# Niobium

  * About Niobium
  * Products
  * Properties
  * Safety
  * Isotopes



## About Niobium

Refractory metals, characterized by their high melting point and resistance to oxidation, share many other attributes and applications; niobium and tantalum, in particular, are so similar to each other in properties and natural occurrence that the two were not definitely proven to be distinct elements until 1866. Niobium was the first of the two to be identified, in 1801 by British chemist and mineralogist Charles Hatchett. While employed at the British Museum, Hatchett became intrigued by a mineral sample displayed in the collection that had been sent decades earlier from the American colonies by Connecticut governor John Winthrop. His analysis of the sample yielded a substance he believed contained a heretofore undiscovered element that he named “columbium” for Columbia, the symbolic female embodiment of the United States, and the mineral itself came to be called columbite. Hatchett’s discovery was refuted shortly thereafter by British chemist William Hyde Wollaston, who claimed that columbium was in fact the same element discovered in a different mineral by Swedish chemist Anders Gustaf Ekeberg. Hyde argued that “tantalum” (Ekeberg’s name for the element, inspired by Greek mythological figure Tantalus) should subsume columbium as the sole official name for the substance.

The debate was far from over. In 1845, German chemist Heinrich Rose analyzed the same mineral from Ekeberg’s experiment (which had subsequently been termed tantalite) and announced the sample contained two elements in addition to tantalum--which he fittingly named “pelopium” and “niobium” after Pelops and Niobe, the daughters of Tantalus. Though Rose was ultimately incorrect in classifying pelopium as the third element in the sample (rather than a mixture of the other two, as it turned out to be), the substance he called niobium was indeed a second, distinct element--the very same substance Hatchett had (correctly) identified as an element in 1801. The element itself was isolated in 1864 independently by both Christian Blomstrand and Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac, putting an end to the uncertainty about its identity, but not to the ambiguity surrounding its name; both niobium and columbium coexisted in common usage without any consensus. Despite the IUPAC’s 1950 decision in favor of niobium as its sole official name, it is still referred to as columbium in some circles.

The difficulty in distinguishing between niobium and tantalum was due not only to their chemical similarity but also to the fact that the two never occur independently from each other in nature; besides columbite and tantalite, the two elements are found together in the minerals euxenite, manganocolumbite and manganotantalite, aeschynite, samarskite, simpsonite, tapiolite, and pyrochlore, the main commercial source of niobium when extracted as ferroniobium. It is also compercially prepared as a byproduct of tin extraction. de Marignac’s method of separating niobium from tantalum via fractional crystallization remained the primary method for many years, though other techniques such as liquid-liquid extraction were subsequently developed, all made possible by the differing densities of the two metals, niobium’s density being about half that of tantalum’s.

A soft and shiny gray transition metal, niobium is ductile and malleable and can be cold worked over 90% before requiring annealing. Comparared to other refractory metals, niobium has the lowest density, melting point, modulus of elasticity, and thermal conductivity, and the highest thermal expansion. A thin film of niobium oxide ranging from yellow-green to blue in appearance provides surface passivation that makes the metal resistant to corrosion and attack by acids. Paired with its high strength and melting point, niobium’s resistance to oxidation make it an important component of alloys and superalloys such as Inconel 718, C103, and ferroniobium for high temperature, high stress applications like combustion equipment, jet engines, rocket assemblies, gas pipeline production, and air frame systems of spacecraft. It is also used in nuclear reactors due to its low neutron absorption cross section. Adding niobium to carbon and alloy steels increase their strength, toughness, and machinability. Niobium alloys are often used for arc welding rods for stabilized grades of stainless steel and in the arc-tube seals of high pressure sodium vapor lamps; one of the first commercial uses for the metal was in incandescent lamp filaments before being supplanted by tungsten. Niobium is non-toxic and does not react with human tissue, and as such is commonly used in surgical implants and medical devices; it can be colored by anodization, and is used in some jewelry. 

