Lok Sabha Question No. 657 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2018-07-20
Subject: Rise in Pollution
Ministry: ENVIRONMENT,  FORESTS AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Asked by: MOHANBHAI KALYANJIBHAI KUNDARIYA

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE

## LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION N0. 657

TO BE ANSWERED ON 20.07.2018

## Rise in Pollution

## 657. SHRI KUNDARIYA MOHAN BHAI KALYANJI BHAI:

Will the Minister of ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE be pleased to state:

- (a) whether  the  Government  has  taken  note  of  the  observations  made  by  the  Supreme Court  that  the  Health  Schemes  would  not  be  able  to  achieve  any  success  until pollution is controlled;
- (b) if so, the details thereof and the response of the Government thereto;
- (c) whether  the  Government  has  made  any  assessment  regarding  the  causes  of  rising pollution in the country; and
- (d) if so, the details and the outcome thereof along with the action plan to curb pollution in the country?

## ANSWER

## MINISTER  OF  STATE  IN  THE  MINISTRY  OF  ENVIRONMENT,  FOREST  AND CLIMATE CHANGE (DR. MAHESH SHARMA)

- (a) &  (b)  Studies  have  shown  that  pollution  is  strongly  associated  with  occurrence  of respiratory  diseases,  cardiovascular  diseases,  stress  and  mental  disorders.  With regards  to  health,  Ministry  of  Health  and  Family  Welfare  already  has  the  National Mission on Climate Change and Human Health (NMCC&HH), National Programme for  Prevention  &  Control  of  Cancer,  Diabetes,  Cardiovascular  Diseases  and  Stroke (NPCDCS) and National Mental Health Programme (NMHP) for immediate services to the clients.
- (c) Several studies have been conducted to identify major air pollution sources (mainly NOX, PM10 and PM2.5) and their contributions to ambient air pollution levels in the country. Major sources of air pollution include road dust, vehicles, garbage burning, construction and demolition activities, DG sets, industries, etc. Details  are  given  in Annexure-I .
- (d) The Ministry of Environment, Forest  and  Climate  Change  (MoEF&CC)  has formulated National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) for abatement of air pollution in the  country.  The  NCAP  aspires  to  strengthen  the  ongoing  government  initiatives targeted  towards  prevention,  control  and  mitigation  of  air  pollution.  It  lays  down  a comprehensive framework for management  of air quality in the country by augmentation  of  existing  air  quality  monitoring  network,  introduction  of  rural monitoring  stations  and  devising  air  quality  management  plans  for  non-attainment

cities  based  on  detailed  source  apportionment  (identification  of  pollution  sources) studies for each city.

The  Government  has  taken  several  steps  to  address  air  pollution  which inter  alia, include  notification  of  National  Ambient  Air  Quality  Standards;  setting  up  of monitoring network for assessment of ambient air quality; introduction of cleaner / alternate  fuels  like  gaseous  fuel  (CNG,  LPG  etc.),  ethanol  blending,  launching  of National  Air  Quality  index;  universalization  of  BS-IV  by  2017;  leapfrogging  from BS-IV to BS-VI fuel standards by 1st April, 2020; notification of Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules; banning of burning of biomass; promotion of public  transport  network;  streamlining  the  issuance  of  Pollution  Under  Control Certificate;  issuance  of  directions  under  Section  18(1)(b)  of  Air  (Prevention  and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 and under Section 5 of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986; installation of on-line continuous (24x7) monitoring devices by major industries;  collection  of  Environmental  Protection  Charge  on  more  than  2000  CC diesel vehicles; etc.

In reference to Water  Pollution, Central Pollution Control  Board (CPCB)  is implementing  a  nationwide  water  quality  monitoring  under  National  Water  Quality Monitoring  Programme  (NWMP)  at  3500  locations  including  Surface  and  Ground water in association with State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) & Pollution control Committees  (PCCs)  to  fulfill  the  mandate  of  Water  (Prevention  &  Control  of Pollution) Act, 1974.Based on long term assessment of water quality of Rivers carried out for the period 2008 - 2012, 302 polluted river stretches were identified on 275 rivers with respect to indicator of organic pollution i.e. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)  in  29  States/UTs  which  was  published  in  2015.  As  per  the  aforesaid assessment, 650 towns were identified as polluting sources along the respective river stretches and out of which 35 are metropolitan cities. State-wise number of polluted river stretches and  cities/towns located  along the respective polluted  river stretch is given in Annexure II .

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## Detail of studies conducted to identify major air pollution sources

1. Study: Air quality monitoring, emission inventory and source apportionment study for Indian cities Conducted by: CPCB, ARAI, IITs of Kanpur, Mumbai & Chennai and TERI

Year of study: 2011

Cities covered: Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Kanpur, Mumbai and Pune

