2019

Artem'ev, A.A. | Gur'yanov, A.M. | Kapitanov, M.P. | Pronin, A.A., Mordovia Research and Development Inst. of Agriculture, Saransk

The article assesses winter rye as the best preceding crop for catch crops in the forest-steppe of the Volga region, in particular, the Republic of Mordovia. Agro-climatic conditions of growth of forage plants in catch cropping are substantiated. Studies were performed in the Mordovian Agricultural Research Institute in 2011-2014. The optimal period of winter rye use as green feed is the period from the middle of stem elongation stage to the full appearance of ears'. At this time, the optimal combination of feed units (0.160-0.174) and crude protein (12.2-13.9%) is observed in the green feed. At the same time, its yield in this period does not reach the maximum value. In the middle of the heading phase rye becomes very coarse due to the increase in fiber weight up to 32.8%. After winter rye harvesting for green fodder there is about 111-133 days at the sum of active temperatures 1676.5-2181.2 deg C for possible vegetation of catch crops, and after harvesting for grain – 57 days and 675.5 deg C. It follows considering of the growing season characteristics, that different crops can be cultivated (vetch and oat mix, Sudanese grass and its mixtures with legumes, spring rape, oil radish, mustard et al.) after rye mowing. The duration of the growing period for these crops is limited to temperatures below 5 deg C, but due to rainy weather, such crops will be of the greatest value in crop rotations situated near a farm. Due to biological features, the most appropriated crops for cultivation in these conditions are cruciferous plants (spring rape, oil radish, mustard et al.). | Дается оценка озимой ржи как наиболее приемлемого предшественника промежуточных культур в условиях лесостепи Поволжья, в частности Республики Мордовия, и обосновываются агроклиматические условия произрастания кормовых растений в поукосных и пожнивных посевах. Исследования выполняли в Мордовском НИИСХ в 2011-2014 гг. Установлено, что к оптимальному сроку использования озимой ржи на зеленый корм относится период от середины фазы выхода в трубку до полного появления колосьев. В это время в зеленой массе наблюдается оптимальное сочетание кормовых единиц (0,160-0,174) и сырого протеина (12,2-13,9%). В то же время ее урожайность в этом периоде не достигает максимального значения. В середине колошения рожь сильно грубеет за счет возрастания в массе клетчатки до 32,8%. После уборки озимой ржи на зеленый корм для возможной вегетации растений промежуточных культур остается 111-133 дня при сумме активных температур 1676,5-2181,2 град. C, а после уборки на зерно – 57 дней и 675,5 град. C. Из рассмотренных характеристик периода вегетации следует, что поукосно можно выращивать различные виды растений (вико-овсяная смесь, суданская трава и ее смеси с бобовыми растениями, рапс яровой, редька масличная, горчица и др.). Продолжительность вегетации пожнивных культур ограничивается наступлением среднесуточной температуры воздуха ниже 5 град. C, а из-за дождливой середины осени наибольшее значение такие посевы будут иметь для прифермских севооборотов. По биологическим особенностям для возделывания в этих условиях лучше всего подходят растения из семейства капустных (рапс яровой, редька масличная, горчица и др.).

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2018

Korshunov, A.V., All-Russia Research and Development Inst. of Phytopathology, Moscow Region

