## Illuminating the Carolingian era: new discoveries as a result of scientific analyses [1]

Titre| Illuminating the Carolingian era: new discoveries as a result of scientific analyses  
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Type de publication| Article de revue  
Année de publication| 2018  
Auteurs| Charlotte Denoël [2], Patricia Roger-Puyo [3], Anne-Marie Brunet [4], Nathalie Poulain Siloe [5]  
Journal| Heritage Science  
Volume| 6  
Numéro| 28  
Pagination| 1-19  
Mots clés| Encres [6]; Enluminure [7]; Manuscrits carolingiens [8]; Spectrométrie [9]  
Résumé| Comparing information from the ancient texts about the illumination of the manuscripts to the analysis of the components used to create colour in illuminations sheds interesting light. Our research team studied several manuscripts from the Carolingian era issued from different sources including: the Gospels of St Riquier kept in the library of Abbeville (ms. 4), two Theodulphe’s Bibles, (Orléans-Fleury, BnF lat.11937 and BnF lat.9380), the Godescalc Evangelistary (BnF NAL 1203), the Gospels of St Denis (BnF lat.9387) and the Gospels of St Médard de Soissons (BnF lat.8850), the last three from the court of Charlemagne, and all preserved at the French National Library. These most luxurious manuscripts were written and illuminated between the late eighth century and the first quarter of the ninth century. Through non-destructive portable visual and spectrometric analysis, our research team was able to identify the palette of materials used in scripts and illuminations and especially highlighted the amazing use of Egyptian blue in a very specific part of the illumination in the Godescalc Evangelistary. Our team also found that some substitutes including folium had been used instead of Tyrian purple for the decoration and to dye the parchment. These manuscripts, produced at the initiative of various patrons during Charlemagne’s reign, reveal in the light of the material analysis and the reconstitutions’ experiments by professional illuminators their differences and, beyond, the artistic diversity of this very particular period called the Carolingian Renaissance.  
  
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Articles scientifiques [10]

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illuminating the carolingian era new discoveries as a result of scientific analyses heritage science pcomparing information from the ancient texts about the illumination of the manuscripts to the analysis of the components used to create colour in illuminations sheds interesting light our research team studied several manuscripts from the carolingian era issued from different sources including the gospels of st riquier kept in the library of abbeville ms 4 two theodulphes bibles orleansfleury bnf lat11937 and bnf lat9380 the godescalc evangelistary bnf nal 1203 the gospels of st denis bnf lat9387 and the gospels of st medard de soissons bnf lat8850 the last three from the court of charlemagne and all preserved at the french national library these most luxurious manuscripts were written and illuminated between the late eighth century and the first quarter of the ninth century through nondestructive portable visual and spectrometric analysis our research team was able to identify the palette of materials used in scripts and illuminations and especially highlighted the amazing use of egyptian blue in a very specific part of the illumination in the godescalc evangelistary our team also found that some substitutes including folium had been used instead of tyrian purple for the decoration and to dye the parchment these manuscripts produced at the initiative of various patrons during charlemagnes reign reveal in the light of the material analysis and the reconstitutions experiments by professional illuminators their differences and beyond the artistic diversity of this very particular period called the carolingian renaissancep 6 charlotte denoel patricia rogerpuyo annemarie brunet nathalie poulain siloe enluminure manuscrits carolingiens encres spectrometrie