AGRIS - 

2023

Mikołaj Krzysztof Wawrzyniak | Juan Manuel Ley-López | João Paulo Rodrigues Martins | Paweł Chmielarz

Abstract Key message We have examined thermal control for embryo growth and seed germination in European ash. Using historical data (span of 36 years) of embryo index in matured seeds, we showed that maturation is not influenced by the annual average temperature. Secondary dormancy in ash’s seeds is easily induced, and the thermal window for both embryo growth and seed germination was between 10 and 20 °C. Context Seed germination plays a crucial role in establishing plant communities. Ash seeds are characterized by deep morphophysiological dormancy, usually overcome by 32 weeks of stratification. Observed climate changes might disrupt ash’s thermal window for embryo growth and seed germination. Thus, proper examination of seed adaptability can be important for forest management. Aims We investigated the effect of temperature on the embryo index (ratio between embryo and seed length) as well as embryo growth and germination of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) seeds under different thermal conditions. Methods We used seeds collected at the same site in Poland between 1985 and 2021 to first analyze the influence of the growing season on the initial embryo index in mature seeds. Subsequently, we examined embryo growth and germination of seeds at constant temperatures of 3°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, and 30 °C from seeds collected in 2021. Using the modeled rate of embryo growth and germination, we predicted the cardinal temperatures for those processes in ash seeds. Results The embryo index of ash seeds varied; however, there was no relationship between the index and year of seed collection. The base temperature for embryo growth was 1.4 ± 1.1 °C, with a ceiling temperature of 29.9 ± 2.0 °C and an optimal temperature of 15.7 ± 0.3 °C. The base temperature for germination was at − 1.8 ± 0.3 °C. Due to the induction of secondary dormancy, the ceiling temperature of germination was impossible to establish. Conclusions The initial embryo index of mature ash seeds seems to be an individual trait and was not affected by local average annual temperatures. The most effective temperature ranges for embryo growth and germination were similar, however narrow (between 10 and 15 °C). Temperatures above 20 °C inducted secondary dormancy, hampering embryo growth as well as germination. Such a narrow thermal window for embryo growth can potentially act as a limiting factor for the natural regeneration of ash seeds.

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Directory of Open Access Journals - Sweden

2023

Aleksandra ĆIRKOVIĆ | Mirjana DEMIN | Milica FOTIRIĆ AKŠIĆ | Biljana RABRENOVIĆ

In this study, the possible use of seeds after fruit processing to obtain unconventional cold-pressed edible oil was investigated. For this purpose, seeds of quince, sour cherries and plum were used. Fatty acid composition, antioxidant activity, peroxide and acid value, oxidative stability, and tocopherols and phytosterols content were determined in the studied oils. Plum seed oil was dominated by oleic acid, while quince and sour cherry seed oils contained abundant linoleic acid. The total polyphenol content in the studied oils ranged from 2.28 to 9.03 mg GAE 100 mL-1. Antioxidant properties (ABTS, DPPH, FRP) were associated with tocopherol content. All three studied oils were rich in β-sitosterol. The oxidative stability of the studied oil samples varied and ranged from 1.92 h-31.17 h. Quince seed oil had the highest content of α-tocopherol (44.30 mg 100 g-1) and plum seed oil had the lowest (3 mg 100 g-1), while sour cherry seed oil had the highest content of β+γ-tocopherol (17.19 mg 100 g-1). The results show that oil from quince, sour cherry, and plum seeds is suitable for the production of a high quality cold-pressed oil. The use of this type of waste from fruit processing contributes to waste reduction and promotes the circular economy.

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Directory of Open Access Journals - Sweden

2023

Miguel Ángel Rincón-Cervera | Abdallah Lahlou | Tarik Chileh-Chelh | Svetlana Lyashenko | Rosalía López-Ruiz | José Luis Guil-Guerrero

