AGRIS - 

2023

Mazur, V.V. | Nikul'chev, K.A.

The yield of corn grain depends on the tillage methods used in the cultivation technology of wide-row crops. The purpose of the study was to make a comprehensive assessment of the use of various combinations of the cultivator's working tools. Research on improving the technology of corn cultivation for grain by optimizing the system of mechanized maintenance of wide-row crops was conducted in 2021-2022 in the Tambov region. The essence of optimization is to change the combination of working tools in a combined tillage unit and to change the width of their arrangement along the row spacing width and the depth of soil cultivation. Complex multi-depth tillage contributes to the destruction of weeds from a larger area of row spacing and creates optimal conditions for the growth and development of corn plants. In 2021, the use of a tillage unit with a combination of working tools (2 one-side flat hoes (shavers) with overlapping of the working tool edge and a V-shaped weep in the center of the inter-row spacing resulted in achieving a corn yield of 3.62 t/ha. Compared to other types of tillage, the gain was from 0.61 to 1.1 t/ha. This year, in comparison with 2022, in the early phases of the corn growth and the development of its reproductive parts from April to May, excessive moisture was observed, while in June and July the moisture level was insufficient. In 2022, the use of 2 universal V-shaped weeps with overlapping the working tool edge, wheel spiders in the center of inter-row spacing ensured a yield of 9.15 t/ha. Compared to other types of tillage, the gain was from 0.33 to 1.99 t/ha. The formation of a high yield level in 2022 was facilitated by excessive moisture in the period from April to June and the accumulation of moisture in the soil. The choice of a combination of working tools should be determined by weather conditions. | Урожайность зерна кукурузы зависит от приёмов обработки почвы в технологии ухода за широкорядными посевами. Цель исследований - дать комплексную оценку применения различных комбинаций рабочих органов культиватора. Исследования по совершенствованию технологии возделывания кукурузы на зерно путём оптимизации системы механизированного ухода за широкорядными посевами проводили в 2021-2022 гг. в Тамбовской области. Суть оптимизации заключается в изменении комбинации рабочих органов в комбинированном почвообрабатывающем агрегате с изменением ширины их расстановки по ширине междурядья и глубины обработки профиля почвы. Комплексная разноглубинная обработка почвы способствует уничтожению сорняков с большей площади междурядья и создает оптимальные условия роста и развития растений кукурузы. Применение в 2021 г. почвообрабатывающего агрегата с комбинацией рабочих органов (2 односторонних плоскорежущих лап (бритв) с перекрытием кромки рабочего органа, стрельчатой лапы по центру междурядья) позволило достичь урожайности кукурузы 3,62 т/га. По сравнению с другими видами обработки прибавка составила от 0,61 до 1,10 т/га. В этот год по сравнению с 2022 г. в ранние фазы роста и развития растений кукурузы и закладки генеративных органов в период с апреля по май наблюдалось избыточное увлажнение, а в июне, июле – недостаток влаги. В 2022 г. применение 2 универсальных стрельчатых лап с перекрытием кромки рабочего органа, игольчатых дисков по центру междурядья обеспечило урожайность 9,15 т/га. По сравнению с другими видами обработки прибавка составила от 0,33 до 1,99 т/га. Формированию высокого уровня урожайности в 2022 г. способствовали избыточное увлажнение в период с апреля по июнь и накопление влаги в почве. Выбор комбинации рабочих органов должен определяться погодными условиями.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2022

Tseplyaev, V.A. | Tseplyaev, A.N. | Magomedov, A.M. | Timoshenko, V.V.

