AGRIS 

2023

Kopylova, A.S. | Sidorova, K.A.

There are presented the results of blood studies in Hisex Brown cross laying hens exploited in conditions of intensive technologies. The research was carried out at one of the largest Russian poultry farms for 2.5 years. There were considered 3 age groups of birds: juveniles (22 weeks), the group after the peak egg production (39 weeks), the group before slaughter (82 weeks). Blood sampling was performed in compliance with the rules of asepsis and antiseptics by venipuncture from the axillary vein (n = 15 heads). It was revealed that the function of the red bone marrow was impaired in the studied group of fowls, which is expressed by a low level of red blood cells. As a result of the studies, abnormalities in some indicators such as AST, ALT, erythrocyte anisocytosis index, WBC, ALB, trace element levels, etc. have been established. According to hematological indicators, the deterioration of poultry health begins after passing the peak of egg production. The difference between the norm and the abnormality increased in direct proportion to the age of the poultry. In all productive age of laying hens, a decrease in the number of red blood cells was found (RBC was reduced by 1.3 times at 22 weeks, by 1.6 at 39 weeks, and by 1.7 times at 82 weeks). After the peak of egg production, destructive changes in the liver also appear that are accompanied by an increase in the volume of the spleen, a change in its color and consistency. | Представлены результаты исследований крови у кур-несушек кросса "Хайсекс Браун", эксплуатируемых в условиях интенсивных технологий. Исследования проводили на одной из крупных российских птицефабрик в течение 2,5 лет. Рассматривали 3-х возрастные группы птиц: молодки (22 недели), группа после пика яйценоскости (39 недели), группа перед убоем (82 недели). Забор крови производили с соблюдением правил асептики и антисептики методом венопункции из подкрыльцовой вены (n = 15 голов). Выявлено, что у исследуемой группы птиц нарушена функция красного костного мозга, что выражается низким уровнем эритроцитов. В результате исследований установлены отклонения от нормы ряда показателей: AST, ALT, индекс анизоцитоза эритроцитов, WBC, ALB, уровень микроэлементов и др. Согласно гематологическим показателям, ухудшение здоровья птицы начинается после прохождения пика яйценоскости. Разница между нормой и отклонением от нее увеличивалась прямо пропорционально возрасту птицы. Во всех продуктивных возрастах кур-несушек установлено снижение количества эритроцитов (RBC в 22 недели был снижен в 1,3 раза, в 39 недель – в 1,6, в 82 недели – в 1,7 раза). После пика яйценоскости также появляются деструктивные изменения печени, которые сопровождаются увеличением объема селезенки, изменением ее цвета и консистенции.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2022

Grushko, M.P. | Fedorova, N.N.

The purpose of the research was to consider pathological characteristics of tissues and organs of blackback shads (Alosa kessleri kessleri) in different years. Results of a comparative analysis of pathohistological changes in the organs were taken into account, since this method allows revealing pathological changes in fish organs and tissues, and a comparative analysis of histomorphological parameters of blackback shads in different years allowed determining changes in the degree and level of a pathological process in the course of time. There were studied the matured species of blackback shads Alosa kessleri kessleri (Grimm) caught for analysis during the spawning run in the Volga River in 2014 and 2021. 600 histological sections of organs (liver, kidneys, spleen, intestines, and gills) in 37 species were prepared and analyzed. The species selected for the study were 2 and 3 years old. The material was processed by the classical histological methods. Pathomorphological study of blackback shad organs in different years showed that the studied fish species experienced high stress. There was found a wide range of pathologies which could be caused by a chronic ingestion of pollutants from the environment. It is noted that the organs through which pollutants enter the body are most affected (gills, liver, kidneys). The main manifestations of a pathological process were edema, microcirculatory disorders, necrosis, inflammation, connective tissue overgrowth, epithelial hyperplasia. All the detected pathological changes in fish organs arose in response to the modern environment, which are characterized by disorders resulting from significant changes in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. | Цель работы - рассмотрение патологических характеристик тканей и органов сельди-черноспинки (Alosa kessleri kessleri) в разные годы. Учитывались результаты сравнительного анализа патогистологических изменений внутренних органов сельди, т. к. этот метод позволяет выявить патологические изменения на органном и тканевом уровне организации рыбы, а сравнительный анализ гистоморфологических параметров сельди-черноспинки в разные годы позволил определить изменения степени и уровня патологического процесса с течением времени. Были исследованы половозрелые особи сельди-черноспинки Alosa kessleri kessleri (Grimm), взятые для анализа во время нерестового хода в р. Волга в 2014 и 2021 гг. Изготовлено и проанализировано 600 гистологических срезов органов (печень, почки, селезенка, кишечник, жабры) от 37 особей. Возраст рыб, отобранных для изучения, составлял 2 и 3 года. Материал обрабатывали классическими гистологическими методами. По результатам патоморфологического исследования состояния органов сельди-черноспинки в разные годы установлено, что представители изучаемых рыб испытывали сильный стресс. Выявлено наличие широкого спектра патологий, которые могут быть вызваны хроническим поступлением загрязняющих веществ в окружающую среду. Отмечается, что больше всего страдают органы, через которые загрязняющие вещества попадают в организм: жабры, печень и почки. Основными проявлениями патологического процесса были отек, микроциркуляторные расстройства, некроз, воспаление, разрастания соединительной ткани, гиперплазия эпителия. Все обнаруженные патологические изменения в органах рыб возникли в ответ на современные условия, которые характеризуются нарушением в результате значительных изменений в водных и наземных экосистемах.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2022