Seeds of most Arecaceae species are an underutilized raw material that can constitute a source of nutritionally relevant compounds. In this work, seeds of 24 Arecaceae taxa were analyzed for fatty acids (FAs) by GC-FID, for phenolics by HPLC-DAD and LC-MS, and for their antitumor activity against the HT-29 colorectal cancer cell line by the MTT assay. Lauric, oleic, and linoleic acids were the prominent FAs. Cocoseae species contained total FAs at 28.0–68.3 g/100 g seeds, and in other species total FAs were from 1.2 (Livistona saribus) to 9.9 g/100 g (Washingtonia robusta). Sabal domingensis, Chamaerops humilis, and Phoenix dactylifera var. Medjool had unsaturated/saturated FA ratios of 1.65, 1.33–1.78, and 1.31, respectively, and contained 7.4, 5.5–6.3, and 6.4 g FAs/100 g seeds, respectively. Thus, they could be used as raw materials for healthy oilseed production. Phenolics ranged between 39 (Livistona fulva) and 246 mg/100 g (Sabal palmetto), and of these, caffeic acid, catechin, dactylifric acid, and rutin had the highest values. (-)-Epicatechin was identified in most seed extracts by LC-MS. Hydroalcoholic extracts from five species showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on HT-20 cells growth at 72 h (GI<sub>50</sub> at 1533–1968 µg/mL). Overall, Arecaceae seeds could be considered as a cheap source of health-promoting compounds.

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Directory of Open Access Journals - Sweden

2023

Abderrahmene Bouaouich | Faiza Bouguerche | Houda Mahiaoui | Gregorio Peron | Hamdi Bendif

In this study, the characterization of fatty acids and secondary metabolites in seeds of three cultivars of Opuntia ficus-indica L. (O. ficus-indica, yellow, orange, and green) harvested from the Souk Ahras area in Northeast Algeria was performed. The antioxidant activity of seed extracts was also assessed by using two methods, namely FRAP and DPPH tests. Results show that total phenolic content (TPC) ranged from 63.02 to 81.80 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g of seeds. The yellow cultivar had the highest TPC, followed by the orange and green cultivars. Concerning flavonoids and tannins, the orange cultivar showed higher concentrations, corresponding to 2.97 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/100 g and 5.60 mg catechin equivalent (CE)/100 g, respectively. Analysis of the seed extracts by HPLC revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, including gallic acid and chlorogenic acid, while the GC analysis of oil showed that prickly pear oil is a major source of essential fatty acids (C18:2). The antioxidant activities of extracts from the three cultivars were comparable. The EC<sub>50</sub> for the reduction of ferric iron was almost 0.05 g/mL for all extracts. Regarding the scavenging of DPPH, green and yellow cultivars showed the highest capacity (EC<sub>50</sub> = 0.26 g/mL). Linear correlations between the content of some antioxidants (flavonoids, tannins) and different activities were observed, indicating their participation in the latter. Above all, a significant inverse correlation between the total flavonoid content and the EC<sub>50</sub> calculated for the reducing activity of seed extracts was observed (r = −0.657; p ≤ 0.05). Overall, the results indicate that the seeds of O. ficus-indica growing in Algeria can be exploited as valuable sources of table oil, cooking oil, and antioxidants.

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Directory of Open Access Journals - Sweden

2023

Abdimamatova, E. | Attokurov, K. | Abdyrakhmanova, Zh.

В последние годы возрастает интерес к лекарственным растениям и применению препаратов на их основе. Во-первых, они оказывают легкое воздействие на организм человека, не вызывая дополнительных негативных последствий при лечении, в них мало токсичных веществ. Во-вторых, кроме действующего вещества, в растении содержится много необходимых организму биологически активных веществ. Поэтому, несмотря на разнообразие химических препаратов, использование растений в медицине всегда будет оставаться актуальным. Целью данного исследования стало изучение биоморфологии интродуцентов рода Rhaponticum Vaill. и их семенное размножение. Проводилась подборка научной и популярной информации об изучаемых видах рода Rhaponticum. Были организованы фенологические наблюдения. Работы проводились в 2021–2022 гг. Изучались биологические особенности прорастания семян в полевых условиях и в ботаническом саду Ошского государственного университета. Для определения семенной продуктивности в полевых условиях отбирали от 100 семян и затем высевали методом стратификации. Определено, что два изученных вида рода Rhaponticum можно размножать семенами в условиях г. Ош. Полученное из них сырье (цветки, корневища) можно перерабатывать и использовать как лекарственное средство. Лекарства, приготовленные из их корней, корневищ и цветков, может использоваться при различных заболеваниях. | In recent years, there has been a growing interest in medicinal plants and the use of drugs based on these plants. What is the reason for interest in medicinal plants: firstly, they have a slight effect on human body, without causing additional negative consequences during treatment, low toxic substances, and secondly, in addition to the active substance, the plant contains a lot of biologically active substances necessary for body and its healing properties. As shown above, medicinal plants are more important than synthetic, chemically derived drugs. Therefore, despite of chemicals variety, use of plants in medicine will always remain relevant. Research objectives: study of the biomorphology of introducents of the Rhaponticum genus and their seed propagation. Selection of scientific and popular information about the studied species of the Rhaponticum genus. To study biology of the seed and reproduction of the studied species. Phenological observations of introduced species of the Rhaponticum genus. Study of biomorphology of introduced species of the genus and their reproduction from seeds were performed. Research results: two studied species of Rhaponticum genus can be propagated by seeds in conditions of Osh. Conclusions:obtained raw materials (flowers, rhizomes) can be processed and used as a medicine in scientific and traditional medicine. Medicines prepared from their roots, rhizomes and flowers are used as stimulants for various diseases.

