Lok Sabha Question No. 74 (STARRED), answered on 2019-02-07
Subject: Distress Migration
Ministry: RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Asked by: SANKAR PRASAD DATTA

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

## LOK SABHA STARRED QUESTION NO. 74

TO BE ANSWERED ON 07.02.2019

## DISTRESS MIGRATION

## *74. SHRI SANKAR PRASAD DATTA:

Will the Minister of RURAL DEVELOPMENT be pleased to state:

- (a) whether the Government has conducted any study recently on the levels of distress migration in the country from rural areas and if so, the details thereof;
- (b) whether the rate of distress migration is higher from the rural areas of certain States than the others and if so, the details thereof and the reasons therefor; and
- (c) the steps taken by the Government apart from the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS),  in order to reduce distress migration?

## ANSWER MINISTER OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT (SHRI NARENDRA SINGH TOMAR)

(a)to (c): A statement is laid on the table of the House.

*****

## Statement referred to in reply of part (a) to (c) of Lok Sabha Starred Question No 74 for 07.02.2019

(a)& (b): Yes  Madam,  the  Department  of  Rural  Development  has  conducted  study  on distress  migration.  There  are  studies  which  indicate  that  Mahatma  Gandhi  National  Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme has reduced migration by providing work closer to home and decent working conditions. A study conducted in Anantpur, Andhra Pradesh observed that the scheme brought down the migration levels from about 27% to 7% due to availability of work. The  study  conducted  in  West  Bengal  in  the  year  2012  by  Indira  Gandhi  Institute  for Development Research,  proved that households working in MGNREGA have reported lower migration. The survey in the districts of Sidhi in Madhya Pradesh and Bastar, Chhattisgarh also confirmed decline in migration. A study in Jungle Mahal of West Bengal was conducted in the year 2017 on the Impact of MGNREGA on Tribal Migration which observed that the Scheme is successful in terms of coverage of the weaker sections of the society including women, asset creation  and  reduction  in  the  incidence  of  large  scale  out-migration.  The  studies  have  shown that MGNREGA has had direct and positive impact on reducing distress migration. The statewise proportion of migrants by reason for migration (Rural) (Per Cent) survey done by NSS 64 th Round 2007-08 is at Annexure.

(c): Besides  MGNREGA,  Ministry  of  Rural  Development  is  implementing  various  other rural  development  schemes  for  creating  employment  opportunities,  providing  access  to  basic needs  and  creating  rural  infrastructure.  Deendayal  Antyodaya  Yojana  -  National  Rural Livelihoods  Mission  (DAY-NRLM)  is  implemented  with  the  objective  of  providing  selfemployment to the members of the rural poor families. Besides, Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana - Gramin (PMAY-G) and Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) are also implemented to  provide  basic  needs  and  developing  rural  infrastructure  for  improving  living  conditions  of rural masses so that distress migration of people from rural to cities could be reduced.