Niobium has the largest magnetic penetration depth of any element and, along with vanadium and technetium, is one of the three elemental type-II superconductors--materials that exhibit superconductivity in both strong electric currents and magnetic fields. Niobium-tin alloy (Nb3Sn) was the first such material to be discovered in 1961 at Bell Labs. Niobium-tin wires, niobium-zirconium wires, and niobium-titanium wires are used in the high power superconducting magnets in MRI scanners, nuclear magnetic resonance instruments, and CERN. Niobium oxide has been used in metallic glass and smart windows, and is increasingly used in electronics and optics due to its high dielectric constant; lithium niobium oxide (lithium niobate, or LiNBO) is a common non-linear optical crystal. Due to its similar properties and wider availability, niobium is a potential lower-cost subsitite for tantalum used in capacitors and transistors in microelectronics.

Compounds

  * Ammonium Hexafluoroniobate
  * Antimony Niobate
  * Barium Niobate
  * Barium Sodium Niobium Oxide
  * Barium Strontium Niobium Oxide
  * Bismuth(III) Niobate
  * Cadmium Niobate
  * Cesium Niobate
  * Copper(II) Niobate
  * Erbium(III) Niobate
  * Europium(III) Niobate
  * Lanthanum Niobate
  * Lead Magnesium Niobate
  * Lead Magnesium Niobate/Lead Titanate
  * Lead(II) Niobate
  * Lead Potassium Niobium Oxide
  * Lithium Niobate
  * Lithium Niobium Oxide


  * Niobium Aluminide Nb3Al
  * Niobium Aluminide NbAl3
  * Niobium(III) Bromide NbBr3
  * Niobium(V) Bromide NbBr5
  * Niobium Carbide NbC
  * Niobium Carbide Nb2C
  * Niobium Carbide Powder
  * Niobium(III) Chloride NbCl3
  * Niobium(V) Chloride NbCl5
  * Niobium Chloride Solution
  * Niobium Diboride
  * Niobium Disulfide
  * Niobium Fluoride NbF3
  * Niobium Fluoride NbF5
  * Niobium Hydride
  * Niobium(III) Iodide NbI3
  * Niobium(IV) Iodide NbI4
  * Niobium(V) Iodide NbI5
  * Niobium Monoboride


  * Niobium Nitride
  * Niobium(II) Oxide NbO
  * Niobium(IV) Oxide NbO2
  * Niobium(V) Oxide Nb2O5
  * Niobium(V) Oxychloride
  * Niobium Silicide NbSi2
  * Niobium Silicide Nb5Si3
  * Niobium Titanium Oxide
  * Potassium Heptafluoroniobate
  * Potassium Hexafluoroniobate
  * Potassium Niobate
  * Potassium Tantalum Niobium Oxide
  * Sodium Niobate
  * Sodium Niobium Oxide
  * Strontium Barium Niobate
  * Strontium Niobate
  * Tantalum Niobium Carbide
  * Thulium(II) Niobate
  * Zinc Niobate



Metallic Forms

  * Niobium Balls
  * Niobium Bands
  * Niobium Bars
  * Niobium Boats
  * Niobium Cathodes
  * Niobium Chips
  * Niobium Chunk
  * Niobium Coil
  * Niobium Concentrate
  * Niobium Crucibles
  * Niobium Cylinder
  * Niobium Disc
  * Niobium Flake
  * Niobium Flanges
  * Niobium Foam
  * Niobium Formed Cups
  * Niobium Foil
  * Niobium Gauze
  * Niobium Granules
  * Niobium Honeycomb


  * Niobium Ingot
  * Niobium Insulated Wire
  * Niobium Lump
  * Niobium Mesh
  * Niobium Metal
  * Niobium Microfoil
  * Niobium Microleaf
  * Niobium Particles
  * Niobium Parts
  * Niobium Pellets
  * Niobium Pieces
  * Niobium Plates
  * Niobium Powder
  * Niobium Puck
  * Niobium Ribbon
  * Niobium Rings
  * Niobium Rod
  * Niobium Samples
  * Niobium Shaving


  * Niobium Sheets
  * Niobium Shot
  * Niobium Single Crystal
  * Niobium Sleeves
  * Niobium Slugs
  * Niobium Specimens
  * Niobium Spheres
  * Niobium Sponge
  * Niobium Spring
  * Niobium Strip
  * Niobium Tablets
  * Niobium Tape
  * Niobium Tube
  * Niobium Wafer
  * Niobium Washer
  * Niobium Wire
  * Niobium Wool
  * Platinum coated Niobium Anodes
  * Ultra Thin Niobium Foil



