opensansad/lok-sabha-qa huggingface dataset:
Lok Sabha Question No. 1540 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2018-07-26
Subject: Workshop on Skill Development
Ministry: SHIPPING
Asked by: GANESH SINGH

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF SHIPPING

## LOK SABHA

## UNSTARRED QUESTION  NO. 1540

TO BE ANSWERED  ON 26Ih JULY, 2018

## WORKSHOP  ON SKILL DEVELOPMENT

## 1540. SHRI GANESH SINGH:

Will the Minister of SHIPPING  be  pleased  to state:

## daqftTrdd*

- (a) whether the Government  in association with the Deen Dayal Upadhyaya  Grameen Kaushalya  Yoiana(DDU-GKY)  has conducted any workshop  on skill development  in the Port and Maritime Sector in the country;
- (b) if so, the details  along  with the achievements  made  as a result thereof;
- (d) if so, the details  of employment  generated  and the number  of beneficiaries  along  with ihe amount  spent  on such workshop;  and
- (c) whether the said workshop  brought together emptoyers'  training  partners and the Government institutions working  in the Port and Maritime  Sector;
- (e) the details of funds spent on improving  Occupational  Safety and Health  in shipbreaking  yards in ,n" .*n,iy  along  with ihe number of benefictaries  during the last three years  and the current Year?

## ANSWER

## MINISTER OF STATE IN THE MINISTRY OF SHIPPING (SHRI PON. RADHAKRISHNAN)

- (a) Yes Madam.  The Ministry  of Shipping  in association  with Deen  Dayal upadhyaya Grameen K.,;;;[t -volanaiodu-cKY) of the Ministry of  Rural Development  organized ' *o'[tnop tn skill development  in Port and Maritime ,".tot  on 8tn June, 2018 at lndia Habitat  Centre'  New Delhi'
- (b) & (c) The workshop sensitized stakeholders  about skill development  initiatives and strengthened  cooperation between  State Governments'  Ministry  of Shipping's institutions,  employers  anO traini"g  providers  to accelerate  implementation  of skill

development  initiatives and  provided a  common  platform to discuss future opportunities for skill development  in the Port and Maritime Sector'

(d)TheWorkshopwasaimedatsensitizingvariousStakeholders,aboutskill levetopment initiatives  undertaken  by Ministiy of Shipping  An amount of Rs 3' 13,1731-  spent on the workshoP.

(e)TheMinistryofShippinghasbeen-workingincloseassociationwithGujarat Maritime  goarO(-Glrg)  to en"sure that Alang's business environment  and working conditions  of the workers  improve  signifiiantly' The Ministry under  its llagship pr"gr;;r", sigarmala has sanctionei Rs.3o Crore in the year 2016-17- out of *niin n. 10 C roJe has been released for skill development  of the workers  focused on Occupational  Safety and Health  training  Under the  programme' -3046 and 3271 workers  have been triined in year 2O'17 and zotg respectiv€|y..  Rs 6.58 Crore has Ueen spent so far by Gujarat Maritime Board from Ministry of Shipping's  grant'
Lok Sabha Question No. 1535 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2018-07-26
Subject: Linkage of MGNREGS to Agriculture Sector
Ministry: RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Asked by: SEETARAM AJMEERA NAIK

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

## LOK SABHA

## UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 1535

TO BE ANSWERED ON 26.07.2018

## LINKAGE OF MGNREGS TO AGRICULTURE SECTOR

## 1535.   PROF. A.S.R. NAIK:

Will the Minister of RURAL DEVELOPMENT be pleased to state:

- (a) whether the Government of Telangana has recommended to the Union Government for the  linkage  of  Mahatma  Gandhi  National  Rural  Employment  Guarantee  Scheme (MGNREGS) with agriculture sector as well; and
- (b) if so, the details thereof and the response of the Union Government thereto?

