Nā te whakataunga whakamātau Hōkai o te tau 1925, i tino āhua kore ai te kaupapa i roto i ngā pukapuka koiora tuarua o Amerika mō tētahi whakatupuranga, engari i āta tīmataria anō ā muri ake, ā, i parea ā-turetia i te whakataunga Epperson v. Akenoka o te tau 1968.