Alloys

  * Aluminum Niobium Tantalum Alloy
  * C-103 Niobium Alloy
  * Cobalt Hafnium Niobium
  * Cobalt Iron Niobium
  * Cobalt Niobium Titanium Alloy
  * Cobalt Niobium Titanium Metal
  * Cobalt Niobium Zirconium Alloy
  * Cobalt Niobium Zirconium
  * Cobalt Silicon Molybdenum Iron Boron Niobium Foil
  * Ferroniobium


  * Iron Chromium Nickel Copper Molybdenum Niobium
  * Iron Chromium Nickel Copper Niobium
  * Iron Chromium Nickel Copper Titanium Niobium
  * Nickel Niobium Alloy
  * Niobium Tin Alloy
  * Niobium Tin Powder
  * Niobium Tin Wire
  * Niobium Titanium Alloy


  * Niobium Titanium Chromium Aluminum Alloy
  * Titanium Aluminum Niobium Alloy
  * Titanium Aluminum Niobium Powder
  * Titanium Molybdenum Niobium Aluminium Silicon Foil
  * Titanium Niobium Alloy
  * Titanium Niobium Tantalum Alloy
  * Titanium based Niobium Zirconium Tantalum Alloy
  * Titanium based Niobium Zirconium Alloy



Oxide Forms

  * Niobium(II) Oxide NbO
  * Niobium(IV) Oxide NbO2
  * Niobium(V) Oxide Nb2O5
  * Niobium Monoxide Capacitor Powder


  * Niobium Oxide Nanoparticles
  * Niobium Oxide Particles
  * Niobium Oxide Pellets
  * Niobium Oxide Pieces
  * Niobium Oxide Powder


  * Niobium Oxide Rotatable Sputtering Target
  * Niobium Oxide Shot
  * Niobium Oxide Sputtering Target
  * Niobium Oxide Tablets



Organometallics

  * (t-Butylimido)tris(diethylamino)niobium(V)
  * Ammonium Niobate(V) Oxalate Hydrate
  * Bis(cyclopentadienyl)niobium(IV) Dichloride
  * Bis(ethylcyclopentadienyl)niobium(IV) Dichloride
  * Bis(methylcyclopentadienyl)niobium Dichloride
  * Cyclopentadienylniobium(V) Tetrachloride
  * Dichlorotris(2,6-diisopropylphenolato)niobium
  * Indenylzirconium(IV) Trichloride
  * Lithium Niobium Ethoxide
  * Lithium Niobium Isopropoxide
  * Lithium Niobium Methoxide
  * Lithium Niobium Tert-butoxide


  * Niobium(V) Ethoxide
  * Niobium 2-Ethylhexanoate
  * Niobium(III) Chloride 1,2-dimethoxyethane Complex
  * Niobium(IV) Chloride Tetrahydrofuran Complex
  * Niobium n-propoxide
  * Niobium Oxalate
  * Niobium Potassium Isopropoxide
  * Pentakis(butoxy)niobium
  * Pentakis(dimethylamino)niobium(V)
  * Pentakis(ethoxy)niobium
  * Tetrakis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)niobium(IV)



Nanomaterials

  * Niobium Boride Nanoparticles
  * Niobium Carbide Nanoparticles
  * Niobium Nanoparticles


  * Niobium Nanoparticle Dispersion
  * Niobium Nanoprisms
  * Niobium Nanorods


  * Niobium Nitride Nanoparticles
  * Niobium Oxide Nanoparticle Dispersion
  * Niobium Oxide Nanoparticles



Semiconductor & Optical

  * Ammonium Fluoroniobate
  * Lithium Niobate Wafer
  * Niobium Antimonde
  * Niobium Arsenide
  * Niobium Diselenide Crystal
  * Niobium Phosphide


  * Niobium Selenide
  * Niobium Sulfide
  * Niobium Sulfide Sputtering Target
  * Niobium Telluride


  * NLO
  * Potassium Niobate
  * Potassium Niobate/Barium Nickel Niobate
  * Strontium Titanate (Niobium Doped)



Sputtering Targets

Niobium's main use is in alloys where it is used to produce arc-welding rods and corrosion-resistant steel. Other applications include its use in superconducting materials, electronics, optics, numismatics and jewelry. Niobium is the basis for various  barium titanate compositions used as dielectric coatings in telecommunications and small advanced electronics, such as cell phones, pagers and laptop computers. Niobium has medical research applications as well. Niobium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity). Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Niobium nanoparticles and nanopowders are also available. Niobium oxides are available in powder and dense pellet form for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Niobium fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Niobium is also available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds can be manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.  


