Lok Sabha Question No. 1190 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2019-06-28
Subject: Norms of Air Pollution
Ministry: ENVIRONMENT,  FORESTS AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Asked by: Pankaj Chowdhary

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE

## LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION No. 1190

TO BE ANSWERED ON 28.06.2019

## Norms of Air Pollution

## 1190.  SHRI PANKAJ CHAUDHARY

Will  the  Minister  of  ENVIRONMENT,  FOREST  AND  CLIMATE  CHANGE  be  pleased  to state:

- (a) the prescribed norms of permissible particulate matter in the atmosphere and the names of such cities having high levels of air pollution beyond the prescribed norms;
- (b) whether the Government has identified the major factors responsible for air pollution and if so, the details thereof
- (c) whether the  Government  proposes  to  chalk  out  any  concrete  plan  to  check  the  factors responsible for air pollution; and
- (d) if so, the details thereof?

## ANSWER

## MINISTER  OF  STATE    IN  THE  MINISTRY  OF  ENVIRONMENT,  FOREST  AND CLIMATE CHANGE (SHRI BABUL SUPRIYO)

- (a) The revised National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) have been notified during 2009. The  NAAQS  is  given  in Annexure I .    The  ambient  air  quality  data  for  metropolitan  cities  / million plus urban agglomerations during 2016- 2018 is given in Annexure-II . Analysis of data revealed that SO2 levels were within the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) in all 50 cities during 2016-18. With respect to NO2, 17 cities showed an increasing trend, 16 cities showed  a  decreasing  concentration,  16  cities  showed  a  fluctuating  trend  and  1  city  revealed steady concentration. With respect to PM2.5, trends are available for 17 cities and out of which, 08  cities  showed  an  increasing  trend,  04  cities  showed  a  decreasing  concentration,  05  cities showed a fluctuating trend. With respect to PM10, 14 cities showed an increasing trend, 14 cities showed a decreasing concentration, 22 cities showed a fluctuating trend.
- (b) Studies have been conducted to identify  major air pollution sources and their contributions  to ambient air pollution levels in different cities of the country. The major sources contributing to particulate  matter  are  vehicles,  biomass/garbage  burning,  road  dust  suspension,  construction, industries,  etc.  Source  contributions  identified  in  different  source  apportionment  studies  are enclosed as Annexure III .
- (c) & (d) The Central Government has taken a number of regulatory measures for prevention, control and abatement of air pollution in the country.

## Action Plans for Improvement of Air Quality in Delhi NCR :

- (i) Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) was notified on January 12, 2017, for prevention, control and abatement of air pollution in Delhi and NCR. It identifies graded measures and implementing agencies for response to four AQI categories, namely, Moderate to Poor, Very Poor, Severe and Severe + or Emergency.
- (ii) The  Central  Government  has  notified  a  Comprehensive  Action  Plan  (CAP)  in  2018 identifying  timelines  and  implementing  agencies  for  actions  identified  for  prevention, control and mitigation of air pollution in Delhi and NCR.

## Action Plans for Improvement of Air Quality of Other Cities :

- (i) Ministry  of  Environment,  Forest  and  Climate  Change  has  launched  National  Clean  Air Programme  (NCAP)  in  January  2019  to  tackle  the  problem  of  air pollution in a comprehensive manner with targets to achieve 20 to 30 % reduction in PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations  by  2024.  This  is  keeping  2017  as  the  base  year  for  the  comparison  of concentration. The overall objective is to augment and evolve effective ambient air quality monitoring network across the country besides ensuring comprehensive management plan

for prevention, control and abatement of air pollution and enhancing public awareness and capacity building measures.

- (ii) 102  non-attainment  cities  have  been  identified  based  on  ambient  air  quality  data  for  the period 2011 - 2015 and WHO report 2014/2018. A total of 86 city specific action plans have been approved for ground implementation.

The Central Government has taken several measures for prevention, control and abatement of air pollution across the country. These include-

## Monitoring

-  Setting up of monitoring network for assessment of ambient air quality. Central Presently, ambient air quality is being monitored at 779 locations covering 339 cities in 29 states & 6 Union  Territories  across  the  country  under  National  Air  Quality  Monitoring  Programme (NAMP). Further, real time monitoring is taking place at 170 locations in 102 cities in 18 States/UTs.
-  Notification of National Ambient Air Quality Standards.
-  Launch of National Air Quality Index.
-  Implementation  of  Air  Quality  Early  Warning  System  for  Delhi  in  October,  2018  in association with Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES).

