AGRIS - 

2016

Fayad I. | Baghdadi N. | Guitet S. | Bailly J.S. | Hérault B. | Gond V. | El Hajj M. | Tong Minh D.H.

Mapping forest aboveground biomass (AGB) has become an important task, particularly for the reporting of carbon stocks and changes. AGB can be mapped using synthetic aperture radar data (SAR) or passive optical data. However, these data are insensitive to high AGB levels (>150 Mg/ha, and >300 Mg/ha for P-band), which are commonly found in tropical forests. Studies have mapped the rough variations in AGB by combining optical and environmental data at regional and global scales. Nevertheless, these maps cannot represent local variations in AGB in tropical forests. In this paper, we hypothesize that the problem of misrepresenting local variations in AGB and AGB estimation with good precision occurs because of both methodological limits (signal saturation or dilution bias) and a lack of adequate calibration data in this range of AGB values. We test this hypothesis by developing a calibrated regression model to predict variations in high AGB values (mean >300 Mg/ha) in French Guiana by a methodological approach for spatial extrapolation with data from the optical geoscience laser altimeter system (GLAS), forest inventories, radar, optics, and environmental variables for spatial inter- and extrapolation. Given their higher point count, GLAS data allow a wider coverage of AGB values. We find that the metrics from GLAS footprints are correlated with field AGB estimations (R2 = 0.54, RMSE = 48.3 Mg/ha) with no bias for high values. First, predictive models, including remote-sensing, environmental variables and spatial correlation functions, allow us to obtain “wall-to-wall” AGB maps over French Guiana with an RMSE for the in situ AGB estimates of ?50 Mg/ha and R2 = 0.66 at a 1-km grid size. We conclude that a calibrated regression model based on GLAS with dependent environmental data can produce good AGB predictions even for high AGB values if the calibration data fit the AGB range. We also demonstrate that small temporal and spatial mismatches between field data and GLAS fo

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Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement - France

2016

Fressignac, Camille | Breil, Pascal | Matillon, Yannick | Nullans, Andréa | Chazelle, Blandine | Sarrazin, Benoît | Vallod, Dominique | Ecole Nationale Supérieure de l'eau, l'énergie et l'environnement (ENSE3) ; Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG) | Hydrologie-Hydraulique (UR HHLY) ; Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA) | SNCF | ISARA-Lyon | Agroécologie et Environnement (AGE) ; Isara