## Niobium Properties

**Niobium** is a Block D, Group 5, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of niobium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 12, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d4 5s1.The niobium atom has a radius of 142.9.pm and its Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. In its elemental form, CAS 7440-03-1, niobium has a gray metallic appearance. Niobium has the largest magnetic penetration depth of any element and it's one of three elemental type II superconductors (along with vanadium and technetium). Niobium is found in the minerals pyrochlore, its main commercial source, and columbite. It is not found in nature as a free element. Niobium was first discovered by Charles Hatchett in 1801. The word Niobium originates from Niobe, daughter of mythical Greek king Tantalus.

## Health, Safety & Transportation Information for Niobium

Some niobium compounds are considered toxic. Safety data for Niobium and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the Products tab. The below information applies to elemental (metallic) Niobium.

Safety Data  
---  
Signal Word  | Danger  
Hazard Statements  | H250  
Hazard Codes | F  
Risk Codes  | 17  
Safety Precautions  | 6  
RTECS Number  |  QT9900000   
Transport Information |  UN 1383 4.2/PG 1   
WGK Germany  | nwg  
Globally Harmonized System of   
Classification and Labelling (GHS)  |   
  
# SAFETY DATA SHEET

**Date Created:** 05/15/2015

**Date Revised:** 05/15/2015

### SECTION 1. IDENTIFICATION

**Product Name:** Niobium Metal

**Product Number:** All applicable American Elements product codes, e.g. NB-M-02, NB-M-03, NB-M-04, NB-M-05 

**CAS #:** 7440-03-1 

**Relevant identified uses of the substance:** Scientific research and development 

Supplier details:  
American Elements  
1093 Broxton Ave. Suite 2000  
Los Angeles, CA 90024  
Tel: +1 310-208-0551  
Fax: +1 310-208-0351  
  
Emergency telephone number:  
Domestic, North America +1 800-424-9300  
International +1 703-527-3887

### SECTION 2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION

Classification of the substance or mixture  
Classification according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008  
The substance is not classified as hazardous to health or the environment according to the CLP regulation.  
Classification according to Directive 67/548/EEC or Directive 1999/45/EC  
Not applicable  
Information concerning particular hazards for human and environment:  
No information known.  
Hazards not otherwise classified  
No information known.  
Label elements  
Labelling according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008  
Not applicable  
Hazard pictograms  
Not applicable  
Signal word  
Not applicable  
Hazard statements  
Not applicable  
WHMIS classification  
Not controlled  
Classification system  
HMIS ratings (scale 0-4)  
(Hazardous Materials Identification System)  
HEALTH  
FIRE  
REACTIVITY  
0   
0   
0   
Health (acute effects) = 0  
Flammability = 0  
Physical Hazard = 0  
Other hazards  
Results of PBT and vPvB assessment  
PBT: Not applicable.  
vPvB: Not applicable.

### SECTION 3. COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS

Chemical characterization: Substances  
CAS# Description:  
7440-03-1 Niobium  
Identification number(s):  
EC number: 231-113-5

### SECTION 4. FIRST AID MEASURES

Description of first aid measures  
General information  
No special measures required.  
After inhalation  
Seek medical treatment in case of complaints.  
After skin contact  
Generally the product does not irritate the skin.  
After eye contact  
Rinse opened eye for several minutes under running water. If symptoms persist, consult a doctor.  
After swallowing  
If symptoms persist consult doctor.  
Information for doctor  
Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed  
No further relevant information available.  
Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed  
No further relevant information available.

### SECTION 5. FIREFIGHTING MEASURES 

Extinguishing media  
Suitable extinguishing agents  
Special powder for metal fires. Do not use water.  
For safety reasons unsuitable extinguishing agents  
Water  
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture  
If this product is involved in a fire, the following can be released:  
Metal oxide fume  
Advice for firefighters  
Protective equipment:  
No special measures required.