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Publishing center Science and Practice - Russian Federation

2023

Zaitseva, A.I.

The article presents the results of the creation and study of a new medium-early variety of spring vetch Ksenia. Since 2022, the variety has been included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation and approved for use in the North-Western (2), Volga-Vyatka (4) and Middle Volga (7) regions of Russia. The new variety is characterized by high yield of seeds and green mass, optimal length of the growing season, resistance to major diseases and adverse environmental factors.

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Federal Scientific Center of Legumes and Groat Crops - Russian Federation

2023

Olga I. Gavrilova | Kirill V. Gostev

Рассмотрены вопросы ускоренного выращивания качественного посадочного материала c применением способа подготовки семян намачиванием в обработанной разрядом низкотемпературной плазмы воде. Наиболее перспективным посадочным материалом являются сеянцы с закрытой корневой системой. Они выращиваются из сортового и улучшенного посевного материала в оптимальных условиях теплиц. При разных способах стимулирования прорастания зародыша семени представляет интерес воздействие на него «холодной» плазмой. С помощью специально разработанного прибора, позволяющего обрабатывать воду разрядом низкотемпературной плазмы, была получена обработанная плазмой вода для намачивания семян. Время обработки воды варьировало от 1 до 4 мин. После обработки плазмой вода имела отличные от обычной воды показатели кислотности (активация воды). Восстановление уровня кислотности обработанной плазмой воды заняло от 2 до 4 сут. Получены показатели всхожести и энергии прорастания для семян Pinus silvestrys и Picea abies, намачиваемых в воде с разной длительностью обработки плазмой. При намачивании семян в воде, обработанной плазмой в течение 1, 2 и 4 мин, энергия прорастания увеличилась для сосны на 20–31 %, для ели – на 6–18 % по сравнению с контролем (намачивание в дистиллированной воде). Техническая всхожесть семян сосны выросла на 11–21 %, ели – на 3–16 %. Результаты исследований демонстрируют изменение в структуре и составе питательного вещества семени, в строении зародыша и степени его развития. Анализ химического состава эндосперма семян через сутки после намачивания относительно сухих семян показал увеличение в нем содержания углерода на 2–3 % и уменьшение содержания кислорода на 1 %, калия – на 0,5 %. При намачивании семян в дистиллированнной воде содержание в эндосперме фосфора падает на 0,15 %, а содержание натрия - на 0,2 %. Для семян, намоченных в обработанной плазмой воде, содержание фосфора снизилось на 0,21–0,22 %, а содержание натрия не отмечено. Намачивание семян в обработанной плазмой воде стимулирует процессы их подготовки к прорастанию и дифференциацию тканей зародыша (формирование семядолей) по сравнению с семенами, намачиваемыми в дистиллированной воде. Для цитирования: Гаврилова О.И., Гостев К.В. Применение обработанной плазмой воды для подготовки семян хвойных пород к посеву // Изв. вузов. Лесн. журн. 2023. № 5. С. 204–211. https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-5-204-211 | The article discusses the accelerated cultivation of quality planting material using the method of seed preparation by soaking in water treated in low-temperature plasma discharge. The most promising planting material are seedlings with closed root system. They are grown from improved seed grain in optimal conditions of greenhouses. Among various methods of stimulating germination of the seed germ, it is of interest to influence it with “cold” plasma. With the help of a specially designed device, which allows to treat water with lowtemperature plasma discharge, plasma-treated water for soaking seeds was obtained. The time of water treatment varied from 1 to 4 min. Water activated by plasma had acidity indicators other than those of ordinary water. The time of acidity level restoration was from 2 to 4 days. Germination rates and germination energy were obtained for seeds of Pinus silvestrys and Picea abies soaked in water with different duration of plasma treatment. When seeds were soaked in water treated with plasma for 1, 2 and 4 min, germination energy increased by 20–31 % for pine and by 6–18 % for spruce compared to the control (soaking in distilled water). Technical germination of pine seeds increased by 11–21 %, for spruce by 3–16 %. The results of research show changes in the structure and composition of the nutrient substance of the seed, in the structure of the germ and the degree of its development. Analysis of the chemical composition of seed endosperm a day after soaking relative to dry seeds showed an increase in its carbon content by 2–3 % and a decrease in oxygen by 1 %; potassium – by 0.5 %. When seeds were soaked in distilled water, the content of phosphorus in the endosperm decreased by 0.15 %, and the content of sodium – by 0.2 %. For seeds soaked in plasma treated water, phosphorus content decreased by 0.21–0.22 % and sodium content was not observed. Soaking seeds in plasma-treated water stimulates the processes of their preparation for germination and differentiation of germ tissues (formation of seed pods), compared to seeds soaked in water. For citation: Gavrilova O.I., Gostev K.V. Use of Plasma-treated Water to Prepare Seeds of Coniferous Species for Sowing. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 5, pp. 204–211. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-5-204-211

