AGRIS - 

2021

Makovskis, K., Latvia Univ. of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava

Dissertation hypothesis: growing fast growing woody crop plantations on unused agricultural land is an economically justified way of land management and would promote the production of wood biomass in Latvia. The hypothesis suggested the research aim of the dissertation to study the establishment of fast growing woody crop plantations, economic return, potentially available lands and amount of biomass to be obtained on unused agricultural land in Latvia. Based on the aim, the following specific research tasks were set: study the theoretical aspects of the correlation between the development of society and the use of wood biomass for renewable energy production, environmental and economic aspects, and the historical development of fast growing woody crops plantations; evaluate fast growing woody crop plantations of willow, aspen hybrids and grey alder. The dissertation was designed and structured according to the research tasks and consists of three chapters with subchapters. Chapter 1 analyses the theoretical aspects of the use of wood biomass in renewable energy production. Chapter 2 evaluates the suitability of willows, aspen hybrids and grey alder use in fast growing woody crop plantations and the products obtained in them are described. Meteorological, soil properties, area location in the landscape, area condition and management factors influencing tree growth have been analysed. Chapter 3 develops economic models of willow, aspen hybrids and grey alder fast growing woody crop plantations. The costs of planting site selection were analysed.. The final part of the dissertation restates key conclusions and research findings and problems and proposals to solve problems.

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National Academy of Sciences of Belarus - Belarus

2020

Kumar, D., Govind Ballabh Pant Univ. of Agriculture and Technology, Pauri, Uttarakhand (India). Dept. of Civil Engineering | Kumar Bhattacharjya, R., Indian Inst. of Technology, Guwahati (India). Dept. of Civil Engineering

The hilly regions of India have suffered many disasters, both natural and anthropogenic. In the hilly state like Uttarakhand, the hazards like flash flood, forest fires, and landslide affect the community at the large scale. These hazards cause severe physical injuries, loss of life, and at large scale property damage. To understand the impact of such natural hazards, we need to examine vulnerability of the society, so that we can define vulnerability as the status of a community to prevent, mitigate, prepare for or respond to a natural and a man-made hazard. The absence of coping strategies, which is also known as resilience, has altered the vulnerability of a community. Thus, vulnerability index of a community has to be calculated considering physical, social, economic and environmental factors associated with the community. This research paper tries to find out an integrated social vulnerability factor. The proposed integrated social vulnerability factor is determined by considering various factors, such as physical, social, economic, and environmental. All these factors increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards. Poverty, occupation, child population, literacy rate, disability, marginalization, and inequities in wealth distribution of a society or community will also change the social vulnerability. Proposed Integrated social vulnerability index for the hilly terrain of Uttarakhand incorporated local technical knowledge insight and skills, so that local people and local administration are able to identify problems and can offer a solution to resist future emergencies i.e. the proposed social vulnerability indicator will support state, local, and traditional disaster management officials to determine areas of the most sensitive populations and better mitigation operation can be performed in case of disaster.

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National Academy of Sciences of Belarus - Belarus

2017

Gorbacheva,E.V. | Komleva,S.M.

