opensansad/lok-sabha-qa huggingface dataset:
Lok Sabha Question No. 5840 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2017-04-10
Subject: Tender for new Ships by GAIL
Ministry: PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS
Asked by: G. HARI

## LOK SABHA

## UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 5840

## TO BE ANSWERED ON 10.4.2017

## TENDER FOR NEW SHIPS BY GAIL

## 5840.     SHRI G. HARI:

## Will the Minister of PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS be pleased to state:

## isVªksfy;e vkSj izkd`frd xSl ea=h

- (a) whether the GAIL has cancelled tender to hire newly built ships to ferry Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)  from the United States of America and if so, the details thereof;
- (b) whether the GAIL now proposes to look to charter LNG ships for short terms of 3-4 years till a new proposal is made and if so, the details thereof; and
- (c)  whether  there  are  no  takers  for  the  tender  despite  efforts  made  by  the  Government  in  this regard and if so, the details thereof?

## ANSWER

## पेट्रोलियम और प्राक ृ लिक गैस मंत्रािय में राज्  य मंत्ररी ( स्  विंत्र प्राार ) ( श्ररी धमेन्द  र प्रधान )

## MINISTER OF STATE (INDEPENDENT CHARGE) IN THE MINISTRY OF PETROLEUM & NATURAL GAS (SHRI DHARMENDRA PRADHAN)

- (a):  The tender was cancelled by GAIL as the bids received contained multiple deviations and were not in line with the tender condition. Despite serious efforts, the bidders continued to retain the major deviations, especially pertaining to the ships to be built at Indian Shipyard, because of which the bids were considered non-responsive as per GAIL's tendering procedure and the tender for  charter  hiring  of  Liquified  Natural  Gas  (LNG) ships to import LNG from United States of America (USA) was cancelled on 15 th October 2016.
- (b) & (c): GAIL has informed that the supply of US LNG is expected to commence from January 2018 and they have initiated action to charter hire ships on short term basis i.e. for a period of 3-4 years. A committee headed by Vice Chairman, NITI Aayog has been constituted to look into the issues of desirability of acquiring shipbuilding technology/capacity for LNG ships. Report of the committee  is  awaited.  GAIL  will  take  further  action  after  taking  into  consideration  the recommendations of the above committee.

*****
Lok Sabha Question No. 5838 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2017-04-10
Subject: Pilot Project Scheme for Steel Research
Ministry: STEEL
Asked by: JANARDAN MISHRA

## LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO.5838 FOR ANSWER ON 10/04/2017

## PILOT PROJECT SCHEME FOR STEEL RESEARCH

5838.  SHRI JANARDAN MISHRA:

Will the Minister of STEEL be pleased to state:

- (a) whether  the  Government  has  launched/proposes  to  launch  any  pilot  project scheme to promote steel research in the country;
- (b) if  so,  the  details  thereof  including  the  places  selected  for  the  said  project, State/UT-wise; and
- (c) the  number  of  operational  steel  research  projects  in  Madhya  Pradesh  at present?

## ANSWER

THE MINISTER OF STATE FOR STEEL

(SHRI VISHNU DEO SAI)

- (a) Ministry of Steel is perusing Research & Development scheme for iron & steel sector  with  financial  assistance  from  Government  Fund  and  also  from  Steel Development Fund (SDF). Under the SDF scheme, Government is also facilitating setting  up  of  an  industry  led  institutional  mechanism  viz.  the  'Steel  Research  & Technology  Mission  of  India  (SRTMI)',  for  pursuing  joint  collaborative  Research  & Development projects of national importance, concerning the steel sector.

(b)&(c): SRTMI has been setup as a registered society with registered Office in Delhi. There are no operational steel research projects in Madhya Pradesh.

********
Lok Sabha Question No. 5835 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2017-04-10
Subject: Admission in NITs
Ministry: HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
Asked by: KIRIT PREMJIBHAI SOLANKI

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION

## LOK SABHA

## UNSTARRED QUESTION NO.5835 TO BE ANSWERED ON 10.04.2017

## Admission in NITs

## 5835.  DR. KIRIT P. SOLANKI:

Will the Minister of HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT be pleased to state:

- (a) whether the Government has changed the eligibility criteria for admission to the National Institute of Technology (NITs) if so, the details thereof;
- (b) whether  the  Government  has  recommended  a  Central  Seat  Allocation Board (CSAB) for changing this eligibility criteria, if so, the details thereof;
- (c) whether there would be any reservations for Scheduled Castes/ Scheduled  Tribes  (SCs/STs)  and  OBCs  in  the  new  system,  if  so,  the details thereof; and
- (d) whether the Government has recommended a uniform eligibility criteria for all categories, if so, the details thereof and the reasons therefor?