Nevalennyj, A.N. | Chaplygin, V.A. | Fedorova, N.N.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the changes in the internal organs of golden mullet specious caught in May 2022 in the scientific expeditions to the western part of the Caspian Sea. Mature mullets were examined. The caught species were weighed and measured. There were made 152 histological sections of 10 species (liver, spleen, gills, ovaries, muscles). The studied species were 3-4 years old. The collected samples were processed by classical histological techniques. According to the results of the conducted histological research, there have been found the numerous changes in the selected fish organs that indicate the adaptive capabilities of the fish: microcirculatory disorders, they are extensions of different sizes and durations in time, different abnormalities in the gills structure, which is proliferation of multilayer non-keratinizing epithelium of filaments and lamellae usually met in different species in the Volga river today, fatty hepatic degeneration to some degree, hemosiderosis of the spleen. Changes in the epithelium of the gills were estimated as 2.8 points, changes in the spleen – as 3.1 points. Hemosiderosis was also detected in the liver parenchyma; the changes were 2.5 points. Some skeletal muscle fibers were segmented; their change was estimated as 2.5 points. Cardiomyocytes had different thickness; their changes were estimated as 2.3 points. In general, the studied tissue and cell changes of the gill apparatus, liver, spleen, skeletal muscles and ovary indicated the morphological rearrangement caused by the adaptive response of the fish organisms to the environmental factors. | Цель работы - анализ изменений внутренних органов кефали сингиля, выловленной в мае 2022 г. в западной части Каспийского моря во время научных экспедиций. Были исследованы половозрелые кефали. Выловленных рыб взвешивали и измеряли длину. Для изучения состояния внутренних органов рыб было изготовлено 152 гистологических среза от 10 особей (печень, селезенка, жабры, яичники, мышцы). Возраст рыб составлял 3-4 года. Материал обрабатывали классическими гистологическими методами. По результатам проведенных гистологических исследований в отобранных органах кефали был выявлен комплекс изменений, которые указывали на адаптивные способности этих рыб, в том числе микроциркуляторные расстройства – это различные расширения разной величины и продолжительности во времени, разнообразные по степени нарушений строения жабр – разрастания многослойного неороговевающего эпителия филаментов и ламелл, что обычно встречается у разных видов волжских рыб в современных условиях, разные степени жировой дистрофии клеток печени, гемосидероз селезенки. Изменения эпителия жабр были оценены в 2,8 балла, изменения в селезенке в 3,1 балла. Гемосидероз выявлен и в паренхиме печени; оценка изменений составляет 2,5 балла. Отдельные скелетные мышечные волокна были сегментированы; их оценка составила 2,5 балла. Кардиомиоциты были разной толщины; их изменения оценены в 2,3 балла. В целом наблюдаемые тканевые и клеточные изменения жаберного аппарата, печени, селезенки, скелетных мышц, яичника свидетельствовали о морфологических перестройках, возникающих при адаптивных реакциях организма рыб на воздействие факторов окружающей среды.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2016

Ul'yanov, R.V. | Domnitskij, I.Yu., The N.I. Vavilov Saratov State Agrarian Univ. (Russian Federation) | Sazonov, A.A. | Novikova, S.V.

