AGRIS - 

2017

Petrova, I.V. | Sannikov, S.N. | Cherepanova, O.E., Russian Academy of Sciences. Ural Branch, Ekaterinburg (Russian Federation). Botanical Garden

The results of large-scale interdisciplinary ecological and geographical researches (1973–2015 years), environmental gradients, reproductive isolation, genetic and phenotypic differentiation of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) populations of the dry lands and the adjacent bogs in Western Siberia and the Russian Plain have been generalized. The strong regime gradients of the physical, chemical, and especially hydrothermal factors of the pine populations' edafotope on dry lands and adjacent high bogs in the sub-forest-steppe, in the middle and northern taiga (to a lesser degree) of Western Siberia have been revealed. The stable reproductive isolation of populations on the high bogs and to a lesser extent on the transitional bogs from the dry land ones, which is determined by a later peat substrate heating, differences in the phases of pollination-flowering of trees, and its increase in the general direction from the northwest to the southeast of the Russian Plain and the Western Siberia, has been determined. The significant genetic distances Nei (1978) and their gradients between the dry land and adjacent bog populations in the south of forest zone (at the local population level), and lower gradients in the northern taiga subzones, as well as in transitional bogs have been found. The clear boundary between populations of P. sylvestris L. on the dry land and adjacent high bog in the continuous areal has been determined as a result of stationary palaeobotanical, ecological, phenological, morphological-anatomical-phenotypic and allozyme studies. An outline of hypothetical-deductive theory of genetic divergence of bog P. sylvestris populations from dry land ones in Holocene under the influence of the disruptive selection and the other factors of microevolution, which is proceed in the conditions of strongly contrasting environment and reproductive isolation has been substantiated through the generalization of research results and literature data. | Обобщены результаты широкомасштабных междисциплинарных эколого-географических исследований (1973–2015 гг.) градиентов среды, репродуктивной изоляции, генетической и фенотипической дифференциации популяций сосны обыкновенной Pinus sylvestris L. на суходолах и смежных болотах Западной Сибири и Русской равнины. Выявлены резкие градиенты режимов главных физических, химических и особенно гидротермических факторов эдафосреды популяций сосны на суходоле и смежном верховом болоте в подзоне предлесостепи, в меньшей мере в средней тайге Западной Сибири. Установлена обусловленная более поздними сроками прогревания торфяного субстрата и фенофаз пыления–цветения деревьев стабильная репродуктивная изоляция популяций на верховых и в меньшей мере на переходных болотах, возрастающая в общем направлении с северо-запада на юго-восток Русской равнины и Западной Сибири. Выявлены достоверные генетические дистанции Неи (1978) и их градиенты между популяциями на суходолах и смежных верховых болотах на юге лесной зоны (на уровне локальных популяций) и меньшие в подзонах средней тайги и на переходных болотах. В результате палеоботанических, экологических, фенологических, морфоанатомо-фенотипических и аллозимных стационарных исследований в подзоне предлесостепи Западной Сибири установлена отчетливо выраженная граница между популяциями Pinus sylvestris L. на суходолах, с одной стороны, и верховых болотах – с другой, на непрерывном ареале. В итоге обобщения результатов исследований и литературных данных обоснован эскиз гипотетико-дедуктивной теории генетической дивергенции болотных популяций P. sylvestris от суходольных в голоцене под влиянием дизруптивного отбора и других факторов микроэволюции в резко контрастных условиях среды и репродуктивной изоляции.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2016