## A N S W E R

## MINISTER OF STATE IN THE MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT (DR. MAHENDRA NATH PANDEY)

- (a): Yes,  Madam. The following changes have been approved by the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) Council in the Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) pattern for 2017:-
- (i) There shall  be  no  weightage  for  the  12 th Class  marks  in  calculating  the ranks in the JEE (Main).
- (ii) For the candidates to qualify for admission in the IITs / National Institutes of Technology (NITs) / Indian Institutes of Information Technology (IIITs) and  such  other  Centrally  Funded  Technical  Institutions  (CFTIs)  whose admissions  are  based  on  the  JEE  ranks,  they  should  have  secured  at least 75% marks in the 12 th class exam, or be in the top 20 percentile in the  12 th class  exam  conducted  by  the  respective  Boards.  For  SC  /  ST students, 65% in the 12 th class exam is the qualifying mark.
- (b): No Madam. Central Seat Allocation Board (CSAB) facilitates  counseling process for admission in NITs, IIITs, SPAs and other CFTIs.
- (c): The reservations for  Scheduled  Castes  /  Scheduled  Tribes  (SCs  /  STs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) will continue as per the instructions issued by the Government of India from time to time.
- (d): No  Madam.  For  SC  /  ST  students,  65%  in  the  12 th class  exam  is  the qualifying mark, whereas, it is 75% for others.

*-*-*-*-*
Lok Sabha Question No. 5832 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2017-04-10
Subject: Ancient History, Archaeology and Vedic Science
Ministry: HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
Asked by: PR. SENTHILNATHAN

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION

LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION No. 5832 TO BE ANSWERED ON 10.04.2017

## Ancient History, Archaeology and Vedic Science

## 5832. SHRI PR. SENTHIL NATHAN:

Will the Minister of HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT be pleased to state:

- (a) whether the Government has taken any concrete measures to facilitate the Universities teaching Ancient History, Archaeology, Archaic and Vedic Science as curriculum in the country; (b) if so, the details thereof;
- (c) whether the Government has taken serious note on the reported degradation of standards of quality faculties and Research in this field; and
- (d) if so, the details thereof and the various steps taken by the Government during the last three years in this regard?

## ANSWER MINISTER OF STATE IN THE MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT (DR. MAHENDRA NATH PANDEY)

(a)  to  (d):    The  universities  enjoy  academic  autonomy  for  promoting  Ancient  History, Archaeology,  Archaic  and  Vedic  Science  as  a  part  of  curriculum.  The  University  Grants Commission  (UGC)  undertakes  maintenance  of  standards  in  teaching  and  research  and  for quality assurance in Universities, Deemed to be Universities and Colleges by framing regulations and  schemes  and  disbursing  grants  to  the  eligible  institutions.  The  UGC  has  notified  and amended several regulations with the objective of sustenance and improvement in the quality of higher  education  and  for  undertaking  academic  reforms.  For  the  development  of  faculty  and research activity in the country, the UGC is implementing several schemes, awards, fellowships, chairs  and  programmes.  These  schemes  are  available  at  http://www.ugc.ac.in/page/XII-PlanGuidelines.aspx for reference.

*****
Lok Sabha Question No. 5829 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2017-04-10
Subject: Definition of e-Commerce
Ministry: COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
Asked by: YERRAM VENKATA SUBBAREDDY

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF COMMERCE & INDUSTRY

## DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL POLICY & PROMOTION

## LOK SABHA

## UNSTARRED QUESTION NO.5829. TO BE ANSWERED ON MONDAY, THE  10 TH  APRIL, 2017.

## DEFINITION OF e-COMMERCE

## 5829.  SHRI Y.V. SUBBA REDDY:

Will the Minister of COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY be pleased to state:

## वाणिज् यवव द्यग ं ्री

- (a) whether the e-commerce is burgeoning by leaps and bound in the country;
- (b) if so, whether there is no definition for 'e-commerce' in the country resulting in a lot of complexities and problems;
- (c) if  so,  the details thereof including the extent to which it is creating problems for new startups in the country;
- (d) whether any consultations have been held with States and other stakeholders in this regard; and
- (e) if  so,  the  details  and the outcome thereof and the corrective steps taken by the Government in this regard?