According to the results of an analysis of usage efficiency of potato assortment, among 420 potato varieties from the State Register only 210 varieties, or 50.0%, are cultivated in the production. Moreover, among 11 leading varieties, there are only 3 Russian ones, which account for 18.2% of the total volume of certified seed potato, used in commodity plantings. In general, over the last decade, the share of domestic varieties in the total volume of seed potato decreased by 29.6% and that of foreign varieties increased by 25.9%. To overcome the dependence of producers on the import of foreign seed material, to meet the increased requirements for consumer and cooking quality of tubers of potato varieties and the structure of the target use of the crop, new promising varieties of potato are proposed. Priority directions of improvement of breeding and seed growing of potato for the nearest and long-term prospects are defined. A system of measures for the development of breeding and seed production of potato is proposed, which contributes to the efficiency of development and utilization of the potential of domestic varieties, to the increase in the volume of production of high-quality seed material of high sowing standards. When potato is cultivated in farmer and peasant farms that have limited land areas, specialized crop rotations with a high potato saturation up to 75–100% (by analogy with a crop rotation in greenhouses) and obligatory intermediate sideration can be recommended. To improve the environment and reproduction of soil fertility, first of all, to maintain a no-deficit balance of humus, it is necessary to use a set of green manure crops (winter rye, hairy vetch, white mustard) and observe the regulations for their placement in crop rotations of potato specialization in combination with a plowing of cut straw of cereals and clover aftergrass. | По результатам анализа эффективности использования сортимента картофеля из 420 сортов культуры, включенных в Госреестр РФ, в производстве зафиксировано лишь 210 или 50,0%. Среди 11 сортов-лидеров только 3 российских сорта, на долю которых приходится 18,2% общего объема сертифицированного посадочного материала, использованного в товарных посадках. В целом за последние 10 лет доля отечественных сортов в общем объеме семенного картофеля снизилась на 29,6%, а зарубежных - возросла на 25,9%. Для преодоления зависимости товаропроизводителей от импорта иностранного посадочного материала, удовлетворения возросших требований к потребительским и столовым качествам клубней, а также структуре целевого использования урожая предложены новые перспективные сорта картофеля. Определены приоритетные направления совершенствования селекции и семеноводства культуры на ближайшую и длительную перспективу. Предложена система мер, способствующая повышению эффективности создания и использования потенциала отечественных сортов, наращиванию объемов производства качественного семенного материала высоких посевных стандартов. При возделывании картофеля в фермерских и крестьянских хозяйствах, имеющих ограниченные площади землепользования, можно рекомендовать специализированные севообороты с высоким насыщением картофелем до 75-100% (по аналогии с культурооборотом в теплицах) и обязательной промежуточной сидерацией. Для улучшения экологии и воспроизводства плодородия почвы, особенно поддержания бездефицитного баланса гумуса, необходимо использовать набор сидеральных культур (озимая рожь, вика мохнатая, горчица белая) и соблюдать регламент их размещения в севооборотах картофельной специализации в сочетании с запашкой измельченной соломы зерновых культур и отавы клевера.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2015

Akmanaev, Eh.D. | Zubarev, Yu.N. | Peshina, Yu.S. | Bogatyreva, A.S., Perm State Agricultural Academy

In the Perm Krai, in 2011-2014 an experiment was established with the purpose to find out the most agro-energetically effective link of intermediate sowing "winter crop – spring rape" for different use of a winter grain crop. The effect of 2 factors was examined: Factor A – main crop in intermediate sowing: A1 – winter rye, A2 – winter triticale; Factor B – intermediate form of spring rape, a use of winter crops: B1 – postcut sowing, for herbage, B2 – postcut sowing, for grain forage; B3 – stubble, for grain. On average for 3 study years it has been found that the total input of the winter crop growing is fully covered energy by the gross energy yield in all variants, but their efficiency was different. The use of winter crops for grain forage is the most effective. In the cultivation of spring rape in intermediate sowings, depending on the type of intermediate sowing, the lowest energy input of 6.0 and 6.9 MJ for 1 kg of product was obtained in growing rape after harvest of winter crops for herbage. In a comparative energy estimation of the link "winter crop – spring rape", the advantage of postcut sowing after harvesting rye and triticale for grain forage was revealed. The energy efficiency of these variants amounted to 3.9 and 3.6, respectively. | В 2011-2014 гг. в Пермском крае был заложен опыт с целью выявить наиболее агроэнергетически эффективное звено промежуточного посева "озимая культура – яровой рапс" при разном направлении использования озимой зерновой культуры. В качестве объектов исследований использовали озимую рожь сорта Фаленская 4 и озимую тритикале сорта Ижевская 2. Почва опытного участка дерново-мелкоподзолистая тяжелосуглинистая. Рассматривали влияние 2 факторов: фактор А – основная культура в промежуточном посеве: А1 – озимая рожь, А2 – озимая тритикале; фактор В – вид промежуточного посева ярового рапса, направление использования озимой культуры: В1 – поукосный, на зеленую массу, В2 – поукосный, на зерносенаж; В3 – пожнивный, на зерно. В среднем за 3 года исследований установлено, что затраты совокупной энергии выращивания озимых культур окупались полностью выходом валовой энергии на всех вариантах, но эффективность их была разной. Наиболее эффективным является использование озимых культур на зерносенаж. При возделывании ярового рапса в промежуточных посевах, в зависимости от вида промежуточного посева, наименьшие затраты энергии на получение 1 кг продукции получены при выращивании рапса после уборки озимых культур, убранных на зеленую массу 6,0 и 6,9 МДж. При сравнительной энергетической оценке звена "озимая культура – яровой рапс" выявлено преимущество поукосного посева после уборки ржи и тритикале на зерносенаж. Энергетический коэффициент данных вариантов составил 3,9 и 3,6, соответственно.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2013

Lentochkin, A.M. | Lopatkina, E.D. | Lentochkina, L.A. | Ehsenkulova, O.V., Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy

The studies conducted in the Republic of Udmurtia on soddy podzolic soil during 2007–2012 has found that the productivity of intercrop vegetative mass is mainly determinate by the presence of available moisture in the soil, optimal temperature and availability of nutrients. On average over 3 years the most stable yield of white mustard was obtained when seeding from the beginning of the third decade of June to the beginning of the third decade of August. The highest yield of green mass was obtained by seeding in the beginning of the first decade of August (1196 g/sq.m), as well as beginning of the second decade of July (971 g/sq.m). Among the studied 5 postcut crops, common millet formed the greatest yield of green mass and collection of dry matter, 10.0 and 2.8 t/ha, respectively, and white mustard received the lowest values. Protein content of vetch-oat mixture was 17.6%, common millet was inferior to this index by 2.8% and cole crops surpassed by 0.8–2.0%. Cole crops also beat the feeding advantages of common millet and vetch-oat mixture. A study of 3 cole crops sowing in postharvest dates (the 2-nd decade of August) showed that early ripening cultures white mustard and oil radish had time to develop for 50 days, to began to blossom and to form the yield of green mass 3.5–3.7 kg/sq.m, while spring rape stunted and ensured a productivity almost2 times lower. In general, cultivation of intercrops was recognized as rather promising | Исследованиями, проведенными в Республике Удмуртия на дерново-подзолистой почве в течение 2007–2012 гг., установлено, что продуктивность вегетативной массы промежуточных культур определяется, главным образом, наличием доступной влаги в почве, оптимальностью температурного режима и достаточностью элементов питания. В среднем за 3 года наиболее стабильная урожайность горчицы белой получена при посеве от начала III-й декады июня до начала III-й декады августа. Наибольшая урожайность зеленой массы была получена при посеве в начале I-й декады августа (1196 г/кв.м), а также в начале II-й декады июля (971 г/кв.м). Среди изученных 5 поукосных культур наибольшую урожайность зеленой массы и сбор сухого вещества сформировало просо посевное (соответственно, 10,0 и 2,8 т/га), а наименьшие значения получены по горчице белой. Содержание белка в вико-овсяной смеси составило 17,6%, просо уступило по этому показателю на 2,8%, а капустные культуры (рапс яровой, редька масличная, горчица белая) превзошли на 0,8–2,0%. Капустные культуры также превзошли просо и вико-овсяную смесь по кормовой ценности в целом. Исследование 3 капустных культур при посеве в пожнивные сроки (2-я декада августа) показало, что более скороспелые культуры (горчица белая и редька масличная) успевали за 50 сут развиться, начать цвести и сформировать урожайность зеленой массы 3,5–3,7 кг/кв.м, тогда как рапс яровой в росте задерживался и обеспечил продуктивность почти в 2 раза ниже. В целом возделывание промежуточных культур признано достаточно перспективным.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2011

Probst, W.N. | Berth, U. | Stepputtis, D. | Hammer, C.,Institute of Baltic Sea Fisheries, Rostock

The catch of the demersal German Baltic Sea trawl fleet between 2006 and 2009 was sampled by on-board observers to investigate the temporal and spatial patterns in catch composition. There was a general increment in tow duration, landing weights, and discard weights from west to east. The most important species by catch weight was cod, for which highest catches were obtained during spring in ICES subdivision 25. Single hauls exceeded 25 h and caught more than 9900 kg of cod. On average, about 5 percent, 13 percent, and 20 percent and of the captured cod, flounder, and dab, respectively, were discarded. The presently reported study provides a benchmark for the German Baltic Fisheries that can be used for assessment of new management regulations and/or new marine policies

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Central Agricultural Library - Poland

2010

Ponomareva, A.I.

This article analyzes the results of experiments studying the influence of different irrigation modes, mineral fertilizer, varietal agrotechnology and botanical composition on quality and productivity of summer-sown peas and cereal mixtures in the conditions of the South of Russia. It is concluded that substitution of conventional oats and barley by spring triticale, using late-ripening foliage feed varieties of peas, applying mineral fertilizer promote improving the quality of green feed from a peas and cereal fodder mixture. Using irrigation inconsiderably reduces the quality of green feed. Among the measures considered to increase "the yields" of nutrients of the peas and cereal mixtures the first place is possessed by irrigation – the productivity growth is up to 86.60-02-17%; then mineral fertilizers – up to 59.05-2.82%; varietal agrotechnology – up to 24.65-8.22% and changing the cereal component – up to 20.41-0.87%. the most economically appropriate is production of green feed from a mixture of Rostovsky small seed peas and spring triticale Yarilo simultaneously applying mineral fertilizer and an irrigation mode maintaining the moisture content of a soil layer 0-50 cm within 80-100%. Agricultural goods producers having limited resources should change for the resource saving mode which have water application are prescribed when the soil moisture content in the layer of 0-50 cm is reduced up to 75%