### SECTION 6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES 

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures  
Not required.  
Environmental precautions:  
Do not allow material to be released to the environment without proper governmental permits.  
Do not allow product to reach sewage system or any water course.  
Do not allow to penetrate the ground/soil.  
Methods and material for containment and cleaning up:  
Pick up mechanically.  
Prevention of secondary hazards:  
No special measures required.  
Reference to other sections  
See Section 7 for information on safe handling  
See Section 8 for information on personal protection equipment.  
See Section 13 for disposal information

### SECTION 7. HANDLING AND STORAGE 

Handling  
Precautions for safe handling  
Keep container tightly sealed.  
Store in cool, dry place in tightly closed containers.  
Information about protection against explosions and fires:  
No special measures required.  
Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities  
Storage  
Requirements to be met by storerooms and receptacles:  
No special requirements.  
Information about storage in one common storage facility:  
Do not store together with acids.  
Store away from oxidizing agents.  
Further information about storage conditions:  
Keep container tightly sealed.  
Store in cool, dry conditions in well sealed containers.  
Specific end use(s)  
No further relevant information available.

### SECTION 8. EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION 

Additional information about design of technical systems:  
No further data; see section 7.  
Control parameters  
Components with limit values that require monitoring at the workplace:  
The product does not contain any relevant quantities of materials with critical values  
that have to be monitored at the workplace.  
Additional information: No data  
Exposure controls  
Personal protective equipment  
General protective and hygienic measures  
The usual precautionary measures for handling chemicals should be followed.  
Maintain an ergonomically appropriate working environment.  
Breathing equipment: Not required.  
Protection of hands: Not required.  
Penetration time of glove material (in minutes): Not determined  
Eye protection: Safety glasses  
Body protection: Protective work clothing.

### SECTION 9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Information on basic physical and chemical properties  
General Information  
Appearance:  
Form: Solid in various forms  
Color: Silver grey  
Odor: Odorless  
Odor threshold: Not determined.  
pH-value: Not applicable.  
Change in condition  
Melting point/Melting range: 2477 °C (4491 °F)  
Boiling point/Boiling range: 4927 °C (8901 °F)  
Sublimation temperature / start: Not determined  
Flammability (solid, gaseous): Not determined.  
Ignition temperature: Not determined  
Decomposition temperature: Not determined  
Auto igniting: Not determined.  
Danger of explosion: Not determined.  
Explosion limits:  
Lower: Not determined  
Upper: Not determined  
Vapor pressure: Not applicable.  
Density at 20 °C (68 °F): 8.57 g/cm³ (71.517 lbs/gal)  
Relative density: Not determined.  
Vapor density: Not applicable.  
Evaporation rate: Not applicable.  
Solubility in / Miscibility with Water: Insoluble  
Partition coefficient (n-octanol/water): Not determined.  
Viscosity:  
dynamic: Not applicable.  
kinematic: Not applicable.  
Other information  
No further relevant information available

### SECTION 10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY 

Reactivity  
No information known.  
Chemical stability  
Stable under recommended storage conditions.  
Thermal decomposition / conditions to be avoided:  
Decomposition will not occur if used and stored according to specifications.  
Possibility of hazardous reactions  
Reacts with strong oxidizing agents  
Conditions to avoid  
No further relevant information available.  
Incompatible materials:  
Acids  
Oxidizing agents  
Hazardous decomposition products:  
Metal oxide fume

### SECTION 11. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION 

Information on toxicological effects  
Acute toxicity: No effects known.  
LD/LC50 values that are relevant for classification: No data  
Skin irritation or corrosion: May cause irritation  
Eye irritation or corrosion: May cause irritation  
Sensitization: No sensitizing effects known.  
Germ cell mutagenicity: No effects known.  
Carcinogenicity:  
No classification data on carcinogenic properties of this material is available from the EPA, IARC, NTP, OSHA or ACGIH.  
Reproductive toxicity: No effects known.  
Specific target organ system toxicity - repeated exposure: No effects known.  
Specific target organ system toxicity - single exposure: No effects known.  
Aspiration hazard: No effects known.  
Subacute to chronic toxicity: No effects known.  
Additional toxicological information:  
To the best of our knowledge the acute and chronic toxicity of this substance is not fully known.