Addressing the problems of improving the land management of agricultural organizations, taking into account their ecologicalstatus in the process of intensification of agricultural production, should promote effective use, protection and management of land resources. The main task here is to establish their rational forms and sizes, create the most favorable territorial distribution of the means of production inextricably linked with the land, in order to ensure the sustainable development of farms on the basis of observanceof environmental norms and requirements. It is important to determine the criteria for the effectiveness of land use and toimprove the ecological and economic mechanism for the formation of rational land use in the conditions of a developing agrarian economy. We have analyzed the main approaches to the establishment of ecological and economic efficiency of agricultural lands, and the solving of tasks of organization of the use of land of agricultural organizations in land administration schemes of administrative regions. The indicators characterizing the level of use of production potential were determined, and established stable zoneforming factors to carry out the ecological and economic zoning of district area, as well as coefficients of ecological stability and anthropogenic transformation of the territory. It was established that the territory of agricultural organizations in Postavy districtis characterized by ecological instability. On the basis of the work done, a conclusion was made on the possibility and the need for a comprehensive accounting of economic and environmental indicators when justifying the use of agricultural land. | Решение проблем совершенствования землепользования сельскохозяйственных организаций с учетом их экологического состояния в процессе интенсификации аграрного производства должно способствовать эффективному использованию, охране и управлению земельными ресурсами. Основная задача при этом заключается в установлении их рациональныхформ и размеров, создании наиболее благоприятного территориального размещения средств производства, неразрывно связанных с землей, с целью обеспечения поступательного развития хозяйств на основе соблюдений экологических норм и требований. Важное значение имеет определение критериев эффективности использования земель и совершенствование эколого-экономического механизма формирования рационального землепользования в условиях развивающейся аграрной экономики. Проанализированы основные подходы к установлению эколого-экономической эффективности сельскохозяйственных земель, решению в схемах землеустройства административных районов задач по организации использования земель сельскохозяйственных организаций, определены показатели, характеризующие уровень использования производственного потенциала, установлены устойчивые зонообразующие факторы для выполнения эколого-хозяйственного зонирования территории района, а также коэффициенты экологической стабильности и антропогенной преобразованности территории. Установлено, что территория сельскохозяйственных организаций в Поставском районе характеризуютсяэкологически нестабильной и неустойчиво стабильной территорией. На основании проделанной работы сделано заключение о возможности и необходимости комплексного учета экономических и экологических показателей при обосновании использования земель сельскохозяйственных организаций.

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National Academy of Sciences of Belarus - Belarus

2016

Levshunov,I.A.

In a course of the research there was analyzed the literature related to surface runoff and the main factors that determine it. Particular attention is paid to the design and size of runoff areas. The characteristics of soils composing the runoff area were given. Such climatic factor as precipitation was analyzed. Observed values of monthly precipitation with average values over many years were compared, and noted the quantitative distribution of precipitation, depending on their size. Some results of processing of observations of surface runoff on specific sites with different slopes and crops were presented. An attempt to link the data on surface runoff with observed precipitation was also made. | Представлен краткий анализ обзора литературы, касающейся поверхностного стока и основных факторов которые его определяют. Особое внимание уделено конструкции и размерам стоковых площадок. Дана характеристика почв слагающих стоковые площадки. В статье анализируется такой климатический фактор как осадки. Проведено сравнение наблюдаемых месячных величин осадков со среднемноголетними значениями, а также отмечено количественное распределение осадков в зависимости от их величины. Представлены некоторые результаты обработки наблюдений за поверхностным стоком на специальных площадках с различными уклонами и сельскохозяйственными культурами. А также сделана попытка связать данные по поверхностному стоку с наблюдаемыми атмосферными осадками.

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National Academy of Sciences of Belarus - Belarus

2016

Likhatsevich,A.P.