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Northern (Arctic) Federal University - Russian Federation

2023

Aleksandr A. Ageev | Yuliya V. Saltsevich | Ludmila V. Buryak

Представлены результат 5-летнего эксперимента по выращиванию посадочного материала ели сибирской с применением различных комплексов биостимуляторов и опыт использования полученного посадочного материала в искусственном лесовосстановлении. Биостимуляторы для проведения опыта подбирались исходя из анализа исследований других авторов. Выбор способа обработки семян и сеянцев ели сибирской и концентрация препаратов устанавливались согласно «Государственному каталогу пестицидов и агрохимикатов», а также рекомендациям от производителей биостимуляторов. Выявлено эффективное влияние биопрепаратов «Феровит» (0,1 %) и «Цитовит» (0,01 %) для предпосевной обработки семян ели сибирской и препаратов «Эпин-экстра» и «Гетероауксин» с концентрацией растворов 0,002 % для корневой обработки сеянцев. Установлено, что определенное последовательное применение биостимуляторов роста на разных этапах выращивания сеянцев способствует более интенсивному протеканию биохимических процессов внутри растения (увеличение хлорофилла а, b и каротиноидов), корреляция с высотой и фитомассой надземной части при этом положительная. Применение комплекса стимуляторов в сочетании «Феровит»–«Гетероауксин» и «Цитовит»–«Эпин-экстра»–«Гетероауксин» позволило получить в 3-летний срок посадочный материал, отвечающий не только минимальным требованиям к высоте и диаметру стволика, но и положительно отличающийся другими качественными показателями, такими как соотношение надземной/подземной частей растения, одревесненность стволика. По истечении срока выращивания сеянцев посадочный материал ели сибирской, культивируемый по разработанной технологии, при соблюдении всех требований и нормативов был использован для создания опытного участка лесных культур. За основу создания лесных культур приняты стандартные рекомендации, а также технические характеристики машин и агрегатов лесничества, где происходила посадка сеянцев ели сибирской. По результатам инвентаризационных работ на конец первого года посадочный материал обеспечил высокий процент приживаемости в культурах – 98,7 %. Для цитирования: Агеев А.А., Салцевич Ю.В., Буряк Л.В. Комплексное применение биостимуляторов при выращивании сеянцев ели (Picea obovata L.) // Изв. вузов. Лесн. журн. 2023. № 2. С. 73–87. https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-2-73-87 | The article presents the results of a 5-year experiment on the cultivation of Siberian spruce seedlings combined with integrated use of biostimulants. Additionally, it describes an experience in application of the acquired planting material to artificial reforestation. The analysis of scientific publications was used for type selection of the chemical substances. The treatment for the seeds and the seedlings of Siberian spruce and the concentration of the growth promoters were chosen according to the “State Catalog of Pesticides and Agrochemicals Permitted for Use on the Territory of the Russian Federation”. For this purpose, the recommendations from manufacturers were also taken into concern. It is revealed that Ferovit (0.1 %) and Cytovite (0.01 %) are effective as pre-sowing treatment of the Siberian spruce seeds. Epin-Extra and Heteroauxin with concentrations of 0.002 % give a positive effect on the root development of the seedlings. The experiments showed that a certain sequential use of biostimulants at different stages of the seedling’s cultivation contributes to more intensive biochemical processes inside the plants (an increase in chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids) with a positive correlation between height and phytomas in aerial parts. The combinations of the biostimulants, such as Ferovit–Heteroauxin and Cytovite–Epin-Extra–Heteroauxin, have improved the plant material within three years. The seedlings satisfied the requirements for the trunk’s height and diameter. They also demonstrated higher quality parameters, such as the proportion between aerial part and root system of the plants, as well as woodiness of the trunks. At the end of the nursery period, the planting material of Siberian spruce, cultivated according to the developed technology with all the requirements and regulations, was used to create a trial plot of forest. The reforestation of the Siberian spruce seedlings was made based on the standard recommendations and technical characteristics for the forestry equipment. The inventory inspection at the end of the first year demonstrated 98.7 % capacity for survival of the experimental trees. For citation: Ageev A.A., Saltsevich Yu.V., Buryak L.V. Integrated Application of Biostimulants in Cultivation of Siberian Spruce Seedlings (Picea obovata L). Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 2, pp. 73–87. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-2-73-87