Larina, G.V., Gorno-Altai State Univ., Gorno-Altaysk

The transformation of organic matter and the mobilization of macro- and microelements in peat bogs are carried out by the enzymes extracted by living organisms and which exist in the adsorbed state of the peat. Therefore the enzyme activity gives a complete picture of biological conditions of peat bogs. The characteristics of peat properties in peat deposits of the bogs of the Altai Republic and their enzyme activity are discussed. A considerable variability of general technical peat properties in the Altai Republic has been revealed. A rich floristic composition of mountain bogs determines peat properties: a high degree of decomposition and the composition of peat organic matter in the Northern Altai. It has been found that more intensive processes of organic matter humification occur in the peat deposits of eutrophic peat type (Turochakskoye bog) as compared to mesotrophic peat type (Kutyushskoye bog) which is confirmed by higher activity of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase enzymes. Moving down the peat deposits of both types the peroxidase activity increases. The total catalase activity in peat deposits of eutrophic (Turochakskoye) and mesotrophic (Kutyushskoye) bogs changed in the range of 1.58-17,87 mL O2/g*2 min; the variation limits of polyphenol oxidase activity in peat deposits make up respectively 0.16-3.50 mg 1.4-benzoquinone / g*30 min and 0.0-2.56 mg 1.4-benzoquinone / g*30 min; variation limits of peroxidase make up 2.5-27.3 mg 1.4-benzoquinone / g*30 min. Enzymatic processes of various orientation are active to the bedrock in the peat profile of both bog types of the Altai Mountains. Seasonal dynamics of enzymatic processes in the peat deposits of bogs of mesotrophic and eutrophic types are determined by the weather conditions of the growing season and are mainly characterized by their spring-autumn peak of activity. Activity of enzymatic processes in bogs of Altai Republic is higher, than in similar bogs of a southeast part of the West Siberian lowland. | Трансформация органического вещества, мобилизация макро- и микроэлементов в торфяных болотах осуществляются с помощью ферментов, выделенных как живыми организмами, так и находящимися в торфе в адсорбированном состоянии, поэтому ферментативная активность даёт полное представление о биологическом состоянии торфяных болот. Представлены характеристика свойств торфов в торфяных залежах болот Республики Алтай и их ферментативная активность. Установлена значительная вариабельность общетехнических свойств торфов по территории Горного Алтая. Богатый флористический состав горных болот определяет свойства формирующихся торфов: высокую степень разложения, состав органического вещества торфов Северного Алтая. Выявлено, что более интенсивно процессы гумификации органического вещества протекают в торфяной залежи эвтрофного типа (болото Турочакское) по сравнению с торфяной залежью мезотрофного типа (болото Кутюшское), что подтверждается более высокой активностью ферментов полифенолоксидазы и пероксидазы. При движении вниз по торфяным залежам обоих типов активность пероксидазы увеличивается. Общая каталазная активность в торфяных залежах эвтрофного (Турочакское) и мезотрофного (Кутюшское) болот изменялась в пределах 1,58-17,87 мл О2/г*2 мин.; пределы изменений активности полифенолоксидазы в торфяных залежах составляют, соответственно, 0,16-3,50 мг 1,4-бензохинона/г*30 мин. и 0,0-2,56 мг 1,4-бензохинона/г*30 мин.; пределы изменения пероксидазы — 2,5-27,3 мг 1,4-бензохинона/г*30 мин. Ферментативные процессы разной направленности активны до подстилающих пород в торфяном профиле обоих типов горно-алтайских болот. Сезонная динамика ферментативных процессов в торфяных залежах болот эвтрофного и мезотрофного типов обусловлена погодными условиями вегетационного периода и характеризуется преимущественно их весенне-осенним пиком активности. Активность ферментативных процессов в болотах Горного Алтая выше, чем в аналогичных болотах юго-восточной части Западно-Сибирской низменности.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2015

Efremova, T.T. | Avrova, A.F. | Efremov, S.P., Russian Academy of Sciences. Siberian Branch, Krasnoyarsk (Russian Federation). The V.N. Sukachiev Inst. of Forest Science

