AGRIS - 

2023

Khafizov, K.A. | Khafizov, R.N. | Nurmiev, A.A. | Galiev, I.G. | Bajgil'deeva, E.I.

Investigations were realized in the Republic of Tatarstan. The ways to reduce the integral emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere by optimizing the equipment parameters and its operating modes were identified. Numerous computational experiments were carried out using a mathematical model of chiselling aggregate. The criterion for their operation efficiency is the minimum integral CO2 emission by the aggregate over the entire life cycle. The optimal parameters of a chisel cultivator aggregate for the specified operating conditions were identified: weight – 150 kN, engine power – 477 hp, operating width – 7 m, operating speed – 9.5 km/h. With such values of the main parameters of a tractor and aggregate, the CO2 emission into the atmosphere is minimum, it equals of 423 kg/ha. The total energy costs will amount to 3,247 MJ/ha, performance for 1 h of shift time is 3.77 ha/h, fuel consumption per a hectare is 13.8 kg/ha, conventional traction efficiency coefficient is 0.72. The tractor weight changes toward increasing or decreasing will lead to an increase in the specific total energy costs and the amount of CO2 emitted into the atmosphere. The influence of some factors such as work volume, planned yield, chisel cultivator specific resistivity, etc. on the value of the integral CO2 emission during aggregate operation was determined. The possibility of reducing the integral emission of carbon dioxide in the range from 100 to 2,000 kg/ha, depending on the aggregate operating conditions and the equipment used, was revealed. It has been found that a decrease in the specific resistivity of the chisel cultivator from 16 kN/m to 8 kN/m leads to a decrease in CO2 emissions from 565 to 325 kg/ha, which will average out at 30 kg/ha per 1 kN/m. | Исследования проводили в Республике Татарстан. Выявляли пути снижения интегрального выброса диоксида углерода в атмосферу за счет оптимизации параметров техники и режимов её работы. Проведены многочисленные вычислительные эксперименты с использованием математической модели агрегатов на глубоком рыхлении почвы. Критерий эффективности их эксплуатации – минимальный интегральный выброс СО2 агрегатом за весь жизненный цикл. Выявлены оптимальные параметры агрегата глубокорыхлителя для заданных условий их работы: вес – 150 кН, мощность двигателя – 477 л.с., ширина захвата – 7 м, рабочая скорость – 9,5 км/ч. При таких значениях основных параметров трактора и агрегата обеспечивается минимальный выброс в атмосферу СО2, равный 423 кг/га. Суммарные энергетические затраты составят 3247 МДж/га, производительность за 1 час времени смены – 3,77 га/ч, погектарный расход топлива – 13,8 кг/га, условный тяговый коэффициент полезного действия трактора (КПД) – 0,72. Изменение веса трактора в сторону увеличения или уменьшения приведет к росту удельных суммарных энергетических затрат и количества СО2, выбрасываемого в атмосферу. Определено влияние некоторых факторов (объема работы, планируемой урожайности, удельного сопротивления глубокорыхлителя и др.) на величину интегрального выброса СО2 при эксплуатации агрегата. Выявлена возможность снижения интегрального выброса диоксида углерода в пределах от 100 до 2000 кг/га, в зависимости от условий работы агрегатов и используемой техники. Установлено, что снижение удельного сопротивления глубокорыхлителя с 16 кН/м до 8 кН/м приводит к снижению выброса СО2 с 565 до 325 кг/га, что составит в среднем 30 кг/га на 1 кН/м.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2023

