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2024

Ganbarov, H.

The article reflects the epizootological features of fascioliasis in sheep kept in various individual and farm enterprises on the territory of the Julfa district, and the results of studies aimed at studying preventive measures against helminthiasis. As a result of the studies, carried out, it was found that both types of fascioles parasitize in animals in farms: Fasciola hepatica Linnaeus, 1758 and Fasciola gigantica Cobbold, 1855. According to the results of examination of internal organs (liver and gallbladder) of 194 head pf sheep, in which an incomplete helminthological autopsy was performed, the intensity of invasion (II) was 1.1 helminth/animal, and the extensiveness (IE) was 37.6%. When analyzing the intensity of the spread of invasion depending on the altitude zones of the terrain, in 2023, during the helminthological examination of the internal organs of animals in mountainous and foothill areas, fascioles were not detected. And when examining during the autopsy of the internal organs of animals in farms located near swampy areas in the lowland zone, helminths were observed. Since that year the air temperature was higher than the annual norm, which led to the drying of stagnant water in many areas, the intermediate host organisms of fascioles died, as a result, this led to a decrease in the percentage of infection.

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Publishing center Science and Practice - Russian Federation

2023

Bekturganova, A. | Makhmudova, Zh. | Taalaibekova, M.

This study presents the results of studies of the structural and functional state of leukocytes during long-term adaptation of experimental animals to high altitude conditions, obtained using the electron microscopic method of morphometry. It has been shown that under the influence of extreme factors of high altitude in the process of adaptation in experimental animals there is a statistically significant increase in the volume density of mitochondria and ribosomes in neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes, which can be regarded as an indicator of activation of the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, activation of the biosynthesis of mitochondrial structures and increase energy production in white blood cells. The volumetric value of specific granules also increased. The volume density of vacuoles in all white blood cells by the 30th day of stay at altitude was statistically significantly reduced, however, in neutrophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes, this indicator did not reach the values of animals in the control group. Thus, adaptation to high mountains has a certain training effect, the state of white blood cells under these conditions is a kind of marker of adaptive processes occurring in the body during the stay of humans and animals in high mountains.

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Publishing center Science and Practice - Russian Federation

2023

Bekturganova, A. | Makhmudova, Zh. | Askalieva, N. | Niyazalieva, D. | Taalaibekova, M.

This paper presents the results of a study on the ultrastructure of white blood cells under the influence of high-altitude factors in combination with cold. Materials and methods: 70 outbred male laboratory rats weighing 200-300 g; method of electron microscopic examination, statistical methods. Research results. It has been established that in rats, during adaptation to high altitude conditions, in combination with exposure to cold, there are sharp changes in the ultrastructure of leukocytes. In experimental animals on the 3rd day of observation, the level of volumetric density of mitochondria increased almost 2 times in neutrophils, 1.5 times in eosinophils, and 1.4 times in monocytes and medium lymphocytes. With an increase in the length of stay in the highlands in combination with cold exposure, the volumetric density of mitochondria continued to increase in all types of white blood cells, and on the 30th day of adaptation it remained statistically significantly higher both in comparison with the control and in comparison, with the indices of the animal group on the 3rd and day of adaptation. The volumetric density of ribosomes also increased statistically significantly on the 3rd day of adaptation to high mountains in combination with cold in neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes, and continued to increase by the 30th day of observation. A trend towards an increase in bulk density was also noted in cell vacuoles: on the 3rd day of adaptation, an increase in the volumetric density of vacuoles was recorded compared to the control in neutrophils. By the 30th day of adaptation, the bulk density of vacuoles, compared with animals on the 3rd day of adaptation, statistically significantly decreased, although it did not reach the indicators of animals in the control group. The bulk density of specific granites on the 3rd day of stay in the mountains in neutrophils and eosinophils decreased by almost 100%.

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Publishing center Science and Practice - Russian Federation

2022

Matikeev, T. | Kamchiev, U. | Abdisalam kyzy, K.

