
| Source                             | %contribution (PM )                | %contribution (PM )                | %contribution (PM )                | %contribution (PM )                |
| Road Dust                          | 10                                 | 10                                 | 10                                 | 10                                 |
| Kerosene                           | 6.3 - 27 2.9 - 6.8                 | 6.3 - 27 2.9 - 6.8                 | 6.3 - 27 2.9 - 6.8                 | 6.3 - 27 2.9 - 6.8                 |
| Coal                               |                                    |                                    |                                    |                                    |
| Bakeries                           | 4.2 - 7.1 3.5 - 5.4                | 4.2 - 7.1 3.5 - 5.4                | 4.2 - 7.1 3.5 - 5.4                | 4.2 - 7.1 3.5 - 5.4                |
| Transport                          | 35.1 - 48.3                        | 35.1 - 48.3                        | 35.1 - 48.3                        | 35.1 - 48.3                        |
| DG Set                             | 13.8 - 15.6                        | 13.8 - 15.6                        | 13.8 - 15.6                        | 13.8 - 15.6                        |
| Domestic                           | 3.9 - 20.5                         | 3.9 - 20.5                         | 3.9 - 20.5                         | 3.9 - 20.5                         |
| Source                             | %contribution (PM 10 )             | %contribution (PM 10 )             | %contribution (PM 10 )             | %contribution (PM 10 )             |
| Road Dust                          |                                    |                                    | 9.4                                |                                    |
| Garbage burning                    | 17.7 - 30.2                        | 17.7 - 30.2                        | 17.7 - 30.2                        | 17.7 - 30.2                        |
| Secondary                          | 15.6 - 18.7                        | 15.6 - 18.7                        | 15.6 - 18.7                        | 15.6 - 18.7                        |
| Industries                         | 2.3 - 18.9                         | 2.3 - 18.9                         | 2.3 - 18.9                         | 2.3 - 18.9                         |
| Transport                          | 14.7 - 16.8                        | 14.7 - 16.8                        | 14.7 - 16.8                        | 14.7 - 16.8                        |
| DG Set                             | 5.2 - 8.5                          | 5.2 - 8.5                          | 5.2 - 8.5                          | 5.2 - 8.5                          |
| Domestic                           | 15.1 - 25.8                        | 15.1 - 25.8                        | 15.1 - 25.8                        | 15.1 - 25.8                        |
| Source                             | %contribution (PM )                | %contribution (PM )                | 10                                 | %contribution (PM )                |
| Road Dust                          | 49.2 - 64.5                        | 49.2 - 64.5                        | 49.2 - 64.5                        | 49.2 - 64.5                        |
| Trash burning                      | 2.9 - 8.6                          | 2.9 - 8.6                          | 2.9 - 8.6                          | 2.9 - 8.6                          |
| Construction                       | 6.5 - 27.9                         | 6.5 - 27.9                         | 6.5 - 27.9                         | 6.5 - 27.9                         |
| Transport                          | 2 - 9.8                            | 2 - 9.8                            | 2 - 9.8                            | 2 - 9.8                            |
| DG Set                             | 3.3 - 4.2                          | 3.3 - 4.2                          | 3.3 - 4.2                          | 3.3 - 4.2                          |
| Domestic                           | 8.3 - 13.2                         | 8.3 - 13.2                         | 8.3 - 13.2                         | 8.3 - 13.2                         |
| CPCB Study (2010) Mumbai Source    | %contribution (PM )                | %contribution (PM )                | %contribution (PM )                | %contribution (PM )                |
| Soil                               | 10 28.6 - 46.8                     | 10 28.6 - 46.8                     | 10 28.6 - 46.8                     | 10 28.6 - 46.8                     |
| Marine                             | 1.7 - 6                            | 1.7 - 6                            | 1.7 - 6                            | 1.7 - 6                            |
| Wood combustion                    | 8.4 - 15.8                         | 8.4 - 15.8                         | 8.4 - 15.8                         | 8.4 - 15.8                         |
| Fuel combustion                    | 6.4                                | 6.4                                | 6.4                                | 6.4                                |
| LPG combustion                     | 2.5 - 18.1                         | 2.5 - 18.1                         | 2.5 - 18.1                         | 2.5 - 18.1                         |
| Transport                          | 7.8 - 26                           | 7.8 - 26                           | 7.8 - 26                           | 7.8 - 26                           |
| Coal combustion                    | 4.2                                | 4.2                                | 4.2                                | 4.2                                |
| SIA                                | 10.1 - 21.3                        | 10.1 - 21.3                        | 10.1 - 21.3                        | 10.1 - 21.3                        |
| Petroleum refinery                 | 5.1                                | 5.1                                | 5.1                                | 5.1                                |
| Biomass burning                    | 23                                 | 23                                 | 23                                 | 23                                 |