## ANSWER MINISTER OF STATE IN THE MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT (SHRI RAM KRIPAL YADAV)

(a)&(b): No such proposal has been received from the State Government of Telangana by the Ministry of Rural Development. However, in Schedule I of MGNREG Act 2005, provision has been made that at least 60% of the works to be taken up in a district in terms of cost under Mahatma  Gandhi  National  Rural  Employment  Guarantee  Act  (MGNREGA)  shall  be  for creation of productive assets directly linked to agriculture and allied activities.

*****
Lok Sabha Question No. 1533 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2018-07-26
Subject: Impact of Decline in Ground Water Level
Ministry: WATER RESOURCES, RIVER DEVELOPMENT AND GANAGA REJUVENATION
Asked by: HEMANT TUKARAM GODSE

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES, RIVER DEVELOPMENT & GANGA REJUVENATION

## LOK SABHA UN STARRED QUESTION NO. 1533

ANSWERED ON 26.0 7.201 8

## IMPACT OF DECLINE IN GROUND WATER LEVEL

## 1533. SHRI GODSE HEMANT TUKARAM:

Will the Minister of WATER RESOURCES, RIVER DEVELOPMENT AND GANGA REJUVENATION be pleased to state:

- (a) whether the Government is aware that decline in the ground water level has led to water problems in the country;
- (b) if so, the details there of;
- (c) whether the Government has formulated any concrete action plan in this regard and t rain water so as to get rid of this problem; and
- (d) if so, the details thereof?

## ANSWER

## THE  MINISTER  OF  STATE  FOR  WATER  RESOURCES, RIVER  DEVELOPMENT  AND GANGA REJUVENATION & PARLIAMENTARY AFFAIRS

## ( SHRI ARJUN RAM MEGHW AL )

(a) & (b) Ground water levels in various parts of the Country are declining because of con withdrawal due to reasons such as increased demand of fresh water for various uses, va rainfall, increased population, industrialization & urbanization etc. As per assessment of Dynamic Ground Water Resources - 2013, carried out by Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) jointly with State Governments , the net annual ground water availability in the Country is 411 BCM (b cubic metre), whereas, annual ground water utilization is 253 BCM. Domestic and industrial sector accounts for approximately 10% (24.71 BCM) of the annual utilization. .

It  has  been  observed  that  there  is  a  progressive  reduction  in  availability  of availability of water in the Count ry. In 2001, the average annual per capita availability of wat the country was 1816 m 3 /year, which has reduced to 1545 m 3 /year in 2011.  Further, projections for the year 2025 and 2050 are 1340 m 3 /year & 1140 m 3 /year respectively.

(c) & (d) Water b eing a State subject, initiatives on water management including conservati rainwater  harvesting  /  artificial  recharge  to  ground  water  is  primarily  States'  responsibility. However, s teps taken by the Central Government for conservation of ground wate r are available at the following URL http://mowr.gov.in/sites/default/files/MeasuresForGW -Depletion\_1.pdf .

*****
Lok Sabha Question No. 1532 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2018-07-26
Subject: Renewable Energy Capacity
Ministry: NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY
Asked by: SANTOKH SINGH CHAUDHARY

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO-1532

TO BE ANSWERED ON-26.07.2018

## RENEWABLE ENERGY CAPACITY

## 1532. SHRI SANTOKH SINGH CHAUDHARY

Will the Minister of NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY be pleased to state:-

- (a)  the  country's  renewable  energy  capacity  by  giving  separate  details  for  wind,  solar,  bio-power  and hydro-power energy as of June, 2018; and
- (b) the quantum of this energy capacity installed since June, 2014, source-wise?

## ANSWER

THE MINISTER OF STATE FOR NEW & RENEWABLE ENERGY AND POWER (I/C) (SHRI R.K. SINGH)

- (a) A total of 71.32 GW of renewable energy capacity has been installed in the country as of June, 2018 which includes 34.29 GW from wind, 23.03 GW from Solar, 9.51 from Bio-mass and 4.49 GW from Small Hydro.
- (b) A total of 35.80 GW of renewable energy capacity has been installed through implementation of various renewable energy programs/schemes in the country from April, 2014 to June, 2018 which includes 20.40 GW from Solar, 13.25 GW from Wind, 0.68 GW from Small Hydro and 1.47 GW from bio-mass.