International audience | The conservation of biodiversity is currently a major problem which is gradually inserted into the development of public policy of administrative territory, with the aim of controlling the impact of human activity on the natural environment. Land transport infrastructure creates disruptions to ecosystems and landscapes. The exploratory project RIZHU (intense runoff and wetlands), is to assess the conditions of coexistence of land transport infrastructure with that of the wetlands.The hypothesis is that a redesigned management of runoff water in the vicinity of the linear land transport infrastructure may help to restore a wetland mesh which conditions their interconnection. The feasibility of this hypothesis is tested and discussed in this article in order to bring the designer and the developer to consider this opportunity.The article recalls the conditions of existence, types and roles of wetlands. It then introduces the approach of the success factors which are: (1) convince the designer and the operator of the appropriateness of a redesigned management of storm water and (2) to benefit from operational space methods for the detection and evaluation of favorable hydrological and ecological contexts within landscapes. An illustration of these aspects is presented in a section of the TGV Méditerranée processed using a GIS tool under development at Irstea and SNCF.The tested indicators still need to be improved to achieve a tool able to assist the decision facing the variety of storm water management situations on the land transport system. Nevertheless, this initial feasibility study presents real opportunities as it combines the issues of water security and continuity of the ecological corridor of wetlands. | La conservation de la biodiversité est actuellement un enjeu majeur qui s’insère progressivement dans les politiques publiques d’aménagement d’un territoire de gestion administrative, ceci dans le but de maitriser l’impact de l’activité humaine sur son environnement naturel. Les infrastructures de transport terrestre créent des ruptures sur les écosystèmes et paysages. Le projet exploratoire RHIZU (Ruissellement Intense et Zones HUmides) a pour objet d’évaluer les conditions de coexistence entre infrastructures linéaires de transport et écosystèmes de type zones humides. L’hypothèse majeure qui est traitée dans cet article repose sur une gestion repensée des eaux de ruissellement au voisinage d’une infrastructure linéaire de transport terrestre. Une reconsidération de cette gestion par le concepteur puis l’exploitant voire par d’autres acteurs des territoires ciblés permettrait de développer ou restaurer des zones humides. Outre l’impact positif induit sur la biodiversité, le maillage paysager de ces habitats souvent dégradés et en régression serait renforcé en particulier dans les paysages à forte composante anthropique traversés par les infrastructures de transport terrestre en concevant ces dernières comme parties intégrées du maillage des zones humides. L’article rappelle les conditions d’existence, les types et rôles des zones humides. Il présente ensuite les facteurs de réussite de cette approche qui doit (1) tenir compte des modalités de gestion des eaux de ruissellement par le concepteur et l’exploitant et (2) bénéficier de méthodologies spatialisées opérationnelles permettant de détecter et évaluer des contextes favorables au sein des paysages sur les plans hydrologique et écologique. Une illustration de ces aspects est présentée sur un tronçon de la ligne LGV Méditerranée traité à l’aide d’un outil géomatique en cours de développement à l’IRSTEA et à la SNCF. Les métriques déployées doivent être approfondies pour parvenir à un outil d’aide à la décision faisant face à la diversité des situations de gestion du ruissellement sur les axes de transport. Néanmoins, cette première étude de faisabilité présente de réelles perspectives de s’appuyer localement sur des services écologiques rendus par les zones humides. À partir de cette nouvelle approche qui combine les enjeux de sécurité hydraulique et les enjeux zones humides à partir de nouveaux cribles comme l’analyse du ruissellement proposée ici, la production des linéaires de transport pourrait être satisfaite tout en contribuant à plus large échelle aux continuités écologiques.

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Institut national de la recherche agronomique - France

2016

Numu Mussa Sangare | Savin, I.Yu., Peoples' Friendship Univ. of Russia, Moscow

All of the available information about the soil cover of Mali at the level of the whole country is summarized. This information was updated according to the satellite data, and the analysis of optimality of the soil resources for the purposes of cotton cultivation was conducted. As the basis for the assessment served the Digital Soil Map of the World by FAO, which was preliminary corrected on the basis of visual analysis of Landsat images, obtained in 2009-2011. The soil properties, which potentially may constrain the possibilities of industrial crop cultivation (particle size distribution, salinity, rockiness, etc.), were determined by expertise. Also the threshold values of suitability classes were found. The analysis of suitability of Mali soils for cotton cultivation, conducted using the GIS ILWIS application program package, showed that only 6% of country's soils on the territory of the republic are optimal. About 67% of soils are not suitable for cotton cultivation. Among them, 60% have several unfavorable characteristics at once. The rest of the soils are limitedly suitable. The limiting factors for cotton cultivation are light grain texture, low thickness and rockiness. The limitations of about 80% of unfavorable soils of Mali are connected precisely with these properties. | Проведено обобщение имеющейся фактической информации о почвенном покрове Мали на уровне всей страны, обновление ее по данным спутниковой съемки и дан анализ оптимальности почвенных ресурсов для промышленного возделывания хлопчатника. В качестве основы для оценки использовалась цифровая почвенная карта Мира ФАО, которая предварительно была откорректирована на основе визуального анализа спутниковых изображений Landsat, полученных в 2009-2011 гг. Экспертным путем определены свойства почв, которые потенциально могут оказывать лимитирующее влияние на возможности промышленного возделывания хлопчатника (гранулометрический состав, засоленность, каменистость и др.), а также граничные значения классов пригодности. Анализ пригодности почв Мали для возделывания хлопчатника, проведенный с использованием пакета прикладных программ ГИС ILWIS, показал, что оптимальные почвы занимают всего 6% территории страны. Около 67% почв Мали непригодны для возделывания хлопчатника. Из них 60% имеют несколько неблагоприятных свойств одновременно. Остальные почвы являются ограниченно пригодными. Лимитирующие факторы использования почв под хлопчатник - легкий гранулометрический состав, маломощность и каменистость. Ограничения около 80% от неблагоприятных почв Мали связаны именно с этими свойствами. Ресурсный потенциал почв в максимальной степени используется в регионах Куликоро и Сикассо; в меньшей степени – в регионах Сегу и Кайес, и совсем не используется в других регионах. Причина слабого использования ресурсного потенциала почв – недостаток атмосферных осадков и отсутствие воды для орошения.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2016