Research relevance: open zone is a set of zones of isolated-closed side mountains, and therefore the analysis of the formation of landscape features of the high-altitude zones of the Chatkal sector in Tian Shan mountains is relevant. Research objectives: To reveal the role of altitudinal zones in the formation of landscape features. Materials and methods of research: in the Chatkal sub-sectors, it is important to create a theory of mixing altitudinal zones, that is, the theory of the ‘double zone’ and divide them into types (arid, semi-arid, medium humidity, high humidity and excess moisture). Research results: ‘dual frames’ and ‘the theory of mixing frames’ are raised in scientific research for the first time as a natural phenomenon that causes heated debate in the scientific community. Conclusions: the unity of the frame is created by the concentration of isolated and closed frames of the location of the Tian Shan area at different heights and directions.

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Publishing center Science and Practice - Russian Federation

2021

Novruzi, N.

The genus Iris Tourn. ex L. of the family Iridaceae Juss. there are 200 different species in the Northern Hemisphere. There are more than 30 species of this genus in the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan, some of which are endemic to Azerbaijan or the Caucasus. All irises are decorative and used in ornamental gardening. Iris caucasica Stev. (Iris caucasica Hoffm.) and I. lycotis Woronow (Iris iberica subsp. lycotis (Woronow) Takht.) grows on rocky and grassy slopes of The Garagush Mountain. Iris caucasica Stev. is included in the Red Data Book of Nakhchivan AR as an important subcatagory of protection with the status of Lower Risk — LR (a — Conservation Dependent — CD). Iris lycotis Woronow has been to its activity and other abiotics factors, its range is reduced its biology is poorly studied and it is included as an endangered species in the Red Data Book of Nakhchivan AR with the status of Near Threatened — NT. Species included in this category should be enshrined in special protected areas and their biological characteristics should be studied.

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Publishing center Science and Practice - Russian Federation

2018

Yamskikh, I.E. | Kutsev, M.G.

Проведен анализ состояния 16 ценопопуляций третичного неморального реликта Cruciata krylovii (крестообразник Крылова, Rubiaceae), произрастающих в лесах Западного и Восточного Саян, Алтая, окрестностях г. Томска. Выявлено, что на сплошных вырубках пихтовых, осиновых лесов в первые годы отмечается разрастание особей вида. В последующие годы возможно снижение проективного покрытия C. krylovii, уменьшение параметров вегетативных органов растения, увеличение уровня внутрипопуляционной изменчивости морфологических признаков. Наиболее резкие изменения в морфоструктуре ценопопуляций наблюдаются на территории условно-сплошных вырубок. Кластерным анализом установлено, что морфологическим сходством обладают ценопопуляции, произрастающие в антропогенно нарушенных сообществах. Генетическую вариабельность ценопопуляций крестообразника Крылова выявляли с помощью RAF-PCR (Randomly Amplified DNA Fingerprinting) метода. Суммарный процент полиморфных локусов составляет 98,44. Уровень внутрипопуляционного генетического полиморфизма варьирует в достаточно широких пределах (68,8–96,9 %). Высокий уровень генетической изменчивости характерен для ценопопуляций, произрастающих в черневых, лесостепных и подтаежных сообществах. Все изученные ценопопуляции крестообразника характеризуются средним уровнем генетической дифференциации (Gst = 0,18) и группируются по географическому принципу. По типу эколого-ценотических стратегий C. krylovii относится к фитоценотическим патиентам и эксплерентам. Обладает относительно широкой экологической амплитудой. В местообитаниях на границе ареала (лесостепная, подтаежная, томская популяции) наблюдаются достаточно высокие показатели морфолого-генетического разнообразия данного вида, что свидетельствует о возможностях его дальнейшего расселения по территории Сибири. Данный вид устойчив к воздействию антропогенных факторов, однако вырубки не благоприятствуют распространению вида из-за высокой конкуренции со стороны других растений. По классификации реликтов А. А. Гроссгейма является адаптантом. | 16 coenopopulations of the tertiary nemoral relic Cruciata krylovii (Rubiaceae) were studied in the forests of Western Sayan, Altai mountains and in the countryside of Tomsk city. C. krylovii coenopopulations expand at the fir and aspen deforested areas during the first few years.  Reducing of projective coverage and parameters of vegetative organs of C. krylovii together with increasing of intrapopulation variability of morphological features were revealed. The most unfavourable areas for C. krylovii are fully deforested areas. Cluster analysis found that the coenopopulations from anthropogenically disturbed communities had morphological similarity. Genetic variability of the C. krylovii cenopopulations was studied by RAF-PCR method. The total percentage of polymorphic loci is 98.44. The level of intrapopulation genetic polymorphism varies within fairly wide limits (68.8-96.9 %). A high level of genetic variability is typical for coenopopulations growing in the chern, forest-steppe and subtaiga communities. All studied coenopopulations of the C. krylovii are characterized by an average level of genetic differentiation (Gst = 0.18) and are grouped according to the geographical principle. C. krylovii is revealed to be a phytocoenotical patient and explerent. High rates of morphological and genetic diversity of this species were revealed for the habitats from the border of the range (forest-steppe, subtaiga, Tomsk populations). It indicates the possibilities for the further settlement across the territory of Siberia. It has relatively wide ecological amplitude and resistant to anthropological pressure. However, deforested areas are not favor the spread of the species due to high competition from other plants. Following A. A. Grossgeim relict classification C. krylovii belongs to “adaptants”.