*****
Lok Sabha Question No. 1531 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2018-07-26
Subject: Implementation of MGNREGS
Ministry: RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Asked by: KAMAL NATH, JYOTIRADITYA MADHAVRAO SCINDIA

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

## LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 1531

TO BE ANSWERED ON 26.07.2018

## IMPLEMENTATION OF MGNREGS

## 1531.   SHRI KAMAL NATH:

## SHRI JYOTIRADITYA M. SCINDIA:

Will the Minister of RURAL DEVELOPMENT be pleased to state:

- (a) whether a large percentage of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) wages have remained unpaid in April, 2018 as per findings of the NREGA Sangharsh  Morcha  that  tracks  the  implementation  of  the  rural  employment scheme;
- (b) if so, the details thereof;
- (c) whether the stagnant wage rates and delays of payments to workers under MGNREGS has caused an alarming situation across the country; and
- (d) if so, the corrective steps proposed to be taken by the Union Government in this regard?

## ANSWER MINISTER OF STATE IN THE MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT (SHRI RAM KRIPAL YADAV)

(a)&(b): The Ministry releases funds to the States/UTs based on the basis of agreed to Labour  Budget  (LB),  opening  balance,  pending  liabilities  of  the  previous  year,  if  any,  and overall performance. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)  is  a  demand  driven  wage  employment  programme  and  fund  release  to States/UTs is a continuous process and Central Government is making funds available keeping in view the demand for work. During the current FY 2018-19 (as on 20.07.2018), an amount of Rs.  34,290.14  crore  has  been  released  to  States/UTs  for  liquidating  the  pending  liability  of wage component and for running the programme during FY 2018-19.

(c)& (d): No, Madam. The Persondays generated from April-June, 2018 has been   77.93 crore under MGNREGA. The Ministry along with the States/UTs has been making all efforts for improving the timely payment of wages. The Ministry has taken following steps:

- (i) Upscaling of National Electronic Fund Management System (Ne-FMS) in 24 States and 1 UT.
- (ii) Intensive consultation with State Governments to strategize timely payment of wages, verification of pending compensation claims, etc.

*****
Lok Sabha Question No. 1526 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2018-07-26
Subject: National Sports University, Manipur
Ministry: YOUTH AFFAIRS AND SPORTS
Asked by: THOKCHOM MEINYA, CHANDRAKANT BHAURAO KHAIRE

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF YOUTH AFFAIRS & SPORTS (DEPARTMENT OF SPORTS)

## LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO.1526

TO BE ANSWERED ON 26-07-2018

National Sports University, Manipur

1526.

DR. THOKCHOM MEINYA:

SHRI CHANDRAKANT KHAIRE:

Will the Minister of YOUTH AFFAIRS AND SPORTS be pleased to state:

(a)  whether  the  National  Sports  University,  Manipur  proposes  to  set  up outlying  Campuses,  Colleges,  and  Study  Centres  in  various  parts  of  the country as well as outside the country; and (b) if so, the details and objectives thereof

## ANSWER THE MINISTER OF STATE (INDEPENDENT CHARGE) FOR YOUTH AFFAIRS AND SPORTS [COL. RAJYAVARDHAN RATHORE (RETD.)]

(a) & (b): The National Sports University Ordinance, 2018 provides that the headquarters  of  the  National  Sports  University  shall  be  in  the  State  of Manipur  and  it  may  establish  or  maintain  Outlying  Campuses,  Colleges, Regional Centres and Study Centres at such other places in India as it may deem fit. It further provides that the University may, with the prior approval of  the  Central  Government,  also  establish  Outlying  Campuses  and  Study Centres outside India. Provision of outlying campuses has been made with the object of providing a truly national character to the University.