## ANSWER

## वाणिज् यवव द्यग ााज् यं ्रीस् वतं ््रभााा(स्रींतंरीिरंमलााीरीतंाांि( THE MINISTER OF STATE (INDEPENDENT CHARGE) OF THE MINISTRY OF COMMERCE & INDUSTRY (SHRIMATI NIRMALA SITHARAMAN)

- (a): No study in this regard has been undertaken by the Government.
- (b) & (c): The  extant  Foreign  Direct  Investment  policy  defines  e-commerce  as buying and selling of goods and services including digital products over digital & electronic network.
- (d) & (e): The Government receives suggestions/ grievances on various issues in different sectors including e-commerce sector. The same are considered  by  the  Government  in  consultations  with  stakeholders including  Ministries/  Departments,  State  Governments,  apex  industry chambers  and  other  organizations  and  necessary  amendments,  if required, are made in the policy from time to time.

*****
Lok Sabha Question No. 5827 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2017-04-10
Subject: Scientists at IISER
Ministry: HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
Asked by: T.G. VENKATESH BABU

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION

## LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION No. 5827 TO BE ANSWERED ON 10.04.2017

## SCIENTISTS AT IISER

## 5827. SHRI VENKATESH BABU T.G.:

Will the Minister of HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT be pleased to state:

- (a) whether the Government is aware that scientists at the Indian Institute of Science Education  and  Research  (IISER),  Trivandrum  have  developed  an  efficient  and  cost effective compound to recover marine oil spills;
- (b) if so, the details thereof;
- (c) whether the Government has proposed to set up Centres of Excellence of IISER in other parts of the country; and
- (d) if so, the details thereof?

## ANSWER

## MINISTER OF STATE IN THE MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT (DR. MAHENDRA NATH PANDEY)

(a)  &  (b): Researchers  of  the  Indian  Institute  of  Science  Education  &  Research  (IISER), Thiruvananthapuram, have synthesised phase-selective organogelators (PSOGs) that when applied as powder, can congeal crude oil, benzene, diesel separately from mixtures with water.    These  organogelators  are  potentially  useful  for  combating  large  oil  spills  that contaminate sea water and threaten marine organisms.  The technology, however, is still under lab-scale research mode and is too early to comment on how long it would take to put it for use on the ground and its cost-effectiveness.

(c)  &  (d): In  addition  to  the  existing  five  IISERs  at  Pune  (Maharashtra),  Kolkata  (West Bengal), Mohali (Punjab), Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh) and Thiruvananthapuram (Kerala), the Government has established two new IISERs at Tirupati (Andhra Pradesh) and Berhampur (Odisha) in 2015 and 2016 respectively.

* * * * *
Lok Sabha Question No. 5826 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2017-04-10
Subject: Teachers’ Absenteeism
Ministry: HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
Asked by: C.S. PUTTARAJU

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT OF SCHOOL EDUCATION AND LITERACY

## LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 5826 TO BE ANSWERED ON 10 th   April, 2017

## Teachers' Absenteeism

## 5826. SHRI C.S. PUTTA RAJU:

Will the Minister of HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT be pleased to state: (a) whether the Government has taken cognizance of high teacher absenteeism rates in the country reported by the World Bank Survey and the Annual Status of Education report; (b) if so, the details thereof; and (c) whether the Government has identified the reasons for the same and if so, the details thereof along with the measures taken/proposed to be taken by the

Government to address the issue?

## ANSWER MINISTER OF STATE IN THE MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT (SHRI UPENDRA KUSHWAHA)

(a)  to  (c):  The  recruitment  and  service  conditions,  including  monitoring  of teachers' attendance are primarily in the domain of State Governments and UT Administrations.

The  World  Bank  took  up  a  research  project  in  2004  on  teacher absenteeism  in  6  countries,  including  India  and  conducted  a  survey  in  3700 schools in 20 States.  The report, inter alia, concluded that twenty-five per cent of teachers in Government primary schools remained absent from work on any given day, and only 50% of teachers present in schools were actually engaged in  teaching.    As  per  Annual  Status  of  Education  report    (ASER  )2016,    the teachers' attendance was 85.4% at primary level and 84.7% at upper primary level

The  Central  Government  has  also  conducted  two  studies  of  teachers' attendance  in  2006  and  2013.  According  to  these  two  studies,  the  overall attendance  of  teachers  improved  from  81.7%  to  84.3%  at  primary  level  and from  80.5% to  81.3%  at  upper  primary  level.    As  per  the  study  conducted  in 2013,  the  main  reasons  for  teacher  absenteeism  include:  illness  of  a  family member,  health  reason  of  teacher,  residence  far  away  from  school,  lack  of transport  suited  to  school  timing,  engaged  in  other  economic  activities  (e.g. agriculture,  business,  tuitions,  etc.),  posting  in  a  school  not  of  the  teacher's liking, participation in political/social activities, etc.