Sources identified:

| Bangalore:   | PM 10 : transport (42%), road dust suspension (20%), construction (14%), industry (14%), DG set (7%), domestic (3%) NOx: transport (68%), DG set (23%), industry (8%), domestic (1%)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             |
|--------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Chennai:     | PM 10 : transport (10.9%, industry (2.6%) road dust suspension (70%), construction (12%), open burning (2.5%) NOx: transport (39%), industrial (49%), domestic (4.5%), restaurant (6.1%), Line sources such as vehicles, area sources such as paved road dust from minor roads, domestic households, emissions from restaurants , construction activities, small scale DG sets, biomass burning, re-suspension of road dust, combustion sources including vehicles, refuse burning & DG sets, point sources like industry stacks, DG sets                                                                        |
| Delhi:       | The air quality sustainability goal of Delhi aims at addressing mainly two pollutants such as PM 10 and NOx PM 10 : road dust suspension (52%), industry (22%), transport (7%), domestic (6.25%) NOx: transport (18.32%), industry (78.4%), domestic (0.30%), DG set (1.63%) Major sources are Industries (particularly power plants), DG sets, Bakeries and Crematoria, Dust sources like wind-blown natural dust, road dust resuspension, construction dust, large scale construction/ demolition and movement of construction material and particles generated from all combustion sources including vehicles |
| Kanpur:      | PM 10 : industrial (26%), industry area source (7 %), vehicles (20%), domestic fuel burning (19%) paved and unpaved road (14%), garbage burning (5%) and rest others. NOx: vehicles (48%), industrial point and area sources (42%), DG sets (5%) and domestic sources and rest others (4%).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
| Mumbai:      | PM 10 : road dust suspension (30%), industry (23%), transport (6%), Open burning (10.84%), Construction (8.54%), Hotels & Bakeries (9%), domestic (2.11%) NOx: industrial (47.5%), transport (36.64%), domestic (12.64%), DG set (0.15%) Vehicular source, Industrial source, Area Sources like open refuse burning and landfill site burning, road dust from paved and unpaved roads, large scale construction and demolition, bakeries and crematoria emissions                                                                                                                                                |
| Pune:        | PM 10 : Road dust (61%), Line sources (Mobile - 18%) with more than 40% contribution is from 2, 3 wheelers and cars. Most of these vehicles are gasoline or LPG fueled vehicles. The high contribution from these vehicles is due to high number of vehicles, Industrial contribution (1.25 %), Construction and brick klins (4.5%), domestic and slum fuel usage (including solid fuel burning) (7.5%) and hotels and bakeries (3%). NOx: vehicles (95%), industries (2%), Domestic and commercial fuel burning for cooking (3%).                                                                               |

2. Comprehensive Study on Air Pollution and Green House Gases (GHGs) in Delhi

Conducted by: IIT Kanpur

Year of study: 2016

Cities covered - Delhi

## Sources identified -

| Delhi:   | PM 10 : road dust (56%), concrete batching (10%), industrial point sources (10%) and vehicles (9%); PM 2.5 : road dust (38 %), vehicles (20 %), domestic fuel burning (12 %) and industrial point sources (11%). NOx: industrial point source (largely from power plants - 52 %), vehicular emissions (36%), DG sets (6%), aircraft emission (2%). Particulate pollution is the main concern in the city where levels of PM 10 and PM 2.5 are 4-7 times   |
|----------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|

| higher than the national air quality standards in summer and winter months. The chemical composition of PM10 and PM2.5 carries the signature of sources and their harmful contents. The chemical composition is variable depending on the size fraction of particles and the season. The reason of PM 10 and PM 2.5 concentrations in ambient air quality are different in summer and winter. During winter sources (% contribution given in parenthesis for PM10 - PM2.5 to the ambient air levels) include: secondary particles (25 - 30%), vehicles (20 - 25%), biomass burning (17 - 26%), MSW burning (9 - 8%) and to a lesser extent soil and road dust. The summer sources (% contribution given in parenthesis for PM10 - PM2.5 to the ambient air level) include: coal and fly ash (37 - 26%), soil and road dust (26 - 27%), secondary particles (10 - 15%), biomass burning (7 - 12%), vehicles (6 - 9%) and MSW burning (8 - 7%).   |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|

Annexure II

State-wise no. of polluted river stretches and cities/towns located along polluted river stretch

| Name of State/UT   |   Cities/Towns along Polluted River Stretches |   Number of Polluted River Stretches |
|--------------------|-----------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|
| Andhra Pradesh     |                                             8 |                                   06 |
| Assam              |                                            49 |                                   28 |
| Bihar              |                                             8 |                                   05 |
| Chhattisgarh       |                                            12 |                                   05 |
| Daman &Diu         |                                             2 |                                   01 |
| Delhi              |                                             1 |                                   01 |
| Goa                |                                             9 |                                   08 |
| Gujarat            |                                            38 |                                   20 |
| Haryana            |                                             7 |                                   02 |
| Himachal Pradesh   |                                            14 |                                   08 |
| Jammu and Kashmir  |                                            18 |                                   09 |
| Jharkhand          |                                            16 |                                   08 |
| Karnataka          |                                            24 |                                   15 |
| Kerala             |                                            22 |                                   13 |
| Madhya Pradesh     |                                            37 |                                   21 |
| Maharashtra        |                                           161 |                                   49 |
| Manipur            |                                            17 |                                   12 |
| Meghalaya          |                                            12 |                                   10 |
| Nagaland           |                                             4 |                                   03 |
| Odisha             |                                            20 |                                   12 |
| Punjab             |                                             5 |                                   02 |
| Rajasthan          |                                            20 |                                   08 |
| Sikkim             |                                            11 |                                   05 |
| Tamil Nadu         |                                            23 |                                   07 |
| Telangana          |                                            18 |                                   07 |
| Tripura            |                                             4 |                                   02 |
| Uttar Pradesh      |                                            37 |                                   13 |
| Uttarakhand        |                                             6 |                                   05 |
| West Bengal        |                                            47 |                                   17 |
| Total              |                                           650 |                                  302 |