AGRIS - 

2012

Bashev, Kh., Institute of Agricultural Economics, Sofia

This paper assesses impacts from implementation of EU CAP on agricultural farms in Bulgaria. First, a framework for assessment of real effects from individual mechanisms of CAP direct payments, NPARD measures and the overall impact of CAP on farms of different type and specialization is presented. A review of relevant studies in EU and in Bulgaria is also made. Next, on the base of expertise with the leading experts on farm structures and farm policies, an assessment is made of impacts of CAP on: economic results and income of farms; production and governance efficiency of farms; level of competitiveness of farms; and social, economic and environmental sustainability of farms. Finally, factors for improvement of CAP impact on farms in the country are identified.

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Institute of Agricultural Economics - Bulgaria

2012

Zhelyazkov, G., Thracian University, Stara Zagora

In 2008 the European Commission introduced the plan for development of sustainable industrial economy which puts forward a new interpretation of the concept of biodiversity in the meaning of new market niches and behavioural characteristics of demand. The goal of this paper is twofold: to summarize the multidisciplinary knowledge for management and preservation of biodiversity in Europe and Bulgaria; and to shed light on the opportunity to assess the economical and technical aspects, institutional framework, ecological, social and cultural interests in this context. The general research questions are towards: the relationship between the agricultural sector and biodiversity; the models of demand and supply; economic value of biodiversity; institutional background and social trends. A new methodological approach is proposed, which encompasses the methods of expert opinion, econometric methods and assessment of different institutional factors.

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Institute of Agricultural Economics - Bulgaria

2012

Ivanov, B., Institute of Agricultural Economics, Sofia

The holistic view on sustainable agriculture is satisfying the current needs of human population of food. Currently all definitions of sustainable agriculture are basically focused on the three pillars of sustainable development - economic efficiency, ecological compatibility and social responsibility. These limits create predicament about development of methodological approach for measurement of sustainability. The aim of this paper is to develop wellfounded methodological approach for measurement of sustainability in agriculture. The production system is defined as complex of specific natural, human and technological resources. The bio-physical factors are coming from local conditions geographical, physical, chemical and biological in which farm are operating. These biophysical factors determine the climate, terrene, flora and fauna, type of soil, water sources and etc. The socio-economical conditions influence on activities of farm like possession of inputs and deliverance of output on market. Contrary influence of external conditions may lead to misbalance of agricultural system /farm/. Gathering needed information according to all pillars of sustainability it must be used various indicators. Some of them are specific and characterize typical object, others are integrative and provide detail information. Integrative indicators have advantage to cover group of objects which makes them suitable for decision making and following specific policies. In spite of obvious advantage of integrative indicators using them cause shortage of information about observed object. In this purpose the vital information must be synthesized in one indicator which later will be combined with others. All activities on definitions of indicators can be shown as a process which includes separate phases. Development of each phase can be executed using consultancy, feedbacks and giving new ideas improving the performance of the process.

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Institute of Agricultural Economics - Bulgaria

2012

Bashev, Kh., Institute of Agricultural Economics, Sofia

This paper presents the results of a survey with farm managers on impacts from implementation of EU CAP on agricultural farms of different juridical types physical persons, cooperatives, sole traders, companies, sizes small, middle size, large, specialization field crops, vegetables, permanent crops, mix crop-livestock, mix crops, mix livestock, grazing livestock, pigs, poultry and rabbits, and geographical location plan, mountainous, plan-mountainous, with natural handicaps in mountain areas, with natural handicaps other than mountain areas, protected zones and territories. First, an assessment is made on the overall impacts of different instruments of EU CAP common markets, market intervention, new standards, direct payments, support through the measures of National Plan for Agrarian and Rural Development, export subsidies etc. on economic results and income, production and governance efficiency, competitiveness, social, economic and environmental sustainability of farms. Next, assessment is made on specific impacts of individual instruments of CAP such as area based direct payments and national top-ups, different measures of NPARD on economic results and income, production and governance efficiency, competitiveness, and sustainability of farms. Thirds, factors for improvement of CAP impact on farms in the country are identified. Finally, overall conclusions and recommendations based on the experts and farms managers assessments are prepared concerning multiple impacts of CAP on farms of different type, dynamics of farms comparing to the pre-accession period, directions for improvement of public policies, and methods for evaluation of CAP impacts.