Предложена математическая модель влияния регулируемых факторов внешней среды на урожайность сельскохозяйственных культур, которая в отличие от эмпирических формул, не имеющих физической основы, базируется на реальных, установленных опытным путем физических закономерностях, что приближает ее к классу балансовых. Для практического применения предложенной модели необходимо знать максимальную урожайность, формирующуюся при оптимальных уровнях питания и увлажнения растений. Значения всех опорных показателей модели (оптимальных влагозапасов почвы, при которых формируется максимальный урожай, и биологического минимума почвенных влагозапасов, при которых формирование урожая прекращается) устанавливаются по результатам полевого эксперимента. Оптимальные и минимально возможные уровни питания и увлажнения, которые обеспечивают формирование урожая, задают границы определения (диапазон применения) расчетных зависимостей. Опорные показатели зафиксированы на уровне средних за вегетацию, что позволило исключить их зависимость от фактора времени. Кроме того, в модели учтена пропорциональность связи между транспирацией и урожайностью и установлено, что в отличие от биологического минимума содержания почвенной влаги, имеющего вполне реальное значение, отличное от нуля, биологический минимум пищевого режима, при котором формирование урожая прекращается, в частных решениях можно приравнивать нулю. Показано, что значение максимальной урожайности культуры можно задавать только с некоторой долей вероятности, поскольку на нее влияют не учтенные расчетной формулой нерегулируемые факторы внешней среды. Уровень максимальной урожайности колеблется по годам в зависимости от степени благоприятности этих условий, среди которых наиболее значимым является фактор, лимитирующий урожай (находящийся в минимуме). Проверка адекватности модели выполнена путем сравнения результатов вычислений по ней и аналогичных результатов, полученных по эмпирическим зависимостям, предложенных разными авторами. Результаты сравнения подтвердили, что предложенная модель влияния пищевого и водного режимов на урожайность объединяет разнотипные эмпирические формулы (с коэффициентами детерминации 0,86–0,96). | A mathematical model of effect of the controlled environmental factors on crop yield is proposed, which in contrast to empirical formulas that have no physical basis, is based on real, experimentally determined physical laws, which makes it closer to the balance class. It is necessary to know the maximum yield that is formed under perfect levels of nutrition and moistening of plants for the practical application of the proposed model. The values of all the reference model parameters (optimal soil moisture content, when maximum yield and biological minimum of soil moisture content is ensured, resulting in stop of the crop training) are set according to the results of field experiment. The perfect and as low as practicable levels of nutrition and moistening, that ensure crop training, determine the limits for calculating (application range) dependences. The supporting values are determined at the average level during the vegetation period, which allowed to eliminate the time factor dependence. In addition, the model considers proportionality of correlation between transpiration and productivity, and it is determined that in contrast to the biological minimum for the soil moisture content, that has quite a real value, other than zero, the biological minimum of the food regime when the crop training is stopped, in particular can be equated to zero. It is shown that the maximum yield value of crop can only be set with a certain degree of probability, since it is affected by unregulated environmental factors unrecorded by calculation formula. The level of maximum yield varies from year to year depending on degree of favorability of such conditions, with the most significant factor limiting the crop (at the minimum point). The model adequacy test is carried out by comparing the results of calculations and similar results obtained by empirical dependencies, proposed by different authors. Comparison results confirmed that the proposed model of effect of nutrition and water regimes on crop yield combines different empirical formulae (with determination ratio of 0.86–0.96).

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National Academy of Sciences of Belarus - Belarus

2015

Grishanova,O.V. | Papenkova,A.V.

The article deals with the current state and development trends in investment activity in the Republic of Belarus, determined its development prospects. It is noted, that it is in Belarus to the main advantages and privileges of investments include: competitive investment and tax climate, the highly skilled manpower, strategically favorable location, direct access to the markets of Russia and Kazakhstan, developed transport and logistics infrastructure, unique privatization possibilities.Accordingly, the situation of doing business in Belarus for recent years has much improved. The cost of living, education, housing, various events in Belarus are lower than in Western European countries. The country has developed social infrastructure. An additional benefit of Belarus in comparison with other CIS countries is the environment, as the country has managed to keep the unique ecological environment. Scientists of Yale and Columbia universities recognized the best ecological index in Belarus from all CIS countries. | В статье рассмотрено современное состояние и основные тенденции развития инвестиционной деятельности в Республике Беларусь, определены перспективы ее развития. Отмечено, что именно в Беларуси к основным преимуществам и привилегиям инвестиций относятся: конкурентоспособный инвестиционный и налоговый климат, высококвалифицированные трудовые ресурсы, стратегически выгодное местоположение, прямой доступ к рынку России и Казахстана, развитая транспортная и логистическая инфраструктура, уникальные приватизационные возможности. Следовательно, ситуация с ведением бизнеса в Беларуси за последние годы намного улучшилась. Стоимость жизни, образования, жилья, разных мероприятий в Беларуси ниже, чем в западноевропейских странах. Страна отличается развитой социальной инфраструктурой. Дополнительным преимуществом Беларуси по сравнению с другими странами СНГ является экология, так как стране удалось сохранить уникальную эко среду. Ученые Йельского и Колумбийского университетов признали в Беларуси лучший экологический индекс из всех стран СНГ.