****
Lok Sabha Question No. 1525 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2018-07-26
Subject: Training to Youths
Ministry: YOUTH AFFAIRS AND SPORTS
Asked by: VINCENT H PALA

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF YOUTH AFFAIRS & SPORTS

LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO.1525 TO BE ANSWERED ON 26.07.2018

Training to Youths

1525. SHRI VINCENT H. PALA:

Will the Minister of YOUTH AFFAIRS AND SPORTS be pleased to state:

- (a) the number of youths trained during the last six years along with the number of such trained youths remained unemployed;
- (b) the number of Skill Development Centres set up during the said period, State/ UT-wise;
- (c) the  details  of  funds  spent  on  the  training  of  youths  during  the said period along with the unspent funds, if any, year-wise; and
- (d) the  unemployment  rate  in  the  country  during  the  said  period, year-wise?

## ANSWER

THE MINISTER OF STATE (INDEPENDENT CHARGE) FOR YOUTH AFFAIRS AND SPORTS [Col. RAJYAVARDHAN RATHORE (Retd.)]

- (a)  to  (d):  The  information  is  being  collected  and  will  be  laid  on  the table of the House.

*****
Lok Sabha Question No. 1523 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2018-07-26
Subject: Funds to Andhra Pradesh under PMAY
Ministry: RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Asked by: MURALI MOHAN MAGANTI, GOKARAJU GANGA RAJU

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

## LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 1523

TO BE ANSWERED ON 26.07.2018

## FUNDS TO ANDHRA PRADESH UNDER PMAY

## 1523.   SHRI M. MURALI MOHAN: DR. GOKARAJU GANGA RAJU:

Will the Minister of RURAL DEVELOPMENT be pleased to state:

- (a) the  details  of  funds  released  to  Government  of  Andhra  Pradesh  under  the  Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) during the last three years;
- (b) the names of districts in the State covered under the said scheme; and
- (c) the number of houses constructed/ likely to be constructed in East and West Godavari districts of the State under the said scheme?

## ANSWER MINISTER OF STATE IN THE MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT (SHRI RAM KRIPAL YADAV)

- (a) : The erstwhile rural housing scheme Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) has been restructured into  Pradhan  Mantri  Awaas  Yojana-  Gramin  (PMAY-G)  with  effect  from  01.04.2016.  The detail of funds released to the State of Andhra Pradesh under rural housing scheme during the last three years  is given below:
- (b) : All the districts of Andhra Pradesh are covered under PMAY-G.
- (c) : As reported by the State Government  on  24.07.2018, the details of houses constructed/likely  to  be  constructed  under  PMAY-G  in  East  and  West  Godavari  districts  is given below:

| Financial Year   |   Funds Released (Rs. in lakh) |
|------------------|--------------------------------|
| 2015-16          |                        28113.3 |
| 2016-17          |                        21712.8 |
| 2017-18          |                        35192.9 |

| District      | 2016-17            | 2016-17                         | 2017-18            | 2017-18                         |
|---------------|--------------------|---------------------------------|--------------------|---------------------------------|
|               | Houses constructed | Houses likely to be constructed | Houses constructed | Houses likely to be constructed |
| East Godavari | 4887               | 9902                            | 240                | 10416                           |
| West Godavari | 3677               | 3837                            | 633                | 6081                            |

*****
Lok Sabha Question No. 1521 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2018-07-26
Subject: Restrictions on Check-in Baggage
Ministry: CIVIL AVIATION
Asked by: PINAKI MISRA, DEVUSINH JESINGBHAI CHAUHAN

1521.

