الكلمات المفتاحية الخاصة بالمكنز الزراعي (أجروفوك)

2023

Ivanov, D.A. | Rublyuk, M.V. | Antsiferova, O.N.

The results of long-term monitoring of the spatial dynamics in soil acidification within the terminal moraine hill are presented. The studies were carried out in 1996-2020 on the agroecological transect of the All-Russian Research Institution of Reclaimed Land situated in the Tver region, Russia. This massif crosses the landscape positions of the hill and consists of 10 fields having individual histories each. The exchangeable acidity of soils was determined at 30 sample points regularly located in each field at 40 m from each other. The pH(KCl) data for 1996 and 2020 and acidification indicators determined as the difference in the values of soil exchange acidity at the beginning and end of observations were used. The influence of anthropogenic and natural factors on soil acidification was revealed by statistical methods. It was found that the soils were acidified during extensive farming. In 1996-2020 the average exchangeable acidity decreased by 0.6 (0.023 per year), but it will take another 10 years for soils to get out of the slightly acidic category. The spatial variability of pH significantly decreased: strongly acidic and neutral soils disappeared from the soil cover. It has been established that the landscape determines 34% of the spatial variability of soil acidification, and anthropogenic factors determine 26%. There are 4 groups of territories in the agrolandscape, significantly differing in the degree of soil acidification, which is explained by the heterogeneity of the relief and parent rocks. According to the diversity of anthropogenic impact, 5 groups of fields are distinguished, where differences in soil acidification are determined by their history. In general, it is impossible to single out an anthropogenic factor in the agrolandscape that significantly affects the degree of soil acidification, but the impact is noticeable on individual sub-landscape unit, therefore, it is necessary to develop measures to reduce the intensity of this degradation factor. It is recommended to develop alternate crop rotations within the tops of the hills and not to place laylands, hayfields and reserve fields with Eastern galega. On the middle, lower parts of the slopes and in inter-hill depressions, it is not recommended to place winter and cover crops. | Приведены результаты долговременного мониторинга пространственной динамики закисления почв в пределах конечно-моренного холма. Исследования проводили в 1996-2020 гг. на агроэкологической трансекте Всероссийского НИИ мелиорированных земель, (Тверская область). Этот массив пересекает ландшафтные позиции холма и состоит из 10 полей с индивидуальной историей. Определяли обменную кислотность почв в 30 точках опробования, регулярно расположенных по каждому полю в 40 м друг от друга. Использованы данные рН(KСl) за 1996 и 2020 гг. и показатели закисления, определенные как разница значений обменной кислотности почв в начале и конце наблюдений. Влияние антропогенных и природных факторов на закисление почв выявляли статистическими методами. Установлено, что при экстенсивном земледелии почвы закислились. В 1996-2020 гг. средний показатель обменной кислотности снизился на 0,6 (0,023 за год), но для выхода почв из категории слабокислых потребуется еще 10 лет. Существенно уменьшилась пространственная вариабельность рН – из почвенного покрова исчезли сильнокислые и нейтральные почвы. Установлено, что ландшафт определяет 34% пространственной изменчивости закисления почв, антропогенные факторы – 26%. Выделяют 4 группы территорий в агроландшафте, достоверно различающиеся по степени закисления почв, что объясняется неоднородностью рельефа и почвообразующих пород. По разнообразию антропогенной нагрузки определяют 5 групп полей, где различия в закислении почв обусловлены их историей. В целом по агроландшафту невозможно выделить антропогенный фактор, достоверно влияющий на степень закисления почв, но на отдельных подурочищах воздействие ощутимо, поэтому необходимо разработать мероприятия по снижению интенсивности этого деградационного фактора. В пределах вершин холмов следует разворачивать плодосменные севообороты и не размещать залежи, сенокосы и выводные поля с козлятником восточным. На средних, нижних частях склонов и в межхолмных депрессиях нежелательно располагать озимые и покровные культуры.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2023

Bezmaternykh, Dmitry M. | Vdovina, Olga N.