Boudou, M. | Daniere, B. | Lang, M.

Cet article présente une analyse de l'évolution temporelle de la vulnérabilité au risque inondation de deux villes françaises, Besançon et Moissac, respectivement fortement affectées par les inondations de janvier 1910 et mars 1930. Ces deux évènements d'inondation figurent selon certaines de leurs caractéristiques telles que l'intensité, la gravité ou l'extension spatiale des dommages, parmi les plus significatifs et remarquables enregistrés en France au cours du XXe siècle. Une étude des sources historiques a autorisé une cartographie de l'occupation du sol à l'heure de l'évènement ainsi qu'aujourd'hui, permettant de mettre en lumière la complexe évolution du risque inondation à une échelle locale. | This paper presents an appraisal of the temporal evolution of flood vulnerability of two French cities, Besançon and Moissac, which were largely impacted by floods in January 1910 and March 1930, respectively. Both flood events figure among the most significant events recorded in France during the 20th century, in terms of certain parameters such as the intensity and severity of the flood and spatial extension of the damage. An analysis of historical sources allows the mapping of land use and occupation within the areas affected by the two floods, both in past and present contexts, providing an insight of the complexity of flood risk evolution at a local scale.

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Institut national de la recherche agronomique - France

2016

Kosheleva, O.Yu., All-Russia Research and Development Inst. of Land and Forest Improvement, Volgograd

The results of the analysis of spatial distribution of huge forest stands in the limits of watershed basins of small rivers of the southern Volga Uplands (the Volgograd region) are presented. The deciphering of watershed structure of the tributaries of the rivers Medveditsa, Ilovlya, Volga, and Don was conducted with the use of space images. The wide scale isoline mapping of forest cover of index plots showed that the majority of watersheds were characterized by insufficient afforestation of central part of the basin due to the agricultural use of lands. The main environmental function is developed by the huge forest stands of both natural (forests of alluvial plains, uplands, steppe ravines) and anthropogenic (protective forestations) origin located at the heads (watersheds) and mouths of small rivers. The 6 types of forest cover of watersheds of the southern Volga Uplands were determined depending on the type of forestations, as well as their presence or absence at the river head or mouth: I – maximum natural forest cover at the river head and mouth (relatively the rest of the watershed area); II – maximum anthropogenic forest cover at the river head and maximum natural one at the river mouth; III – absence of forestations at the river head and maximum natural forest cover at the river mouth; IV - maximum natural forest cover at the river head and its absence at the river mouth; V - maximum anthropogenic forest cover at the river head and its absence at the river mouth; VI – absence of the forestations both at the river head and at the river mouth. The suggested typology of the watersheds should be useful by projecting of the systems of adaptive landscape arrangement of lands while the cartography reveals the areas mostly subjected to degradation and not protected by forestations. The example of such areas are arable lands with the forest cover less than 5% located in the central parts of watersheds of the southern Volga Uplands. | Представлены результаты анализа пространственного размещения крупных лесных массивов в границах водосборных бассейнов малых рек юга Приволжской возвышенности (в пределах Волгоградской области). По космическим снимкам проводилось дешифрирование структуры водосборов притоков рек Медведицы, Иловли, Волги и Дон. Крупномасштабное изолинейное картографирование лесистости на ключевых участках позволило установить, что для большинства водосборов характерна низкая лесистость центральной части бассейна, обусловленная сельскохозяйственным использованием земель. Основную средостабилизирующую функцию выполняют крупные лесные массивы естественного (пойменные, нагорные и байрачные) и искусственного происхождения (защитные лесные полосы), локализованные у истока (на водоразделах) и устья малых рек. В зависимости от вида насаждений, а также наличия или отсутствия их у истока или устья реки было выделено 6 типов лесистости водосборов юга Приволжской возвышенности: I - исток и устье имеют максимумы (относительно остальной площади водосбора) естественной лесистости; II - исток имеет максимум искусственной лесистости, устье – максимум естественной; III - у истока отсутствуют насаждения, в устье – максимум естественной лесистости; IV - у истока максимум естественной лесистости, в устье насаждений нет; V - у истока максимум искусственной лесистости, в устье насаждений нет; VI - у истока и устья насаждений нет. Предложенная типология водосборов может быть полезна при проектировании систем адаптивно-ландшафтного обустройства земель, так как картографирование выявляет ареалы, наиболее уязвимые для процессов деградации и не защищенные лесными насаждениями. Такими являются, например, ареалы пахотных угодий с лесистостью менее 5%, расположенные в центральных частях водосборов юга Приволжской возвышенности.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2016