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Altai State University - Russian Federation

2016

Кирцидели, И.Ю.

Изучено распространение микроскопических грибов в первичных почвах и грунтах арктических горных систем. Отмечено, что изменение интегральных показателей происходит на региональном уровне, когда для различных горных систем в почвах прослеживается снижение численности микроскопических грибов, связанное с широтной зональностью, и на локальном уровне, например, тенденция снижения мозаичности в пределах растительных сообществ в ряду почв от разреженных к климаксовым растительным сообществам. В пределах одной локальной горной системы интегральные показатели зависят в первую очередь от растительных сообществ, которые могут рассматриваться еще и как стадии сукцессии. В разреженных растительных сообществах эти показатели коррелируют с площадью проективного покрытия, а в климаксовых интразональных сообществах на первое место по значимости выходят экологические условия. В пределах одного растительного сообщества особую значимость приобретают микрониши. При сравнении комплексов микроскопических грибов на контрастных горных породах не отмечено существенного влияния подстилающей горной породы на интегральные показатели. Если сравнивать изменение интегральных показателей на высотном градиенте в горах и зональном градиенте в равнинных высокоширотных ландшафтах (зоны полярных пустынь, арктические тундры – типичные тундры – южные тундры), то увеличение в ряду каменистые пустыни – травянистые–кустарничковые – кустарниковые растительные сообщества в пределах одной горной системы происходит строго монотонно, в отличие от наблюдаемого в зональных плакорах, и менее похоже на «экспоненциальное». Видовой состав микроскопических грибов горных систем северных территорий имеет сходство с таковыми как в альпийских, так и в тундровых местообитаниях. На контрастных горных породах влияние материнской породы прослеживается на уровне комплексов микромицетов на начальных стадиях сукцессии. В отличие от наблюдаемого в зонах полярных пустынь, для комплексов микроскопических грибов разреженных растительных группировок и каменистых горных пустынь не показано наличие явления субдоминирования видов. В данных сообществах отмечена внутрибиогеоценотическая горизонтальная неоднородность комплексов почвенных микромицетов. Таким образом, в отличие от зональных растительных сообществ Арктики, комплексы микроскопических грибов в горных системах не демонстрируют правило компенсации. | The results of studying the distribution of microscopic fungi in the primary soils and earths of Arctic mountain systems are presented. It is concluded that, at the regional level, changes in the integral parameters, e.g. decreases in the counts of microscopic fungi in the soils of mountain systems, occur depending on the latitudinal zoning, whereas, at the local level, a trend to, e.g., decreased mosaicism of fungal communities in soils is observed in series from thinned to climax plant communities. Within a defined mountain system, the integral parameters of fungal communities depend primarily on plant communities, which may be also viewed as the stages of a succession. In thinned communities, the parameters correlate with the projective cover, whereas in climax intrazonal communities the environmental condition take the lead role. Within a defined vegetation community, micro-niches become especially significant. Upon comparing the complexes of microscopic fungi on contrasting rocks, no significant impact of underlying rock on their integral parameters is evident. Upon making comparisons along the altitudinal gradients in mountains or zonal gradients in high-latitude landscapes (polar desert–arctic tundra–typical tundra–southern tundra), increments in the series ranging from stony desert to grassy bushes and bushes within a mountain system are strictly monotonous, at difference from what is observed in zonal “plakors”, and a less reminiscent of exponential increases. The species composition of microscopic fungi found in the mountain systems of northern territories is somewhat similar to that in alpine and tundra habitats. On contrasting rocks, the impact of maternal rock is traced to micromicete complexes at the initial stages of succession. At difference from what is observed in polar deserts, no species subdomination is found in the complexes of microscopic fungi associated with thinned plant communities and stony mountain deserts. In such communities, there was noticed intrabiogeoceonic horizontal heterogeneity of the complexes of soil micromycetes. On a whole, the complexes of microscopic fungi do not manifest the compensation rule in Arctic mountain systems, at difference from zonal systems.

