الكلمات المفتاحية الخاصة بالمكنز الزراعي (أجروفوك)

2020

S. A. Soldatov | G. A. Karpova

Background. The state of organic seed dormancy is an important adaptation mechanismfor the conservation of the species. However, the presence of deep dormancymakes the cultivation of many plants difficult. The development of methods andtechnologies for growing plants in vitro allows to preserve some rare species.This method allows to obtain healthy planting material and significantly speeds upthe process of breeding new varieties as well as preserves the genetic resources ofcultivated and wild plant species. The purpose of this research is to study the peculiaritiesof overcoming the dormancy of iris seeds and the subsequent introduction ofseedlings into in vitro culture.Materials and methods. The seeds of the studied iris varieties (Iris pseudacorusL.; I. graminea L.; I. ensata Thunb.; I. missouriensis Nutt.; I. sibirica L.; I. halophilaPall.) were collected in 2017–2018 in Penza Botanical Garden named afterI. Sprygin. In laboratory conditions were studied the features of seed germinationunder the influence of various factors – the change of temperature and light, scarification.Sprouted seeds were planted in vitro. The explants were cultured in sterileconditions on a nutrient medium Murashige, Skoog with the addition of phytohormones– auxin (0,5–2 mg/l) and Gibberellin GA3 (2 mg/l), sucrose content – 20 g/l,glucose – 20 g/l. 10 seedlings of five plant species were grown under natural lightand at room temperature.Results. During the study it was found that laboratory germination of seeds aftercold dry stratification reached its maximum at +3 °C. Illumination had no effect onseed germination in the studied plant species. At the same time pre-freezing increasedseed germination. It was also concluded that the less the seeds were in storage,the higher their germination was. Among the studied species of irises, the Siberianiris (I. sibirica L.) turned out to be the least whimsical and this sort has thehighest percentage of seed germination. Optimal conditions were selected for the introductionof iris seedlings in vitro. A scheme has been developed for the introductionof plants of Iris into the medium in vitro, thanks to which it is possible to obtainplants with 93 % seed germination and with an 80 % guarantee that no pathogenicorganisms will grow in the nutrient medium. The important points in the cultivationof irises in an artificial environment are the correct sterilization of seeds, the removalof the seed coat and the selection of a suitable nutrient medium.Conclusions. The influence of temperature, illumination and cold dry stratificationon the germination of iris seeds disturb the deep dormancy of I. pseudacorus L.,I. graminea L., I. ensata Thunb., I. missouriensis Nutt., I. sibirica L. seeds and promote their germination. To disturb the dormancy of I. halophila Pall seeds it wasessential to use additional scarification. Also there was created a special way of seedsanification before planting them in vitro: 0,5 % KMnO4 (15 minutes) → 1 %CuSO4 (15 minutes) → 70 % ethanol (1 minute) → 3 % solution of H2O2 (1 minute)→ repeated washing with sterile distilled water. The composition of the nutrientmedium for in vitro cultivation was also selected as follows – the Murashige, Skoogmedium with the addition of 3-indoleacetic acid (2 mg/l) and GA3 (2 mg/l), the contentof sucrose is 20 g/l, glucose is 10 g/l.

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Directory of Open Access Journals - Sweden

2020

K. V. Strygina | E. K. Khlestkina | К. В. Стрыгина | Е. К. Хлесткина

Точное редактирование генов растительных организмов, обладающих сложными геномами, долгое время оставалось трудной задачей. Технология CRISPR/Cas, разработанная в последнее десятилетие, стала одним из наиболее предпочтительных инструментов для сайт-направленного мутагенеза генов растений и быстро заменила системы ZFN и TALEN. Однако, несмотря на то, что система CRISPR/Cas показала себя как эффективный инструмент модификации генома диплоидных видов, её применение для таких организмов, как злаки, обладающих сложными и, в случае мягкой пшеницы, полиплоидными геномами, осложняется рядом препятствий. В данном обзоре собраны основные результаты, полученные при использовании системы CRISPR/Cas на хозяйственно ценных злаках – мягкой пшенице Triticum aestivum L., ячмене Hordeum vulgare L. и кукурузе Zea mays L., структура генома которых увеличивает вероятность появления нецелевых мутаций и снижает специфичность редактирования. С каждым годом количество методических публикаций по направленному мутагенезу данных культур, нацеленных на оптимизацию и улучшение работы системы CRISPR/Cas, экспоненциально увеличивается, а эффективность редактирования достигает 100% для кукурузы и ячменя. Экспериментальные статьи, главным образом, направлены на улучшение хозяйственно ценных признаков растений, таких как повышение урожайности, питательной ценности и появление устойчивости к заболеваниям и гербицидам. Улучшение растений также связано с редактированием генов, влияющих на контроль опыления, который используется в гибридной селекции. Это создаёт предпосылки к созданию новых селекционных форм и к насыщению уже имеющихся сортов кукурузы, ячменя и пшеницы необходимыми свойствами. | Precise editing of the genes of plant organisms with complex genomes has long been a difficult task. The CRISPR/Cas technology developed in the last decade has become one of the preferred tools for site-directed mutagenesis of plant genes and has quickly replaced the ZFN and TALEN systems. However, while the CRISPR/Cas system has proven to be an effective tool for modifying the genome of diploid species, its application to organisms such as cereals with complex and, in the case of common wheat, polyploid genomes is complicated by a number of obstacles. This review summarizes the main results obtained using the CRISPR/Cas system in such economically valuable cereals as common wheat Triticum aestivum L., barley Hordeum vulgare L., and maize Zea mays L., the genome structure of which increases the probability of the emergence of non-target mutations and reduces the specificity of editing. Every year the number of methodological publications on the directed mutagenesis of these crops, aimed at optimizing and improving the performance of the CRISPR/Cas system, increases exponentially, and the editing efficiency reaches 100% for maize and barley. The experimental articles are mainly aimed at improving the economically important traits of plants, such as improved yields, nutritional value and resistance to diseases and herbicides. Plant improvement is also associated with editing genes that affect pollination control, which is used in hybrid breeding. This creates the prerequisites for the creation of new maize, barley and wheat varieties, and for the saturation of existing ones with the necessary properties.