Rulev, A.S. | Yuferev, V.G., All-Russia Research and Development Inst. of Land and Forest Improvement, Volgograd

The planning of agroforest landscapes supposes the estimation of their spatial structure that is the morphologic basis of the landscape. The technology of landscape planning of adaptive agroforestry arrangement of agricultural lands was developed on the basis of catena-basin approach and aerospace cartography to improve the management of agroforest landscapes. The ground for landscape planning is the determination of the essential relief patterns and development of a digital landscape model. The use of space images provides the updating of the information and renewal of cartography GIS-database. The morphodynamic analysis of the relief supports the development of a series of analytic maps, such as, a map of landscape types of the territory. The GIS superposition of the data of landscape map and digital model of the relief provides the development of a digital model of the landscape. The analysis of the digital component of the map reveals the characteristics necessary for the planning of erosion-preventive measures in the landscapes. The use of said models determines the most dangerous zones of the landscape on the territory under study and the inflection points of the landscape, and leads to the establishing of the location of protective forestations and engineering constructions. The superposition of raster and digital models creates the information field consisting of landscape description necessary for planning and development of works on its conservation and improvement. The forecast dynamic cartography is used for the prognosis of landscape changes. It is developed with the deciphering of the information of agroforest landscape space images made in various periods and with the use of the system of computer management and analysis of the images with the utilization of special software packages. This database provides the landscape planning – the development of the complex of measures on adaptive agroforest arrangement of agrarian landscapes. | Планирование агролесоландшафтов предполагает оценку их пространственной структуры, которая является морфологической основой ландшафта. Для улучшения управления агролесоландшафтами разработана технология ландшафтного планирования адаптивного лесомелиоративного обустройства сельскохозяйственных земель на основе катенарно-бассейнового подхода и аэрокосмического картографирования. Основой разработки ландшафтных планов является выявление принципиальных структур рельефа и разработка цифровой модели ландшафта с использованием численных и растровых моделей. Морфодинамический анализ рельефа, позволяет разработать ряд аналитических карт, в том числе карту типов ландшафтов территории. Геоинформационное совмещение данных ландшафтной карты, и цифровой модели рельефа дает возможность разработать цифровую модель ландшафта. При анализе цифровой составляющей карты выявляются характеристики, необходимые для планирования противоэрозионных мероприятий в ландшафтах. Использование рассмотренных моделей дает возможность выявить наиболее опасные участки ландшафта на исследуемой территории, выявить точки перегиба ландшафта и перейти к трассированию размещения ЗЛН и инженерных сооружений. Прогнозно-динамическое картографирование используется для разработки прогноза изменения ландшафтов и реализуется на основе дешифрирования информации разновременных космоснимков агролесоландшафта и применения системы компьютерной обработки и анализа изображений использованием специализированных программных комплексов. В результате исследований разрабатываются инвентаризационные и оценочные карты, а также перечень основных проблем на исследуемой территории. Полученные данные позволяют перейти к ландшафтному планированию – разработке комплекса мероприятий по адаптивному лесомелиоративному обустройству агроландшафтов.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2016