Recent data suggests a significant difference in physical and biological properties between low-mountain lakes and high-mountain or lowland water bodies. However, the taxonomic composition and structure of bottom invertebrates in low-mountain lakes of Altai remain unknown. Due to climate change and growing anthropogenic impact, studying the composition and structure of macrozoobenthos in these lakes is becoming increasingly urgent. In 2022, a study was conducted on macrozoobenthos from foothill lakes of the Russian Altai, specifically Kireevo in the Krasnogorsk region, Aya (Aiskoye) in the Altai region, Koksha and Svetloye in the Soviet region, Kolyvanskoye in the Zmeinogorsk region, and Beloye in the Kuryinsky region of Altai Krai. The study identified 152 species from 9 classes, including Turbellaria (1), Nematoda (1), Oligochaeta (17), Hirudinea (5), Bivalvia (2), Gastropoda (8), Arachnida (10), Crustacea (2), and Insecta (106). Of the insects, the order Diptera (69 species, including 59 chironomids) had the greatest species diversity. Additionally, the orders Trichoptera (16), Coleoptera (7), Ephemeroptera (5), Odonata (4), Heteroptera (4), and Megaloptera (1) were identified. Most of the studied lakes in the Russian Altai (Aya, Beloye, Kireevo, and Kolyvanskoye) had a taxonomic composition of macrozoobenthos similar to lowland lakes. Two lakes (Koksha and Svetloye) had a combination of features from both lowland and high-mountain lakes. The content of organic substances and their decomposition products in water, as well as substrate type, were the most significant factors determining the development of macroinvertebrate communities in the studied lakes.

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Altai State University - Russian Federation

2023

Kosacheva, Yulia N. | Mitrofanova, Elena Yu. | Kosachev, Petr A.

In 2001–2021, the taxonomic composition and structure of phytoplankton in the heterotypic lakes of the Kulunda basin were studied. By the average and maximum depths and the way of salt accumulation, these lakes belong to deep-water brine, medium-deep brine, shallow-water brine, shallow-water self-sediment and drying up in summer period types of reservoirs. 241 species, 5 varieties and 3 forms of algae from 7 divisions, 17 classes, 7 subclasses, 44 orders, 78 families, and 130 genera were identified. The greatest taxonomic diversity was noted in the divisions Cyanobacteria, Chlorophyta, and Ochrophyta; the most classes (5) were in the division Ochrophyta; the most taxa with a rank above the family were in the subdivision Diatomeae (3 classes, 4 subclasses, 14 orders) and the division Chlorophyta (3 classes, 11 orders). In the spectrum of families, 12 ones (of 78) are leading with 34.6% of the total number of genera and 48.5% of the total number of species. The taxa spectrum is characterized by one-, two- and three-species families. The largest number of species in phytoplankton was found mostly in deep- and medium-deep lakes with a wide variety of biotopes both horizontally and vertically. The dependence of the number of species in the phytoplankton of the lakes on various environmental factors and features of the reservoirs (morphometric characteristics, water and air temperature, precipitation, salinity, pH, the Wolf number, some anions and cations) was analyzed. It was revealed that the correlation was higher for the smaller on area and volume water bodies, and less – for the larger and deeper ones.

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Altai State University - Russian Federation

2023

Borodina, T.A. | Ovsyanko, L.A. | Chepeleva, K.V.