## Transport

-  Leapfrogging from BS-IV to BS-VI fuel standards since 1st April, 2018 in NCT of Delhi and from by 1st April, 2020 in the rest of the country.
-  Introduction of cleaner / alternate fuels like gaseous fuel (CNG, LPG etc.), ethanol blending.
-  Promotion of public transport and improvements in roads and building of more bridges to ease congestion on roads.
-  Operationalisation of Eastern Peripheral Expressway & Western Peripheral Expressway to divert non-destined traffic from Delhi.
-  Streamlining the issuance of Pollution Under Control Certificate.
-  Environment Protection Charges (EPC) have been imposed on diesel vehicles with engine capacity of 2000cc and above in Delhi NCR.

## Industry

-  Badarpur thermal power plant has been closed from 15th October, 2018.
-  Notification of stricter emission norms for power plants.
-  All brick kilns have been shifted to zig-zag technology in Delhi and NCR.
-  Installation  of  on-line  continuous  (24x7)  monitoring  devices  all  red  category  industries  in Delhi and NCR.
-  Revision of emission standards for industrial sectors from time to time.
-  Ban on pet coke and furnace oil - monitoring of use of  pet coke in Lime Kilns/Cement Kilns and Calcium Carbide Industry in Delhi and NCR States.

## Biomass and Solid Waste

-  A  new  Central  Sector  Scheme  on  'Promotion  of  Agricultural  Mechanization  for  in-situ management of Crop Residue in the States of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and NCT of Delhi' for the period from 2018-19 and 2019-20 has been launched.
-  Banning of burning of biomass/garbage.
-  3 Waste-to-Energy (W-t-E) plants are currently operational in Delhi with atotal capacity of 5100 Tonnes Per Day (TPD).
-  Notifications of 6 waste management rules covering solid waste, plastic waste, e-waste, biomedical waste, C&D waste and hazardous wastes issued in 2016.

## Dust

-  Notifications regarding dust mitigation measures for construction and demolition activities.
-  Number  of  mechanised  road  sweeping  machines  has  been  increased  significantly  and presently 60 machines are deployed for cleaning of roads in Delhi.

## Public Outreach

-  Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change and Delhi Government launched Clean Air for Delhi Campaign from 10th - 23rd Feb 2018 and to check air polluting activities pre and  post  Diwali, a  special  campaign  called  'Clean  Air  Campaign'  during  November  01, 2018 to November 10, 2018.
-  Ministry  is  promoting  peoples  participation  and  awareness  building  among  citizens  for environmental conservation through Green Goods Deeds that focus on promotion of cycling, saving  water  and  electricity,  growing  trees,  proper  maintenance  of  vehicles,  following  of lane discipline and reducing congestion on roads by car pooling etc.
-  Development of mechanism for redressal of public complaints regarding air pollution issues in  Delhi  and  NCR  (through  'Sameer  App',  'Emails'(aircomplaints.cpcb@gov.in)  and 'Social Media Networks' (Facebook and Twitter)  etc.

## Revised National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)

[NAAQS Notification dated 18 th November, 2009]

