AGRIS - 

2023

Cynthia Lucero-Obusan | Rishi Deka | Patricia Schirmer | Gina Oda | Mark Holodniy

We describe the epidemiology of coccidioidomycosis among a national cohort of Veterans. Using electronic health record data from adults tested for coccidioidomycosis between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2022, we analyzed differences in baseline demographics (age, sex, race/ethnicity, birth country, comorbidities, residence, and Charlson Comorbidity Index score) between 4204 coccidioidomycosis-test-positive and 63,322 test-negative Veterans. Log-binomial regression models with adjusted risk ratios (aRRs) were used to evaluate risk factors associated with coccidioidomycosis including dissemination, hospitalization, and mortality. Case counts and incidence rates were highest in select counties in Arizona and California where <i>Coccidioides</i> is endemic. Coccidioidomycosis-positive Veterans were younger, more likely to be male, and Philippine-born. The risk factors most highly associated with being coccidioidomycosis-positive included Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (aRR 1.068 [95%CI: 1.039–1.098]), Asian (aRR 1.060 [95%CI: 1.037–1.083]), Black (aRR 1.029 [95%CI: 1.022–1.036]), American Indian/Alaska Native (aRR 1.026 [95%CI: 1.004–1.048]) race, and Hispanic/Latino ethnicity (aRR 1.021 [95%CI: 1.013–1.028]). Black race (aRR: 1.058 [95%CI: 1.037–1.081]) and Hispanic/Latino ethnicity (aRR 1.018 [95%CI: 1.0003–1.036]) were also associated with disseminated coccidioidomycosis, strengthening the evidence for the association of coccidioidomycosis, including severe infections, with specific racial and ethnic groups. There were no statistically significant differences in hospitalization within 45 days of testing or 30-day all-cause mortality. Improving our understanding of coccidioidomycosis risk factors is important for targeted prevention strategies and to reduce delays in diagnosis and ineffective treatment.

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Directory of Open Access Journals - Sweden

2023

Dam. F. Askhadullin | Dan. F. Askhadullin | N. Z. Vasilova | M. R. Tazutdinova | I. I. Khusainova | G. R. Gayfullina | E. S. Kirillova | N. S. lysenko

Background. Indian dwarf wheat (Triticum sphaerococcum Percival) has positive traits: round grain shape, excellent flour and grain quality, and a short stem, but it is difficult to develop cultivars of this species due to low productivity. The main problem in the improvement of T. sphaerococcum is the pleiotropic effect of grain roundness and ear compactness caused by the S-D1 and C2 genes. These genes are inherited together with negative features peculiar to this species: small grain, and low ear productivity. This paper presents the results of breeding improvement of Indian dwarf wheat from the VIR collection.Materials and methods. The research materials were five T. sphaerococcum accessions from the VIR collection, promising lines of Indian dwarf wheat released by the Tatar Research Institute of Agriculture, and regional reference cultivars. Conventional methods of spring bread wheat breeding were applied. Evaluation of main diseases was based on VIR’s methodological guidelines. Baking qualities were assessed using generally accepted methods and standards adopted in Russia.Results. The work resulted in producing competitive lines of T. sphaerococcum which surpassed the original accessions in yield and resistance to main fungal diseases, but their grain yield was lower than that of the reference bread wheat cultivar ‘Yoldyz’. High flour and grain quality levels of Indian dwarf wheat were confirmed. A patent was obtained for the Indian dwarf wheat cultivar ‘Sakara’.