*****

| State-wise Proportion of Migrants by Reason for Migration (Rural) (Per Cent) (2007-08)   | State-wise Proportion of Migrants by Reason for Migration (Rural) (Per Cent) (2007-08)   | State-wise Proportion of Migrants by Reason for Migration (Rural) (Per Cent) (2007-08)   | State-wise Proportion of Migrants by Reason for Migration (Rural) (Per Cent) (2007-08)   | State-wise Proportion of Migrants by Reason for Migration (Rural) (Per Cent) (2007-08)   | State-wise Proportion of Migrants by Reason for Migration (Rural) (Per Cent) (2007-08)   | State-wise Proportion of Migrants by Reason for Migration (Rural) (Per Cent) (2007-08)   | State-wise Proportion of Migrants by Reason for Migration (Rural) (Per Cent) (2007-08)   | State-wise Proportion of Migrants by Reason for Migration (Rural) (Per Cent) (2007-08)   | State-wise Proportion of Migrants by Reason for Migration (Rural) (Per Cent) (2007-08)   |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| States                                                                                   | Employment-related                                                                       | Employment-related                                                                       | Employment-related                                                                       | reasons                                                                                  | reasons                                                                                  | reasons                                                                                  | Forced migration                                                                         | Forced migration                                                                         | Forced migration                                                                         |
| States                                                                                   | Males                                                                                    | Females                                                                                  | Persons                                                                                  | Males                                                                                    | Females                                                                                  | Persons                                                                                  | Males                                                                                    | Females                                                                                  | Persons                                                                                  |
| Andhra Pradesh                                                                           | 31.5                                                                                     | 1.3                                                                                      | 6.0                                                                                      | 18.8                                                                                     | 1.6                                                                                      | 4.2                                                                                      | 0.8                                                                                      | 0.1                                                                                      | 0.2                                                                                      |
| Arunachal Pradesh                                                                        | 66.3                                                                                     | 21.9                                                                                     | 54.1                                                                                     | 12.7                                                                                     | 16.8                                                                                     | 13.8                                                                                     | 0.9                                                                                      | 0.0                                                                                      | 0.7                                                                                      |
| Assam                                                                                    | 16.3                                                                                     | 0.3                                                                                      | 2.3                                                                                      | 3.6                                                                                      | 0.0                                                                                      | 0.4                                                                                      | 38.0                                                                                     | 2.4                                                                                      | 6.6                                                                                      |
| Bihar                                                                                    | 7.7                                                                                      | 0.1                                                                                      | 0.4                                                                                      | 2.0                                                                                      | 0.0                                                                                      | 0.1                                                                                      | 5.2                                                                                      | 0.3                                                                                      | 0.5                                                                                      |
| Chhattisgarh                                                                             | 31.8                                                                                     | 1.1                                                                                      | 4.8                                                                                      | 7.1                                                                                      | 0.9                                                                                      | 1.6                                                                                      | 0.9                                                                                      | 0.0                                                                                      | 0.1                                                                                      |
| Delhi                                                                                    | 67.6                                                                                     | 0.6                                                                                      | 31.0                                                                                     | 0.0                                                                                      | 0.0                                                                                      | 0.0                                                                                      | 0.0                                                                                      | 0.0                                                                                      | 0.0                                                                                      |
| Goa                                                                                      | 57.8                                                                                     | 0.4                                                                                      | 16.1                                                                                     | 7.2                                                                                      | 6.8                                                                                      | 6.9                                                                                      | 0.0                                                                                      | 0.0                                                                                      | 0.0                                                                                      |
| Gujarat                                                                                  | 45.2                                                                                     | 0.8                                                                                      | 5.0                                                                                      | 9.8                                                                                      | 0.4                                                                                      | 1.3                                                                                      | 4.0                                                                                      | 0.4                                                                                      | 0.7                                                                                      |
| Haryana                                                                                  | 25.1                                                                                     | 0.3                                                                                      | 2.1                                                                                      | 4.7                                                                                      | 0.5                                                                                      | 0.9                                                                                      | 2.1                                                                                      | 0.1                                                                                      | 0.3                                                                                      |
| Himachal Pradesh                                                                         | 29.9                                                                                     | 1.1                                                                                      | 7.0                                                                                      | 10.5                                                                                     | 1.3                                                                                      | 3.1                                                                                      | 2.5                                                                                      | 0.4                                                                                      | 0.8                                                                                      |
| Jammu &Kashmir                                                                           | 41.7                                                                                     | 0.2                                                                                      | 3.1                                                                                      | 3.8                                                                                      | 0.0                                                                                      | 0.3                                                                                      | 10.4                                                                                     | 0.5                                                                                      | 1.2                                                                                      |
| Jharkhand                                                                                | 15.6                                                                                     | 0.4                                                                                      | 0.9                                                                                      | 5.8                                                                                      | 0.0                                                                                      | 0.2                                                                                      | 0.0                                                                                      | 0.3                                                                                      | 0.3                                                                                      |
| Karnataka                                                                                | 17.1                                                                                     | 0.6                                                                                      | 3.2                                                                                      | 29.5                                                                                     | 0.6                                                                                      | 4.9                                                                                      | 2.6                                                                                      | 0.5                                                                                      | 0.8                                                                                      |
| Kerala                                                                                   | 17.7                                                                                     | 1.1                                                                                      | 5.7                                                                                      | 1.7                                                                                      | 0.5                                                                                      | 0.9                                                                                      | 0.6                                                                                      | 0.0                                                                                      | 0.2                                                                                      |