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2009

Hruby, J.,Zemedelsky Vyzkum, Troubsko

Grain yields and grain protein content in spring barley grown in continuous cropping conditions were evaluated. The trial was carried out in the years 2001-2006 in a sugar beet growing region. The varieties Akcent and Forum were grown in the years 2001-2003; the varieties Jersey and Prestige were grown afterwards (2004-2006). The treatments were as follows: stubble breaking, stubble breaking with a catch crop, straw incorporation into the soil, a catch crop with straw incorporation, straw burning, and organic fertilizer application. Significant effects of year, treatment and previous crop on grain yields and grain protein contents were determined. Low yields and low protein contents were observed in treatments with straw incorporated into the soil.

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Library of Antonin Svehla - Czechia

2008

Nikolova, D., Institute of Soil Science ” N. Pushkarov”, Sofia

The results of field trial held on leached smolnitza has been studied in four repetition. The soil plough layer is characterized by content of particles finer than 0,01mm up to 78% and of particles finer than 0.001 mm up to 62%, by a particle density of 2.68 g/cm3, and by a bulk density of 1.24 g/cm3. The porosity is 42-55%. The moisture capacity of the soil is big and the content of inaccessible moisture is relatively high. The moisture of fading varies between 23 and 26%. The utmost field capacity is 43-62% of the totally dry soil mass. The influence of the winter precrops peas and triticale has been studied over basic water-physical properties of the soil during harvesting. The winter precrops has been sowed after wheat predecessor. The soil tillage is plough on 20-22cm and 2-3 disking. It has been done pre-sowing fertilization for the peas with N8, for the tritikale with N12, and sowing in the optimal agrotechnical term for the region (10-15 october). The technological phase for gathering is for the both crops come simultaneously, which allows maize sowing to be done in the same agrotechnical term right after them. The variant without companion was used as a control. The results show that in terms of soil humidity there are better conditions for the plants without companion variant compare to the companied ones. The type of the pre-crop and the winter pre-crops companion do not influence over significant in the bulk density. It is in the range of the optimal values for the growth and development of the studied crops (0.8-1.03 g/cm3). The soil porosity is not significantly influenced by compactness with winter companion crops. It is in limits between 60.89-71.08%. The soil strength increases in the soil depth, but it is of optimal values for plants growth.

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Institute of Agricultural Economics - Bulgaria

2007

Piekarczyk, M.,Uniwersytet Technologiczno-Przyrodniczy, Bydgoszcz (Poland). Katedra Podstaw Produkcji Roslinnej i Doswiadczalnictwa

In a three-year field experiment carried out at Mochelek in the vicinity of Bydgoszcz on good rye complex soil over 2003-2005 there were evaluated an effect of the forecrop, a varied soil tillage under the forecrop and the herbicide dose Huzar 05 WG on weed infestation and yield of Kris winter wheat. The experiment demonstrated that winter wheat grain in the stand after narrow-leaf lupin was more plump and the yields were higher than after spring barley as well as that the kind of the forecrop did not have a considerable effect on the characters of technological quality of bread-baking grain. The tillage method for winter wheat forecrops did not affect weed infestation and yield. Decreasing the dose of Huzar 05 WG herbicide by 1/3, as compared to the dose recommended by the manufacturer, is possible when growing winter wheat as it does not lead to a decrease in the grain yield, despite a slight increase in weed infestation

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Central Agricultural Library - Poland

2007

Javurek, M.,Vyzkumny Ustav Rostlinne Vyroby, Prague

A long-term experiment was carried out from 2002 to 2004 in order to compare the yields of winter wheat, spring barley and pea grown in rotation and using different tillage methods as follows: 1) conventional tillage (CT); 2) minimum tillage (MT); 3) no tillage (NT). The results were evaluated from the economic and energetic points of view. MT with possible incorporation of straw and post harvest residues was shown to be the cheapest method. Catch cropping used with MT was the most expensive. The NT technology was supposed to be the cheapest one, but the costs often increased due to the necessity to use more expensive pesticides. The highest demand for total output of supplementary power was calculated for winter wheat with the CT technology; the lowest one for pea with the CT technology. The best utilization of supplementary energy inputs calculated was for winter wheat.

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Library of Antonin Svehla - Czechia