|        |                                                      |                       | Concentration in Ambient Air                   | Concentration in Ambient Air                                 | Methods of                                                                                               |
|--------|------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------|------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| S. No. | Pollutants                                           | Time Weighted Average | Industrial, Residential, Rural and other Areas | Ecologically Sensitive Area (notified by Central Government) | Measurement                                                                                              |
| 1      | Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2 ), µg/m 3                      | Annual*               | 50                                             | 20                                                           | 1. Improved West and Gaeke 2. Ultraviolet Fluorescence                                                   |
| 1      | Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2 ), µg/m 3                      | 24 Hours**            | 80                                             | 80                                                           | 1. Improved West and Gaeke 2. Ultraviolet Fluorescence                                                   |
| 2      | Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ), µg/m 3                     | Annual*               | 40                                             | 30                                                           | 1. Modified Jacob&Hochheiser 2. Chemiluminescence                                                        |
| 2      | Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ), µg/m 3                     | 24 Hours**            | 80                                             | 80                                                           | 1. Modified Jacob&Hochheiser 2. Chemiluminescence                                                        |
| 3      | Particulate Matter (Size <10µm) orPM 10 µg/m 3       | Annual*               | 60                                             | 60                                                           | 1. Gravimetric 2. TEOM 3. Beta attenuation                                                               |
| 3      | Particulate Matter (Size <10µm) orPM 10 µg/m 3       | 24 Hours**            | 100                                            | 100                                                          | 1. Gravimetric 2. TEOM 3. Beta attenuation                                                               |
| 4      | Particulate Matter (Size <2.5 µm) or PM 2.5 µg/m 3   | Annual*               | 40                                             | 40                                                           | 1. Gravimetric 2. TEOM 3. Beta attenuation                                                               |
| 4      | Particulate Matter (Size <2.5 µm) or PM 2.5 µg/m 3   | 24 Hours **           | 60                                             | 60                                                           | 1. Gravimetric 2. TEOM 3. Beta attenuation                                                               |
| 5      | Ozone (O 3 ), µg/m 3                                 | 8 hours**             | 100                                            | 100                                                          | 1. UV photometric 2. Chemiluminescence 3. Chemical Method                                                |
| 5      | Ozone (O 3 ), µg/m 3                                 | 1 hours **            | 180                                            | 180                                                          | 1. UV photometric 2. Chemiluminescence 3. Chemical Method                                                |
| 6      | Lead (Pb), µg/m 3                                    | Annual *              | 0.50                                           | 0.50                                                         | 1. AAS/ICP Method after sampling using EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper 2. ED-XRF using Teflon filter |
| 6      | Lead (Pb), µg/m 3                                    | 24 Hour**             | 1.0                                            | 1.0                                                          | 1. AAS/ICP Method after sampling using EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper 2. ED-XRF using Teflon filter |
| 7      | Carbon Monoxide (CO), mg/m 3                         | 8 Hours **            | 02                                             | 02                                                           | Non dispersive Infra Red (NDIR) Spectroscopy                                                             |
| 7      | Carbon Monoxide (CO), mg/m 3                         | 1 Hour**              | 04                                             | 04                                                           | Non dispersive Infra Red (NDIR) Spectroscopy                                                             |
| 8      | Ammonia (NH 3 ), µg/m 3                              | Annual*               | 100                                            | 100                                                          | 1. Chemiluminescence 2. Indophernol blue method                                                          |
| 8      | Ammonia (NH 3 ), µg/m 3                              | 24 Hour**             | 400                                            | 400                                                          | 1. Chemiluminescence 2. Indophernol blue method                                                          |
| 9      | Benzene (C 6 H 6 ) , µg/m 3                          | Annual *              | 05                                             | 05                                                           | 1. Gas chromatography based continuous analyzer 2. Adsorption and Desorption followed byGC analysis      |
| 10     | Benzo(a)Pyrene (BaP)- particulate phase only, ng/m 3 | Annual*               | 01                                             | 01                                                           | Solvent extraction followed by HPLC/GC analysis                                                          |
| 11     | Arsenic (As), ng/m 3                                 | Annual*               | 06                                             | 06                                                           | AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper                                     |
| 12     | Nickel (Ni), ng/m 3                                  | Annual*               | 20                                             | 20                                                           | AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper                                     |

NOTE: Whenever and wherever monitoring results on two consecutive days of monitoring exceed the limits specified above for the respective category, it shall be considered adequate reason to institute regular or continuous monitoring and further investigation.

## Annexure-I

## Annexure II

## Air quality status of million plus/ urban agglomerations cities for 2016, 2017 and 2018 under NAMP (Manual)

(Annual average in µg/m 3 )