There are considered the features of natural, climatic and territorial conditions that affect the economic activities of peasant (farmer) households (PFHs) in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The purpose of the study is to develop a differentiated tax rate for the Unified Agricultural Tax (UAT) for PFHs operating in different business conditions due to the climatic, infrastructural and territorial heterogeneity of the region. The features of macrodistricts of the region with the most developed activity of PFHs are considered. The Southern macrodistrict, Eastern macrodistrict and part of the Central macrodistrict have the best heat supply. The highest population density is noted in the Central and Eastern macrodistricts, which correlates with their transport accessibility, the development of which, in conjunction with natural and climatic factors, largely affects the degree of development of the natural resource potential of the territories, the level of additional costs and the profitability of PFHs. At the same time, favorable natural and climatic factors are observed in combination with greater territorial remoteness from the established centers of production and consumption, which also affects the economic results of the PFHs. The farms of the Southern and Central macrodistricts have the lowest costs for the production of 1 t of products, as well as the lowest costs for the acquisition of material resources per 1 PFH – 3035.6 thousand rub and 4374.5 thousand rub, respectively. These macro-districts are characterized by the lowest level of tax burden on average per household – 0.379 thousand rub and 0.388 thousand rub, respectively. In the region, 3 groups of districts are identified according to the level of importance of influence of territorial conditions on the economic activity of PFHs. On the basis of the correction factors proposed, a differentiated tax rate for the UAT was calculated. For PFHs of group 1, a tax rate of 6% is recommended; for PFHs of groups 2 and 3 of districts, the tax rate is recommended to be reduced to 4% and 3%, respectively. | Рассматриваются особенности природно-климатических и территориальных условий, оказывающих влияние на ведение хозяйственной деятельности крестьянскими (фермерскими) хозяйствами (КФХ) Красноярского края. Цель исследования – разработка дифференцированной налоговой ставки по единому сельскохозяйственному налогу (ЕСХН) для КФХ, функционирующих в разных условиях хозяйствования в силу природно-климатической, инфраструктурной и территориальной неоднородности региона. Рассмотрены особенности макрорайонов края с наиболее развитой деятельностью КФХ. Наилучшей теплообеспеченностью обладают Южный, Восточный и часть Центрального макрорайона. Наибольшая плотность населения отмечается в Центральном и Восточном макрорайонах, что коррелирует с их транспортной доступностью, развитость которой, в совокупности с природно-климатическими факторами, во многом влияет на степень освоения природно-ресурсного потенциала территорий, уровень дополнительных затрат и доходность КФХ. При этом благоприятные природно-климатические факторы наблюдаются в совокупности с большей территориальной удаленностью от сложившихся центров производства и потребления, что также оказывает влияние на хозяйственные результаты КФХ. Хозяйства Южного и Центрального макрорайонов имеют наименьшие расходы на производство 1 т продукции, а также наименьшие расходы на приобретение материальных ресурсов в расчете на 1 КФХ – 3035,6 тыс. руб. и 4374,5 тыс. руб. соответственно. Для данных макрорайонов характерен наименьший уровень налоговой нагрузки в среднем на хозяйство: соответственно 0,379 тыс. руб. и 0,388 тыс. руб. В крае выделено 3 группы районов по уровню баллов влияния территориальных условий на хозяйственную деятельность КФХ. На основе предложенных поправочных коэффициентов проведен расчет дифференцированной налоговой ставки по ЕСХН. Для КФХ 1-й группы рекомендуется налоговая ставка 6%, для КФХ 2-й и 3-й группы районов налоговую ставку рекомендуется снизить до 4% и 3% соответственно.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2023

Korolev K.P.

The article reflects the results of field-testing of 60 linen flax samples by straw, hemp straw, fibre yield in the northern forest-steppe agroclimatic zone of Tyumen Oblast. Phenotypic differences in the parameters of adaptive ability, stability and breeding value were established. As a result of analysis of variance, the reliable (p>0.05) contribution of genotype (factor A), environment (factor B) and genotype-medium interactions (AhB) in the manifestation of the studied characteristics in contrasting climatic conditions was established. Based on the long-term (2017-2020) field study of flax, the sources for straw yield (21 pc), hemp straw (19 pc), fibre (6 pc), seeds (9 pc), which we recommend to use as a source material for breeding, were identified.

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Marina Sokolova Publishings - Russian Federation

2023

Vesnina, Lyubov’ V. | Bezmaternykh, Dmitry M.