### SECTION 12. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION 

Toxicity  
Aquatic toxicity:  
No further relevant information available.  
Persistence and degradability  
No further relevant information available.  
Bioaccumulative potential  
No further relevant information available.  
Mobility in soil  
No further relevant information available.  
Additional ecological information:  
General notes:  
Do not allow material to be released to the  
environment without proper governmental permits.  
Avoid transfer into the environment.  
Results of PBT and vPvB assessment  
PBT: Not applicable.  
vPvB: Not applicable.  
Other adverse effects  
No further relevant information available.

### SECTION 13. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS 

Waste treatment methods  
Recommendation  
Consult state, local or national regulations to ensure proper disposal.  
Uncleaned packagings:  
Recommendation:  
Disposal must be made according to official regulations.

### SECTION 14. TRANSPORT INFORMATION 

UN-Number  
DOT, ADN, IMDG, IATA  
Not applicable  
UN proper shipping name  
DOT, ADN, IMDG, IATA  
Not applicable  
Transport hazard class(es)  
DOT, ADR, ADN, IMDG, IATA  
Class  
Not applicable  
Packing group  
DOT, IMDG, IATA  
Not applicable  
Environmental hazards:  
Not applicable.  
Special precautions for user  
Not applicable.  
Transport in bulk according to Annex II of MARPOL73/78 and the IBC Code  
Not applicable.  
Transport/Additional information:  
DOT  
Marine Pollutant (DOT):  
No  
UN "Model Regulation":  
\- 

### SECTION 15. REGULATORY INFORMATION 

Safety, health and environmental regulations/legislation specific for the substance or mixture  
National regulations  
All components of this product are listed in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxic Substances Control Act Chemical substance Inventory.  
All components of this product are listed on the Canadian Domestic Substances List (DSL).  
SARA Section 313 (specific toxic chemical listings)  
Substance is not listed.  
California Proposition 65  
Prop 65 - Chemicals known to cause cancer  
Substance is not listed.  
Prop 65 - Developmental toxicity  
Substance is not listed.  
Prop 65 - Developmental toxicity, female  
Substance is not listed.  
Prop 65 - Developmental toxicity, male  
Substance is not listed.  
Information about limitation of use:  
For use only by technically qualified individuals.  
Other regulations, limitations and prohibitive regulations  
Substance of Very High Concern (SVHC) according to the REACH Regulations (EC) No. 1907/2006.  
Substance is not listed.  
The conditions of restrictions according to Article 67 and Annex XVII of the Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH) for the manufacturing, placing on the market and use must be observed.  
Substance is not listed.  
Annex XIV of the REACH Regulations (requiring Authorisation for use)  
Substance is not listed.  
REACH - Pre-registered substances  
Substance is listed.  
Chemical safety assessment:  
A Chemical Safety Assessment has not been carried out.

### 16\. OTHER INFORMATION

Safety Data Sheet according to Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH). The above information is believed to be correct but does not purport to be all inclusive and shall be used only as a guide. The information in this document is based on the present state of our knowledge and is applicable to the product with regard to appropriate safety precautions. It does not represent any guarantee of the properties of the product. American Elements shall not be held liable for any damage resulting from handling or from contact with the above product. See reverse side of invoice or packing slip for additional terms and conditions of sale. COPYRIGHT 1997-2016 AMERICAN ELEMENTS. LICENSED GRANTED TO MAKE UNLIMITED PAPER COPIES FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY. 

