# 25 Women Who Changed the World of Fine Art

(L–R): Artists Amy Sherald, Yayoi Kusama and Georgia O’Keefe. Photo Courtesy: Amy Davis/Baltimore Sun/Tribune News Service/Getty Images; Toshifumi Kitamura/AFP/Getty Images; Tony Vaccaro/Getty Images

If you’ve ever taken an art history class or spent time in a fine arts museum, chances are you know a lot about the men who “defined” their mediums. As with other subjects, most of what we learn about art history today still centers on white men from Europe and, later, the United States. In reality, there are so many more artists of all genders to learn from and appreciate. 

Here, we’re specifically taking a look at just some of the women who have had lasting impacts on their art forms. From some of the art world’s most iconic pioneers to its most unsung heroes, these women artists all had a hand — and, in some cases, still have a hand — in changing the world of fine art and how we define it. 

## **Laura Wheeler Waring**

Laura Wheeler Waring’s portraits _Anna Washington Derry_ and _Alice Dunbar Nelson_. Photos Courtesy: National Portrait Gallery/Wikimedia Commons

Laura Wheeler Waring was an artist and educator who taught at Cheyney University in Pennsylvania for more than 30 years. After studying the work of painters like Cézanne and Monet while abroad, she returned to the United States, becoming best known for her portraits of prominent Black Americans, many of which were painted during the Harlem Renaissance. 

## **Cindy Sherman**

Two photographs from Cindy Sherman’s _Untitled_ _Film Stills (1977–80)_. series. Photos Courtesy: Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)

Photographer Cindy Sherman was part of the Pictures Generation during the 1980s, and is perhaps most well known for her series of _Untitled Film Stills_ _(1977–80)_ — self-portraits in which Sherman “posed in the guises of various generic female film characters, among them, ingénue, working girl, vamp, and lonely housewife” (via MoMA). In this series, and those that followed, Sherman used photography to question the media’s influence over our individual and collective identities. 

## **Yoko Ono**

A still from the performance _Cut Piece_ , 1964, and a picture of the installation _Half-A-Room_ , 1967, as seen at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City in 2015. Photos Courtesy: Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)

You might first think of Yoko Ono as a musician and activist, but she’s also an accomplished performance and conceptual artist. Ono was considered a pioneer in the performance art movement, earning the nickname the “High Priestess of the Happening”. 

One of her most revered works, _Cut Piece_ , was a performance she first staged in Japan; Ono sat on stage in a nice suit and placed scissors in front of her, and, in an act of daring vulnerability, invited audience members to come on stage and cut away pieces of her clothing. “Art is like breathing for me,” Ono has said. “If I don’t do it, I start to choke.” 

## **Betye Saar**

Betye Saar’s _Black Girl’s Window_ , 1969 (full and detail). Photos Courtesy: Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)

Before becoming a printmaker and activist, Betye Saar studied design and was employed as a social worker. A printmaking elective changed her entire career trajectory — and, in turn, part of the trajectory of art history. 

Saar was part of the Black Arts Movement in the 1970s and, through painting and assemblage, critiqued institutionalized racism and the racist stereotypes white people held toward Black Americans. “To me the trick is to seduce the viewer,” Saar has said. “If you can get the viewer to look at a work of art, then you might be able to give them some sort of message.”

## **Frida Kahlo**

People look at Frida Kahlo’s 1939 painting _Las Dos Fridas_ at the World Forum of Culture in 2007, which was held in Mexico. Photo Courtesy: Alejandro Acosta/AFP/Getty Images

It’s rare to find someone who hasn’t at least heard of Frida Kahlo. A self-taught painter from Mexico, she is best known for exploring themes like death and identity through her self-portraits. Kahlo often used bold, bright colors to create her symbol-rich works, and was regarded as one of the most influential artists of the Surrealist movement.

## **Yayoi Kusama**

A viewer photographs inside the _Aftermath of Obliteration of Eternity_ room during a preview of the Yayoi Kusama’s _Infinity Mirrors_ exhibit at the Hirshhorn Museum February 21, 2017 in Washington, D.C. Photo Courtesy: Brendan Smialowski/AFP/Getty Images

Yayoi Kusama started painting at a very young age, but she’s also known for her hyper-real sculptures, polka dots, installations, and so much more. Like many of her peers, Kusama embraced the counterculture of the 1960s, employing nudity in much of her work. Today, she continues to create works for her enduring _Mirror/Infinity_ rooms series, which use mirrors and lit objects to create a sense of endlessness. 

## **Amy Sherald**

Former First Lady Michelle Obama (L) and artist Amy Sherald (R) unveil Mrs. Obama’s portrait at the Smithsonian’s National Portrait Gallery in Washington, D.C. on February 12, 2018. Photo by Saul Loeb/AFP/Getty Images

Amy Sherald is an American painter and portraitist who depicts Black Americans, often doing everyday activities — something that became more common in portraiture writ large in the mid-19th century. Odds are that you recognize Sherald’s work — and her signature grayscale skin tones — as she was the first Black woman to complete a presidential portrait for the Smithsonian’s National Portrait Gallery. 

## **Georgia O’Keeffe**

In 1960, Georgia O’Keeffe poses outdoors beside a work from her series, _Pelvis Series Red With Yellow_ in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Photo Courtesy: Tony Vaccaro/Getty Images

Known as the mother of American modernism, you likely associate Georgia O’Keeffe with her paintings of New Mexico’s landscapes, flowers, skulls, and, just maybe, the skyscrapers of New York City. In the 1920s, she was the first woman painter to gain the respect of the New York art world, all by painting in her unique style.

## **Adrian Piper**

Adrian Piper wins the Golden Lion for best artist in Okwui Enwezor’s biennial exhibition _All the World’s Futures_ , part of the 56th Venice Biennale in 2015. Photo Courtesy: Awakening/Getty Images

Adrian Piper became a pioneering minimalist, feminist, and conceptual artist in 1970s New York City. She used her work to question society, identity, and racial politics by demanding the audience to confront truths about themselves. She often challenged people on the streets of New York to guess her race, socio-economic class, and gender — all while dressed as a Black man with a fake mustache and sunglasses, or while wearing compelling statements on her clothes. 

## **Shirin Neshat**

Shirin Neshat’s poses in front of a photograph in her exhibition _Our House Is on Fire_ at the Robert Rauschenberg Foundation in New York City in 2014. Photo Courtesy: Cem Ozdel/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images

Shirin Neshat left Iran in 1974 to study art in Los Angeles, California — before the Iran Islamic Revolution took place. She is best known for her photography, film, and video work, much of which explores the relationship between Islam’s cultural and religious systems and women. Moreover, Neshat’s works often create a sense of solidarity and empowerment. 

## **Jenny Holzer**

Jenny Holzer standing in front of her installation at the Guggenheim Museum. Photo Courtesy: Marianne Barcellona/Getty Images

As a neo-conceptual artist, Jenny Holzer’s work focuses on words and ideas, which she puts on advertising billboards, projects onto buildings and adds to electronic displays or neon signs. 

These works display phrases that act as meditations on various concepts, such as trauma, knowledge, and hope. One of her more notable works, _I Smell You On My Skin_ , makes the viewer question what kind of sentiment the sentence conveys.

## **Rebecca Belmore**

Rebecca Belmore’s _Fringe_ , 2008. Photo Courtesy: Art Gallery of Ontario (AGO)

Much of Rebecca Belmore’s art addresses identity and history — and, in particular, houselessness and the voicelessness of the First Nations People in Canada. As an Anishinaabekwe artist, she works to raise awareness around the prejudice, violence, and attempted erasure of Indigenous North American culture. In 2005, she was the first Indigenous woman to represent Canada at the Venice Biennale.

## **Louise Bourgeois**

A person looks at Louise Bourgeois’ _Spider_. Photo Courtesy: Timothy A. Clary/AFP/Getty Images

While a prolific printmaker and painter, Louise Bourgeois is better known for her installation art and sculptures — like the spider above — which were inspired by her own experiences and memories. Throughout her career, she created revolutionary works during a time when abstraction and conceptual art were the main styles shaping the art world. 