| Madhya Pradesh                                                                           | 33.0                                                                                     | 0.6                                                                                      | 2.6                                                                                      | 12.5                                                                                     | 0.2                                                                                      | 0.9                                                                                      | 3.6                                                                                      | 0.2                                                                                      | 0.4                                                                                      |
| Maharashtra                                                                              | 38.6                                                                                     | 1.6                                                                                      | 7.2                                                                                      | 15.5                                                                                     | 1.1                                                                                      | 3.3                                                                                      | 1.7                                                                                      | 0.8                                                                                      | 0.8                                                                                      |
| Manipur                                                                                  | 54.2                                                                                     | 1.4                                                                                      | 32.4                                                                                     | 12.4                                                                                     | 10.7                                                                                     | 11.7                                                                                     | 0.0                                                                                      | 0.0                                                                                      | 0.0                                                                                      |
| Meghalaya                                                                                | 22.4                                                                                     | 7.4                                                                                      | 16.0                                                                                     | 4.8                                                                                      | 0.0                                                                                      | 2.8                                                                                      | 2.0                                                                                      | 0.0                                                                                      | 1.2                                                                                      |
| Mizoram                                                                                  | 40.6                                                                                     | 18.6                                                                                     | 29.6                                                                                     | 1.2                                                                                      | 3.5                                                                                      | 2.4                                                                                      | 1.6                                                                                      | 1.5                                                                                      | 1.6                                                                                      |
| Nagaland                                                                                 | 52.2                                                                                     | 7.9                                                                                      | 26.4                                                                                     | 15.7                                                                                     | 2.5                                                                                      | 8.0                                                                                      | 0.5                                                                                      | 0.4                                                                                      | 0.4                                                                                      |
| Odisha                                                                                   | 24.2                                                                                     | 0.3                                                                                      | 1.9                                                                                      | 24.7                                                                                     | 1.0                                                                                      | 2.8                                                                                      | 3.3                                                                                      | 0.2                                                                                      | 0.4                                                                                      |
| Punjab                                                                                   | 38.0                                                                                     | 0.4                                                                                      | 5.0                                                                                      | 6.9                                                                                      | 0.0                                                                                      | 0.8                                                                                      | 7.4                                                                                      | 0.3                                                                                      | 1.2                                                                                      |
| Rajasthan                                                                                | 33.4                                                                                     | 0.4                                                                                      | 3.1                                                                                      | 8.2                                                                                      | 0.3                                                                                      | 0.9                                                                                      | 4.1                                                                                      | 0.3                                                                                      | 0.6                                                                                      |
| Sikkim                                                                                   | 57.0                                                                                     | 3.6                                                                                      | 21.7                                                                                     | 6.7                                                                                      | 5.4                                                                                      | 5.9                                                                                      | 0.0                                                                                      | 0.0                                                                                      | 0.0                                                                                      |
| Tamil Nadu                                                                               | 25.9                                                                                     | 1.2                                                                                      | 5.7                                                                                      | 9.0                                                                                      | 0.8                                                                                      | 2.2                                                                                      | 3.0                                                                                      | 0.2                                                                                      | 0.7                                                                                      |
| Tripura                                                                                  | 17.1                                                                                     | 0.0                                                                                      | 4.4                                                                                      | 3.5                                                                                      | 0.4                                                                                      | 1.2                                                                                      | 45.4                                                                                     | 12.6                                                                                     | 21.1                                                                                     |
| Uttar Pradesh                                                                            | 23.0                                                                                     | 0.1                                                                                      | 1.4                                                                                      | 1.8                                                                                      | 0.2                                                                                      | 0.3                                                                                      | 5.6                                                                                      | 0.3                                                                                      | 0.5                                                                                      |
| Uttarakhand                                                                              | 38.1                                                                                     | 0.3                                                                                      | 8.7                                                                                      | 5.1                                                                                      | 0.3                                                                                      | 1.4                                                                                      | 2.3                                                                                      | 0.1                                                                                      | 0.6                                                                                      |
| West Bengal                                                                              | 17.4                                                                                     | 0.2                                                                                      | 1.7                                                                                      | 5.3                                                                                      | 0.4                                                                                      | 0.8                                                                                      | 15.2                                                                                     | 0.5                                                                                      | 1.8                                                                                      |
|                                                                                          |                                                                                          | 0.7                                                                                      |                                                                                          |                                                                                          |                                                                                          |                                                                                          |                                                                                          |                                                                                          | 0.8                                                                                      |
| All-India                                                                                | 28.6                                                                                     |                                                                                          | 3.6                                                                                      | 10.7                                                                                     | 0.5                                                                                      | 1.6                                                                                      | 4.2                                                                                      | 0.3                                                                                      |                                                                                          |