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XXI Century Research Foundation - Russian Federation

2015

Nazimova D.I. | Konovalova M.E. | Danilina D.M. | Ponomarev E.I. | Stashkevich N.Yu. | Baboj S.D.

The Ermakovsky territory research station (53°17´–52°28´ N, 92°49´–93°20´ E) has served as a long-term site for studies of mountain forest ecosystem structure and its dynamics during the last 50 years. The most interesting results of study in 2000–2014 are presented in the paper concerning biodiversity and forest succession in primary and secondary forest types forming the chern forest formation with Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) and Siberian fir (Abies sibirica L.). The data of remote sensing confirm differentiation of landscapes into altitudinal belt complexes (ABC) that are characteristic for windward macroslopes of the West and East Sayans: Scotch pine-Birch-Aspen subtaiga (Pinus sylvestris L., Betula pendula Roth., Populus tremula L.), chern forest with (Pinus sibirica and Abies sibirica), mountain Siberian fir (Abies sibirica) taiga within perhumid climate, subalpine open woodlands with (Pinus sibirica and Abies sibirica). They were singled out earlier with traditional methods. Position of the mountain polygon-transect (study area) in the system of natural zonation of Altai-Sayan ecoregion and its belonging to barrier-rain mountain landscapes of South Siberia are defined more exactly with help of forest inventory and remote sensing data. Initial phases of forest successions by the above mentioned four ABCs are considered with special attention to regeneration of Pinus sibirica. In contrast to Abies sibirica it remains weak or absent for more than 50 years. It shows unstable positions of Siberian pine in all ABCs due to high general humidity and well developed herb layers. For chern ABC, the dynamics of primary and secondary stands structure are researched on a number of representative plots with the use of tree layer, shrub layer and herb layer 1:100 mapping three times in a 45 year period. It is shown that species number and composition remain stable on permanent plots whereas synuzial diversity and the share of their participation in herb layer vary significantly and influence location of regeneration. The features of coniferous ecosystems with Pinus sibirica and Abies sibirica referred to chern forests correspond to the status of preserved objects due to their unique and virgin character. A number of Pinus sibirica genetic reserves (permanent plots) are located in the chern ABC. | Представлены результаты исследований биоразнообразия и долговременной динамики лесных сообществ с доминированием кедра сибирского (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) и пихты сибирской (Abies sibirica L.), полученные в 2000 – 2014 гг. на объектах Ермаковского стационара (Западный Саян: 53°17´–52°28´ с. ш., 92°49´–93°20´ в. д.), служащего модельным полигоном для исследований горных темнохвойных экосистем уже на протяжении более 50 лет. Данные дистанционного зондирования подтверждают дифференциацию ландшафтов на высотно-поясные комплексы (ВПК), свойственные наветренным макросклонам Западного и Восточного Саян: черневой кедрово-пихтовый (Pinus sibirica, Abies sibirica, Populus tremula), горно-таежный пихтовый (Abies sibirica), избыточно влажный и субальпийский пихтово-кедровый (Pinus sibirica, Abies sibirica) и сосново-лиственную подтайгу (Pinus sylvestris L., Betula pendula Roth., Populus tremula L.), выделенные ранее традиционными методами. Уточнено положение горного полигон-трансекта изучаемой территории в системе природного районирования Алтае-Саянской горной области, принадлежность его к барьерно-дождевым горным ландшафтам Южной Сибири с пергумидным климатом. Рассмотрены начальные фазы лесных сукцессий по всем ВПК с особым вниманием к возобновлению кедра, которое остается неудовлетворительным на протяжении более 50 лет и говорит о неустойчивых позициях кедра во всех ВПК из-за высокой общей влажности и мощного развития трав. Для зоны оптимального роста и продуктивности кедра, совпадающей с черневым поясом (350–850 м над ур. м.), прослежена динамика структуры коренных и производных насаждений на ряде постоянных пробных площадей по данным картирования древостоя, подлеска и травяного покрова в масштабе 1 : 100 за 45 лет. Показано, что видовой состав на опытных участках черневых пихтово-кедровых и производных насаждений остается неизменным, тогда как элементы мозаики (синузии) травяного покрова, их соотношение на площади заметно варьируют, влияя на размещение и ход возобновления подроста. Хвойные пихтово-кедровые экосистемы, называемые «черневыми лесами», по своим природным особенностям соответствуют статусу охраняемых объектов в силу их уникальности и девственного характера. Здесь располагаются участки генетических резерватов кедра сибирского.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2015