N. V. Makhvatova | E. O. Kachanova

The purpose of the research is to study the tolerance of increased doses of topical preparations based on fipronil, praziquantel, moxidectin and pyriproxyfen in dogs and cats at increased therapeutic doses.Materials and methods. In the laboratory of ectoparasitoses on the basis of VNIIP, a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution of the Federal Scientific Center of VIEV RAS, two preparations were developed in the form of a solution for external use for dogs and cats based on praziquantel, pyriproxyfen, imidacloprid and moxidectin. Work on the study of tolerance to high doses was carried out on 15 kittens and 15 puppies under the age of one year, 15 adult cats and 15 adult dogs. Animals were divided into 8 experimental and 4 control groups according to the principle of analogues, 5 animals each. The drugs were used at 1.5 and 2 times the increased therapeutic dose four times with an interval of 7 days. The animals were observed for 30 days; noted the general condition, behavior, appetite, controlled weight and body temperature. Before the start of the experiment and 30 days after the start of the use of the drugs, blood was taken for general clinical and biochemical studies.Results and discussion. It was found that drugs in 1.5 and 2 times increased therapeutic doses, applied four times with an interval of 7 days, did not have a negative effect on carnivores. There were no changes in behavior, body temperature and weight, physical condition, clinical status, hematological and biochemical parameters of blood and functions of internal organs. The drug was well tolerated by dogs and cats of different breeds of different age groups, as well as by puppies and kittens. Manifestations of any allergic reactions were not observed. The obtained results of the studies confirm the safety of the use of drugs in practice in the recommended dosing regimen.

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Directory of Open Access Journals - Sweden

2023

Akhmadiev G.M.

Nowadays, the modern agrarian industrial complex is concentrated in urbanized rural areas. The generated agricultural wastes can be the cause of critical life situations, on the basis of environmental and biotechnosphere problems. The aim of this work is to develop a technology for processing agricultural waste aimed at ensuring the safety of the environment, especially in case of emergencies of natural, climatic, seasonal nature. In order to achieve this goal, an installation for the production of mineral and fodder supplement, which can be a reserve source for crop, livestock and poultry production, is applied. Application of the installation is possible, especially in unfavourable climatic conditions of the seasons of the year. The resulting mineral and fodder supplement can be an additional source in the diet of wild animals and birds in specially protected natural areas, in particular in nature reserves, national parks and nature sanctuaries. The ash as a decontaminated product can be applied as an additional component in the formulation of mineral fertilizers in crop production of agro-industrial complexes.

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Marina Sokolova Publishings - Russian Federation

2023

Cherkasova, Eh.I. | Antonova, U.Yu. | Golinitskij, P.V. | Kravchenko, I.N. | Pupkova, D.A.

Ensuring the safety of grain raw materials during storage is an urgent objective. The most efficient and environmentally friendly method for grain treating is microwave radiation. To obtain products that meet the requirements of quality and safety, it is necessary to determine the effective modes of exposure. To this purpose, the process of disinfection of corn and rice depending on the heating rate and duration of exposure to microwave radiation on grain was studied at the laboratory installation Mkpp-1200, generating a microwave field with a frequency of 2450 MHz. The study of grain microbiological parameters was carried out according to the standard procedure. The species diversity of microorganisms on untreated grain, in particular the presence of Cladosporium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Mucor was revealed. Maximum disinfection efficiency of rice was observed at a heating rate of 0.63 to 0.71 deg. C/s, treatment duration of 122 to 171 s. Maximum corn disinfection level was observed at a heating rate of 0.6 to 0.69 deg. C/s and treatment duration of 154 to 165 s. The effect of the microwave field minimizes the microbiological contamination indicators and provides the best grain safety and quality during storage. | Обеспечение безопасности зернового сырья при хранении является актуальной задачей. Микроволновое излучение – наиболее эффективный и экологичный способ обработки зерна. Для получения продукции, отвечающей требованиям качества и безопасности, необходимо определить эффективные режимы воздействия. С этой целью на лабораторной установке МкП-1200, генерирующей СВЧ-поле частотой 2450 МГц, исследовали процесс обеззараживания зерна кукурузы и риса в зависимости от скорости нагрева и продолжительности воздействия микроволнового излучения на зерно. Исследование микробиологических показателей зерна проводили по стандартной методике. Выявлено видовое разнообразие микроорганизмов на необработанном зерне, в частности присутствие Cladosporium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Penicillium и Mucor. Максимальное обеззараживание зерна риса наблюдалось при скорости нагрева 0,63…0,71 град. C/с, продолжительности обработки 122…171 с. Максимальное обеззараживание зерна кукурузы наблюдалось при интенсивности нагрева 0,6…0,69 град. С/с и продолжительности обработки 154…165 с. Воздействие СВЧ-поля минимизирует показатели микробиологической обсемененности и обеспечивает наилучшие показатели безопасности и качества зерна при хранении.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2023