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N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources - Russian Federation

2017

Bukharov, A.F. | Baleev, D.N. | Ivanova, M.I., All-Russia Research and Development Inst. of Vegetable Growing, Moscow Region

Experiments were carried out in 2011-2016 in the Moscow Region. There was analyzed the influence of organic dormancy caused by various factors on seed quality of some representatives of umbelliferous crops. The objects of the study were seeds of: parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L.); carrot (Daucus carrota L.); root parsley (Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman ex A.W. Hill.); root celery (Apium graveolens L.); coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) and dill (Anethum graveolens L.). In the first control variant (V1) seeds stored in the standard conditions for 6-10 months were used. in the other variants there were germinated freshly gathered seeds (V2), seeds incubated for 20 days at t 30 deg. C (V3) or in a 15% dill seed extract (V4). The corcule growth speed (CGS) reduction in the seeds of all crops studied in V2-V4 as compared to V1 on average is 30% or 0.03 mm a day. In V4 CGS in all the crops studied decreased by 94-97% on average. In B3 the number of germinated seed decreased by 54% as compared with control variant. In V3 parsnip and root celery didn't germinate, and coriander, root parsley and carrot decreased the germination by 51%, 47% and 46%, respectively, as compared with the control. There is no germination observed in parsnip, carrot, root celery and coriander in V4, and the percentage of germinated seeds of root parsley and dill was 8.1% and 15%, respectively. The Pearson correlation between the CGS and percent of seed germination showed the significant and positive relationship in the range 0.706-0.952. Analysis of variance showed that induced dormancy had impact on the CGS in the crops studied, where factor effect was 89-86% depending on type of dormancy. All types of dormancy analyzed had much influence on germination of these crops. The portion of influence of primary dormancy, temperature induced, and induced allelopathic dormancy were 98% (F=1590.3; P= not more than 2*10E-16), 96% (F=3124.8; P= not more than 2*10E-16) and 99% (F=5145.9; not more than2*10E-16), respectively. | Опыты проводили в 2011-2016 гг. в Московской области. Анализировали влияние органического покоя, вызванного различными факторами, на качество семян ряда представителей овощных зонтичных культур. Объектами исследований служили семена пастернака (Pastinaca sativa L.), моркови (Daucus carrota L.), петрушки корневой (Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman ex A.W. Hill.), сельдерея корневого (Apium graveolens L.), кориандра (Coriandrum sativum L.) и укропа (Anethum graveolens L.). В 1-м (контрольном) варианте (В1) использовали семена, хранившиеся в стандартных условиях 6-10 мес. В других вариантах проращивали свежесобранные семена (В2); семена, инкубированные в течение 20 сут при t 30 град. С (В3) или в 15%-ной вытяжке из семян укропа (В4). Снижение скорости роста зародыша (СРЗ) в семенах всех изучаемых культур в В2-В4 по сравнению с В1 в среднем составляет 30% или 0,03 мм/сут. В В4 СРЗ у всех изучаемых культур снизилась в среднем на 94-97%. В В2 количество проросших семян по сравнению с контролем снизилось в среднем на 54%. В В3 пастернак и сельдерей корневой не проросли, а кориандр, петрушка корневая и морковь снижали процент прорастания на 51; 47 и 46% соответственно по сравнению с В1. В В4 прорастания семян пастернака, моркови, сельдерея корневого и кориандра не наблюдалось, а процент проросших семян петрушки корневой и укропа находился на уровне 8,1 и 15% соответственно. Корреляционный анализ Пирсона между СРЗ и процентом прорастания показал достоверную высокую положительную зависимость, (0.706-0.952). Дисперсионный анализ данных показал, что индуцированный оказывает сильное влияние на СРЗ (доля влияния фактора составляет 89-86% в зависимости от типа покоя). Все анализируемые типы покоя оказывают сильное влияние на прорастание изучаемых культур. Доля влияния первичного покоя составляет 98% (F=1590.3; P не более 2*10E-16); индуцированного (температурного) – 96% (F=3124.8; P не более 2*10E-16) и индуцированного (аллелопатического) – 99% (F=5145.9; P не более 2*10E-16).