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF CIVIL AVIATION LOK SABHA

UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. : 1521 (To be answered on the 26th July 2018)

## RESTRICTIONS ON CHECK-IN BAGGAGE

SHRI PINAKI MISRA

SHRI DEVUSINH CHAUHAN

## Will the Minister of CIVIL AVIATION

be pleased to state:-

- (a) whether private airlines have restricted the number of pieces of check-in baggage to one weighing 15 Kg or less for economy class passengers, if s0, the details thereof;
- (c) the current status 0f the directions of the Government in this regard; and
- (b) whether the Government would intervene and direct the airlines to revert to the earlier system %f restricting the check-in baggage to 15 kg irrespective of number of pieces for the benefit of economy cass passengers; if so, the details thereof; and
- (d) whether the Government has approved extra luggage charge from air passengers and if S0, the details thereof?

## ANSWER

## Minister of State in the Ministry of CIVIL AVIATION

(Shri Jayant Sinha)

- (a)   Scheduled domestic airlines put no restriction 0n the number of the checkin baggage except Jet Airways. Effective 15 July 2018, Jet Airways has restricted the number Of pieces of check-in baggage to one, weighing 15 kilograms or less.
- (b)to (d): Travel by air is a contractual matter between airline and passenger, which is commercial in nature. However; with a view to make basic fare more affordable the Government issued Air Transport Circular (ATC) 01 of 2013, wherein the airlines were allowed to unbundle certain services and which were previously included in the airfare: The said circular provided consumer an option %f paying for the services which he/she wishes to avail on opt-in basis. These service include: fees,
2. Meal/snack/drink charges (except drinking water)
1. Preferential seating
3. Charges for using airline lounges
- 5, Sport equipment charges
- 4 Check-in baggage charges
- 6, Musical instrument carriage
- carrier liability) higher unit on

HocMe Belhi High Court in its order dated 16.08.2017 in WP(C) 5756/2016 &tCM 23726/2016 has stated that DGCA has only been intervene, if certain regulatory principles are violated' empowered to DGCA is limited to interdict the Thus, the power of regulatory separate charging of a product; if the determine the tariff for a cannot determined market are to be forces: they by
Lok Sabha Question No. 1520 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2018-07-26
Subject: No Fly List
Ministry: CIVIL AVIATION
Asked by: PONGULETI SRINIVASA REDDY

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF CIVIL AVIATION

## LOK SABHA

(To be answered on the 26th July 2018)

UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. : 1520

## NO FLY LIST

## 1520. SHRI PONGULETI SRINIVASA REDDY

## Will the Minister of CIVIL AVIATION

be pleased to state:-

- (a) whether the Government has prepared no-fly list including for private airlines;
- whether the no-fly list has cut down unruly flyers, if so, the details thereof;
- (b) if the details thereof and criteria adopted for the purpose;
- (d) the new guidelines issued/ implemented/violations noticed so and far;
- (e) the action taken by the Government on any such violations?

## ANSWER

## Minister of State in the Ministry of CIVIL AVIATION

(Shri Jayant Sinha)

(a) & (b) Under the provision of Para 4.10 of Civil Aviation Requirement (CAR); Section 3 Series M Part VI titled "Handling of unruly/ disruptive passengers effective 08.09.2017, issued by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA); airlines shall categorize cases of unruly behaviour 0nboard aircraft into following categories: -

Level 2: Physically abusive behaviour (pushing, kicking, hitting, grabbing or sexual harassment etc.)

Level I: Unruly behaviour (physical gestures, verbal   harassment;  unruly inebriation etc.)

Level 3: Life-threatening behaviour (damage to aircraft operating systems, physical as choking, eye gouging, murderous assault, attempted or actual breach of the flight crew compartment etc )

- (c) to (e) From the effective date of CAR to as on date, only one person has been named in the "No-Fly List" by Jet Airways.

Whenever an airline receives a complaint of an unruly behaviour from the pilot-in-command, the incident may be referred by the airlines to an "Internal Committee" The "Internal Committee" shall decide the matter within a period of 30 days along with category level of the unruly passenger as above.