Malysheva, K.O. | Kashina, T.A. | Shutova, A.A. | Solodnikov, S.Yu. | Litvinov, V.V. | Mekhonoshina, O.O.

There are presented the results of study of the toxicity of a feed additive, comprising Rhaponticum carthamoides and protein obtained from vermiculture. The acute toxicity of the feed additive was studied in 31 SD white rats. It has been established that the acute oral toxicity of the feed additive is above 2500 mg/kg, which makes it possible to classify the feed additive as hazard class 3 and as "moderately hazardous" according to GOST 12.1.007-76. The chronic toxicity of the feed additive was studied on 22 SD white rats. The feed additive was administered orally at a dose of 120 and 1200 mg/kg for 30 days. Long-term effects were assessed 14 days after the last administration of the feed additive. To assess the toxic effects, the influence of the additive on the overall health status of the animals, food and water intake was evaluated. A complete blood cell count was carried out by standard methods with the determination of the following parameters: hematocrit, hemoglobin level, the number of erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes, eosinophils, segmented neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. The study of biochemical parameters of blood was carried out using standard kits for biochemical analysis. The following indicators were determined: ALT, total bilirubin, glucose, creatinine, and urea. The urinalysis included the determination of the following indicators: density, leukocytes, nitrites, pH, erythrocytes, protein, glucose, ascorbic acid, ketones, urobilinogen, bilirubin. There was no statistically significant difference in blood and urine parameters between the animals of the control and experimental groups. A pathohistological examination of the stomach, liver, kidneys, and heart was carried out, which showed the absence of a toxic effect of the feed additive. Local irritant action was studied in pathomorphological studies. It has been established that the feed additive does not have an irritating effect at the administration site. Thus, the feed additive can be used in feeding farm animals and poultry at the recommended rate. | Представлены результаты изучения токсичности кормовой добавки, включающей в себя Rhaponticum carthamoides и белок, полученный из вермикультуры. Острая токсичность кормовой добавки была изучена на 31 белой крысе линии SD. Установлено, что острая пероральная токсичность кормовой добавки свыше 2500 мг/кг, что позволяет отнести ее к 3 классу опасности и классифицировать как "умеренно опасную" согласно ГОСТ 12.1.007-76. Хроническую токсичность кормовой добавки изучали на 22 белых крысах линии SD, которую вводили перорально в дозах 120 и 1200 мг/кг в течение 30 дней. Отдалённые эффекты оценивали спустя 14 дней после последнего введения кормовой добавки. Для оценки токсических эффектов было определено влияние добавки на общее состояние животных, потребление пищи и воды. Общий анализ крови проводили стандартными методами с определением следующих показателей: гематокрит, уровень гемоглобина, количество эритроцитов, тромбоцитов, лейкоцитов, эозинофилов, сегментоядерных нейтрофилов, лимфоцитов и моноцитов. Исследование биохимических показателей крови проводили с использованием стандартных наборов для биохимического анализа. Определялись следующие показатели: АлАТ, общий билирубин, глюкоза, креатинин, мочевина. Исследование мочи включало определение следующих показателей: плотность, лейкоциты, нитриты, рН, эритроциты, белок, глюкоза, аскорбиновая кислота, кетоны, уробилиноген, билирубин. Статистически достоверной разницы в показателях крови и мочи между животными контрольной и опытных групп установлено не было. Проводилось патогистологичекое исследование желудка, печени, почек и сердца, которое показало отсутствие токсического действия кормовой добавки. Местнораздражающее действие изучалось в патоморфологических исследованиях. Установлено, что кормовая добавка не обладает раздражающим действием в месте введения. Таким образом, кормовую добавку можно использовать в кормлении с.-х. животных и птиц в рекомендуемой дозе.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2023