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Institute of Agricultural Economics - Bulgaria

2012

Poluektov, E.V. | Ignatyuk, O.A., Novocherkassk State Academy of Land Improvement, Rostov Region

The objective of study was determination of the optimal ratio of agricultural lands in differ-ent types of agricultural landscapes. For this purpose land typification was made by the technique of All-Russian scientific research institute of agriculture and soil protection from erosion. The research resulted in determination of agricultural landscapes types, such as plain, shallow gully and gully-field. Each of them characterizes by their own relief plastic, different soil cover complexity and pe-culiarity of the degradation process development. It was established that with increasing of erosion processes the arable land area (destabilized ecosystem) should decrease from 87.7 % on the plain type of agricultural landscape to 44.9 % on the gully-field type and the area of stabilizing ecosys-tems (forest belt, meadowlands, perennial herbs) should increase. The ecological stability coeffi-cient of landscapes was calculated. It was 0.07 for plain type of agricultural landscape in the ab-sence of actual erosion and deflation processes, for shallow gully – 0.84 and for gully-field – 1.41. | Целью работы являлось определение оптимального соотношения сельскохозяйствен-ных угодий на различных типах агроландшафтов. Для этого была проведена типизация зе-мель по методике Всероссийского научно-исследовательского института земледелия и защи-ты почв от эрозии. В результате были выделены типы агроландшафтов: плакорно-равнинный, ложбинно-балочный, овражно-полевой. Каждый из них характеризуется своей пластикой рельефа, различной комплексностью почвенного покрова и спецификой развития деградационных процессов. Установлено, что на различных типах агроландшафтов при уси-лении эрозионных процессов должна сокращаться площадь под пашней (дестабилизирующая экосистема) от 87,7 % на плакорно-равнинном типе агроландшафта до 44,9 % на овражно-полевом и увеличиваться площадь стабилизирующих экосистем (лесных полос, кормовых угодий, многолетних трав). Рассчитан коэффициент экологической устойчивости агроланд-шафтов. Для плакорно-равнинного типа агроландшафта в условиях отсутствия проявления эрозионных и дефляционных процессов он составил 0,07, для ложбинно-балочного – 0,84 и овражно-полевого – 1,41.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2012

Butorina, G.Yu., State Agrarian Univ. of Northern Trans-Ural Regions, Tyumen

Factors which promote and impede sustainable development of agricultural organizations were identified. A necessity to overcome risks inevitably influences also animal breeding, especially in fodder production. On contrary, animal breeding has an impact on crop growing allowing to maintain a necessary level quality of farm land, that is, sustainability of agrarian production and agriculture in general of a specific region. The most important issues of sustainable development of farms have been found out. The solution to these problems can be achieved through production diversification. Questionnaire survey has revealed the reasons constraining the development of diversification, as well as the best ways of production diversification in the Tyumen region has identified. The sustainability of agricultural production and especially its financial component is governed by not only sustainable harvesting, but also inter-farm possibilities (possibility of its timely and qualitative harvest) and the stability of selling (long-term stable sales). In the case of crop failures and difficulties of selling, especially in an unstable macroeconomic environment, an agricultural organization can be failed. Agricultural farms have a potential to diversify production, and thus they are able to overcome the barriers of entry to new markets. Exactly the need to survive under the market conditions, due to the diversity of business activities, provides a synergetic effect. This will allow the agrarian farms to function more stable, have a stable income, and increase rural employment. | Выявляли факторы, способствующие и препятствующие устойчивому развитию с.-х. организаций. Необходимость преодоления рисков в растениеводстве неизбежно оказывает влияние и на животноводство, особенно в сфере кормопроизводства. Напротив, определенное воздействие на растениеводство оказывает и животноводство, позволяющее поддерживать необходимый уровень качества с.-х. земель, т.е. устойчивость агропроизводства и в целом сельского хозяйства конкретного региона. Выделены наиболее важные проблемы устойчивого развития аграрных хозяйств, решить которые можно достичь за счет диверсификации производства. Анкетным методом установлены причины, сдерживающие развитие диверсификации, и выявлены действующие и наиболее подходящие направления диверсификации производства аграрных хозяйств Тюменской обл. Устойчивость агропроизводства и особенно её финансовая составляющая обусловлена не только устойчивостью урожаев, но и внутрихозяйственными возможностями (реальностью его своевременного и качественного сбора), а также устойчивость сбыта (многолетней стабильностью продаж). В случае неурожайных лет и трудностей сбыта, особенно в условиях неустойчивой макроэкономической среды, агропредприятие может оказаться несостоятельным и возврат его в устойчивое состояние будет невозможен. Аграрные хозяйства располагают необходимым потенциалом для диверсификации производства, и тем самым имеют возможность преодолевать барьеры вступления на новые рынки. Именно необходимость выживания в рыночных условиях за счет разнообразия видов предпринимательской деятельности, обеспечит в совокупности синергетический эффект. Это позволит аграрным хозяйствам функционировать более устойчиво, получать стабильный доход, повысить занятость сельского населения.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2012