Изучали влияние кормовых добавок "Стролитин" (содержит L-карнитин) и "Бутофан ОR" (содержит витамин В12 и бутофосфан) на морфометрические показатели гистоструктурных изменений ткани печени и почек цыплят. На одной из птицефабрик Саратовской обл. было сформировано 2 гр. цыплят по 1500 гол. в каждой. Цыплята опытной группы (ОГ) получали указанные добавки, контрольной (КГ) – не получали. Отбор материала для гистологического исследования проводили на 40-й и 90-й дни. В печени и почках у цыплят КГ и ОГ выявляли определенные патологические процессы, которые в большей степени были выражены в органах у цыплят КГ. На 90-й день на фоне увеличения выраженности отечных процессов у цыплят КГ в печени птиц ОГ имели место незначительные отеки, которые не нарушали функции гемоциркуляции и желчевыведения. При этом просветы центральных вен были умеренно кровенаполнены, желчные протоки сохраняли проходимость. В почках большинство клубочков были незначительно увеличены в объеме. Общая площадь отеков в ткани печени и почек у цыплят ОГ была меньше, чем в КГ, на 36,91 и 40,25%, а среднеарифметическая площадь одного отека – на 66,75 и 5,57% соответственно. Изменения в структуре органов цыплят ОГ свидетельствуют об усилении активности гепатоцитов, нормализации гемоциркуляции, секреции желчевыведения на фоне ослабления выраженности отечных процессов. Сделан вывод, что применение указанных кормовых добавок позволяет оптимизировать обменные процессы в печени и почках у цыплят, способствуя тем самым качественному улучшению структурно-функционального развития пищеварительной и выделительной систем организма. | The effect of "Strolitin" (contains L-Carnitin) and "Butofan OR" (contains vitamin B12 and butafosfan) feed additives on morphometric parameters of histostructural changes in chickens' liver and kidney tissues. On one of the poultry farms of the Saratov region 2 groups of chickens with 1500 birds in each have been created. Chickens of the experimental group (EG) received the mentioned additives, of the control one (CG) – did not. Selection of material for the histologic research was done on the 40th and 90th days. Certain pathological processes, largely presented in the CG chickens' organs, were found in the liver and kidneys of chickens in CG and EG., Minor swelling that do not interfere with the function of blood circulation and bile excretion was noted in the liver of the EG birds on the 90th day when edematous processes in chickens in the CG increased. At the same time gaps of central veins were with moderate blood content, biliary ducts were passable. Malpighian tuftweres were slightly increased. The total area of swelling in EG chickens' liver and kidney tissues was lower than in CG by 36.91% and 40.25%, and the arithmetic average area of swelling - by 66.75% and 5.57%, respectively. Changes in the structure of the EG chickens' organs show an increased activity of hepatocytes, normalization of blood circulation, secretion of bile excretion with the swelling processes severity weakening. The conclusion was done that the use of the above mentioned feed additives allows to optimize the metabolic processes in chickens' liver and kidneys, contributing to the qualitative improvement of the structural and functional development of the digestive and excretory systems of the body.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2011

Karalova, E.M. | Voskanyan, G.E., National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Erevan (Armenia). Institute of Molecular Biology | Sarkisyan, Kh. V., Research Center of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science of the Republic of Armenia, Erevan (Armenia) | Abroyan, L.O., National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Erevan (Armenia). Institute of Molecular Biology | Avetisyan, A.S. | Akopyan, L.A. | Semerdzhyan, Z.B. | Zakaryan, O.S. | Arzumanyan, G.A. | Karalyan, Z.A., National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Erevan (Armenia). Institute of Molecular Biology