| Sl .N o   | State            | Sl .N o   | City                | 2016   | 2016   | 2016   | 2016   | 2017   | 2017   | 2017   | 2017   | 2018   | 2018   | 2018   | 2018   |
|-----------|------------------|-----------|---------------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|
| Sl .N o   | State            | Sl .N o   | City                | SO 2   | N O 2  | PM 10  | PM 2.5 | SO 2   | N O 2  | PM 10  | PM 2.5 | SO 2   | N O 2  | PM 10  | PM 2.5 |
| 1.        | Andhra Pradesh   | 1.        | Vijaywada           | 6      | 44     | 102    | -      | 6      | 29     | 99     | -      | 5      | 21     | 77     | 29     |
| 1.        | Andhra Pradesh   | 2.        | Vishakhap atnam     | 8      | 18     | 77     | -      | 9      | 17     | 73     | -      | 10     | 20     | 77     | 49     |
| 2.        | Bihar            | 3.        | Patna               | 4      | 32     | 212    | -      | 5      | 39     | 156    | -      | 5      | 51     | 207    |        |
| 3.        | Chandi garh      | 4.        | Chandigar h         | 2      | 21     | 105    | 123    | 2      | 16     | 109    | 64     | 2      | 17     | 102    | 50     |
| 4.        | Chattis garh     | 5.        | Durg- Bhillainag ar | 9      | 23     | 108    | -      | 8      | 21     | 97     | -      | 8      | 19     | 84     | -      |
| 4.        | Chattis garh     | 6.        | Raipur              | 12     | 31     | 148    |        | 10     | 27     | 103    |        | 14     | 20     | 65     |        |
| 5.        | Delhi            | 7.        | Delhi               | 7      | 66     | 278    | 118    | 7      | 68     | 241    | 106    | 6      | 73     | 223    | 121    |
| 6.        | Gujarat          | 8.        | Ahmedaba d          | 14     | 27     | 108    | 34     | 14     | 29     | 120    | 38     | 16     | 29     | 236    | 73     |
| 6.        | Gujarat          | 9.        | Rajkot              | 13     | 21     | 92     | 32     | 16     | 22     | 106    | 37     | 19     | 23     | 203    | 64     |
| 6.        | Gujarat          | 10.       | Surat               | 13     | 22     | 92     | 31     | 16     | 26     | 106    | 36     | 22     | 29     | 176    | 57     |
| 6.        | Gujarat          | 11.       | Vadodara            | 14     | 23     | 92     | 30     | 16     | 23     | 108    | 36     | 20     | 25     | 188    | 60     |
| 7.        | Haryan a         | 12.       | Faridabad           | -      | -      | -      | -      | -      | -      | -      | -      | -      | -      | -      | -      |
| 8.        | Jammu & Kashmi r | 13.       | Srinagar            | -      | -      | -      | -      | -      | -      | -      | -      | -      | -      | 153    | -      |
| 9.        | Jharkha          | 14.       | Dhanbad             | 15     | 37     | 226    | -      | 15     | 37     | 238    | -      | 14     | 37     | 264    | -      |