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Directory of Open Access Journals - Sweden

2023

Naresh Visvanathan | Jolise Yi An Lim | Hui Ting Chng | Shangzhe Xie

Antifungals are used in exotic avian and reptile species for the treatment of fungal diseases. Dose extrapolations across species are common due to lack of species-specific pharmacological data. This may not be ideal because interspecies physiological differences may result in subtherapeutic dosing or toxicity. This critical review aims to collate existing pharmacological data to identify antifungals with the most evidence to support their safe and effective use. In the process, significant trends and gaps are also identified and discussed. An extensive search was conducted on PubMed and JSTOR, and relevant data were critically appraised. Itraconazole or voriconazole showed promising results in Japanese quails, racing pigeons and inland bearded dragons for the treatment of aspergillosis and CANV-related infections. Voriconazole neurotoxicity manifested as seizures in multiple penguins, but as lethargy or torticollis in cottonmouths. Itraconazole toxicity was predominantly hepatotoxicity, observed as liver abnormalities in inland bearded dragons and a Parson’s chameleon. Differences in formulations of itraconazole affected various absorption parameters. Non-linearities in voriconazole due to saturable metabolism and autoinduction showed opposing effects on clearance, especially in multiple-dosing regimens. These differences in pharmacokinetic parameters across species resulted in varying elimination half-lives. Terbinafine has been used in dermatomycoses, especially in reptiles, due to its keratinophilic nature, and no significant adverse events were observed. The use of fluconazole has declined due to resistance or its narrow spectrum of activity.

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Directory of Open Access Journals - Sweden

2023

Matías Schierenbeck | María Constanza Fleitas | María Rosa Simón

<i>Pyrenophora tritici-repentis</i> (Died.) Drechs., the causal agent of tan spot, is one of the most serious biotic diseases affecting wheat worldwide (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.). Studying the interaction between different fungicide mixtures and nitrogen (N) rates under tan spot outbreaks is of key importance for reducing aboveground biomass and grain yield losses. Taking this into account, our study took a mechanistic approach to estimating the combined effect of different fungicides and N fertilization schemes on the severity of tan spot, green leaf area index, SPAD index, aboveground biomass dynamics, and yield in a wheat crop affected at the reproductive stage. Our results indicated that reductions in green leaf area, healthy area duration (HAD), and the chlorophyll concentration (SPAD index) due to increases in the percentage of damage led to decreases in biomass production (−19.2%) and grain yield (−48.1%). Fungicides containing triazole + strobilurin + carboxamides (TSC) or triazole + strobilurin (TS) combined with high N doses showed the most efficient disease control. The positive physiological effects of TSC fungicides, such as extending the green leaf area, are probably responsible for the greater production of aboveground biomass (+29.3%), as well as the positive effects on grain yield (+15.8%) with respect to TS. Both fungicide treatments increased grains per spike, kernel weight, spikes m<sup>−2</sup>, grains m<sup>−2</sup><sub>,</sub> and grain yield. The increase in biomass in the TSC tended to cause slighter non-significant increases in grains per spike, 1000-kernel weight and grain yield compared with TS. The linear regression revealed positive associations among the extension of HAD and biomass (+5.88 g.m<sup>−2</sup>.HAD<sup>−1</sup>.day<sup>−1</sup>), grain yield (+38 kg.ha.HAD<sup>−1</sup>.day<sup>−1</sup>), and grain number (100.7 grains m<sup>2</sup>.HAD<sup>−1</sup>.day<sup>−1</sup>), explained by the interactions of high N doses and fungicides. Our study is the first report of the positive effect of TSC fungicides with high N doses on grain yield related-traits under tan spot infections in wheat.

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Directory of Open Access Journals - Sweden

2023

Novikova, I.I. | Popova, E.V. | Kolesnikov, L.E. | Kolesnikova, Yu.R. | Chekurova, S.S.