The dynamics of changes in the population structure and the DNA content in bone marrow lymphoid cells of normal pigs and those infected with African swine fever virus (ASFV) has been in vitro studied. There were shown some changes of parameters of nuclei and nucleoli of lymphoid cells of the primary culture of bone marrow in pigs in the process of cultivation after 24, 48 and 72 h. As is found, under influence of ASFV 24 h already after infection the emergence of atypical lymphocytes and reduction in the number of lymphoblasts and monocytes, as well as minor, mean and large lymphocytes were observed on the background of increasing the number of destroyed cells. After 48 h the number of atypical lymphocytes is 10%, and destroyed cells 67%. By 72 h of cultivation the portion of living cells does not exceed 20%, of which atypical lymphocytes are 12% and mean lymphocytes and lymphoblasts are 2%. Large lymphocytes and monocytes completely disappear, and the number of destroyed cells reaches 80%. As observed, lymphoid cells die mainly of necrosis. When cultivating bone marrow cells, the area and perimeter of minor, mean and large lymphocytes increase both in the control and under effect of ASFV. Cytophotometric assay revealed that the amount of nuclear DNA significantly increased in bone marrow lymphoblasts and monocytes in the early stages of ASFV infection (within 24 hours). This effect was also rather pronounced in the later stages | Изучена динамика изменений популяционного состава и содержание ДНК в лимфоидных клетках костного мозга (КМ) поросят в норме и при инфицировании вирусом африканской чумы свиней (ВАЧС) in vitro. Показаны изменения параметров ядер и ядрышек лимфоидных клеток первичной культуры КМ поросят в процессе культивирования через 24, 48 и 72 ч. Установлено, что под влиянием ВАЧС уже через 24 ч после инфицирования наблюдается появление атипичных (АТ) лимфоцитов (ЛЦ) и уменьшение количества лимфобластов (ЛБ) и моноцитов (МЦ), а также малых, средних и крупных ЛЦ на фоне увеличения количества разрушенных клеток (РК). Через 48 ч количество АТ ЛЦ составляет 10%, а РК - 67%. К 72 ч культивирования доля живых клеток не превышает 20%, из которых АТ ЛЦ составляют - 12%, а средние ЛЦ и ЛБ - 2%. Крупные ЛЦ и МЦ исчезают полностью, а число РК достигает 80%. Отмечено, что лимфоидные клетки гибнут в основном от некроза, а вследствие апоптоза - от 4 до 6%. Установлено, что при культивировании клеток КМ площадь и периметр малых, средних и крупных ЛЦ уменьшается как в контроле, так и под действием ВАЧС. ЛБ и МЦ в контроле и в опыте триплоидны. Цитофотометрический анализ выявил на ранних стадиях инфицирования (24 ч) увеличение содержания ядерной ДНК в МЦ и ЛБ, которое сохранялось в ЛБ до 72 ч. Делается вывод, что как в контроле, так и под действием ВАЧС в популяционном составе лимфоидных клеток наблюдалось их уменьшение. Наиболее жизнеспособными явились малые ЛЦ, количество которых уменьшалось на 45%, количество средних ЛЦ уменьшилось на 75%, а крупные ЛЦ исчезали полностью. МЦ к 3-м сут культивирования увеличивались на 60%, ЛБ - в 5 раз. Увеличение синтеза ДНК в МЦ и ЛБ КМ под влиянием ВАЧС связано с важнейшим патогенетическим агентом АЧС - ФНОa - одним из характерных белков, синтезируемым в пораженных вирусом клетках

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2010

Abramova, L.Yu. | Chvala, I.A. | Babin, Yu.Yu. | Mudrak, N.S. | Borisov, A.V. | Drygin, V.V., Federal Centre for Animal Health, Yurievets

Clinical signs and anatomico-pathological changes under experimental avian influenza (AI) caused by high- and low-pathogenic epizootic strains of H7N1 virus. Avian influenza virus-non-resistant 30-day-old chickens were infected intranasally with low-virulent (LV) strain A/turkey/Italy/3675/99 N7N1 and high virulent (HV) strain A/turkey/Italy/4580/99 H7N1. commercial tests Flu Detect (Syn biotics, France) and AIV Ag (Anigen, Korea) and virus shedding in chicken embryos were used to detect AIN virus (AIV) in samples of cloacal and oropharyngeal smears and pathomaterial. As is shown, AI caused by HV virus A/turkey/Italy/4580/99 H7N1 proceeded in a superacute form with typical clinical signs and pathological changes. The efficiency of the Flu Detect for testing cloacal and oropharyngeal smears was 84.62%and 53.85%, AIV Ag – 61.54% and 38.46%, respectively. During virus shedding in chicken embryos and using test-systems AIV was detected in all samples of pathomaterial taken from dead fowls in 24 and 48 h after infection testifying thereby to generalized infection. IV caused by A/turkey/Italy/3675/99 N7N1 proceeded mainly asymptomatically, with suppression and diarrhea. The Flu Detect revealed AIV in cloacal s,ears not less than in 10 days after infection, in oropharyngeal smears – at day 3. Virus-neutralizing antibodies in chicken blood serum in IHT and DPT were found in 14 days after infection. It is concluded that to detect and identify HV AIV during an outbreak of disease, it is more advisable to use a commercial Flu Detect kit having a high diagnostic efficiency

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2009

Timofeev, S.V., The K.I. Skryabin Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology

Postmortem examination differential diagnosing of purulent necrotic lesions in dactyl region give the most objective data on the pattern of changes in tissues, allow to detect pathogenesis of developing these processes, define developing degenerative, necrotic and regenerative and reduction processes in the structure of connective tissue and in some cellular components and fibrous structures. The basis for choosing the treatment method can be signs detected by ultrastructural investigation. For example, early differentiation of cellular elements without forming mature collagenous structures results in intensive reparative regeneration and formation of fungous granulations, especially in distal member. When using 2-methyl-4-amino-6-oxypirimidine in the form of a gel, there was observed formation mature fascicles of collagenous fibres 1 week earlier compared to levomekol ointment. Therefore, using a gel ointment excludes developing fungous granulations formed by using ointments prepared on other basis. A great pathogenic role of microflora in ulcers and wounds was detected by electronic microscopy. Regeneration of tissues, cellular elements, fibrous structures, activation of net structure of capillary blood supply, protein synthetic activity of organelles, metabolic processes in cells and intercellular processes greatly improve in microflora-free tissues or in active phagocytosis state. Signs of karyopyknosis, karyolysis, degradation of collagenous fibres are rather seen under great microbial contamination of tissues, cellular structures, intercellular substance. Postmortem examination including histology, histochemistry, electronic microscopy are a necessary element of comprehensive diagnosis of orthopedic pathology

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2009

Lozhnichenko, O.V. | Zagrijchuk, V.P. | Kuchkova, A.V. | Myastsova, P.V., Astrakhan State Technical Univ.

The influence of hormonal additives on the perculiarities of gameto- and gonadogenesis of larvae and fry of the Russian sturgeon was studied. The research has defined a structural and functional organization of mesonephros of Russian sturgeon which at an early stage of life exercises many functions, in particular genital one. Heterochronism in the development of primordial germ cells observed in increasing in a number of primordial germ cells, strengthening of primordial germ cells concentration in the sphere of gonads initiation, shortening of terms of primary sexual muscular embankment initiations in the group of Russian sturgeon affected by hormone additives, has been defined. Pathological influence of hormone additives on structural parts of mesonephros strengthens with increasing of exposition terms. It is concluded that long-term application of hormone-containing feeds at early ontogenesis stages of the Russian sturgeon has a pathological influence on morphostructure of mesonephrons and intercanalicular tissue of Russian sturgeon kidney

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2009

Lozhnichenko, O.V. | Zagriychuk, V.P. | Gritsishina, V.V., Astrakhan State Technical Univ.

The liver and organs of digestive system of Russian sturgeon larvae and fry effected by hormonal additives have been histologically examined. It has been proved that the use of hormones has the most harmful effect in increasing the terms of their usage. It has been revealed that the species fed with hormone additives during 20 days have the maximum pathological disturbance in liver histostructure. Changes caused both by dystrophic abnormalities and abnormalities of blood microcirculation prevailed. Disturbances of mucous membrane exhibited in the infiltration of mucous membrane blade by lymphocytes, epithelium desquamation on the top of intestinal fibre, exfoliation of epithelium with a border from basal membrane and variability of intestinal fibre are considered as morphofunctional peculiarities of midgut and spiral valve during the period of the use of hormone-contained feed. The morphological analysis of stomach hasn't shown any changes caused by the influence of hormone additives. It is concluded that hormonal stimulation of genital of the Russian Sturgeon under long using testosterone results in main pathological changes of histostructure of fish livers

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2007

Shabunin, S.V. | Alekhin, Yu.N., All-Russia Research and Development Veterinary Inst. of Pathology, Pharmacology and Therapy, Voronezh

One of the most important problems which reduce the effectiveness of work with imported cattle is its high incidence in the adaptation period. Culling heifers and cows in 96.7% cases were caused by metabolic disorders which in turn are caused by using non-adapted technologies, non-compliance of food supply and rations with the clinical physiological state of animals. An analysis of the feeding base and ecosystem parameters is impossible without a toxic and ecological monitoring. It is recommended to consider 4 stages during cattle adaptation. Stage 1 – 7-10 days is the consequences of transport stress. They are –proventriculus hypotony, ulcerous abomasitis, and as a consequence of traumas – lymph extravasations, myositis and arthritis. The prevention of dysfunctions of proventriculi and abomasums requires: giving animals warm water (6-8 l) with salt (50-60 g) and sugar (150 g) for the first 3 hours after arrival, to exclude free access to water for the first 6 hours; for the first 3 days the diet should comprise only hay, water and salt at day 4 after estimation of motor activity of rumen and feces to start adaptive feeding aimed at generating ruminal microflora meeting the quality of feeds used in the farm. Stage 2 lasts 2 months during which the diets oriented to the rates as in the importing country. Any contact of imported herd with the local one is banned until this stage is completed. Stage 3 is calving and postnatal period. The reasons of pathological edema, uterine subinvolution and acute metritis are: secondary selenium deficit, disproportion of protein and energy; calcium-phosphorus and magnesium. Stage 4 finishes by the beginning of the third lactation. This stage determines economic and biological efficacy of work with imported cattle. Some examples are given to show the influence of energy deficiency in newly-calved cows on the level of gynecological pathology, body weight and productivity with regard to the breed.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation