AGRIS - 

2017

Shi, Peijian | Chen, Zhenghong | Reddy, Gadi V.P. | Hui, Cang | Huang, Jianguo | Xiao, Mei

Phenology reflects the interplay of climate and biological development. Early spring phenological phenomena are particularly important because the end of diapause or dormancy is related not only to heat accumulation in the early spring but also probably to winter low temperatures. Although a warmer winter can reduce overwintering mortality in many insects and plants, it also reduces the accumulation of chilling time that often triggers the end of diapause or dormancy. We examined a continuous 67-year time series of the first flowering date of cherry trees and compared three phenological models based on the temperature-dependent developmental rate: (i) the accumulated degree days (ADD) method, (ii) the number of days transferred to a standardized temperature (DTS) method, and (iii) the accumulated developmental progress (ADP) method. The ADP method performed the best but only slightly better than the DTS method. We further explained the residuals from the ADP method by an additive model using the mean winter minimum daily temperatures, the number of days with low temperatures (represented by daily minimum temperature) below a critical low temperature, and the minimum annual extreme temperature. These three temperature variables explained more than 57.5% deviance of the ADP model residuals. Increased mean winter low temperatures can delay the blooming of cherry trees by reducing the accumulation of chilling time, whereas reduced numbers of cold days can shift the blooming to become earlier. Overall, rising winter low temperatures will delay the flowering time, while rising early spring temperatures directly shift earlier the flowering time. The flowering time has been shifted to earlier, and the balance from the opposing effects of rising winter low temperatures and early spring temperatures explains this shift.

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National Agricultural Library - United States of America

2017

Zhang, Xingli | Zhou, Qixing | Zou, Wei | Hu, Xiangang

Developmental toxicity is a critical issue in nanotoxicity. However, very little is known about the effects of graphene oxide (GO, a widely used carbon material) at predicted environmental concentrations on biological development or the specific molecular mechanisms. The present study established that the development of zebrafish embryos exposed to trace concentrations (1–100 μg/L) of GO was impaired because of DNA modification, protein carbonylation and excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially the superoxide radical. Noticeably, there was a nonmonotonic response of zebrafish developmental toxicity to GO at μg/L to mg/L levels. Transcriptomics analysis revealed that disturbing collagen- and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-related genes affected the skeletal and cardiac development of zebrafish. Moreover, metabolomics analysis showed that the inhibition of amino acid metabolism and the ratios of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) to saturated fatty acids (SFAs) contributed to the above developmental toxicity. The present work verifies the developmental toxicity of GO at trace concentrations and illustrates for the first time the specific molecular mechanisms thereof. Because of the potential developmental toxicity of GO at trace concentrations, government administrators and nanomaterial producers should consider its potential risks prior to the widespread environmental exposure to GO.

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National Agricultural Library - United States of America

2017

Khaziakhmetov, F.S. | Khabirov, A.F. | Avzalov, R.Kh., Bashkir State Agrarian Univ., Ufa