Kalyuzhnaya, T.V. | Orlova, D.A. | Karpenko, L.Yu. | Bakhta, A.A. | Dmitrieva, M.N.

Monitoring and analysis of the content of heavy metals and selenium in compound feeds for productive animals and poultry sold on the territory of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region were carried out. Fourty samples of home produced compound feeds were examined. Among them, 50.0% were compound feeds for pigs and piglets, 25.0% each were compound feeds for broilers and cattle. At the 1st stage, sample preparation and mineralization of samples were carried out in a muffle furnace. At the 2-nd stage, using a Thermo Scientific Solaar S4 atomic absorption spectrometer in a mineralized sample the amount of copper, zinc, iron, selenium was determined guided by the current regulatory documents. At the 3rd stage, the results were analyzed in comparison with the temporary maximum permissible level according to MPL No. 123-4/281-8-87 "Temporary maximum permissible level (MPL) of the content of certain chemical elements and gossypol in farm animal feed and feed additives". As a result of the research, the content of copper, zinc, iron and selenium in compound feeds (portion of MPL, %) for pigs was established: 26.9%; 42.5%; 55.7%; 60.0%, respectively; for cattle: 55.7%; 56.0%; 47.4%; 20.0%, respectively; for broilers: 38.0%; 26.1%; 31.9%; 40.0%, respectively. When determining zinc in 2 samples of 40, an excess of the MPL was found to be 1.1 and almost 1.5 times. In this case, it is recommended to subgrade the sample with other feeds assuming that the overall level does not exceed the MPL indicators. Thus, the revealed indicators of compound feeds meet the requirements of the current regulatory documentation and do not exceed the established MPL, therefore, the feed is safe in terms of heavy metals and selenium. | Проведен мониторинг и анализ содержания тяжелых металлов и селена в комбикормах для продуктивных животных и птицы, реализуемых на территории Санкт-Петербурга и Ленинградской обл. Исследовали 40 образцов комбикормов отечественного производства. Среди них 50,0% представляли собой комбикорма для свиней и поросят, по 25,0% - комбикорма для бройлеров и крупного рогатого скота. На 1-м этапе осуществляли пробоподготовку и минерализацию проб в муфельной печи. На 2-м этапе с помощью атомно-абсорбционного спектрометра Thermo Scientific Solaar S4 в минерализованной пробе определяли количество меди, цинка, железа, селена, руководствуясь действующими нормативными документами. На 3-м этапе проводили анализ результатов в сравнении с временным максимально-допустимым уровнем по МДУ № 123-4/281-8-87 "Временный максимально-допустимый уровень (МДУ) содержания некоторых химических элементов и госсипола в кормах для сельскохозяйственных животных и кормовых добавках". В результате исследований установлено содержание в комбикормах меди, цинка, железа и селена (доля от МДУ, %) для свиней: 26,9%; 42,5%; 55,7%; 60,0% соответственно; для крупного рогатого скота: 55,7%; 56,0%; 47,4%; 20,0%, соответственно; для бройлеров: 38,0%; 26,1%; 31,9%; 40,0% соответственно. При определении цинка в 2 образцах из 40 было установлено превышение МДУ в 1,1 и почти в 1,5 раза. В этом случае рекомендуется подвергнуть образец подсортировке другими кормами из такого расчета, чтобы общий уровень не превышал показатели МДУ. Таким образом, выявленные показатели комбикормов соответствуют требованиям действующей нормативной документации и не превышают установленный МДУ, следовательно, корма безопасны по содержанию тяжелых металлов и селена.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2023

Vystavkina, L.Yu. | Malygina, N.A. | Zubanov, V.V.