|     | nd              |   15. | Jamshedp ur         | 36   | 45   | 136   | -   | 36   | 45   | 131   | -   | 37   | 46   | 128   | -   |
|-----|-----------------|-------|---------------------|------|------|-------|-----|------|------|-------|-----|------|------|-------|-----|
|     | nd              |    16 | Ranchi              | 20   | 37   | 196   | -   | 19   | 37   | 142   | -   | 18   | 36   | 122   | -   |
| 10. | Karnata ka      |    17 | Bangalore           | 3    | 31   | 103   | 51  | 2    | 31   | 92    | 46  | 2    | 30   | 90    | 47  |
| 11. | Kerala          |    18 | Kochi               | 2    | 20   | 48    | -   | 2    | 19   | 51    | -   | 3    | 16   | 57    | -   |
| 11. | Kerala          |    19 | Kollam              | 4    | 8    | 46    | -   | 3    | 6    | 43    | -   | 3    | 5    | 47    | -   |
| 11. | Kerala          |    20 | Kozhikod e          | 2    | 18   | 51    | -   | 2    | 18   | 47    | -   | 2    | 10   | 54    | 6   |
| 11. | Kerala          |    21 | Malapura m          | 2    | 17   | 37    | -   | 2    | 21   | 32    | -   | 2    | 26   | 31    | -   |
| 11. | Kerala          |    22 | Thiruvana nthapuram | 10   | 25   | 53    | -   | 10   | 26   | 49    | -   | 9    | 24   | 49    | -   |
| 11. | Kerala          |    23 | Thissur             | 2    | 5    | 54    | -   | 2    | 5    | 56    | -   | 3    | 9    | 41    | -   |
| 12. | Madhy a Pradesh |    24 | Bhopal              | 3    | 15   | 89    | 27  | 4    | 15   | 93    | 41  | 7    | 14   | 135   | 59  |
| 12. | Madhy a Pradesh |    25 | Gwalior             | 10   | 14   | 96    | 52  | 10   | 17   | 110   | 47  | 13   | 21   | 134   | 62  |
| 12. | Madhy a Pradesh |    26 | Indore              | 11   | 20   | 95    | 54  | 11   | 21   | 80    | 43  | 10   | 19   | 88    | 41  |
| 12. | Madhy a Pradesh |    27 | Jabalpur            | 10   | 23   | 71    | 32  | 10   | 21   | 74    | 23  | 7    | 17   | 119   | 43  |
| 13. | Mahara shtra    |    28 | Aurangab ad         | 14   | 39   | 92    | -   | 10   | 33   | 83    | -   | 13   | 35   | 70    | -   |
| 13. | Mahara shtra    |    29 | Mumbai              | 6    | 30   | 119   | -   | 3    | 18   | 151   | 40  | 2    | 21   | 166   | 46  |
| 13. | Mahara shtra    |    30 | Nagpur              | 16   | 26   | 118   | -   | 9    | 27   | 102   | -   | 10   | 28   | 103   | 44  |
| 13. | Mahara shtra    |    31 | Nashik              | 13   | 27   | 85    | -   | 12   | 22   | 81    | -   | 12   | 21   | 85    | -   |
| 13. | Mahara shtra    |    32 | Pune                | 28   | 78   | 107   | -   | 21   | 65   | 102   | -   | 37   | 75   | 106   | -   |
| 13. | Mahara shtra    |    33 | Thane               | 18   | 60   | 122   | -   | 18   | 47   | 125   | -   | 17   | 44   | 108   | -   |
| 13. | Mahara shtra    |    34 | Vasai- virar        | N A  | N A  | NA    | NA  | N A  | N A  | NA    | NA  | N A  | N A  | NA    | NA  |
| 14. | Punjab          |    35 | Amritsar            | 12   | 29   | 194   | -   | 11   | 27   | 168   | -   | 13   | 34   | 177   | -   |
| 14. | Punjab          |    36 | Ludhiana            | 11   | 25   | 139   | -   | 10   | 28   | 162   | -   | 9    | 32   | 162   | -   |

|     | Rajasth an    |   37. | Jaipur      |   8 |   33 |   199 | -   |   8 |   30 |   177 | -   |   8 |   32 |   165 | -   |
|-----|---------------|-------|-------------|-----|------|-------|-----|-----|------|-------|-----|-----|------|-------|-----|
|     | Rajasth an    |    38 | Jodhpur     |   6 |   23 |   168 | -   |   6 |   21 |   180 | -   |   7 |   24 |   223 | -   |
|     | Rajasth an    |    39 | Kota        |   7 |   30 |   109 | -   |   8 |   28 |   130 | -   |   7 |   28 |   152 | -   |
| 16. | Tamiln adu    |    40 | Chennai     |  10 |   18 |    65 | 25  |   9 |   17 |    62 | 32  |   9 |   16 |    78 | 34  |
| 16. | Tamiln adu    |    41 | Coimbator e |   6 |   24 |    59 | 35  |   5 |   26 |    49 | 34  |   6 |   23 |    54 | 32  |
| 16. | Tamiln adu    |    42 | Madurai     |  15 |   24 |    76 | 38  |  14 |   23 |    67 | 30  |  12 |   20 |    84 | 34  |
| 16. | Tamiln adu    |    43 | Trichy      |  12 |   20 |    95 | 27  |  12 |   20 |    86 |     |  17 |   23 |   110 | 53  |
|     | Telanga na    |    44 | Hyderaba d  |   5 |   27 |   101 | 49  |   6 |   28 |   108 | 54  |   5 |   30 |   105 | 55  |
|     | Uttar Pradesh |    45 | Agra        |   5 |   22 |   198 | -   |   4 |   19 |   185 | 124 |   4 |   22 |   209 | 106 |
|     | Uttar Pradesh |    46 | Allahabad   |   4 |   37 |   196 | -   |   4 |   40 |   140 | -   |   4 |   45 |   231 | -   |
|     | Uttar Pradesh |    47 | Ghaziabad   |  15 |   28 |   235 | -   |  22 |   34 |   280 | -   |  21 |   43 |   245 | 103 |
|     | Uttar Pradesh |    48 | Kanpur      |   7 |   39 |   217 | -   |   7 |   45 |   224 | -   |   7 |   47 |   218 | -   |
|     | Uttar Pradesh |    49 | Lucknow     |   8 |   27 |   214 | -   |   8 |   26 |   246 | 102 |   7 |   30 |   217 | 108 |
|     | Uttar Pradesh |    50 | Meerut      |   7 |   55 |   157 | -   |   7 |   52 |   153 | -   |   7 |   58 |   177 | -   |
|     | Uttar Pradesh |    51 | Varanasi    |  11 |   32 |   256 | -   |  10 |   38 |   244 | -   |   9 |   34 |   189 | -   |
| 19. | West Bengal   |    52 | Asansol     |  13 |   42 |   211 | 88  |  12 |   37 |   163 | 67  |  13 |   35 |   146 | 58  |
| 19. | West Bengal   |    53 | Kolkata     |   4 |   49 |   113 | 70  |   6 |   41 |   120 | 71  |   6 |   44 |   148 | 86  |