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2014

Rubets, V.S. | Igonin, V.N. | Pyl'nev, V.V., Russian State Agrarian Univ., Moscow

Практическая селекционная работа с озимой гексаплоидной тритикале на кафедре селекции и семеноводства полевых культур и Селекционной станции им. П.И. Лисицына РГАУ-МСХА имени К.А. Тимирязева началась в 90-х гг. 20 в. Проводились экологические сортоиспытания образцов, полученных из др. организаций. Собственный селекционный питомник был заложен в 2005 г. Были разработаны параметры модели сорта озимой тритикале для Нечерноземной зоны: высота растений не более 120 см, урожайность не ниже стандарта, продолжительность вегетационного периода не больше стандарта, высокая устойчивость к полеганию, к прорастанию зерна в колосе к грибным листовым болезням, высокая зимостойкость и устойчивость к снежной плесени, высокая продуктивная кустистость, крупное выполненное зерно (желательно стекловидное). Разработана схема селекционного процесса, основанная на применении тандемного отбора без пространственной изоляции селекционного материала. Оценивается устойчивость к болезни в фазу его наибольшего развития, а затем, в фазу восковой спелости, ведется отбор среди устойчивых образцов по морфологическим признакам. Практикуются повторные отборы из селекционных и контрольного питомников. Параллельно ведутся научные исследований озимой тритикале, связанные с биологическими особенностями культуры, разработкой сортовых технологий возделывания, оценкой технологических качеств зерна. Дано описание нового сорта Тимирязевская 150, переданного на Государственное сортоиспытание в 2013 г. | The practical selection research with the winter hexaploid triticale in the RTSAU's department of plant breeding and seed production and Lysitsin's plant breeding station started in the 90-s of the 20 century. Ecological variety testing of samples received from other organizations was carried out. The own breeding nursery was established in 2005. There were developed the parameters of triticale variety model: the plant height was mot more than 120 cm, the yield was not lower than the standard, the vegetative period was not more than the standard, high resistance to lodging, sprouting in spike, leaf fungous diseases, high winter resistance and snow mold resistance, high productive tilling capacity, coarse well-filled grain (preferably glassy) there has been developed a schedule of selective breeding process was presented based on using tandem selection without spatially isolating the breeding material. The disease resistance in its greatest development phase, and then in the gold ripeness phase is evaluated, the selection among resistant samples is conducted according to morphological features. Repeated sampling from the breeding and control nurseries is practiced Scientific researches of the winter hexaploid triticale associated with biological peculiarity of the crop, development of variety cultivation technologies, evaluation of technological grain qualities are conducted in parallel. There is given a description of a new variety Timiryazevskaya 150, that has been send to the State Committee for the Testing of New Varieties of Agricultural Plants in 2013.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2011

Vasilevskaya, S.M., National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk (Belarus). Scientific and Practical Center for Potato, Vegetable and Fruit Growing | Banadysev, S.A., National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk (Belarus). Scientific and Practical Center for Potato, Vegetable and Fruit Growing

Study on definition of optimal parameters of physiological condition of planting tubers for cultivars of Scientific and Practical Center for Potato, Vegetable and Fruit Growing of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus breeding for intensive reproduction and training of high seeding and varietal qualities and yield traits of planting potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) was realized in the conditions of the Republic of Belarus in 2004-2007. There was presented a set of optimal parameters of physiological condition of planting tubers for cultivars of breeds Krinitsa (mid-ripening one with short dormant period of tubers), Vetraz (middle-late one with short dormant period), Delfin (early ripening one with long dormant period), Zhuravinka (middle-late one with long dormant period) and Skarb (mid-ripening one with a very long dormant period) for intensive reproduction and receiving of high yields, varietal traits and seed potato growing properties. It was found that the studied varieties reacted differently to additional heating of tubers before planting. Quantitative parameters of germination (heating) rates had to be determined for each variety separately according to physiological condition of tubers, thermal background in the formation and storage of seed material.

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National Academy of Sciences of Belarus - Belarus

2011

D.N. Baleev | A.F. Bukharov

The factor that caused the inhibition of seed germination under the influence of 15 % extract from fruits Anethum graveolens was revealed. When transferring the test-object in favorable condition, this effect still remained imitating the seed dormancy. It was shown that under influence of temperature factor the time required to escape this state was considerably reduced.

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Directory of Open Access Journals - Sweden