There is considered one of the solutions to the task of moisture retention in the root layer of the soil when cultivating crops under irrigation. It is water-absorbing copolymer introduction. The research was conducted in the Volgograd region. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of the motion speed of the unit between the seed and the granule seat with the development of the formula for determining the maximum gap in the links of section mounting to the toolbar of the seeder. A section of a seeder has been developed for sowing soybean and pumpkin seeds under irrigation simultaneously with the introduction of enriched hydrogel granules. The issue of the unit speed influence on the seeds sowing and hydrogel application using non-irrigation and irrigation systems has been studied experimentally. Theoretical studies have been carried out to determine the effect of coulter periodic motion at different speeds on the stability of the coulter travel. According to the results of the research, the graphs of dependences of the distance between the seed and the granules seat on the speed of the unit motion for soybeans, tomatoes and pumpkins were obtained. The formula for determining the maximum gap in the links of the section attachment to the seeder toolbar is sum(delta)=delta sub(1)+delta sub(2). The graphs of distribution of tomato, pumpkin and soybean seeds in depth and in the transverse direction from the hydrogel had an insignificant deviation, the value of which was no more than 20...30 mm for pumpkin seeds and 30...40 mm for tomato ones. An unacceptable increase in distance between the distribution of seeds and hydrogel in the longitudinal direction is observed already at a speed of 2 m/s. The smaller tomato seeds, unlike pumpkin and soybean seeds, are more susceptible to the negative effects of the unit speed. This is due to their low weight. The resulting formula takes into account various factors. The spring tension in this case ensures a stable position of the entire system and, accordingly, a constant depth of seed sowing and the depth of hydrogel introduction during the seeder operation. | Рассматривается один из вариантов решения проблемы удержания влаги в корнеобитаемом слое почвы с использованием водосорбирующих сополимеров при возделывании с.-х. культур на орошении. Исследования проведены в Волгоградской области. Цель исследования - определение влияния скорости движения агрегата на расстояние между семенем и гнездом гранул с разработкой формулы определения предельного зазора в звеньях крепления секции к раме сеялки. Разработана секция сеялки для посева семян сои и тыквы на орошении одновременно с внесением обогащенных гранул гидрогеля. Экспериментальным путем изучен вопрос влияния скорости агрегата на посев семян и внесение гидрогеля на богаре и на орошении. Выполнены теоретические исследования определения влияния колебания сошника при различной скорости на устойчивость хода сошника. По результатам исследований получены графики зависимостей расстояния между семенем и гнездом гранул от скорости движения агрегата для сои, томата и тыквы. Формула определения предельного зазора в звеньях крепления секции к раме сеялки: sum(дельта)=дельта sub(1)+дельта sub(2). Графики распределения семян томатов, тыквы и сои от гидрогеля по глубине и в поперечном направлении имели несущественное отклонение, значение которого составляло не более 20…30 мм - для тыквы и 30…40 мм - для семян томата. Недопустимое увеличение расстояние между распределением семян и гидрогеля в продольном направлении наблюдается уже при скорости в 2 м/с. Более мелкие по размеру семена томата, в отличие от семян тыквы и сои более подвержены отрицательному воздействию скорости агрегата. Это объясняется их малым весом. Полученная формула учитывает различные факторы. Натяжение пружины в этом случае обеспечивает устойчивое положение всей системы и соответственно постоянную глубину посева семян и глубину внесения гидрогеля при работе сеялки.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2022

Kambulov, S.I. | Bozhko, I.V. | Babenko, O.S. | Parkhomenko, G.G

Shallow tillage in the technological process of cultivating agricultural crops is one of the key operations in soil preparing for sowing. To establish the optimal parameters of the working tool for shallow tillage, there has been designed the tool capable of using various main operating elements (a flat hoe and a post lining). The main criterion for optimizing the parameters of the working tool was the traction resistance. Experimental studies were carried out in the field conditions. The optimal operating parameters of the working tools for shallow tillage were determined against the stubble background of winter wheat after its disc one track plowing. The experimental research methodology was based planning a multi-factorial experiment. The main changing factors included: the share opening angle of the flat hoe of the working tool; the sharpening angle of the working tool post and the soil cultivation depth by the working tool. During the processing and analysis data, there was obtained a regression equation, which helps calculate the traction resistance depending on the specified parameters of the working tool and the soil cultivation depth. As a result of experimental studies, in the range of the speeds studied the optimal parameters of the working tool were determined to be: the share opening angle of the flat hoe 104 degrees, and the sharpening angle of the working tool post to be 50 degrees. At a tillage speed of 8.2 km/h, the minimum traction forces generated by a single working tool with an operating width of 0.5 m at the depth of 8 cm is 1.902 kN, at 12 cm – 2.482 kN and at 16 cm – 4.758 kN. The resultant data can be used in designing working tools and agricultural machines for shallow soil cultivation. | Мелкая обработка почвы в технологическом процессе возделывания с.-х. культур является одной из ключевых операций по подготовке почвы к посеву. С целью установления оптимальных параметров рабочего органа для мелкой обработки почвы разработана конструкция с возможностью использования различных основных исполнительных элементов (плоскорежущей лапы и накладки стойки). Критерием оптимизации параметров рабочего органа являлось тяговое сопротивление. Проведены экспериментальные исследования в полевых условиях. Определение оптимальных параметров функционирования рабочего органа для мелкой обработки почвы производилось по стерневому фону озимой пшеницы после обработки дисками в 1 след. Методика проведения экспериментальных исследований основывалась на планировании многофакторного эксперимента. За основные изменяющиеся факторы в экспериментальных исследованиях приняты угол раствора лемехов плоскорежущей лапы рабочего органа, угол заточки стойки рабочего органа и глубина обработки почвы рабочим органом. В ходе обработки данных и проведения расчетов получено уравнение регрессии, позволяющее производить расчет тягового сопротивления в зависимости от заданных параметров рабочего органа и глубины обработки почвы. В результате экспериментальных исследований в диапазоне исследуемых скоростей 6,84…11,37 км/ч определены оптимальные параметры рабочего органа: угол раствора лемехов плоскорежущей лапы (104 градуса) и угол заточки стойки рабочего органа (50 градусов). При скорости обработки почвы 8,20 км/ч наименьшее тяговое сопротивление, создаваемое одним рабочим органом шириной захвата 0,5 м, на глубине обработки 8 см достигает 1,902 кН, при 12 см – 2,482 кН, а при 16 см – 4,758 кН. Полученные данные могут быть использованы при проектировании рабочих органов и с.-х. машин для мелкой обработки почвы.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2022