Cordonnier, T. | Berger, F. | Chauvin, C. | Courbaud, B. | Fuhr, M. | Tenerelli, P. | Lafond, V. | Luque, S. | Mao, Zhun | Ecosystèmes montagnards

[Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]SEDYVIN | With 16.5 million hectares, the forest plays a major role in France, providing many provisioning, regulating and cultural ecosystem services. The evaluation of these ecosystem services and their evolution under various socio-economic scenarios represents a major challenge for scientists and decision makers, especially at small region scales for which national data or indicators cannot be used. In recent years significant progress has been made towards a better evaluation of ecosystem services. These advances are usually based on the joint use of databases, remote sensing tools and forest dynamics models applied at different scales. In this article, we discuss the advantages and limitations of these approaches using three examples dealing with the Isère French department. These examples highlight some technical and scientific issues to be overcome in the future. A possible way of progress in the short term seems to lie in the construction of a processing chain that explicitly couples the acquisition of remote sensing data, the initialization of simulations using forest dynamics models and the evaluation ecosystem services by adapted linker functions. | La forêt occupe près de 30 % du territoire français et fournit de nombreux services de production, de régulation et culturels. L'évaluation de ces services écosystémiques et de leurs évolutions sous différents scénarios socio-économiques pose des défis majeurs pour les scientifiques et les décideurs, qui plus est à l'échelle des petits territoires pour lesquels les données ou indicateurs élaborés à l'échelle nationale ne sont guère transposables. Des progrès importants ont été réalisés ces dernières années pour favoriser une meilleure évaluation de certains services. Ces progrès reposent le plus souvent sur l'utilisation conjointe de bases de données, d'outils de télédétection et de modèles démographiques appliqués à différentes échelles. Dans cet article, nous discutons des intérêts et limites de quelque unes de ces approches en prenant des exemples concernant des territoires de l'Isère. Ces exemples permettent de mettre en exergue certains verrous techniques et scientifiques. Une voie de progrès possible à court terme nous semble résider dans la construction d'une chaine de traitement qui articule l'acquisition de données de télédétection, l'initialisation de modèles de dynamique forestière et l'évaluation de la production de services par des fonctions de lien pertinentes.

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Institut national de la recherche agronomique - France