Section 24 of the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009 mandates that a teacher appointed under sub-section (1) of the Section 23 shall perform the following duties, namely (a) maintain regularity and punctuality  in  attending  school  and  (b)  complete  entire  curriculum  within specified  time.    The  steps  taken  by  the  Central  Government  to  improve teachers' attendance include, inter alia, monitoring teachers' attendance through  School  Management  Committees/School  Management  Development Committees/Block Resource Centres/Clusters Resource Centres and encouraging  States  and  UTs  to  use  digital  technology  like  installation  of  Biometric attendance system in schools.

*****
Lok Sabha Question No. 5823 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2017-04-10
Subject: Permanent School Buildings
Ministry: HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
Asked by: UDIT RAJ

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT OF SCHOOL EDUCATION & LITERACY

## LOK SABHA

## UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 5823 TO BE ANSWERED ON 10.04.2017

## PERMANENT SCHOOL BUILDINGS

## 5823. DR. UDIT RAJ:

- Will  the  Minister  of  HUMAN  RESOURCE  DEVELOPMENT  be  pleased  to state: (a) whether it is a fact that several Kendriya Vidyalayas in Delhi are running in temporary buildings; and
- (b) if  so,  the  details thereof and the time by when these schools are likely to get a permanent building?

## ANSWER

## MINISTER OF STATE IN THE MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT (SHRI UPENDRA KUSHWAHA)

(a)  &  (b):  Out  of  45  Kendriya  Vidyalayas  (KVs)  in  Delhi,  4  KVs-  Sector-5  Narela, Sector 22 Rohini, Sector-25 Rohini and No. IV, Delhi Cantt. are running in temporary buildings. Construction of permanent buildings for KVs depends upon identification of  suitable  land,  completion  of  lease  formalities  in  favour  of  Kendriya  Vidyalaya Sangathan by the sponsoring authorities, availability of requisite resources etc. As such no time frame can be given in this regard.

*****
Lok Sabha Question No. 5820 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2017-04-10
Subject: Grievances of FDDI Students
Ministry: COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
Asked by: CHANDRAKANT RAGHUNATH PATIL

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF COMMERCE & INDUSTRY (DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE)

## LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 5820 TO BE ANSWERED ON 10 th  APRIL, 2017

## GRIEVANCES OF FDDI STUDENTS

## 5820. SHRI C.R. PATIL:

Will the Minister of COMMERCE & INDUSTRY ( वािणÏय एवं उɮयोग मंत्री ) be pleased to state:

- (a) whether  the  Government  is  aware  that  the  Footwear  Design  &  Development Institute  (FDDI)  has  asked  students  including  those  whose  degrees  are  presently invalid, to deposit semester fees failing which fine will be imposed and if so, the reaction of the Government thereto;
- (b) whether some students have protested against this on the ground that while degree's validity is in question and accordingly no bank is releasing further installments of education  loans  due  to  validity  issue  and  also  in  view  of  the  fact  that  the  fee  is supposed to be paid for valid degrees courses;
- (c) if so, the details thereof along with representations received by the Government both in print form and social media along with reaction of the Government thereto;
- (d) whether the Government proposes to come to the rescue of the affected students by asking FDDI not to insist for fee from such students and accept the semester fees without any penalties after settlement of validity issue; and
- (e) if so, the details thereof and if not, the reasons therefor?

## ANSWER

okf.kT; ,oa m|ksx jkT; ea=h ¼Jherh fueZyk lhrkje.k½ ¼Lora= izHkkj½

## THE MINISTER OF STATE IN THE MINISTRY OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY (INDEPENDENT CHARGE) (SMT. NIRMALA SITHARAMAN)

- (a) to (c): FDDI is an autonomous organization which operates on a self financing mode. The revenue generated by way of fees received from the students and other receipts is essential for the FDDI to be in operation and cannot be waived off.
- (d) & (e): TheGovernment has introduced a bill to declare FDDI as an Institution of National Importance in Lok Sabha on 14/03/2017 so as to improve the stature of the FDDI and empower the Institute to grant degrees to its students.