The application of useful microorganisms and biologically active molecules lies at the basis of the modern concept of agroecosystems phytosanitary optimization. This study aimes to estimate the potential wheat productivity by morphometric indicators of plant development, and the content of chlorophylls a, b, carotenoids in leaves when using multifunctional biopreparations and complexes combining the useful properties of microorganisms - antagonists of phytopathogens and chitosan as plant disease resistance activator. Seeds of 'Leningradka 6' soft spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were treated before sowing with biopreparations based on Bacillus subtilis strains VKM B-2604D and B. subtilis VKM B-2605D Vitaplan, WP, Vitaplan, CL (cultural liquid) and the complexes Vitaplan, CL + Chitosan II, Vitaplan, CS + Chitosan II. In the field during the growing season, plants were sprayed with the same preparations vs. control (without treatment). In general, the used complexes turned out to be more effective than biopreparations by 16.2%. The multifunctional compositions application significantly reduced wheat plants harm by diseases complex (by 17.9%). The highest values of potential productivity (0.94±0.02 g/plant) and chlorophyll a (1.32±0.02 mg/g) and b (2.15±0.04 mg/g) content in the leaves were detected when using the multifunctional complex Vitaplan, CL + Chitosan II. Differences in the content of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b photosynthetic pigments in wheat flag leaves were revealed when using the multifunctional complex Vitaplan, CL + Chitosan II compared to biopreparations by 16.8%, 3.7% and 2.0%, with Vitaplan, CS + Chitosan II - by 1.1%, 17.7%, and 27.0%, respectively. The ratio of the chlorophylls a and b to the carotenoid pigments, as an indicator of plant resistance to negative external factors, also reached maximum values with Vitaplan, CL + Chitosan II. | Использование полезных микроорганизмов и биологически активных молекул составляет основу современной концепции фитосанитарной оптимизации агроэкосистем. Цель исследования - оценить потенциальную продуктивность пшеницы по морфометрическим показателям развития растений, их поражаемость наиболее вредоносными болезнями и содержание хлорофиллов a, b, каротиноидов в листьях при применении полифункциональных биопрепаратов и комплексов, объединяющих полезные свойства микроорганизмов - антагонистов фитопатогенов и активатора болезнеустойчивости растений хитозана. Семена мягкой яровой пшеницы (Triticum aestivum L.) сорта Ленинградка 6 перед посевом обрабатывали биопрепаратами на основе штаммов Bacillus subtilis ВКМ В-2604D и B. subtilis ВКМ В-2605D: Витаплан, СП, Витаплан, КЖ и комплексами Витаплан, КЖ + Хитозан II, Витаплан, КС + Хитозан II. В полевых условиях этими же препаратами опрыскивали вегетирующие растения в сравнении с контролем без обработки. В целом использованные комплексы оказались эффективнее биопрепаратов на 16,2%. Применение полифункциональных композиций существенно снижало пораженность растений пшеницы комплексом болезней на 17,9%. Наибольшие значения потенциальной продуктивности (0,94±0,02 г/растение) и содержания в листьях хлорофиллов a (1,32±0,02 мг/г) и b (2,15±0,04 мг/г) установлены в варианте опыта с применением полифункционального комплекса Витаплан, КЖ + Хитозан II. Выявлены различия в содержании фотосинтетических пигментов: хлорофилла a и хлорофилла b во флаговых листьях пшеницы при применении полифункционального комплекса Витаплан, КЖ + Хитозан II по сравнению c биопрепаратами на 16,8%; 3,7% и 2,0%, с вариантом Витаплан, КС + Хитозан II - соответственно на 1,1%, 17,7% и 27,0%. Соотношение содержания хлорофиллов a и b и содержания пигментов группы каротиноидов как одного из показателей устойчивости растений к внешним неблагоприятным факторам достигало максимальных значений также в варианте опыта Витаплан, КЖ + Хитозан II.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2023

Safin, R.I. | Nizamov, R.M. | Minnullin, G.S. | Vafin, I.Kh.