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Lok Sabha Question No. 1518 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2018-07-26
Subject: Setting up of Air Traffic Control Towers
Ministry: CIVIL AVIATION
Asked by: DUSHYANT SINGH

1518.

## MINISTRY OF CIVIL AVIATION LOK SABHA

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. : 1518 (To be answered on the 26th July 2018)

## SETTING UP OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL TOWERS

SHRI DUSHYANT SINGH

Will the Minister of CIVIL AVIATION

be pleased to state:-

- (a) whether the Ministry has ensured to set up Air Traffic Control (ATC) Towers at all the airports under the Regional Connectivity Scheme (RCS);
- whether the Ministry has taken any steps to ensure to upgrade the technical requirements and the manpower shortage
- (b) if so, the details thereof and if not; the reasons therefor;
- of the ATC staff across the country for the successful functioning of the RCS; and
- (d) if the details thereof and if not; the reasons therefor? SO,

## ANSWER

Minister of State in the Ministry of CIVIL AVIATION

(Shri Jayant Sinha)

- (a) & (b): Yes, Madam. The Government have allocated Rs.4,500/- crore budgetary support for revival of unserved/underserved airports under Regional Connectivity Scheme (RCS): The provision of Air Traffic Control (ATC) Towers is an integral part of the scheme: However; ATC Towers are being set up either in Porta Cabia or with Mobile ATC Tower at RCS airports, wherever, tower facilities are not available.
- (c) & (d): Yes, Madam. AAI has established a technical training Institute for imparting training\_and upgradation of manpower skill for the successful functioning of Air Navigation Services at all airports including RCS airports AAI undertakes recruitment of staff from time to time as per the airport expansion and actual requirement: plan
Lok Sabha Question No. 1517 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2018-07-26
Subject: Drainage System for Public Toilets
Ministry: DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION
Asked by: PREM DAS RAI

## Government of India

## Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation

## LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 1517 TO BE ANSWERED ON 26-07-2018

## Drainage System for Public Toilets

## 1517. SHRI PREM DAS RAI:

Will the Minister of DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION be pleased to state :

(a) whether the Government has taken measures to ensure that the public toilets constructed have water supply and a proper drainage system and if so, the details thereof and if not, the reasons therefor; and

(b) the steps taken by the Government to ensure that the proper waste treatment plants are set up to prevent diseases and to avoid untreated waste being discharged into the rivers?

## ANSWER

## MINISTER OF STATE IN THE MINISTRY OF DRINKING WATER & SANITATION (SHRI RAMESH CHANDAPPA JIGAJINAGI)

- (a) Construction of  Community  Sanitary  Complexes  (CSCs)  is  one of  the  components under  Swachh Bharat  Mission (Gramin)  [SBM(G)].   Ordinarily  such  Complexes are  to be constructed  only  when  there  is  lack  of  space  in  the  village  for  construction  of  household toilets and the Community/Gram Panchayat owns up the responsibility of their operation and maintenance  and  gives  a  specific  demand  for  the  same.  As  per  SBM(G)  guidelines,  water supply to CSCs will have to be assured by the State before a CSC is sanctioned. Drainage system can be taken-up from Solid and Liquid Waste Management (SLWM) which is also an integral component of SBM(G).
- (b) Under Liquid Waste Management, activities like low cost drainage, soakage channels/ pits, waste stabilization ponds system, reuse of waste water etc. can be taken up. Depending upon  the  amount  of  waste  water  generated,  the  State  can  choose  the  type  of  liquid  waste management facility they wish to create. Under SBM(G), funds for Solid and Liquid Waste Management  activities  up  to  Rs.  7/12/15/20  lakh  can  be  provided  for  Gram  Panchayats having  upto  150/300/500/more  than  500  households  respectively.Under  the  programme, measures are taken to prevent open defecation and to provide safe disposal of human excreta. This can be done through on-site toilet technologies such as twin-leach pit that do not require sewerage system and are much cheaper and equally effective.