2016

Šajā izdevumā ir apkopota informācija par Latvijā visizplatītākajā nezālēm, to bioloģiskajām īpašībām, pašreizējo izplatību dažādos Latvijas reģionos dažādu kultūraugu sējumos, kā arī par to ierobežošanas iespējām. Izdevumā ir iekļauta arī informācija par nezāļu rezistenci pret herbicīdiem un ieteikumi, kā to var novērst. Izdevuma sagatavošanai ir izmantoti dati un fotogrāfijas, kuras iegūtas Latvijas Zemkopības ministrijas un Eiropas Lauksaimniecības fonda lauku attīstībai finansētā projekta ''Nezāļu izplatības ierobežošana integrētās augu aizsardzības sistēmā laukaugu kultūru sējumos un stādījumos, sekmējot vides un resursu ilgtspējīgu izmantošanu'' un Latvijas Zemkopības ministrijas finansētā projekta ''Ieteikumu izstrāde vējauzas un citu izplatītāko nezāļu sugu ierobežošanas pasākumiem Latvijas apstākļos'' ietvaros. Vējauzas, parastās rudzu smilgas, rudzu lāčauzas un parastās gaiļsāres izplatības kartes sagatavotas izmantojot datus, kas iegūti, veicot šo nezāļu sugu izplatības monitoringu Latvijas teritorijā no 2015. līdz 2016. gadam. Kartes sagatavoja Rihards Landorfs. Divdīgļlapju nezāļu, kā arī ložņu vārpatas un maura skarenes izplatības dati iegūti, veicot nezāļu uzskaites 51 monitoringa saimniecībā visā Latvijas teritorijā laika periodā no 2013. līdz 2016. gadam. Nezāļu ierobežošanas ieteikumi ir izstrādāti, balstoties uz projektos iesaistīto Latvijas zinātnieku pieredzi, kā arī, veicot literatūras izpēti par aktuālajiem pētījumiem citās pasaules valstīs. | This publication summarizes the information on most common weeds in Latvia, their biological properties, the current prevalence in various regions of Latvia in different crops sowings, as well as on its control possibilities. In the publication also includes information on weed resistance to herbicides and suggestions on how it can be prevented. The edition is based on a data and photographs obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture of Latvia and the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development funded project ''Weed distribution control in the integrated pest management system for arable crops and plantations, contributing the sustainable use of environment and resources'' and the Ministry of Agriculture of Latvia funded project ''Development of recommendations for wild oats and other major weed species control measures in conditions of Latvia'' within. Wild oats, common windgrass, rye brome and common barnyard grass distribution maps prepared using data generated by monitoring of weeds species distribution in the territory of Latvia from 2015 to 2016. Map was prepared by Richard Landorfs. Broad-leaved weeds, as well as couch-grass and meadow grass Maura prevalence data generated by tracking 51 weed monitoring the holding throughout Latvian territory during the period from 2013 to 2016. Weed control recommendations have been developed on the basis of the projects involved in the Latvian scientific experience, as well as through literature review of current research in other countries.

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Fundamental Library of Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies - Latvia

2016

Stoiko, N., Lviv National Agrarian Univ.

In Ukraine, degradation of land resources is a complex ecological problem, preventing sustainable development of land employment. Land protection from degradation requires development of measures in the process of land management at regional and local levels. Efficiency of the measures depends considerably on reliable information about quantitative and qualitative conditions of lands, due to the fact that it forces timeliness of the research. The aim of the research is to study problems of land degradation in terms of land management while developing measures of land resource protection. To reach this aim, the following tasks were set out: to analyse the drawbacks of informational support in terms of land management fulfilment at the current stage of land relations development; to describe prospective ways to implement the measures on land protection from degradation in Ukraine. Methodological basis of the research is includes the method of system analysis (performed while studying the process of land resource degradation) and cartographic method (employed while detecting the spread of degradation processes and its drawbacks in land employment). The research has determined that soil maps and plans of employment of lands do not provide reliable information about quantitative and quantitative conditions of land resources. The existing organisation of land use, first arable one, does not always correspond to soil-conserving requirements. It is proposed: to update plan-cartographic material based on space images and data of agrochemical classification of agricultural lands; to establish efficient organisational and economic mechanisms to implement ecological policy in the field of land management.

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Fundamental Library of Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies - Latvia

2016

Lagadec, L.R. | Breil, P. | Chazelle, B. | Braud, Isabelle | Moulin, L.

Indicator of Intense Pluvial Runoff (French Acronym) - is a method to map the susceptibility of territories to surface runoff generation, transfer and accumulation. The method is based on a geomatic combination of landscape factors extracted from topography, land use and soil type. This study is part of the method evaluation process and suggests using information from post-event surveys of surface runoff events to evaluate the agreement between the IRIP maps and the field observations. Surface runoff susceptibility maps are produced at five meters resolution for three impact areas on railways with different infrastructure and environment configurations. First, information categories are extracted from the post-event surveys, and then the IRIP maps are analyzed to see if and how the information categories are retrieved. This study shows that the IRIP maps fit the impact description. The areas susceptible to surface runoff transfer fit the gullies locations and the areas susceptible to surface runoff accumulation fit the sediment deposit traces. The comparison also highlights that the IRIP maps can give further information on the event spatial dynamics. Given the simplicity and the robustness of the mapping method, IRIP can be a tool to perform surface runoff post-event surveys and to improve the surface runoff hazard assessment.

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Institut national de la recherche agronomique - France