Исследование проведено в одной из заболоченных межгорных котловин низкогорной части Кузнецкого Алатау (Западная Сибирь). Получено представление о морфолого-генетическом строении моховых подстилок долинно-приречных и приручейных ельников. Подстилки зеленомошно-гипнового ельника можно охарактеризовать как среднемощные (9-17 см) с высокими запасами органической массы (77-99 т/га), при нейтральном рН (6.8-7.0) и высокой (11-28%) зольности. Выявлены типы подстилкообразования, обусловленные содержанием минеральных примесей в органогенном субстрате и степенью его дренированности. Выполнена дифференциация подгоризонтов подстилки, охарактеризованы визуальные диагностические признаки слоев ферментации и разработаны дополнительные (индексы) для указания их специфики. Выделены торфяно- и торфянисто-ферментативный, гумифицированно-ферментативный и перегнойно-ферментативный слои. Торфяно- и торфянисто-ферментативные слои характеризуются содержанием плитовидных торфяных макроагрегатов грубого растительного состава, наличием обильного грибного мицелия и почвенных животных первичных деструкторов - многоножек, брюхоногих моллюсков. Гумифицированно-ферментативные слои определяются по включению новообразованных аморфных гумусоподобных веществ, ореховато-зернистых структурных отдельностей гумусовой природы и почвенных животных гумификаторов - энхитреид и дождевых червей. Перегнойно-ферментативные слои похожи на предыдущие, но отличаются от них глинисто-гумусовым составом ореховато-зернистых отдельностей сизоватой побежалости. На основе диагностических признаков слоев ферментации разработана номенклатура и выполнена классификация моховых подстилок - торфяные, торфянистые, торфянистые редуцированные, перегнойно-торфянистые, перегнойно-торфянистые редуцированные. Методом дискриминантного анализа установлено, что физико-химические свойства (зольность и степень разложения растительного субстрата) объективно характеризуют своеобразие типов моховых подстилок, их подгоризонтов и слоев ферментации. | The research was performed in one from wetland intermountain area situated in low-mountain part of Kuznetsk Alatau (West Siberia). The representation of moss litter morphogenetic structure of valley-riverside and streamside spruce forests was determined. The litter of (green moss)-hypnum spruce forest can be characterized as medium thickness (9-17 cm) with high storage of organic matter (77-99 t/ha), which differs in neutral environmental conditions pH 6.8-7.0 and high percentage of ash 11-28%. Formation litter types were identified, which depend on the content of mineral inclusions in organogenic substrate and the degree of its drainage. The differentiation of litter subhorizons was performed, visual diagnostic indicators of fermentative layers were characterized, and additional (indexes) to indicate their specificity were developed. Peat- and peaty-fermentative, humified-fermentative and (black mold humus)-fermentative layers were discriminated. Peat- and peaty-fermentative layers contain platy peat macroaggregates of coarse vegetable composition, abundant fungal mycelium and soil animals who are the primary decomposers - myriopoda, gastropoda mollusks. Humified-fermentative layers include the newly formed amorphous humus-like substances, nutty-granular structural parts of humus nature and soil animals humificators - enchytraeids and earthworms. (Black mold humus)-fermentative layers are diagnosed by similar to previous indicators, but differ from them in clay-humus composition of nutty-granular blue-grey parts. The nomenclature and classification of moss litter were developed. It includes following layers - peat, peaty, reduced peaty, (black mold humus)-peaty, reduced (black mold humus)-peaty. Using the method of discriminant analysis, it was revealed that the physical-chemical properties, mainly percentage of ash and decomposition degree of plant substrate, objectively characterizes the uniqueness of moss litter types, their horizons and fermentation layers.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2014

Motorin, A.S., Research and Development Inst. of Agriculture of Northern Trans-Ural Regions, Tyumen Region

Приведены результаты многолетних (1973-2008 гг.) исследований по установлению содержания калия в осушаемых торфяных почвах и определению влияния агромелиоративных приемов на его динамику. Объектами исследований послужили торфяные почвы на средних торфах, типичные по генезису для подтайги (болото Ернякуль, расположенное на водоразделе рек Тобол и Вагай; Усальское – на второй надпойменной террасе р. Тобол) и лесостепи (болото Тарманское, объект Решетниково, расположенное на второй надпойменной террасе р. Туры) Северного Зауралья. Выявлено, что содержание валового калия в натеррасных болотах в 3,7–4,6 раза больше, чем на водораздельных. Длительное (13–15 лет) внесение калия по 90–120 кг д.в./га обеспечивает сохранение его валовых запасов. В нормальнозольных торфяных почвах подвижный калий составляет 74,1–96,6% от валового. Основное количество подвижного калия сосредоточено в 0,4-метровом слое. Разовое внесение высоких норм калия (150 кг д.в./га и выше), а тем более внесение его в запас на ряд лет недопустимо. При 0,5-метровом уровне грунтовых вод за пределы корнеобитаемого слоя передвигается около трети внесенного калия. Внесение 300 т/га глины увеличивает запасы подвижного калия на 282,4 кг, песка – на 103,4 кг, гумусового горизонта лугово-болотной почвы – на 230 кг/га. Высокие нормы (600–900 т/га) глины существенно увеличивают фиксирующую способность торфяной почвы. На торфяных почвах нецелесообразно стремиться к созданию высокого уровня обеспеченности калием. Это ведет к большим непроизводительным потерям калия и ухудшает качество продукции. Важным условием повышения эффективности калийных удобрений является их дробное внесение, которое обеспечивает возможность создания бездефицитного баланса калия в почве. | Results are given from long-term (1973-2008) investigations on determining the potassium content in drained peat soils, and on evaluating the influence of soil-conservation techniques on its dynamics. The objects of investigations were medium-peat soils, genesis of which was typical of subtaiga (the bog Ernyakul located on the watershed of the Tobol and Vagay Rivers; the bog Usalskoye located on the second terrace above the floodplain of the Tobol) and of forest steppe (the bog Tarmanskoye; the object Reshetnikovo located on the second terrace above the floodplain of the Tura River) in Northern Trans-Ural region. It has been found that the total potassium content in bogs located on terraces is 3.7–4.6 times more than that in watershed bogs. The long-term (13–15 years) application of potassium at the rate of 90–120 kg a.i. per ha provides conservation of its total reserves. In peat soils with normal ash content, mobile potassium makes up 74.1–96.6 percent of the total potassium content. Major mobile potassium is in the 0.4 m soil layer. The single application of high potassium rates (150 kg a.i. per ha and more), especially the application of potassium as a reserve for a number of years, cannot be allowed. At the 0.5 m level of underground water, about one third of potassium applied moves outside the limits of the root layer. The application of 300 tons of clay per ha increases reserves of mobile potassium by 282.4 kg, sand by 103.4 kg, humus horizon of meadow-swamp soil by 230 kg per ha. The high rates (600–900 t/ha) of clay considerably increase the fixing ability of peat soil. It is inexpedient to strive for creating a high level of potassium availability on peat soils. This results in heavy unproductive losses of potassium and poorer quality of products. The essential condition to increase the effectiveness of potash fertilizers is a split application that provides deficit-free potassium balance in soil.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2014

Shkatulo,V.V. | Lukashuk,A.O.

Highland bogs compose 39% of total bog area of the Republic of Belarus and represent unique ecosystems performing important biosphere-sustaining functions. Nowadays re-naturalization of ameliorated peat bogs appears a serious state policy. Insects represent a natural indicator of regeneration processes of re-bogging territories. The main goal of the research appears analysis of the Heteroptera family of highland peat bogs of the Republic of Belarus. The study presents identification of the species diversity of true bugs (Heteroptera) of grass-and-shrub layer of peat bogs of Belarus Land O’Lakes which have been affected by drainage. The checklist, comprising 50 species belonging to 9 families, has been made. Miridae (12 species), Pentatomidae (11 species) and Lygaeidae (9 species) families are noticed to be dominating among others. In Nabidae and Rhopalidae families five species has been found, in Reduviidae family – 3 species. In Tingidae, Coreidae, Acanthosomatidae families there is represented the only 1 specie. The most frequently detected species in gathering ones are the following: Lygus pratensis, Lygus punctatus, Nabis ericetorum, Nabis ferus, Kleidocerys resedae, Cymus glandicolor, Pterotmetus staphyliniformis, Rhyparochromus pini, Stictopleurus crassicornis, Dalycoris baccarum. | В результате исследований выявлен видовой состав полужесткокрылых травянисто-кустарничкового яруса верховых болот Белорусского Поозерья, подверженных осушительной мелиорации. Составлен аннотированный список, включающий 48 видов клопов, входящих в состав 9 семейств. По числу видов доминируют семейства Miridae (12 видов), Pentatomidae (11 видов) и Lygaeidae (9 видов). В семействе Nabidae и Rhopalidae отмечено по 5 видов, в семействе Reduviidae - 3 вида, в семействах Tingidae, Coreidae, Acanthosomatidae - по одному виду. Наиболее часто в сборах встречались следующие виды: Lygus pratensis, L. punctatus, Nabis ericetorum, N. ferus, Kleidocerys resedae, Cymus glandicolor, Pterotmetus staphyliniformis, Rhyparochromus pini, Stictopleurus crassicornis, Dolycoris baccarum.

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National Academy of Sciences of Belarus - Belarus

2012

Shkutov, Eh.N. | Krutko, A.V., National Academy of Sciences. Scientific and Practical Center for Arable Farming (Belarus). Institute for Land Reclamation

In the conditions of the Republic of Belarus there were presented the results of studies of the effect of polder systems on the water regime and swamp formation of the adjacent forest area (the territory of the Tursko-Lyadetski forest district). There were used practical capabilities of groundwater flow modeling. There were analyzed the variants of development of dynamics of groundwater flows under the woodland depending on the presence or absence of polder systems. The measures to improve water management regime are proposed. In the course of the study there was developed a plan of initial conditions for the programme of numerical studies with a simulation modeling. There was presented a developed matrix scheme of a model of the terror of the Tursko-Lyadetski forest district with boundary conditions. Also there was presented a map of ground water level under moderate weather conditions, low water level in case of availability of standard efficient polders and bypass channel and in case of their absence.

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National Academy of Sciences of Belarus - Belarus

2012

Kozulin, A.V., National Academy of Sciences

The research performed using space sounding methods has provided new data on the abundance and area of natural bogs and wetlands with consideration of their present-day conditions, their types determined from their phytocoenoses and peat deposits, nature protection status and the extent of their hydrogeological regime disturbance. The analysis and interpretation of space photographs have revealed several (130) new natural bogged areas covering an area of more than 47 thou, hectares. A list of natural bogs of Belarus showing a partially disturbed hydrological regime was drawn up, their transformation degree was estimated, and recommendations for the ecological rehabilitation of every disturbed object, were developed. The prepared geoinformation system including the database 'Natural bogs of Belarus' contains a wealth of information on every natural bog site which specifies its area, inventory number, name of a peat deposit in which limits the bog is located, deposit thickness, geographical coordinates, severety of disturbance, type from its peat deposit and phytocoenosis, nature protection status, boundaries, visual display in the map of the Republic of Belarus, as well as its space photograph.

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National Academy of Sciences of Belarus - Belarus

2011

Tsytron, G.S. | Azarenok, T.N. | Kalyuk, V.A. | Bubnova, T.V., National Academy of Sciences. Scientific and Practical Center for Arable Farming (Belarus). Institute for Soil Science and Agrochemistry

On the basis of research and the data of large-scale soil mapping of the old drained territories new threshold values of the organic substance content in peat-mineral horizon for branch degraded histosols from agropeat soils are presented in the conditions of the Republic of Belarus. In course of the study there were analyzed arable peat soils and residual glezative degroturfzems (peat and inorganic soil, mineral and residual turf, mineral and post-turf ones). In course of the study there were analyzed statistical data of ash content, organic matter content and spectral reflectance capacity of upper levels of arable peat soils and residual glezative degroturfzems. There was shown dependence between indexes of reflection coefficient and organic matter content in peat soils of different degree of generation.

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National Academy of Sciences of Belarus - Belarus

2010

Shkutov, Eh.N. | Luchenok, L.N. | Tribis, V.P. | Derevyanko, V.A. | Ivanov, V.P., National Academy of Sciences. Scientific and Practical Center for Arable Farming (Belarus). Institute for Land Reclamation

Results of repeat sampling soil examination (after 1984) of peat lands of Polesye Experimental Station for Land Reclamation and Grassland Farming (the Republic of Belarus) were presented. In course of 25 years of soil use the changes of properties of organoleptic layer of soil cover took place mainly in at minor fallow soils. The obtained value of average annual losses of organic matter of minor fallow peat soils – 3,8 t/hectare that made it possible to conclude that the lowering of organic matter content in soil up to 5-15% was not corresponded with catastrophic losses of soil fertility. The research results showed that for the evaluation of fertility potential of drained peat soils it was recommended to apply methods of direct determination of organic material content in organic layer. The efficient adaptation of reclaimed areas of species composition of agricultural crops and their growing techniques type to soil and hydrological conditions made it possible to provide stable yielding capacity of 6,2-9,5 tones of fodder units/ha even at the final stages of peat soil transformation

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National Academy of Sciences of Belarus - Belarus

2009

Tanovitskaya, N.I., National Academy of Sciences (Belarus). Institute for Problems of Natural Resources Use and Ecology

The results of investigation of the genesis and stratigraphy of a peat deposit of the Yelnya bog carried out in five cross sections in the conditions of the Republic of Belarus are presented. The genesis of the Yelnya bog is due to the activity of the Poozerie glacier in the territory of the Polotsk aqua-eoglacial lowland surrounded by glacial hills, which was responsible for some special features in the peatland formation and structure. The Yelnya bog belongs to a group of interfluvial peat deposits that occur in valleys underlain by thick clay strata. This peatland is of Baltic type with an uplifted central part. There are two areas having their own tops of uplifts. In the territory о the Yelnya bog there are 36 lakes with more than 1 ha and 82 lakes with less than 0.5 ha. In part of lakes their bottom is bedded with lake sediments of residual type. The origin of the other lakes having peat bottoms and coasts is connected with the peatland development. Five cross sections of the peat deposit were described with details given for the changes оf the peat type, its botanical composition, percent content and degree of decomposition with depth in 15 sampling points. The stratigraphic analysis of the Yelnya peat deposit in five cross sections suggests that it is mainly formed by sphagnum magellanicum and sphagnum fuscum peat its decomposition degree ranging within 10-35 %. It was shown that the modern surface relief does not depend on the topographic peculiarities of the mineral bed of a peat deposit, but is determined by differences in intensities of the bog vegetation growth and peat deposit accumulation, which are due to climatic and hydrogeomorphological conditions. In addition to these factors, the bottom relief features and the composition of underlying soils have a pronounced effect on the peat deposit structure and composition. Anthropogenic factors are of great importance for the present conditions of the bog. As a result of drainage of the peripheral bog areas, a part of the deposit with the damaged hydrological regime is often subject to the fire hazard, when peat deposits burns down to a considerable depth. To renew the peat generation processes some ecological rehabilitation measures are required in damaged areas, firstly consisting in the restoration of their hydrological regime

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National Academy of Sciences of Belarus - Belarus