Rogovskii, Ivan | Titova, Liudmyla | Sivak, Igor | Berezova, Liudmyla | Vyhovskyi, Andrii

The article presents the results of experimental studies of the technological operation of tillage in the technology of growing cereals. The authors proved that one of the solutions in soil-saving agriculture is the introduction of parquet-type working bodies for deep loosening. It is proved that the technological process of tillage by working bodies of the parquet type is performed by asymmetric racks and paws, made as separate, sequentially placed broken planes. The influence of the relative position of the working bodies was studied in two variants: frontal with pairwise counter asymmetry; chess arrangement of working bodies. As a result of the experimental research, it is established that in the first variant the energy intensity of the process with the increase of the unit speed by 5.5 km•hE−1 increased by 22%, in the second variant – by 14.5%. The authors found that in the second variant at the speed of the unit 8 km•hE−1 traction resistance is reduced by 3.5%, and at the speed of 10 km•hE−1 the advantage increases to 5.8% compared to the first variant. The article notes that the factor of pinching the soil mass in the space between the paws and their intensive loosening in the frontal performance of the working bodies of the parquet type adds 5% of energy consumption. The authors proved that according to the indicators of slipping by rational modes of tillage in the technology of growing cereals in the unit with a tractor that develops a traction force of 30–40 kN tillage can be carried out at speeds up to 10 km•hE−1. Under such conditions, the productivity of cultivation will be 3.1 ha•hE−1.

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Fundamental Library of Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies - Latvia

2022

Alexandr Gulyarenko | Michał Bembenek

Reliability consists of four components: failure-less operation, maintainability, durability, and preservation ability. For different machines and different conditions of operation, different combinations of these properties, and differences in how they are balanced and proportioned are essential. For tractors, the most important aspect of reliability is maintainability, while for agricultural machines, durability is most important. Using the example of a ploughshare, the issue of increasing the durability has been studied; a method for calculating the durability of a ploughshare for various types of soils has been described. The use of plasma hardening of the surface of a 65G-steel ploughshare has been proposed; the effectiveness of plasma hardening of soil-cutting parts and its economic feasibility have been proved. Due to hardening to a depth of 1–1.8 mm, the service life of parts increases by 2–3 times; moreover the downtime of expensive machine-tractor units for replacing worn-out parts is reduced.

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Directory of Open Access Journals - Sweden

2021

Petrovets, V.R. | Dudko, N.I. | Amelichev, V.V. | Kuzyur, V.M. | Budko, S.I.