In the conditions of the Republic of Bashkortostan in the period from 2012 to 2015 norms of feeding the probiotic "Vitafort" were studied in comparison with control without probiotics and probiotic "Vetom". The study was conducted in order to determine the effect of probiotic "Vitafort" on the intensity of growth and development of piglets, their safety, and the animal digestibility and the use of nutrient of the diet, hematological and biochemical parameters of blood. Weaned pigs of the experimental group (EG) were fed with Vitafort in morning hour before feeding for 5 days followed by 7-day intervals, as to the rest the diet of CG and EG was identical. Probiotic was fed orally. Duration of the experiment was 60 days. 5 groups were formed: CG 1 – without probiotic, CG Group 2 – probiotic "Vetom" – 1.5 g/day/head, EG3 – with 0.05 ml of Vitafort, EG 4 – with 0.5 ml of Vitafort, EG 5 1 ml probiotic "Vitafort". The daily dose of the probiotic feeding "Vitafort" is shown per 10 kg of live weight of pigs after weaning. The use of a probiotic "Vitafort" in rations of weaned Large White pigs at a dose of 0.5 ml per 10 kg body weight contributed to an increase in average daily gain by 21.5% higher than in the normal CG (P less than 0.01) and by 12.4% more than in CG2 with probiotic Vetom (P less than0,05). Increase of digestibility (P less than 0.05) of crude protein (78.2 instead of 73.0% in the control) and the digestibility of nitrogen-free extractives (92.4 instead of 87.3% in the control) was revealed. Balance of nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium was also the best in the EG4. The results of studies of the blood composition showed that the studied parameters in all groups were within the physiological norms, but using probiotic "Vitafort" leads to an increase of indicators such as total protein, calcium, phosphorus, inorganic and reduced urea, compared with CG 1nad 2 (P less than 0.05). | В условиях Республики Башкортостан в 2012-2015 гг. были изучены нормы скармливания пробиотика "Витафорт" в сравнении с контролем без пробиотика и с пробиотиком "Ветом". Исследование проводилось в целях определения влияния пробиотика "Витафорт" на интенсивность роста и развития поросят, их сохранность, на процессы пищеварения животных и использование питательных веществ рациона, гематологические и биохимические показатели крови. Поросятам-отьемышам ОГ скармливали пробиотик "Витафорт" в утренние часы до кормления в течение 5 дн, с последующим 7-дневными перерывами, в остальном рацион животных КГ и ОГ был идентичен. Пробиотик скармливали пероральным методом. Продолжительность опыта составляла 60 дн. При этом было сформировано 5 групп: 1 КГ - без пробиотика; 2 КГ - с пробиотиком "Ветом" 1,5 г/сут/гол.; 3 ОГ - с 0,05 мл пробиотика "Витафорт"; 4 ОГ - с 0,5 мл пробиотика "Витафорт"; 5 ОГ - с 1 мл пробиотика "Витафорт". Суточная доза скармливания пробиотика "Витафорт" приведена в расчете на 10 кг живой массы поросят-отьемышей. Использование пробиотика "Витафорт" в рационах поросят-отьемышей крупной белой породы в дозе 0,5 мл в расчете на 10 кг живой массы способствовало увеличению среднесуточного прироста на 21,5%, в сравнении с обычной контрольной КГ (Р менее 0,01) и на 12,4% больше – в сравнении со 2 КГ с пробиотиком "Ветом" (Р менее 0,05). Установлено повышение переваримости (Р менее 0,05) сырого протеина (78,2% вместо 73,0% в контроле) и переваримости БЭВ (92,4% вместо 87,3% в контроле). Баланс азота, кальция и фосфора был также наилучшим в 4 ОГ. Результаты исследований состава крови животных показали, что изучаемые данные во всех группах находились в пределах физиологической нормы, но при использовании пробиотика "Витафорт" наблюдалось повышение таких показателей, как общий белок, кальций, фосфор неорганический и снижение мочевины, по сравнению с 1 и 2 КГ (Р менее 0,05).

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2017

Amelin, A.V. | Chekalin, E.I. | Zaikin, V.V. | Sal'nikova, N.B., Orel State Argarian Univ.