The paper investigates the effects of natural environmental factors on the long-term (2000–2020) and seasonal (April–October) dynamics of zooplankton in the hypergaline Lake Kulundinskoye, located in the Kulunda steppe of Altai Krai, Russia. Sixteen key indicators of zooplankton structure, including abundance and biomass of major taxonomic groups such as Rotifera, Cladocera, Copepoda, and Anostraca, as well as individual stages of a life cycle and sex ratio in Artemia population, were studied in relation to 17 hydrophysical and hydrochemical indicators such as temperature, density, pH, total salinity, hardness, alkalinity, and other parameters. Monthly data for 2017–2020 and average annual data for 2000–2020 were analyzed to identify the impact of environmental factors on zooplankton structure. The study also examined the influence of these factors on the Artemia crustacean population, which dominates the zooplankton in this lake. The hydrophysical and hydrochemical regime of Lake Kulundinskoye can vary significantly from year to year, which affects the zooplankton indicators. Statistical analysis showed that monthly hydrophysical and hydrochemical data are more reliable than averaged data for the research period (April-October) in determining the impact of environmental factors on zooplankton structure. The results indicate that the changes in zooplankton structure are mainly due to the stimulating effect of increased salinity on the Artemia population and its depressing influence on other taxa. The long-term dynamics of zooplankton is characterized by a complex cyclicity of water salinity and productivity of the Artemia population, which is influenced by periodic changes in the moisture content of the lake catchment.

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Altai State University - Russian Federation

2022

Esenbaev, Sh.

The article discusses 80% of pests found in the orchards of Tashkent and Samarkand regions, their species composition, damage to trees and their parasites, as well as their populations, which cause particularly significant damage here. The number of predatory and parasitic entomophages is a major area of study. Environmental factors have a sufficient impact on the reproduction and development of forests. Due to the high relative humidity of the air, this environment becomes unfavorable for the development of certain insect species. In the forest, on ornamental trees, there is an abundance of natural insects that cause the destruction of plants. In this case, pests are leading. A decrease in the amount of water in a tree trunk is favorable for the development of phytophages.

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Publishing center Science and Practice - Russian Federation