Adukov, R.Kh. | Adukova, A.N., All-Russia Research and Development Inst. of Organization of Production, Work and Managemrnt in Agriculture, Moscow

Many indicators of socio-economic development of rural areas remain at unacceptably low level. Thus, in 2011 the gross production of agricultural output in comparable prices was only 87.7% of the 1990 level. In 2010 the production of such important products as grain, milk, meat, vegetables, fruit and berries has not reached the level of the year 2000. Level of profitability of the industry in recent years virtually does not exceed the inflation, but accounts payable have the rapid growth in 2010 constituted 67,6 mln rubles per 1 agricultural organization (8,2 times more than in 2000. The social responsibility of business on the basis of state-private partnership is necessary to improve the situation in the field of rural development. Concerning the rural areas it is the transfer of a considerable part of state and municipal functions of the social nature on economic entities in the agricultural sector. In developed countries business traditionally funded many social programs. In these countries business participation is stimulated by the provision of tax benefits, which is not in Russia and the charity business are implemented on a voluntary basis. The tax burden on agricultural business in Russia is much higher than in other countries (the ratio of taxes – total cost producers in the United States leaves 3 – 4%, while in Russia it is more than 16,0%). It is reasonable to build a relationship "State - business entities" according to the principle: «each of the effecters is engaged in the own action: the business pay taxes in good faith and the state creates conditions for business development and effective use of their revenues, including for a decision of social problems in the countryside». This should be an essence of public-private partnership in the present circumstances. | Многие показатели социально-экономического развития села в РФ находятся на недопустимо низком уровне. Так, в 2011 г. валовое производство сельхозпродукции в сопоставимых ценах составило 87,7% к уровню 1990 г. В 2010 г. не был достигнут уровень 2000 года по производству зерна, молока, мяса, овощей, фруктов и ягод. Уровень рентабельности отрасли в последние годы практически не превышает инфляцию, зато быстрыми темпами растет кредиторская задолженность, которая в 2010 г. в расчете на одну сельскохозяйственную организацию составила 67,6 млн руб., (в 8,2 раза больше, чем в 2000 г.). Для улучшения ситуации в области сельского развития необходимо повышение социальной ответственности бизнеса на базе государственно-частного партнерства. Относительно сельских территорий фактически речь идет о переносе значительной части государственных и муниципальных функций социального характера на плечи хозяйствующих субъектов аграрного сектора. Считается, что в развитых странах бизнес традиционно финансирует многие социальные программы. Для современной РФ данный подход не совсем приемлем. В развитых странах участие бизнеса в названных программах стимулируется путем предоставления налоговых льгот, чего нет в РФ, а благотворительные акции бизнеса осуществляются на добровольной основе. Налоговая нагрузка на аграрный бизнес в РФ значительно выше, чем в других странах (соотношение «налоги – совокупные затраты» сельхозпроизводителей в США составляет 3–4%, в РФ – более 16,0%). Целесообразно построение отношений «государство – хозяйствующие субъекты» по принципу: «каждая из сторон занимается своим делом: бизнес – добросовестно платит налоги, а государство – создает условия для развития бизнеса и эффективно использует свои доходы, в том числе для решения социальных проблем на селе». Именно в этом должна заключаться суть государственно-частного партнерства в сложившихся условиях.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2012