Presented are the results of field and vegetation experiments on the study of the relationship of photosynthetic and transpiration activity of leaves of soybean plants carried out in the Oryol region in 2009-2011 and in 2017. The correlation coefficient between these two indicators was quite reliable and averaged over the growing season +0.91. The closest relationship observed in the phase of 5-6 true leaves and in the period of mass ripening of seeds. It is established that the intensity of photosynthesis and transpiration of leaves of the culture increases sharply in the transition of plants to the generative period of development, reaching a maximum in the phase of mass fruit formation, when the demand for assimilate main intragenomic centers (beans) begins to grow actively. The intensity of photosynthesis of leaves in the period of development of the plant reached 17.21 micromol CO2/m2*s, and the intensity of transpiration was 8.22 micromol H2O/m2*c. The highest photosynthetic and transpiration activity was observed in the upper leaves and the lowest one – in lower leaves. On the 5th node from the bottom, the intensity of photosynthesis was 3.4 times, and the intensity of transpiration 2.2 times less compared to the assimilating leaves, located in generative parts of plants at the 3-4 node from the top. Leaves most actively functioned for a day in the period from 11:30 to 13:00 h. The intensity of photosynthesis in this period was 11 to 13 micromole CO2/m2*s, and the intensity of transpiration of 6.49-of 7.64, which was 61.2 and 34.5% higher than in the morning (from 8:00 to 9:00), 24 and 30.4% in the afternoon. A conclusion is made that the pattern of relationship between photosynthesis and transpiration may vary with a phase of plant development, location of a leaf, the time of day. This must be taken into account in evaluating genotypes by the above indicators. | Представлены результаты полевых и вегетационных опытов по изучению взаимосвязей фотосинтетической и транспирационной активности листьев у растений сои, проводившихся в Орловской обл. в 2009-2011 и в 2017 г. Коэффициент корреляции между двумя этими показателями был достоверным и составлял в среднем за вегетацию +0,91. Наиболее тесная связь отмечена в фазу 5-6 настоящих листьев и в период массового налива семян. Установлено, что интенсивность фотосинтеза и транспирации листьев культуры резко возрастает при переходе растений к генеративному периоду развития, достигая максимума в фазу массового образования плодов, когда спрос на ассимилянты основных аттрагирующих центров (бобов) начинает активно возрастать. Интенсивность фотосинтеза листьев в данный период развития растений достигала 17,21 микромоль CO2/м2*с, а интенсивность транспирации - 8,22 микромоль H2O/м2*с. Самая высокая фотосинтетическая и транспирационная активность отмечалась у верхних листьев, а самую низкая - у нижних. На 5 узле снизу интенсивность фотосинтеза была в 3,4 раза, а интенсивность транспирации в 2,2 раза меньше по сравнению с ассимилирующими листьями, расположенными в генеративной части растений на 3-4 узле сверху. Наиболее активно за сутки листья функционировали в период с 11:30 до 13:00 ч. Интенсивность фотосинтеза в этот период составляла 11-13 микромоль CO2/м2*с, а интенсивность транспирации 6,49-7,64, что было на 61,2 и 34,5% выше, чем в утренние часы (с 8:00 до 9:00), на 24 и 30,4% – в послеобеденное время. Сделан вывод, что характер связи между фотосинтезом и транспирацией может меняться в зависимости от фазы развития растений, расположения листа, времени суток. Это необходимо учитывать при оценке генотипов по вышеуказанным показателям.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2017

Misriev, A.M. | Misrieva, B.U., 'Koktebel", factory of vintage wines, Crimea

Studied was ontogenesis of strategically important grape varieties for processing depending on the place of their growth and the agrotechnics for the purpose of possibly correcting the latter. It is shown that in the Cabernet-Sauvignon variety the fruit-bearing coefficient significantly varies on 3 and 5 fruit links, the total weight of the harvest from the fruit link averages 692.1 ± 7.7 g. In the Muscat Italia variety, by the number of bunches on the fruit chain (5.5 ± 0.5), the first fruit link is most productive, with a small number of vines (3.2 ± 0.03). To increase the yield, it is desirable to double the number of kidneys on the first shoot of fruiting. The Shabash variety has a tendency to increase the yield with the increase in the ordinal number of the fruit link. The yield of the Rkatsitelly variety increases only when the burden of fruit grain increases – 10 buds on bearing sprouting and 3 buds on alternating spur. On the basis of obtained results it is invited to differentiate the agrotechnic applied to natural conditions of cultivating grapes varieties with reference to the state of plantations. | Исследования проводили в 2016 г. в крупном хозяйстве, ориентированном на выпуск марочных вин. Изучен онтогенез стратегически важных для переработки сортов винограда в зависимости от места произрастания и агротехники с целью возможной коррекции последней. Показано, что у сорта Каберне Совиньон коэффициент плодоношения значимо варьирует на 3 и 5 плодовых звеньях, общий вес урожая с плодового звена в среднем составляет 692,1±7,7 г. У сорта Мускат Италия по количеству гроздей на плодовом звене (5,5±0,5 шт.) наиболее урожайно первое плодовое звено, при небольшом количестве лоз (3,2±0,03). Для увеличения урожая желательно вдвое увеличить количество почек на первом побеге плодоношения. У сорта Шабаш отмечена тенденция к повышению урожая с увеличением порядкового номера плодового звена. У сорта Ркацители урожай увеличивается только при повышении нагрузки плодового звена – 10 почек на побеге плодоношения и 3 почки на сучке замещения. На основе полученных результатов предлагается дифференцировать агротехнику применительно к природным условиям культивирования сортов винограда с учетом состояния насаждений.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2017