2022

А.С. Манаенков | А.С. Пономарев

Наиболее обширные песчаные массивы на юге Европейской России сосредоточены в поясе сухих степей и полупустынь. Эффективное использование данных земель требует создания защитных лесных насаждений из засухоустойчивых хвойных пород – сосны обыкновенной и сосны крымской. Производительность и долговечность таких древостоев широко варьируют по территории и зависят от наличия дополнительного к атмосферным осадкам водного питания и минеральной обеспеченности корнеобитаемого слоя. В связи с этим особый интерес для лесоразведения представляют песчаные массивы «остепненных» речных долин, сложенные многофазными или однофазными полиминеральными породами. В число важных объектов лесоразведения входит северная (в пределах Волгоградской области), наиболее высокая и дренируемая часть Волго-Ахтубинской поймы. Зарегулирование стока р. Волги Волжской ГЭС привело к перестройке режимов поверхностных и грунтовых вод, становлению новых условий водно-минерального питания и изменению других важных факторов существования лесных экосистем на данной территории. Цель – разработать классификацию экотопов Волго-Ахтубинской поймы по условиям водно-минерального питания, культивирования, ожидаемой производительности и долговечности насаждений сосны. Исследованы связи ростовых показателей древостоев Pinus silvestris L. с почвенно-грунтовыми и гидрологическими условиями на разных экотопах крупногривистой и переходной пойм после зарегулирования стока р. Волги Волжской ГЭС. Выявлены закономерности динамики этой связи. Установлено, что в северной части Волго-Ахтубинской долины (примерно до линии Капустин Яр – Каменный Яр) с усилением слоистости, утяжелением гранулометрического состава корнеобитаемого слоя до супесчаного, понижением уровня поверхности при небольшом удалении от дренирующего русла влагообеспеченность и рост культур сосны обыкновенной улучшаются, повышается лесопригодность экотопов. На почвах, подстилаемых мощными суглинками, существует опасность раннего распада и гибели высокополнотных сосняков в периоды маловодных и засушливых лет. По этим показателям, а также условиям создания лесных культур, производительности и долговечности насаждений выделено 3 группы лесопригодности экотопов. Наименее благоприятные экотопы – на высоких участках гривистой и переходной пойм с маломощными почвами различного состава на однофазных рыхлых песках при глубоком (более 4–5 м) залегании зеркала грунтовой воды в межень. Наиболее благоприятные – хорошо дренируемые участки переходной поймы с легкими почвами на мощных слоистых, преимущественно супесчаных отложениях, а также на песках с близким к поверхности залеганием грунтовой воды. Средние по условиям – слабо дренируемые участки переходной поймы с маломощными супесчаными и суглинистыми почвами на мощных суглинках. Для цитирования: Манаенков А.С., Пономарев А.С. Лесопригодность экотопов Волго-Ахтубинской поймы для культур сосны // Изв. вузов. Лесн. журн. 2022. № 4. С. 127–145. https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2022-4-127-145 | In the south of European Russia, the largest sand massifs are found in the zone of dry steppes and semi-deserts. Effective utilization of such lands requires creation of protective forest planting of drought-resistant coniferous species like Scots pine and Crimean pine. The productivity and longevity of such stands vary widely over the territory and depends on the presence of additional to atmospheric precipitation water supply and the root layer mineral supply. In this regard, sand massifs of steppificated river valleys composed of multiphase or single-phase polymineral rocks are of particular interest for afforestation. One of the most important objects of afforestation is the Northern (within the Volgograd region) highest and most drained part of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain. Volga River damming by the Volga Hydroelectric Station (Volga GES) led to a restructuring of surface and ground water regimes, formation of new conditions of water and mineral nutrition and changes in other important factors of forest ecosystems in the area. The research aims at developing a classification of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain ecotopes by water-mineral nutrition conditions, cultivation, expected productivity and longevity of pine plantings. We studied relationships of growth parameters of Pinus silvestris L. stands with soil-ground and hydrological conditions in different ecotopes of the large hilly and transitional floodplains after the Volga River damming by the Volga GES. Dynamics patterns of this relationship were revealed. It was found that in the northern part of the Volga-Akhtuba valley (approximately up to the Kapustin Yar – Kamenny Yar line) with increasing stratification, heavier granulometric composition of the root layer to sandy loam layer, lowering the surface level at a small distance from the drainage channel moisture supply and growth of Scots pine plantations improve, forest suitability of ecotopes increases. There is a risk of early decay and death of high-density pine forests in periods of low water and dry years on soils underlain by thick loams. Three groups of ecotope forest suitability were identified according to these indicators, as well as the conditions for the creation of forest plantations, productivity and longevity of plantings. The least favorable ecotopes are in the highlands of the hilly and transitional floodplains with minor soils of different composition on single-phase open-textured sands with deep (more than 4–5 m) groundwater table during low-water season. The most favorable are welldrained areas of the transitional floodplain with light soils on thick stratified predominantly sandy loam sediments, as well as on sands with close to the surface groundwater occurrence. Average ecotopes in terms of conditions are poorly drained areas of the transitional floodplain with minor sandy loam and loamy soils on deep loams. For citation: Manaenkov A.S., Ponomarev A.S. Forest Sustainability of Ecotopes of the Volga-Akhtuba Floodplain when Cultivating Pine Plantations. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2022, no. 4, pp. 127–145. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2022-4-127-145

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Northern (Arctic) Federal University - Russian Federation

2022

Nabatova, N.A. | Utkina, E.I. | Parfenova, E.S. | Shamova, M.G. | Psareva, E.A. | Zhukova, M.N.