The study purpose is to determine the effect of foliage application of various liquid fertilizers of the Metallocene series on the development of a number of diseases and the yield of winter wheat cultivated in the conditions of the Pre-Kama region of the Republic of Tatarstan. Field studies were carried out in 2017-2020 on the experimental fields of the Kazan State Agrarian University. The study object was the winter wheat 'Kazanskaya 560'. The soil of the experimental plots was gray forest medium clay-loam, the content of humus was 3.1-4.0%, exchangeable potassium comprised 124-170 mg/kg and mobile phosphorus comprised 172-277.0 mg/kg. As fertilizers, liquid complex compounds of the Metallocene series were used. They differs in the content of mineral nutrition elements (grade A contains copper; grade B - zinc; grade C - molybdenum and boracium; grade Universal - nine micronutrient elements). The fertilizers were applied twice: in the phase of tillering and in the phase of stem elongation. Operating fluid consumption comprised 200 L/ha. The total plot area was 26 m2, the accounting area 20 m2. The 5.0 million seeds/ha were sown after bare fallow. The fertilizer containing copper (grade A) was the most effective to control winter wheat septoriose development. The foliar application with all fertilizers led to a decrease in helminthosporium and alternariosis infections of new harvested seeds. The highest winter wheat yield was ensured by using the fertilizer containing several micro-elements (grade Universal): in this variant, yield gain on average over the research years was 0.44 t/ha, while reference crop yield was 2.35 n/ha. The results obtained can be used in the development of the integrated systems for winter wheat protection. Based on the study results, there were established the optimal fertilizer compositions to supress disease development and to increase crop yields. It is recommended to apply foliar dressing twice per a growing season. | Цель исследования – определить влияние некорневого внесения различных жидких удобрений серии Металлоцен на развитие ряда болезней и урожайность озимой пшеницы в условиях Предкамья Республики Татарстан. Полевые исследования проводились в 2017-2020 гг. на опытных полях Казанского ГАУ. В качестве объекта исследования выступал сорт озимой пшеницы Казанская 560. Почва опытных участков серая лесная среднесуглинистая, содержание гумуса – 3,1-4,0%, обменного калия – 124-170 мг/кг, подвижного фосфора – 172-277,0 мг/кг. В качестве удобрений использовались жидкие комплексные составы серии Металлоцен, отличающиеся содержанием элементов минерального питания (марка А – с медью; марка В – с цинком; марка С – с молибденом и бором; марка Универсал – с 9 микроэлементами). Подкормка проводилась дважды – в фазу кущения и в фазу выхода в трубку, при норме расхода рабочей жидкости 200 л/га. Общая площадь делянки – 26 м2, учетная – 20 м2. Норма высева 5,0 млн шт./га. Предшественник – чистый пар. В отношении контроля развития септориоза озимой пшеницы наиболее эффективным оказалось применение удобрения с медью (марка А). Применение некорневой подкормки всеми удобрениями приводило к снижению зараженности семян нового урожая гельминтоспориозной и альтернариозной инфекцией. Наибольшая урожайность озимой пшеницы обеспечивалась при использовании удобрения с несколькими микроэлементами (марка Универсал): в среднем за годы исследований прибавка составила 0,44 т/га к контролю (2,35 т/га). Полученные результаты могут быть использованы при разработке интегрированных систем защиты озимой пшеницы. На основе результатов исследований установлены оптимальные составы удобрений для снижения развития болезней и увеличения урожайности культуры; рекомендована двукратная некорневая подкормка.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2023

Shpanev, A.M. | Gasich, E.L.