Notes: Migrant: A household member whose last usual place of residence (UPR), anytime in the past, is different from the present place of enumeration is considered as a migrant member in a household; UPR: UPR of a person is defined as a place (village/town) where the person has stayed continuously for a period of 6 months or more. The proportions of males, females and persons in states such as Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir, Jharkhand, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, might not add up to 100 due to presence of 'not recorded cases' and also due to rounding off.

Source : NSS 64th Round, Report No. 533: Migration in India : July 2007-June 2008

Annexure referred to in part (a) & (b) of the Lok Sabha Starred Question No. 74 for 7.02.2019

| State-wise Proportion of Migrants by Reason for Migration (Rural) (Per Cent) (2007-08)   | State-wise Proportion of Migrants by Reason for Migration (Rural) (Per Cent) (2007-08)   | State-wise Proportion of Migrants by Reason for Migration (Rural) (Per Cent) (2007-08)   | State-wise Proportion of Migrants by Reason for Migration (Rural) (Per Cent) (2007-08)   | State-wise Proportion of Migrants by Reason for Migration (Rural) (Per Cent) (2007-08)   | State-wise Proportion of Migrants by Reason for Migration (Rural) (Per Cent) (2007-08)   | State-wise Proportion of Migrants by Reason for Migration (Rural) (Per Cent) (2007-08)   | State-wise Proportion of Migrants by Reason for Migration (Rural) (Per Cent) (2007-08)   | State-wise Proportion of Migrants by Reason for Migration (Rural) (Per Cent) (2007-08)   | State-wise Proportion of Migrants by Reason for Migration (Rural) (Per Cent) (2007-08)   |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| States                                                                                   |                                                                                          |                                                                                          |                                                                                          | Marriage Movement                                                                        | Marriage Movement                                                                        | Marriage Movement                                                                        | Other reasons                                                                            | Other reasons                                                                            | Other reasons                                                                            |
| States                                                                                   | Males                                                                                    | Females                                                                                  | Persons                                                                                  | Males                                                                                    | Females                                                                                  | Persons                                                                                  | Males                                                                                    | Females                                                                                  | Persons                                                                                  |
| Andhra Pradesh                                                                           | 7.6                                                                                      | 84.0                                                                                     | 72.2                                                                                     | 22.5                                                                                     | 9.2                                                                                      | 11.2                                                                                     | 18.6                                                                                     | 3.4                                                                                      | 5.8                                                                                      |
| Arunachal Pradesh                                                                        | 0.0                                                                                      | 45.0                                                                                     | 12.3                                                                                     | 0.0                                                                                      | 0.0                                                                                      | 0.0                                                                                      | 5.4                                                                                      | 2.9                                                                                      | 4.6                                                                                      |
| Assam                                                                                    | 8.4                                                                                      | 87.3                                                                                     | 78.1                                                                                     | 18.2                                                                                     | 4.5                                                                                      | 6.1                                                                                      | 14.8                                                                                     | 2.0                                                                                      | 3.4                                                                                      |
| Bihar                                                                                    | 47.5                                                                                     | 96.3                                                                                     | 94.8                                                                                     | 7.8                                                                                      | 0.3                                                                                      | 0.6                                                                                      | 25.4                                                                                     | 1.8                                                                                      | 2.6                                                                                      |
| Chhattisgarh                                                                             | 5.1                                                                                      | 87.9                                                                                     | 77.9                                                                                     | 24.2                                                                                     | 5.2                                                                                      | 7.5                                                                                      | 29.7                                                                                     | 3.2                                                                                      | 6.3                                                                                      |
| Delhi                                                                                    | 0.6                                                                                      | 48.2                                                                                     | 26.6                                                                                     | 20.3                                                                                     | 42.2                                                                                     | 32.3                                                                                     | 11.4                                                                                     | 8.9                                                                                      | 10.1                                                                                     |
| Goa                                                                                      | 1.9                                                                                      | 67.3                                                                                     | 49.6                                                                                     | 8.0                                                                                      | 20.8                                                                                     | 17.4                                                                                     | 25.1                                                                                     | 4.7                                                                                      | 10.2                                                                                     |
| Gujarat                                                                                  | 7.8                                                                                      | 92.8                                                                                     | 84.9                                                                                     | 20.3                                                                                     | 4.2                                                                                      | 5.7                                                                                      | 12.0                                                                                     | 1.3                                                                                      | 2.3                                                                                      |