Проведена оценка 10 сортов озимой ржи российской селекции по урожайности в условиях Кировской области. Средняя урожайность сортов озимой ржи за период исследований (2015-2021 гг.) составила 2,64 т/га и варьировала по годам от 1,39 т/га (2016 г., индекс условий среды (Ij)=-1,25) до 4,22 т/га (2015 г., Ij=1,58). Средняя урожайность по сортам изменялась от 1,64 (Саратовская 7) до 3,62 т/га (Флора). Доля влияния на урожайность фактора "условия года" составила 43%, фактора "сорт" - 28%. На различную адаптивность и экологическую устойчивость сортов озимой ржи указывают: коэффициенты пластичности (bi) - 0,40…1,39, стабильности (сигма d2) - 0,25…1,07, мультипликативности (КМ) - 1,31…2,97, адаптивности (КА) - 56,3…142,4, вариации (V) - 25…87%; фактор фенотипической стабильности (SF) - 1,9…20,5; показатели размаха урожайности (d) - 0,47…0,95, гомеостатичности (Hom) - 0,02…0,13 и стрессоустойчивости (Y2-Y1) - -2,28…-3,62. На основании суммирования рангов по 9 показателям адаптивности и экологической устойчивости признака "урожайность" выделены сорта, наиболее приспособленные к лимитирующим факторам среды (Фаленская 4, Алиса, Рушник и Флора). | Ten winter rye varieties of Russian breeding were evaluated by yield in the conditions of Kirov region. The average yield of winter rye varieties during the research period of 2015-2021 was 2.64 t/ha and varied by years from 1.39 t/ha (2016, index of environmental conditions (Ij)=-1.25) to 4.22 t/ha (2015, Ij=1.58). The variation of average yield by varieties was from 1.64 ('Saratovskaya 7') to 3.62 t/ha ('Flora'). The proportion of the influence on the yield of the factor "conditions of the year" was 43%, of the factor "variety" ? 28%. Different adaptability and environmental sustainability of winter rye varieties are indicated by: coefficients of plasticity (bi) - 0.40...1.39, stability (sigma d2) - 0.25...1.07, multiplicity (KM) - 1.31...2.97, adaptability (CA) - 56.3...142.4, variation (V) - 25...87%; phenotypic stability factor (SF) ? 1.9...20.5; yield spread (d) ? 0.47...0.95, homeostability (Hom) - 0.02...0.13 and stress tolerance (Y2-Y1) - -2.28...-3.62. Based on the summation of the ranks according to 9 indicators of adaptability and environmental stability of the "yield" trait, the varieties most adapted to the limiting environmental factors ('Falenskaya 4', 'Alice', 'Rushnik' and 'Flora') have been chosen.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2022

Badirova, A.

The article deals with a comparative analysis of infection with eimeria and cryptosporidia of sheep in Lowland, Foothill and Mountainous zones of the Lankaran, Masalli, Astara districts according to the Lankaran-Astara economic region. In the course of the studies conducted on farms, infection with eimeria and cryptosporidium among sheep was identified. Environmental factors have a major impact on the survival and development of Eimeria and cryptosporidiim in the environment. In the Lowland zone of Masalli district, there was detected infection with eimeria 40.0%, cryptosporidium 31.6%, in the Foothill zone with eimeria 34.6%, cryptosporidium 28.2%, in the Mountainous zone with eimeria 23.5%, cryptosporidium 17.0%. In the Lowland zone of the Lankaran district, 36.3% infection with eimeria, 25.6% with cryptosporidium in the Foothill zone 27.1% with eimeria, 19.9% with cryptosporidium, in the Mountainous zone 13.0% with eimeria, 8.7% with cryptosporidium was detected. In the Lowland zone of the Astara district, 20.5% infection with eimeria, 14.1% with cryptosporidium, in the Foothil zone 9.0% with eimeria, 5.8% with cryptosporidium, in the Mountainous zone 5.8% with eimeria, 3.9% with cryptosporidium was studied during the examinations. Depending on the bioecological features in the Lowland zone of the Masalli district, the high intensiveness of eimeria was 3–9 specimens, cryptosporidium 1–4 spc., and the weakest intensiveness in the Mountainous zone of the Astara district with eimeria was 1–1 spc., cryptosporidium 1–1 spc.

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Publishing center Science and Practice - Russian Federation