The effectiveness of new fungicides designed to control seed infection and root rot in spring rape by seed treatment was studied in natural-climatic conditions of the North-West of the Russian Federation. The areas of spring rape crop have been significantly increased in the region, but a trend towards deterioration of the crop phytosanitary condition has been observed. With the accumulation of the infection, fungicide seed treatment will be increasingly required. Based on the research results obtained in 2019-2021, it has been determined that the new preparations Tirada, SC (application rate 2 and 3 l/t), Vitaros, WSC (3.0; 4 and 6 l/t) and Sinkler, SC (1.3 and 1.6 l/t) are more effective in reducing the seed infection (Alternaria spp. – 86.6–94.9; 93.2–96.6; 91.7–100%, respectively; mold fungi – 86.7–93.4; 90.9–96.6; 73.5–78.6%) and root rot development (four true leaves formation phase – 37.7–56.7; 27.2–52.3; 31.7–72.7%; booting stage – 13.4–41.2; 17.9–29.0; 17.9–50.4%) than Scarlet, ME and Redut, SC fungicides used in the region. Treatment of the rape seeds with fungicides contributed to the growth of the crop yield, which, depending on the preparation and its consumption rate, was by 3.0–50.0% higher than in the control plot; the best yield gain reached of 22.5 g/m2. The indices of the biological and economic efficiency obtained according to the experiment results testify to the significant prospects of using new fungicides in the protection of spring rape from seed and soil infections by treatment of the sowing material in the conditions of the North-Western Russia. | Эффективность новых фунгицидов, предназначенных для защиты ярового рапса от семенной инфекции и корневых гнилей путем обработки посевного материала, изучали в природно-климатических условиях Северо-Запада Российской Федерации. В регионе существенно увеличились площади посевов ярового рапса, но наметилась тенденция к ухудшению их фитосанитарного состояния. В условиях накопления инфекции фунгицидная обработка семян будет все более востребованной. По результатам исследований 2019-2021 гг. определено, что новые препараты Тирада, СК (норма расхода 2,0 и 3,0 л/т), Витарос, ВСК (3,0; 4,0 и 6,0 л/т) и Синклер, СК (1,3 и 1,6 л/т) являются более эффективными для снижения семенной инфекции (Alternaria spp. – 86,6–94,9; 93,2–96,6; 91,7–100% соответственно; плесневые грибы – 86,7–93,4; 90,9–96,6; 73,5– 78,6%) и развития корневых гнилей (фаза формирования четырех настоящих листьев – 37,7– 56,7; 27,2–52,3; 31,7–72,7%; фаза стеблевания – 13,4–41,2; 17,9–29,0; 17,9–50,4%), чем применяемые в регионе фунгициды Скарлет, МЭ и Редут, КС. Обработка семян рапса фунгицидами способствовала росту урожайности культуры, которая в зависимости от препарата и нормы его расхода оказалась на 3,0–50,0% выше, чем в контроле; прибавка в лучшем варианте достигала 22,5 г/м2. Полученные по результатам опытов показатели биологической и хозяйственной эффективности свидетельствуют о значительных перспективах использования новых фунгицидов в защите ярового рапса от семенной и почвенной инфекции путем обработки посевного материала в условиях северо-западной части России.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2023

Kazakova, O.A. | Toropova, E.Yu. | Mikhajlova, S.I. | Burenina, A.A. | Suchkova, S.A.

The research aimed to assess the taxonomic diversity of micromycetes on the seeds of various species and varieties of plants of the genus Amaranthus under the conditions of the sub-boreal forest zone of the Tomsk region. The work was carried out in 2020-2022. We used plant seeds from the Siberian Botanical Garden of the following species and varieties of the genus Amaranthus: A. cruenthus L. – red amaranth varieties Valentina, Cherginsky; A. hypochondriacus L. – dark amaranth Kizlyarets, Krepysh; A. blitoides S. Watson – prostrate amaranth, A. blitum L. – purple amaranth, A. retroflexus L. – red-root amaranth. Infection of seeds with micromycetes, localisation of the mycelium of phytopathogens, and survival time of micromycetes were determined by mycological analysis on Chapek's medium 4-5 months after harvesting. The most common micromycetes isolated from amaranth seeds were fungi of the genus Fusarium (frequency of occurrence in batches 50-75%): F. culmorum (Wm. G. Sm.) Sacc., F. oxysporum Schltdl., F. equiseti (Corda) Sacc., F. avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc., F. graminearum Schwabe. The seed mycocenosis included Botrytis cinerea Pers. (occurred not regularly, contamination of indi¬vidual batches was up to 34%), micromycetes of the genera Alternaria (frequency of occurrence 50-87.5%), Cladosporium, Penicillium (12.5-50.0%). Bacteria were present on amaranth seeds (frequency of occurrence 50.0-83.3%). Most of the fungi of the genus Fusarium were localised in the fruit shell of amaranth seeds. Fungi of the genus Alternaria were observed mainly under the shell in the internal parts of the seeds. During long-term storage (10 years), amaranth seeds lost their viability and were colonised by mould fungi Penicillium spp. and saprotrophic bacteria. For the first time, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum and F. graminearum, as well as the causative agent of grey mould Botrytis cinerea, were isolated from amaranth seeds under the conditions of the Tomsk region, on the northern border of the cultigenic range of the species. | Цель исследований - оценка таксономического разнообразия микромицетов на семенах различных видов и сортов растений рода Amaranthus в условиях подтаежной зоны Томской области. Работу выполняли в 2020–2022 гг. Использовали семена растений из Сибирского ботанического сада следующих видов и сортов рода Amaranthus: A. cruenthus L. – щирица багряная сортов Валентина, Чергинский; A. hypochondriacus L. – щирица темная Кизлярец, Крепыш; A. blitoides S. Watson – щирица жминдовидная, A. blitum L. – щирица жминда, A. retroflexus L. – щирица запрокинутая. Зараженность семян микромицетами, локализацию мицелия фитопатогенов, длительность выживания микромицетов определяли методом микологического анализа на среде Чапека через 4…5 месяцев после уборки. Наиболее распространенными микромицетами, выделенными из семян амаранта, были грибы рода Fusarium (частота встречаемости в партиях 50…75%) – F. culmorum (Wm. G. Sm.) Sacc., F. oxysporum Schltdl., F. equiseti (Corda) Sacc., F. avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc., F. graminearum Schwabe. В состав микоценоза семян входил Botrytis cinerea Pers. (встречался нерегулярно, зараженность отдельных партий до 34%), а также микромицеты родов Alternaria (частота встречаемости 50…87,5%), Cladosporium, Penicillium (12,5…50,0%). На семенах амарантов присутствовали бактерии (частота встречаемости 50,0…83,3%). Большая часть грибов рода Fusarium локализовалась в плодовой оболочке семян амарантов. Грибы рода Alternaria наблюдали преимущественно под оболочкой во внутренних частях семян. При длительном хранении (10 лет) семена амарантов теряли всхожесть и заселялись плесневыми грибами Penicillium spp. и сапротрофными бактериями. Из семян амарантов в условиях Томской области, на северной границе культигенного ареала видов, были впервые выделены F. culmorum, F. avenaceum и F. graminearum, а также возбудитель серой гнили Botrytis cinerea.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2023