NB.  NA-  no  monitoring  station  in  the  city,    '-'  data  not  available,  National  Ambient  Air  Quality  Standard (NAAQS) for Residential, Industrial, Rural and others Areas (Annual average) for SO2 = 50 µg/m 3 , NO2 = 40 µg/m 3 , PM10 = 60 µg/m 3 & PM2.5 = 40 µg/m 3 and SO2 = 20 µg/m 3 , NO2 = 30 µg/m 3 , PM10 = 60 µg/m 3 and PM2.5  =  40  µg/m 3 for  Ecologically  sensitive  area . The  data  furnished  in  the  table  for  year  2018  is  as available on date.

Source Apportionment studies:

| TERIARAI Study (Aug 2018)-Delhi   | TERIARAI Study (Aug 2018)-Delhi   | TERIARAI Study (Aug 2018)-Delhi   | TERIARAI Study (Aug 2018)-Delhi   | TERIARAI Study (Aug 2018)-Delhi   |
|-----------------------------------|-----------------------------------|-----------------------------------|-----------------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| Source                            | %contribution (PM 10 )            | %contribution (PM 10 )            | %contribution (PM 2.5 )           | %contribution (PM 2.5 )           |
|                                   | Winter                            | Summer                            | Winter                            | Summer                            |
| Residential                       | 9%                                | 8%                                | 10%                               | 8%                                |
| Agri. Burning                     | 4%                                | 7%                                | 4%                                | 7%                                |
| Industry                          | 27%                               | 22%                               | 30%                               | 22%                               |
| Dust (soil, road, and const.)     | 25%                               | 42%                               | 17%                               | 38%                               |
| Transport                         | 24%                               | 15%                               | 28%                               | 17%                               |
| Others                            | 10%                               | 7%                                | 11%                               | 8%                                |
| CPCB Study (2010) Bangalore       | CPCB Study (2010) Bangalore       | CPCB Study (2010) Bangalore       | CPCB Study (2010) Bangalore       | CPCB Study (2010) Bangalore       |
| Source                            | Source                            | %contribution (PM )               | %contribution (PM )               | %contribution (PM 2.5 )           |
| Road Dust                         |                                   | 10 45.6 - 55.6                    | 10 45.6 - 55.6                    | 2.6 - 4.4                         |
| Secondary                         | Secondary                         | 2.4 - 11.1                        | 2.4 - 11.1                        | 11 - 13.6                         |
| Transport                         | Transport                         | 10.9 - 22.6                       | 10.9 - 22.6                       | 35.1 - 60.6                       |
| DG Sets                           | DG Sets                           | 7.5 - 18.2                        | 7.5 - 18.2                        | 17.2 - 28.1                       |
| Domestic                          | Domestic                          | 2.8 - 6.4                         | 2.8 - 6.4                         | 2.4 - 11.1                        |
| Industries                        | Industries                        | 27.2                              | 27.2                              |                                   |
| CPCB Study (2010) Chennai         | CPCB Study (2010) Chennai         | CPCB Study (2010) Chennai         | CPCB Study (2010) Chennai         | CPCB Study (2010) Chennai         |
| Source                            | Source                            | %contribution (PM 10 )            | %contribution (PM 10 )            | %contribution (PM 2.5 )           |
| Road Dust                         | Road Dust                         | 6.3 - 27                          | 6.3 - 27                          | 22.8 - 27.9                       |
| Kerosene                          | Kerosene                          | 2.9 - 6.8                         | 2.9 - 6.8                         | -                                 |
| Coal                              | Coal                              | 4.2 - 7.1                         | 4.2 - 7.1                         | 18.2 - 26.6                       |
| Bakeries                          | Bakeries                          | 3.5 - 5.4                         | 3.5 - 5.4                         | -                                 |