Проанализирована изменчивость морфологических признаков шишек лиственницы сибирской Larix sibirica Ledeb. – основного лесообразующего вида в Сибири и Монголии. Внутривидовая дифференциация лиственницы сибирской основана на морфологическом разнообразии, поэтому изучение морфологической изменчивости ее генеративных органов актуально для селекции и лесоведения. Исследована изменчивость морфологических признаков более чем в тридцати ценопопуляциях в различных условиях произрастания. Выявлены основные закономерности дифференциации морфологических признаков лиственницы в горных районах Российского и Монгольского Алтая и Хангая. Установлено, что основными факторами, определяющими изменчивость исследуемых признаков, являются высотная поясность и экспозиция склона расположения ценопопуляции. Внутрипопуляционная изменчивость морфометрических признаков шишек возрастает с увеличением высоты произрастания ценопопуляции над уровнем моря. Наибольшие значения морфометрических признаков шишек отмечены на более увлажненных северных и северо-восточных склонах Алтая и Хангая. И хотя для лиственницы сибирской повсеместно характерно преобладание деревьев, имеющих шишки с округлой формой края семенной чешуи, выявлено, что при увеличении высоты произрастания в исследованных ценопопуляциях наблюдается значительное увеличение числа деревьев с шишками с прямой и выемчатой формой края семенной чешуи. Увеличение частоты их встречаемости в наиболее экстремальных экологических условиях произрастания свидетельствует о повышении вариации этого признака при воздействии стрессовых факторов среды. | The Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) is the main forest genus in Siberia and Mongolia. The systematization of Siberian larch is based on morphological diversity, so the study of morphological features variability is actual for selecting and foresting of this forest genus. Analysis of variability of cones’ morphological features for Siberian larch have been carried out. The morphological features variability for more than thirty coenopopulations in different vegetation conditions have been investigated. The basic laws of larch features differentiation in mountain regions Mongolian and Russian Altai and Khangai have been revealed. The main factors, deciding the variability of cones morphological features are exposure, elevation and exposition of mountainside. The intrapopulation variability of cone morphological features increases with increasing elevation of the coenopopulation above sea level. The highest values of metric features of cones have been found in more moist northern and north-eastern flanks of the Altai and Khangai. The trees with rounded form of seed scale have been most common in the populations structure of Siberian larch. However, the increase of the occurrence of trees with a straight and notched form of seed scale edge has been observed with increasing elevation of the population above the sea level. Apparently, the increase of the occurrence of trees with a straight and notched form of seed scale edge is not typical for this genus larch shows that these features are revealed in extreme environmental conditions.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2015

Belyuchenko I. S.

Soil degradation (erodere – eat away, lat.) - a process in which result pieces of rocks and soil are separated from of their initial location. Is then transferred and deposited in some new place. The factors of erosion are water, wind, landslides, rock particles and etc. Erosion is the process of destruction and demolition of the soil cover (or parent rocks) flows of water or wind what causes depletion of fertile top soil layer. The destruction of this layer occurs quickly, and for its restoration required the millennium. Reduction of soil fertility is one of the main problems that are associated with its pollution. Erosion is a natural process that occurs very slowly ever since as the Earth was formed (about 45-50 billion years ago). Realistically, mountains, valleys, plains and deltas on Earth's surface have been created by water and wind erosion as a result of their joint action over a long period of time. Geological erosion was acted at a slow pace for hundreds of years. With the emergence of the human occurred of invasion species which could transform their natural environment. Artificial type of erosion, which acts much faster than the natural erosion, was formed with the appearance human

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Kuban State Agrarian University - Russian Federation