Presowing tillage and sowing are of the utmost importance in crop cultivation. The design of a combined single-disc coulter with symmetrically arranged ridges-furrowers operating at zero attack angle is promising for narrow-row crop sowing. The research purpose is to determine the equation describing motion trajectories of a two-disc coulter with conical ridges-furrowers. As known crop yield depends on the sowing quality by 25-30%. When designing sowing machines, the advantage is given to disc combined coulters that work well on all types of soils. The combined disk coulters perform several operations. These machines can form grooves to accommodate the seed, seal the bottom of the groove, roll (align) the seeds in the groove bed and close the groove with loose soil. Disc coulters work well in difficult conditions on heavy and moistured soils. There is given the methodology for calculating the motion trajectories of a two-disc coulter with conical ridges-furrowers. The development of two-disc coulters without attack angle and tilt of the discs is a promising way. The proposed method of calculating a two-disc coulter with ridges-furrows for seeding allows relating to the design parameters of the proposed coulter and the technological parameters of the process under study, algorithmizing calculations to assess the shape, size and deepening of the elements of the coulter and the soil gap formed by it. | При возделывании с.-х. культур важнейшее значение имеют предпосевная обработка почвы и посев. Для узкорядного посева с.-х. культур перспективно применение конструкции комбинированного однодискового сошника с симметрично расположенными ребордами-бороздообразователями, работающего при нулевом угле атаки. Цель исследования – определить уравнение траекторий движения двухдискового сошника с коническими ребордами-бороздообразователями. Урожай с.-х. культур на 25-30% зависит от качества посева. При конструировании посевных машин преимущество отдается дисковым комбинированным сошникам, которые хорошо работают на любых типах почв. Комбинированные дисковые сошники выполняют несколько операций. Они образуют бороздки для размещения семени, уплотняют дно бороздки, прикатывают (выравнивают) семена в ложе бороздки и закрывают бороздку рыхлой почвой. Дисковые сошники хорошо работают в трудных условиях на тяжелых и влажных почвах. Привели методику расчета траекторий движения двухдискового сошника с коническими ребордами-бороздообразователями. Разработка двухдисковых сошников без угла атаки и крена дисков представляет собой перспективное направление. Предлагаемая методика расчета двухдискового сошника с ребордами-бороздообразователями для высева семян позволяет установить связь между конструктивными параметрами предлагаемого сошника и технологическими параметрами изучаемого процесса, алгоритмизировать расчеты по оценке формы, размеров и заглублению элементов сошника и образованной им почвенной щели.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2021

Zavrazhnov, A.I., Michurinsk State Agrarian Univ. | Lebedev, A.T. | Lebedev, P.A. | Zakharin, A.V.

Среди продаваемых запасных деталей для с.-х. техники до 40% не качественных, их использование приводит к нарушению агротехнических требований и простаиванию техники в период выполнения с.-х. работ. Применили для машинно-тракторных агрегатов (МТА) методологический подход повышения надежности технологических процессов. МТА рассмотрены в виде иерархической схемы элементов, в структуре которой низшие элементы - рабочие поверхности деталей, оказывающие наибольшее влияние на надежность всей системы. Надежность подсистемы "среда" принята ≈1. Проведенные теоретические исследования позволили установить, что вероятность безотказной работы (ВБР) исходных МТА можно повысить за счет функционального резервирования свойств рабочих поверхностей мобильного энергетического средства и рабочих органов технологического модуля (ТМ), так как надежность всей системы определяется ВБР наименее надежных элементов. Для повышения ВБР предложено выполнить входной контроль запасных частей, как способ резервирования функции этих деталей (ФРВК). Полученные расчетные данные показали, что применение этого метода позволяет увеличить ВБР МТА в 1,5 раза. В качестве примера, представлено прогнозируемое изменение такого диагностического параметра для прецизионных деталей топливной аппаратуры как их гидравлическая плотность. Анализ теоретической модели показывает, что управление ресурсом прецизионных деталей возможно за счет применения ФРВК контроля начального диагностического параметра и упрочнения рабочих поверхностей прецизионных деталей. Оценку надежности ТМ производили по контролю твердости плужных лемехов и по величине их ресурса до достижения предельных параметров. Полученные экспериментальные результаты подтверждают теоретические положения, представленные в исследовании. Обеспечение входного контроля запасных частей позволит снизить риски применения не качественной продукции и тем самым управлять надежностью не только контролируемых деталей, но и МТА в целом. | Among the spare parts for agricultural machinery sold, up to 40% are not of high quality, their use leads to a violation of agrotechnical requirements and equipment downtime during the period of agricultural work. The methodological approach to increasing the reliability of technological processes was applied for machine-tractor aggregates (MTA). MTA are considered in the form of a hierarchical diagram of elements, in the structure of which the lower elements are the working surfaces of the parts that have the greatest impact on the reliability of the entire system. The reliability of the "environment" subsystem is assumed to be ≈1. The performed theoretical studies made it possible to establish that the probability of no-failure (PNF) of the original MTA can be increased due to functional redundancy of the properties of the working surfaces of the mobile power unit and the working bodies of the technological module (TM), since the reliability of the entire system is determined by the PNF of the least reliable elements. Incoming inspection of spare parts, as a way of backing up the function of these parts (IIBF), is proposed to be performed to increase the PNF. The calculated data have shown that the use of this method makes it possible to increase PNF of the MTA by a factor of 1.5. As an example, the predicted change in such a diagnostic parameter for precision parts of fuel equipment as their hydraulic density is presented. Analysis of the theoretical model shows that the control of the resource of precision parts is possible through the use of the IIBF control of the initial diagnostic parameter and hardening of the working surfaces of precision parts. The assessment of the TM reliability was carried out by monitoring the hardness of the plow shares and by the value of their resource until the limiting parameters were reached. The obtained experimental results confirm the theoretical positions presented in the study. Ensuring the incoming inspection of spare parts will reduce the risks of using substandard products and thereby manage the reliability of not only the inspected parts, but also the MTA as a whole

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2021

Pastukhov, A., Belgorod State Agricultural Univ. named after V. Gorin

Based on an overview of methods for hardening and restoring parts of agricultural machines, it has been found that the methods currently used are highly labour intensive and are not well suited for hardening the cutting edge of tillage machine discs. A method of electromechanical hardening of ploughshare discs due to simultaneous thermal action and plastic deformation is disclosed. Electromechanical hardening modes are justified on the example of standard cylindrical samples. The developed technique contains the following stages: determining the steel grade of a part; planning of the experiment based on the plan of the full two-factor three-level experiment with selection of influences and response function; experimental hardening of laboratory samples at the installation; microstructural analysis of hardened samples; numerical processing of experiment results. Based on the optical emission analysis, it was found that the samples are made of steel 65G. The factors of influence are: current strength X1(Ir) = 800...1200 A on the reinforcing tool in the form of a roller and the pressing force X2(Fk) = 100...300 N of the tool to the part. The hardness of the surface layer Y(HRC) is adopted as the response function. Microstructural analysis showed that a layer consisting of several zones was formed on the hardened surface of the sample: white, light non-flowing and dark martensitic, passing into the ferrite-pearlite structure of the base. On the basis of multiple regression analysis, an empirical mathematical model is obtained and its graphical interpretation in the studied area of factors values is given. According to the criterion of providing wear resistance of working edges of disks, maximum hardness is achieved at current strength X1(Ir) = 1060 A and force X2(Fk) = 210 N in the contact zone. Developed technique and tested modes of electromechanical hardening are suitable for development of process of hardening of disk ploughshares of grain-grass seeders.

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Fundamental Library of Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies - Latvia

2021

Bulgakov, V., National Univ. of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev

Increasing the yield and quality of harvesting sugar beet by a vibrational digging tool is an urgent problem in the field of beet growing. As a result of the performed research an equivalent diagram of the force interaction of the beet root with the working surfaces of the vibrational digging tool was drawn up, and a new computational mathematical model of vibrational extraction of the beet root from the soil was built. The solution of the obtained system of differential equations on a PC made it possible to construct the main graphic dependencies between the design and the kinematic parameters of a particular technological process. As a result, new analytical dependences of the motion of the root crop in time in the direction of the forward movement of the vibrational digging tool were obtained, taking into account its design and kinematic parameters. With the help of the PC, the dependences of the movement of the root crop in time were constructed, when it moves vertically upwards during the process of complete extraction from the soil, also taking into account the specified parameters of the digging tool. Calculations showed that the time for complete extraction of the beet roots from the soil is 0.032 s, which is essential for compliance with the conditions for the high-quality implementation of this process and high efficiency. The subsequent experimental investigations confirmed the achievement of the taken research goal.

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Fundamental Library of Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies - Latvia

2021

Borawski, A., Bialystok Univ. of Technology

The development of the agricultural industry is aimed, among others, at a significant increase in the field area being processed by individual farmers. As the farmland that needs to be processed is getting bigger and the time to perform the work has not changed, it is necessary to constantly increase the efficiency of agricultural machinery. This fact requires the use of innovative solutions and materials that will meet the task given to them. One of the hardest working machines are plows. Their main parts are introduced to dynamic, complex states of stress. Among many of its components, there is the material shear stress caused by friction of the share against the soil. The material used for the production of this part (usually one of the steel grades) must, inter alia, have good abrasion resistance. This work proposes a quick and relatively cheap method of checking/comparing material/materials in terms of their resistance to abrasive wear. For this purpose, the so-called ball-cratering method was used for measuring micro-wear in the sample-ball contact. By using this method, it is also possible to test modified surfaces, e.g., coated or toughened. As the name suggests, it is a very precise method, so it is necessary to correctly select the input parameters. To meet this requirement, the Taguchi process optimization method was used. By using the developed method, good accuracy and repeatability of results could be obtained, which is extremely important in research processes.

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Fundamental Library of Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies - Latvia