The research goal was to study the efficacy of the regenerative drugs Bovistem and Mastiderm in the treatment of goats suffering from clinical mastitis. The studies were conducted involving Russian goat aged 3-5 years having an average live weight of 35 kg, milk yields of 1.5-2.5 l, kept in the vivarium. Ten goats showing clinical mastitis signs were selected (elevated local temperature of the affected udder lobe, presence of edema and induration sections, flakes and clots in milk). The animals were divided into 2 trial groups of 5 goats. The goats had a general blood test and a milk test on the "Expert Somatos" device before and after treatment. In the 1st trial group of goats, the treatment was carried out according to treatment pattern No. 1 with the use of regenerative and reparative drugs Bovistem (5 mL s/c, once a day, for 3 days) and Mastiderm (rub into the udder skin twice a day, for 5 days). In the 2nd trial group, the same drugs were used in combination with Amoxicillin suspension 15% LA, once, intramuscularly. Clinical recovery was observed on the 3th-5th days in the 1st trial group. The milk had homogeneous consistency, without foreign impurities. In the 2nd trial group, clinical recovery was observed on the 7th day (in one goat on the 9th day). By comparing the treatment patterns of the 2 trial groups, it has been found that the use of Bovistem and Mastiderm is efficient and does not require any additional antibiotic. The safety of these drugs declared by the manufacturer makes it possible to use them without milk disposal and/or processing, it increases drug use efficiency. | Цель исследования – изучить эффективность применения регенеративных препаратов "Бовистем" и "Мастидерм" при лечении коз с клиническим маститом. Исследования проводились на содержащихся в виварии факультета ветеринарной медицины козах русской породы в возрасте 3-5 лет со средней живой массой 35 кг, с удоями 1,5-2,5 л. Было отобрано 10 коз с признаками клинического мастита (повышение местной температуры пораженной доли вымени, наличие отека и участков уплотнения, хлопья и сгустки в молоке). Животные по принципу аналогов были разделены на две опытные группы по 5 гол. У коз был проведен общий анализ крови и исследование молока на аппарате "Эксперт Соматос" до и после лечения. В 1-й опытной группе коз лечение проводилось по схеме № 1, с использованием регенеративно-репаративных препаратов "Бовистем" (по 5 мл п/к, 1 раз в день, в течение 3 дней) и "Мастидерм" (втирать двукратно в кожу вымени, в течение 5 дней). Во 2-й опытной группе использовали те же препараты в сочетании с суспензией амоксициллина 15% LA, однократно, внутримышечно. Отмечено клиническое выздоровление на 3-5-е сут в 1-й опытной группе. Молоко однородной консистенции, без посторонних примесей. Во 2-й опытной группе клиническое выздоровление наблюдали на 7-е сут ( у одной козы на 9-е сут). В результате сравнения схем лечения 2 опытных групп было установлено, что применение препаратов "Бовистем" и "Мастидерм" является эффективным и не требует дополнения антибиотиком. Заявленная производителем безопасность данных препаратов позволяет использовать их без утилизации и/или переработки молока, что повышает экономическую эффективность.