| Haryana                                                                                  | 14.3                                                                                     | 95.1                                                                                     | 89.2                                                                                     | 24.4                                                                                     | 2.5                                                                                      | 4.1                                                                                      | 25.9                                                                                     | 1.1                                                                                      | 2.8                                                                                      |
| Himachal Pradesh                                                                         | 5.3                                                                                      | 88.6                                                                                     | 72.1                                                                                     | 10.7                                                                                     | 5.0                                                                                      | 6.1                                                                                      | 40.6                                                                                     | 3.4                                                                                      | 10.7                                                                                     |
| Jammu &Kashmir                                                                           | 12.1                                                                                     | 96.3                                                                                     | 90.4                                                                                     | 6.3                                                                                      | 0.6                                                                                      | 1.0                                                                                      | 22.5                                                                                     | 2.3                                                                                      | 3.8                                                                                      |
| Jharkhand                                                                                | 46.0                                                                                     | 97.8                                                                                     | 96.1                                                                                     | 4.9                                                                                      | 0.1                                                                                      | 0.2                                                                                      | 23.0                                                                                     | 1.0                                                                                      | 1.8                                                                                      |
| Karnataka                                                                                | 11.0                                                                                     | 89.5                                                                                     | 77.8                                                                                     | 23.9                                                                                     | 5.9                                                                                      | 8.6                                                                                      | 15.7                                                                                     | 2.7                                                                                      | 4.6                                                                                      |
| Kerala                                                                                   | 8.9                                                                                      | 71.3                                                                                     | 53.9                                                                                     | 22.0                                                                                     | 15.3                                                                                     | 17.2                                                                                     | 48.7                                                                                     | 11.3                                                                                     | 21.7                                                                                     |
| Madhya Pradesh                                                                           | 10.9                                                                                     | 95.0                                                                                     | 90.0                                                                                     | 22.2                                                                                     | 2.2                                                                                      | 3.4                                                                                      | 14.5                                                                                     | 1.1                                                                                      | 1.9                                                                                      |
| Maharashtra                                                                              | 3.9                                                                                      | 86.7                                                                                     | 74.1                                                                                     | 26.2                                                                                     | 7.3                                                                                      | 10.2                                                                                     | 13.6                                                                                     | 2.4                                                                                      | 4.1                                                                                      |
| Manipur                                                                                  | 0.0                                                                                      | 18.3                                                                                     | 7.6                                                                                      | 33.1                                                                                     | 38.6                                                                                     | 35.4                                                                                     | 0.0                                                                                      | 0.0                                                                                      | 0.0                                                                                      |
| Meghalaya                                                                                | 42.3                                                                                     | 49.5                                                                                     | 45.4                                                                                     | 21.7                                                                                     | 35.2                                                                                     | 27.4                                                                                     | 5.4                                                                                      | 3.7                                                                                      | 4.7                                                                                      |
| Mizoram                                                                                  | 2.0                                                                                      | 16.9                                                                                     | 9.5                                                                                      | 41.7                                                                                     | 45.7                                                                                     | 43.7                                                                                     | 7.1                                                                                      | 4.4                                                                                      | 5.7                                                                                      |
| Nagaland                                                                                 | 0.0                                                                                      | 50.0                                                                                     | 29.0                                                                                     | 21.9                                                                                     | 35.6                                                                                     | 29.9                                                                                     | 8.9                                                                                      | 2.7                                                                                      | 5.2                                                                                      |
| Odisha                                                                                   | 11.6                                                                                     | 94.6                                                                                     | 88.3                                                                                     | 10.3                                                                                     | 1.8                                                                                      | 2.5                                                                                      | 25.2                                                                                     | 1.8                                                                                      | 3.6                                                                                      |
| Punjab                                                                                   | 7.1                                                                                      | 92.8                                                                                     | 82.3                                                                                     | 20.7                                                                                     | 4.5                                                                                      | 6.5                                                                                      | 18.6                                                                                     | 1.5                                                                                      | 3.5                                                                                      |
| Rajasthan                                                                                | 8.8                                                                                      | 94.3                                                                                     | 87.3                                                                                     | 21.3                                                                                     | 2.6                                                                                      | 4.1                                                                                      | 23.5                                                                                     | 1.9                                                                                      | 3.7                                                                                      |
| Sikkim                                                                                   | 0.8                                                                                      | 67.0                                                                                     | 44.7                                                                                     | 21.4                                                                                     | 20.0                                                                                     | 20.5                                                                                     | 14.1                                                                                     | 3.4                                                                                      | 7.0                                                                                      |
| Tamil Nadu                                                                               | 5.9                                                                                      | 82.8                                                                                     | 69.3                                                                                     | 29.9                                                                                     | 11.3                                                                                     | 14.6                                                                                     | 24.1                                                                                     | 3.6                                                                                      | 7.1                                                                                      |
| Tripura                                                                                  | 2.2                                                                                      | 73.8                                                                                     | 55.2                                                                                     | 14.9                                                                                     | 7.5                                                                                      | 9.4                                                                                      | 16.5                                                                                     | 5.3                                                                                      | 8.3                                                                                      |
| Uttar Pradesh                                                                            | 17.0                                                                                     | 96.2                                                                                     | 92.2                                                                                     | 18.9                                                                                     | 1.4                                                                                      | 2.3                                                                                      | 31.5                                                                                     | 1.3                                                                                      | 3.0                                                                                      |
| Uttarakhand                                                                              | 4.8                                                                                      | 83.8                                                                                     | 66.4                                                                                     | 28.9                                                                                     | 12.7                                                                                     | 16.3                                                                                     | 20.7                                                                                     | 2.5                                                                                      | 6.6                                                                                      |
| West Bengal                                                                              | 9.6                                                                                      | 92.0                                                                                     | 85.0                                                                                     | 23.7                                                                                     | 3.7                                                                                      | 5.4                                                                                      | 28.5                                                                                     | 2.3                                                                                      | 4.7                                                                                      |
| All-India                                                                                | 9.4                                                                                      | 91.2                                                                                     | 82.5                                                                                     | 22.1                                                                                     | 4.4                                                                                      | 6.3                                                                                      | 24.0                                                                                     | 2.4                                                                                      | 4.7                                                                                      |

Notes: Migrant: A household member whose last usual place of residence (UPR), anytime in the past, is different from the present place of enumeration is considered as a migrant member in a household; UPR: UPR of a person is defined as a place (village/town) where the person has stayed continuously for a period of 6 months or more. The proportions of males, females and persons in states such as Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir, Jharkhand, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, might not add up to 100 due to presence of 'not recorded cases' and also due to rounding off. Source:NSS Report No. 533: Migration in India : July 2007-June 2008.