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Northern (Arctic) Federal University - Russian Federation

2023

Т.Е. Галдина | А.И. ЧернодубовƗ | М.И. Михайлова

Географические культуры сосны обыкновенной в Центральной лесостепи, созданные М.М. Вересеным в 1959 г., стали природной лабораторией для проведения генетико-экологических исследований с целью решения практических вопросов лесосеменного районирования. Изучение внутривидового разнообразия Pinus sylvestris L. в географических культурах Центральной лесостепи позволяет проследить закономерности формирования культур разного происхождения при различном уровне экологических, генетических и климатических факторов. Представлены результаты многолетних обследований географических культур P. sylvestris L. в Центральной лесостепи. Результаты позволяют говорить о сильной степени влияния экологических и генетических факторов на особенности роста, устойчивость, стволовую продуктивность и репродуктивную способность сосны обыкновенной в новых условиях произрастания. Изучение изменчивости морфометрических показателей генеративных органов сосны обыкновенной в географических культурах свидетельствует о воздействии экологических, географических и генетических факторов на способность к семеношению, размеры, окраску шишек, окраску и массу 1000 шт. семян, выход семян, полнозернистость, энергию прорастания, абсолютную всхожесть. Генетические факторы, которые запрограммированы происхождением, определяют константу различия между размерами и цветом шишек и семян, а также на фоне погодных условий – репродуктивную способность в новом месте произрастания в зависимости от происхождения. Так, нами отмечено, что сосна обыкновенная разного географического происхождения вступает в фазу «цветения» в различные сроки: северные климатипы на 5–7 дней раньше, южные – на 5 дней позднее, чем местный (воронежский климатип). Изменчивость параметров генеративных органов сосны также зависит от ее географического происхождения, размер и масса шишки находятся в прямой зависимости от географической широты. При продвижении с севера на юг длина и масса шишки увеличиваются. Выход семян при свободном опылении к фактору географического происхождения строго не приурочен, так как климатипы окружены различными опылителями. Масса 1000 шт. семян изменяется с той же закономерностью, что и в естественных древостоях ареала сосны: с увеличением географической широты происхождения климатипа возрастает и масса. При перемещении сосны обыкновенной в новые условия произрастания прослеживается существенное влияние генетических факторов, которые и определяют устойчивость, стволовую продуктивность и репродуктивную способность вида. Для цитирования: Галдина Т.Е., Чернодубов А.И., Михайлова М.И. Внутривидовое разнообразие Pinus sylvestris L. в географических культурах Центральной лесостепи // Изв. вузов. Лесн. журн. 2023. № 3. С. 84–98. https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-84-98 | The provenance trials of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in the Central Russian forest-steppe area were established by M.M. Veresen in 1959. They have become a natural laboratory for genetic and environmental research in order to solve the practical issues of forest seed zoning. The study of the intraspecific diversity of the provenance trials makes it possible to distinguish patterns in the formation of species with various origins under the influence of different ecological, genetic, and climatic conditions. This article presents the results of a multi-year research project. This allows us to state with full responsibility the strong influence of environmental and genetic factors on the characteristics of growth, resistance, trunk productivity, and reproductive capacity of Scots pine in new growing conditions. The generative parts of the study objects were also examined by morphometric indicators. The changes were revealed in seed production, size, cone coloring, color and weight of 1000 pieces of seeds, seed release, seed fullness, germinative energy, and absolute germination. Genetic factors, which are programmed by ancestry, define the constancy of the difference in size and color of cones and seeds. In addition, genetic factors, along with the weather conditions of a new location, regulate reproductive ability. It was noted that Scots pine with different geographical origins enters the flowering phase at different times. The northern trees are 5–7 days earlier than locals; the southern trees are 5 days later. They were studied in the climate of the Voronezh region. The variability in the characteristics of the generative organs of Scots pine is also affected by its place of birth. The size and weight of the cone are directly related to the geographic latitude. The length and weight of the cone increase with movement from north to south. There is no strict relationship between the release of the seeds during free pollination and the place of origin since the study objects were surrounded by various pollinators. The weight of 1000 seeds changes with the same regularity as in natural stands of pine: it increases with the geographical latitude of the origin. Consequently, under the influence of new growing conditions, Scots pine is strongly affected by its genetic factors that determine the stability, trunk productivity, and reproductive capacity of the species. For citation: Galdina T.E., Chernodubov A.I., Mikhailova M.I. Intraspecific Diversity of Pinus sylvestris L. in Provenance Trials of the Central Russian Forest-Steppe Area. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 3, pp. 84–98. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-84-98