Weerakorn Saengsai

Thai National AGRIS Centre, Kasetsart University - Thailand

2023

Švarta Svarta, Agrita Agrita

The field trials was conducted at Training and Research Farm “Pēterlauki” of Latvia University of Life Sciences and technologies in four seasons from 2017/2018 till 2020/2021. The research was supported by the EIP–AGRI project “The development of the decision-making support system for restriction of the diseases, affecting leaves and ears of winter wheat” and by the European Social Fund within the project 522 (No. 8.2.2.0/20/I/001) “LLU Transition to a new funding model of doctoral studies” Hypothesis of the thesis: The harmfulness of winter wheat leaf diseases depends on the severity of disease during the vegetation period and the meteorological conditions of the year. The aim of the thesis to determine the impact of the winter wheat leaf diseases on the yield and yield-forming components, depending on the agro-ecological conditions. Research tasks 1. To describe the peculiarities of development of winter wheat leaf diseases depending on meteorological conditions. 2. To analyse the development of winter wheat leaf diseases depending on intensity of fungicide treatment. 3. To analyse the yield and the yield-forming components of winter wheat depending on intensity of fungicide treatment. 4. To analyse the influence of nitrogen on the development of winter wheat leaf diseases, the yield and the yield-forming components. The structure of the research paper: Chapter 1 – The literature review includes four subchapters. The chapter includes the characteristics of the most common leaf diseases of winter wheat, describes the effect of agrotechnical measures, the effect of leaf diseases on yield and yield-forming components and chemical control of leaf diseases. Chapter 2 – Materials and methods includes five subchapters. The chapter describes the methodology of field trial, field observations and analysis, the meteorological conditions at the site as well as the mathematical data processing methods used. Chapter 3 – The results and discussion includes four subchapters. The chapter analyses the dynamics of development of leaf blotches at different plant growth stages, the total disease impact (AUDPC) during vegetation period, the efficiency of fungicide treatment schemes at different rates of top-dressing nitrogen fertilisation. The impact of fungicide treatment schemes on the grain yield and yield-forming components, as well as the interaction between the severity of leaf blotches and formation of yield were evaluated. The conclusions include answers to the research tasks.

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