Vallet, Jeffrey L. | Miles, Jeremy R. | Freking, Bradley A. | Meyer, Shane

BACKGROUND: During late gestation the placental epithelial interface becomes highly folded, which involves changes in stromal hyaluronan. Hyaluronan is composed of glucoronate and N-acetyl-glucosamine. We hypothesized that supplementing gestating dams with glucosamine during this time would support placental folded-epithelial-bilayer development and increase litter size. In Exp. 1, gilts were unilaterally hysterectomized-ovariectomized (UHO). UHO gilts were mated and then supplemented daily with 10 g glucosamine (n = 16) or glucose (control, n = 17) from d 85 of gestation until slaughter (d 105). At slaughter, the number of live fetuses was recorded and each live fetus and its placenta was weighed. Uterine wall samples adjacent to the largest and smallest fetuses within each litter were processed for histology. In Exp. 2, pregnant sows in a commercial sow farm were supplemented with either 10 g glucosamine or glucose daily from d 85 of gestation to farrowing. Total piglets born and born alive were recorded for each litter. In Exp. 3, the same commercial farm and same protocol were used except that the dose of glucosamine and glucose was doubled to 20 g/d. RESULTS: In Exp. 1, the number of live fetuses tended to be greater in glucosamine-treated UHO gilts (P = 0.098). Placental morphometry indicated that the width of the folded bilayer was greater (P = 0.05) in glucosamine-treated gilts. In Exp. 2, litter size did not differ between glucosamine- and glucose-treated sows. However in Exp. 3, the increased dose of glucosamine resulted in a significant treatment by parity interaction (P ≤ 0.01), in which total piglets born and born alive were greater in glucosamine treated sows of later parity (5 and 6). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicated that glucosamine supplementation increased the width of the folds of the placental bilayer and increased litter size in later parity, intact pregnant commercial sows.

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National Agricultural Library - United States of America

2017

Oraphan Sungkajanttranon(Kasetsart University. Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom (Thailand). Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences) | Duangchai Sookchaloem(Kasetsart University, Bangkok (Thailand). Faculty of Forestry) E-mail:ffordcs@ku.ac.th

Thai National AGRIS Centre, Kasetsart University - Thailand

2017

The property of living cells to excrete part of energy in the form of heat and products of metabolism into the environment is one of the most significant functions of a living organism. The living cell is an open nonequilibrium thermodynamic system, dissipating entropy of different kinds into the environment by means of dissipative structures without fail. The sum of emitted energy is determined by maximum entropy production (MEP). The excretory function of a living cell is the direct consequence of dissipativity of open thermodynamic systems and represents constant constituent of cellular metabolism. Systematic excretion of metabolic products into the environment should be considered as a result of the excretory activity of a cell. Dissipation of energy completes the stable flow of thermodynamic currents and regulates stability of steady state of the cell as a whole. The present work considers these issues from the point of view of modern thermodynamics. Irt is concluded that the thermodynamic dissipation of entropy accompanying irreversible processes and ensuring the stability and ontogenetic steadiness of a living organism is the basis of the excretory ability of a living organism. Fig. 2, Ref. 11.

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Georgian Research Institute for Scientific Technical Information - Georgia

2017

Cruz, P L | Baldin, E L L

Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) has been recognized as an important pest of many agricultural systems including soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] crops. As an alternative to chemical control, the use of resistant genotypes represents an important tool for integrated pest management (IPM). This study aimed to evaluate the biological development of Bemisia tabaci biotype B confined on 13 soybean genotypes under greenhouse conditions. Initially, the nymphal period, complete development period (egg–adult), and the viability of the silverleaf whitefly nymphs were evaluated in all genotypes. Then, four genotypes promising for resistance (‘Jackson,’ UX-2569-159, ‘P98Y11,’ and ‘TMG132 RR’) and a susceptible genotype (PI-227687) were selected for further assays, where two insect populations were compared: a first population from the initial rearing (cabbage plants) and another corresponding to insects previously reared out on the selected genotypes. In addition to the parameters evaluated in preliminary tests, we also determined the viability and incubation period of eggs. Moderate levels of resistance (antibiosis/antixenosis) to B. tabaci biotype B were found in three genotypes. ‘P98Y11’ and ‘TMG132 RR’ were less suitable for insect development, extending the development cycle, and UX-2569-159 caused high nymphal mortality. We did not observe a significant increase in the level of plant resistance by the use of previously stressed insects. This suggests that the evaluation of a single whitefly generation may be sufficient to make correct decisions on promising soybean genotypes.

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National Agricultural Library - United States of America

2017

Musienko, M. | Ostapchenko, L. | Taran, N. | Batsmanova, L. | Storozhenko, V.

The historical overview of the development of biological education and science at the Kiev National Taras Shevchenko University for the period 1944-1959 years was given.

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National Agricultural Library - United States of America