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Northern (Arctic) Federal University - Russian Federation

2023

Carbó, Lorna Ileana | Volpe, Susana Mirta | Gutiérrez, Guadalupe | Herrero, María Alejandra | Gil, Susana Beatriz

Resumen Existen pruebas estandarizadas para evaluar la calidad de las semillas y para ensayos de biomonitoreo ambiental, las cuales utilizan indicadores que permiten establecer la sensibilidad de diversas especies a condiciones ambientales, aunque los momentos de medición no siempre son tenidos en cuenta. El propósito del trabajo fue evaluar la eficacia del uso de diferentes indicadores de germinación y sus momentos de medición, tanto los frecuentemente utilizados como los generados en este estudio para cinco especies forrajeras bajo distintas condiciones de estrés ambiental, asociado a la utilización de purines para el abonado. Se realizaron ensayos independientes con Avena sativa, Zea mays, Lolium multiflorum, Vicia sativa y Sorghum sudanense, donde en cada uno se aplicó un diseño factorial completamente aleatorizado (2 × 3 × 5) con tres factores: (a) momento de medición (72 h y último recuento (ur)); (b) contenido de materia seca del purín (0, 5, 15% ms) y (c) conductividad eléctrica (ce: 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 mS/cm) de la solución. Se evaluaron: el índice de germinación (ig) y dos nuevos indicadores: el incremento de semillas germinadas (ISemGUR) y el incremento del largo de la raíz (ILRUR). Se realizó un Anova para cada ensayo y comparaciones múltiples según el test de Duncan (α = 0,05). En todas las especies, los ig presentaron diferencias significativas entre ambos momentos de medición en al menos uno de los tratamientos y, ocasionalmente, efectos opuestos. Así, realizar las mediciones tempranas puede llevar a interpretaciones erróneas. Como única medición, la realizada al ur sería la más adecuada, particularmente en especies con tiempos más extensos de germinación. Serían necesarios ensayos que midan estos indicadores en otros momentos, tanto anteriores (energía germinativa) como posteriores (efectos fitotóxicos a largo plazo). | Abstract Standardized seed tests exist to determine seed quality and for environmental monitoring. These types of trials utilize indicators that show diverse species sensitivity to environmental conditions, though the measuring moments are not always taken into consideration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the use of different germination indicators, and the moment they are measured, not only those frequently used, but also those generated in this study, for five forage species under different environmental stress conditions associated with the use of slurry as a fertilizer. Individual studies were carried out on Avena sativa, Zea mays, Lolium multiflorum, Vicia sativa, and Sorghum sudanense. In each study, a completely randomized factorial design (2x3x5) with three factors was applied: (a) measuring moment (72 hours and last count); (b) slurry dry matter content (0, 5, 15 % MS), and (c) electrical conductivity (CE: 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 mS/cm) of the solution. Evaluation: Germination Index (IG) and two new indicators: germinated seeds increment (ISemGUR) and root length increment (ILRUR). An ANOVA was performed for each forage species and multiple comparisons with Duncan Test (α = 0.05). In all forage species, IG presented significant differences between both testing moments, in at least one of the treatments and occasionally opposite effects. Therefore, measurements taken early can lead to erroneous result interpretations. Results taken at the last count would be more appropriate, especially in species with long germination periods. More trials would be necessary to measure these indicators in other moments, such as before (germination energy) or after (long term phytotoxic effects).

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Scientific Electronic Library Online Colombia - Colombia