*****
Lok Sabha Question No. 5817 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2017-04-10
Subject: Digital Library Project
Ministry: HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
Asked by: ANURAG SINGH THAKUR

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION

## LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 5817 TO BE ANSWERED ON 10.04.2017

## Digital Library Project

## 5817. SHRI ANURAG SINGH THAKUR :

Will the Minister of HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT be pleased to state:

- (a) whether  the  National  Digital Library  project,  under  the  National Mission on Education through  Information  and    Communication    Technology  (NMEICT),  has  been  successful and if so, the details thereof;
- (b)  the  number  of  institutions  across  the  country  which  are  connected  to  it  and  are contributing to the project, State/UT-wise including Himachal Pradesh;
- (c) the number of students accessing the Digital Library, State/UT-wise; and
- (d)  the  number  of  languages  in  which  content    is    available    under    the    National  Digital Library Project?

## ANSWER MINISTER OF STATE IN THE MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

## (DR. MAHENDRA NATH PANDEY)

(a) to (d) Yes, Madam. The National Digital Library (NDL) Project has been implemented by the  IIT  Kharagpur  under  the  National  Mission  on  Education  through  Information  and Communication Technology (NMEICT). Under this (130) digital repositories both within the Country and outside have been linked and there is a collection of more than 66 lakh reading resources on NDL. The contents cover all domains of education and all levels of learners from school level to the highest level of education including life -long learners. The NDL has also  been  launched  as  a  Mobile  App  and  can  be  downloaded  from  Google  Play  Store. Contents are in 170 languages, including (26) Indian languages.

These resources are shared with  more than  14,600 higher  educational  institutions,  with  a wise.  From Himachal Pradesh, the Chitkara University contributed to the digital repository, registration of more than 11 lakh students. However, this data is not being maintained Stateand (18) institutions have been using the NDL resources.

*****
Lok Sabha Question No. 5816 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2017-04-10
Subject: Procurement through e-Market
Ministry: COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
Asked by: SANTOSH AHLAWAT

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF COMMERCE & INDUSTRY (DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE)

## LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 5816 TO BE ANSWERED ON 10 th  APRIL, 2017

## PROCUREMENT THROUGH E-MARKET

## 5816. SHRIMATI SANTOSH AHLAWAT:

Will the Minister of COMMERCE & INDUSTRY ( वािणÏय एवं उɮयोग मंत्री ) be pleased to state:

- (a) whether the Government proposes to make it mandatory for all its departments to procure goods and services through e-market in the country; and
- (b) if so, the details thereof and the reasons therefor?

## ANSWER

okf.kT; ,oa m|ksx jkT; ea=h ¼Jherh fueZyk lhrkje.k½ ¼Lora= izHkkj½

THE MINISTER OF STATE IN THE MINISTRY OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY (INDEPENDENT CHARGE) (SMT. NIRMALA SITHARAMAN)

(a)& (b): As per Rule 149 of the GFR-2017, procurement of Goods and Services by  Ministries/  Departments  of  Central  Government  has  been  made  mandatory  for Goods or Services available on GeM.

*****
Lok Sabha Question No. 5813 (UNSTARRED), answered on 2017-04-10
Subject: Digitisation of Museum Collection
Ministry: CULTURE
Asked by: FEROZE VARUN GANDHI

## GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF CULTURE

## LOK SABHA

## UNSTARRED QUESTION No. 5813 TO BE ANSWERED ON 10 TH  APRIL, 2017

## DIGITISATION OF MUSEUM COLLECTION

## 5813. SHRI FEROZE VARUN GANDHI :

Will the Minister of CULTURE be pleased to state:

- (a) whether the museum collections have been digitised under the Scheme for Financial Assistance for Digitisation of Museum Collections ;
- (b) if  so,  the  present  status  of  scheme  in  terms  of  proposed  and  pending projects ;
- (c) whether the Government is planning to utilise the national database created under this project to work on art theft in the country ; and
- (d) If so, the details thereof ?

## ANSWER

## MINISTER OF STATE (IC) CULTURE & TOURISM

## (DR. MAHESH SHARMA)

- (a) Museum  collections  are  being  digitized  by  various  museums  under  the Scheme for Financial Assistance for Digitisation of Museum Collections.
- (b) Under the Scheme, the Government has so far provided financial assistance to  18  museums. No proposal is pending with the Government for grant of financial assistance under the scheme.
- (c) &(d) The scheme aims at developing a National Database of all art objects and antiquities available with museums at various levels i.e. National level, State level and regional and local museums all across the country in order to provide enhanced  accessibility to scholars, researchers and  informed visitors.