## Niobium Isotopes

Niobium has one stable isotope: 93Nb

Nuclide | Isotopic Mass | Half-Life | Mode of Decay | Nuclear Spin | Magnetic Moment | Binding Energy (MeV) | Natural Abundance  
(% by atom)  
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---  
81Nb | 80.94903(161)# | <44 ns | ß+ \+ p to 80Y; p to 80Zr; ß+ to 81Zr | 3/2-# | N/A | 655.88 | -  
82Nb | 81.94313(32)# | 51(5) ms | ß+ to 82Zr | 0+ | N/A | 669.55 | -  
83Nb | 82.93671(34) | 4.1(3) s | ß+ to 83Zr | (5/2+) | N/A | 684.15 | -  
84Nb | 83.93357(32)# | 9.8(9) s | ß+ to 84Zr; ß+ \+ p to 85Zr | 3+ | N/A | 695.03 | -  
85Nb | 84.92791(24) | 20.9(7) s | ß+ to 85Zr | (9/2+) | N/A | 708.69 | -  
86Nb | 85.92504(9) | 88(1) s | ß+ to 86Zr | (6+) | N/A | 718.64 | -  
87Nb | 86.92036(7) | 3.75(9) min | ß+ to 87Zr | (1/2-) | N/A | 731.37 | -  
88Nb | 87.91833(11) | 14.55(6) min | ß+ to 88Zr | (8+) | N/A | 741.32 | -  
89Nb | 88.913418(29) | 2.03(7) h | EC to 89Zr | (9/2+) | N/A | 754.05 | -  
90Nb | 89.911265(5) | 14.60(5) h | EC to 90Zr | 8+ | 4.961 | 763.99  
91Nb | 90.906996(4) | 680(130) y | EC to 91Zr | 9/2+ | N/A | 776.73 | -  
92Nb | 91.907194(3) | 3.47(24)E+7 y | EC to 92Zr; ß- to 92Mo | (7)+ | 6.114 | 783.88 | -  
93Nb | 92.9063781(26) | Observationally Stable | - | 9/2+ | 6.1705 | 792.89 | 100  
94Nb | 93.9072839(26) | 2.03(16)E+4 y | ß- to 94Mo | (6)+ | N/A | 800.04 | -  
95Nb | 94.9068358(21) | 34.991(6) d | ß- to 95Mo | 9/2+ | 6.141 | 809.05 | -  
96Nb | 95.908101(4) | 23.35(5) h | ß- to 96Mo | 6+ | 4.976 | 815.26 | -  
97Nb | 96.9080986(27) | 72.1(7) min | ß- to 97Mo | 9/2+ | 6.15 | 823.34 | -  
98Nb | 97.910328(6) | 2.86(6) s | ß- to 98Mo | 1+ | N/A | 829.56 | -  
99Nb | 98.911618(14) | 15.0(2) s | ß- to 99Mo | 9/2+ | N/A | 836.7 | -  
100Nb | 99.914182(28) | 1.5(2) s | ß- to 100Mo | 1+ | N/A | 841.99 | -  
101Nb | 100.915252(20) | 7.1(3) s | ß- to 101Mo | (5/2#)+ | N/A | 853.79 | -  
102Nb | 101.91804(4) | 1.3(2) s | ß- to 102Mo | 1+ | N/A | 861.87 | -  
103Nb | 102.91914(7) | 1.5(2) s | ß- to 103Mo | (5/2+) | N/A | 869.95 | -  
104Nb | 103.92246(11) | 4.9(3) s | ß- to 104Mo; ß- to 103Mo | (1+) | N/A | 868.71 | -  
105Nb | 104.92394(11) | 2.95(6) s | ß- to 105Mo; ß- to 104Mo | (5/2+)# | N/A | 876.79 | -  
106Nb | 105.92797(21)# | 920(40) ms | ß- to 106Mo; ß- to 105Mo | 2+# | N/A | 884.87 | -  
107Nb | 106.93031(43)# | 300(9) ms | ß- to 107Mo; ß- to 106Mo | 5/2+# | N/A | 883.63 | -  
108Nb | 107.93484(32)# | 0.193(17) s | ß- to 108Mo; ß- to 107Mo | (2+) | N/A | 891.71 | -  
109Nb | 108.93763(54)# | 190(30) ms | ß- to 109Mo; ß- to 108Mo | 5/2+# | N/A | 899.79 | -  
110Nb | 109.94244(54)# | 170(20) ms | ß- to 110Mo; ß- to 109Mo | 2+# | N/A | 898.55 | -  
111Nb | 110.94565(54)# | 80# ms [>300 ns] | Unknown | 5/2+# | N/A | 906.63 | -  
112Nb | 111.95083(75)# | 60# ms [>300 ns] | Unknown | 2+# | N/A | 905.39 | -  
113Nb | 112.95470(86)# | 30# ms [>300 ns] | Unknown | 5/2+# | N/A | 913.47 | -