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Central Scientific Agricultural Library - Russian Federation

2023

Oleg K. Motovilov | Olga V. Golub | Nataliia I. Davydenko | Galina P. Chekryga | Alla G. Stepanova

Russian cuisine reflects the identity of its peoples. However, modern nutrition tends to level the multicultural peculiarities of Russian cuisine. This research objective was to identify the effect of packaging and storage time on the quality profile of instant turnip and rutabaga porridges. The study featured quality indicators of food concentrates. Samples of instant porridges were packaged in sachet bags and cups made of complex materials. They were stored at a 20–25°C and a relative humidity of ≤ 75% for 8 months. The sensory, physicochemical, and microbiological variables were measured using standard research methods. After 6 and 8 months of storage, the total sensory assessment for the porridge cups was higher by 1.0 and 2.0 points, respectively, than for the porridge sachets. The cups did not affect the moisture and fat content during storage. The recoverability of the cupped samples was higher by 10.9 and 14.2% after 6 and 8 months of storage, respectively. The mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microbial count for porridge cups fell by 11.0 times after 6 months of storage and by 3.2 times after 8 months of storage, compared to the sachets. The tests revealed no yeast, mold, Bacillus cereus, coliform bacteria, or pathogenic microorganisms. Shelf-life had a greater effect on quality profile of instant porridge than packaging. In this research, the recommended shelf life for instant turnip and rutabaga porridges was 6 months. The effect of other packaging types and materials on food concentrates is a promising research direction.

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Directory of Open Access Journals - Sweden

2023

Stefanny Heriyanto | Andreas Romulo

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most important crops that is extensively used in the food processing industry. During tomato processing, abundant by-products such as skins, pulps, seeds, and waste are generated and cause environmental burdens. To solve this problem, tomato pomace was subsequently used as a material for making tomato sauce. However, it is essential that the production of tomato ketchup meets the required standards. Therefore, it is important to analyze the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of the product. We aimed to study the effect of corn starch addition on the physicochemical and sensory properties of tomato ketchup made from tomato waste and to assess the acceptability of tomato sauce formulated with different concentrations of corn starch. Tomato ketchup was cooked at 90°C for 15 min and then hot-filled into a sterile glass bottle. It was then analyzed for physical properties (color, viscosity, and total dissolved solids), chemical properties (pH, titratable acidity, moisture content), microbiological quality (total bacteria, mold, and yeast), and sensory acceptance. The results showed that corn starch influenced the color characteristics of the tomato sauce. Adding more than 4% of corn starch increased the viscosity and total solids content significantly (p < 0.05). Also, corn starch addition decreased the water content and acidity, as well as increased the pH of the tomato sauce. Microbiological analysis showed no growth of bacteria, mold, or yeast in any of the test samples. According to sensory analysis, the tomato sauce with 1% of corn starch had the highest acceptance, while higher concentrations of corn starch decreased the texture acceptance. Our findings may indicate that, with proper formulation, tomato by-products can be used as raw materials to develop sustainable alternative value-added products that consumers accept organoleptically. Further investigations can be conducted in the pilot-scale studies to enhance the feasibility of tomato pomace ketchup as a commercial product.

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Directory of Open Access Journals - Sweden

2023

A. N. Iilishentseva | D. K. Semenchukova | N. V. Komarova | А. Н. Лилишенцева | Д. К. Семенчукова | Н. В. Комарова

The article presents the results of a study of the authenticity of concentrated fruit juices coming to the Republic of Belarus as raw materials for the production of reconstituted juices and nectar. During the analysis of the results obtained, it was revealed that the authenticity indicators in three of the ten studied juices are not characteristic of the natural raw materials from which the juices are made. It is established that the state standards that guide the juice products market in the Republic of Belarus regulate the requirements for the quality and safety of juices and do not provide for an assessment of their authenticity. | B статье представлены результаты исследования аутентичности концентрированных фруктовых соков, поступающих в Республику Беларусь в качестве сырья для производства восстановленных соков и нектаров. B ходе анализа полученных результатов было выявлено, что показатели аутентичности в трех из десяти исследуемых соков не характерны для натурального сырья, из которого произведены соки. Установлено, что государственные стандарты, которыми руководствуются в Республике Беларусь на рынке соковой продукции, регламентируют требования к качеству и безопасности соков и не предусматривают оценку их аутентичности.

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National Academy of Sciences of Belarus - Belarus