Castiblanco F., María J. | Reconco, Rommel

Castilblanco Flores M. J. 2012. Plan de inversión para la producción y exportación de helecho hoja de cuero (Rumohra adiantiformis) en la finca Las Margaritas, Miraflor, departamento de Estelí, Nicaragua con el objetivo de establecer y brindar información técnica y determinar la factibilidad de producción en 20 hectáreas. 21 p. El proyecto producción de helechos de cuero surge como una iniciativa para aprovechar las condiciones agroecológicas en la zona de Miraflor en Estelí, donde se dispone de una finca con las condiciones agroclimáticas optimas para la producción de este cultivo. Actualmente las exportaciones representan el 0.18% en el mercado mundial, la producción es de 1000 toneladas anuales. Se cuenta con personal técnico calificado, mano de obra suficiente y todos los recursos necesarios para la producción eficiente y sostenible de esta actividad; la cual tiene un margen de utilidad altamente significativo, de esta manera se estará haciendo mejor uso de la tierra y se obtendrán mayores ingresos. Se pretende iniciar en una primera etapa con la siembra de 20 hectáreas y crecer en un periodo de diez años hasta llegar a 50 hectáreas; para la ejecución de este proyecto se hará uso de financiamiento del sistema bancario. La comercialización del producto obtenido se destinará para la exportación a Holanda ya que este es el principal importador. | 1. Índice 2. Introducción 3. Materiales y métodos 4. Resultados y discusión 5. Conclusiones 6. Recomendaciones 7. Literatura citada 8. Anexos

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Escuela Agricola Panamericana, Zamorano - Honduras

2012

Anup Gurung, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea | Oh, S.E., Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea

The heavy reliance on fossil fuels, especially oil and gas has triggered the global energy crisis. Continued use of petroleum fuels is now widely recognized as unsustainable because of their depleting supplies and degradation to the environment. To become less dependent on fossil fuels, current world is shifting paradigm in energy by developing alternative energy sources mainly through the utilization of renewable energy sources. In particular, bioenergy recovery from wastes with the help of microorganism is viewed as one of the promising ways to mitigate the current global warming crisis as well as to supply global energy. It has been proved that microorganism can generate power by converting organic matter into electricity using microbial fuel cells (MFCs). MFC is a bioelectrochemical device that employs microbes to generate electricity from bio-convertible substrate such as wastewaters including municipal solid waste, industrial, agriculture wastes, and sewage. Sustainability, carbon neutral and generation of renewable energy are some of the major features of MFCs. However, the MFC technology is confronted with a number of issues and challenges such as low power production, high electrode material cost and so on. This paper reviews the recent developments in MFC technology with due consideration of electrode materials used in MFCs. In addition, application of biocathodes in MFCs has been discussed.

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Korea Agricultural Science Digital Library - Republic of Korea

2012

Mansuroğlu, S., Akdeniz University, Faculty of Agriculture, Antalya (Turkey). Div. of Landscape Architecture | Kınıklı, P., Akdeniz University, Faculty of Agriculture, Antalya (Turkey). Div. of Landscape Architecture | Saatcı, B., Akdeniz University, Faculty of Agriculture, Antalya (Turkey). Div. of Landscape Architecture

Half of the worlds' population lives in cities. As the urban developments may have negative effects on the nature, ecological approaches are being considered in urban development studies. Ecological planning in and around the cities has a character of Landscape Planning that aims to protect natural elements, to improve ecological conditions, to prevent or reduce the effects of factors deteriorating environmental quality and to find out the potential of nature in order to conserve it. | Dünya nüfusunun yaklaşık yarısının kentlerde yaşamasıyla, kentsel gelişmelerin doğa üzerindeki olumsuz etkileri artmıştır. Bu etkilerin azaltılması için planlama çalışmalarında ekolojik yaklaşımlar temel alınmaya başlamıştır. Kent içi ve çevresi ekolojik planlaması; doğal yapının korunması, kentteki ekolojik koşulların iyileştirilmesi, alan kullanım biçimlerinin irdelenerek, kent içi ve çevresinde çevre kalitesini bozan etkilerin önlenmesi ve azaltılması için plan kararlarının geliştirilmesi, doğal kaynakların tahribinin önlenmesi için doğal kaynakların yapısına uygun karar vermeyi amaçlayan Peyzaj Planlaması niteliği taşımaktadır.

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Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Training and Publication, National AGRIS Center (Turkey) - Turkey