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National Academy of Sciences of Belarus - Belarus

2012

Kalmykov, A.V., Belarus State Academy of Agriculture, Gorki

The article presents ecological and economic zoning of the territory of the Republic of Belarus for the purposes of land use planning by the method of average differences, taking into account the factors which influence the efficiency of agricultural lands usage. It was proposed to divide the territory of the Republic into ecological and economic zones (areas) for the development of organizational and territorial bases for increasing the efficiency of agricultural land use, as well as for the realization of intrafarm land use planning and control of agricultural organisations taking into account natural and climatic conditions, ecological conditions, displacement of population, territorial and other peculiar features. For the allocation of ecological and economic zones it was efficient to realize evaluation of administrative areas of the Republic. Finally, there were chosen three uniform ecological-economic zones: the northern, central and the southern, and in each of these zones – the western and eastern subzones. There were shown the main characteristics, which reflect the peculiarities of the selected zones.

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National Academy of Sciences of Belarus - Belarus

2012

Puchka, M.A. | Puchka, M.P. | Moskalev, A.A., National Academy of Sciences. Scientific and Practical Center of Animal Breeding

In the conditions of the Republic of Belarus there were presented results of a research into studying the optimization of microclimate in houses for suckling piglets by means of heating blocks with connection to hot water.Distinctions between groups were that heating of for suckling piglets of the control group was carried out by means of heating plates of the 'Big Dutchman company' (Germany) (length of a plate of 1195 mm, width – 760 mm), while the heating of the experimental ones – by means of heating plates of production of JSC Torgmash (Baranovichi, Belarus) (plate length – 1195 mm, width – 380 mm). We have established that keeping of suckling piglets on heated plates from thermoplastic composite with a supply of hot water helps to stabilize physiological processes in the organism of animals and does not cause disorders in clinical-physiological condition. The plates have the quality as good as that of foreign ones. On the basis of the conducted researches it is possible to draw the following conclusions: 1) Heating plates of JSC Torgmash (PGTV) meet the main sanitary and hygienic and temperature requirements: they provide local heating of suckling piglets. 2) Measurements of surface temperature of plates testify to their satisfactory thermal capacity and thermolyses. 3) Application both control ("Big Dutchman" plates), and experimental heating plates (JSC Torgmash plate) equally promotes creation of a warm and dry den of suckling piglets. 4) The maintenance of animals both on control, and on experimental heating plates did not cause violations of a clinical-physiological condition of pigs and their diseases.

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National Academy of Sciences of Belarus - Belarus

2012

Konchits, V.V., National Academy of Sciences. Scientific and Practical Center of Animal Breeding

In the conditions of the Republic of Belarus there were determined technological parameters of breeding of larvae of a Lena sturgeon (Acipenser baeri Brandt) to weighing 2-3 g in the conditions of Belarus. On the basis of conducted research, we have established that environment plays considerable role in growing young Lena sturgeon up to viable stage. Especially important are temperature and oxygen regimes and active reaction of pH medium. Decrease in these indicators can lead to, besides reduction of growth rate and viability, different diseases of fish and mass deaths. For the growing of young Lena sturgeon up to viable stage, we recommend the density of 700 fishes /m2 as an initial normative one in the conditions of the Republic of Belarus.

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National Academy of Sciences of Belarus - Belarus

2012

Poltorzhitskaya, R.S. | Chernik, M.I., National Academy of Sciences. Scientific and Practical Center of Animal Breding (Belarus). The S.N. Vyshelesskij Inst. of Experimental Veterinary Medicine

In the conditions of the Republic of Belarus there was examined the influence of environmental factors on some indicators of immune reactivity of bees. In course of the study there were analyzed the features of change of the functional activity of system of nonspecific resistance at scale-mycotic pathologies at bees in the conditions of changing environment. Entomological-pathogenic organisms, low temperature, high humidity, heavy metals and deficit of microelements are considered as negative environmental factors. The associated parasitizing entomophage parasites in an organism of bees has sharp immune and depressive effect on the antimicrobial activity, activity of a lysozyme, lectins, level of the total protein, quantity hemocytes and their phagocytic activity. Climatic factors – temperature, humidity possess weak influence on change of the functional activity of immunity of bees on separate indexes.

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National Academy of Sciences of Belarus - Belarus