## **Mickalene Thomas**

Mickalene Thomas’ _A Little Taste Outside of Love_ , 2007. Photo Courtesy: Brooklyn Museum

Heavily influenced by pop culture and pop art, Mickalene Thomas often embellishes her paintings with rhinestones and uses colorful acrylic paints. In her work, Thomas centers Black American women, whom she believes embody power and femininity. 

## **Judy Chicago**

Judy Chicago’s seminal work _The Dinner Party_. Photo Courtesy: Brooklyn Museum

Judy Chicago was one of the major figures within the early Feminist Art movement. As exemplified in her iconic work _The Dinner Party_ , her installation pieces often examine the role of women in history and culture — in the 1970s and before. While at California State University in Fresno, Chicago founded the first feminist art program in the United States.

## **Augusta Savage**

Augusta Savage with one of her sculptures in the mid-1930s. Photo Courtesy: Andrew Herman/Archives of American Art/Wikimedia Commons

Augusta Savage was an American sculptor during the Harlem Renaissance who worked toward securing equal rights for Black Americans in the arts. In addition to creating breathtaking sculptures, often of Black folks, Savage founded the Savage Studio of Arts and Crafts in Harlem in 1932, and, a few years later, she became the first Black American elected to the National Association of Women Painters and Sculptors in 1934.

## **Carolee Schneemann**

Photo Courtesy: Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)

Known for her provocative performance art practices, Carolee Schneemann is considered the progenitor of “body art”. (Just look up her most famous work, _Interior Scroll_ , and you’ll see what we mean.) She used her body to examine women’s sensuality and liberation from the oppressive aesthetic and social conventions established by our patriarchal society. 

## **Nan Goldin**

Nan Goldin’s _Christmas on the Other Side, Boston_ , 1972. Photo Courtesy: Wikimedia Commons

Famous for her in-the-moment photography, Nan Goldin’s work challenges traditional power relations. In addition to documenting New York City’s queer subculture post-Stonewall, Goldin explored the HIV/AIDS crisis, opioid epidemic, and LGBTQ+ bodies. 

## **Elaine Sturtevant**

_Warhol’s Marilyn Monroe_ (1967) by Elaine Sturtevant. Photo Courtesy: Ben Stanstall/AFP/Getty Images

Does this look like an Andy Warhol to you? Well, that’s the idea! Elaine Sturtevant, who went by her last name professionally, was a conceptual artist known for her inexact replicas — that is, not-quite-right copies of big-name artists’ work. 

Some artists and critics encouraged her efforts, while others became quite angry. Nonetheless, Sturtevant used her works to explore the concepts of authorship, originality, and the structure of art culture.

## **Ruth Asawa**

Various hanging sculptures by Ruth Asawa at the De Young Museum in San Francisco. Photo Courtesy: View Pictures/Universal Images Group/Getty Images

During the 1960s, Ruth Asawa created increasingly complex wire sculptures. A San Francisco-based artist, Asawa’s last public commission was the Garden of Remembrance at San Francisco State University, which was created to recognize Japanese Americans who were interned during World War II.

## **Catherine Opie**

Catherine Opie attends the 2007 Guggenheim International Gala on November 8, 2007 in New York City. Photo Courtesy: Shawn Ehlers/WireImage/Getty Images

Known for her studio, portrait, and landscape photography, Catherine Opie has been a photographer since the age of nine. She uses her photography to examine social norms, and, in doing so, displays various subcultures in formal portraits — but in a way that conveys power and respect by evoking traditional Renaissance portraiture.

## **micha cárdenas**

Still from _Sin Sol_ (_No Sun_) VR game. Photo Courtesy: micha cárdenas/YouTube

micha cárdenas is an artist, author, theorist, and assistant professor who won an Impact Award at the Indiecade Festival in 2020 and the Creative Award from the Gender Justice League in 2016. She believes education is the path to liberation and uses VR and art to address global issues such as racism, gendered violence, and climate change.

## **Lee Krasner**

_Lee Krasner: Living Color_ exhibition at Barbican Art Gallery on May 29, 2019 in London, England. Photo Courtesy: Tristan Fewings/Getty Images for Barbican Art Gallery

Lee Krasner was an Abstract Expressionist painter who also specialized in collaging. Her works capture a spirit of relentless reinvention, from her Cubist drawings and assemblage to her portraits and murals for the Works Progress Administration (WPA).