| Transport                         | Transport                         | 35.1 - 48.3                       | 35.1 - 48.3                       | 19.6 - 45.7                       |
| DG Set                            | DG Set                            | 13.8 - 15.6                       | 13.8 - 15.6                       | 8 - 8.4                           |
| Domestic                          | Domestic                          | 3.9 - 20.5                        | 3.9 - 20.5                        | 13.7 - 28.3                       |
| CPCB Study (2010) Kanpur          | CPCB Study (2010) Kanpur          | CPCB Study (2010) Kanpur          | CPCB Study (2010) Kanpur          | CPCB Study (2010) Kanpur          |
| Source                            | %contribution (PM 10 )            | %contribution (PM 10 )            | %contribution (PM 2.5 )           | %contribution (PM 2.5 )           |
| Road Dust                         | 7.2 - 9.4                         | 7.2 - 9.4                         | 4.9 - 7.7                         | 4.9 - 7.7                         |
| Garbage burning                   | 17.7 - 30.2                       | 17.7 - 30.2                       | -                                 | -                                 |
| Secondary                         | 15.6 - 18.7                       | 15.6 - 18.7                       | 21.2 - 24.3                       | 21.2 - 24.3                       |
| Industries                        | 2.3 - 18.9                        | 2.3 - 18.9                        | 1.9 - 16.8                        | 1.9 - 16.8                        |
| Transport                         | 14.7 - 16.8                       | 14.7 - 16.8                       | 23.6 - 31.9                       | 23.6 - 31.9                       |
| DG Set                            | 5.2 - 8.5                         | 5.2 - 8.5                         | 7 - 17.6                          | 7 - 17.6                          |
| Domestic                          | 15.1 - 25.8                       | 15.1 - 25.8                       | 21.5 - 27.7                       | 21.5 - 27.7                       |
| CPCB Study (2010) Pune            | CPCB Study (2010) Pune            | CPCB Study (2010) Pune            | CPCB Study (2010) Pune            | CPCB Study (2010) Pune            |
| Source                            | %contribution (PM 10 )            | %contribution (PM 10 )            | %contribution (PM 2.5 )           | %contribution (PM 2.5 )           |
| Road Dust                         | 49.2 - 64.5                       | 49.2 - 64.5                       | 3.1 - 4.7                         | 3.1 - 4.7                         |
| Trash burning                     | 2.9 - 8.6                         | 2.9 - 8.6                         | -                                 | -                                 |

## Annexure III

| Construction             | 6.5 - 27.9               | 6.5 - 27.9               | -                        |
|--------------------------|--------------------------|--------------------------|--------------------------|
| Transport                | 2 - 9.8                  | 2 - 9.8                  | 20.9 - 33.9              |
| DG Set                   | 3.3 - 4.2                | 3.3 - 4.2                | -                        |
| Domestic                 | 8.3 - 13.2               | 8.3 - 13.2               | 14.3 - 16.8              |
| Secondary                | -                        | -                        | 43.2 - 57.9              |
| Ohers                    | -                        | -                        | 14.3                     |
| CPCB Study (2010) Mumbai | CPCB Study (2010) Mumbai | CPCB Study (2010) Mumbai | CPCB Study (2010) Mumbai |
| Source                   | Source                   | %contribution (PM 10 )   | %contribution (PM 10 )   |
| Soil                     | Soil                     | 28.6 - 46.8              | 28.6 - 46.8              |
| Marine                   | Marine                   |                          |                          |
| Wood combustion          | Wood combustion          |                          |                          |
| Fuel combustion          | Fuel combustion          |                          |                          |
| LPG combustion           | LPG combustion           |                          |                          |
| Transport                | Transport                |                          |                          |
| Coal combustion          | Coal combustion          |                          |                          |
| SIA                      | SIA                      |                          |                          |
| Petroleum refinery       | Petroleum refinery       |                          |                          |
| Biomass burning          | Biomass burning          |                          |                          |